NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7

THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX

_SECOND EDITION__SECOND REPRINTING_

BY

PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL. D. VIENNA

AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY

A. A. BRILL, PH. B. , M. D. CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANTVISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES

WITH INTRODUCTION BY

JAMES J. PUTNAM, M. D. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 PAGEINTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION vAUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ixAUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION x I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS 1 II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY 36III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY 68

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION

The somewhat famous "Three Essays, " which Dr. Brill is here bringing tothe attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as theyare--an important position among the achievements of their author, agreat investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimedthat the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of thesexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientificworld and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field areknown to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains ofscience and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkwaysand art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, thesources of information are immense. Freud has made considerableadditions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something offar greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incrediblepenetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of humanlife and in the development of human character, and has been able toestablish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneuroticillnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sortsof emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexuallife is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotionsand repressions. 

The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravingswhich must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies ofother sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct--or they mayremain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings ofnew sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under thepressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functionalpsychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distortedattempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of thesexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on thepeculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It isFreud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled periodof existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plainthat the "perversions" and "inversions, " which reappear later under suchstriking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child andare seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness. 

It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent nofanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observationswhich any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Criticsfret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in thehistories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But suchcriticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance. 

Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were notabsolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more, of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far asthis, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but theabsolute impossibility of going further should make him cease fromurging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconsciousregions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been madebefore. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness ofchildhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge;dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters ofa varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmonywith the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets ofmotives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interestwas strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in ordermore truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workersjoined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, forthose who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the mostimportant movement in psychopathology. 

It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brillhas given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subjectwhich is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the worksof v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in hisnative England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitudetowards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growingsteadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts whichFreud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publishhad not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributionsto observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to theetiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretationof mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the samerecognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidlyincreasing band of followers and colleagues. 

May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end. 

There are two further points on which some comments should be made. Thefirst is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all thatthey can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content toread any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "TheSelected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, "[1] "TheInterpretation of Dreams, "[2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, "[3]"Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, "[4] the analysis of the caseof the little boy called Hans, the study of Leonardo da Vinci, [4a] andthe various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, notonly all hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkableextent. Unless a course of study such as this is undertaken many criticsmay think various statements and inferences in this volume to be farfetched or find them too obscure for comprehension. 

The other point is the following: One frequently hears thepsychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for thosepracticing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients andnothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life, presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the factis, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress ofcivilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely ina "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portionsof the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemeddesigned to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolutionof character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All theforms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation, may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thoroughpsychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest andevery motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seekingto obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducationand his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motiveswhich appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudelyrepresented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among theseinstincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with thesexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every caseto have been the most important for the end-result. 

 JAMES J. PUTNAM. 

BOSTON, August 23, 1910. 

[1] Translated by A. A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPHSERIES, NO. 4. 

[2] Translated by A. A. Brill, The Macmillan Co. , New York, and Allen &Unwin, London. 

[3] Translated by A. A. Brill, The Macmillan Co. , New York. 

[4] Translated by A. A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co. , New York. 

[4a] Translated by A. A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co. , New York. 

AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities containedin this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to addto it the results obtained from the investigations of the last fiveyears, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would bedestroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slightmodifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes. For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily becomeantiquated--to the end that the new material brought forward in it maybe universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may giveplace to juster views. 

VIENNA, December, 1909. 

AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and theeffect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it withsome prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the bookand the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let meemphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derivedentirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made moreprofound and scientifically important through the results ofpsychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory ofSex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them toaccept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excludedthat they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex, " and it isalso quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towardssome important problems of the sexual life. This should not however givethe impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme wereunfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him assomething of secondary importance. 

The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which havedetermined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection butalso in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stageswas observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, theconstitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogeneticdevelopment receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. Forthe occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and arealmost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors onlybecome evident from behind as elements which have been made functionalthrough experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond theworking sphere of psychoanalysis. 

A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis andphylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition ofphylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recentexperience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind theontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really theprecipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newerexperience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasionalfactors. 

Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation Imust emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentionalindependence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided theinclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sexbiology or of particular species of animals in this study of humansexual functions which is made possible by the technique ofpsychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology ofthe sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychologicalinvestigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements whichresulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused ifthe psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results whichdeviated considerably from those merely based on biology. 

I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained fromcalling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. Thescientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in itsprogress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensableif it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature. 

VIENNA, October, 1914. 

I

THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS[1]

The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by theassumption of a "sexual impulse. " This impulse is made analogous to theimpulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expressioncorresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses theexpression "libido. "[2]

Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature andqualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent duringchildhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with thematuring process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself inirresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that itsaim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union. 

But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a veryuntrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are foundto abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions. 

If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexualattraction emanates the _sexual object_, and the action towards whichthe impulse strives the _sexual aim_, then the scientifically examinedexperience shows us many deviations in reference to both sexual objectand sexual aim, the relations of which to the accepted standard requirethorough investigation. 

1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT

The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to thepoetic fable of dividing the person into two halves--man and woman--whostrive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprisingto hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman butman, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such_persons_ are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the_condition_, that of inversion. The number of such individuals isconsiderable though difficult of accurate determination. [3]

A. _Inversion_

*The Behavior of Inverts. *--The above-mentioned persons behave in manyways quite differently. 

(_a_) They are absolutely inverted; _i. E. _, their sexual object must bealways of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them anobject of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evokesexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of thisrepugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in itsperformance. 

(_b_) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic);_i. E. _, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the sameor to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness. 

(_c_) They are occasionally inverted; _i. E. _, under certain externalconditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normalsexual object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexualobject a person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification. 

The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment aboutthe peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as amatter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido, firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, striveagainst the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbidcompulsion. [4]

Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics ofthe inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes, or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or afterpuberty. [5] The character is either retained throughout life, or itoccasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normaldevelopment. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and theinverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest arethose cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character ofinversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object. 

These different categories of variation generally exist independently ofone another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed thatthe inversion has existed at all times and that the person feelscontented with his peculiar state. 

Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the casesenumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather thanthe common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds withtheir preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions maybe set up, it cannot be overlooked that all transitions are abundantlymet with, so that the formation of a series would seem to impose itself. 

*Conception of Inversion. *--The first attention bestowed upon inversiongave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervousdegeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met itamong the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There aretwo elements which should be considered independently in thisconception: the congenitality, and the degeneration. 

*Degeneration. *--This term _degeneration_ is open to the objectionswhich may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general. It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestationsnot of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan'sclassification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest generalconfiguration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the applicationof the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is aquestion what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration"still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak ofdegeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from thenormal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in generalappear markedly impaired. [6]

That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can beseen from the following facts:

1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no markeddeviation from the normal. 

2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not disturbed, who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectualdevelopment and ethical culture. [7]

3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives tocomprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directionsencounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as adegenerative sign. 

(_a_) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestationamong the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was aninstitution endowed with important functions. (_b_) It is found to beunusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the termdegeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch). Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have amost powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward, inversion. [8]

*Innateness. *--Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, ascan be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their ownassurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulsefollowed a different course. The fact of the existence of two otherclasses, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with theassumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of thoseholding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from theothers results in the abandonment of the general conception ofinversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of acongenital character, while in others it might originate from othercauses. 

In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversionto be an _acquired_ character of the sexual impulse. It is based on thefollowing facts. (1) In many inverts (even absolute ones) an earlyaffective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a result of whichthe homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others outerinfluences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be demonstrated, which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the inversion--amongwhich are exclusive relations with the same sex, companionship in war, detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual intercourse, celibacy, sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may remove the inversion, which would be surprising in that of a congenital character. 

In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainlybe questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurateexamination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probablyshow that the direction of the libido was determined by a definiteexperience of early childhood, which has not been retained in theconscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memoryby proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that authorinversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexualimpulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances oflife. 

The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by theretort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced evenin their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction, mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantlyremaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternativescongenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover thecircumstances present in inversions. 

*Explanation of Inversion. *--The nature of inversion is explainedneither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired. In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of thecongenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation, namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connectedwith a definite sexual object. In the second case it is a questionwhether the manifold accidental influences suffice to explain theacquisition unless there is something in the individual to meet themhalf way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible according toour former conclusions. 

*The Relation of Bisexuality. *--Since the time of Frank Lydston, Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced forthe explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains anew contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human beingis either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexualcharacteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is madedifficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of suchpersons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). Inrare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (truehermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted. [9]

The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that theyunexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. Acertain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to thenormal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatusof the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless asrudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assumingother functions. 

The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact isthe original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course ofdevelopment has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of thestunted sex. 

It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and toconceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychichermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it wasonly necessary to have one other circumstance, viz. , a regularconcurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs ofhermaphroditism. 

But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between theassumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should neverbe conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in theinverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slightanatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequentlybut by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize thatinversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of eachother. 

Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary andtertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the invertedhas been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but itshould not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sexcharacteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex, thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in thesexual object in the sense of an inversion. 

Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel withthe inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change inthe other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishingtraits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of charactercan be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men themost perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If onefirmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one mustadd that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition ofonly a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true inthe somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individualstunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent ofeach other. [10]

A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual theory in itscrudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a malebody. " But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain. " Thesubstitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous asit is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems tobe more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does notessentially differ from it. V. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexualpredisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers aswell as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towardspuberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. Wecan, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of themale and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether wecan assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers")such as we may assume for language. 

After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, thata bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, onlywe do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations;and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experiencedby the sexual impulse during its development. [11]

*The Sexual Object of Inverts. *--The theory of psychic hermaphroditismpresupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of thenormal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charmsemanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like awoman and seeks a man. 

But however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by nomeans indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubtthat a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychiccharacter of virility, that proportionately they show but little of thesecondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look forreal feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were notso it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offeringitself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity, the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be aninsult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the mostmanly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was notthe masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but itwas his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychicqualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction andhelp. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexualobject for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object inthis case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but itunites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses strivingfor the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinityof body (the genitals). [12]

The conditions in the woman are more definite; here the active inverts, with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic characters of manand desire femininity in their sexual object; though even here greatervariation will be found on more intimate investigation. 

*The Sexual Aim of Inverts. *--The important fact to bear in mind is thatno uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion. Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion;masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitationof the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even morefrequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims ofthe inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membraneof the mouth seems to be preferred. 

*Conclusion. *--Though from the material on hand we are by no means in aposition satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can saythat through this investigation we have obtained an insight which canbecome of greater significance to us than the solution of the aboveproblem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a tooclose connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. Theexperience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that aconnection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object whichwe are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states wherethe impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed toseparate this connection between the impulse and the object. The sexualimpulse is probably entirely independent of its object and is notoriginated by the stimuli proceeding from the object. 

B. _The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects_

Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to thenormally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number ofperhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for theirsexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from thefirst sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children theexclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this rôle by afaint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes, or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the properobject. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse, that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of itsobject, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object, would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said ofsexual relations with animals--a thing not at all rare amongfarmers--where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of thespecies. 

For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessiveaberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot bedone. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of thesexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, oramong whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequencysexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because theyhave the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaidaberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of specialsignificance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takesthe place of the normal sexual gratification. 

This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging from thenormal to the insane gives material for reflection. It seems to me thatthe fact to be explained would show that the impulses of the sexual lifebelong to those which even normally are most poorly controlled by thehigher psychic activities. He who is in any way psychically abnormal, beit in social or ethical conditions, is, according to my experience, regularly so in his sexual life. But many are abnormal in their sexuallife who in every other respect correspond to the average; they havefollowed the human cultural development, but sexuality remained as theirweak point. 

As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, undernumerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, thenature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. Thereis something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential andconstant. [13]

2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM

The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation istaken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tensionand temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous tosatisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual processthose additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads tothe aberrations described as _perversions_. Thus certain intermediaryrelations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such astouching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim. These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasureand on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists untilthe definite sexual aim is reached. One definite kind of contiguity, consisting of mutual approximation of the mucous membranes of the lipsin the form of a kiss, has received among the most civilized nations asexual value, though the parts of the body concerned do not belong tothe sexual apparatus but form the entrance to the digestive tract. Thistherefore supplies the factors which allow us to bring the perversionsinto relation with the normal sexual life, and which are available alsofor their classification. The perversions are either (_a_) anatomical_transgressions_ of the bodily regions destined for sexual union, or (_b_)a _lingering_ at the intermediary relations to the sexual object whichshould normally be rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim. 

(_a_) _Anatomical Transgression_

*Overestimation of the Sexual Object. *--The psychic estimation in whichthe sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in therarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the wholebody and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexualobject. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere andmanifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the faceof the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as wellas a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The fullfaith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source ofauthority. [14]

It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with therestriction of the sexual aim to the union of the genitals only, thatassists other parts of the body to participate as sexual aims. [15] Inthe development of this most manifold anatomical overestimation there isan unmistakable desire towards variation, a thing denominated by Hocheas "excitement-hunger" (Reiz-hunger). [16]

*Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth. *--Thesignificance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studiedin the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible toinvestigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrabledarkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly onaccount of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women. 

The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as aperversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact withthe genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lipsof both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connectionwith the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though thesesince antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to adistinct _feeling of loathing_ which protects him from adopting suchsexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purelyconventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl willperhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing, though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for whichhe entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Ourattention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in theway of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, but which mayin turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may observe oneof the forces which have brought about the restrictions of the sexualaim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, however, nodoubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may be anobject of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all hysterics, especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to occupyitself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below). 

*Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening. *--It is even more obvious thanin the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversionthe use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted asespousing a cause when I observe that the basis of thisloathing--namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretionand comes in contact with the loathsome excrement--is not more plausiblethan the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which theyentertain for the male genital because it serves for urination. 

The sexual rôle of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no meanslimited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothingcharacteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems thatthe _pedicatio_ of the man owes its rôle to the analogy with the act inthe woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is themost common sexual aim. 

*The Significance of Other Parts of the Body. *--Sexual infringement onthe other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new;it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein onlyannounces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way. Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factormay be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts ofthe body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, whichrepeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to beconsidered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this claim isjustified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it isfulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions. 

*Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism. *--We are especiallyimpressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object anotheris substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for thenormal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we shouldhave done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrationsof the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexualobject, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquaintedwith the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which thesemanifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim, depend. 

The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body butlittle adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or aninanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexualperson, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments ofclothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly comparedwith the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god. 

