[Transcriber's Notes]

Here are the definitions of some unfamiliar (to me) words. 

AloinIntensely bitter, crystalline, water-soluble powder obtained from aloe, used chiefly as a purgative. 

AniseAnnual, aromatic Mediterranean herb (Pimpinella anisum) cultivated forits fruit and the oil obtained from it; used to flavor foods, liqueurs, and candies. 

ArecolineToxic alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the areca, used in veterinarymedicine to kill and expel intestinal worms. 

Asafoetida (Asafetida)Fetid gum resin of various Asian plants of the genus Ferula (especiallyF. Assafoetida, F. Foetida, or F. Narthex) occurring in the form oftears and dark-colored masses, having a strong odor and taste. Formerlyused in medicine as an antispasmodic and a general prophylactic againstdisease. 

Bismuth SubnitrateWhite bismuth-containing powder Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 used in treatinggastrointestinal disorders. 

BistouryLong, narrow-bladed knife used to open abscesses or to slit sinuses andfistulas. 

Boracic AcidAlso called boric acid or orthoboric acid. H3BO3. Used in medicine in aqueous [water] solution as a mild antiseptic. 

CaecaLarge blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine. 

CalomelMercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2. White, tasteless powder, used as a purgativeand fungicide. 

CantharidesAlso called Spanish fly. Preparation of powdered blister beetles (theSpanish fly), used medicinally as a counterirritant, diuretic, andaphrodisiac. 

CamphorWhitish, translucent, crystalline, pleasant-odored terpene ketone, C10H16O, obtained from the camphor tree. Used in medicine as acounter-irritant for infections and to treat pain and itching. 

Carbolic AcidCalled phenol, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene, phenylic acid. White, crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous mass, C6H5OHUsed chiefly as a disinfectant and antiseptic. 

Cascara SagradaBark of the cascara [buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) native to northwestNorth America], used as a cathartic or laxative. 

CatechuSeveral astringent substances obtained from tropical plants, includingAcacia catechu and A. Suma; used in medicine, dyeing, tanning, etc. 

Chloral HydrateColorless crystalline compound, CCl3CH(OH)2, used as a sedative. 

CloacaCommon cavity into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canalsopen in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes. 

CreosoteColorless to yellowish oily liquid containing phenols and creosols, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, especially fromthe wood of a beech, and formerly used as an expectorant in treatingchronic bronchitis. 

CrepitatingCrackling or popping sound. 

DrenchAdminister medicine to an animal by force. 

DropsicalEdematous; swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid. 

ExtravasationTo force the flow of (blood or lymph) from a vessel out into surroundingtissue. 

FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecum; Plant of the legume family, cultivated forforage and for its mucilaginous seeds used in medicine. 

FomentingApplication of warm liquid, ointments, etc. , to the surface of the body. 

Fowler's SolutionAqueous solution of potassium arsenite used in medicine to treat somediseases of the blood or skin. 

FrogTriangular mass of elastic, horny substance in the middle of the sole ofthe foot of a horse. 

GentianRhizome [root-like subterranean stem] and roots of a yellow-floweredgentian (Gentiana lutea) of southern Europe used as a tonic andstomachic [beneficial to the stomach]. 

Glauber's salt, Sodium sulfate decahydrate, Na2SO4. 10H2O; also called mirabilite; usedin medicine as a mild laxative. 

IodoformTriiodomethane. Yellowish, crystalline, water-insoluble solid, CHI3. Analogous to chloroform, used as an antiseptic. 

Methylene blueHeterocyclic (ring structure with atoms besides carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, ) aromatic chemical compound with the molecularformula: C16H18ClN3S. 

MiddlingsCoarsely ground wheat mixed with bran. 

Nitrate of PotashPotassium nitrate, a mineral source of nitrogen. KNO3. Also called saltpetre. 

Nux VomicaOrangelike fruit of an East Indian tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, of thelogania family, containing strychnine, used in medicine. 

OriganumAromatic plants, including the sweet marjoram (O. Marjorana) and thewild marjoram (O. Vulgare). 

PasternPart of the foot of a horse, cow, etc. , between the fetlock and thehoof. 

PetechialSmall purplish spot on a body surface, such as the skin or a mucousmembrane, caused by a minute hemorrhage. 

PhysicMedicine that purges; cathartic; laxative. 

PoulticeSoft, moist mass of cloth, bread, meal, herbs, etc. , applied hot as amedicament to the body. 

ProbangLong, slender, elastic rod with a sponge at the end, to be introducedinto the esophagus or larynx to remove foreign bodies or introducemedication. 

QuassiaShrub or small tree, Quassia amara, of tropical America, having woodwith a bitter taste. Also called bitterwood. A prepared form of the heartwood of these trees, used as an insecticideand in medicine as a tonic to dispel intestinal worms. 

SantoninColorless crystalline compound, C15H18O3, from wormwood, especiallysantonica; used to destroy or eliminate parasitic worms. 

Shoat (shote)Young pig just after weaning. 

SingletreeCrossbar, pivoted at the middle, to which the traces of a harness arefastened for pulling a cart, carriage, plow, etc. 

Sugar of Lead (lead acetate)White, crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous solid, Pb(C2H3O2)2. 3H2O;formerly used in medicine as an astringent. 

Sweet OilVegetable oil used as food; especially olive or rape (Brassica napus)oil. 

Tannic AcidLustrous, yellow-brown, amorphous tannin, having the chemicalcomposition C76H52O46. Derived from the bark and fruit of many plants;used as an astringent [contracts the tissues or canals of the body]. 

ThriftyThriving physically; growing vigorously. 

TinctureSolution of alcohol or of alcohol and water. 

VentAnal or excretory opening of birds and reptiles. 

[End Transcriber's Notes]

The VeterinarianChas. J. Korinek, V. S. 

Compliments ofCentral Lumber Co. Lumber and Building MaterialOf Every Description

General Office, 846 McKnight BuildingMinneapolis, Minn. 

STATE OF OREGON

TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME--GREETINGS

Know Ye, That reposing special trust and confidence in the capacity, andfidelity of Charles J. Korinek, of Salem, Oregon, we, Geo. E. Chamberline, Governor, F. W. Benson, Secretary of State, and W. H. Downing, President of the State Board of Agriculture, the OregonDomestic Animal Commission, in the name and by the authority of thestatute of the State of Oregon, do by these presence APPOINT ANDCOMMISSION him, the said C. J. Korinek Veterinary Surgeon for the Stateof Oregon for Term Ending July 1, 1909. 

In Testimony Whereof, we have caused the Great Seal of the State to beaffixed at the City of Salem, Oregon, this 2nd day of July in the yearof our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven. 

Signed Geo. E. Chamberline, Governor. 

Signed F. W. Benson, Secretary, of State. 

Signed W. H. Downing, State Treasurer

[Seal of the State of Oregon]

THE VETERINARIAN

DR. CHAS. J. KORINEK

Graduate of Ontario Veterinary College of University of Toronto. 

Ex-State Veterinarian of Oregon, Ex-President

Oregon State Veterinary Medical Board

Hon. Member Ontario Veterinary Medical Association

FOURTH EDITION

PUBLISHED BYTHE GERLACH-BARKLOW CO. JOLIET, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. And Toronto, Canada1917

COPYRIGHTED 1915BYCHAS. J. KORINEK, V. S. 

BRITISH COPYRIGHTS SECUREDALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FOREWORD

This treatise on the diseases of domestic animals has been written withthe primary purpose of placing in the hands of stock owners, a book ofpractical worth; hence, all technical language or terms, as used by theprofessional veterinarian, have been eliminated and only such languageused as all may read and understand. 

The treatment suggested in each case is one I have used and foundefficient in my many years of practice. 

If my readers will study and follow these directions carefully, theywill save themselves much unnecessary loss. My confidence in thisaccomplishment is my reward for my labor in behalf of our dumbfriends--the domestic animals. THE AUTHOR

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I DISEASES OF THE HORSE

CHAPTER II DISEASES OF CATTLE

CHAPTER III DISEASES OF SWINE

CHAPTER IV DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

CHAPTER V DISEASES OF POULTRY

CHAPTER VI MISCELLANEOUS

ILLUSTRATIONS

POINTS OF HORSEHACKNEY STALLIONCLYDESDALE STALLIONARABIAN HORSESBELGIAN STALLIONSADDLE STALLIONPERCHERON STALLIONSPOINTS OF DAIRY COWDAIRY HERDGALLOWAY BULLJERSEY COWHEREFORD BULLGUERNSEY COWSHORTHORN BULLAYRSHIRE COWSHOLSTEIN COWPOINTS OF HOGCHESTER WHITESDUROC BOARPOLAND CHINA BOARBERKSHIRE BOARPOINTS OF SHEEPDELAINE MERINO RAM AND EWESSHROPSHIRE RAMCOTSWOLD EWESWHITE PLYMOUTH ROCKSBUFF ORPINGTON HENPLYMOUTH ROCK COCKWHITE LEGHORN HENCOLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE COCK

DISEASES OF THE HORSE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

[Illustration: Photograph of horse with numbers referring tothe parts named below. ]

LOCATION OF PARTS OF THE HORSE1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Nose4. Face5. Eyes6. Forehead7. Ears8. Poll9. Throat latch10. Jaw11. Chin12. Windpipe13. Neck14. Crest15. Withers16. Shoulder bed17. Chest18. Shoulders19. Forearm20. Knees21. Cannon22. Fetlocks23. Pasterns24. Feet25. Feather25-1/2. Elbow26. Flank27. Heart Girth28. Back29. Loin30. Hip bone31. Coupling32. Ribs33. Belly34. Rear Flank35. Stifle36. Thigh37. Buttocks38. Croup39. Tail40. Quarters41. Gaskin or Lower Thigh42. Hocks

CHAPTER I

ABORTION IN MARES

CAUSE: Quality and quantity of food, poorly lighted, ventilated ordrained stables, mare falling or slipping, sprains, kicks, hard, fastwork or eating poisonous vegetation. 

SYMPTOMS: Mare will show signs of colic, the outer portion of the wombwill be swollen, and if the colicky symptoms continue there will be awatery discharge and the membranes covering the foetus or foal willbecome noticeable. The animal strains when lying down or getting up. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in comfortable quarters and blanket ifchilly. When colicky pains are present treat the same as for spasmodiccolic. To stop the straining and labor pains, give Tincture Opii oneounce, placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every twohours. One to two doses, however, are generally sufficient as the marewill either abort or the dangerous period will have passed. Keep theanimal quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with chilltaken off in small quantities but often. Disinfect the mare's quartersthoroughly. A good general tonic should be used in this condition, onethat will strengthen and assist nature to throw off impurities from theblood, such as Sodium Hyposulphite, eight ounces; Potassi Iodide, oneounce. Make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times aday in drinking water. 

ABSCESS

CAUSE: Bruises and injuries. Abscesses are also seen in complicationswith various diseases, perhaps the most common being distemper, laryngitis, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms will vary, of course, according to the development ofthe disease. It may not be noticed at first, but upon carefulexamination small tortuous lines will be observed running from the pointof irritation. In many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painfuland throbbing and enlarges rapidly. In two or three days the sorenessand heat gradually subside, but the abscess continues to grow. The hairfalls from the affected parts and in a short time the abscessdischarges, and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation. 

TREATMENT: In all cases hasten the repairing process as much as possibleby applying hot water packs or hot bran, flaxseed or vegetablepoultices. It is common with veterinarians to lance an abscess as soonas possible, but this requires skill and practice. I could not advisestockowners to perform this operation, as it requires exact knowledge ofanatomy. It will usually be found a safe plan to encourage the fullripening of an abscess and allow it to open of its own accord, as itwill heal much better and quicker and you take no chances of infectionwith an instrument. When opened do not squeeze the abscess to anyextent, but press gently with clean hands or cloth, to remove the clot, and after this simply keep open by washing the abscess with a three percent Carbolic Acid solution or Bichloride of Mercury, one part to onethousand parts of water. When an animal has abscesses it is well to givethe following blood purifiers or internal antiseptics: Hyposulphite ofSoda, eight ounces; Potassi Iodide, one ounce. Mix well and make intoeight powders and give one powder twice daily in drinking water, orplace in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun. Thisprescription will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscessinto the blood. 

ANEMIA

CAUSE: Insufficient quality and quantity of food, insanitarysurroundings, overwork, lack of exercise, drains on the system fromacute or chronic diseases, worms; and can also be brought about byexcessive heat, cold or pressure and lessening of the calibre of thearteries, poisons in the blood, suppurating wounds, repeated purging orbleedings. 

SYMPTOMS: The visible mucous membranes of the nose, eyes and mouth arepale and sometimes have a yellow appearance. There is weakness, temperature of the body is lower than normal; pulse weak, legs cold tothe feet, cold sweats are often present, breathing is quickened, especially in its last stages, animals tire easily, appetite anddigestion become poor, swelling of the legs and the under surface of theabdomen, sheath and udder; the skin becomes rough and dry. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible in its first stages, or whenfirst noticed. Give a physic of Calomel, two scruples; Aloin, two drams;Pulv. Gentian, two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsuleand give at one dose with capsule gun. Also, administer the following:Arsenious Acid, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, three ounces; Pulv. Gentian, three ounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, three ounces, and Pulv. Anise Seed, three ounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give one powderthree times a day in feed, or place in gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal by theproper quantity and quality of food. Give pure water to drink, alsoprovide sanitary conditions, as pure air, sunlight if possible. Turn outto grass when the weather is favorable. This treatment should becontinued until the animal shows sign of improvement. However, theadministration of physics should be given with great care so as not toproduce superpurgation of the bowels (scours), as physics in thiscondition would tend to weaken the animal. 

It is to be borne in mind that pure water and nourishing food play avery important part in the treatment of Anemia. 

APHTHAE

(Sore mouth and tongue--Pustular Stomatitis)

CAUSE: Superficial eruptions of the mucous membranes of the mouth andtongue. Frequently seen during convalescence of intermittent fever. Thiscondition may also follow diseases of the digestive system, asIndigestion, etc. , due to the blood absorbing toxic materials whichbreak out in the form of pustules about the mouth and the wholealimentary canal (stomach and intestines). 

SYMPTOMS: The appetite is impaired, the mouth hot, the pulse not muchaffected as a rule, the temperature is slightly elevated, the animal isunable to masticate, and small vesicles appear and eventually terminateinto pustules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at the partswhere the sores are the deepest. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible. Feed clean, soft food that iseasily digested, as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc. For a mouth-wash dissolve the following: One dram ofCopper Sulphate, one dram of Chlorate of Potash, one dram of BoracicAcid in clean hot water, and syringe out the mouth two or three times aday. To the drinking water add one ounce of Hyposulphite of Soda twice aday. Where the appetite is impaired, administer the following: Pulv. NuxVomica, Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Iron, Pulv. Nitrate of Potash each twoounces. Mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule threetimes a day with capsule gun. 

AZOTURIA

CAUSE: This disease is usually due to work after a period of idleness, during which the animal has been liberally fed. It is found principallyamong highly-fed draft horses, and never in animals which are regularlyworked. Light breeds of horses are also susceptible to this disease. 

SYMPTOMS: Attack is sudden and usually appears when the horse hastraveled a short distance after having been stabled for a few days. Thecharacteristic symptoms of this disease in an animal are: Excitabilitywithout apparent cause; actions seem to indicate injury of the hindquarters or loins. Animal has a peculiar goose-rumped look, owing to themuscles over the quarters being violently contracted, and are hard onpressure. One hind limb is generally advanced in front of the other, andon attempting to put weight on it, the hind quarters will drop until attimes the hocks almost touch the ground. Sometimes a front leg isaffected. The breathing is hurried. Animal is bathed in sweat, and is insuch agony that it will seize almost anything with its teeth. Althoughthe pulse is hard and frequent, the internal temperature, even in severecases, seldom rises to any marked extent. The urine is dark-red todirty-brown color. Owing to the stoppage of the worm-like movement ofthe bowels, there is generally constipation and retention of the urine. Sometimes the symptoms are milder than here described. In other casesthe animal soon falls to the ground and continues to struggle in adelirious, half-paralyzed state until he dies. Sometimes this disease ismistaken for colic or acute indigestion, but it can be readilydistinguished by the color of the urine. 

TREATMENT: At the first symptom, stop and blanket the animal and letstand from one to three hours. Then move to the nearest shelter, keepingthe animal as quiet and comfortable, as possible, as excitementaggravates the disease. Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams; incapsule, and administer with capsule gun. Also, give the followingprescription: Potassi Nitrate, eight ounces; Sodii Bicarbonate, eightounces; Potassi Iodide, one and one-half ounces. Mix well and make intothirty-two powders. Give one powder in drinking water every four hours, or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. Injections of soap and warmwater per rectum are beneficial. Immerse a blanket in hot water andplace over loins, then covering with a dry blanket, or, if this isimpossible, apply the following liniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , twoounces; Turpentine, two ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces, and rub in likea shampoo over the loins. It may be necessary to draw off the urine, which is sometimes retained, and it is best to secure the services of askilled veterinarian if, such is the case. Allow the animal to drinkoften, though in small quantities, of pure water with the chill takenoff. If he is unable to stand on his feet it is well to turn him fromside to side every six hours. It is also advisable to fill bags with hayand place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying flat on hisside, as this may cause congestion of the lungs. Avoid drenching--it isdangerous. Should the animal show signs of uneasiness, give one ounce ofPotassi Bromide in the drinking water every four hours until theexcitement has subsided. 

BARRENNESS

(Failure to Breed)

CAUSE: Contraction of the neck of the womb, growths on or in theovaries, Whites or Leucorrhea. The first is the only form of barrennesswhich responds readily to treatment. 

SYMPTOMS: A mare may come in heat normally, or stay in heat continually, or not come in heat at all. 

TREATMENT: Wash the hands in some antiseptic solution, such as CarbolicAcid or Bichloride of Mercury and see that the finger-nails are smooth. Grease the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate the neck ofthe womb. It may be difficult at first to insert the finger, but theopening will gradually enlarge. Work slowly and carefully until threefingers may be inserted. Breeding should follow about three hours afterthe womb has been dilated. 

BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION

If bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion of cord, itwill generally stop of its own accord, but if it should continue tobleed for thirty minutes, I throw clean, cold water against the part. 

When bleeding is from the large artery in front of the cord, it isconsidered dangerous. The artery should be tied with a silk thread ifpossible, or twisted with a pair of forceps. Occasionally the arterycannot be found, in which case the hole in the scrotum should be pluggedwith a clean cloth saturated with Tincture of Iron, which will clot theblood and thus close the artery. 

BLOOD POISONING

(Septicaemia or Pyemia)

CAUSE: By the popular term, "Blood Poison, " is meant a state ofconstitutional disturbance brought on by the entrance of putridproducts--usually from a wound--into the blood. As a rule some pressureor inoculation is necessary for the introduction of poison into thecirculation; hence, the necessity of free drainage and thoroughdisinfection of the wound, and the only hopeful cases are those in whichby this means the supply of poison may be cut short. 

SYMPTOMS: It is introduced through any wound or abrasion, whether due toinjury, disease or by an operation. Signs of septic poison are heat, pain and swelling. 

TREATMENT: It is necessary to see that the wound has good drainage, andwash with Carbolic Acid, one tablespoonful to one pint of distilledwater or Bichloride of Mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound. Apply one part to one thousand parts water. Also, give internally, Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Sodii Hyposulphite, eight ounces. Make intoeight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in theirdrinking water or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. This is anintestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the treatment of BloodPoisoning. Feed soft, laxative food and green grass, if possible. 

BONE SPAVIN

CAUSE: Sprains of the hock from falling, slipping, jumping, pulling, traveling on uneven roads, falling through bridges, etc. 

Since Spavin is due to causes which come into existence after birth, itcannot be regarded as an hereditary disease. Hereditary predisposition, however, is largely accountable for its appearance. In the first place, the process of evolution in the horse, which is a single-toed animal, descended from a five-toed ancestor, predisposes him to suffer fromunion of the bones of the hock, just as it predisposes him to splints. The weaker the bones of the hock in comparison to the weight of the bodythe more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract Spavin. 

SYMPTOMS: Spasmodic catching up of the spavined limb, the moment theheel of the foot touches the ground, something after the manner ofstring-halt. At times the stiffness can be observed only when the animalis pushed from one side of the stall to the other. Spavin may often bedetected when riding a horse down a steep hill from the fact that hedrags the toe. 

The time of all others when a spavined horse will be apt to show hislameness will be the day following a hard day's work, and when he makeshis first move from the stable in the morning is the proper moment forexamination. Therefore, you should be prepared to form judgment quicklyin these cases, for the longer the animal is trotted up and down theless lame will he generally become. 

We may have a visible sign of Spavin, swelling and hardness of the part, without lameness. If there be heat and tenderness on pressure, lamenesswill almost always be present. A careful comparison should be made ofthe hocks. 

TREATMENT: An important factor in treating Spavin is keeping the animalquiet. This can be accomplished by placing the animal in a very narrowstall, carrying his feed and drinking water for a month or six weeks, and apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams;Pulverized Cantharides, three drams; Turpentine, thirty minims; PineTar, two drams; lard, two ounces. Mix well and rub in well for twentyminutes every forty-eight hours until three applications have beenapplied. Repeat this treatment again in two weeks, and grease well withlard. 

To cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or more bones of thehock, and a fractured bone cannot unite if moved frequently. The samething exists in bone spavin as in a fractured bone, only we have noragged edges like that of a fractured bone to unite; therefore, keep theanimal quiet. The younger the animal the easier the spavin is to treat, because the bones hardened with age contain more mineral matter and lessflexible animal matter. While treating the animal, feed food that iseasily digested. 

BOG SPAVIN

CAUSE: Faulty conformation, slipping, falling through a bridge orculvert; large loosely built draft horses are prone to this blemish. BogSpavin is hereditary, and you should, therefore, select a good type ofanimal for breeding purposes. 

SYMPTOMS: A puffy swelling located in front and on the inside of thehock, varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. It veryseldom causes lameness, but is a serious disfigurement and blemish. 

TREATMENT: Treatment is not satisfactory unless taken in its firststages and when the animal is young. If there is heat, pain andswelling, apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has leftthe parts. Then use the following prescription: Tincture of Iodine, twoounces; Gum Camphor, two ounces; Gasolene, one pint. Mix and shake wellbefore applying with a nail or tooth brush twice a week. 

I may add that I have derived some wonderful results in treatment of BogSpavin with the above mentioned prescription in both young and oldanimals, and perhaps it will be well to use it on both young and oldanimals in both acute and chronic forms of Bog Spavin. 

BOTS

(Gastrophilis)

Effect of Bots on the Health of Horses

Although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be of no possibleadvantage to him, their presence, when in small numbers, as a ruleproduce very little or no ill effect in the horse, but if their numberbe large they cannot help being a source of debility and irritation. Inpractically all cases they produce indigestion, especially among younghorses, also loss of condition, colic and even death. 

CAUSE: By the bot flies, which lay their eggs during the autumn on theskin and hair of the horses. These eggs on becoming hatched (in from 20to 25 days) produce small worms which irritate the skin by theirmovements and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to take theminto his mouth, with the result that they gain access to various partsof the intestinal canal. The bot having selected its place ofresidence, attaches itself to the membranes lining the stomach andintestines, and derives its sustenance during its stay from the woundmade by its hooks. In the summer the larva, after living inside thehorse for about ten months, quits its hold and is expelled with thefeces. Having concealed itself near the surface of the ground it becomeschanged into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an inactiveexistence of from thirty to forty days. The female fly becomesimpregnated, lays her eggs on those parts of the horse from which theycan be most easily licked off, and thus completes her cycle ofexistence. 

SYMPTOMS: Membranes about the eyes and mouth are very pale, as thoughthe animal had lost a large quantity of blood; they will also be subjectto colicky attacks, hair faded, dull, rough appearance, appetite poorand manifests a pot belly. 

PREVENTION: The best means of prevention are spraying your horses withthe following fly repellant: Crude Carbolic Acid, 10%; Oil of Tar, 25%;Crude Oil, 65%. Mix thoroughly. This prevents the gadfly from depositingher eggs on the animals. 

TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, then administer Oilof Turpentine, one ounce; place in a gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. Follow this in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. Repeat the above treatment in a week or ten days to insurethe expulsion of Bots that might have escaped the first treatment. 

[Illustration: Photograph of horse. ]HACKNEY STALLION BAGTHORP SULTAN, FIRST INTERNATIONAL SHOW. Owned by Henry Fairfax of Virginia. 

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: It may be the result of debility, constitutional diseases, inhalation of impure air, smoke, or gases. Sometimes brought on bydrenching by the escape of liquid into the windpipe; remember, a horsecannot breathe through his mouth. It may also be caused by sudden chill, foreign bodies in windpipe, micro organisms, or it may be associatedwith influenza, glanders, lung fever, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Sore throat, loss of appetite, thirst, animal appears dull, membranes of the mouth, eyes and nose are reddened; urine is scanty andhighly colored; cough dry and husky. After two or three days the coughbecomes looser and, a frothy, sticky mucus of a yellowish color ispresent. This gradually becomes pus-like, after which the animal seemssomewhat relieved. In the first stages the pulse is soft and weak, butfrequently the temperature is high, ranging from 105 to 106 degrees F. ;the breathing is quick and more or less difficult. 

TREATMENT: Place the horse in a clean, comfortable, well ventilatedstall, exclude drafts, blanket if the weather is chilly. Also, hand rubthe legs and bandage them. Inhalations from steam of hot water andTurpentine are beneficial. Also administer Chlorate of Potassi, twoounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces; Tannic Acid, one ounce. Mix thiswith a pint of black-strap molasses and give about one tablespoonfulwell back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every six hours. In severeattacks of Bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consisting ofTurpentine, Aqua-Ammonia Fort. , and raw Linseed Oil, each four ounces;mix well and apply to the throat and down the windpipe once or twice aday. The animal should be fed on soft food, such as hot bran mashes, grass, carrots, kale, apples or steamed rolled oats. After the acutesymptoms of the disease disappear, give Pulverized Gentian Root, oneounce; Nux Vomica, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces;Pulverized Fenugreek Seed, six ounces. Mix and give one tablespoonfulthree times a day in the feed or in a gelatin capsule and administerwith a capsule gun. 

CAPPED KNEE

CAUSE: Bruises from pawing or striking objects with the knee, falling onthe ground, etc. , are perhaps the most common causes. 

SYMPTOMS: It may be a simple bruise, or it may be a severe wound. Thereis always swelling, heat and pain present. The joint becomes stiff andinterferes with the movement of the leg. Under careful treatment theswelling and enlargement disappear. 

TREATMENT: Relieve the inflammation and clean the wound by fomentingwith hot water, to which add a few drops of Carbolic Acid. If the woundis very large, trim off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors andapply the following: Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, one ounce;Tannic Acid, one ounce. Powder finely, mix and apply two or three timesa day. If the skin is not broken, apply cold water or ice packs untilthe inflammation has subsided; then use the following: Tincture ofIodine, one ounce; Camphor, two ounces, and Gasolene, eight ounces. Apply with nail or toothbrush every thirty-six hours until theenlargement has disappeared. 

CAPPED HOCK

CAUSE: Some horses have the habit of rubbing or striking their hocksagainst the partition of their stalls. May also be produced by kicksfrom other horses, or hocks may be bruised by the singletree. 

SYMPTOMS: An enlargement at the point of the hock, which may run upalong the tendons and muscles of the leg. Repeated injuries cause thehock to enlarge and become flabby, and in some cases it contains abloody serum or pus. 

TREATMENT: Do not attempt to lance the puffy swelling on the point ofthe hock, as you may produce an open joint, which is very difficult totreat, and chances are that you would lose the animal. 

The treatment that I would recommend is to find out the true cause andremove it. When the puffy swelling is swollen, hot and painful, applycold water or ice packs. When the heat and pain have subsided apply thefollowing: Tincture of Iodine, two ounces; Gum Camphor, two ounces, dissolved in one pint of Gasolene. Shake the contents of the bottlebefore using each time and apply with a nail or toothbrush everyforty-eight hours. This is very penetrating and will remove theenlargement or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the resultof the bruise. 

CHOKING

This term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well as that of thewindpipe. 

CAUSE: Too rapid eating, by which pieces of carrots or other roots, or aquantity of dry food become lodged in the gullet. Although obstructionsof the windpipe caused while drenching, or food entering the lungs, willkill an animal in a very short time, obstructions in the gullet may notprove fatal for several days. 

TREATMENT: No time should be lost in attempting to remove theobstruction from the gullet. It may be dislodged by gently manipulatingthe gullet. If unsuccessful in dislodging the obstruction in thismanner, secure the services of a competent veterinarian. He will use aprobang, an instrument made for this purpose, or inject Sweet or OliveOil into the gullet with a hypodermic syringe, or give hypodermicinjections of Arecoline. In administering drenches with the object ofdislodging obstructions in the gullet, you must remember that theliquids used are apt to go the wrong way, that is to say, enter thelungs, and give rise to lung complications, as lung fever, bronchitis, etc. Obstructions of solid substance in the windpipe generally causedeath very shortly. When liquids enter the lungs, death is not so apt tooccur, as the animal may live several days, and sometimes even get well. They should be treated the same as for lung fever. 

CRACKED HEELS

CAUSE: There is little doubt in my mind that ammonia, which is soplentifully found in ill-kept stables, is the chief cause of crackedheels. The action of ammonia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy, anddiminishes its strength by separating the layers of which it iscomposed. 

SYMPTOMS: When inflammation is set up in the part, the secretion ofnatural oil is interfered with and cracks usually occur in the placewhere the skin becomes wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent. Thedischarge from cracked heels has an offensive smell. In early stagesthere is extreme heat and swelling, there is pain and lameness, whichusually disappear as the case becomes chronic. 

TREATMENT: Keep the affected parts clean as possible, if there isextreme inflammation present. Apply hot poultice made from bran orflaxseed meal. When the inflammation subsides, apply Zinc Ointment twicedaily. Before applying each application of ointment, wash with WarmWater and Castile Soap. Feed carrots, green grass, if possible, also hotbran mashes or steam rolled oats each morning. Sometimes it is well togive a physic, and I would recommend Aloin, one and one-half drams;Ginger, two drams. A physic has very good effect in reducing theswelling of the legs. 

COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS

(Navicular Disease)

CAUSE: Driving young animals on hard roads. Always found in the frontfeet, owing no doubt to the fact the front feet support largely theweight of the body. 

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms are very hard to detect. As a rule the animalwill point the affected foot when at rest even before there is anylameness present. While at work he apparently goes sound, but whenplaced in the stable, or when stopped on hard ground, one foot will beset out in front of the other and resting on the toe. It will be noticedthat the animal takes a few lame steps and then goes well again. Againhe may be lame for a day, or he may leave the stable in the morningapparently well and sound and go lame during the day. In the course oftime he will develop a severe case of lameness, which may last for fiveor six days. These spells are intermittent and finally he becomespermanently lame, and the more he is driven the greater the lameness, and he steps short, wears the toe of the shoe, stumbles, falls on hisknees when the road is rough. Sometimes both front feet are affected andthe shoulders will be stiff. When put to work he sweats from pain; therewill be extreme heat about the foot, and he will flinch from pressure. 

Comparatively few recoveries are made from this disease. 

TREATMENT: First remove the shoe. If the foot is inflamed, poultice withhot bran or flaxseed meal. After the inflammation disappears, clean thefoot well, clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use thefollowing: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulverized Cantharides, four drams; Turpentine, thirty drops; Lard, two ounces. Mix well andapply every forty-eight hours, rubbing in well for twenty minutes eachtime. After three or four applications have been applied, turn theanimal out to pasture. Repeat this treatment again in a month or so. Animals affected with this disease should be put to slow and easy workon soft ground, and carefully shod. This disease is unsatisfactorilytreated and only a few cases recover when the best care is taken. 

CORNS

CAUSE: Dry feet, increased pressure from ill fitting shoes, or highheeled shoes, which tend to contract the heels and produce corns. Wideflat feet are predisposed to bruises which terminate in corns. 

SYMPTOMS: Lameness, or as the old saying goes, "The animal will gotenderfooted. " When standing the animal is generally very restless, theypaw their bedding behind them at night. Tapping or pressure on the footwill assist in locating a corn. 

TREATMENT: Discover the true cause of the corn and remove it ifpossible. Take away all pressure from over the corn and turn the animalout in some damp pasture. If this cannot be done, put on a flat "bar"shoe, packing the sole of the foot with Pine Tar and Oakum; then place aleather between the foot and shoe. Repeat this application every twoweeks, as this will keep the sole soft and flexible, and with propershoeing your animal will be relieved of corns. 

Frequently coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease is mistaken forcorns. 

[Illustration: Photograph of horse. ]CLYDESDALE STALLION SIR EVERARD (5353). Sire of Famous Baron's Pride (9122), who earned $300, 000. 00 in the Stud, who Sired Baron O'Buchlyvie, who was sold for $45, 000. 00, the HighestPrice ever paid for a Draft Stallion. 

CONSTIPATION

CAUSE: Indigestible foods, irregular feeding, lack of, or too much, exercise, insufficient secretion of digestive materials, strictures, ruptures, paralysis, worms, folding and twisting of the intestines, which frequently occurs in old age. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal cannot expel the contents of the intestines, whichfrequently causes colicky pains. Death from this form of constipation isgenerally due to rupture of the intestines, when due to indigestiblefoods or irregular feeding. Lack of, or too much, exercise seldomproduces death, although the animal may not pass any fecal matter for aweek. 

TREATMENT: Give a capsule containing Aloin, two drams, and PulverizedGinger, two drams, every eighteen hours until the animal has a movementof the bowels. Then give the following tonic: Pulverized Nux Vomica, twoounces; Pulverized Gentian Root, two ounces; Pulverized Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix well and give one tablespoonful in feed three times aday. If the animal refuses to eat it in the feed, place onetablespoonful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun. Thiswill stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels and strengthen theheart action. 

Give the animal all the water it will drink. If the water is cold, takethe chill off by warming or adding warm water. If the animal will eat, feed food that is easily digested, such as grass, carrots, turnips, potatoes and apples, but do not feed too large a quantity at one time. Hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very nourishing and easilydigested. Rectal injections of Soap and Turpentine in small quantities, added to warm water, are very beneficial, and I would recommend theiruse. It is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts when givingrectal injections, as compelling the animal to stand with its head lowerthan its hind parts will cause the animal to retain the injection muchlonger, consequently it does its intended work much better. 

If due to worms, fast the animal for twenty-four hours and giveBarbadoes Aloes, three drams; Calomel, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, twodrams; Antimony Tartrate, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun, This dose should be repeated in ten days to insure theexpulsion of newly hatched worms. 

COLD

(Nasal Catarrh)

CAUSE: Atmospheric changes common in the spring and fall; animal allowedto chill when standing in a draft, or driven when the system is in apoor condition. It is also produced by inhaling irritating gases, smoke, drenching through the nose, dusty hay or grain that contains infectiousmatter. 

SYMPTOMS: Animal is stupid, does not take food very freely, hair standsand looks dusty, throat becomes sore, pulse is not greatly affected. There may be a slight rise of temperature, say 101 to 103 degrees F. After a day or two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrilswhich may be offensive to the smell. There is generally an increasedflow of urine. The breathing is not much affected. 

TREATMENT: Make the animal as comfortable as possible by placing in aclean stall with pure air, but avoid drafts. Blanket if the weather ischilly and give the following prescription: Chloride of Potash, twoounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Mix these well in a pint of PineTar and place about one tablespoonful of the mixture as far back on thetongue as possible every six hours. Relief is very certain if thistreatment is given in the first stages. If not it will become chronicand terminate into nasal gleet, or lung complications. 

COUGH

(Acute and Chronic)

As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in addition to thecough should be treated. 

KINDS OF COUGH: Many writers give several different varieties, but forsake of convenience I will divide them into two forms, namely: Acute andChronic. 

CAUSE: Acute Coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold, draftsand are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing. 

Chronic Coughs are associated with, and often a result of, sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, broken wind, influenza, nasal gleet, catarrh, glanders, heaves and distemper. 

TREATMENT: Under each disease of which a cough is a symptom, I have alsoprescribed to include its suppression. The following prescription isreasonable in price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: TannicAcid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, fourounces. Powder well and mix with Black Strap Molasses, one pint; placingcontainer retaining the above in hot water assists in dissolving. Whenthis is thoroughly mixed add Pine Tar one pint, and place onetablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every threeor four hours, according to the severity of the cough. 

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a goodeffect, and I would recommend the following on account of itspenetrating qualities: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , two ounces; Turpentine, twoounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice daily, shakingthe contents of the bottle well before using. 

COLT CONSTIPATION

CAUSE: Improper digestion of its mother's milk, especially whenoverheated or not allowed to nurse enough. 

SYMPTOMS: The colt appears stupid; does not care to move about, but liesflat on either side and shows signs of great pain. 

TREATMENT: Give two tablespoonfuls of Cascara Sagrada. Great care mustbe exercised in administering the medicine to place it well back on thetongue; do not hold the nose high or some of the liquid may enter thelungs; it is much better to waste some of the medicine. One of the mostimportant factors in the treatment of Colt Constipation is rectalinjections; they relieve temperature, gases, and pain, promoting theworm-like action of the bowels and liquefying their contents. 

COLT DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Specific infection, the action of which is favored by insanitaryconditions, irregular feeding, or permitting the colt to nurse when themother is overheated or out of condition. 

SYMPTOMS: Frequent watery discharges, sometimes tinged with blood, andas the disease progresses the colt shows signs of great pain. If nottreated promptly, the disease will terminate fatally in the course ofsix or ten days. 

TREATMENT: Determine the exact cause, if possible, and remove it. If thecolt has not been weaned, attention should at once be given the mare, and if anything is wrong with her, it may be best to take the littlepatient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk sweetened withsugar. Give two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil on the tongue; this willremove the irritant within the bowels. The following prescription is avery reliable remedy: Protan, three ounces; Pulv. Ginger, four drams;Zinc Sulphocarbolates, four grains. Mix and make into twelve powders;give one powder on the tongue every four hours, effecting a cure withina few days. Do not pull the tongue, or hold the head too high. Permitthe animal to swallow slowly. Remember that sanitary surroundings areessential in the treatment of all diseases. 

CURB

CAUSE: Faulty conformation of the hind legs; that is to say, if ananimal has crooked legs, a slight sprain from slipping or jumping willproduce Curb. In cases where an animal has well proportioned limbs, andis afflicted with Curb, it is caused by a rupture of the small ligamentor cord situated just back of the hock. 

SYMPTOMS: A swelling will be noticed on the back part of the hock. Atfirst the animal is lame and the enlargement is hot and painful. After afew days' rest the inflammation will partially subside and theenlargement can be plainly seen. When the animal is walked about he maybe very lame at the start, but this will disappear as he is moved. 

TREATMENT: When the Curb is hot and painful, it is well to apply icepacks or cold water to the part. When the inflammation subsides, applyRed Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix and rub in wellfor twenty minutes; repeat every forty-eight hours until threeapplications are applied. If the Curb is of long standing it is moredifficult to treat, in which case the above treatment should be repeatedagain in two or three months. Do not use the animal in drawing heavyloads, or drive on slippery roads, for six months. Give the blister timeto strengthen the ruptured tendons. A high-heeled shoe is oftenvaluable in relieving tendons of their tension. 

[Illustration: Photographs of two horses. ]The Famous Team of Arabian Horses. Owned by Dr. C. J. Korinek. 

DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Sudden change of food, frozen food, soft food, unwholesome food, stagnant water, or drinking large quantities of water at one time, purgative medicines, or it may be associated with blood diseases, lungand intestinal affections, or produced by micro-organisms. Many horses, particularly slack loined, slight, "washy" animals, purge if worked orexcited, as may be observed among race horses when taken to a racecourse. Diarrhoea may also be due to worms, or it may be merely aneffort on the part of nature to expel some irritant matter from thebowels or from the blood, in which case it should on no account beprematurely checked. 

SYMPTOMS: Frequent loose evacuations of the intestines, with or withoutpronounced abdominal pain; generally, loss of appetite, animal looksgaunt and the hair rough. 

TREATMENT: Keep the animal quiet, comfortably stabled and warmlyblanketed. Give pure water to drink, often, but in small quantities. Ifthe animal will eat, feed moderately on clean food, as rolled oats anddry bran. Also, give the following prescription: Protan, three ounces;Zinc Sulphocarbolates, ten grains; Creosote, one dram; Powdered Ginger, two ounces; Powdered Gum Catechu, six drams; Powdered Gum Camphor, one-half dram. Mix and make eight powders. Place one powder in gelatincapsule and give with capsule gun, or the same sized dose dissolved in apint of water and used as a drench. However, be very careful whendrenching an animal. It is dangerous. This prescription will not onlycheck the diarrhoea, but will tone the muscular fibres of the intestineswhich aid in throwing off these irritant matters from the system. If thehorse shows colicky pains, administer the same treatment as thatrecommended for colic. It is well to give the following treatment in theconvalescing stages of diarrhoea: Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; FerriSulphate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. FenugreekSeed, eight ounces. Mix and give one heaping tablespoonful three timesdaily in feed. This facilitates digestion by stimulating the flow ofgastric juices. 

DISTEMPER

CAUSE: Distemper is placed among the germ diseases, and is produced bythe Streptococcus of Schutz. It is contagious and a number of animals inthe same stable may become affected at the same time. It is supposed toattack an animal but once, but it may be contracted a second time. Mayoccur at any time of the year. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal will first appear dull, and show loss of appetite;and the hair will look dull and rough. There will be a watery dischargefrom the nose, and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws;the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position; saliva runs from itsmouth; the pulse will be a little faster than normal. The breathing willbecome more rapid and the lump between the jaws will get larger. Thislump, or tumor, may form in other parts of the body, on the shoulder, inthe groin, lungs or intestines. It usually causes death if it cannot beabsorbed. This is called irregular distemper. A determined effort shouldbe made to draw the lump, or tumor, to a head as soon as possible. 

TREATMENT: Place the horse in a clean, well-ventilated and lightedstall, excluding all drafts, blanket the animal, hand rub the legs andbandage them; give inhalations of steam from Hot Water and Turpentine. Agood method for heating water for this purpose is to place hot stones orbricks in the water and Turpentine. This will relieve the hardbreathing. Remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth, therefore, liquid drenches are dangerous. A paste made from Potassi Chlorate, twoounces; Potassi Nitrate, two ounces, dissolved in a pint of warmmolasses and given well back on the tongue in tablespoonful doses everytwo or three hours is very beneficial. A liniment made from equal partsof Aqua Ammonia Fort. , Turpentine and Sweet Oil should be applied, everymorning over the enlargement that appears in the region of the throat. If the enlargement fails to come to a head, secure the services of anaccomplished veterinarian, who will use a clean instrument for lancingpurposes. 

After an attack of distemper your horse is generally run down incondition. Give the following: Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, eight ounces. Make intothirty-two powders and give one powder three times daily in feed. 

DROPSY

(Of the Belly, Chest, Sheath, Udder and Legs)

CAUSE: Poor circulation; kidneys not working properly; lack of exercise;diseases of the lungs, liver, heart, womb or sheath. Mares heavy withfoal often have dropsical swellings. 

SYMPTOMS: Swelling seldom contains fluid, although sometimes a stickyserum oozes through the skin; fingers pressed against the swollen partsleave impressions. 

TREATMENT: Avoid giving physics in this condition when possible, especially to mares with foal. Feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes, green grass, carrots, potatoes, etc. ; also the following mixture:Potassi Iodide, two ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces; Chloride ofPotash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Place one powderin their drinking water three times a day. Exercise the animal as muchas possible and you will derive good results from this treatment withina week or so. 

I may add that in the above affection it is a bad practice to apply hotapplications, as the chances are it would produce a sloughing of theskin. 

ECZEMA

CAUSE: Anything that interferes with the healthy action of the skin, aschecked sweating, irritation from dirty blankets or harness, or fromaccumulation of dirt on the skin through want of grooming, errors infeeding, overheat, or by infection. In some cases the cause seems to beconstitutional; in others, local. Though the disease is not parasitic incharacter, it is probable that when once contracted the diseased partsmay be become infected. 

SYMPTOMS: Slight dryness and eruptions that may affect the head, ears, neck, shoulders, flanks, inside of thighs and root of the tail, followedby vesicles or pimples which burst and discharge, or the contents may beabsorbed. The animal will rub against the stall, manger, or any otherobject he can reach, until the parts are very sore, or if worked, hewill rub himself violently when unharnessed. 

TREATMENT: Give Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one tablespoonful morningand night on their feed; also give a physic consisting of two drams ofAloin and two drams of Pulverized Ginger in gelatin capsule. Give at onedose. One physic is all that is necessary to cool out the blood, whichwill assist materially in treating Eczema. Also, apply Zinc Ointmenttwice daily over the vesicles or pimples which will appear on the skin. Also, feed easily digested food if possible, such as carrots, apples, grass, hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, and keep the animalclean and groom carefully with clean combs and brushes. 

EYE DISEASES

CONJUNCTIVITIS, or Inflammation of the superficial structure of the eye. 

CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury to the eye, as a blow from a whip, dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or it may be due to extreme cold, heat, or foul air. 

Inflammation of the Membrane of Nictitans

The membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid common to all domesticanimals, the purpose of which is to remove foreign substances from theeye in much the same manner as we use the hand. 

SYMPTOMS: Conjunctivitis and inflammation of the membranes of nictitansare very much the same. A partial or complete closure of the eye, and awatery discharge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands, thefluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tearduct to carry it away; hence, there will be a continuous overflow oftears down the horse's face. The formation of a film or scum over theeye need not cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture. 

TREATMENT: Examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body withclean cloth or feather and apply the following: Yellow Oxide of Mercury, three grains; Lanolin, one ounce. Mix well together and apply to the eyethree or four times daily. Avoid the use of liquid medicines, as theyare hard to apply, and the animal throws them out by shaking the head. 

FISTULOUS WITHERS

CAUSE: Fistulous Withers are seen mostly in horses that have a thickneck as well as those that are very high in the withers, or among saddlehorses, those that are very low on the withers, the saddle here ridingforward and bruising the parts. They are often caused by ill-fittingcollars or saddles, by direct injury from blows, and from the horserolling upon rough, sharp stones. In this location, the ulcer of theskin or a simple abscess, if not properly and punctually treated, mayterminate into Fistula. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep downbetween the muscles, and escapes only when the sinuses become surchargedwhen, during motion of the muscles, the pus is forced to the surface. 

SYMPTOMS: These of course will vary according to the progress made bythe Fistula. Following an injury we may often notice soreness orstiffness of the front legs, and upon careful examination of the witherswe will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritationdownwards and backwards over the region of the shoulder. The stiffnessof the limbs may disappear at this time, and heat and soreness of theparts may become less noticeable, but the swelling of the shoulderscontinues to enlarge. The swelling may often have the form of a runningulcer, or its contents may dry up and leave a tumor, which graduallydevelops the common characteristic of a fistulous tumor. When theenlargement has an opening, we should carefully examine the pus cavity, as upon this condition will wholly depend our treatment. 

TREATMENT: Keep the animal as quiet as possible, as any movements of thelimbs cause the pus to spread between the lines of the muscles and formlarger abscesses or tumors. When the bone becomes diseased, it is verydifficult to effect a cure, especially where the pus burrows back of theScapula (Shoulder Blade). In case the abscess is newly formed, and closeto the surface, syringing out with a solution made from Bichloride ofMercury, five grains to one ounce of water, generally causes the whitefibrous tissue to slough away and the parts to heal rapidly. If theabscess is deep, and the bones become diseased, the pus will have a veryoffensive odor, and I would recommend the services of a competentVeterinarian to remove all diseased portions of bone or muscle. 