The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of anormal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which afetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexualaim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physicalblemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on thepathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to thepeculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution inthe striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all thesecases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus). [17] The connectionwith the normal is occasioned by the psychologically necessaryoverestimation of the sexual object, which inevitably encroaches uponeverything associatively related to it (sexual object). A certain degreeof such fetichism therefore regularly belong to the normal, especiallyduring those stages of wooing when the normal sexual aim seemsinaccessible or its realization deferred. 

 "Get me a handkerchief from her bosom--a garter of my love. " --FAUST. 

The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetichfixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of thenormal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from theperson concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are thegeneral determinations for the transition of mere variations of thesexual impulse into pathological aberrations. 

The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in earlychildhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binetfirst asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations, --a thingwhich may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a firstlove in the normal ("On revient toujours à ses premiers amours"). Such aconnection is especially seen in cases with only fetichisticdeterminations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexualimpressions will be met again in other places. 

In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconsciousto the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object bymeans of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always bedefinitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbolalready found in myths. [18] Fur is used as a fetich probably on accountof its association with the hairiness of the mons veneris. Suchsymbolism seems often to depend on sexual experiences in childhood. [19]

(_b_) _Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims_

*The Appearance of New Intentions. *--All the outer and innerdeterminations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of thenormal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object, and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen theinclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into newsexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closerinvestigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar ofthese new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexualact. 

*Touching and Looking. *--At least a certain amount of touching isindispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. Itis also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexualobject causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement. Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered aperversion if the sexual act is proceeded with. 

The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous totouching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is frequentlyawakened is by the optical impression, and selection takes account ofthis circumstance--if this teleological mode of thinking bepermitted--by making the sexual object a thing of beauty. The coveringof the body, which keeps abreast with civilization, serves to arousesexual inquisitiveness, which always strives to restore for itself thesexual object by uncovering the hidden parts. This can be turned intothe artistic ("sublimation") if the interest is turned from the genitalsto the form of the body. [20] The tendency to linger at this intermediarysexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certaindegree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility ofdirecting a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. Onthe other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (_a_) whenit limits itself entirely to the genitals; (_b_) when it becomes connectedwith the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the functionsof excretion); and (_c_) when instead of preparing for the normal sexualaim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw conclusions from asingle analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of exhibitionists, whoexpose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view the genitals ofothers. 

In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at weare confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy useven more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim ishere present in twofold formation, in an _active_ and a _passive_ form. 

The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it iseventually abolished is _shame_ (like the former loathing). 

*Sadism and Masochism. *--The desire to cause pain to the sexual objectand its opposite, the most frequent and most significant of allperversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing assadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Otherauthors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes thepleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v. Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility andsubmission in the foreground. 

The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable inthe normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of _aggression_, itis a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies inthe necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object byactions other than mere _courting_. Sadism would then correspond to anaggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independentand exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement. 

The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mereactive or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusiveattachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment ofthe object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim tothe name of perversion. 

Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitudeto the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme formthe gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental painat the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to bestill more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast toit; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form orwhether it does not more regularly originate through transformation fromsadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but acontinuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which thelatter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis ofextreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is acoöperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix theoriginal passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience). 

The pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame whichwere the resistances opposed to the libido. 

Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, forthe contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong tothe common traits of the sexual life. 

That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyonddoubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation ofthis connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of theaggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with thesexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalisticlust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus(Bemächtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of thegreat wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse. [21] It hasalso been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility ofa pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression thatthe explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and thatit is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into oneeffect. 

The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact thatits active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in thesame person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others insexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating fromsexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist, though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may bemore strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexualactivity. [22]

We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly appear in_contrasting pairs_, a thing which, in view of the material to beproduced later, must claim great theoretical value. It is furthermoreclear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and masochism, can notreadily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. On the other handone may be tempted to connect such simultaneously existing contrastswith the united contrast of male and female in bisexuality, thesignificance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to the contrast ofactivity and passivity. 

3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS

*Variation and Disease. *--The physicians who at first studied the_perversions_ in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions werenaturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid ordegenerative sign similar to the _inversions_. This view, however, iseasier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experiencehas shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones, are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who lookupon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions arefavorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by anormal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. Inno normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designableperverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove theinexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. Inthe realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptionaldifficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes todraw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiologicallimits and morbid symptoms. 

Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of theseperversions is such as to require special notice. Some of theperversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannothelp calling them "morbid, " especially those in which the sexualimpulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, and pain)has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and violation ofcadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel certain ofregularly finding among the perpetrators persons of pronouncedabnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the fact thatpersons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in the realmof the sexual life where they are dominated by the most unbridled of allimpulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in any otherrelation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal sexualbehavior. 

In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of theperversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relationto the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside thenormal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstancespromote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under allcircumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; _the exclusiveness_and _fixation_ of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbidsymptom. 

*The Psychic Participation in the Perversions. *--Perhaps it is preciselyin the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the mostprolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexualimpulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished inwhich, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization ofthe impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhapsshows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highestand the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together. ("From heaven through the world to hell. ")

*Two Results. *--In the study of perversions we have gained an insightinto the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certainpsychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are mostprominent. We may presume that these forces are employed to confine theimpulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they have becomedeveloped in the individual before the sexual impulse has attained itsfull strength, it is really they which have directed it in the course ofdevelopment. [23]

We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions canbe comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they areamenable to analysis--disintegration--they must be of a compositenature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may notbe something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of manycomponents which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinicalobservation thus calls our attention to _fusions_ which have lost theirexpression in the uniform normal behavior. 

4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS

*Psychoanalysis. *--A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexualimpulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gainedonly from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. Thereis only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problemsin the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions, the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia præcox, andparanoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalyticinvestigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which wecalled the "cathartic" treatment. 

I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that thesepsychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motivepowers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual impulse merelycontributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies theonly constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis, so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself eitherexclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I havealready stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexualactivities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtainedfrom the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a periodof twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailedaccount. 

Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition thatthey are the substitutes--the transcriptions as it were--for a series ofemotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to whicha passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activitieshas been cut off by a special process (repression). These thoughtformations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strivefor expression, that is, for _discharge_, in conformity to theiraffective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of_conversion_ into somatic phenomena--the hysterical symptoms. If, _legeartis_, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressivetransformations of the symptoms into the affectful and consciousthoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the mostaccurate information about the nature and origin of these previouslyunconscious psychic formations. 

*Results of Psychoanalysis. *--In this manner it has been discovered thatthe symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings which receivedtheir strength from the source of the sexual impulse. This fully concurswith what we know of the character of hysterics, which we have taken asmodels for all psycho-neurotics, before they have become diseased, andwith what we know concerning the causes of the disease. The hystericalcharacter evinces a part of sexual repression which reaches beyond thenormal limits, an exaggeration of the resistances against the sexualimpulse which we know as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flightfrom intellectual occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence ofwhich in pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which ispreserved till the age of sexual maturity is attained. [24]

This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed incrude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factorof hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. Butthe psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the verycontradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of thecontrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexualrejection. 

The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons isbrought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity orexternal conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the realsexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition ofthe sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does notremove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinousstrivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if ahysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotionaldisturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexualinterest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexualcomponents of the conflict which make the disease possible bywithdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment. 

*Neurosis and Perversion. *--A great part of the opposition to myassertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which Ideduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with thenormal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this. It shows that the symptoms do not by any means result at the expenseonly of the so called normal sexual impulse (at least not exclusively orpreponderately), but they represent the converted expression of impulseswhich in a broader sense might be designated as _perverse_ if they couldmanifest themselves directly in phantasies and acts without deviatingfrom consciousness. The symptoms are therefore partially formed at thecost of abnormal sexuality. _The neurosis is, so to say, the negative ofthe perversion. _[25]

The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations whichwe have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations ofmorbid sexual life. 

(_a_) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversionin the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of thesame sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion, adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for theformation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that theunconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularlyof immense service in explaining male hysteria. [26]

(_b_) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstratedin psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Ofspecial frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth andthe mucous membrane of the anus the rôle of genitals. 

(_c_) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting pairs playa very prominent rôle among the symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses. We have learned to know them as carriers of new sexual aims, such aspeeping mania, exhibitionism, and the actively and passively formedimpulses of cruelty. The contribution of the last is indispensable forthe understanding of the morbid nature of the symptoms; it almostregularly controls some portion of the social behavior of the patient. The transformation of love into hatred, of tenderness into hostility, which is characteristic of a large number of neurotic cases andapparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by means of the unionof cruelty with the libido. 

The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certainpeculiarities of the diagnosis of facts. 

Alpha. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought ofthe neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism;a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity ofthis well understood perversion. 

Beta. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious whichcan be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstratedthat the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is hereaccompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is anexhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadisticfeelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcementof the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfectconcurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversionsis certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however, the preponderant rôle is played by either one or the other of theopposing tendencies. 

Gamma. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find thedevelopment of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many andregularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse, however, on account of its intensity, is independent of the developmentof the others, but the study of the positive perversions gives us theaccurate counterpart to it. 

PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES

Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of thepositive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that theycan be referred to a number of "partial impulses, " which are not, however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" wecan understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representativeof a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, incontradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolatedexcitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the conceptsmarking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplestand most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses wouldbe that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken intoaccount as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. Whatdistinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them withspecific attributes is their relation to their somatic _sources_ and totheir _aims_. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in anorgan, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination ofthis organic stimulus. 

Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which wecannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds ofexcitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature. One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexualand the concerned organ as the _erogenous zone_, while the sexualelement emanating from it is the partial impulse. [27]

In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral cavityand the anal opening the part played by the erogenous zone is quiteobvious. It behaves in every way like a part of the sexual apparatus. Inhysteria these parts of the body, as well as the tracts of mucousmembrane proceeding from them, become the seat of new sensations andinnervating changes in a manner similar to the real genitals when underthe excitement of normal sexual processes. 

The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, asadditional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to bemost prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is oflesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable incompulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formationtakes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a greatdistance from the central locations for bodily control. The moreremarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of theimpulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of theerogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zonein the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the samepart in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin, which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensoryorgans and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone, [Greek: kat] ex ogen. [28]

EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THEPSYCHONEUROSES

The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a falselight by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior ofthe psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert anddeviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is verypossible that the constitutional disposition of these patients besidescontaining an immense amount of sexual repression and a predominantforce of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency toperversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of mildercases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or atleast that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought todiscount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics thedisease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normalsexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Orthe disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unableto attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaveslike a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills thecollateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus themanifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion inpsychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it iscertainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that thesexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such externalones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexualobject, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc. , which cause the originof perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal. 

In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now thecongenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive andat other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral increaseof the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal sexualaim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where acooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about bya neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the samedirection. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispensewith the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbancein life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution. These views similarly hold true in the etiological significanceof the congenital and the accidental experiences in other spheres. 

If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especiallyformed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneuroticconstitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish amultiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenitalpreponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partialimpulse. Whether there is a special relationship between thepredisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picturehas not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated. 

REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY

By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations inpsychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons whocan be added to the perverts. This is not only because neuroticsrepresent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider alsothat the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted seriesto the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we areall somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination ofperversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions isno rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally acceptedconstitution. 

We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should bereferred to congenital determinations or whether they originate fromaccidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we areforced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital atthe basis of perversions, but it is something _which is congenital inall persons_, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity andis brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here withcongenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in oneseries of cases develop into real carriers of sexual activity(perverts); while in other cases they undergo an insufficientsuppression (repression), so that as morbid symptoms they are enabled toattract to themselves in a round-about way a considerable part of thesexual energy; while again in favorable cases between the two extremesthey originate the normal sexual life through effective restrictions andother elaborations. 

But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows theroots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, thoughall impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If weare led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of theirsexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexuallife of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences whichcontrol the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up toits termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life. 

[1] The facts contained in the first "Contribution" have been gatheredfrom the familiar publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, HavelockEllis, Schrenk-Notzing, Löwenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M. Hirschfeld, and from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch fürsexuelle Zwischenstufen. " As these publications also mention the otherliterature bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailedreferences. 

The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual inverts areall based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own experience. 

[2] For general use the word "libido" is best translated by "craving. "(Prof. James J. Putnam, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6. )

[3] For the difficulties entailed in the attempt to ascertain theproportional number of inverts compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in theJahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. Also Brill, TheConception of Homosexuality, Journal of the A. M. A. , August 2, 1913. 

[4] Such a striving against the compulsion to inversion favors cures bysuggestion of psychoanalysis. 

[5] Many have justly emphasized the fact that the autobiographicstatements of inverts, as to the time of the appearance of theirtendency to inversion, are untrustworthy as they may have repressed frommemory any evidences of heterosexual feelings. 

Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversionaccessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up theinfantile amnesias. 

[6] With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be made andwhat slight practical significance can be attributed to it can begathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; Grenzfragendes Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If we review thewide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned some light wecan conclude without further ado that it is really of little value todiagnose degeneration. "

[7] We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of the mostprominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute inverts. 

[8] In the conception of inversion the pathological features have beenSeparated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to I. Bloch(Beiträge zur Ätiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, 1902-3), whohas also brought into prominence the existence of inversion in the oldcivilized nations. 

[9] Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic hermaphroditism(Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit, German edit. By R. Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many volumes of theJahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. 

[10] J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere, " Arch. FürGynäkologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on the subject. 

[11] According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. SexuelleZwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to mentionbisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper (LesAbérrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as early asJanuary, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of authorswho trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not only forthe inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and justlyinterpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in development. Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, 1893), and v. Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklärung der konträren Sexualempfindung, " Jahrbücherf. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), who states that there are anumber of observations "from which at least the virtual and continuedexistence of this second center (of the underlying sex) results. " A Dr. Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. Of theJahrbuch f. Sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every manthere exist male and female elements. " See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd. I, 1899 ("Die objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat, " by M. Hirschfeld, pp. 8-9). In the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual personsare concerned, some are disproportionately more strongly developed thanothers. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every woman there aremale, and in every man there are female germs and qualities" (Genesis, das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd. , Libido und Manie, 1903). As recently as1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed ownership of the ideaof bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). Psychoanalyticinvestigation very strongly opposes the attempt to separate homosexualsfrom other persons as a group of a special nature. By also studyingsexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones it discovers thatall men are capable of homosexual object selection and actuallyaccomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of libidinousfeelings to persons of the same sex play no small rôle as factors innormal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they play agreater rôle than those belonging to the opposite sex. According topsychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of theobject, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal overmale and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive statesand in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normalas well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in thisor that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexualinterest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring anexplanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainableon the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to thedefinite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is theresult of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which areof a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainlysome of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by theircharacter they influence the result. In general, however, themultiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldnessof the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In theinversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogethercontrolled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychicmechanisms. The importance of the _narcissistic object selection_ andthe _clinging_ to the erotic significance of the _anal_ zone seem to betheir most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing byseparating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basisof such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter asseemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only inlesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestlynormal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitativenature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants areonly quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the accidentalinfluences of the object selection, we found the sexual rejection or theearly sexual intimidation, and our attention was also called to the factthat the existence of both parents plays an important rôle in thechild's life. The disappearance of a strong father in childhood notinfrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might demand that theinversion of the sexual object should notionally be strictly separatedfrom the mixing of the sex characteristics in the subject. A certainamount of independence is unmistakable also in this relation. 