FILARIAE

(Thread-like Worm)

CAUSE: Drinking stagnant water, or eating hay gathered from swamps ormarshy land. When full grown, the worm measures from two to six inchesin length; the tail is more or less curved. They are found in the lungcavity, the heart sac, and the intestinal cavity, from which theysometimes descend into the sac containing the testicles. Animals said tohave a snake in the eye have been exhibited as curiosities; in all casesthe simulated snake was nothing more than the Filariae. 

SYMPTOMS: Colicky spells; poor appetite, indigestion, pot-belly, roughcoat; swelling of the sheath, legs, and the lower surface of the belly. 

TREATMENT: Prevention is the only treatment, for when the worms onceenter the digestive canal, it is impossible to remove them. 

FOUNDER

CAUSE: Overeating or drinking--in fact, any irritation of the stomach orintestines is liable to be followed by Founder, owing to the similarityin the sensitive structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes. Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but it may also occurin strong-footed animals. Founder is also produced by driving an animalon a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat issuddenly checked by drafts, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: The horse is stiff, and moves with great difficulty; he willgenerally, though not always, remain standing. Throws weight upon theheel of the foot to relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to backhim he will drag his feet. Excessive heat is present at the top of thehoof, and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. When the fore feetonly are affected, the horse will relieve them of as much weight aspossible when walking by placing the hind feet well under the body, which results in a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may occur in allfour feet, but the fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones. Mares sometimes founder after giving birth to a colt, due toinflammation of the womb; symptoms correspond to those of commonFounder. Founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs or kidneys, owing to the standing position and arched back. Veterinarians have beenknown to mistake it for lung fever; the services of such men aredangerous and should be avoided. 

TREATMENT: In all cases of Founder, administer Potassi Iodide, oneounce; Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mixand give one tablespoonful in drinking water every six hours. If theanimal will not take it in its water, place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun. 

Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and perhaps aphysic will be indicated, containing Aloin, two drams; Ginger, twodrams; place it in a capsule and give with capsule gun. If desiredresults are not obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until thereis an action of the bowels. Founder following excessive irritation ofthe stomach and intestines, or mares heavy with foal, should not receivephysics. Feed food that is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples, potatoes, hot bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc. 

It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections ofWarm Water and Glycerine. Stand in mud or water, or apply bagscontaining mud, bran or ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool, moist effect on the feet. 

After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and the animal walksfairly well, you should apply a blister containing Red Iodide ofMercury, two drams; Lard, two ounces, around the top of the hoofs, andrub in well twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Founder itis recommended to bleed the animal in the foot. If this is attempted, good disinfectants should be used, as lock-jaw might follow. 

GALLS

CAUSE: Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, harness, hobbles andscalping-boots. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall with water, as thisprevents its healing, nor use oils or salves, as they accumulate dirt, dust and germs, which may cause infection. The following applicationmakes a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one ounce; CornStarch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Iodoform, one dram. Powder finely and place in sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going towork and on retiring. This heals and refreshes the Galls and wounds byforming a smooth surface over the part, which permits it to heal whilethe horse works. 

GREASE HEEL

CAUSE: Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels. 

SYMPTOMS: Offensive discharge from the glands under the skin, and if notproperly treated, red spots will appear, and the yellow discharge willform a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair. 

TREATMENT: Cleanliness is one of the most important measures. Also, goodnourishing food. If the skin is swollen and tender, poultice with hotFlaxseed Meal or bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated, wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. Dry with clean clothand apply the following mixture: Calomel, one dram; Iodoform, one dram;Boracic Acid, one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day. Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if possible, alsofeed hot bran mashes. In all cases of Grease Heel give the followingphysic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsuleand give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect on the blood, which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appearin Grease Heel. 

[Illustration: Photograph of horse. ]BELGIAN STALLION BELVEDERE, FIRST PRIZE WINNER. Owned by Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa. 

GLANDERS OR FARCY

CAUSE: Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus Malleii, or Bacillusof Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is very contagious, and istransmissible to man as well as animals. Cattle and sheep alone areimmune. The disease may be contracted at watering troughs, stables, horseshoeing shops, in boats, trains and by harness, bits, curry combs, bedding, pails, etc. , as well as by direct contact with a diseasedanimal. 

SYMPTOMS: Animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at times;loss of flesh, and is subject to sweats, the hair looks rough, thetemperature increasing slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough isgenerally present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge from thenose, sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky, the membranes of thenose look dusty, and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined. The glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard, lumpy and swollen. 

In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the skin by producingswellings, or nodules, varying from the size of a pea to that of ahickory nut (called Farcy buds, or Farcy buttons), which are foundinside of the hind legs under the abdomen, on the side of the chest;shoulder and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. Generally thereis a discharge of greenish-yellow pus, which is very sticky. 

Glanders, or Farcy, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, nasal gleet, ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, distemper, etc. Fortunately, this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country, as everyprecaution has been taken to stamp it out. 

NO TREATMENT: If at any time you have reason to think one of youranimals has the disease, or even a neighbor's, or a transient horse, exhibits the symptoms, it is your duty to report the fact to the StateVeterinarian at once. You will do this if you have your own welfare andthat of your neighborhood at heart. 

HEAVES

(Emphysema of the Lungs)

CAUSE: Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung Fever or Pleurisy, or theanimal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs. A very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. Horsesthat are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of Heaves. 

SYMPTOMS: Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. When the animal is atrest, the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner, but is expelled by two distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aidingthe lungs in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the flank; themovement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavyhorse. A healthy animal, when at rest, will throw the air from the lungsin a single effort. The difficulty in breathing is constant andincreases in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach andintestines. At the beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough, which is more or less intermittent; this develops later into a short, weak, suppressed cough, as if the animal lacked strength in his chest toexpel a full breath, often accompanied by expulsion of wind from theanus, which is somewhat protruded. 

TREATMENT: Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing that is of a bulkynature. Feed more grain and less hay, which should be dampened withwater if dusty. Do not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plentyof potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your druggist make youup one quart of Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, omitting the Tincture ofLavender. This is soothing to the organs of breathing, and should begiven two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After a week orten days you might increase the dose slightly. Although this will makethe horse work much better, do not give it with the hope of effecting acomplete cure, as very few cases recover fully from this disease. 

HORSE DENTISTRY

This is a very important branch of Veterinary Science, although, if Iwere to go into detail on the subject, it would require the writing ofan individual volume. This science requires considerable practice. Theprice of special costly instruments would prohibit the average stockmanfrom doing his own dentistry. 

My advice is to secure nothing but the services of a qualifiedVeterinarian, who has had privileges of a thorough knowledge ofVeterinary Science. 

The art of animal dentistry has been abused by the owners of stockallowing the services of irresponsible men in the veterinary profession, who do not look to the betterment of the animal's condition. The ownerof the animal, not being able to see the condition of the animal's teethfor himself, is persuaded into having the animal's teeth worked onregardless of whether it is needed or not. The quack or transientVeterinarian will pull and crack healthy, sound teeth, and also laceratethe poor animal's mouth. Be sure the Veterinarian employed for thispurpose is competent. 

INFLUENZA

(Pink Eye-Epizootic Catarrh)

CAUSE: Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, which shows amarked tendency to rapidly spread over a large area of country. Itgenerally appears suddenly, without, preliminary symptoms, and maybecome fully developed in twenty-four hours. 

SYMPTOMS: The usual symptoms are those of Catarrh, although the bowels, lungs and brain complications may be present, either singly or combined. It always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguishingcharacteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore Throat, and otherdiseases affecting the organs of breathing, are the suddenness of theattack, rise of temperature, varying from 103 to 106 degrees F. , pulsefeeble and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the inside of theeyelids. The animal is dull, in some cases almost unconscious. Sometimesthe legs are very stiff and swollen, and there is great difficulty inmoving about. 

TREATMENT: Place the affected animal in a clean, well ventilated stall, avoid drafts, give pure water to drink with chill taken off, in smallquantities but often. Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub thelegs and bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule withcapsule gun every four hours. In addition to the above, administer thetreatment recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs. 

Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels, asit is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease. Hot branmashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial. 

LAMPAS

CAUSE: In young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth. In olderanimals it is usually due to indigestion. 

SYMPTOMS: A puffy swelling and redness of the gums. The animal may havedifficulty in eating. 

TREATMENT: In young animals, when cutting teeth, let nature take itscourse, but when an animal is five years or over, place two drams ofAloin, and two drams of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule andadminister with capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mixingone ounce of Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce of Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces of Bicarbonate of Soda. Make into eight powders and give onepowder in feed twice daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administerwith capsule gun. 

LEECHES

(Haemopis)

The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into twoclasses, the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin ofthe legs and adjacent parts of the horse, and the Haemopis Sanguisuga, and others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate the skin, endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinkingor grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling tothe mucous membrane of the eyes. The horse leech, which lives in thewater, usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal, when young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely gobeyond the air and food passages, generally fastening themselves to thewalls of the windpipe and gullet, where they cling till the animal diesfrom loss of blood or suffocation. They often cause bleeding from themouth and nostrils, and may be seen by close examination. 

TREATMENT: Endeavor to build up the condition of the animal withsuitable food. Also feed liberal quantities of stock salt. Where theleeches cling tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils, it is well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot watercontaining turpentine. 

LOCK-JAW

(Tetanus)

CAUSE: The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed and can be found inpractically every part of the globe. Their favorite place of production, however, is in barn yards and marshy ground. They are frequentlyswallowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found in recentlyexpelled feces. The most favorable temperature for their development isabout 70 degrees F. They act by means of extremely virulent poisonswhich they produce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that arecharacteristic of the disease. 

SYMPTOMS: The muscles of expression are usually the first brought underthe continual spasm of tetanus, and when thus affected give the face ofthe animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles of thehead and those of the neck are next attacked. The mouth is closed, thenose poked out, the head elevated. The muscles of breathing, and thoseof the limbs, become contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and thetail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. The animalshows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements. The eyes aresunken, and when startled or excited, the breathing is quickened and theflanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death may quickly occurfrom continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat. Another sign is theflying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited. 

TREATMENT: If noticed in its first stages, and if the animal is able toeat, secure the services of an accomplished Veterinarian and insist onthe use of fresh vaccine. This disease is almost impossible to cure, andabout ninety per cent die. 

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia)

CAUSE: Predisposition is largely accountable for this disease, which ismore common to young horses than old; also, changes of temperature, introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe)and the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating gases, excitement, exposure to cold after clipping, turning out to pasture froma warm stable, or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Dullness in spirit; animal usually shivers or trembles; whenthis ceases the temperature rises to perhaps 103 to 106 degrees F. , pulse increases to sixty or ninety per minute, full and bounding;breathing short and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to perhapsfifty inspirations per minute, whereas in health it does not exceedtwelve or thirteen per minute. A cough is also likely to be present, andthe animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery, oruntil death takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces coveredwith mucus or slime; urination frequent, scanty and dark in color;appetite poor, but thirst great; the eyes look glassy and the membraneshave an inflamed appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks aboutfreely. When the critical stage is past the temperature and pulsegradually fall, the appetite returns and the urine becomes moreabundant, and takes on its natural color, the cough loosens, and thedischarge from the lungs is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and thebreathing becomes normal. 

TREATMENT: Good care is of the utmost importance. Place the horse in acomfortable, well ventilated stall, being careful to exclude drafts. Hand rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth. Blanket the animal, give plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times. Internally administer Quinine, two ounces; Iodide of Ammonia, twoounces; Ammonia Bicarbonate, two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteenpowders. Place powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun everyfour hours. It is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placedin capsule, as drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do notgive physics, as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot branmashes, steam rolled oats or some vegetables, in fact anything theanimal will eat, i. E. , that has food values. It is advisable to applyover the chest the following liniment; Aqua Ammonia Fort. , four ounces;Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and shakewell before applying each time over the chest cavity. 

In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injections of soap andwarm water containing a few drops of Turpentine. 

MANGE

(Scabies)

CAUSE: Mange is a contagious disease, produced by the presence of asmall parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth ofan inch, according to the species, of which there are three: Sarcoptes, which generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, affecting thelegs, and the Psoroptes Communis, which affects horses about the root ofthe tail and mane. The latter is the one most commonly found affectinghorses. They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthyhorses by their bodies coming in contact with one another, or bycorrals, stables, railroad cars, etc. , recently occupied by mangyhorses. 

SYMPTOMS: The mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness ofits outer surface, covering it with crusts and scabs, with a consequentloss of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease, and affectedhorses continually bite and rub themselves. 

Psoroptic Mange commences at the root of the tail, or at the roots ofthe mane on the neck or withers, and gradually spreads over the back, upto the head, over the sides, and finally affects the entire body. Incases of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal becomesgreatly weakened, emaciated and finally dies. 

TREATMENT: When a large number of horses are affected (in one locality)it is best to prepare a vat and dip them, under the supervision of theUnited States Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses becomeaffected, the following has proven very effective: Sulphur, eightounces; Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet Oil, two quarts. Mix and applyliberally to the parts affected. A few applications are generallysufficient to eradicate the disease. 

MONDAY MORNING DISEASE

(Lymphangitis)

CAUSE: This ailment is common with hard working horses, and is caused byconfining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food. More nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system, whichcauses an irritation. It is frequently found in certain stables onMonday morning, hence its name--Monday Morning Disease. 

SYMPTOMS: Swelling and lameness, most usually affecting the hind leginside of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge. It willpit on pressure, and cause intense pain; the horse will have difficultyin extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround the legentirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, temperature 102 to104 degrees F. , breathing will be faster than normal. The animal hasgreat thirst, but the appetite is very poor; usually remains standing;if he lies down will have great difficulty in getting up. 

TREATMENT: In this particular disease apply hot fomentations to theaffected limb or limbs, for one hour, then rub dry and apply CamphoratedLiniment. Give Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi, each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powderthree times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun. 

In most cases it is advisable to give a physic: Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, one dram; Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule andgive with capsule gun. 

MUD FEVER

CAUSE: Horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed tofreezing weather at night, or driving them over muddy roads, thenwashing the limbs and not drying them properly, often produces asuperficial inflammation of the legs. 

SYMPTOMS: The legs are swollen, extremely hot and tender, the horse isstiff, the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is notremoved severe complication may follow, as the secretions of the skinbecome greatly affected. 

TREATMENT: Prevention. Horses that are driven over muddy, wet roadsshould have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length oftime. When the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm waterand Castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. Then applyZinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from Acetate of Lead, one ounce;Zinc Sulphate, one-half ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and applytwice daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treatment ofMud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc. , as they have a very good effect on the system whichaids in relieving the inflammation of the skin. 

NASAL GLEET

(Chronic Catarrh)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and lack of nourishingfood; bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head; injury of theblood-vessels inside the bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also becaused by tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities. Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from a cold, will causenasal gleet. 

SYMPTOMS: A white or yellowish discharge from one or both of thenostrils, the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and thelength of time the disease has been established. If, when tapping overthe nose below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to concludethat the cavities are filled with pus; to make certain, compare the sickanimal with a healthy one; in some cases you will notice that even thebones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of thenose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as inGlanders. The animal may continue in pretty good spirits and work wellfor a time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what istermed hide-bound. Always examine the teeth. In a case of long standing, the discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect also fromGlanders. 

TREATMENT: If not due to fractured bones of the head or ulcerated teeth, the animal will, in most cases, recover with proper medical treatment. When due to injury to the bones of the head, tumors, ulcerated teeth ordried pus in the nasal cavities, it is best to secure the services of askillful Veterinarian, one whose professional knowledge renders himthoroughly competent. In the mild forms of nasal-gleet or chroniccatarrh, administer the following: Ferri Sulphate, Potassi Iodide, NuxVomica, each four ounces. Mix well and make into thirty-two capsules. Give one capsule three times daily and feed food that is nourishing andeasily digested. 

[Illustration: Photograph of a horse. ]SADDLE STALLION ASTRAL KING, CHAMPION SADDLE STALLION. Owned by James Houchin, Jefferson City, Mo. 

NAVEL STRING INFECTION

(Umbilical Pyemia)

CAUSE AND NATURE: While the unborn foal (foetus) is in the womb of itsmother, it is surrounded by enveloping membranes which constitute theafter-birth on delivery. These membranes are attached to the wall of thewomb and are connected to the foetus by means of the navel-string(umbilical cord) which is provided with two arteries and a vein for thenourishment of the young creature and for the removal of its wasteproducts. 

It also has a narrow canal (the urachus) which serves to remove theurine of the foetus; in fact the subsequently formed bladder takes itsorigin from a dilation of the urachus. Under normal conditions when thefoal is born, respiration takes place, the umbilical arteries and veinsbecome quickly blocked up, urine is discharged through the urethra(which communicates with the penis or vagina, as the case may be), thefoal enjoys a separate existence and the wound caused by the division ofthe umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel. 

It is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string infection gainsadmittance into the body through the exposed surface before the wound isclosed. However, I am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer ofthe infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secretions ofmares whose foals fell with navel-string infection, the samecharacteristic germs were found as were present in the joints of theaffected foals. The infectious material is, by the act of covering, conveyed from mare to mare, so that the mucous membranes of the wombbecomes the habitat of the specific germ. By inoculation of these germsinto the blood stream of foals an illness is produced which in thesmallest particular cannot be distinguished from that arising innaturally affected foals. It is a strange fact that when the infectedgerms are transmitted by the mother, their presence does not produce anydisturbance in her. 

This is a very common malady in most places. I have known severalinstances on particular farms where they were unable to raise eitherfoals or calves, but if the mother were removed to another farmimmediately after or before foaling, the foal or calf lived and wasreared without difficulty, and although constitutional debility plays animportant part, the presence of specific germs constituting an infectedarea is, I believe, the most important factor in producing this disease. 

According to my observation, about seventy-five per cent of the casesdie within the first three weeks after birth. This high rate ofmortality would be considerably diminished if proper treatment wasadopted. 

SYMPTOMS: The attack usually comes on during the second or third weekafter birth and almost always before the closure of the navel opening, which, in affected animals, will be found to be in a wet and suppuratingcondition. Occasionally foals two or three months old which have theurachus closed and are in an apparently healthy condition contract thisdisease in a form of painful swelling of the joints. The first symptomsare generally dullness; more or less fever; lameness which is oftenattributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by the mare treading on thefoal; the disinclination to move or even to stand. Upon examination thepatient will be found to have a soft, gelatinous swelling of one or moreof the joints of which the hock, elbow, fetlock, stifle and hip usuallymanifest the enlargement most clearly. 

These swellings are hot and painful to the touch; they tend to suppurateand frequently cause intense lameness. In very rare cases open urachusmay exist without any joint inflammation. In this disease, inflammationof the joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent. 

Animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom worth the trouble ofrearing, because as a rule their constitution becomes permanentlyimpaired and one or more of their joints becomes stiffened by theattack. 

TREATMENT: In the treatment of this disease, we have to attend toconstitutional disturbances, inflamed joints, open urachus andcomplications such as constipation and diarrhoea. The comfort of ourlittle patient must be studied under all circumstances. If the weatherbe at all cold it should be covered by a warm sheet. Should the foalhave any difficulty in rising from the recumbent position, an attendantshould assist it to rise and see that it is regularly fed. It is only inextreme cases that the animal refuses to suck its dam. During warmweather, and especially if the ground is dry, such a patient is alwaysbetter off for a little sunshine, but on no account must it be left outduring extreme heat, as in this state it is very liable to sunstroke. The best food for the mare is grass, which, during the day, she cangenerally have. The inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed lightlywith the following, after being thoroughly mixed: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline, two ounces, every forty-eight hours, which, whenapplied to the skin, appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action onthe underlying tissues. An inflamed joint should on no account be bathedwith warm water, fomented or poulticed because the application of moistheat would be the best possible means for promoting the development ofthe infective germs which are the cause of the local and generaldisturbance. The open navel-string should not be ligatured because thatoperation is generally followed by an increased inflammation of thepart, and by an aggravation of the other symptoms apparently on accountof this outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up. If thenavel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed state, theligature should be removed without delay. If the foal is constipatedgive two to three ounces of Castor Oil; also, administer the following:Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one-half dram; Hyposulphite of Soda, four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder well back on thetongue every four hours. 

As a supplement to the food, we may give brown sugar or treacle, both ofwhich are easily digested and are very nourishing. Four or five eggsdaily will also aid in keeping up the strength. 

NAVEL RUPTURE

(Umbilical Hernia)

CAUSE: Hereditary predisposition is well marked in this complaint. Itmay exist at birth, but so-called congenital rupture may very probablybe the result of the pulling which the navel-string underwent at thetime of foaling. However, umbilical hernia usually occurs during thefirst two or three months after birth; that is to say, while the openingat the navel is becoming obliterated and the tissues at that place arebecoming consolidated. They can, however, appear later and may resultfrom more or less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumpingor playing. At other times these strains are induced by intestinalirritation accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation with straining. But, however the strain may take place, the abdominal muscles contract andpush the intestines towards the wall of the belly. Then if they find anopening or even a weak spot, like the ring of the navel while it isundergoing the process of becoming blocked up, they select it and arupture is produced. 

SYMPTOMS: This rupture, the situation of which clearly shows itscharacter, may vary in size from that of a hen's egg to that of anostrich's egg. If pressed upon with the hand, especially if the animalis placed on its back, the rupture will disappear, to return, however, when the pressure is removed. If it be composed of intestines it will besoft and elastic when the bowels are empty, but when they are full ofsemi-solid food they will be doughy. In any event, the tumor will feelelastic when composed of intestines, but when formed of its connectingmembranes, will naturally not vary in consistence. If intestines bepresent, movements and abdominal rumblings may be detected in it. Thisrupture rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its contentsare composed of large intestines and omentum, either of which is, inthis position, not liable to become strangulated. It may, however, become engorged and inflamed from injury. Its existence naturallydepreciates the value of an animal suffering from it. 

TREATMENT: In the majority of cases, they will disappear with their ownaccord in two or three months. In case the rupture shows no signs ofdiminishing in size it is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen orsecure the services of a competent veterinarian and he will prescribe atreatment or operate, which will apply directly to your colt's orhorse's particular case. 

OPEN JOINT

CAUSE: Injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe, wire cuts, puncturesfrom snags, or from probing a wound near a joint. Open joint is one ofthe most serious accidents that may happen to a horse, for the suffereris apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance, and even ifhe recovers the joint will, in all probability, be permanently stiff. 

SYMPTOMS: If the joint is opened or severely injured the wound will havean ordinary appearance except that there may be a flow of joint oil fromthe injured oil sack. However, the discharge gradually becomes moreunhealthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and assumes afetid odor. After two or three days the joint swells and becomes verypainful and a high fever sets in. In unfavorable cases the animal diesfrom exhaustion very shortly, or at best recovers with a permanentlystiff joint. 

TREATMENT: Never probe a wound near a joint. If the injury is small andnoticed immediately, apply Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline, two ounces. Mix and rub in well over the wound. This will set upsufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any infection thatmay be present, as it possesses powerful antiseptic properties. If thewound is large, wash with Bichloride of Mercury, one part to onethousand parts distilled water. The wound should be washed twice a daywith this solution. Then dust the wound with Tannic Acid, one ounce;Iodoform, one ounce; Boracic Acid, one ounce; Calomel, one dram. Mix andplace in sifter top can and apply this after washing each time. Thenbandage the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over thewound. Do not attempt to syringe a solution into an opening or some ofthe solution may gain entrance into the joint. Keep the animal as quietas possible and feed laxative food. 

PALESADE WORM

(Strongulus Armatus)

This parasite thrives on marshy ground and is commonly found in theUnited States and Canada. The body of the worm is gray in color, more orless stiff and straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part;it varies in length, the male measuring from three-fourths of an inch toone inch and the female from one to two inches. It may occur in an adultor an immature state. In the former it implants itself on the mucousmembrane of the large intestines by means of its armed mouth, while inthe latter it lives in cysts underneath the mucous membrane of theintestines and is sometimes found in the brain, testicles and liver. Theimmature worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into thearteries and are carried by the force of the blood to all parts of thebody. 

SYMPTOMS: Same as in Red Worm with the exception of colicky pains causedby the worms blocking the arteries which carry blood to the intestines, thus interfering with the process of digestion. Where the worms enterthe arteries of the limbs it results in lameness. It is a good plan toexamine your animals once or twice a year to insure them against thispest. 

TREATMENT: Same as for Red Worm. 

PLEURISY

CAUSE: Exposed to a sudden change of temperature, confinement inill-ventilated, damp stables, wounds penetrating the chest, fracturedribs, heart diseases. It also occurs in conjunction with Bronchitis, Influenza, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Generally only one side of the lungs is affected and thatbeing the right, although it may affect both sides at the same time. First you will notice the animal distressed, uneasy, shivering, theaffected side is painful to pressure of the hand. The breathing is shortand quick, and the flanks heave--which shows that the animal tries tobreathe as much as possible, by the action of the muscles of the abdomenand not by the movement of the ribs. The nostrils are dilated. There isusually a short, dry, painful cough present, which is repressed by theanimal as much as possible, so as not to shake the inflamed parts. Oftenwhen expelling air from the lungs the horse gives a painful gruntespecially when made to move. The pulse is generally hard and fasterthan usual. The temperature in early stages may rise from 104 to 106degrees F. If the ear is applied to the affected side a dry crackling orfriction sound can be heard; a groove along the lower portion of theribs will extend back to the flank. Within two or three days the pulsewill be softer and weaker, temperature will fall to 101 or 102 degreesF. And there will be fluids form and the painful short breathing willdisappear. The liquids may now undergo absorption if properly treated, and the case terminate favorably in a week or ten days. 

Frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the chest cavity thatcannot be absorbed, the breathing becomes more difficult, short andquick, pulse becomes weak and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a comfortable, roomy stall; blanket ifthe weather is chilly, permit fresh air, but no drafts, as this is veryimportant. Apply a paste made from Mustard and cold water over the chestcavity. Internally, administer Ammonium Iodide, Chlorate of Potash, Nitrate of Potash, each four ounces. Make into thirty-two powders andgive one powder every two or three hours in gelatin capsule andadminister with capsule gun. The diet is a proper means of keeping upthe animal and is very important. Coax the animal to eat grass orvegetables, hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats. If there is a coughpresent, give the same treatment as recommended for Acute and ChronicCoughs. 

PIN WORM, THREAD OR MAW WORM

(Oxyuris Curvilis)

This worm when full grown is about one and three-quarter inches inlength; its tail is thin and whip-like and head thick and terminating ina curve somewhat resembling the crook of a stick. The presence of theseparasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance (the eggs of theworms) which adheres to the skin below the anus. Pin Worms like RoundWorms frequently come away with the feces. 

TREATMENT: Dissolve four tablespoonfuls Common Salt in one gallon ofwarm water and inject it into the rectum. When this has been expelled, follow with an injection per rectum of Turpentine, four ounces, toone-half gallon Linseed Oil. Elevate the horse's hind quarters so as toretain the injection longer. This will expel the worms and their eggsthat cling to the walls of the rectum. The worms sometimes make theirway so far forward that it is impossible to reach them with aninjection. In this case treat same as for Round worms. 

Where there is irritation produced about the tail the horse continuallyrubs and it is well to apply Mercurial Ointment to both tail and theanus. 

POLL EVIL

Poll Evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of the poll. Itis not a constitutional disease, but comes, no doubt, from well markedcauses, as from inflammation set up and involving the bones and musclesin the region of the poll, and perhaps of the larger ligament. Owing tothe low vitality of the parts and the action of the head in taking food, etc. , the pus is apt to burrow deep into the muscles. 

CAUSE: Direct or indirect injury. A common cause is striking the headagainst a low doorway or an ill-fitting halter or bridle. 

SYMPTOMS: Swelling just back of the ears on one or both sides of thehead. The animal stands with the nose out; slight heat in the parts, pain on pressure. In the first stages, it is merely inflammatory action. The second stage is suppuration, or there may be great swelling in somecases when there is but little pus formed. 

In other cases there is profuse suppuration and the pus makes its wayout and discharges to the surface and sinuses are formed, which extendin various directions. Any abscess in this region is called Poll Evil. 

TREATMENT: When the enlargement is first noticed in the region of thepoll, I would advise the following: Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams;Lard, four ounces, rub in well over the enlargement and perhaps thiswill prevent sinuses from forming, but when the cases are long standingand so-called pipes are formed, I would advise that you secure theservices of an accomplished Veterinarian. 

PETECHIAL FEVER

(Purpura Haemorrhagica)

CAUSE: Constitutional weakness following some debilitating disease suchas Distemper, Pink Eye, Catarrh and even following operations, when ananimal becomes weak and from want of exercise, in which case itgenerally appears during his recovery. It is not infectious and cannotbe transmitted by inoculations. 

SYMPTOMS: There is a slight swelling of the limbs, more likely to beabout the hocks. The swelling may disappear by exercising, but will soonreturn. The swellings present a very abrupt appearance, nearly the sameas if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very quickly, andsymptomatic of Purpura. Exudations take place in which, if on whitelimbs, you will see little red spots, from which a liquid is oozing. Theswelling is very painful and the entire limb may be swollen. Smallvesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous membranes, and it iswell to look at the mucous membranes before giving your opinion, as youwill, no doubt, detect these spots, which may extend into the lungs. These spots increase and may run into each other. The mucous membranesof the nose may become a mass of corrupt matter. The upper lip may hangpendulous, which is due to the want of nervous stimulus. If the nostrilsare swollen very badly, there is difficulty in breathing and if theanimal is not able to take food, the symptoms are considered very bad. The pulse varies much in some cases; although the swelling is verygreat, the pulse may not be more than forty or fifty per minute. Thetemperature is elevated one to three degrees above normal, there may bea coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the nostrils. The mouthand eyes become affected and, together with the discharge from the nose, the horse is a loathsome looking object. In milder cases the appetite isretained, or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse it. The bowels are constipated as a general thing in the first stages of thedisease and the urine may be of a dark color, may even contain blood. There may be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots orit may show itself in connection with the eyes and there may be bloodextravasation without outer symptoms. This disease may affect thebowels, liver, lungs, etc. The animal usually stands, perhaps from thedifficulty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the caseclosely for flies will attack him and he will be filled with maggots. Sloughing may take place; the entire sheath or patches upon the body mayslough off and there may be paralysis of the penis. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, light, comfortable stall. If theweather is cold, blanket. The following medicine is recommended becauseof its particular effect on the blood in this disease: Chlorate ofPotash, eight ounces; Iodide of Potash, eight ounces; Quinine Sulphate, eight ounces. Make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule everysix hours. Also administer one ounce capsules filled with Spirits ofTurpentine three or four times a day. Moisten the capsules with SweetOil and give with capsule gun. Feed hot bran mashes containing two orthree ounces of pure Flaxseed meal. Also, feed vegetables, green grass, if possible. 

QUITTOR

(Fistula of the Foot)

CAUSE: Injuries. Horses working on rough stony roads are subject topunctures, pricks, bruises, corns, treads, etc. , which end in pusformation which does not get a pendant opening and destroys the tissueswith which it comes in contact. Finally it bursts, forms sinuses andpipes, as commonly called, at the top of the hoof. 

SYMPTOMS: Extreme lameness, heat, pain and swelling will show themselvesabout the top of the hoof. As a rule a Quittor develops slowly and ismore or less painful during the first stages. After the sinus is formedand the pus discharges, the inflammation generally subsides. Its healingprocess is often delayed due to the diseased portion of the cartilagesinside the horny hoof. 

TREATMENT: Apply Flaxseed or hot Bran poultices to relieve theinflammation and hasten the formation of sinuses or pipes. Then with anordinary syringe inject the following: Silver Nitrate, ten grains;Water, one ounce. Inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily. Keep thefood clean and the animal as quiet as possible. It is very disagreeable, as stated before, and the healing is very slow, but this must benaturally expected, as we are unable to provide the sinuses with gooddrainage. 

RED WORM

(Strongylus Tetracanthus)

The Red Worm varies in length from one-third to three and one-quarterinches, and is sometimes white though it usually appears to be redbecause of the blood it contains. This parasite is found in all parts ofthe world. Its favorite haunt is marshy land. 

SYMPTOMS: Paleness of all visible membranes, eyes watery and inflamed, swelling of the sheath, legs, and lower surface of the belly; fetiddiarrhoea, dullness, debility, emaciation, rough coat, and the presenceof worms in the feces. The worms when first passed are bright red incolor but after being exposed to the air they turn dark and may easilyescape the notice of the casual observer. 

TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, then place thefollowing drugs in a gelatin capsule: Calomel, two drams, BarbadoesAloes, three drams; Ferri Sulphate, two drams. Give with capsule gun. Also place the following tonic in their feed: Pulv. Quassia, one ounce;Ferri Sulphate, two ounces; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mix and makesixteen powders. Give one powder two or three times a day in the feed. 

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure to cold rains, drafts, lying on damp ground when theblood is in poor condition. Also due to over-stimulating food. 

SYMPTOMS: Lameness, swelling or soreness which may shift from one placeto another, then finally locate in or near one of the joints of thelimbs. 

TREATMENT: Take away all grains and feed laxative foods such aspotatoes, carrots, apples, kale and good hay. If the weather is warmturn out to pasture, but confine in warm stable at night. It isadvisable to give a physic, as Aloin, two drams; Gentian, one dram;Ginger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose withcapsule gun, as its action on the blood has a very good effect. When theswellings are painful, apply Camphorated Liniment once or twice daily. Also, administer the following tonic: Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Nitrateof Potash, two ounces; Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Pulv. GentianRoot, one ounce; Ferri Sulphate, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, fourounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give one powder threetimes a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule gun. 

RING BONE

CAUSE: Faulty conformation--as a narrow or straight pastern joint isconsidered faulty. Be very careful in selecting a sire when breeding, asfaulty conformation is hereditary. Ringbone may also result when younganimals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony pasturessometimes produces Ringbone before the bones have become properlyhardened. Other causes are injury to tendons or ligaments, bruisedjoints, blows, calking, or picking up a nail. 

SYMPTOMS: Lameness will manifest itself when the horse first starts outin the morning; this may become less noticeable or even disappeartemporarily as the animal works. They gradually grow lamer andexamination will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of thehoof. This may appear in one or more feet, but the front feet are moreoften affected. 

TREATMENT: If the Ringbone is very much inflamed, reduce the heat byapplying cold water or ice packs to the part. Clip off all hair fromaround the top of the hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes thefollowing: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. Cantharides, twodrams; Turpentine, one dram; Pine Tar, two drams, and mix in two ouncesof Lard. This applied every two days for a week and repeat sametreatment in two weeks. Keep the animal as quiet as possible as itassists in producing a recovery. If the animal is comparatively young, recovery is certain, although the enlargement may never disappear. 

ROUND WORM

(Ascaris Megalcephala)

Resembles the Earth Worm somewhat in shape, yellowish-white in color, stiff and elastic. When full grown, it varies in length from six tosixteen inches. These worms are usually found in the small intestines, although they sometimes invade the stomach, and when numerous seriouslydisturb the animal's health. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal's general health is affected as is evident from themorbid state of his appetite, rough coat, pot-belly, liability to colicand slight diarrhoea. Some of these worms are often expelled with thefeces. As they increase in number, they block up the small intestines, giving rise to colic, and may in time kill the horse. They sometimescause perforation of the bowels. 

TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, thenadminister the following: Ferri Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate, two drams; Pulv. Quassia, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun. Follow this from six to eight hours with Aloin, twodrams; Ginger, two drams, and give as above directed. It is a good planto repeat the above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of anyworms which may have survived the first treatment. 

SCROTAL RUPTURE

(Inguinal Hernia)

CAUSE: Abnormal size of the upper ring through which a part of theintestines or its connecting membrane descends into and through thecanal leading from the abdomen to the scrotal cavity. There is littledanger of strangulation from this form of rupture which may occur atbirth and disappear with age. A careful examination should therefore bemade of the scrotum before castration. 

SYMPTOMS: In most cases, this condition is easily detected. The scrotumwill be somewhat enlarged. Sometimes the intestines will becomestrangulated and colicky symptoms appear. When a young male colt showssigns of colic, examine him for Scrotal Rupture. 

TREATMENT: The trouble usually disappears with age although in somecases it is well to operate. Where colicky symptoms are present, rollthe colt on its back, manipulating the scrotum. Diet carefully. 

SHOE BOIL

(Capped Elbow)

CAUSE: Injuries, bruises or pressure when lying on a rough floor. Sharpheeled shoes and kicks also have a tendency to produce it. 

SYMPTOMS: A hot painful swelling of the Elbow joint when first noticed. When neglected, it takes on a white fibrous or callous growth. 

TREATMENT: First remove the cause. Do not lance the enlargement; let itcome to a head of its own accord, by applying Red Iodide of Mercury, twodrams; Pulv. Cantharides, three drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix welltogether and apply twice a week. When the swelling is hot and painful itis well to apply cold water or ice packs before applying the abovementioned prescription. 

SPLINTS

CAUSE: This disease is chiefly produced by trotting or running on hardground, etc. It is evident that horses with high knee action and heavybodies are more liable to this disease. Jumping is also a common causeof splints, but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping the lessliable he is to throw splints, because practice teaches the animal toregulate his movements so as to more or less diminish the disagreeableif not actually painful effect of concussion. 

SYMPTOMS: A splint is detected by grasping the horse's leg with thefingers upon one side and the thumb upon the other, and tracing theinner and outer splint bones from their heads downward to their taperingextremities. Any actual enlargement will at once arrest the hand; anyrising or irregularity will create suspicion and lead to closeexamination. Horses, especially young ones which have lately been put towork, not infrequently develop splints before any swelling appears. Forthis reason, in examining a case of obscure lameness, particularly ifthe animal is young, do not fail to look for the sign of splintlameness, namely: that the lameness is abnormally greater at a trot thanat a walk and that the animal usually fails to bend the knees freely andgrows worse with exercise. The last mentioned condition is also presentwith corns, but an examination of the foot will determine the questionof their existence. In young horses splints are sometimes mistaken forcoffin-joint lameness or navicular disease. To avoid this error, itshould be remembered that, when brought on by navicular disease, theaction of the limb improves with exercise; also that horses of fiveyears of age or less very rarely suffer from coffin-joint disease. Somehorses, owing to unusual development of the inner splint bones of thefore legs may appear to have splints, although careful examination mayprove both limbs to be free from any bony deposit. When deciding such apoint, note if the two inner splint bones are of the same size. Anyswelling perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lameness isusually attended by heat and pain. 

TREATMENT: If there is heat present, foment with hot or cold water; whenheat has subsided, apply the following ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Turpentine, twenty drops, and mix. Apply every forty-eighthours until three applications have been applied. Rub in for twentyminutes each time. 

During this treatment use the horse for slow work on soft roads, etc. Asa rule the splints will not disappear at once, but will gradually. I mayadd that common splints are not considered an unsoundness. 

[Illustration: Photograph of four horses. ]PRIZE WINNING PERCHERON STALLIONS LYCEE 105934 (102746);KAPON 97589 (90705); MICMAC 106083 (105208), AND MARTELET 106199 (106199). Owned by Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, Ill. (Dunhams)

SPASMODIC COLIC

CAUSE: Horses seem to be predisposed to this form of colic on account ofthe great length of their intestines which are apt to be telescoped, twisted or their circular muscular fibers spasmodically contracted. Perhaps the principal cause is a change of food, sudden change oftemperature, constipation, drinking cold or too large a quantity ofwater, especially if the animal is warm; overloading the stomach withfrozen or mouldy food. Worms frequently produce colic. 

SYMPTOMS: If the animal is tied it will become uneasy, paw, point itsnose to the flank, twitch the tail, lie down and get up frequently. Ifthe animal is loose it will walk around, paw, kick at its belly with thehind feet, make attempts to lie down, roll on its back and remain inthat position for a while. The pulse increases with the pain, temperature rises from one-half to one degree, breathing labored andfast, the animal sweats in spots, there may be diarrhoea present, butthis does not frequently occur. 

Unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold legs to the feet, pointof the ears cold, trembling of the muscles, cold sweats, mucousmembranes of the nose, mouth and eyes have a dark color due to thecongestion. 

TREATMENT: In all cases of spasmodic colic, except where there isdiarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal, give Aloin, two drams;Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. It is advisable to give rectal injection of Warm Water and Glycerine. They are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal. Also give thefollowing prescription: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Carbonate ofAmmonia, four ounces; Asafoetida, four ounces. Make into six powders;place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every twohours until relieved. The former prescription removes the cause as it isa physic. The latter contains medicines blended so as to counteract thespasmodic contractions of the bowels. It is also a heart stimulant, justwhat is needed in colic to keep up the animal's vitality. Beware ofcolic remedies that are given in drop doses. They contain drugs to onlyrelieve the pain and not remove the cause. When their effects are wornoff, the disease has progressed; the animal's heart action has beenweakened and chances are that the animal will die. If drenching isresorted to, it must be done with great precaution. Remember a horsecannot breathe through his mouth. 

SIDE BONES

CAUSE: The chief causes of Side Bones are: Deprivation of frog pressure, injuries, high heeled shoes, the use of which is almost entirelyconfined to draft horses. A high-heeled shoe prevents the frog fromresting on the ground which is its natural support. 

SYMPTOMS: Enlargement just above the hoof, usually affecting the frontfeet, or may affect only one side of one of the feet. The pain whichproduces the lameness is due to pressure on the soft tissues between thenewly formed side bone and the hoof. Sometimes the enlargement has atendency to spread the hoof. In such a case the lameness is not sosevere. 

TREATMENT: Clip the hair from over the Side Bone and rasp the foot belowthe enlargement, so that the hoof will be flexible on pressure from thefingers. Then apply the following to both the enlargement and the raspedsurface on the hoof: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. Cantharides, four drams. Mix well in two ounces of Lard and apply everyforty-eight hours until three applications have been applied. 

If you must work the animal, put it to some easy work where it has softground to walk upon. 

STAGGERS

(Forage Poisoning--Inflammation of the Brain)

(Cerebral Meningitis)

CAUSE: Certain plants or stagnant water are most commonly instrumentalin producing staggers; frequently seen in the early autumn months whenthe grass in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains greenwhich contains toxic principles. These plants are ravenously eaten byhorses on account of being green and tender. This is one of the commoncauses of the disease, although mouldy, indigestible or highlynitrogenous foods are frequently producers of staggers. This form ofstaggers is not contagious, although what produces staggers in one horsewill also produce it in another. In this way several horses may becomeaffected with staggers at the same time. Inflammation of the brain mayoccur as a complication of some infectious or digestive disease. Othercauses are blows to the head, tumors in or on the brain, which cause theanimal to naturally stagger, as the brain controls the horse's organs oflocomotion. 

SYMPTOMS: Vary to a certain extent, but a careful observer will detectsome trouble connected with the nervous system, as the animal walkingunsteadily, stepping high and keeping the legs spread apart, bracingitself to keep from falling. There is also great depression, as dullnessand sleepiness with little or no inclination to move about. The head maybe placed against a wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if thehorse were trying to walk. As the disease progresses and no attempts aremade to relieve it, they will become fractious, nervous, easily excited, pawing and eventually fall, keeping the feet moving as if walking, throwing their heads about in a delirious manner and eventually deathfollows. The horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously when the firstsigns of staggers are noticed, but in its latter stages the tongue andgullet become paralyzed and although the animal attempts to eat anddrink he cannot swallow. The pulse varies. It is strong, but subnormalwhen the first symptoms of staggers are noticed, that is to say, it isas slow as twenty to twenty-five beats per minute. As the diseaseprogresses, however, it becomes weaker and faster. Constipationfrequently accompanies this disease, also paleness tinged with yellowabout the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes. In many instances Ibelieve that the poisonous forage eaten by horses depresses the heartaction to such an extent that it results in the brain not receiving theproper blood supply, causing dizziness or staggers. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, dark stall, keeping thesurroundings as quiet as possible. In its first stages it is easilytreated, but as the horse becomes easily excited and his swallowingbecomes difficult, treatment becomes more difficult. When the firstsigns are noticed, administer a physic as: Aloin, two or three drams;Ginger, two or three drams, according to the size of the animal. Placein gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. This physic removes theirritant from the intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood. Also administer the following: Bromide of Potassium, twelve ounces;Nitrate of Potash, four ounces; Iodide of Potash, three ounces. Makeinto twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours. 

My method of administering medicine to animals places me in a positionto treat them and compel them to take the medicine even though paralysismay exist. When animals will eat, feed food that is easily digested, ashot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables and give smallquantities, but often, of clean fresh water. It is necessary to givestimulants and tonics as soon as they are on the road to recovery, asPulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Sulphateof Iron, two ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsulethree times daily. 

STIFLE JOINT LAMENESS

(Dislocation of the Patella)

Although dislocations are infrequent, this is the most common form whichoccurs in the horse. 

CAUSE: Young loose jointed horses are predisposed to dislocation of thestifle on account of the comparative want of strength of theirligaments. They are much more liable to this accident than older horses, especially if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures; thenature of which would naturally make them susceptible to this injury, which, however, may take place as a result of accident at any age. Younghorses that suffer, off and on from dislocation, often lose theirliability with increasing strength and age. This dislocation may bepartial or complete. In the former instance and the most common is wherethe patella, or the little stifle bone that glides in the groovecomposed of the lower hip and upper thigh bones, has become partiallydislocated or removed from its natural position. 

SYMPTOMS: When the dislocation is complete the affected limb is drawnforward, while the foot from the pastern down is drawn backward, and theanimal may throw weight on it when made to move, which is accomplishedwith great difficulty. When the dislocation is partial, the symptoms areabout the same as mentioned, only the limb is less rigid. If the horseis moved, the stifle makes a klick sound. In this form, you may haveboth limbs affected. 

TREATMENT: In partial dislocation, the stifle bone may be replaced bydrawing the leg forward, and with the hand pressing in on the stifle. Incomplete dislocation, tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg, then draw the rope through a collar placed around the horse's neck anddraw forward as far as possible and tie. Then press with both handsinward. After the stifle is placed back into position use the followingliniment: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, fourounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well over the stiflejoint once or twice a day for two or three days. Feed nourishing foodand put the animal to slow, easy work or turn out to good pasture. 

In old chronic cases of Stifle Joint Lameness, treatment is of no value, therefore, care for the animal as soon as the catch in the walk orlameness appears. 

STRING-HALT

CAUSE: Several theories have been put forth as to the cause ofString-Halt which is generally supposed to be a nervous disease; acondition opposite to paralysis. The exact cause of this disease is hardto determine, but it is likely to occur in highly nervous horses. Itsometimes follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves in someway. I believe that castration causes it in many instances, due to thesevere struggle when being thrown, or pulling down severely on thespermatic cord when removing the testicle. 

SYMPTOMS: Spasmodic contraction of one or both limbs. This sign varies, as sometimes it is very violent, while in others it may be so slightthat it is hard to detect when stepping the horse forward, but onbacking or turning the horse around the signs are easily noticed. Allsymptoms are better marked in the winter than in the summer, as someshow it in the winter that do not show it in the summer at all. 

TREATMENT: Very unsuccessful, although an operation proves beneficial insome cases, but if this is attempted, the services of a competentVeterinarian should be secured. 

The feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested relievesString-Halt in many instances. 

SORE THROAT

(Pharyngitis--Laryngitis)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold weather or rain when the animal is notaccustomed to it; drenching with irritating medicines or inhalingirritating smoke or gases. 

SYMPTOMS: At first the animal generally chills, the legs and ears arecold, but eventually they become very warm as the temperature increases, coughing, grinding of the teeth, saliva oozing from the mouth; theanimal will hold its head in a stiff straight position, moving it aslittle as possible. There will be great difficulty in masticating andswallowing, as the food will come from the mouth in the form of wads, and as this soreness of the throat progresses food will also come fromthe nostrils. This is a bad sign, as extensive inflammation is no doubtpresent. Water, also, runs through the nostrils freely when the animalattempts to drink, due to the swollen condition of the throat. Theanimal forces the water back into the mouth, but is unable to swallowand hence the water gushes out through the nostrils. The animal evincesgreat pain when pressure is applied from the outside and he breatheswith great difficulty. Although the pulse is not much affected at thisstage, the temperature is elevated from one to two degrees above normal. The urine becomes scanty and highly colored, the eyes bloodshot anddischarging. Eventually the throat becomes greatly swollen and abscessesmay form and discharge. As a rule constipation is associated with thisdisease. 