[12] Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full explanation forthe origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic mechanism of itsgenesis and has essentially enriched the problems in question. In allthe cases examined we have ascertained that the later inverts go throughin their childhood a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation onthe woman (usually on the mother) and after overcoming it they identifythemselves with the woman and take themselves as the sexual object; thatis, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young menresembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their motherhas loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged invertsare by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the excitationevoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. They thusrepeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their inversion. Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined by theirrestless flight from the woman. 

[13] The most pronounced difference between the sexual life(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancientsplaced the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on itsobject. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoblethrough it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity ofthe impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits ofthe object. 

[14] I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by thehypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the natureof hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the libido onthe person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic component ofthe sexual impulse). 

Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parentcomplex" (Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und psychopathologischeForschungen, I, 1909). 

[15] Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does notbecome pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that weshall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for thesexual rôle of the other parts of the body. 

[16] Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. Bloch hasoverestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). The variousroads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from the verybeginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral streamingmust also be considered. 

[17] This weakness corresponds to the constitutional predisposition. Theearly sexual intimidation which pushes the person away from the normalsexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has been demonstrated bypsychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant. 

[18] The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the femalegenitals. 

[19] Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding offetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on acoprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet andhair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after therenouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, onlythe filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversionwhich corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to theexplanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in theInfantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis whichis so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it couldbe shown that the desire for looking originally directed to thegenitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped onthe way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the footor shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, thefemale genital was hereby imagined as a male genital. 

[20] I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is rooted inthe soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the sexualexcitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the genitals, the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, can reallynever be considered "beautiful. "

[21] Cf. Here the later communication on the pregenital phases of thesexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below, "Ambivalence. "

[22] Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples I willmerely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known casesof sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, alwaysshow (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Féré) traces ofboth groups of manifestations in the same individual. "

[23] On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexualevolution--disgust, shame, morality--must also be looked upon ashistoric precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulseexperienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that theyappear in their time during the development of the individual almostspontaneously at the call of education and influence. 

[24] Studien über Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the patient on whomhe first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual factor wassurprisingly undeveloped. "

[25] The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable conditionsare changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of paranoiacs whichare in a hostile manner projected on others, and the unconscious fanciesof hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms by psychoanalysis, agree as to content in the minutest details. 

[26] A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a manifestinversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected tocomplete repression. --It is but just to state that the necessity of ageneral recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics wasfirst imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I hadmyself discovered it in some cases. 

[27] It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was taken froma definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it would beimpossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses if onedid not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions. 

[28] One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the sexualimpulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence. Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin. 

II

THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY

It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it isabsent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of lifeknown as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in itsconsequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of thefundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of thesexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us theexistence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and wouldmake us acquainted with its development and its composition from varioussources. 

*The Neglect of the Infantile. *--It is remarkable that those writers whoendeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individualhave given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to theperiod of the individual's own existence--that is, they have attributedmore influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, itmight well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would beeasier to understand, and that it would be entitled to moreconsideration than heredity. [1] To be sure, one occasionally finds inmedical literature notes on the premature sexual activities of smallchildren, about erections and masturbation and even actions resemblingcoitus, but these are referred to merely as exceptional occurrences, ascuriosities, or as deterring examples of premature perversity. No authorhas to my knowledge recognized the normality of the sexual impulse inchildhood, and in the numerous writings on the development of the childthe chapter on "Sexual Development" is usually passed over. [2]

*Infantile Amnesia. *--This remarkable negligence is due partly toconventional considerations, which influence the writers on account oftheir own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thusfar remained unexplained. I refer to the peculiar amnesia which veilsfrom most people (not from all!) the first years of their childhood, usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not occurred to usthat this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have good reasons forsurprise. For we are informed that in those years from which we laterobtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory fragments, we havevividly reacted to impressions, that we have manifested pain andpleasure like any human being, that we have evinced love, jealousy, andother passions as they then affected us; indeed we are told that we haveuttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we possessedunderstanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know nothing ofall this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind all ourother psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that at notime of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions thanduring the years of childhood. [3]

On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves throughpsychological observations on others, that the very impressions which wehave forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychiclife, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. Weconclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting ofinfantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to thatobserved in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of whichconsists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). Butwhat forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? Hewho can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia. 

We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of theinfantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychicstates of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. We have alreadyencountered another point of comparison when confronted by the fact thatthe sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the infantile character orhas returned to it. May there not be an ultimate connection between theinfantile and the hysterical amnesias?

The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias isreally more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which servesthe repression can only be explained by the fact that the individualalready possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn fromconscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize thatwhich is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanatingfrom consciousness. [4] We may say that without infantile amnesia therewould be no hysterical amnesia. 

I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to lookupon his childhood as if it were a _prehistoric_ time and conceals fromhim the beginning of his own sexual life--that this amnesia isresponsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any valueto the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. Onesingle observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in ourknowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance ofchildhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected withthe sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into theforeground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality. 

THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS

The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal andexceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as thediscovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, which were hithertounconscious, allow us to sketch the following picture of the sexualbehavior of childhood. [5]

It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs ofsexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumbto a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by theproper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked byindividual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws andperiodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems, however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself inthe third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation. [6]

*The Sexual Inhibition. *--It is during this period of total or at leastpartial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act asinhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams. These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic idealdemands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams inthe civilized child is the work of education; and surely educationcontributes much to it. In reality, however, this development isorganically determined and can occasionally be produced without the helpof education. Indeed education remains properly within its assignedrealm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinantand impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper. 

*Reaction Formation and Sublimation. *--What are the means thataccomplish these very important constructions so significant for thelater personal culture and normality? They are probably brought about atthe cost of the infantile sexuality itself, the influx of which has notstopped even in this latency period--the energy of which indeed has beenturned away either wholly or partially from sexual utilization andconducted to other aims. The historians of civilization seem to beunanimous in the opinion that such deviation of sexual motive powersfrom sexual aims to new aims, a process which merits the name of_sublimation_, has furnished powerful components for all culturalaccomplishments. We will therefore add that the same process acts in thedevelopment of every individual, and that it begins to act in the sexuallatency period. [7]

We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation. The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could notbe utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed, --this isthe chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they wouldin themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zonesand would be born of impulses which in the individual's course ofdevelopment could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They thereforeawaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order tosuppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams:loathing, shame, and morality. [8]

*The Interruptions of the Latency Period. *--Without deluding ourselvesas to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of ourunderstanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, wewill return to reality and state that such a utilization of theinfantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing up from which thedevelopment of the individual usually deviates in some measure and oftenvery considerably. A portion of the sexual manifestation which haswithdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks through, or a sexualactivity remains throughout the whole duration of the latency perioduntil the reinforced breaking through of the sexual impulse in puberty. In so far as they have paid any attention to infantile sexuality theeducators behave as if they shared our views concerning the formation ofthe moral forces of defence at the cost of sexuality, and as if theyknew that sexual activity makes the child uneducable; for the educatorsconsider all sexual manifestations of the child as an "evil" in the faceof which little can be accomplished. We have, however, every reason fordirecting our attention to those phenomena so much feared by theeducators, for we expect to find in them the solution of the primitiveformation of the sexual impulse. 

THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY

For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of theinfantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), towhich the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellentessay. [9]

*Thumbsucking. *--Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursingbaby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life, consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (thelips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part ofthe lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin regionwithin reach, and even the big toe--may be taken as objects for sucking. Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifestsitself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause thechild to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the samepurpose. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an entire exhaustion ofattention and leads to sleep or even to a motor reaction in the form ofan orgasm. [10] Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contactwith certain sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast andexternal genitals. It is by this road that many children go fromthumb-sucking to masturbation. 

Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action andopenly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated inthe same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A verystrong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists andneurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of theterms "sexual" and "genital. " This contradiction raises the difficultquestion, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do wewish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe thatthe association of the manifestations into which we gained an insightthrough psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsuckingas a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential featuresof the infantile sexual activity. 

*Autoerotism. *--It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairsdifferently. Let us insist that the most striking character of thissexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against otherpersons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happyterm invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic. [11]

It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child isdetermined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already beenexperienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic sucking on aportion of the skin or mucous membrane it finds the gratification in thesimplest way. It is also easy to conjecture on what occasions the childfirst experienced this pleasure which it now strives to renew. The firstand most important activity in the child's life, the sucking from themother's breast (or its substitute), must have acquainted it with thispleasure. We would say that the child's lips behaved like an _erogenouszone_, and that the excitement through the warm stream of milk wasreally the cause of the pleasurable sensation. To be sure, thegratification of the erogenous zone was at first united with thegratification of taking nourishment. He who sees a satiated child sinkback from the mother's breast, and fall asleep with reddened cheeks andblissful smile, will have to admit that this picture remains as typicalof the expression of sexual gratification in later life. But the desirefor repetition of the sexual gratification is separated from the desirefor taking nourishment; a separation which becomes unavoidable with theappearance of the teeth when the nourishment is no longer sucked in butchewed. The child does not make use of a strange object for sucking butprefers its own skin because it is more convenient, because it thusmakes itself independent of the outer world which it cannot yet control, and because in this way it creates for itself, as it were, a second, even if an inferior, erogenous zone. The inferiority of this secondregion urges it later to seek the same parts, the lips of anotherperson. ("It is a pity that I cannot kiss myself, " might be attributedto it. )

Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is foundonly in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone isconstitutionally reënforced. Children in whom this is retained arehabitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, oras men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But ifrepression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evincehysterical vomiting. By virtue of the community of the lip-zone therepression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many of my femalepatients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical globus, choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic thumbsuckersduring infancy. 

In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able toobserve the three essential characters of an infantile sexualmanifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodilyfunction which is very important for life, it does not yet know anysexual object, it is _autoerotic_ and its sexual aim is under thecontrol of an _erogenous zone_. Let us assume for the present that thesecharacters also hold true for most of the other activities of theinfantile sexual impulse. 

THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY

*The Characters of the Erogenous Zones. *--From the example ofthumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for thedistinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucousmembrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definitequality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli aregoverned by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmiccharacters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests ananalogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether thecharacter of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can bedesignated as "peculiar, " and in what part of this peculiarity thesexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when itconcerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumptionis therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasonswhich seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure. 

The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of thebody. As is shown by the example of thumbsucking, there are predestinederogenous zones. But the same example also shows that any other regionof skin or mucous membrane may assume the function of an erogenous zone;it must therefore carry along a certain adaptability. The production ofthe sensation of pleasure therefore depends more on the quality of thestimulus than on the nature of the bodily region. The thumbsucking childlooks around on his body and selects any portion of it forpleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed to it, he then prefers it. Ifhe accidentally strikes upon a predestined region, such as breast, nipple or genitals, it naturally has the preference. A quite analogoustendency to displacement is again found in the symptomatology ofhysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly concerns the genitalzones proper; these in turn transmit their excitation to the othererogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, which then behaveexactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in thumbsucking, anyother region of the body may become endowed with the excitation of thegenitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous and hysterogenouszones show the same characters. [12]

*The Infantile Sexual Aim. *--The sexual aim of the infantile impulseconsists in the production of gratification through the properexcitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave adesire for its repetition this gratification must have been previouslyexperienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite meansso as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement whichhas fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed;it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with thetaking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms assources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition ofgratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tensionwhich in itself is rather of a painful character, and through acentrally-determined feeling of itching or sensitiveness which isprojected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim maytherefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to substitutefor the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous zone thatouter stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by evoking thefeeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists usually in amanipulation which is analogous to sucking. 

It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desirehappens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in theerogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as onestimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the sameplace. 

THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS[13]

It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothingfurther of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of thechild after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensibleto us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessaryfor the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone andwhich must be replaced by other muscular actions according to thesituation and nature of the other zones. 

*The Activity of the Anal Zone. *--Like the lip zone the anal zone is, through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the otherfunctions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenoussignificance of this region of the body was originally very large. Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the manytransformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitationsemanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life aconsiderable fragment of genital irritability. [14] The intestinalcatarrhs so frequent during infancy produce intensive irritations inthis zone, and we often hear it said that intestinal catarrh at thisdelicate age causes "nervousness. " In later neurotic diseases they exerta definite influence on the symptomatic expression of the neurosis, placing at its disposal the whole sum of intestinal disturbances. Considering the erogenous significance of the anal zone which has beenretained at least in transformation, one should not laugh at thehemorrhoidal influences to which the old medical literature attached somuch weight in the explanation of neurotic states. 

Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can berecognized by their holding back of fecal masses until throughaccumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage ofthese masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation ofthe mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensationof pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity ornervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowelwhen placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function atits own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; allhe cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating. The educators have again the right inkling when they designate childrenwho withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which isan exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membranebehaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become activeuntil after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other importantmeanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional partof the body, it represents the first "donation, " the disposal of whichexpresses the pliability while the retention of it can express thespite of the little being towards its environment. From the idea of"donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which according toone of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through eating and isborn through the bowel. 

The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order toutilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone, is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths. The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact thatthere are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologiccustoms, ceremonies, etc. , which they retain with cautious secrecy. 

Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers, evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, isnot at all rare in older children. 

*The Activity of the Genital Zone. *--Among the erogenous zones of thechild's body there is one which certainly does not play the main rôle, and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling--which, however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male andfemale it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), andin the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably inorder not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which mayarouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities ofthis erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are thebeginning of the later normal sexual life. 

Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, thewashing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that thepleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable ofproducing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the suckingage, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all theactual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanlinesshave the same effect as the uncleanliness itself, we can then scarcelymistake nature's intention, which is to establish the future primacy ofthese erogenous zones for the sexual activity through the infantileonanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The action of removingthe stimulus and setting free the gratification consists in a rubbingcontiguity with the hand or in a certain previously-formed pressurereflex effected by the closure of the thighs. The latter procedure seemsto be the more primitive and is by far the more common in girls. Thepreference for the hand in boys already indicates what an important partof the male sexual activity will be accomplished in the future by theimpulse to mastery (Bemächtigungstrieb). [15] It can only help towardsclearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be dividedinto three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, thesecond to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about thefourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is oftenconsidered exclusively as onanism of puberty. 