TREATMENT: Mild attacks of sore throat are easily treated, but whenserious cases develop, it is unsuccessful. Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall; permit as much fresh air as possible, but avoid alldrafts. If the weather is chilly, blanket the animal, hand rub the legsand bandage with woolen cloths or bandage. Administer a mixture madefrom Chlorate of Potash, three ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces;Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, one-half pint; Pine Tar, one-halfpint. Mix well and place about one tablespoonful on the tongue every twohours in severe cases; in mild attacks, give less frequently. When theywill eat, feed food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashesand steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of pure groundflaxseed. It is always necessary to apply strong liniments to thethroat, as they relieve inflammation and stimulate the formation of anabscess. The following liniment will be found very beneficial: AquaAmmonia Fort. , four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces; shake well and apply two or three times daily. If theswelling is extreme between the jaws, so as to interfere with theanimal's breathing, it is well to lance the abscess if a soft spot canbe found. Just cut through the skin with a knife; then use a clean bluntinstrument to locate the pus cavity. Otherwise, severe hemorrhage may beproduced. 

SURFEIT

(Nettle-Rash--Urtecaria)

CAUSE: The usual cause of Surfeit is supposed to be due to a characterof food consumed which upsets the animal's digestive organs, the skinbeing continuous with the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal. A disturbance of the one structure is readily communicated to the other. Apparently, owing to the extreme dry nature of the forage during thegreater part of the year, horses in the United States frequently sufferfrom Surfeit. 

SYMPTOMS: Surfeit is a term applied to an eruption of small irregularlumps or boils which are more or less painful to the touch and whichbreak out suddenly as a rule on the horse's body and neck, and in rarecases on the legs. A favorite seat of Surfeit is the parts covered withthe harness or saddle and along the neck and withers. Surfeit is verytroublesome and annoys both the horse and driver, especially when thehorse perspires, as he will rub violently when coming in contact withany object. 

TREATMENT: Give two to four ounces of Epsom Salts in hot wheat branmashes every morning. Feed as much sloppy food as possible, vegetables, etc. Avoid feeding dry woody hay, as it irritates the intestines andaggravates the disease. 

SWEENEY

(Atrophy)

CAUSE: An ill fitting collar, one tug longer than the other, striking anobject when pulling, like a stone or a corner of a building, slipping, kicks, or the animal may have a splint, sprain, ringbone, side bone, coffin-joint lameness, curb, corns, stifle lameness, in fact anythingthat tends to make an animal favor the use of certain muscles. It is nota disease, just a lack in the development of the muscles, which wasteaway or shrink when not used as nature provided. For instance, perhapsyou have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg or arm and onaccount of not being able to use the leg or arm the muscles wasted away(Atrophy), until they were used normally for sometime, when the musclesagain came back to their normal size. 

SYMPTOMS: First locate the cause. The animal may be very lame although Ihave seen Sweeneys where lameness was very hard to detect, being thosewhich were usually due to ill fitting collars. Remember you can have aSweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder, and keep in mind the abovementioned causes. 

TREATMENT: When you have an animal affected with Sweeney, find the truecause and remove it if possible. Unless the Sweeney is an old chronicone, it is successfully treated with Aqua Ammonia Fort. , four ounces;Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply well overwasted muscles once a day. If the application is too irritating, as somehorses have thinner skins than others, it is advisable to add more SweetOil than above mentioned. 

TAPEWORM

(Taenia)

These worms have been found in the horse, but so rarely that they neednot be considered. 

THOROUGHPIN

CAUSE: Generally due to some irritation of the hock joint such as severesprains from animal jumping, slipping, kick or falling through a culvertor bridge or it is frequently hereditary; so be very careful in choosinga sire when breeding. 

SYMPTOMS: Sometimes there is lameness when the Thoroughpin is firstnoticed, but it will gradually disappear as soon as the inflammationceases. There will be a puffy, soft enlargement which occurs at theupper and back part of the hock, beneath the great tendons. Generallyboth sides are enlarged and puffy, but occasionally it happens that oneside is only involved. Thoroughpin is also a forerunner of Bog Spavin asthey generally are connected, as you are aware that the hock containsjoint oil as all other joints do, retained in place by a thin, whitefibrous membrane. Irritation of the hock joint tends to develop an extralarge quantity of joint oil, and the hock is less protected by tendonswhere a Thoroughpin or Bog Spavin occurs--hence those puffy swellingsare filled with joint oil and are connected. If you press on one side ofa Thoroughpin, you will see the other side bulge out. If you press on aBog Spavin and there is a Thoroughpin present, you will see it bulge oneither side of the Thoroughpin--or vice versa. 

TREATMENT: If on an old horse and the Thoroughpin is of long standing, treatment is unsatisfactory, but on the other hand if the animal isyoung it can be successfully treated with Tincture of Iodine, one ounce;Gum Camphor, two ounces; Gasolene, one pint. Mix well and rub in withnail or tooth brush twice a week. Keep the animal as quiet as possibleas the results will be accomplished much sooner. Never attempt to openor lance a puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil. Theresult would be an open joint. 

THRUSH

CAUSE: The two main causes of Thrush are lack of pressure on the frogand the decomposing effect of filth and fermentation of organic matterwhich accumulates in the cleft of the frog. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal in some cases is lame; there will be a swellingaccompanied by a very fetid discharge; in some cases the frog haspractically rotted away; there will be more or less inflammation in thefoot. The legs may even swell. Thrush is more frequently found in thehind feet because of the manure and filth with which they must come incontact. 

TREATMENT: Cut away all loose pieces of horn from over the frog andapply a Flaxseed meal poultice and leave it on for twenty-four hours, after which wash well with Soap and warm water. Then apply Calomel tothe groove in the frog. Keep the foot clean. Do not allow the animal tostand in filth. 

WIND COLIC

(Flatulent Colic)

CAUSE: This dangerous form of Colic is a distension of the bowels withgas, resulting generally from the decomposition of undigested food inthe bowels. It sometimes follows Spasmodic Colic, in which there isfirst spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of undigestedmatter, and subsequently this food decomposes and forms gas. I mayconclude that Flatulent or Wind Colic is usually caused by errors infeeding and watering horses. Perhaps the animal has been given largequantities of rank grass, watery roots, which on account of its moistnature is quickly swallowed without being properly masticated. 

SYMPTOMS: The signs resemble those of Spasmodic Colic, except that theyare less violent. In most cases there is general accumulation of gas, the abdomen distended to a considerable size before the animal showssigns of uneasiness. In cases where the animal swells on the right side, it is the large intestines filled with gas. In other cases where bothsides are equally swollen, the stomach and small intestines contain gas. The horse's back will have an arched appearance, passing of gas from theanus frequently, the horse will make attempts to vomit. In some casesactual vomiting takes place. This is a bad sign, as rupture of thestomach usually occurs at this stage. 

TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams, in gelatin capsuleand give with capsule gun. However, this is a physic and should not begiven to mares heavily in foal. Also apply to the abdominal cavity, liniment consisting of Aqua Ammonia Fort. , four ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix and rub in wellover the abdomen. 

To mares heavy with foal, apply the above liniment and give rectalinjections of Glycerine and warm water frequently. 

The following remedy should be administered to all cases of Colic, including mares heavy with foal: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, sixounces; Turpentine, six ounces. Mix well together and place one ounce ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every hour. Puncturing theintestines is advisable in some cases to relieve them of gas. Thisrequires a special instrument for the purpose and no one should attemptto perform the operation unless they know the anatomy of the part, asthe arteries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce internalhemorrhage or infection of the intestines, or abscesses may follow. 

WIND GALLS

CAUSE: By concussions from fast work on hard roads and from sprains fromslipping. 

SYMPTOMS: When concussions alone are responsible, the suspensoryligament and the back tendons will at first be in a normal condition, and the swelling will probably be confined to both the inside andoutside of the leg, and may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling oneach side of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb on thejoint. In more serious cases resulting from sprains, the vacant spacebetween the back tendons and the suspensory ligament may also becomefilled with fluids. In other words, a Wind Gall has formed. In somecases the animal may be lame. 

TREATMENT: When there is heat present apply cold, wet packs until theheat disappears. Then apply Tincture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum Camphor, two ounces; to one pint of Gasolene. Apply every three days with nail ortooth brush. Shake contents of the bottle well each time beforeapplying. 

I may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat and is notalways successful, so do not be discouraged if the enlargements do notdisappear, but the above prescription has proven the most successful ofany treatment I have personally used in my private practice. 

WOLF OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH

Wolf Teeth are comparatively small in size and have only one root andare found just in front of the upper molar teeth. Sometimes they doharm, but that is an exception and not the rule. They can be easilyremoved with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out in someinstances. 

I think they interfere with the eyes, causing them to become watery andinflamed due to the tooth exerting some influence upon the ophthalmicdivision of the fifth nerve. 

Supernumerary Teeth: Tooth substance may develop in almost any part ofthe body. These are called Supernumerary Teeth and are most commonlyfound in the testicles, ovaries and sinuses of the head, etc. 

WOUNDS

Wounds caused by external injuries have a general resemblance, andwhether clean-cut, punctured, lacerated, poisonous, gunshot, etc. , require practically the same treatment. 

TREATMENT: Wash with a Carbolic solution, one tablespoonful to one pintof distilled water. 

SEWING OF WOUNDS: I cannot say that I am in favor of sewing woundsunless they are gaping or wide open. 

After the wound is washed, dust with Iodoform, Boracic Acid and TannicAcid, each one ounce. Powder finely and place in a sifter top can andapply twice daily. Cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the woundafter being saturated in a Carbolic Acid solution, using a large darningneedle. If the animal is vicious, place a twitch on his nose or it maybe necessary to throw him. 

DISEASES OF CATTLE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

[Illustration: Photograph of cow with numbers referring tothe parts named below. ]

1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Muzzle4. Face5. Eyes6. Forehead7. Ears6. Poll9. Horns10. Jaws11. Dewlap12. Brisket13. Neck14. Withers15. Crops16. Shoulders17. Heart Girth18. Fore flank19. Legs20. Feet21. Dew claws22. Belly23. Milk wells24. Milk veins25. Fore udder26. Teats27. Barrel or ribs28. Back29. Coupling30. Rear Flanks31. Hook points32. Tail-head33. Pin bones or thurls34. Rump35. Esoutcheon36. Tail37. Thighs38. Rear Udder39. Switch

CHAPTER II

ABSCESSES

CAUSE: Bruises and injuries. They are also seen in complication withvarious other diseases, as Laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Tuberculosis, LumpJaw, Blood Poison or Pyemia and Septicemia. 

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms will vary according to the nature of the disease orinjury. It may not be noticed at first, but upon careful examinationswollen lines will be observed running from the point of swelling. Inmany cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful and throbbing, which enlarges rapidly in two or three days. The swelling and heatgradually disappear but the Abscess continues to grow. The hair fallsfrom the point of swelling and in a short time breaks and dischargespus. The cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation. 

TREATMENT: In all cases, hasten the ripening process as much as possibleby applying hot water packs or hot bran, flaxseed or vegetablepoultices. It is common with Veterinarians to lance an Abscess as soonas possible, but this requires considerable skill and practice and Iwould advise stock owners to be very cautious when performing thisoperation, as there is great danger of cutting arteries which wouldcause excessive bleeding. A very good plan is to encourage the fullripening of an Abscess, as above stated. When opened, do not squeeze theAbscess to any extent, but press gently with clean hands or cloth toremove the core or clot. After this, just simply keep the Abscess openby washing with a three per cent Carbolic Acid solution, or Bichlorideof Mercury, one in one thousand solution. Hyposulphite of Soda in ouncedoses should be given two or three times a day in their drinking water. This will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into theblood circulation. 

ABORTION

(Non-Contagious)

CAUSE: Injuries from slipping or falling on icy roads, in box cars, anddeep gutters; receiving blows on the body, keeping the animal ininsanitary stables, eating poor food that may be irritating orpoisonous, etc. In such cases, the cow's vitality is low so that thefoetus dies and is expelled as a result. Losing large quantities ofblood also produces Abortion, or a cow heavy with calf, on being placedin the same quarters with the cows that retain their afterbirth, isliable to abort. Intestinal worms, lung worms, liver flukes, causing anexcessive drain upon the system or producing irritation of the digestiveorgans, in consequence of which cow gets very poor and emaciated. Theabove mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of "Non-ContagiousAbortion. "

SYMPTOMS: The cow is uneasy, becomes separated from the herd, the bagand vagina may be slightly inflamed and perhaps the latter discharging. If a cow heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt, rags, nails, etc. , this is a sign of a lack of iron or phosphorus in hersystem and food containing these elements should be provided. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Provide clean, warm, comfortable quarters, goodfood, pure water to drink, do not subject her to any injuries, do notpermit her coming in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth. 

The above mentioned is very important, especially if the cows arevaluable and a large yield of milk is expected. If they have worms, treat the same as under their special heading. If they have a loss ofblood or a lack of mineral matter in their system, the following is veryefficient: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, twoounces; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteenpowders. Give one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in agelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 

AMAUROSIS OF THE EYE

CAUSE: Paralysis of the optic nerve. 

SYMPTOMS: Pupil fully dilated and of a glassy appearance. This conditionis sometimes called "Glass Eye. " The cow carries the head high and stepshigh. This condition is very uncommon in cattle. 

TREATMENT: Nothing can be done for a cow if she is blind, but thiscondition may be prevented if detected in its early stages ofdevelopment by the proper feeding of nourishing food, good cleansurroundings and the administration of nerve tonics, as Pulv. NuxVomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Potassium Iodide, three ounces. Make into twenty-four powders and place one powder in feedtwo or three times daily; or make into twenty-four capsules and give onecapsule two or three times a day with capsule gun. 

ANTHRAX

Anthrax is a very contagious disease and is communicable to all warmblooded animals and man. 

CAUSE: Due to the presence of a germ called the Bacillus of Anthrax andis one of the oldest diseases attributed to germs. These Bacilli thrivein warm climates, although found in cold countries. The infection iscarried to various parts of the world by box-cars, ships, hides, hoofs, horns, wool and hair taken from sick or dead animals affected withAnthrax. This, perhaps, is the most common method of spreading thedisease. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, grinding of the teeth indicating great pain, trembling of the muscles, temperature elevated to 104 or 106 degrees F. , breathing very rapid, pulse fast and weak, hair rough. There are somecases where the animals are seized quickly with the disease and die verysuddenly. This form resembles apoplexy. Carbuncles or Abscesses are seenon the surface of the body in nearly all cases, also a bloody dischargefrom the mouth and nose. The animal may stamp the ground, rear in theair, run and finally go into convulsions and die. This is termed "thefurious form of Anthrax. "

TREATMENT: Prevention is the most important. Fields or pastures that areinfected with this disease should be burned every summer if possible, todestroy the germs. The animals that succumb to the disease should beburied deeply and quicklime thrown upon them, also any blood stains uponthe ground should have a strong disinfectant thrown upon them. The hideof such an animal should not be used as the person removing it is likelyto contract the same disease, especially if an abrasion is present onthe hand, or such a hide or any portion thereof is likely to spread theinfection after reaching the tannery, etc. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT OR SERUM TREATMENT: This is the only thorough methodof eradicating the disease, and when this disease once becomes prevalentin a locality the services of a competent Veterinarian should be securedand all the animals inoculated. 

BARRENNESS

(Failure to Breed)

CAUSE: Wasting or Atrophy, chronic inflammation of the mucous membranelining the organs of generation, Whites, absence or excessive secretionsof the organs of generation, contraction or displacement of the womb, horns being telescoped or twisted, cysts or growths of the ovaries, in-breeding or being a twin, are the predisposing causes of Barrenness. 

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful as a rule. Unless the cow is very valuable, treatment is not advisable. A careful examination, however, isrecommended. If due to contraction of the neck of the womb it can bereadily dilated by the use of the hand, after being greased withCarbolated Sweet Oil before attempting to perform the operation. 

BLACK LEG

(Symptomatic Anthrax--Black Quarter)

CAUSE: Due to germs. The Bacillus of Black Leg perhaps gains entrance tothe blood by wounds of the skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouthand the intestines. This disease principally affects cattle, althoughsheep and goats may become affected with the same disease. 

SYMPTOMS: This disease affects cattle that are in good condition betweenthe ages of six months and two years. In most cases death is verysudden, and perhaps the animal is found dead. The first symptoms arehigh temperatures from 104 to 108 degrees F. , loss of appetite, theanimal stops chewing the cud, breathing considerably hurried, the jointsof the limbs become swollen, also the chest and shoulders. All theswellings are painful on pressure and spread very rapidly over the body. The affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down frequently. If the hand is passed over the body, there is a peculiar crackling sounddue to the gas developing under the skin. At the most distended portionsof the swellings, the skin becomes dry and the animal apparently has nosense of feeling. If the skin is punctured at this place, there will bea dark-red, frothy discharge which has a very disagreeable odor. Therewill be a shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from convulsions. 

TREATMENT: Remove non-affected animals to non-infected pastures, andconfine affected animals to as small a territory as possible. Thecarcasses of the dead animals should be buried deep and covered withlime or burned, being very careful that all blood stains on the groundwhere the animals have been skinned are thoroughly disinfected. Inoculation is necessary, and is the best form of treatment inlocalities where Black Leg exists. Inoculate or vaccinate the calveswhen six months old or over, although after the animal reaches the ageof two years or over they generally become immune from this disease. 

BLEEDING

(Hemorrhage)

CAUSE: Sometimes bleeding follows dehorning, castration, and wounds dueto various other causes. 

TREATMENT: When bleeding from a large artery, it should be tied with aclean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps orcauterized with a hot iron. Sometimes compression by the use of tightlybound bandages proves effective, although the former appliances are morepractical. Tincture Chloride of Iron applied to small arteries or veinscauses the blood to clot in the arteries or veins and hence stops theHemorrhage. It is very essential that all wounds should be treatedantiseptically and I cannot say that I favor washing a wound with wateronly in cases where the wound is very filthy, and I prefer powderapplications in preference to any other antiseptics. The following willbe found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds:Boracic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, two drams; Tannic Acid, one-halfounce; Calomel, one dram. Powder finely and mix well. Place in siftertop can and apply two or three times daily. 

BLOATING

A very common disorder in cattle and characterized by a puffed upappearance of the left flank. The cow has four stomachs of which therumen is the largest, its capacity being about fifty gallons in theaverage cow, and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cowbloats. 

CAUSE: Eating green clover or alfalfa; even when a cow is accustomed tothis diet, it may cause bloating if wet with dew or rain; cured alfalfa, moldy or frozen mangles will also produce bloating; the above mentionedfoods undergo a process of fermentation which causes excessive formationof gas, and death may result very quickly and may be due to rupture ofthe stomach or the diaphragm (muscle separating the abdominal and lungcavities), but is more often due to suffocation caused by the distensionof the stomach which becomes so large that it presses the diaphragmforward against the lungs in such a manner as to stop their movement andthe animal smothers. When the cow falls, it indicates that one of thesepossibilities has occurred and death follows quickly. 

SYMPTOMS: Cattle usually bloat suddenly and without warning; the leftflank becomes abnormally swollen; back is arched, breathing labored;sometimes the tongue hangs out and the animal bellows. When rupture orsuffocation occurs the animal reels, staggers, and falls, after whichnothing more can be done. 

TREATMENT: No time should be lost. Where the stomach is enormouslydistended with gas so as to cause the animals to stagger and breathevery rapidly, they should be gagged. This can be easily accomplished bytaking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter, and eight inches toone foot long, placing it in their mouth and retaining it in thatposition by tying a string on each end and placing it back of the ears. If this does not give relief immediately, puncture the left flank aboutfive inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone. However, puncturing should not be resorted to only in cases where death threatensthe animal, as abscesses, infection and severe hemorrhage may follow. Avery reliable medical treatment for this condition should be in themedicine chest of every stockman, such as Pulv. Asafetida, Oil ofTurpentine, each one ounce. Place in gelatin capsules. This is a veryefficient remedy for the eradication of excessive fermentation of gasesin the stomach or bloating. 

BLOOD POISON

(Pyemia-Septicaemia)

CAUSE: Due to a septic infection taken into the blood, frequently foundin cows with retained afterbirths, following inflammation of the womb orintestines, wounds and bruises of the skin and frequently found incalves affected with Joint Ill. 

SYMPTOMS: High temperature 103 to 107 degrees F. , pulse rapid andfeeble, breathing increased, grinding of the teeth, the animal refusesto eat in most cases and ceases to chew the cud, although there may begreat thirst present. Abscesses may form in various parts of the body, the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be injected with blood, givingthem a dark-red appearance, although in the latter stages of BloodPoison this may change to a yellowish tinge. Constipation or Diarrhoeamay be connected with the disease. The animal dies by general emaciationfrom four to six days after the first symptoms are noticed. 

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as when the infection once becomes absorbed inthe blood it is always certain that death will follow. If due toinjuries or wounds, wash them with Bichloride solution, one part to onethousand parts of water, but if due to retained afterbirth orinflammation of the womb, inject one gallon of distilled watercontaining five per cent Carbolic Acid. If in young calves, treat thesame as under the heading of Joint Ill. If due to inflammation of theintestines, give Hyposulphite of Soda, two ounces; Potassi Iodide, onedram, two or three times a day in their drinking water. When abscessesform, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. If the animal is constipatedplace two drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Gentian Root in a capsuleand give with capsule gun. If Diarrhoea is present give Gum Catechu, twodrams; Protan, three drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one grain. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feed warm wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass, if possible. 

BLOODY FLUX

(Dysentery)

CAUSE: Chilling of the outer surface of the body. Improper feeding, ascontaminated food or water, sometimes connected with parasitic diseasesof the intestines. 

SYMPTOMS: Dysentery is a sign of some irritation of the intestinesterminating into increased contractions of muscular fibers of thebowels. The fecal matter, if frequently expelled, at first consists of athick feces, but as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes verythin and watery and tinged with blood and very offensive. When the firstsigns are noticed the animals show no constitutional disturbances, butlater they exhibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank. Atthis stage they are very weak, throwing the feet well together, givingthe back an arched appearance, and are very uneasy although they may liedown frequently. Temperature elevated from one to three degrees. Theanimal becomes emaciated and eventually dies. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Keep theanimal quiet. Give pure water to drink in small quantities but often. Ifthe animal will eat, feed steamed rolled oats, etc. Flaxseed tea is verybeneficial, as it is soothing to the intestines and assists in removingthe irritations. Pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint ofpure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, then compel the animal to drink it. The following prescription will be found very effective in all forms ofDiarrhoea: Tannic Acid, one ounce; Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, twoounces; Beechwood Creosote, four scruples; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every three orfour hours with capsule gun. 

[Illustration: Photograph of several cows with farm buildings in thebackground. ]DAIRY HERD AT OAKLAWN FARM, WAYNE, ILLS. (DUNHAMS. )

BLOODY MILK

CAUSE: Bloody Milk may be the result of injury, congestion, inflammationof the udder. Feeding on rich milk-producing food suddenly may produceit. Bloody Milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in heat orfrom eating resinous plants or shrubs. 

TREATMENT: It is advisable in most cases to give a physic consisting oftwo drams of Aloin and Ginger two drams. Also administer PotassiumNitrate, four ounces; Potassium Chlorate, two ounces, made into eightcapsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule gun. If due torich food, reduce it. If due to eating resinous plants, remove them fromthe pasture containing such shrubbery. Where congestion or inflammationof the bag is thought to produce it, apply Hot Water Packs, then dry andapply Blue Ointment and Camphorated Ointment, equal parts, two ounces. Mix well and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day. 

BLUE MILK

CAUSE: This condition is due to a germ (the Bacillus Cyanogenes) whichmay occur in rich milk or cream immediately after being drawn or thegerm may find its way into the opening of the teat. 