The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it maycontinue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the firstmarked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. Atsome time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulseof the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it isagain suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possiblerelations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a moreprecise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this_second_ infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individualremains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sickafter puberty they determine the symptomatology of his neurosis. [16] Inthe latter case it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and theconscious reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have alreadymentioned that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia withthis infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it ispossible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and therebyto remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychicmaterial. 

*The Return of the Infantile Masturbation. *--The sexual excitation ofthe nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as acentrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanisticgratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to thepollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of anyaction. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second halfof childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often, though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early activeonanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; thegenital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are thereforedisplayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian ofthe genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances ofthis period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna doesnot represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution. 

The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outercauses which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms ofneurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalyticinvestigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, theaccidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanentsignificance. As the first outer cause we have the influence ofseduction which prematurely treats the child as a sexual object; underconditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the gratificationof the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat thisgratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or otherchildren. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or itssignificance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria, [17] thoughI did not know then that normal individuals may have the sameexperiences in their childhood, and hence placed a higher value onseductions than on the factors found in the sexual constitution anddevelopment. [18] It is quite obvious that no seduction is necessary toawaken the sexual life of the child, that such an awakening may come onspontaneously from inner sources. 

*Polymorphous-perverse Disposition. *--It is instructive to know thatunder the influence of seduction the child may becomepolymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts oftransgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptationfor them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets butslight resistance because the psychic dams against sexualtransgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality--which depend onthe age of the child--are not yet erected or are only in the process offormation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differentlyfrom the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perversedisposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usualconditions, but under the guidance of a clever seducer she will findpleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as her sexualactivity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits theprostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number ofprostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation forprostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutelyimpossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for allperversions the universal and primitive human. 

*Partial Impulses. *--For the rest, the influence of seduction does notaid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, butrather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as itprematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when theinfantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We mustadmit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under thecontrol of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the verybeginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these wehave the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, whichmanifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones andwhich only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life;but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even inthe infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The littlechild is above all shameless, and during its early years it evincesdefinite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexualorgans. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered asperverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appearsfirst in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feelingof shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influenceof seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for thesexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhoodyears of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulsefor looking can appear in the child as a spontaneous sexualmanifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been directed totheir own genitals--usually by masturbation--are wont to progress inthis direction without outside interference, and to develop a vividinterest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for thegratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during thegratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become_voyeurs_ and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and fecesof others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to seethe genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains asa tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongestmotive power for the formation of symptoms. 

The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child withstill greater independence of those sexual activities which areconnected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childishcharacter, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to masterybefore it causes pain to others--that is, the capacity forsympathy--develops comparatively late. As we know, a thoroughpsychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfullyaccomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from theimpulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before thegenitals have taken on their later rôle. It then dominates a phase ofthe sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenitalorganization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especialcruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensiveand premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in asimultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexualactivity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier ofsympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between crueltyand the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in laterlife. 

An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty (masochism) isfound in the painful irritation of the gluteal region which is familiarto all educators since the confessions of J. J. Rousseau. This has justlycaused them to demand that physical punishment, which usually concernsthis part of the body, should be withheld from all children in whom thelibido might be forced into collateral roads by the later demands ofcultural education. [19]

THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION

*Inquisitiveness. *--At the same time when the sexual life of the childreaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, italso evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to theimpulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge canneither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can itbe altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds onthe one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other handit labors with the energy of the desire for looking. Its relations tothe sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for we havelearned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children isattracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an unexpectedlyintensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened by the sexualproblems. 

*The Riddle of the Sphinx. *--It is not theoretical but practicalinterests which start the work of the investigation activity in thechild. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actualor expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care andlove which is connected with this event, cause the child to becomethoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of thisawakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not thequestion as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: fromwhere do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily beunraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx. The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child withoutstruggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child topresuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to findit impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others. 

*The Castration Complex. *--This conviction is energetically adhered toby the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions whichsoon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis ofthe woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions. 

The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first ofthe remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is oflittle help to the child when biological science agrees with hispreconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the realsubstitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similarrefusals when she sees the differently formed genital of the boy. Sheis immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes envious of thepenis; this envy reaches its highest point in the consequentiallyimportant wish that she also should be a boy. 

*Birth Theories. *--Many people can remember distinctly how intenselythey interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the questionwhere children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time readvery differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out ofthe body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysisone only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the earlychildhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results werethoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as inthe fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage. These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom, especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower thanthe mammals. 

*Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act. *--If children of so delicate anage become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which anoccasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that littlechildren cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceivingthe sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, itimpresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us thatsuch an early childhood impression contributes much to the dispositionfor a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides thischildren also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual actconsists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seekthe solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which thefunctions of urination and defecation give occasion. 

*The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation. *--It can bestated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they arereproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and that despitetheir grotesque mistakes they evince more understanding of the sexualprocesses than is credited to their creators. Children also perceive thepregnancy of the mother and know how to interpret it correctly; thestork fable is very often related before auditors who confront it with adeep, but mostly mute suspicion. But as two elements remain unknown tothe infantile sexual investigation, namely, the rôle of the propagatingsemen and the female genital opening--precisely the same points in whichthe infantile organization is still backward--the effort of theinfantile investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in arenunciation which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to thedesire for knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhoodyears is always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towardsindependent orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangementbetween the child and the persons of his environment who formerlyenjoyed its full confidence. 

*The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization. *--Ascharacteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasizedthe fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in itsown body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the wholeare unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for theacquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-callednormal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure hasbeen put into the service of the function of propagation, and thepartial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, haveformed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in astrange sexual object. 

*Pregenital Organizations. *--The study, with the help ofpsychoanalysis, of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course ofdevelopment now permits us to recognize additions and primary stages ofsuch organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sortof sexual regime. These phases of the sexual organization normally willpass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight indications. Only in pathological cases do they become active and discernible tocoarse observation. 

Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yetassumed the dominating rôle we would call the _pregenital_ phase. So farwe have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions toearly animal states. 

One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the _oral_, or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yetseparated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within thesame not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also thatof the other, the sexual aim consists in the _incorporating_ into one'sown body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later playssuch an important psychic rôle as _identification_. As a remnant of thisfictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we canconsider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated fromthe nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor ofone from his own body. 

A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here thecontrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed, but cannot yet be designated as _masculine_ and _feminine_, but must becalled _active_ and _passive_. The activity is supplied by themusculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenousmucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ witha passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present, which however do not merge together. Besides them there are otherpartial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexualpolarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in thisphase. The organization and subordination under the function ofpropagation are still lacking. 

*Ambivalence. *--This form of the sexual organization could be retainedthroughout life and continue to draw to itself a large part of thesexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the rôle of the cloaca ofthe anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic impression. Asanother characteristic belonging to it we can mention the fact that thecontrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the same manner, abehavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy name of_ambivalence_. 

The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life isbased on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves anyconsideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect thatcontinued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosuresconcerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function. 

To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add thatfrequently or regularly an object selection takes place even inchildhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented forthe phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds insuch a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction ofone person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then thenearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life afterpuberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter onlyin the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and theirsubordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or notat all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy inthe service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which thesexual organization passes. 

*The Two Periods of Object Selection. *--That the object selection takesplace in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typicaloccurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three andfive years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latencyperiod; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims. The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitiveformation of the sexual life. 

The fact of the double object selection which is essentially due to theeffect of the latency period, becomes most significant for thedisturbance of this terminal state. The results of the infantile objectselection reach into the later period; they are either preserved as suchor are even refreshed at the time of puberty. But due to the developmentof the repression which takes place between the two phases they turn outas unutilizable. The sexual aims have become softened and now representwhat we can designate as the _tender_ streams of the sexual life. Onlypsychoanalytic investigation can demonstrate that behind thistenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, there is concealed the oldsexual strivings of the infantile partial impulses which have now becomeuseless. The object selection of the pubescent period must renounce theinfantile objects and begin anew as a sensuous stream. The fact that thetwo streams do not meet often enough has as a result that one of theideals of the sexual life, namely, the union of all desires in oneobject, can not be attained. 

THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY

In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we havethus far found that the sexual excitement originates (_a_) as an imitationof a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with otherorganic processes; (_b_) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation oferogenous zones; (_c_) and as an expression of some "impulse, " like thelooking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fullyunderstand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leadsback to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itselfcoöperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of thesexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage oftreating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is madedifficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions onlyby great detours; still the united efforts of both methods achieve asufficient degree of positive understanding. 

In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that theseskin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form ofsensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surfaceof the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certainforms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to verydistinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention thetemperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for theunderstanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths. 

*Mechanical Excitation. *--We must, moreover, describe here theproduction of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shakingof the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those actingon the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on theskin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles andjoints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to beof a pleasurable nature--it is worth emphasizing that for some time weshall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to alater time--and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulationis proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involvingpassive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedlydemand its repetition. [20] As we know, rocking is regularly used inputting restless children to sleep. The shaking sensation experienced inwagons and railroad trains exerts such a fascinating influence on olderchildren, that all boys, at least at one time in their lives, want tobecome conductors and drivers. They are wont to ascribe to railroadactivities an extraordinary and mysterious interest, and during the ageof phantastic activity (shortly before puberty) they utilize these as anucleus for exquisite sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroadtravelling with sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurablecharacter of the sensation of motion. When the repression later sets inand changes so many of the childish likes into their opposites, thesesame persons as adolescents and adults then react to the rocking androlling with nausea and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey, or they show a tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and bybecoming obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against arepetition of the painful experiences. 

This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that theconcurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severesthysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed thatinasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a sourceof sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same willproduce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism. 

*Muscular Activity. *--It is well known that the child has need forstrong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it drawsextraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do withsexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can bethe occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by criticalconsideration, which will probably be directed also to the positiontaken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement areof sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The factremains, however, that a number of persons report that they experiencedthe first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting orwrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the generalmuscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent'sskin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest witha definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is agood sign that the object selection has been directed toward thisperson. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich. "[21] In the promotion of sexualexcitement through muscular activity we might recognize one of thesources of the sadistic impulse. The infantile connection betweenfighting and sexual excitement acts in many persons as a determinant forthe future preferred course of their sexual impulse. [22]

*Affective Processes. *--The other sources of sexual excitement in thechild are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as wellas through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all moreintensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature, encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with acontribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of suchemotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertionexpended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant forthe breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for hisrelations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensationoften occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to apollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. Thebehavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to theteacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with theirgerminating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painfulaffects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great manypeople throughout life and readily explains why so many seekopportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certainaccessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, orin the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling. 

If we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches theintensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or heldat a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would thencontain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into themanifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight. 

*Intellectual Work. *--Finally, is is evident that mental application orthe concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment willresult, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons aswell, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon asthe only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology ofnervous disturbances from mental "overwork. "

If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of thesources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reportedneither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the followinggeneral laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in themost generous manner that the process of sexual excitement--the natureof which certainly remains quite mysterious to us--should be set inmotion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way isthe excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs, while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certainparts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in allthese sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli, though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant. But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism whichinduce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number ofinner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risenabove certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as thepartial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from theseinner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions fromsuch sources and from erogenous zones. It is possible that nothing ofany considerable significance occurs in the organism that does notcontribute its components to the excitement of the sexual impulse. 

It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty onthese general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible;first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, thefact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar tous. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points whichpromise to open wide prospects in the future. 

*Diverse Sexual Constitutions. *--(_a_) We have considered above thepossibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexualconstitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; wemay now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources ofsexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sourcesfurnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equallystrong in all persons; and that a further contribution to thedifferentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in thepreferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement. 

*The Paths of Opposite Influences. *--(_b_) Since we are now dropping thefigurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which we spoke of_sources_ of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all theconnecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also bepassable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, thecommon possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact thatthe sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment, the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in thetaking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone aredisturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention mayproduce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting onthe same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of sexualexcitement will be able to influence the availability of the voluntaryattention. A good part of the symptomatology of the neuroses which Itrace to disturbance of sexual processes manifests itself indisturbances of the other non-sexual bodily functions, and this hithertoincomprehensible action becomes less mysterious if it only representsthe counterpart of the influences controlling the production of thesexual excitement. 

However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach uponthe other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serveanother important function. It must be through these paths that theattraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, thesublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with theadmission that very little is definitely known concerning the pathsbeyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable inboth directions. 

[1] For it is really impossible to have a correct knowledge of the partbelonging to heredity without first understanding the part belonging tothe infantile. 

[2] This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold that Idecided to test its correctness by again reviewing the literature. Theresult of this second review did not warrant any change in my originalstatement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as well as thepsychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its initialstages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the Emotions ofLove Between the Sexes, " American Journal of Psychology, XIII, 1902)says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful analysis of theemotion as it is seen in the adolescent. " The only attention given tosomatic sexual manifestations occurring before the age of puberty was inconnection with degenerative manifestations, and these were referred toas a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the sexual life of children isnot to be found in all the representative psychologies of this age whichI have read. Among these works I can mention the following: Preyer;Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in the Child and in the Race, 1898); Pérez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); Strümpel (Die pädagogischePathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th. Heller (Grundriss der Heilpädagogic, 1904); Sully (ObservationsConcerning Childhood, 1897). The best impression of the presentsituation of this sphere can be obtained from the journal DieKinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one gains theimpression that the existence of love in childhood is in no need ofdemonstration. Pérez (l. C. ) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele derMenschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject tosexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S. Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during themiddle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The SexualImpulse, Appendix II. 

The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantilesexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great andimportant work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and itsRelation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education, 2 vols. , New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, DasSexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such amodification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitäten derKinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fürSchulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H. V. Hug-Hellmuth, Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of theneglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series. ]

[3] I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the earliestinfantile recollections in a paper, "Über Deckerinnerungen"(Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. Also ThePsychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co. , New York, andUnwin, London. 

[4] One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one takesinto consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As acomparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the topof the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulledfrom the other. 

[5] The use of the latter material is justified by the fact that theyears of childhood of those who are later neurotics need not necessarilydiffer from those who are later normal except in intensity anddistinctness. 

[6] An anatomic analogy to the behavior of the infantile sexual functionformulated by me is perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv fürklinische Medizin, Bd. 73) who claims that the internal genitals(uterus) are regularly larger in newborn than in older children. However, Halban's conception, that after birth there is also aninvolution of the other parts of the sexual apparatus, has not beenverified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe u. Gynäkologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends after a fewweeks of extra-uterine life. 

[7] The expression "sexual latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) Ihave borrowed from W. Fliess. 

[8] In the case here discussed the sublimation of the sexual motivepowers proceed on the road of reaction formations. But in general it isnecessary to separate from each other sublimation and reaction formationas two diverse processes. Sublimation may also result through other andsimpler mechanisms. 

[9] Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde, N. F. , XIV, 1879. 

[10] This already shows what holds true for the whole life, namely, thatsexual gratification is the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias aretraced to lack of sexual gratification. It is also known thatunscrupulous nurses calm crying children to sleep by stroking theirgenitals. 

[11] Ellis spoils, however, the sense of his invented term by comprisingunder the phenomena of autoerotism the whole of hysteria andmasturbation in its full extent. 

[12] Further reflection and observation lead me to attribute the qualityof erogenity to all parts of the body and inner organs. See later onnarcism. 

[13] Compare here the very comprehensive but confusing literature ononanism, _e. G. _, Rohleder, Die Masturbation, 1899. Cf. Also thepamphlet, "Die Onanie, " which contains the discussion of the ViennaPsychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912. 

[14] Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in theSammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. Cf. Also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 

[15] Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to point tothe influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been overcome. 

[16] Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect it withtheir onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by Bleuler, isa problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis. 

[17] Freud, Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3dedition, translated by A. A. Brill, N. Y. Nerv. And Ment. Dis. Pub. Co. Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, Series No. 4. 

[18] Havelock Ellis, in an appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse, 1903, gives a number of autobiographic reports of normal personstreating their first sexual feelings in childhood and the causes of thesame. These reports naturally show the deficiency due to infantileamnesia; they do not cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life andtherefore must be supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals whobecame neurotic. Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in morethan one respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me tomodify my etiological assumption as mentioned in the text. 

[19] The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile sexualitywere justified in 1905, in the main through the results ofpsychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the childcould not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted onlyin individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it hasbecome possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease inthe delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of theinfantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische undpsychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point withsatisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed theconclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidencefor the reliability of the latter method of investigation. 

Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch, Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had notprepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of thesexual by non-sexual objects and relations--reaches back into the yearswhen the child is first learning to master the language. My attentionhas also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statementwhich for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separationbetween the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporalseparation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentionedwork of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable ofevincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strongaffects. 

[20] Some persons can recall that the contact of the moving air inswinging caused them direct sexual pleasure in the genitals. 

[21] "Those who love each other tease each other. "

[22] The analyses of neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobiaremove all doubt as to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. Aseverybody knows modern cultural education utilizes sports to a greatextent in order to turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would bemore proper to say that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motionpleasure, and forces the sexual activity back upon one of its autoeroticcomponents. 

III

THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY

With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform theinfantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexualimpulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexualobject. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and inerogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A newsexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulsescoöperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to theprimacy of the genital zone. [1] As the new sexual aim assigns verydifferent functions to the two sexes their sexual developments now partcompany. The sexual development of the man is more consistent and easierto understand, while in the woman there even appears a form ofregression. The normality of the sexual life is guaranteed only by theexact concurrence of the two streams directed to the sexual object andsexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel from opposite sides. 

The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexualproducts; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that ofobtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure isconnected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulsenow enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes, so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its processmust be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiaritiesof the impulses. 

Just as on every other occasion where new connections and compositionsare to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, there is apossibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things does notget itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual life mayjustly be considered as inhibitions of development. 

THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE

From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issueand the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscureand many a riddle will have to be solved in them. 

The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its mostcharacteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals whichhave shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period ofchildhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extentas to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for thepurpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus isthus formed which waits to be claimed. 

This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teachesthat the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer worldthrough the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world byways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merelyrepresents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle ofinner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, astate which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifestsitself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in apeculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among themanifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first. They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute apreparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and theglandular activity of the vagina). 

*The Sexual Tension*--The character of the tension of sexual excitationis connected with a problem the solution of which is as difficult as itwould be important for the conception of the sexual process. Despite alldivergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I must firmly maintainthat a feeling of tension must carry with it the character ofdispleasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling carries with itthe impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts incitingly, whichis quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. But if we ascribethe tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings of displeasure weencounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably perceived. Thetension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere accompanied bypleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals there is adistinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there between thisunpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure?

Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one ofthe weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible tolearn something from the determinations of the case in question and toavoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at themanner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new orderof things. An important rôle devolves upon them in the preparation ofthe sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexualobject is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing, to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motiveof which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellenciesof the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions. " Thisattraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and onthe other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitationor in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect isthe same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, _e. G. _, thetouching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling ofpleasure which soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure from thepreparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further increaseof the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct feeling ofdispleasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another case willperhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where anerogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in aperson who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itselfevokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awakensexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens thatthe perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that isthe real problem. 

*Fore-pleasure Mechanism. *--But the rôle which devolves upon theerogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They areall utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their ownproper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turndestined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to aconclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again asuitable excitation of an erogenous zone; _i. E. _, the genital zoneproper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, themucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished bythis excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveysto the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest inits intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. Itis altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratificationpleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it. 

It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in thenature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of theerogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexualsubstance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure ofgratification of sexual activity, we can properly designate the first as_fore-pleasure_. The fore-pleasure is then the same as that furnished bythe infantile sexual impulse, though on a reduced scale; while the_end-pleasure_ is new and is probably connected with determinationswhich first appear at puberty. The formula for the new function of theerogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized for the purpose ofmaking possible the production of the greater pleasure of gratificationby means of the fore-pleasure which is gained from them as in infantilelife. 

I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quitedifferent realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feelingof pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure whichthereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunityof entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure. [2]

*Dangers of the Fore-pleasure. *--However the connection of fore-pleasurewith the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic rôle which maydevolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure isexpressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normalsexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too muchfore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatorysexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of thesexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and thepreparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim. Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the factthat the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulsehas already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life. If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readilyresults for the later life which prevents the fore-pleasure fromarranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the mechanism of manyperversions is of such a nature; they merely represent a lingering at apreparatory act of the sexual process. 

The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault ofthe fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genitalzones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. Thepreparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year topuberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zonesbehave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of excitingsensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure isexperienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; althoughthis effect remains aimless, _i. E. _, it contributes nothing towards thecontinuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure ofgratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even ininfancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can nowunderstand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we hada perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts assexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on ourway towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated thedistinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and wetherefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantilemanifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from thenormal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same. 

THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT

It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes whichoriginates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones andwhat is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originatesin some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itselfbut untenable, inasmuch as during the greatest pleasure which isconnected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production oftension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexualtension can be only indirectly connected. 

*The Rôle of the Sexual Substance. *--Aside from the fact that only thedischarge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexualexcitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexualtension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continencethe sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at nightduring pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this dischargecoming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and thefollowing interpretation of this process--the nocturnal pollution--canhardly be rejected, viz. , that the sexual tension which brings about asubstitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is afunction of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexualproducts. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanismspeak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is notonly impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lackof excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of whichcan evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certainamount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of theerogenous zones. 

One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistakenis quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substanceproduces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of theseproducts on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on thespinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the highercenters which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling oftension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexualtension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones areconnected with these centers by previously formed anatomicalconnections. They increase there the tone of the excitation, and withsufficient sexual tension they set in motion the sexual act, and withinsufficient tension they merely stimulate a production of the sexualsubstance. 

The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, _e. G. _, in v. Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact thatit has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and paystoo little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have beenelucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in thewoman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can wespeak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in theman, which naturally renders difficult the general application of thisscheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways canbe found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Neverthelessone should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation ofsexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting. 

*Overestimation of the Internal Genitals. *--That sexual excitement canbe independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexualsubstance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whomthe libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation, although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for theoperation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising, as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturerage should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual. The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience withcastrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from theremoval of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with thesexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castrationperformed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, butit would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands wemust also consider the inhibition of development and other factorswhich are connected with that loss. 

*Chemical Theories. *--The truth remains, however, that we are unable togive any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for thereason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality isconnected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have beenoverestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries havetaught us the important rôle of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we mayassume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality arestill withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the largegap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate forhimself the following theory based on the active substances found in thethyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as wellas through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, amaterial which is universally distributed in the organism becomesdisintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specificstimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connectedwith them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particularorganic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic productsintroduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically, the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulationswhich result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. Tobe sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall bequite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its originalcharacter, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For thisapparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, thoughlittle heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced onlyto disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinicalresemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which resultfrom the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonoussubstances (alkaloids. )

THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO

These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitementare in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for thepurpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. Wehave determined the concept of _libido_ as that of a force of variablequantity which has the capacity of measuring processes andtransformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido wedistinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to thepsychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus weattribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinousfrom other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that thesexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritionalprocesses through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions andpsychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnishednot only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs ofthe body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of alibido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as theego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement ofthis ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observedpsycho-sexual phenomena. 

But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalyticstudy only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, thatis when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates andfixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes overto others from which positions it directs the individual's sexualactivity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of thelibido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteriaand compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight. 

Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it iswithdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in specialstates of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, so that itagain becomes ego-libido. In contradistinction to the object-libido wealso call the ego-libido narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis welook over the boundary which we are not permitted to pass into theactivity of the narcissistic libido and thus form an idea of therelations between the two. The narcissistic or ego-libido appears to usas the great reservoir from which the energy for the investment of theobject is sent out and into which it is drawn back again, while thenarcissistic libido investment of the ego appears to us as the realizedprimitive state in the first childhood, which only becomes hidden by thelater emissions of the libido, and is retained at the bottom behindthem. 

The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbanceswould have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy allobserved phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine thatthe greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of theego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining thedeeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact thatthe means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives usdefinite information only concerning the transformation of theobject-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study theego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego. [3]

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN

It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and femalecharacter originates at puberty, and it is the resulting differencewhich, more than any other factor, decisively influences the laterdevelopment of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositionsare easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development ofsexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc. ) ensues earlier andwith less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. Thetendency to sexual repression certainly seems much greater, and wherepartial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a preference for thepassive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the erogenous zones is thesame in both sexes, and it is this agreement that removes thepossibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it appears afterpuberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic sexualmanifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the little girlhas entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a more definitecontent to the terms "masculine and feminine, " one might advance theopinion that _the libido is regularly and lawfully of a masculinenature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider itsobject, this may be either the man or the woman_. [4]

Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold thisfactor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking into accountthe factor of bisexuality it will hardly be possible to understand theactually observed sexual manifestations in man and woman. 

*The Leading Zones in Man and Woman. *--Further than this I can only addthe following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is theclitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able todiscover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitorisand not those other external genitals which are so important for thelater sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether thefemale child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. Thefrequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girlsmanifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequenterections enable the girl to understand correctly even without anyinstruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simplytransfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes. 

If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he mustfollow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty, which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itselfin the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns theclitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks intorepression. The reënforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in thewoman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido ofthe man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of thelibido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can bepresent in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies hersexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitorisbecomes excited its rôle is then to conduct the excitement to theadjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine woodwhich is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes sometime for this transference to be accomplished; during which the youngwife remains anesthetic. This anesthesia may become permanent if theclitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a condition broughton by abundant activities in infantile life. It is known that anesthesiain women is often only apparent and local. They are anesthetic at thevaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable through the clitoris or eventhrough other zones. Besides these erogenous causes of anesthesia thereare also psychic causes likewise determined by the repression. 

If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris tothe vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zonefor the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains hisfrom childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for theneuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leadingzone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants aretherefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity. 

THE OBJECT-FINDING

While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through theprocesses of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiouslypoints towards the new sexual aim, _i. E. _, towards the penetration of acavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for whichalso preparations have been made since early childhood, becomesconsummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexualgratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, thesexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother'sbreast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when itbecomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the personto whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexualimpulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcomingthe latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It isnot without good reason that the suckling of the child at its mother'sbreast has become a model for every amour. The object-finding is reallya re-finding. [5]

*The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period. *--However, even after theseparation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, therestill remains from this first and most important of all sexual relationsan important share, which prepares the object selection and assists inreestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period thechild learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness andgratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation ofthe child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhapshesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for hisfoster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a morethorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyondany doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents isfor the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation andgratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents--or as arule the mother--supplies the child with feelings which originate fromher own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainlytaking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object. [6] The motherwould probably be terrified if it were explained to her that all hertenderness awakens the sexual impulse of her child and prepares itsfuture intensity. She considers her actions as asexually "pure" love, for she carefully avoids causing more irritation to the genitals of thechild than is indispensable in caring for the body. But as we know thesexual impulse is not awakened by the excitation of genital zones alone. What we call tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence onthe genital zones also. If the mother better understood the highsignificance of the sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and forall ethical and psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare herall reproaches. By teaching the child to love she only fulfills herfunction; for the child should become a fit man with energetic sexualneeds, and accomplish in life all that the impulse urges the man to do. Of course, too much parental tenderness becomes harmful because itaccelerates the sexual maturity, and also because it "spoils" the childand makes it unfit to temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with asmaller amount of love in later life. One of the surest premonitions oflater nervousness is the fact that the child shows itself insatiable inits demands for parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathicparents, who usually display a boundless tenderness, often with theircaressing awaken in the child a disposition for neurotic diseases. Thisexample at least shows that neuropathic parents have nearer ways thaninheritance by which they can transfer their disturbances to theirchildren. 