TREATMENT: Injections into the teat of a solution composed of thefollowing: Hyposulphite of Soda, two drams; Boracic Acid, one dram, dissolved in one pint of boiling water. Permit to cool and inject asmall quantity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four days. This will destroy the Blue Milk producing germ without any injuries tothe cow, udder or teats. 

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies. It is commonly seenafter drenching from liquid escaping into the windpipe instead of goingdown the gullet. Animals exposed to cold, wet weather when notaccustomed to it frequently develop Bronchitis. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, chilling, temperature elevated two or threedegrees above normal; ears and legs cold, nose hot and dry, breathingshort and labored, painful coughing, slight discharge from the nostrilsand saliva oozing from the mouth. If the ear is placed over the lowerportion of the neck, a crepitating sound can be heard. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall where there ispure air and light but no drafts. Clothe the body if the weather iscold. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths. Give inhalationsof steam from Hot Water and Pine Tar for twenty minutes two or threetimes a day. Also administer Nux Vomica, four ounces; Ginger, fourounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Make into sixteen capsules andgive one capsule every four hours. Applications of the followingliniment are of some value: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , three ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Apply over the regionof the windpipe the full length of the neck. 

CALF SCOURS

(Cholera--White Scours--Bloody Flux)

CAUSE: It is produced by a specific germ and is communicated by director indirect contact with the germ which may gain entrance into the bloodby the umbilical cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestivecanal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated with thedisease-producing germ. The more common means of spreading the diseaseis through pails, drinking troughs, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: One of the most deadly forms of Diarrhoea. This usuallyappears a few days after birth, although in some cases it takes severaldays for it to develop. Every sign of Diarrhoea is present, as frequentpassages of feces of a yellowish-white color, frothy and very offensivein odor. The calf is very dull, weak, back arched, hair rough, eyesglassy and sunken back in their sockets, belly retracted, breathingshort and fast. The calf finally lies flat on the side, head resting onthe floor or ground with a temperature generally below normal. The calffinally becomes unconscious and death follows. 

TREATMENT: Give Protan, three ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains; Gum Catechu, powdered, two ounces; Ginger, one ounce; BeechwoodCreosote, one dram. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule everytwo hours until relieved. When the calf will take its feed, if notnursing its mother, see that the milk is pure and the utensil containingit thoroughly scalded with hot water. Keep the animal in clean, sanitaryquarters, as quiet as possible for a few days, and if the disease is nottoo far advanced a good recovery will follow. 

CALVING

Signs of Normal Calving are firmness and enlargement of the udder, extending well forward following the milk veins. The teats as a ruledischarge a thin milky fluid, relaxation of the muscles on each side ofthe croup or the base of the tail. The outer surface of the womb becomesswollen and inflamed, discharging sticky, stringy, transparent mucus. The cow becomes uneasy, stops eating, and if in a pasture becomesseparated from the rest of the herd; will lie down and get upalternately as if in great agony. When birth pains start, the back isarched, and a severe straining follows the contraction of the abdominalmuscles. The membranes covering the foetus will be the first to maketheir appearance, engorged with a fluid from the womb. This is commonlyknown as the water bag, which eventually bursts and the two fore feetcan be seen, and, as the animal continues to strain, the nose and headwill be next to be seen. When the calf's shoulders are exposed, the cowas a rule rises suddenly to her feet and the entire calf is expelled, also the membranes surrounding it, but the membranes next to the womb, as a general rule, remain longer and sometimes require artificialassistance to remove them. (See Retention of the Afterbirth. ) Destroythe foetal membranes by burning or burying them deeply. Do not permitthe cow to eat them. Wash the calf's navel with Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one thousand parts water, once or twice a day until thenavel is thoroughly dry, as an infection may follow, producing Joint Illor Scours, from which death may result. 

ABNORMAL CALVING: This is a condition where the foetus is not normallypresented, as that just described. Their feet may be presented in anormal manner, but the head and neck twisted back or to one side, or thehead and one fore foot may be presented normally, while the other forefoot is doubled back, or there may be a breech presentation as the rumpof a foetus with both hind feet thrown close to its body. This is a verydifficult presentation, especially if in a young animal. A foetusabnormally presented requires good judgment and cleanliness, alsolubrication of the walls of the womb with unsalted Lard, Cotton or SweetOil. Endeavor to place the foetus in as near a normal position aspossible before any force is used in its delivery, although where bothhind feet are presented, it is advisable to remove it in this position. The hands and ropes should be clean and washed with a five per centsolution of Carbolic Acid. It is not only dangerous to the animal, butto the operator as well, if proper antiseptic precautions are notpracticed. 

Space does not permit me going into details on various foetalpresentations nor does it permit me to explain the exact methods oroperations I would use in each particular case. Nevertheless, goodjudgment and cleanliness are important. Do not hurry. Take your time, and you will be successful in most cases. 

When the foetus is removed, and the afterbirth does not come away withintwelve or eighteen hours, remove it. (See Retention of Afterbirth, whichwill describe its means of attachment and its removal. )

CASTING THE WITHERS

(Eversion of the Womb)

CAUSE: Failure of the womb to contract after Calving. If the wombcontracts naturally and the afterbirth expelled, the cavity of the wombis nearly closed and the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that thehand cannot be inserted. When the womb fails to contract, one or bothhorns of the womb become so relaxed that they fall into the cavitycausing straining and contraction of the abdominal muscles, forcing thewomb out gradually until the organ is turned inside out. The womb can beeasily distinguished from the other membranes on account of the presenceof sixty to eighty mushroom-like bodies (cotyledons) two to four inchesin diameter attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck. The wombwhen hanging out becomes engorged with blood and inflamed until it is aslarge as a grain sack, very dark in color, tears and bleeds with theslightest touch. Later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous. 

SYMPTOMS: At first, the general health is not very much interfered with, but the inflammation which is marked by an elevation in temperaturebecomes very noticeable, accompanied by severe straining and exhaustion. The animal lies down, but continues to strain until death, unless reliefis afforded the animal at once. 

TREATMENT: Great care must be exercised. The parts of the womb coming incontact with the cow's hips, tail or floors must be thoroughly washedwith a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid, using a soft cloth orsponge to remove dirt, clots, etc. Place the cow in a position so as tohave her hind quarters much higher than the head, and then endeavor toreplace the womb. After washing as stated above, bandage the tail with aclean cloth; have an assistant hold up the womb and the operator usegentle manipulation and pressure with clean hands; this perhaps is thebest method of replacing the womb. Then follow by flushing out the wombwith a weak Carbolic Acid solution and luke warm water. This has atendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus and preventinfection. If the cow continues to strain, give Potassium Bromide inounce doses every two or three hours in her drinking water, or place incapsule and give with capsule gun. 

Sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and the following will befound very effective: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule every six hours with capsule gun. 

It is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with the hind partselevated, until the signs of straining have ceased. 

CATARACT OF THE EYE

CAUSE: Is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye produced by aninjury or weakened condition of the optic nerve. 

SYMPTOMS: If the pupil of one of the eyes appears larger than the otherit is well to make a careful examination, as this is the first sign ofCataract. If such a condition is neglected, partial or completeblindness will follow and a white, pearly deposit can be seen on thelens of the eye. 

TREATMENT: Very unsatisfactory unless treated carefully when the firstsigns are noticed. Place the animal in a darkened stable. Feed clean, sloppy food and it may be necessary to give a physic consisting of twodrams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Ginger, placed in a capsule and givenwith capsule gun. The following ointment, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, fourgrains; Lanolin, one ounce, should be mixed well and applied to the eyetwo or three times a day. 

CATARRH

CAUSE: Ill ventilated stables, inhalations of irritating gases or suddenexposure to cold, wet weather, after being accustomed to warm stables. Most commonly seen in the Spring or Fall. 

SYMPTOMS: Chilling and temperature elevated one or two degrees, pulsenot much affected, breathing hurried to some extent, sneezing, coughing, dullness and the appetite is slightly impaired. In the first stages thenostrils are very dry and considerably inflamed, but in the course of afew days the fever subsides and a profuse discharge from the nose isobserved. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in dry, well ventilated stall, blanket welland supply a good quality and quantity of bedding. Give inhalations fromsteam and hot water and Pine Tar. If the animal is constipated, giverectal injections of Soap and Warm Water two or three times a day. Alsoadminister Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux Vomica, each four ounces;Capsicum, two ounces, and Pulv. Ginger two ounces. Make into twenty-fourcapsules and give one capsule three or four times a day. This should notbe neglected, as neglected Catarrh is liable to be followed byLaryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleurisy or other diseases of theorgans of breathing, which are very serious and sometimes cause thedeath of the animal. 

CHAPPED TEATS

CAUSE: Anything that tends to irritate them. A sudden chilling of theteat in cold weather after the calf has just let it go, or after theoperation of milking with wet hands or from an animal wading throughdeep water or tall wet grass. Also filth or irritants coming in contactwith teats when lying down. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible and dry the teats well aftereach milking and apply Zinc Oxide ointment. Feed laxative food that iseasily digested, as it has a very good effect on the blood, consequentlyit promotes the healing of wounds. 

CHOKING

(Obstruction of the Esophagus)

CAUSE: An obstruction of the Esophagus (gullet) produced by an animalattempting to swallow apples, potatoes, roots, dry grain, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: A stringy discharge of saliva from the mouth, violentcoughing, wrenching of the head and neck. The animal will bloat veryquickly if the Esophagus or gullet is completely obstructed. 

TREATMENT: The obstruction as a rule is easily located, and as quicklyas possible withdraw the obstruction by inserting the hand andextracting the object. Do not attempt to push the object down into thestomach, except as a last resort, as there is a great deal of danger ofrupturing the Esophagus or gullet. Push the object upward by gentlemanipulation from the outside. If this fails, a smooth piece of hoseabout eight or nine feet long, well greased with Lard, Butter or Oil, should be passed down the Esophagus or gullet. A block of wood about twoinches in diameter with a hole bored through the center just a littlelarger than the hose, placed in the mouth, will prevent the animal frombiting the hose, and make the operation easier. 

When the animal is bloated severely, puncture with a knife about four orfive inches from the point of the hip downward and forward. 

CHRONIC DYSENTERY

(Bacterial Dysentery--Jones Disease)

CAUSE: Acid-fast Bacillus resembling the Tubercular Bacillus that invadethe intestines by the way of the animal drinking water or eating foodcontaining the Acid-fast Bacteria. 

SYMPTOMS: Diarrhoea, loss of flesh, although the appetite is good, hairbecomes dry and harsh, temperature remains about normal. The Diarrhoeabecomes persistent and tinged with blood. The animal becomes emaciatedand anemic, exhausted, and death follows. This disease may continue fora month or even a year before death takes place. However this is veryuncommon. They generally die very shortly. 

TREATMENT: Separate the affected cattle from the healthy ones. All fecalmatter should be deeply buried or burned, the stalls, barnyards, alsothoroughly disinfected. Administration of medicine thus far has beenunsatisfactory, although a treatment should be directed toward theintestines with internal antiseptics such as Zinc Sulphocarbolates, oneand one-half grains; Protan, three drams; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram;Bismuth Subnitrate, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. This dose should be repeated three or four times a day. Feed a good quality of food, such as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolledoats and see that the water supply is fresh and non-contaminated. 

COLIC

CAUSE: Drinking large quantities of cold water when overheated. However, this disorder is very uncommon in cattle owing to the fact that they arenot worked, seldom overheated and drink water very slowly. 

SYMPTOMS: Kicking or raising of the feet to the belly. Lying down andgetting up alternately. Distention of the stomach or paunch with gas. The animal chills or shivers, etc. 

TREATMENT: Strong stimulants or tonics as the following will giveimmediate results if administered in its first stages: Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Ginger, two ounces; Pulv. Capsicum, two ounces. Makeinto eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved. Give the capsules with capsule gun. If severe bloating accompanies acase of Colic in cattle place one ounce dose of Oil of Turpentine inounce capsules and give with capsule gun. 

[Illustration: Photograph of bull. ]CHAMPION GALLOWAY BULL, STANDARD FAVORITE, INTERNATIONAL 1913. Owned by C. S. Hetehncr, Chariton, Iowa. 

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS

CAUSE: Cattle permitted to stand in drafts when warm after being driven, etc. , irritating drugs escaping into the lungs when drenching, as it isvery difficult for cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated. 

SYMPTOMS: Dullness. The animal loses its spirits, so to speak, usuallyshivers or trembles. When this ceases, the temperature rises to perhaps105 or 106 degrees F. The ears and legs grow cold, the nose hot and dry, pulse rapid but firm, breathing short and labored, a short hacking coughwill be present. Such animals generally remain standing. 

Other symptoms are constipation, the feces covered with mucus or aslime, great thirst. The eyes are inflamed and look glassy. Thesecretions of milk are suppressed, if these symptoms develop in milkingcows. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in clean, warm, comfortable quarterspermitting light and as much pure air as possible, but avoid drafts andblanket the animal if chilly. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolencloths. Administer Pulv. Carbonate of Ammonia, four ounces; Pulv. NuxVomica, three ounces; Quinine, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, twoounces; Potassium Iodide, one ounce. Make into twenty-four capsules andgive one capsule every four hours with capsule gun. Also apply a pastemade from Mustard and cold water over the lung cavities just back of thefore legs. Apply once a day and perhaps one or two applications will besufficient. 

If this disease is treated when the first symptoms develop, a goodrecovery will follow. Feed easily digested food as hot wheat bran mashesor steamed rolled oats, vegetables and green grass if possible. 

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

(Infectious Abortion)

CAUSE: Due to a germ (Bacillus Abortus) coming in direct contact withthe genital organs of a bull or cow and can be indefinitely transmittedfrom one herd to another by infected bulls serving healthy cows, orinfected cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls. Healthy cows become infected by their genital organs coming in contactwith litter on floors when lying down or rubbing against fences, wallsor posts previously soiled by aborting cows. Cattle licking one anotheris also a prolific cause. 

SYMPTOMS: The signs of calving are not so well marked as in normalcalving, especially where the aborting animal is a heifer and thegestation period has not exceeded three or four weeks. In cows, especially where the gestation period has advanced to five or sevenmonths, the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a swelling of theudder, or what is commonly termed "making bag, " the outer portions ofthe womb swollen and inflamed as in normal calving. As the period ofabortion approaches, there will be a discharge of mucus and blood fromthe womb. Labor pains are not as severe as in normal calving, owing tothe absence of hair on the foetus and being smaller; although theafterbirth (foetal membranes), may be retained the same as in normalcalving. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: This perhaps is the cheapest and best method oftreating Contagious Abortion. When purchasing bulls or cows, ascertainwhether the farm you purchased from has Contagious Abortion. Aninvestigation of this kind often saves labor, time and money. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: When once Contagious Abortion makes its appearance, separate infected from non-infected animals, remove all litter, manure, etc. , from barns, corrals, and burn or bury deeply. The conveyances usedshould be tight so as to prevent scattering. Scrub and disinfect floors, fences, walls of barns and rubbing posts with a solution made from threepounds of Copper Sulphate to ten gallons of water, permitting it tothoroughly dissolve before using. Use an ordinary barrel and cover so asto prevent any cattle drinking same, as it is very poisonous. When acow aborts, remove the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle thatwill prevent any portion from being scattered, and burn or bury deeply;disinfect the floor and walls of stall where the abortion took place aslong as the cow is discharging any fluids from the womb. A gallon ofdistilled or boiled water containing about one per cent Carbolic Acidshould be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and funnel. Thisshould be repeated once a day for a week. Use a solution of the samestrength for washing the tail and parts around the outer part of thewomb, or in fact any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may comein contact with. 

Internally, give Methylen Blue in thirty grain doses, every other dayfor two weeks. This is an exceptionally disagreeable drug to administeras it stains everything it comes in contact with. Place it in a gelatincapsule or have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules containingthirty grains each. Then administer with capsule gun. Insist on pureMethylen Blue, accept no substitute. This treatment has proven veryeffective in many localities where strict aseptic precautions werecarried out, as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge ofan aborting cow may come in contact with and proper cleanliness anddisinfection of stables, etc. Cows should not be bred for several weeksfollowing abortion or as long as there is a discharge present. Bullsshould be treated in much the same way, as administering Methylen Bluein same size doses for the same length of time as that of the cow. Butin addition to this, use a one per cent solution of Carbolic Acid forinjecting into the bull's sheath, holding the end of the sheath whilethe solution is being injected, until it is well distended; holding theopening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as long asconvenient. Also, wash belly, muzzle, etc. , with a solution of the samestrength. 

COUGH

(Acute and Chronic)

As a cough is a symptom of various diseases, these in addition to thecough should be treated. 

KINDS OF COUGH: Many writers give several different varieties, but forthe sake of convenience I will divide them into two forms, namely: Acuteand Chronic. 

CAUSE: Acute coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold, draftsand are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing. 

Chronic Coughs are associated with, and are a result of sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh and tuberculosis. 

TREATMENT: Under each disease, of which a cough is a symptom, I havealso prescribed to include its suppression. The following prescriptionis reasonable in price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: TannicAcid, one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Nitrate, fourounces. Powder well and mix with Black Strap Molasses, one pint, placingcontainer retaining the above in hot water, which assists in dissolving. When this is thoroughly mixed, add Pine Tar, one pint, and place onetablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every threeor four hours, according to the severity of the cough. 

Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a goodeffect, and I would recommend the following on account of itspenetrating qualities: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , two ounces; Turpentine, twoounces; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice daily, shakingthe contents of the bottle well before using. 

COWPOX

(Variola)

CAUSE: Investigations lead us to believe that it is due to a protozoa. So far, the true micro-organism has not been discovered. This disease isvery contagious and is transmitted by direct communication but notthrough the air. Perhaps the most common way of transmitting the diseaseis by the hands of the milker. 

SYMPTOMS: A slight raise in the temperature, especially that of theudder and teats. They are red, swollen and tender and after three orfour days small pimples or pustules will appear on the teats about thesize of a pea. The pimples or pustules become larger and within a fewdays may attain the size of one-half inch in diameter. At the end of thesecond week the pimples or pustules burst and discharge an amber coloredfluid leaving raw sores, which cause the animal to suffer intensely whenbeing milked. The supply of milk is also markedly decreased in thiscondition. 

PREVENTION: A person should not milk both healthy and diseased cowsunless the hands are thoroughly washed in a Carbolated Solution; theclothes that are likely to come in contact with the udder, coat sleeves, etc. , changed. 

TREATMENT: It is advisable to give a physic as it has a very good effecton the blood, such as Aloin, two drams, and Ginger, two drams, which iseasily prepared and administered by placing in capsule and giving withcapsule gun. 

Also, the application of Zinc Ointment two or three times a day affordsimmediate relief and causes the sores to heal rapidly. Good results arealso obtained by feeding food that is easily digested, as bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables. 

CUD CHEWING

(Physiology of Rumination)

The cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it with saliva andswallows, then it passes into the rumen or paunch which acts as astorehouse or reservoir for food. After the paunch or rumen is filled, the cow finds a comfortable place to stand or lie down and sheregurgitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles of thewalls of the esophagus in small quantities or pellets from the rumen orpaunch back into the mouth and is there masticated. When it is chewedfinely she swallows and it passes into the second stomach and is theredigested for assimilation. 

DIARRHOEA

CAUSE: Giving rich succulent foods after being fed on stimulating dietsfor some time, and such a case may be a benefit to the animal instead ofan injury. Turnips, carrots, etc. , especially if frozen slightly, areapt to produce it. Also impure and stagnant water which acts as a poisonor some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc. , or it may result fromexcitement, as driving cattle or shipping cattle in cars when notaccustomed to it. Or, it may be the result of an overdose of irritatingmedicines. Diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal. It is often an effort ofnature to relieve some disease, as poison in the blood. The easiest wayto get rid of it is by way of the bowels. 

SYMPTOMS: It is easily detected. An animal passes large amounts of feceswhich are of a liquid nature. At first the pulse is but little affected, but after a day or two it becomes weak and slightly increased. If itcontinues for a few days the pulse increases, the ears and legs getcolder than normal, there are slight gripping pains in some cases due toslight irritation or perhaps to slight spasm of the intestines. Thesepains may increase and result in inflammation of the bowels, especiallyif the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating drugs. 

TREATMENT: In many cases all you have to do is to change the food andclothe the body according to the temperature. Do not let the animaldrink large quantities of water at one time. Give pure water in smallquantities, but often, and it may be necessary to give medicines. Endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant in theintestines, prepare Flaxseed tea by pouring a quart of boiling water ona half pint of pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool. Compel the animal todrink it. This is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and alsobeneficial in removing the irritant; in cases where the Diarrhoeacontinues for some time, it is necessary to stop it by administering GumCatechu, two ounces; Protan, two ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eightgrains. Mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule every fourhours with capsule gun. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feednon-irritating food that is easily digested, as steamed barley or oats. 

DEHORNING

Dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people hold it, as hornson cattle do not only add discomfort to themselves but add to theowner's risk. It is much better, safer and I think more humane toprevent the growth of horns on calves after they are three or four daysold by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their appearance witha pencil of Caustic Potash after being moistened with cold water. Repeatthis application two or three times, which is generally sufficient. 

When dehorning cattle with clippers or saw, it is well to remove aboutone-half inch of the flesh of the horn. This gives their head a muchbetter appearance after the horns are removed and healed. When a horn isfreshly amputated, apply Oil of Tar occasionally, as it is an antisepticand prevents infection and the annoyance of flies. However, this shouldbe performed during the season when the flies are less numerous. 

[Illustration: Photograph of cow. ]CHAMPION JERSEY COW GREY PORTIA. Owned by Mrs. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Ill. 

DROPSY

(Ascities)

CAUSE: Usually seen in old animals or cattle fed on poor food where theblood becomes so poor, so to speak, that Dropsy follows, The presence ofworms frequently stimulates excessive secretions of fluid, producingDropsy. 

SYMPTOMS: The abdomen is abnormally increased in size, flanks are gaunt, paleness of the membranes of the mouth and eyes and a general weakness. Pressure with the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing, watery sound. 

TREATMENT: The cause at first should be determined and the diseasetreated accordingly. If due to worms, withhold all food for twenty-fourhours. Place two ounces of Oil of Turpentine in gelatin capsules andgive with capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Feednourishing food as wheat bran mashes and one cup of Flaxseed meal once aday. In their drinking water place one dram of Potassium Iodide two orthree times a day. See that this water is drunk and give no other untilthis is consumed by the animal. 

ECZEMA

CAUSE: Insanitary surroundings, as warm, damp stables. Overfeeding, swills, decomposed vegetables. Applying irritating drugs to the skin. 

SYMPTOMS: Redness of the skin and the animal rubs itself; is usuallyconfined to a small area at first, but eventually spreads. Considerableinflammation is present, also eruptions of the skin which dischargewhite, serous, sticky fluid, terminating in scabs and thickness of theskin. Sometimes suppuration or formation of pustules containing pus ispresent. These symptoms do not always occur in regular succession; insome cases the serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent thanin others. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it. If due to poor food, improve the quality. Also feed laxative food, as hot bran mashes, steamed rolled oats. If the bowels do not act freely, administer Aloin, two drams, and Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and givewith capsule gun, An ointment made from the following is very effectiveas an application in this condition: Blue Ointment, one ounce; ZincOxide, three ounces. Mix well and apply two or three times a day. Atonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment of this disease, and I would recommend the use of the following: Pulv. Gentian Root, fourounces; Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mixand make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times aday with capsule gun. 

ERGOT POISON

(Ergotism)

CAUSE: Ergotism is produced by cattle eating fungoid growths whichattack kernels and seeds of rye and blue grass, etc. These kernels orseeds grow dark in color and become abnormally large and curved inshape. The infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract thearteries, especially those of the legs, just above the feet, althoughall the arteries in the body are contracted to a certain extent. Thisdisease is frequently seen in Spring and Summer. 