*Infantile Fear. *--The children themselves behave from their earlychildhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of thenature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but anexpression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. Theytherefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the darkbecause they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they cangrasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of theterrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames thelatter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposedto fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever uponothers; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexualimpulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigentthrough pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that is, itchanges its libido into fear when it cannot bring it to gratification, and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of ungratified libidobehaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he is alone, _i. E. _, without a person of whose love he believes himself sure, and who cancalm his fears by means of the most childish measures. [7]

*Incest Barriers. *--If the tenderness of the parents for the child hasluckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely, _i. E. _, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and ifthat awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breakingthrough of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can thenfulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in theselection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural forthe child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has lovedsince childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido. [8] But owing tothe delay of sexual maturity time has been gained for the erectionbeside the sexual inhibitions of the incest barrier, that moralprescription which explicitly excludes from the object selection thebeloved person of infancy or blood relation. The observance of thisbarrier is above all a demand of cultural society which must guardagainst the absorption by the family of those interests which it needsfor the production of higher social units. Society, therefore, usesevery means to loosen those family ties in every individual, especiallyin the boy, which are authoritative in childhood only. [9]

The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination, and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape exceptindulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be broughtto execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantileinclinations, now reënforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and amongthem one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexualfeeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already beendifferentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son forthe mother and of the daughter for the father. [10] Simultaneously withthe overcoming and rejection of these distinctly incestuous phantasiesthere occurs one of the most important as well as one of the mostpainful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the breaking away fromthe parental authority, through which alone is formed that oppositionbetween the new and old generations which is so important for culturalprogress. Many persons are detained at each of the stations in thecourse of development through which the individual must pass; andaccordingly there are persons who never overcome the parental authorityand never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their affection from theirparents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight of their parents, retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, and it isinstructive to find that in their married life these girls are incapableof fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold wives andremain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently non-sexuallove for the parents and the sexual love are nourished from the samesource, _i. E. _, that the first merely corresponds to an infantilefixation of the libido. 

The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexualdevelopment the more easily we can recognize the evident significance ofthe incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection thereremains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or thewhole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with anexcessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands ofthe sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one handto realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other handto conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifestwithout self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to theinfantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which hasbeen repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and othermorbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconsciousthoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show tosuch persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations inthe popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy personfalls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the diseasecan distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the personspreferred in his infancy. 

*The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection. *--Even those whohave happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have notcompletely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase ofdevelopment that the first serious love of the young man is often for amature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped withauthority--_i. E. _, for persons who can revive in them the picture of themother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionablytakes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeksabove all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him sincethe beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent with the fact thatthe mother, if still living, strives against this, her renewal, andmeets it with hostility. In view of this significance of the infantilerelation to the parents for the later selection of the sexual object, itis easy to understand that every disturbance of this infantile relationbrings to a head the most serious results for the sexual life afterpuberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the infantile sourcesor at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels between parents andunhappy marital relations between the same determine the severestpredispositions for disturbed sexual development or neurotic diseases inthe children. 

The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important, but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to theobject selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man, still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexualseries and to form different determinations for the objectselection. [11]

*Prevention of Inversion. *--One of the tasks imposed in the objectselection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, isnot solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after pubertyoften enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoirhas called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendshipsformed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force whichguards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely theattraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. Forthis we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. Thisfactor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion;besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all, there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows thatwhere the inversion is not considered a crime it fully corresponds tothe sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may be assumedthat in the man the infantile memories of the mother's tenderness, aswell as that of other females who cared for him as a child, energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, while theearly sexual intimidation experienced through the father and theattitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the samesex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose sexualactivity is under the special care of the mother. This results in ahostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the objectselection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male persons(slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; thefrequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explainedby their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothersof that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics thatone of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, orestrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all thelove of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations forthe sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus apermanent inversion is made possible. 

SUMMARY

It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from theaberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim andhave encountered the question whether these originate from a congenitalpredisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence ofinfluences from life. The answer to this question was reached through anexamination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, anumerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination hasbeen made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found thata tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these persons inthe form of unconscious forces revealing themselves as symptom creatorsand we could say that the neurosis is, as it were, the negative of theperversion. In view of the now recognized great diffusion of tendenciesto perversion the idea forced itself upon us that the disposition toperversions is the primitive and universal disposition of the humansexual impulse, from which the normal sexual behavior develops inconsequence of organic changes and psychic inhibitions in the course ofmaturity. We hoped to be able to demonstrate the original disposition inthe infantile life; among the forces restraining the direction of thesexual impulse we have mentioned shame, loathing and sympathy, and thesocial constructions of morality and authority. We have thus been forcedto perceive in every fixed aberration from the normal sexual life afragment of inhibited development and infantilism. The significance ofthe variations of the original dispositions had to be put into theforeground, but between them and the influences of life we had to assumea relation of coöperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, asthe original disposition must have been a complex one, the sexualimpulse itself appeared to us as something composed of many factors, which in the perversions becomes separated, as it were, into itscomponents. The perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one handinhibitions, and on the other dissociations from the normal development. Both conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulseof the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of theinfantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with onesingle aim. 

We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversivetendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendenciescollateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the mainriver bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to thesexual life of the infantile period. [12] We found it regrettable thatthe existence of a sexual life in infancy has been disputed, and thatthe sexual manifestations which have been often observed in childrenhave been described as abnormal occurrences. It rather seemed to us thatthe child brings along into the world germs of sexual activity and thateven while taking nourishment it at the same time also enjoys a sexualgratification which it then seeks again to procure for itself throughthe familiar activity of "thumbsucking. " The sexual activity of thechild, however, does not develop in the same measure as its otherfunctions, but merges first into the so-called latency period from theage of three to the age of five years. The production of sexualexcitation by no means ceases at this period but continues and furnishesa stock of energy, the greater part of which is utilized for aims otherthan sexual; namely, on the one hand for the delivery of sexualcomponents for social feelings, and on the other hand (by means ofrepression and reaction formation) for the erection of the future sexualbarriers. Accordingly, the forces which are destined to hold the sexualimpulse in certain tracks are built up in infancy at the expense of thegreater part of the perverse sexual feelings and with the assistance ofeducation. Another part of the infantile sexual manifestations escapesthis utilization and may manifest itself as sexual activity. It can thenbe discovered that the sexual excitation of the child flows from diversesources. Above all gratifications originate through the adapted sensibleexcitation of so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skinregion or sensory organ may serve; but there are certain distinguishederogenous zones the excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms isassured from the beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates inthe organism, as it were, as a by-product in a great number ofprocesses, as soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especiallytakes place in all strong emotional excitements even if they be of apainful nature. The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite, but they pursue their aim individually--this aim consisting merely inthe gaining of a certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood istherefore objectless or _autoerotic_. 

Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to makeitself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zoneit furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, orbecause in some incomprehensible way the gratification from othersources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has aspecial connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret thata sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratificationand sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genitalzone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained. 

We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhoodmight be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable offurther development. The character of the sexual manifestation showeditself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified fromexperience the belief that the external influences of seduction, mightproduce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as thesuppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child reallyshows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every suchpremature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child. 

Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexuallife we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changesproduced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same ascriteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexualfeeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of objectfinding. Both of them are already developed in childhood. The first isaccomplished through the mechanism of utilizing the fore-pleasure, whereby all other independent sexual acts which are connected withpleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the new sexual aim, the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of which underenormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the same time wehad to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of man andwoman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new repression isrequired which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, and preparesthe woman for the change of the leading genital zones. Lastly, we foundthe object selection, tracing it through infancy to its revival inpuberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on the part ofthe child for the parents and foster-parents, which, however, wereturned away from these persons to others resembling them by the incestbarriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us finally add thatduring the transition period of puberty the somatic and psychicprocesses of development proceed side by side, but separately, untilwith the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for theinnervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of theerotic function is established. 

*The Factors Disturbing the Development. *--As we have already shown bydifferent examples, every step on this long road of development maybecome a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structuremay afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. Itstill remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors whichdisturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanismaffected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which wemention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves ofequal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in theassigning to the individual factors their due importance. 

*Constitution and Heredity. *--In the first place, we must mention herethe congenital _variation of the sexual constitution_, upon which thegreatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may beeasily understood, can be established only through its latermanifestations and even then not always with great certainty. Weunderstand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifoldsources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a differenceof disposition must always come to expression in the final result, evenif it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imaginecertain variations of the original disposition that even without furtheraid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life. One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression ofhereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report aremarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria, compulsion neuroses, etc. , which I have treated by psychotherapy, I havesucceeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gonethrough an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either sufferedfrom tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues. I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showedabsolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexualconstitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the lueticheredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descentfrom syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiologicaldetermination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintainthat the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not withoutsignificance. 

The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well knownbecause they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believethat the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We oftenfind perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the samefamily, so distributed that the male members, or one of them, is apositive pervert, while the females, following the repressive tendenciesof their sex, are negative perverts or hysterics. This is a good exampleof the substantial relations between the two disturbances which I havediscovered. 

*Further Elaboration. *--It cannot, however, be maintained that thestructure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by theaddition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On thecontrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilitiesresult, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streamsoriginating from the individual sources. This _further elaboration_ isevidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described asuniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumedto be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthenedwith maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life. The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yetbeen thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can bereadily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, forexample, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarilyhave had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. Thestatement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingeniousif it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexualimpulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests ofpropagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexualactivities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty mustfail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues itsactivity as a perversion. [13]

*Repression. *--Another issue results if in the course of developmentcertain powerful components experience a _repression_--which we mustcarefully note is not a suspension. The excitations in question areproduced as usual but are prevented from attaining their aim by psychichindrances, and are driven off into many other paths until they expressthemselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost normal sexuallife--usually a limited one--but supplemented by psychoneurotic disease. It is these cases that become so familiar to us through thepsychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life of suchpersons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of theirchildhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which occasionallyextends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to inner reasons arepressive change then results--usually before puberty, but now and theneven much later--and from this point on without any extinction of theold feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a perversion. One mayrecall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte Betschwester, "--only hereyouth has turned out to be much too short. The relieving of theperversion by the neurosis in the life of the same person, as well asthe above mentioned distribution of perversion and hysteria in differentpersons of the same family, must be placed side by side with the factthat the neurosis is the negative of the perversion. 

*Sublimation. *--The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositionsis made possible by the process of "sublimation, " through which thepowerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are dischargedand utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase ofpsychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition. This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as suchsublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character ofhighly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will showany proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, andneurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through_reaction-formation_, which, as we have found, begins even in thelatency period of infancy, only to continue throughout life infavorable cases. What we call the _character_ of a person is built up toa great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it is composedof impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, and of suchconstructions as are destined to suppress effectually those perversefeelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse sexualdisposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of anumber of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through theformation of reactions. [14]

*Accidental Experiences. *--All other influences lose in significancewhen compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, andsublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes aretotally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimationsamong constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the livingmanifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that thefinal structure of the sexual life is above all the result of thecongenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will disputethat in such a coöperation of factors there is also room for themodifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience inchildhood and later on. 

It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional andof the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory isalways inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practicerenders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should itbe forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of coöperationand not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait forexperiences which bring it to the surface, while the occasional needsthe support of the constitutional factor in order to become effective. For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called "etiologicalgroup" in which the declining intensities of one factor become balancedby the rise in the others, but there is no reason to deny the existenceof extremes at the ends of the group. 

It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation ifthe experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference amongthe occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split upinto two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitivegroups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just ascoöperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiencesin the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual developmentshow their effect in that they produce a _regression_, or a return to aformer phase of development. 

We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which havebecome known to us as influential for the sexual development, whetherthey be active forces or merely manifestations of the same. 

*Prematurity. *--Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual _prematurity_which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of theneuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as theother factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, orsuspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause ofdisturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, eitheron account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because ofthe undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along thecharacter of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may eitherremain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motivepowers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurityrenders difficult the desirable later control of the sexual impulse bythe higher psychic influences, and enhances the compulsive-likecharacter which even without this prematurity would be claimed by thepsychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual prematurity often runsparallel with premature intellectual development; it is found as such inthe infantile history of the most distinguished and most productiveindividuals, and in such connection it does not seem to act aspathogenically as when appearing isolated. 

*Temporal Factors. *--Just like prematurity, other factors, which underthe designation of _temporal_ can be added to prematurity, also demandconsideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in whatsequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how longthey can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of anewly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both inthis temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same, variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence onthe experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certainstream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effectof a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation inthe composition of the components regularly produces a change in theresult. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with specialintensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of theheterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivingsof childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justifythe fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of thegrown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear inorder to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rulelong. ) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of theprocesses of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is openedhere to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historicalproblems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance. 

*Adhesion. *--The significance of all premature sexual manifestations isenhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which at present can beput down only as a psychological preliminary. I believe that it is the_heightened adhesion_ or _fixedness_ of these impressions of the sexuallife which in later neurotics, as well as in perverts, must be added forthe completion of the other facts; for the same premature sexualmanifestations in other persons cannot impress themselves deeply enoughto repeat themselves compulsively and to succeed in prescribing the wayfor the sexual impulse throughout later life. Perhaps a part of theexplanation for this adhesion lies in another psychic factor which wecannot miss in the causation of the neuroses, namely, in thepreponderance which in the psychic life falls to the share of memorytraces as compared with recent impressions. This factor is apparentlydependent on the intellectual development and grows with the growth ofpersonal culture. In contrast to this the savage has been characterizedas "the unfortunate child of the moment. "[15] Owing to the oppositionalrelation existing between culture and the free development of sexuality, the results of which may be traced far into the formation of our life, the problem how the sexual life of the child evolves is of very littleimportance for the later life in the lower stages of culture andcivilization, and of very great importance in the higher. 

*Fixation. *--The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favoredthe development of the accidentally experienced impulses of theinfantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductionsthrough other children or through adults) produce the material which, with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanentdisturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normalsexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics andperverts from the beginning through the impressions received during thealleged sexually free period of childhood. The causation is produced bythe responsiveness of the constitution, the prematurity, the quality ofheightened adhesion, and the accidental excitement of the sexual impulsethrough outside influence. 

The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from thisinvestigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the factthat we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes inwhich the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolatedexaminations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either thenormal or the pathological. 

[1] The differences will be emphasized in the schematic representationgiven in the text. To what extent the infantile sexuality approaches thedefinitive sexual organization through its object selection has beendiscussed before (p. 60). 

[2] See my work, Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, translated byA. A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. Co. , New York: "The fore-pleasure gained bythe technique of wit is utilized for the purpose of setting free agreater pleasure by the removal of inner inhibitions. "

[3] Cf. Zur Einführung des Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI, 1913. 

[4] It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions "masculine" and"feminine, " whose content seems so unequivocal to the ordinary meaning, belong to the most confused terms in science and can be cut up into atleast three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at times in the senseof activity and passivity, again, in the biological sense, and then alsoin the sociological sense. The first of these three meanings is theessential one and the only one utilizable in psychoanalysis. It agreeswith the masculine designation of the libido in the text above, for thelibido is always active even when it is directed to a passive aim. Thesecond, the biological significance of masculine and feminine, is theone which permits the clearest determination. Masculine and feminine arehere characterized by the presence of semen or ovum and through thefunctions emanating from them. The activity and its secondarymanifestations, like stronger developed muscles, aggression, a greaterintensity of libido, are as a rule soldered to the biologicalmasculinity but not necessarily connected with it, for there are speciesof animals in whom these qualities are attributed to the female. Thethird, the sociological meaning, receives its content through theobservation of the actual existing male and female individuals. Theresult of this in man is that there is no pure masculinity or feminityeither in the biological or psychological sense. On the contrary everyindividual person shows a mixture of his own biological sexcharacteristics with the biological traits of the other sex and a unionof activity and passivity; this is the case whether these psychologicalcharacteristic features depend on the biological or whether they areindependent of it. 

[5] Psychoanalysis teaches that there are two paths of object-finding;the first is the one discussed in the text which is guided by the earlyinfantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic which seeks its ownego and finds it in the other. The latter is of particularly greatsignificance for the pathological outcomes, but does not fit into theconnection treated here. 

[6] Those to whom this conception appears "wicked" may read HavelockEllis's treatise on the relations between mother and child whichexpresses almost the same ideas (The Sexual Impulse, p. 16). 

[7] For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I amindebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a darkroom: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark. " "How will thathelp you, " answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow. " "That's nothing, "answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes light. "--He was, as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid because hemissed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down as soon ashe was assured of her presence. 

[8] Cf. Here what was said on page 83 concerning the object selection ofthe child; the "tender stream. "

[9] The incest barrier probably belongs to the historical acquisitionsof humanity and like other moral taboos it must be fixed in manyindividuals through organic heredity. (Cf. My work, Totem and Taboo, 1913. ) Psychoanalytic studies show, however, how intensively theindividual struggles with the incest temptations during his developmentand how frequently he puts them into phantasies and even into reality. 

[10] Compare the description concerning the inevitable relation in theOedipus legend (The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A. A. Brill, The Macmillan Co. , New York, and Allen & Unwin, London). 

[11] Innumerable peculiarities of the human love-life as well as thecompulsiveness of being in love itself can surely only be understoodthrough a reference to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same. 

[12] This was true not only of the "negative" tendencies to perversionappearing in the neurosis, but also of the so-called positiveperversions. The latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation ofthe infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendenciesowing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence thepositive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf. The works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill. )

[13] Here one often sees that at first a normal sexual stream begins atthe age of puberty, but owing to its inner weakness it breaks down atthe first outer hindrance and then changes from regression, to perversefixation. 

[14] That keen observer of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl inhis book, La Joie de vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers allshe has in possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopesto those she loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girlwas dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she wasdepreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty. 

[15] It is possible that the heightened adhesion is only the result of aspecial intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years. 

INDEX

Aberrations (see Perversions) a fragment of inhibited development, 89 Sexual, 1, 13, 14 shown by the psychoneurotic, 29 with animals, 13

Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), 2

Activity and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, 21 of Sadism and Masochism, 23 precursors and masculine and feminine, 59

Activity, Muscular, 63

Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, 99 may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, 99

Affective Processes, 64 pathogenic action of, 64 value of unconscious thought formation, 27

Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, 24 taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, 22

Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, 64, note 22

Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, 31

Algolagnia, 22

Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, 76

Ambivalence, 59

Amnesia, Infantile, 37 connected with infantile sexual activity, 51 and hysterical compared, 39

Amphigenous inversion, 2

Anal Erotic, 10, note 11 Zone, activity of, 47 erogenous significance of, 48 masturbatic irritation of, 49

Androgyny, 8

Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, 81 continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, 81 of newly married women, 80 of wives due to parent complex, 85 of women often only apparent and local, 81 of women only at vaginal entrance, 81

Animals as sexual objects, 13

Anus (see also Anal) as aim of inverts, 12; 17 especially frequent example of transgression, 29 part played by erogenous zone in, 32

Anxiety on railroads, 63

Archaic constitution, 10, note 11

Arduin, Dr. , 9, note 11

Attractions connected with pleasure, 70

Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, 43 separation of, from object love, not temporal, 55, note 19 essential, of infantile sexuality, 58 of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, 79 regular, of sexual impulse, 81

Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, 62

Bayer, 40, note 6

Beautiful, concept of, 21 a quality of excitation, 70

Bell, S. , 37, note 2; 55, note 19

Binet; 19; 34

Birth theories, 57

Bisexuality, Relation of, 7 as explanation of inversion, 9, note 11 Sadism and Masochism, 24 necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, 80

Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, 51

Bleuler, 37, note 2; 60

Bloch, I. , 1, note 1; 5; 16

Breast, rubbing of, 43 woman's, as erogenous zone, 71

Cadavers, 25

Cannibalistic pregenital phase, 59

Castration complex, 22; 56 of males does not always injure sexual libido, 75

Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, 48

Cathartic treatment, 26

Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, 96 composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, 96 of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, 50

Chemical theories of sexual excitement, 76

Chevalier, 7; 9, note 11

Childish, see Infantile

Children and neurotics compared, 38 as sexual objects, 13 cruelty especially characteristic of, 30 educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, 91 impressionability of, 38 in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, 64 sexual life of, 40

Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, 80 erection of, in little girls, 80 excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, 81 excitation, destinies of, 80 conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, 80 transfer of, to other parts, takes time, 80 sexuality is a part of male sexual life, 80 sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, 80

Coitus, 36

Colin, 23

Complex, castration, 22; 56 Oedipus, 85 parent, 15, note 14 strongest in girls, 85

Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, 51 inversion is perceived as a morbid, 3 neurosis, 32 psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, 77 from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, 77

Congeniality in inversions, 4 of perversions in all persons, 34

Conscience, 22

Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional 96

Contrary Sexuals, 2

Conversion, 27

Coprophilic smell desire, 20, note 19

Copulation, 14

Courting, 22

Craving, best English word for libido, 1, note 2

Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, 23 as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, 53 especially near the childish character, 54 partial desires as carriers of impulses of, 30

Culture and sex, 41

Dangers of fore-pleasure, 72

Degeneration, nervous, 4 high ethical culture in, 5

Dementia præcox, 26

Desire, coprophilic smell, 20, note 19 for knowledge, 55 immense sexual, in hysteria, 28 partial, 29

Dessoir, 87

Donation, idea of, 48; 49

Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, 44

Ear lobe pulling, 42

Eating, sexuality of, 66

Ego-Libido (see Libido)

Ellis, H. , 1, note 1; 6; 8; 23; 43; 52, note 18

End Pleasure (see Gratification, Orgasm, Pleasure) new to age after puberty, 72

Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, 51

Erection of clitoris in little girls, 80 of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69

Erogenous action of pain, 65 functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, 66 significance of anal zone, 48 zones, partial impulses and, 31 significance of in psychoneuroses, 32 preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, 34 source of sexual feelings of infantile years, 41 lips as, 44 characters of, 45 predestined, 46 show same characters as hysterogenous, 46 any part of body may become, 46, note 12 significance of anal zone, 48 premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, 54 parts of skin called, 65 one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, 69 their manner of adjustment to new order, 70 rôle of, in preparing sexual excitation, 70 increase tension, 71 make possible the gratification pleasure, 72 contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, 72 connected anatomically with centers producing tension, 74 autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, 79 chief, in female child is the clitoris, 80 changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, 81 change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, 82

Etiological group, 97 composed of dispositional and definitive groups, 97

Eulenberg, 1, note 1

Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, 14 hunger, 16 influences, three kinds of, 62 sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, 66 prepared by erogenous zones, 70 result of any of three kinds of stimuli, 69

Exhibitionism (see Looking, Peeping, Voyeur) as a perversion, 21 partial desires as carriers of, 30 the eye as erogenous zone in, 32 as component of infantile sexual life, 53

Eye as erogenous zone, 32; 70

Faith, 15

Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, 88

Fear, infantile, 83 only expresses child's missing beloved person, 83 influence of, sexually exciting, 64 of being alone alike in child and neurotic, 84 of dark, infantile, 83 of grown up neurotic like that of children, 84 only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, 83 sought as sexual excitement, 64

Feces, licking of, 25 retention of, a source of pleasure, 48 a cause of constipation, 49

Feelings, perverted, 34

Female (see Masculine and Feminine)

Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, 79

Féré, 23

Ferenczi, 15, note 14

Fetichism, 18 Binet's findings in, 34 nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, 30 of foot, 20, note 19

Fixation, 99 of impulses accidentally experienced, 99

Fliess, W. , 10, note 11; 29, note 26; 41, note 7

Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, 18 fetichism of, 20, note 19

Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic rôle, 72 dangers of, 72 is that of excitation of erogenous zones, 72 mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, 72 primacy of genital zones and the, 69 same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, 72 too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, 72

Fur, 19

Fusions, 26 activity of, 49

Genital zone, primacy of, 69 external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, 80 overestimation of internal, 75 gratification of, 52

Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, 32 looking only at, becomes a perversion, 21 male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, 56 mouth and anus playing rôle of, 29 opening of female, unknown to children, 58 primacy of, intended by nature, 50 rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, 43 sexual impulse of reawakens, 50 touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, 64

Gley, E. , 9, note 11

Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, 45

Gratification pleasure of orgasm, 71 sexual, 3; 14 picture of, in suckling, 44 relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, 91 the best hypnotic, 43

Groos, K. , 37, note 2

Hair, 18

Halban, 8

Hall, G. S. , 37, note 2

Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, 48

Heredity, 36

Herman, G. , 10, note 11

Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, 2; 7 anatomical, 7

Hetero-sexual feelings, 3, note 5; 29, note 26 intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, 6

Hirschfeld, M. , 1, note 1; 9, note 11

Hoche, 16

Homosexual, 2 among Greeks, 11 favored by bringing up of boys by men, 88 inclination resulting in inversion, 6 in men, 11 in women, 12 object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, 10, note 11

Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H. , 37, note 2

Hunger and sex compared, 1 excitement, 16

Hypnosis (suggestion), 3, note 4 obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 removes inversion, 6

Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, 28 male, explained by propensity to inversion, 29 many cases of have syphilitic fathers, 93 preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, 81 determined by repression of puberty, 81 psychoanalysis in, 26 of, enlightens the ego-libido, 77 removes symptoms of, 27 seduction as frequent cause of, 52 some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, 88 symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, 46

Hysterical globus, 45 vomiting, 44; 45

Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, 46

Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, 61

Identification as development out of oral pregenital sexual organization, 59

Immature as sexual objects, 13

Impotence, 20

Impulse development, 9 partial, 31 independent of each other, strive for pleasure, 58 sexual, 1 acquired, 5 to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50

Incest barriers, 84 object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 phantasies rejected, 85 temptations, struggle of the individual with, 85, note 9

Infantile amnesia, 37 and infantile sexual activity, 51 attraction for parents, etc. , repressed in puberty, 86 desire for parents, 87 factor for sexuality, 39 fear, 83; 84, note 7 fixation of libido, 86 in sexuality, 34 conserved by neurotics, 35 masturbation, 51 neglect of the, 36 object selection, after effects of, 86 onanism almost universal, 50 relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, 87 cause of jealousy of lover, 87 wet nurse, 82 reminiscences in neurotics, 40 sexual activity, 50 aim, 45; 46 excitement generously provided for, 65 impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, 72 investigation, failure of, 57 sexuality, 36 manifestations of, 42 determines normal, 73 source of, 61 sexual life, 53

Influences, opposite, paths of, 66

Inhibitions (see Shame, Loathing, Sympathy) 26, note 23 sexual, 40 develop earlier in girl, 78 study of, 58

Innateness, 5

Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, 69

Inquisitiveness, 55 of children attracted to sexual problems, 56

Intentions, Appearance of New, 20

Intellectual work, 65

Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, 65

Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, 48

Inversion, amphigenous, 2 influence of climate and race on, 5 conception of, 4 congeniality of, 4 corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, 88 effect of father on, 11, note 11 explanation of, 6; 10, note 11 extreme cases of, 3 feelings of, in all neurotics, 29 frequent in ancient times, 5 permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, 88 prevention of, 87 time of, 3

Inverts, behavior of, 2; 3 psychic manliness in, 8 sexual object of, 10 aim of, 12

Investigation, infantile sexual, 55 conducted alone, 58 is first step at independent orientation, 58 causes estrangement from persons, 58

Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, 47

Kiernan, 7

Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), 37, note 2

Kissing (see Mouth, Oral) as perversion, 15 habitual, in former thumbsuckers, 44 in female inverts, 12

Knowledge, desire for, coöperates with energy of desire for looking, 56 not wholly sexual, 55 relations to sexual life of particular importance to, 56

Krafft-Ebing, 1, note 1; 9, and note 11; 22; 23 weakness of his description of sexual process, 75

Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, 39; 40 interruptions of, 41

Leading Zone in man and woman, 80 in female child is the clitoris, 80

Libido as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, 1 of inverts, 3 direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, 6 attachment of, to persons of same sex, 10, note 11 fixation of, on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 amount of directed to artistic aim, 21 aggressive factor of, in sadism, 23 strivings of, transformed into symptoms, 28 fixation of, on persons of same sex, 29 union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, 30 of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, 33 of children in corporal punishment, 55 tension of, dies away at orgasm, 71 sometimes escapes injury in castration, 75 Theory of, 77 a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, 77 a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, 77 energy has a qualitative character, 77 has special chemism different from nutritional processes, 77 quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, 77 production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, 77 accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, 77 the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, 77 fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, 77 is to be preserved floating in special states of tension, 77 is to be finally taken back into the Ego, 77 The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, 78 greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, 78 is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, 79 the object of may be either man or woman, 79 of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, 84 suppressed, of love of child to parents, 84 infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, 86 girls conceal, under affection for family, 86 return of, to persons preferred in infancy, 86 incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, 86

Lindner, 42; 43

Lingering at intermediary relations, 15; 20 at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, 73

Lip as erogenous zone, 44 sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, 16 sucking of, 42 zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66

Loathing, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, 16; 17 overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, 21 and Shame in Masochism, 23 in Inversions, 25 as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, 40

Looking (see Peeping, Voyeurs) as addition to normal sexual process, 14 Lingering at Touching and, 20 as a perversion, 21 and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, 32 as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, 53

Love, omnipotence of, 25 and hate, 30 temporary renouncement of, in child, 83 smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, 83 non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, 86 sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, 86 -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, 87, note 11

Löwenfeld, 1, note 1

Lydston, F. , 7

Magnan's classification, 4

Man (see Bisexuality, Masculine and Feminine) sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, 68 differentiation between, and woman, 78

Masculine and feminine, 79 as activity and passivity, 79, note 4 biological significance of, permits clearest determination, 79 note 4 in sociological sense, 79, note 4 no pure, in either biological or sociological sense, 79, note 4

Masochism, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, 15, note 14 and Sadism, 21 originates through transformation from Sadism, 22 and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, 23 reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, 30 source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, 55 -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65

Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50 source of cruelty in children, 54 supplies activity, 59