SYMPTOMS: Ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding, because of itscontracting effect upon the arteries (closing or stopping the flow ofblood) where the blood supply is the weakest, as in the extremities. Itis cut off and this, of course, causes the skin just above the hoofs tobreak or crack as though it were cut with a knife. This shuts off theentire supply of blood to the foot, which mummifies, and the lowerportion becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs off. One of the firsteffects of Ergot Poison in pregnant cattle is abortion, due to the bloodsupply to the womb being shut off by its contracting effect on thearteries. Cattle are particularly susceptible to Ergotism. 

TREATMENT: When Ergotism is so advanced as to produce sloughing of thefeet it is best to destroy the animal. If other animals are affectedslightly, find out the cause and remove it. Look to the hay or pastureas the producer. Administer one-half ounce of Chloral Hydrate, two orthree times a day in their drinking water or mix it with sufficientquantity of Flaxseed meal to fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. If the skin is slightly broken above the foot, wash withfive per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Where the feet have becomegangrenous amputation of the foot or feet is necessary, which is notadvisable unless the animal is very valuable. 

FLUKE

(Liver and Lungs)

CAUSE: This disease is contracted by cattle grazing on marshy lands. There are two different species of Fluke that affect the liver and lungsof cattle. They are both flat, leaf-like worms. The Common Liver Flukeis about one-half inch long, while the so-called American Fluke issomewhat larger. In their life history these Flukes depend on snails asintermediate hosts. At a certain stage of development the young Flukeslive on snails. They become encysted on stalks and blades of grass whichare finally swallowed by grazing cattle. This disease is most frequentlyseen in young cattle. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal shows no marked signs at first, but eventually theappetite diminishes, rumination or chewing of the cud becomes irregular, the animal becomes dull, hide-bound, hair standing, the visible mucousmembranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and bloodless, the eyesdischarge watery fluids oozing down the face, temperature varying fromtwo to three degrees above normal and milk supply, if in aged cattle, remarkably reduced. In all cases there is great thirst and the animalbecomes very much emaciated and refuses to eat. Swellings about thebelly and breast, etc. Diarrhoea at first, alternating withconstipation, but finally becomes continuous. The diseased animalsuccumbs to the malady in from two to six months. 

TREATMENT: Medical treatment is unsatisfactory. The disease will beprevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt andin the marshes containing pools of water introduce or plant carp, frogsand toads into the infected tracts. These will destroy the youngparasites and feed upon the snails which serve as their intermediatehosts. Or, prevent the cattle from grazing upon swampy marshes byfencing them out. 

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

(Infectious Aphtha--Epizootica Eczema)

CAUSE: This disease is produced by a specific agent or germ, the exactnature of which is not known. It will pass through the Berkfelt filter, which is the most minute filter known to science, and is therefore knownas a filterable virus. This is an eruptive fever and belongs to theclass of Exanthematous diseases such as smallpox, measles, scarletfever, etc. Every outbreak starts from some pre-existing infection. Theinfection is distributed by manure, pastures, barnyards, hay, drinkingtroughs, box-cars, ships, boats which have been previously occupied byanimals affected with this disease, travel over public highways or manmay carry the infection of this disease on his clothing and transmit itto healthy cattle, etc. Foot and Mouth Disease not only affects cattlebut attacks a variety of animals, as the horse, sheep, goat, hog, dog, cat, also wild animals as buffalo, deer, antelope, and man himself isnot immune from this disease. Children also suffer from Foot and MouthDisease, resulting from drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle. Therefore, when purchasing cattle be very careful, as you may be buyingan infections disease. Keep the newly purchased animals to themselvesfor two or three weeks, if possible. This will give ample time for themajority of infectious diseases to develop. 

SYMPTOMS: The disease usually makes its first appearance in three to sixdays after being exposed, by chilling, rise of temperature, and in a dayor so pustules varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a peaappear. They appear upon the inner surface of the lips, gums and uppersurface of the tongue. The feet also become affected between the digits. The udder usually becomes affected, especially in milking cows. As soonas this disease becomes well established the affected animal evincesgreat pain when attempting to eat. The animal generally refuses food. Inmany instances they shut and open the mouth with a smacking sound owingto the stringy saliva flowing from the mouth. The ulcers in the mouthcontinue to enlarge until they attain the size of one-half to two inchesin diameter. The mucous membrane covering these ulcers breaks and awatery discharge escapes. In a few days the surface of the ulcers takeson a whitish appearance. The same changes take place in the feet and theanimal becomes very lame and the udder very much swollen, the ulcersdischarge, etc. 

PREVENTION: When any of the above mentioned symptoms are noticed, non-affected animals should immediately be removed to non-affectedquarters. This disease is not communicated through the atmosphere but bythe animal coming into direct contact with the infection or virus; henceit is not necessary to move unaffected animals any great distance butmerely to clean, sanitary quarters which have not been subjected to anypossible infection from the diseased animals. It must be borne in mindthat the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in the matter of hisown actions and dress as the infection is easily carried throughclothes, fecal matter, etc. , adhering to shoes or any matter orarticles, such as buckets, brushes, rubrags, blankets, etc. 

The existence of this disease should at once be reported to your nearestVeterinarian. He will report to the State Veterinarian of your State orto the United States Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C. 

TREATMENT: I cannot recommend any treatment as being satisfactory or acure, for although under some treatments the animal appears to make agood recovery, in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured andcrippled, the udder permanently injured with growths, animal unfit formilking purposes, and the mouth, tongue and teeth left impaired; themouth and tongue strictured from wounds and the teeth loosened from thegums. Furthermore, should an animal make apparent recovery, it is notimmune from a recurrence of the disease. In treating the disease, thereis not only danger of spreading the disease to other animals, but toman. The flesh or milk from animals apparently cured should never beused unless first examined by a qualified Veterinarian. 

Without question, all animals showing severe symptoms as above describedshould be at once slaughtered and buried six feet or deeper, coveringcarcass with Quicklime and then promptly filling grave, according to theGovernment regulations, which should be followed explicitly. Be carefulto disinfect scene of slaughter, as bloodstains, etc. The United StatesBureau of Animal Industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and thestrength thereof, and as these are subject to change from time to time, I must refer you in this matter to the proper Government authorities. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: If permitted by Government authorities, I wouldsuggest the following treatment as being beneficial: In mild attacks ofFoot and Mouth Disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and theapplications of antiseptics as placing Boracic Acid, one dram; PotassiumChlorate, two drams, in a bucket of water, compelling the animal todrink it. Repeat this dose two or three times a day. Also compel theanimals to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thousandthsolution of Bichloride of Mercury for at least five minutes, twicedaily. When other parts of the body become affected, as the cow's udder, apply Carbolated Vaseline twice daily. This treatment should becontinued until all ulcers have ceased to discharge. Always keep in mindthat this disease is contagious and is transmitted to other animals, aswell as to man. For disinfecting corrals, barns, clothing, hands andanything which the diseased animal might come in contact with, I wouldrecommend Coal Tar products, diluted one part to fifty parts warm water. Spray, sprinkle or scrub. 

[Illustration: Photograph of bull. ]HEREFORD BULL. Owned by C. A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. 

FOOT ROT

(Foul in Foot)

CAUSE: Due to filth or from hard substances accumulating between the twodigits, producing irritation and inflammation and suppuration. 

SYMPTOMS: Lameness. On examination the foot is swollen, hot and painfulto the touch. When the case is of long standing, suppuration occurs andpus will ooze from between the digits, and is very offensive in smell. This condition causes the digits to slough off, if no attempt is made torelieve it. 

TREATMENT: Cleanliness. Where there is considerable inflammationpresent, apply Hot Bran or Flaxseed poultices. Keep clean and treat asan ordinary wound. The following prescription will be found veryeffective in Foot Rot: Oil of Origanum, four ounces; Oil of Pisis, fourounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces. Saturate oakum or cotton withthe above liniment placing between the digits and bandage. Feed laxativefood, as hot wheat bran mashes and vegetables. 

FOUNDER

(Laminitis)

Inflammation of the internal, sensitive structure of the foot. 

CAUSE: Overfeeding, overheating, driving on rough, stony soil. Cattleconfined to stand on hard floors without exercise frequently suffer fromFounder. 

SYMPTOMS: The animals lie down a great part of the time. Feet hot andtender and if made to walk they do so with great difficulty. One or allfour feet may become affected, although it is more frequently found inthe front feet. The temperature is somewhat elevated, varying from 104to 106 degrees F. , breathing very rapid, appetite fairly good and therewill be great thirst. Founder in cows reduces the milk secretion, owingto the great fever that is present. 

TREATMENT: Apply cold packs to the feet, ice packs preferred. If theanimal can be made to stand in a stream of water having a soft bottom, it, perhaps, is the best method of cooling out the feet. Give a physicof Aloin, three drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drams. Place in a gelatincapsule and give with capsule gun. To their drinking water add two orthree drams of Potassi Nitrate three or four times daily. Animalssuffering with Founder should be provided with soft ground to stand on, as their feet will be tender and subject to the chronic form of thedisease. 

GARGET

(Congestion of the Udder)

CAUSE: Very common in heavy milkers before or just after calving whenthe bag is very much enlarged and very sensitive; exposure to chillingor standing in drafts or even neglected for too long a time in milking. Injuries may also cause Garget. 

SYMPTOMS: The bag is very much enlarged, showing signs of inflammation. The swelling extends well forward following the milk veins. The cow hasgreat difficulty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag. When milkedfor two or three days the swelling disappears after the secretion isfully established, but as a rule is tinged with blood. Sometimes smallclots of milk or cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk. 

TREATMENT: Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun:Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day indrinking water or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, two grains; Boracic Acid, twodrams, in one quart of boiling hot water. When this solution cools toabout blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus from theaffected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringeafter placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes whenthe bulb is pressed. Now, place the end of the syringe retaining theteat tube in the affected teat, the other end place in a bottle orvessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and injectabout a pint of the solution in each affected quarter. Leave thesolution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk outthoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day. 

For an external application the following ointment has given remarkablygood results: Blue Ointment and Zinc Ointment, equal parts. Mix well andapply two or three times daily. 

HARD MILKERS

CAUSE: A thickness or contraction of the mucous membranes lining theteat or growths inside the teat. 

TREATMENT: All antiseptic precautions should be carried out in thisoperation, as boiling the instruments and then covering them withCarbolated Vaseline. Then with a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed ina tube, force upward into the teat, then press out the little blade anddraw the instrument down the teat, making about four incisions equaldistance apart around the inner surface of the teat. The use ofself-retaining teat dilators prevents the contraction of the cutsurface, permitting them to remain in the teat for two weeks, removingthem only when the milk is being stripped from the teat. Always placethem in boiling water and cover with Carbolated Vaseline beforeinserting. 

HOLLOW HORN

Horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow, although a core extendswell into the horn. This, however, is merely a prolongation of a porousbone of the head which affords a point for the horns' attachment, consequently when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated, thehorns are naturally hot, it being the symptom of a disease and not adisease of itself, and which should be treated under its specialheading. 

The supposed disease "Hollow Horn" once upon a time was treated byboring a hole into the horn with a small gimlet and pouring Turpentineinto the opening. This treatment is useless and harmful. It producesinflammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and chances are death ofthe animal will follow as a result of the treatment and not of thedisease. 

INDIGESTION

CAUSE: Animals with a voracious appetite will overload their stomachswith food that is hard to digest or is decomposed, causing the organs ofassimilation to become weakened, sluggish and incapable of doing theirproper work. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal ceases to ruminate (chew its cud); stands quietly, hair rough, nose dry, temperature elevated one to two degrees, breathingusually faster than normal with slight grunts at each expiration of airfrom the lungs. The secretions of milk are suddenly diminished. If thehand is placed against the left side and quickly removed, a markeddepression or pit will remain, which shows that the paunch is full ofundigested food. Bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion. 

TREATMENT: Administer Aloin, three drams; Ginger, three drams. Place incapsule and give with capsule gun. Permit the animal to drink all thewater possible. If bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filledwith Turpentine with capsule gun. A tonic is quite necessary in thiscondition, and the following I am sure will be followed by good resultsif the case is not of too long a standing: Sodium Bicarbonate, eightounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces;Pulv. Ginger, four ounces. Place two tablespoonfuls in gelatin capsuleand give with capsule gun every six hours. Very good results are alsoobtained from rectal injections of soap and warm water. Feed goodnourishing food sparingly, compelling the animal to exercise, etc. 

[Illustration: Photograph of a cow. ]GUERNSEY COW MURNE COWAN 19597 A. R. 1906. SIRE FANTASIA'S JEWELLER 7259; DAM: JANET BROWN 12403. (Years record 24008. 0 lbs. Milk; 1098. 18 lbs. Butter Fat. )Owned by O. C. Barber, Akron, Ohio. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE BAG

(Simple Mammitis)

CAUSE: Injuries, as blows, kicks, etc. ; lying on cold, rough ground orfloor, standing in drafts, sudden change of weather. Derangement of thesystem is likely to affect the udder; poorly milked or stripped cows areoften victims of Mammitis. Infections in the teat from inserting dirtyinstruments, as using a bicycle pump for the treatment of Milk Fever. Cows with a retained afterbirth are likely to infect the udder byswitching their tail. This condition is very common in heavy milkersfollowing calving. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal chills, hair stands, temperature elevated from oneto three degrees above normal; ears, horns and legs cold, which maysuddenly become very hot; pulse rapid, breathing hurried, bag hard andswollen and very tender on pressure. When attempts are made to milk, awatery substance comes away, almost colorless at first, but laterbecomes tinged with blood and pus and has a fetid odor. The cow's muzzleis dry, appetite poor, but great thirst exists. This condition mayaffect one or more quarters of the udder. Abscesses may form and theudder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes out or the milk glands maysolidify and cause hard, lumpy growths in the udder. 

TREATMENT: Prevention. If an animal is once slightly affected withinflammation of the bag, it is likely to develop a bad case of Mammitisfrom the slightest injury or exposure as stated above, which depreciatesa cow considerably as a milk producer, especially on the market. Greatcare should be exercised when purchasing a cow for milking purposes. Seethat the teats and udder are sound, free from lumps, etc. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces; Nitrate ofPotassi, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. Give one powderthree times a day in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule andgive with a capsule gun. Also, dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, twograins; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart of boiling hot water. Whenthis solution cools to about blood temperature, after stripping all milkfluid or pus from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinarybulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from whichthe air escapes when the bulb is pressed. Now, place this end of thesyringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat; the other endplace in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press thebulb and inject about a pint of the solution into each affected quarter. Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes andmilk out thoroughly. Repeat this treatment two or three times a day. 

For an external application, the following ointment has given remarkablygood results: Blue Ointment, two ounces; Lard, two ounces. Mix well andapply twice daily. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE

(Conjunctivitis)

CAUSE: Injuries; irritating gases, from an animal standing in dark andpoorly ventilated stables or foreign bodies in the eye, as chaff, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: A constant flow of tears from the eye running down theanimal's face, which are due to the inflammation of the lining membranesof the eye. The eye is partially or completely closed. 

TREATMENT: If due to a foreign body, remove it. In order to accomplishthis, the animal must be placed in a stanchion, the head twisted and theeyelid turned back. Do not use burned alum as this will only make thecondition worse. Use Boracic Acid, thirty grains; distilled water, oneounce. Apply to the eye three or four times daily, using an ordinaryeye-dropper. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART SACK

(Pericarditis)

CAUSE: Cattle being ruminants, therefore, not masticating their foodfinely before swallowing, consequently foreign bodies, such as nails, wire, etc. , are picked up with the food and taken into the rumen orpaunch. These sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch, rumen orfirst stomach and pierce the membrane or sack surrounding the heart, which produces an inflammation of the heart sack, or Pericarditis. 

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms develop very slowly or indications of indigestionwill be present as the appetite is variable, temperature elevated, breathing labored, the animal avoids walking down hill as it causes painfrom the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs against the heart. The symptoms, however, are so slight that they may easily escape thenotice of a casual observer. The animal eventually becomes poor, emaciated and dies. If you open the heart sack, it will be found full ofwatery pus. 

TREATMENT: Unsuccessful, as this disease is seldom diagnosed correctly, and if it is an operation is necessary and this does not provesuccessful in the majority of cases. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS

CAUSE: Injuries in the region of the kidneys, exposure to cold weather, especially in cows soon after calving. Eating poisonous plants, decomposed food or drinking stagnant water, irritating medicines givenignorantly of their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammationof the kidneys. 

SYMPTOMS: The attack will first be noticed by slight shivering orchilling followed by an increased temperature, breathing increased. Theanimal attempts to urinate frequently and the amount passed is small andof a dark amber color and may be flaked with blood. There will bestiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is always present duringurinary disorders. There may be slight swelling and tenderness over thekidneys. As the disease progresses the animal grows weak and finallydies if prompt relief is not afforded. Fortunately this disease is notcommon among cattle. 

TREATMENT: Clothe the animal if the weather is cold. Mild physics arebeneficial, as Aloin, one and one-half drams; Ginger, two drams; NuxVomica, two drams, placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsulegun. Also, the following, which is very soothing to the urinary tract:Potassium Acetate, Potassium Bromide, each four ounces, made intosixteen powders. Give one powder every four hours in their drinkingwater. Feed nitrogenous food as hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolledoats, and see that the animal has pure water to drink. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE PENIS

CAUSE: Injuries received from snags, walking through the underbrush, jumping fences, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Arched back, swelling of the sheath and in some cases adischarge. It may be serious enough to affect the appetite and causefever. 

TREATMENT: Wash out the sheath two or three times daily with a three percent solution of Boracic Acid. If the inflammation extends pretty wellback in the sheath, it is advisable to inject this solution with asyringe, carefully, as far back as possible. Withdraw the syringe, holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solution for a fewminutes before allowing it to escape. 

Feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh water to drink. Ifthere is considerable fever, administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. NuxVomica, each two ounces. Make into eight capsules and give one capsuletwo or three times a day. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB

CAUSE: Injuries, as bruises, laceration, sustained during calving, especially where the cow is assisted with instruments or hands that arenot thoroughly aseptic, an animal retaining the afterbirth whichundergoes putrefaction, and consequently sets up an inflammation of thewomb, or perhaps the animal may become infected during the act ofremoving the afterbirth if the operator is neglectful about washing hishands or washing the womb out thoroughly. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal will chill, the temperature elevated two or threedegrees, the back will be arched, stiffness of the hind parts, legs, ears and horns cold, nose hot and dry, grinding of the teeth, the cowusually remains standing, ceases to chew her cud, the secretions of milkwill be markedly reduced and a day or so after the symptoms appear, there will be a discharge from the womb of a reddish lumpy nature. Thisbecomes thick and yellow containing small particles of flesh, showingthat the inner lining of the womb is sloughing. This discharge is veryoffensive in odor. A cow in this condition requires the best of care orshe will die as the decomposed substance in the womb may be absorbedinto the circulation and produce Pyemia or Septicemia (Blood Poison). 

TREATMENT: Give Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Ginger, three drams, place in agelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Flush out the womb thoroughlywith a tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid to one gallon of water two orthree times a day. A convenient instrument for flushing out the womb canbe made from an ordinary funnel and a clean hose about four feet long. This answers the purpose of an injection syringe very well. In theirdrinking water add the following: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen ounces;Potassium Iodide, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders and give onepowder two or three times a day. 

In addition to the above treatment it is necessary to give alterativesand bitter tonics to build up the condition of the animal as soon aspossible. The following will be found very effective: Pulv. GentianRoot, four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders and give one powder threetimes a day. Place in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsulegun. 

My reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules are:

1. There is no danger of liquids, as in drenching, escaping into thelungs. 

2. Any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic is very bitter, consequently the only way the animal will take it is by placing incapsule. 

JOINT ILL, NAVEL ILL

(Umbilical Pyemia and Septicemia)

CAUSE: This disease is produced by various germs entering the navel cordof newly born calves when dropped, the navel being freshly severed andits coming in contact with filth and manure where germs are numerous, consequently germs adhere and enter the blood stream. Calf Scours as arule is associated with this disease. 

SYMPTOMS: Swelling of the joints which are very hot and painful onpressure, and when the calf is made to move it walks stiffly and slowly, does not care to nurse its mother or take any food, temperature elevatedfrom 105 to 108 degrees F. , breathing hurried, pulse very weak andquick. There will be an offensive discharge from the navel cord of ayellowish color and swollen joints finally break and also discharge athick yellow pus. The calf becomes emaciated and finally dies fromexhaustion. 

TREATMENT: Prevention. Provide clean surroundings for cows when calving, and in addition to this have a one in one-thousandth solution ofBichloride of Mercury on hand. Wash the navel well in the solution oncea day until the cord is thoroughly dried. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Unsuccessful. Sometimes the calf recovers, but atbest the calf is badly stunted and is very seldom worth keeping. However, the following method of treatment has been followed with fairlygood results: Wash the navel cord well in a one-thousandth solution ofBichloride of Mercury two or three times a day and give ZincSulphocarbolates, one-fourth grain; Potassi Iodide, five grains, in alittle water or milk three or four times a day. Feed them three or foureggs a day, molasses, fresh milk. This will keep up the strength andvitality and a good recovery may follow, although it is an exception andnot a rule. 

LACERATION OF THE EYELID

CAUSE: An eyelid may be torn on the manger, rubbing post or barb wirefence, etc. 

TREATMENT: Wash the lacerated portions of the eye thoroughly with a fiveper cent solution of Carbolic Acid. It may be necessary to take a fewstitches in the wound or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair ofsharp scissors. If stitches have been taken, they should be removedafter the parts have united and the eye kept clean. A very convenientapplication for the eye in this condition is Boracic Acid, one dram;Distilled Water, four ounces. Apply liberally to the eye. 

LEECHES

(Blood Suckers)

Leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken up by the animalswhen drinking water from ponds, etc. The leeches attach themselves tothe inner surface of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upperpart of windpipe or the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or nose may benoticed, the membranes where the leeches attach themselves becomecongested and swollen, and as a result of the loss of blood anemiccondition follows. 

TREATMENT: If the leeches can be reached, they are easily destroyed bycutting them in two with a pair of scissors or they may be removed witha pair of forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a piece of clotharound them so as to prevent slipping. 

Steam from boiling hot water containing Pine Tar or Oil of Turpentinemay cause leeches to release their hold if they cannot be removed byother means. In ponds where leeches are numerous, eels should beintroduced as they feed upon blood suckers of this species. 

[Illustration: Photograph of a bull. ]SHORT-HORN BULL CUMBERLAND'S TYPE 388132. Winner of many Grand Championships. Owned by C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa. 

LUMPY JAW

(Wooden Tongue, Big Head, Actinomycosis)

CAUSE: The Ray Fungus. This organism which occurs in the tissues in theform of russets is directly transmitted from one animal to another. Itseems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the mouthby various food stuff through slight wounds of the mucous membranes ofthe mouth or an animal that has decayed teeth or during the shedding ofmilk teeth. The Ray Fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging onthe awns of barley, the spears of oats and on other grains. Quantitiesof fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley whichhad penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded intheir tongues. 

Lumpy Jaw can also be transmitted by coming in contact with or eatingfood over which lumpy jawed cattle have slobbered. A healthy animaleating such food with very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth willcontract the disease very readily. This disease is misleading as otherorgans are affected with the Ray Fungi or the Bacillus of Actinomycosis, as the lungs and even the digestive organs have been found to beaffected with this disease. 

SYMPTOMS: External symptoms or signs are the only means by which toascertain the disease. Its exact location is on the lower jaw bone nearits angle. It may also affect the upper jaw, but this is an exceptionand not a rule. Internally it may affect the tongue, mouth, throat orlungs, but rarely the intestines. This enlargement continues to growuntil it reaches the size of that of a man's head, breaks and dischargespus. The animal becomes poor and emaciated, the hair takes on a dull, roughened appearance and in many cases it is very difficult for it toeat, especially where the disease separates the gums and bone from theteeth and causes them to become very loose or to drop out. The animal inthe latter stages of this disease generally dies from starvation. 