Masturbatic sexual manifestations, 47 excitation of anal zone, 49 irritation of anal zone, 49 sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, 79

Masturbation frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, 12 in small children, 36 thumb-sucking and, 43 infantile, has three phases, 50 return of, 51 in little girls concerns clitoris only, 80

Mechanical excitation, 62

Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, 99

Moebius, 1, note 1; 4, note 6; 34

Moll, 1, note 1; 32; 37, note 1

Morality as a psychic dam, 41

Mother, fixation on, in inverts, 11, note 12 image helps males avert inversions, 88 image helps females avert inversions, 88

Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, 64, note 22

Mouth (see Lip, Oral) Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, 16 as a frequent example of transgression, 29 as an erogenous zone, 31

Muscular activity, pleasure from, 63

Narcissism in object selection, 10, note 11 as identification with mother, 12, note 12

Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, 78 a reservoir of energy for investment of object, 78 investment of ego a realized primitive state, 78

Nausea on railroads, 63

Neurosis and perversion, 28 the negative of a perversion, 29; 89 intestinal catarrh in, 48 symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, 67 a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, 99

Neurotics and children compared, 38 infantile reminiscences in, 40 scatologic customs of, 49 diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, 83 have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, 38 fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, 99

Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, 82

Object finding, 81 is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, 81 is really a re-finding (of the mother), 82 two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, 82, note 5 selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, 84 first accomplished in imagination, 85 incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 after effects of infantile, 86 follows prototypes of parents, 86

Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, 26

Occasional inversion, 2

Oedipus Complex, 85

Onanism (see Masturbation) mutual, not producing inversion, 6 infantile, almost universal, 50 unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, 50, note 15 infantile, disappears soon, 50 connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, 51, note 16 gratification in infantile masturbation, 51 early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, 51

Opposite Influences, Paths of, 66

Oral (see Lip, Mouth) pregenital sexual organization, 59

Organizations, Pregenital, 54; 58

Orgasm, thumb-sucking leading to, 43

Overestimation of the Sexual Object, 15

Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, 65

Pain ranks with loathing and shame, 23

Pain sought by many persons, 64 toned down has erogenous action, 65 a factor in sexual excitement, 65

Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, 26 delusional fears in, based on perversions, 29, note 25 union of cruelty with libido in, 30 significance of erogenous zones in, 32

Parent complex, 15, note 14 strongest in girls, 85 result of boundless tenderness of parents, 83

Partial desires, 29 impulses and erogenous zones, 31; 34; 53; 59 show passive form in girls, 79

Passivity (see Activity) sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, 21 active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, 23

Pedicatio, 17

Peeping (see Exhibitionism, Looking, Voyeurs) as perversion, 21 force opposed to, is shame, 21 mania, partial desires as carriers of, 30 as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, 54

Penis, envy of in girls, 37 erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69

Pérez, 37, note 2

Perversions, as additions to normal sexual processes, 14 brought into relation with normal sexual life, 15 mouth as sexual organ in, 16 Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, 22 general statements applicable to, 24 exclusiveness and fixation of, 25 psychic participation in, 25 and neurosis, 28; 29 fetichisms as, 30 positive, 31 preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, 32 sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, 33 relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, 34 formation of, 52 of prostitutes, 53 part played in, by castration complex, 22 mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, 73 the neuroses the negative of the, 89 disposition to, universal, 89 as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, 89 negative appearing in neurosis, 89, note 12 positive and negative in the same family, 94 resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, 94 of childhood as source of some virtues, 96

Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, 85 of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, 85, note 9 of all persons contain infantile inclinations, 85 distinctly incestuous, rejected, 85

Pleasure sucking, 42; 43 relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, 70 relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, 70 the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, 71 produced through discharge, 71 is altogether gratification pleasure, 71 nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, 72

Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, 51 caused by strong excitements in children, 64 nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, 74

Polymorphous-perverse disposition, 52

Precursory Sexual Aims, 20

Predisposition, bisexual, 9

Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, 54; 58 phase of organization of sexual life, 59 sadistic-anal, 59 organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, 60

Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, 97 shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, 97 becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, 97 sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, 98

Prevention of inversion, 87

Primacy of the Genitals, 50; 69 attained at puberty, 68 already sketched out in infantile life, 73 for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, 60

Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, 10, note 11

Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, 53

Psychic participation in perversions, 25 life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, 69 sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, 69 accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, 85

Psychoanalysis, cures by, 3 of homosexuals, 10, note 11 reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, 11, note 12

Psychoanalysis, 26 shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, 18, note 17 explains fetichism, 20, note 19 reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, 24 reduces symptoms of hysteria, 27 unconscious phantasies revealed by, 29, note 25 of thumb-sucking, 43 of anal zone, 47 brings forgotten material to consciousness, 51 of infantile sexuality, 55, note 19 and inquisitiveness of children, 56 and pregenital organizations, 58 and tenderness of sexual life, 61 novelty of, 66 of transference psychoses, 77 gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, 78 cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, 78 shows two paths of object finding, 82, note 5 shows individual struggle with incest temptations, 85, note 9 positive perversions accessible to therapy of, 90, note 12

Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, 26 associated with manifest inversions, 29, note 26 traces of all perversions in, 30 significance of erogenous zones in, 32 preponderance of special erogenous zones in, 34

Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, 26 Sexual Activities of, 27 disease of, appears after puberty, 33 constitution of, tendency to inversions in, 34 sexuality of preserves infantile character, 39

Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, 2 not paralleled by other psychic qualities, 8 phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, 77 development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, 86

Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, 1; 36 relation of, to inversion, 3 definite sexual behavior not determined till after, 10, note 11 Transformations of, 68 most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, 69

Railroad activities, sexual element in, 62

Reaction formation, 40 and sublimation two diverse processes, 41 feelings of, 41 formation begins in latency period, 95

Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64

Regression appears in sex development of woman, 68 produced by factors injuring sexual development, 97

Repression of certain powerful components, 94 not a suspension, 95 result of, an almost normal sexual life, 95

Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, 96 effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, 98 a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, 27

Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, 29, note 26 Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, 30 immense amount, in inverts, 33 congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, 35 of impressions of childhood, 38 sexual, greater in girl, 79 new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, 80 determines psychic causes of anesthesia, 81 of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, 92

Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, 25

Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, 45 of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, 62

Riddle of the Sphinx, 56

Rieger, C. , 75

Rohleder, 47, note 13

Rousseau, J. J. , 55

Sadger, J. , 1

Sadism (see Masochism) and Masochism, 21 occupy special place among perversions, 23 conception of, fluctuates, 22 attributable to bisexuality, 24 resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, 30 attributed by children to sexual act, 57 prevalence of, 60 -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65

Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, 59

Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, 64

Scatologic customs of neurotics, 49

Schrenk-Notzing, 1, note 1

Scott, 23

Secondary sex characteristics, 8

Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, 6 treating child as a sexual object, 51 as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, 51 not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, 52 does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, 53

Semen, rôle of, unknown to children, 58

Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, 8 culture and, 41

Sexual Aberrations, 1 a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, 19 act, theories of children as to, 57 activities, of psychoneurotics, 27 premature, of children, impair educability, 91 activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, 50 aim abandoned in childhood, 40 at puberty different in the two sexes, 68 Deviation in Reference to, 14 distinction between, and sexual object, 1 Fixation of Precursory, 20 in man the discharge of the sexual products, 68 of infantile impulse, 46 of infantile sexuality, 45 of Inverts, 12 perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, 24 should be restricted to union of genitals, 16 apparatus, weakness of, 18 constitutions, diverse, 66 variation of, 93 contrary, 2 development of man easier to understand, than woman's, 68 disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, 67 serviceable in health, 67 excitation of nursing period, 51 is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, 69 excitement originates (_a_) as imitation of a previous gratification, 61 (_b_) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, 61 (_c_) as the expression of some impulse, 61 sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, 65 inner sources of, 65 nature of, unfamiliar to us, 66 indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, 66 influences availability of voluntary attention, 67 problem of, 73 normally ended only by discharge of semen, 74 independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, 75 furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, 77 intercourse between parents and child an inexhaustible source of, 82 gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, 3 impression, 5 Impulse, 1 acquired, 5 too close connection of, with object assumed, 12 entirely independent of its object, 13 most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, 14 alone was extolled by the ancients, 14, note 13 Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, 15, note 14 closely connected with cruelty, 23 the source of symptoms of neuroses, 27 perverse, converted expression of, 29 in psychoneuroses, 33 ignorance of essential features of, 36 becomes altruistic, 68 regularly becomes autoerotic, 81 not awakened, 82 of genitals reawakens, 50 primitive formation of, 42 inhibition, 40 inversion, 2 presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, 10 inverts, 1, note 1 investigation, infantile, 55 latency period, in childhood, 39 life of children, 40 shows components regarding others as sexual objects, 53 tender streams of, 61 normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, 68 all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, 69 development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, 99 love shown by children towards parents at an early date, 83 manifestations in childhood, exceptional, 39 the masturbatic, 47 object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, 1 Deviation in Reference to the, 2 inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, 3 of inverts, 10 male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, 11 female active inverts look for femininity in, 12 the sexually immature and animals as, 13 emphasis placed by moderns on the, 14, note 13 lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, 15 object, overestimation of the, 15 unfit substitutes for, 18 selection in very young children, 55, note 19 found at puberty, 68 and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, 68 in mother's breast, 81 lost when infant forms general picture of person, 81 of nursing period, 82 organization, pregenital oral, 59 overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, 80 process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, 72 rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, 86 satisfaction from muscular activity, 63 substance, rôle of, 74 symbolism of forms of motion, 63 tension loosened by copulation, 14 implies feeling of displeasure, 70 carries impulse to alter psychic situation, 70 appears even in infancy, 73 does not originate in pleasure, 74 and pleasure only indirectly connected, 74 a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, 74 theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, 57

Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, 14 infantilism of, 34 infantile factor in, 39 infantile, manifestations of, 42 sexual aim of infantile, 45 germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, 64 encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, 64 partial impulses of, 65 of eating, 66 ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, 66 does not consist entirely in male germ glands, 75 of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, 80

Sexuals, Contrary, 2

Shame is a force opposed to the peeping mania, 21 as a resistance opposed to the libido, 23, 25 as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, 40

Shoe as a symbol of female genital, 19, note 18

Skin as erogenous zone, 32 as factor of sexual excitement, 65

Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, 43

Smell desire, coprophilic, 20, note 19

Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, 44

Sphinx, Riddle of, 56

Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, 64

Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, 31 outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, 47 quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, 65 can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, 69 affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, 69

Sublimation, artistic, 21 Reaction Formation and, 40 a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, 41 and reaction formation two diverse processes, 41, note 8 desire for knowledge corresponds to, 55 effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, 67 makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, 95 inner processes of, totally unknown, 96

Sucking, see Thumb-sucking, --

Symbolism of fetichism, 19, 20 sexual, of early childhood, 55, note 19

Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, 50 of pollution-like process, 51 of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, 67 manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, 67

Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, 89 of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, 27

Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc. , treated by Freud, 93

Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, 62

Temporal Factors, 98

Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, 14, 70 feeling of, 46 the psychic sign of sexual excitation, 69 unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, 70 increase in changing to displeasure, 71 increased by functions of erogenous zones, 71 of libido dies away at orgasm, 71 too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, 72

Tertiary sex characteristics, 8

Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64

Thumb-sucking as model of infantile sexual manifestations, 42 a sexual activity, 43 as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, 59

Thyroid gland, rôle of, in sexuality, 76

Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, 45 demanding onanistic gratification, 51

Toe, sucking of, 42

Tongue, sucking of, 42

Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, 14 and looking, 20 hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, 70

Transference neuroses, 77 of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, 81

Transformation of puberty, 68 success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, 68

Transgressions, anatomical, 15 especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, 29

Ulrich, 9

Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, 29 nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, 30 psychic material is the source of compulsions, 51 forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, 89

Uranism, 5, note 7

Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, 51

Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69

Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, 44

Voyeurs (see Looking, Peeping, Exhibitionism) as examples of overcoming of loathing, 21 exhibitionists are at the same time, 30 children become, 54

Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, 27

Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, 72

Woman (see Masculine and feminine) regression in sex development of, 68 differentiation between man and, 78

Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, 65

Zola, 96

Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, 80

Zones, erogenous, 31 characters of, 45 predestined, 46 lips as erogenous, 44 all parts of body may become erogenous, 46 genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, 52 erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, 54 parts of skin called, 65 lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66 primacy of genital, 69 erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, 70 leading, in man and woman, 80

Volume VII July, 1920 Number 3

The Psychoanalytic Review

A Journal Devoted to an Understanding of Human Conduct

EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY

WILLIAM A. WHITE, M. D. , and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M. D. 

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CONTENTS

ORIGINAL ARTICLES *Freud's Concept of the "Censorship". * W. H. R. RIVERS. *Psychology of War and Schizophrenia. * E. W. LAZELL. *The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility. * M. K. ISHAM. TRANSLATION *Psychological Psychiatry. * H. F. DELGADO. ABSTRACTS. *Book Reviews*

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NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY

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Serial No. 27

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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office atLancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879. 

Publishers of

The Psychoanalytic Review

A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct

Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITE, M. D. , and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M. D. LeadingArticles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes

VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913. )

The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C. G. Jung. Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L. E. Emerson. Blindness as a Wish. T. H. Ames. The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S. E. Jelliffe. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin. Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow. The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder. The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap. Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White. The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome. " Isador H. Coriat. Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L. E. Emerson. The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind. 

VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915. )

The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn. The Unconscious. William A. White. A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon. Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller. The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions. Edward J. Kempf. A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction. Ralph Reed. Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White. Rôle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Præcox. James C. Hassall. Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder. Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and Hans Sachs. Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the Personality. Edward J. Kempf. Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring. A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L. E. Emerson. 

VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916. )

Symbolism. William A. White. The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of Freud. James J. Putnam. Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg. Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw. History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud. Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H. Shockley. Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger. Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves. The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts. Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons. Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C. B. Burr. 

VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917. )

Individuality and Introversion. William A. White. A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H. W. Frink. A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F. L. Wells. A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown. The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel. The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf. Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H. B. Moyle. Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Rôle of Animals in the Unconscious. S. E. Jelliffe and L. Brink. The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow. Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind. Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E. R. Groves. The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White. The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat. Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat. The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket. " E. J. Kempf. Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens. The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull. 

VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918. )

Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley. Reactions to Personal Names. C. P. Oberndorf. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. Von Hug-Hellmuth. An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J. J. Putnam. Charles Darwin--The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf. The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow. Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S. E. Jelliffe and L. Brink. A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell. The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore. A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts. Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg. 

All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularlyabstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed. 

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