TREATMENT: Successful in its first stages. Soft, nitrogenous food shouldbe fed, such as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley, haydampened with clean water, so as to make it pliable. Hay containingwoody matter as stems, etc. , should not be fed to an animal affectedwith Lumpy Jaw as it tends to aggravate the disease. Internally in theirdrinking water give two drams of Potassium Iodide morning and night. This treatment, however, should be omitted when the animal's skinbecomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge flows from the eyes. On the outer surface over the enlargement apply the following ointment:Red Iodide of Mercury, four drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and rub inbriskly for twenty minutes every five or six days for three weeks. Thecure can generally be ascertained by the animal gaining in flesh, although the lump may remain. Where Lumpy Jaw is of long standing so asto impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth, it is best to destroythe animal, as this lessens the possibilities of infecting healthyanimals. 

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia)

CAUSE: Generally follows congestion of the lungs. It may be due toparasitic organisms or exposure to cold, drafts when warm after beingdriven, etc. Drenching perhaps is the most common cause as it is verydifficult for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated; inhalingsmoke, gases, etc. , also tend to produce pneumonia. 

SYMPTOMS: Chilling or shivering, temperature elevated to 105 or 106degrees F. , nose hot and dry, horns and legs cold. Pulse rapid thoughstrong, breathing fast and the appetite very good in some cases. Theanimal urinates small quantities of urine but often, of a dark ambercolor. A discharge from the nose follows, also a cough. If the ear isplaced back of the fore leg, a dry crackling sound can be heardsomething on the order of rubbing hair between the fingers. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in a dry, well lighted and ventilatedstable, but avoid drafts. Give Pulv. Iodide of Ammonia, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce; Quinine, one ounce. Mix well and make intothirty-two powders. Place one powder in gelatin capsule and administerevery three or four hours with capsule gun. Supply the animal with freshwater at all times. Feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes orsteamed rolled oats. Also feed vegetables, such as potatoes, apples, carrots and kale. It is also advisable to apply the following over theregion of the lungs just back of the fore legs: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , fourounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Raw Linseed Oil, six ounces. Mixand shake well and apply two or three times daily. It is also advisableto hand rub the legs and bandage them with woolen cloths. If the abovetreatment is properly carried out, the animal will make a completerecovery in a week or ten days. 

LOSS OF CUD

CAUSE: This condition cannot always be traced to a definite cause, as itis a symptom of all diseases where the process of rumination isinterfered with. The only method by which a cow will again chew her cudis to restore her back to health by the proper medical treatment. Artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a detriment to theanimal. Other symptoms aside from those of the animal not chewing cudwill always make their appearance, as constipation, diarrhoea, elevationof the temperature, etc. The animal should be thoroughly examined andthe disease treated under its special heading. 

MANGE

(Scabies)

CAUSE: There are four different parasites which produce Mange or Scabiesin cattle. However, three of these parasites are rarely seen. TheSymbotis Communis is the parasite commonly seen in American cattle. These parasites multiply very rapidly and are conveyed from diseasedanimals to healthy ones by their bodies coming in contact with oneanother and by healthy animals rubbing against fences, walls, posts, etc. , where mangy cattle have previously rubbed. 

SYMPTOMS: Scabs, loss of hair, intense itching, the animals areconstantly rubbing or licking themselves. The parts showing the firstsigns of Mange are those about the croup, or the root of the tail, theneck and withers, but as the disease progresses and no attempts areoffered for its eradication, it finally spreads and covers the entirebody. The scabs become ulcerated, the animal becomes weakened, emaciatedand eventually dies. 

TREATMENT: Dipping in wood or concrete vats is the most satisfactorymethod of treating Mange. The regular lime and sulphur dip asrecommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry isinexpensive and effective. 

MEASLY BEEF

Is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man. These small tapewormcysts (taenia saginata) are about the size of a pea and found in theflesh of cattle, which become infected by eating food or drinking waterwhich has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring adulttapeworms. Then again, the person becomes infected by eating raw or rareflesh of cattle infected with the larva stage of Measly Beef. Great careshould be exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infected with thisparasite. Persons' feces should not be placed where it will infect foodor drinking water that is consumed by cattle. 

MILK FEVER

(Parturient Apoplexy)

CAUSE: Certain conditions predispose cows to Milk Fever, as being heavymilk producers, cows having enormous digestive power and being heavilyfed on nitrogenous food naturally are in a good condition, consequentlyat the time of calving, or shortly after, they are likely to develop acase of Milk Fever, It is more common during summer months, althoughthis condition may develop at any time of the year in the type of cowdescribed above. 

SYMPTOMS: At or a few days after calving, the cow is noticed hangingback in the stall, dull, languid, with an unsteady movement of the hindlegs. If the cow is made to walk, she steps unsteadily or staggers, paysno attention to her calf; she finally becomes so paralyzed that shefalls and is unable to rise. The pupils of the eyes are dilated and themembranes reddened or congested with blood. The cow may lie on herbreast or flat on her side, but most likely upon her breast and her headturned in the region of the flank. She apparently is sound asleep. Ifthe eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not close the eye, norwill she evince any pain when being pricked with a pin on any part ofthe body. The nose is dry, the temperature is below normal in mostcases. Just how the name of this disease started by the name of "MilkFever" I cannot understand. 

TREATMENT: When the above signs are noticed, whether the cow is standingor lying down in a paralyzed condition, obtain an ordinary bulbinjection syringe; insert a tube in the end from which the air escapes. After washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent solution ofCarbolic Acid, milk or strip out all the milk possible from the bag, then insert the teat tube that is connected to the syringe in each teat, filling them well with air, and repeat this treatment every hour untilthe cow stops staggering, or if lying down, stands on her feet. It isnecessary to strip the milk from the bag before giving an injection ofair. If the cow is lying flat on her side, prop her up by placing bagsof hay or straw against her side, also make her as comfortable aspossible. If lying in the hot sun, provide shade by placing a canopyover her made from burlap; if the weather is chilly, blanket; if fliesannoy her, use some fly repellant. 

This disease is satisfactorily treated. Where ninety per cent of thecows died at one time, ninety per cent can be saved by the abovetreatment. It is a custom with some people to use an ordinary bicyclepump for treatment of Milk Fever. This should not be practiced, as thereis great danger of infecting the bag and producing seriouscomplications. 

MEDICAL OR AFTER TREATMENT: Never drench a cow. Give a physic consistingof Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in a gelatin capsule andgive with a capsule gun. Also, give tonics as Pulv. Gentian Root, twoounces; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces. Mix andplace into eight gelatin capsules. Give one capsule every eight hours. This tonic is quite necessary, as it stimulates their appetite, bracesup their nervous system and prevents any complications that mightotherwise follow. 

PARALYSIS

(Congestion of the Brain or Spinal Cord)

CAUSE: May be due to a morbid condition of the brain or spinal cord, concussion of the spinal cord, fractures of the bones of the spinalcolumn, or violent shocks or jars of the brain, or pressure due tofractures of the skull, or dilated or ruptured blood vessels. Paralysisalso occurs in poorly fed, weak cows when exposed to cold or wet weatherduring the latter stages of pregnancy. Sometimes the back portion of thebowels (the rectum) becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with theexpulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or less impacted. Thiscondition may also occur in connection with Ergot, Forage or LeadPoisoning, Milk Fever or Parturient Apoplexy. 

SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly. The animal is unable to stand, liesquietly and groans occasionally. Constipation generally accompanies thiscondition. Sometimes great pain is present, especially if due tofracture or pressure, as above mentioned. 

TREATMENT: If just due to weakness; exposure to cold, wet weather; cowsprior to calving; slight injuries or mild effect of poisons, it issuccessfully treated by placing the animal in a comfortable, welllighted stall, omitting drafts, feeding nourishing food, as warm wheatbran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed meal; tea todrink prepared as follows: Pour one quart of boiling water on one-halfpint of Pure Flaxseed, allowing it to cool, and compel the animal todrink it. Repeat this once or twice daily, especially if the animal ispregnant. A physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams;prepared in capsule and given with a capsule gun is very effective, butthis, however, should not be administered to heavily pregnant cows. Endeavor to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food andrectal injections of soap and water. Nerve stimulants are necessary andI have derived good results from the following: Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces; Pulv. Ginger, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces. Makeinto sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four or six hours. Alsoapply powdered mustard, moistened with a sufficient quantity of water tomake a paste, and rub over the full length of the spine about eightinches in width. This should be covered with paper which will adherereadily to the mustard and water. This application can be repeated everytwenty-four hours until satisfactory results have been obtained. 

RED WATER

(Hematuria)

CAUSE: Marshy pastures, water from rich decomposed soil. Vegetation alsohas a tendency to produce it as cattle eating green shoots from oak, ash, hellebore, hazel and other resinous plants, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Bloody urine containing no blood clots. This condition is notnoticed as a general rule until the cow loses flesh and the productionof milk is considerably decreased. One particular symptom of thisdisease is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged withblood. If the disease is left to run its course, the cow will becomeemaciated and eventually dies. 

TREATMENT: Find out the cause and remove it if possible. See that thewater supply is clean, feed nitrogenous food, as wheat bran mashes orsteamed rolled oats. Do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants asstated above. 

Administer Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. Nux Vomica, fourounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun. If the animal is constipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams ofGinger. Place in capsule and give with capsule gun. 

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH

CAUSE: Retained afterbirth may follow normal or abnormal calving wherethere has been more or less inflammation of the womb prior to givingbirth, which causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments. Cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold weather are verysusceptible to this accident; also very common in aged cows. 

SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected by portions of the membranes (afterbirth)protruding from the Womb or Vulva, which becomes decomposed very shortlyand offensive in odor. This accident is very serious when absorption isproduced, ill health, drying up of the milk in addition to producinginflammation of the womb, Whites, etc. It may produce blood-poisoningand chances are you will lose your animal. 

PREVENTION: Very important. Feed the cow on food that is easily digestedand supply her with fresh water to drink that is not too cold. FlaxseedTea is very beneficial if given a day or so prior to calving and isprepared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one-half pint ofFlaxseed, permitting it to cool of its own accord. Then compel theanimal to drink it. This appears to have a very good effect onseparating the afterbirth from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb towhich it is attached. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: The afterbirth should not be pulled away by force, asit may tear, leaving small portions unremoved that perhaps would resultin Inflammation of the Womb or Whites. To remove the afterbirth insertthe hand and carefully detach it from its attachments, being verycareful that the cotyledons are not torn off. After this has beencarefully removed, wash out the womb with Carbolic Acid solution abouttwo and one-half per cent. An instrument can be made for this purposevery easily from a clean piece of hose about four feet long and anordinary funnel. Sometimes it is necessary to give physics, as Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give withcapsule gun. 

In addition to the above, stimulants are also advisable such as powderedNux Vomica, powdered Capsicum, powdered Ginger, powdered Nitrate ofPotash, equal parts four ounces. Make twenty-four capsules and give onecapsule three times a day. 

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure, especially when the animal is permitted to lie on colddamp soils or floors. Another common cause is an animal exposed to colddrafts after perspiring or weakened after severe physical exercise. 

SYMPTOMS: Stiffness when walking, variable appetite, constipation, hairunthrifty looking. Passage of urine is scant and of an amber color, usually slight elevation in temperature and the animal lies down a greatpart of the time. There are two forms of rheumatism--muscular andarticular. The former affects the muscles of the body, while the latteraffects the joints. There will be swellings that are tender on pressure, which may shift to different parts of the body. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in warm dry quarters with a sufficientquantity of clean bedding. Feed foods that are easily digested, as wheatbran mashes and steamed rolled oats and vegetables. Keep pure, coldwater within the animal's reach at all times. The following prescriptionhas been found very effective in the treatment of this disease: SodiumSalicylate, six ounces; Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, twoounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteencapsules and give one capsule three times daily with capsule gun. If thebowels are constipated give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Placein capsule and give with capsule gun. When the joints or muscles becomeswollen and inflamed, the following liniment will be found veryeffective in reducing the swellings: Aqua Ammonia Fort. , two ounces; Oilof Turpentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Mix and apply byrubbing in well two or three times a day. 

[Illustration: Photograph of two cows. ]AYRSHIRE Cows LILY OF WILLOWMOOR. 22, 106 lbs, Milk; 888. 70 lbs. Fat; 1046 lbs. Butter, 4. 02% Fat. GERRANTON DORA II. 21, 023 lbs. Milk; 804. 79 lbs. Fat; 947 lbs. Butter, 3. 83% Fat. Owned by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash. 

RINGWORM

CAUSE: Due to a vegetable parasite. It affects the hair and the outerlayer of skin and is highly contagious, being transmitted from oneanimal to another. 

SYMPTOMS: The disease usually appears in the form of circular patches ofthe skin, which soon become denude of hair. Sometimes a white stickydischarge and the formation of scaly, brittle crusts on the patchesappear, silvery gray in color. They are generally confined to the headand neck. It is a common disease among young cattle in the Winter andSpring. This disease is attended with more or less itching and iscommunicable to man. 

TREATMENT: Remove the scabs or crusts with soap and warm water. However, the surface of the body should be well dried after washing each time. Apply Tincture of Iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots denuded ofhair. It is quite necessary that the barn and rubbing posts bedisinfected by spraying or washing them with a twenty-five per centsolution of Carbolic Acid. 

ROUND WORM

CAUSE: An animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite in food or waterwhich has been contaminated with the feces of infected cattle. There aretwo species, the large Roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inchesin length, the other small Roundworm varying in size from one-quarter ofan inch to two inches in length. Both the small and large Roundwormsinfest the intestines of cattle and calves. These worms, especiallysmall Roundworms, irritate the mucous lining of the intestines, whichmay cause severe inflammation. 

SYMPTOMS: Anemia, appetite variable, diarrhoea, general weakness, dullness and excessive thirst; also a paleness of the visible membranesof the mouth, nose and eye. Worms frequently pass with the feces and canbe readily seen by a close observer. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: See prevention of Twisted Stomach Worm. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours. To calves, two to eight months old, give two teaspoonfuls of Turpentinein a pint of milk; to yearlings, give one tablespoonful. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year old andover place one ounce in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. This treatment is to be repeated twice during the intervals of ten daysor two weeks, which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms thatescaped the first treatment. Also keep salt where cattle can lick itfrequently. 

RUPTURE

(Abdominal Hernia)

CAUSE: This disease occasionally occurs in calves by receiving blowsfrom the cow's horns on the right flank. After such an accident aswelling forms near the last ribs. This swelling may be either hot andpainful or soft to the touch. It can be made to disappear by carefulpressure when the sides of the rupture through which it has passed canbe felt. On removing the pressure the rupture soon regains its swollenappearance. Similar conditions may also occur in aged cattle, usuallydue to injuries, such as being kicked by a horse, etc. , or due to aweakness of the muscles that are ruptured sometimes during difficultbirth. 

TREATMENT: Feed the animal on laxative food and feed sparingly on bulkyfood such as hay, straw and grass. Round the edges of a block of wood alittle smaller, but the same shape as the rupture. After wrapping withcloth nicely, place it over the rupture, then place around the body. This permits the ruptured muscles to grow together, providing the animalis properly dieted as stated above. 

Sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly produced rupture may betreated by injecting strong solutions of Common Salt around the tornedges of the muscles. This causes swelling and inflammation, whichrespectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes theopening. There is some danger attached to this method of treatment, andif attempted I would advise the services of a competent Veterinarian. 

SCUM OVER THE EYE

CAUSE: See Inflammation of the Eye. 

SYMPTOMS: The eye has a smoke-colored appearance. 

TREATMENT: Silver Nitrate, two grains, thoroughly dissolved in one ounceof Distilled Water, Apply with dropper two or three times a day. Feedthe animal on food that is easily digested and confine the animal to acool, clean, dark stall. 

SORE THROAT

(Laryngitis and Pharyngitis)

CAUSE: Sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as when cattle areexposed to cold weather or cold rain or the inhaling of irritatinggases. 

SYMPTOMS: The muzzle is dry, temperature slightly elevated and salivadribbles from the corners of the mouth. The animal either does notswallow, or swallows with great difficulty, and holds its head in astiff, straight position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelidsare half-closed and bloodshot, and the animal occasionally grinds theteeth. After masticating the food the animal drops it out of its mouthas if to avoid the pain of swallowing, and also evinces great pain whenpressure is applied from the outside. In acute attacks of sore throat, the animal coughs with great difficulty and breathes very noisily. Thenostrils are dilated and nose extended. 

TREATMENT: Place the animal in as comfortable a place as possible, permitting as much fresh air as possible, but avoiding drafts. Blanketthe animal if the weather is chilly, also hand rub the legs and bandagewith woolen cloths. 

Administer Chlorate of Potash, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, twoounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Molasses, eight ounces. Mix welland place one tablespoonful on the tongue every three or four hours. Feed soft food, as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, or boiledvegetables. Give drinking water with the chill taken off. 

It is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat, and I wouldadvise the application of Aqua Ammonia Fort. , four ounces; Oil ofTurpentine, four ounces, and Sweet Oil, four ounces. Apply and rub inwell two or three times a day. 

STRINGY MILK

CAUSE: Cows wading or standing in stagnant pools of water. Frequentlystringy milk results from fungi entering the udder. This takes on aninfectious form, and several cows may become affected at one time. 

SYMPTOMS: Although the milk appears perfectly normal when first milked, it becomes stringy after being let stand for a few hours. If a needle isinserted in the milk and slowly withdrawn, the milk will adhere to thepoint and have a stringy appearance. If the cow is examined carefully, the temperature will be found to be elevated a degree or two, theappetite poor and the nose dry. 

TREATMENT: Feed laxative food and see that they have fresh water todrink. Also, place two drams of Soda Bisulphite once or twice a day ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Do not permit the cow to comein contact with stagnant pools of water that carry this infection. Perhaps the best plan is to fence out all such stagnant pools of water. 

SUPPRESSION OF MILK

(Absence of Milk)

CAUSE: Unusually due to poor health, debility, emaciated, chronicdiseases of the bag, or wasting of its glands from various diseases orimpure food. Sometimes this condition is produced without any apparentcause. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause, if possible, and remove it. Feed warmwheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley. Administer Pulv. AniseSeed, one-half ounce, two or three times a day. This has a very goodeffect in this particular condition. Also rub the bag and strip theteats often, and apply Oil of Lavender. The majority of cases respond tothis treatment if not due to chronic disease of the bag. 

TAPEWORM

CAUSE: Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of one or more segments, are occasionally seen in the droppings of infected cattle. The infectionis undoubtedly taken in with the food or water, infection being spreadby the eggs of the parasite, and being expelled with the feces of aninfected animal. The eggs being swallowed by insects, worms or snails, which act as an intermediate host, and which when swallowed accidentallyby cattle while grazing or drinking carry with them into the animal'sstomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm. Aged cattle do not seem tosuffer much from tapeworms, but in calves these parasites cause scoursand rapid emaciation. 

SYMPTOMS: Emaciation, diarrhoea, loss of flesh, ravenous appetite, paleness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, and the segmentsof the tapeworms can occasionally be seen in the droppings. 

TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, and tocalves from two to eight months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline ina pint of milk. To yearlings, place one tablespoonful in a gelatincapsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one year and over, placeone ounce in capsule and give with capsule gun. Repeat this treatmenttwo or three times during intervals of a week or two. 

TEXAS FEVER

CAUSE: Due to a micro organism (Piropalasna Bigenium) which imbedsitself in the red blood corpuscles. This disease is transmitted orscattered by means of a tick which drops from the affected animal. Thedisease has various names, according to the locality in which itappears. Among them are: Spanish Fever, Red Water, Black Water, RedMurrian, Australian Cattle Tick Fever, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite. The animal ceases to ruminate, or does notchew the cud, and every sign of unthriftiness is displayed; a hightemperature, and when the animal is standing the back is arched, but theanimal, however, prefers to lie down most of the time and shows desirefor solitude. The urine is very dark in color, hence the name "Red orBlack Water. " The disease is usually fatal, the animal dies within a fewweeks. 

TREATMENT: My advice is, when this disease once develops, or an animalshows any of the particular signs that I have mentioned, secure theservices of a competent veterinarian, who will immunize by the use ofserums, disinfectants, etc. 

TICKS

Ticks are very difficult to kill, on account of their protectedlocation, as ear ticks are not affected by dipping, and remedies strongenough for this purpose are liable to injure the animal, but theseparasites may be expelled by pouring into the ear Carbolated Sweet orCottonseed Oil with favorable results. 

TUBERCULOSIS

CAUSE: The bacilli of Tuberculosis thrive in animals, especially thosein a weakened condition, or when exposed to atmospheric changes, unwholesome food, dark and poorly ventilated stables. They gain entranceinto the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal. They lodge invarious portions of the lungs or intestines, and multiply very rapidly, causing irritations and formations, nodules, cysts or abscesses. Theyare the means of the bacillus entering the blood, which carries theinfection to other parts of the body, as the spleen, liver, udder, womb, etc. Cows affected with generalized tuberculosis, that is to say, theinfection is confined to not only a small portion of the lungs, but alsoto any of the above mentioned organs, etc. , may give birth to a calfhaving general tuberculosis at birth, or shortly after, due to the cow'sblood circulating through the body of the calf before birth. 

SYMPTOMS: This disease may pass a casual observer unnoticed, although insome instances we notice a slight cough, unthriftiness, dullness. Thecoughing is best marked after taking a drink of water in the morning andthen being exercised. Some animals keep up in good condition and lookperfectly healthy while some get emaciated, have constipation, variableappetite, and sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in theudder or glands of the body and neck. 

However, cattle showing any weakness, or the above symptoms, should betested for tuberculosis by a competent veterinarian who has had theprivileges of a veterinary education and experience in theadministration of tuberculin. 

TREATMENT: It is not advisable to treat tuberculosis. Thus far, medicinehas failed to relieve the affected animal, or kill the bacillus oftuberculosis in a living animal. The infected animals should be disposedof on account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular calves, themilk being unfit for human consumption, unless it is thoroughlypasteurized. Infected cattle should be separated from healthy ones, asthe disease spreads very rapidly. Drinking and feeding troughs are ameans of spreading the infection, therefore, suspected cases oftuberculosis should be tested and if the animals react, they should beslaughtered, and if the disease is localized, passed for humanconsumption. The meat of animals suspected of having tuberculosis, orreacting from tuberculin test, should be well cooked. 

TWISTED STOMACH WORM

CAUSE: Cattle become affected with this worm by grazing in pastures inwhich infested cattle have grazed and scattered their droppings. Theworms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size, which pass out of the body with the feces. In warm weather, these eggshatch in a few hours; if the temperature remains about freezing point, they soon die. The eggs are also destroyed, by dryness, but, on theother hand, moisture, if the weather is warm, favors their development. The twisted worm measures one-half inch to one and one-half inches inlength. 

SYMPTOMS: General weakness, loss of flesh, anemia, dullness, capriciousappetite, excessive thirst, paleness of the skin and mucous membranes ofthe mouth and eyes, and dropsical swelling, especially that of the lowerjaw. Diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the feces iscarefully examined the small worms may be seen wriggling about likelittle snakes, or when an animal dies; and the fourth stomach is opened, these worms can be seen in large quantities. 

TREATMENT: Preventive measures are important, as damp, marshy soilfavors the development of the embryos. High sloping ground is preferablefor pasture. If low ground is used it should be properly drained;burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on thegrass and on the ground. Cattle should be supplied with water fromflowing streams or wells and not stagnant ponds. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food for twenty-four hours; thenadminister Oil of Turpentine, placing it in an ounce capsule and givewith capsule gun. Follow in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; ginger, two drams. Place in capsule and give with capsulegun. When this worm develops in calves, give as follows: One dram ofTurpentine to a calf three months old, four drams to a calf six monthsold, six drams to a yearling. To cattle two years and over, giveequivalent dose, or an ounce. The physic should be reduced in the sameproportions as that of Turpentine. 

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS

(Lung Worms)

CAUSE: Due to worm or parasite called Strongylus Micrurus, a smallthread-like worm two to four inches in length, found in the bronchialtubes, a portion of the lungs. The life history of this parasite is notknown, but infection is apparently derived through the medium ofpastures where infested cattle have grazed. Young cattle are moreseriously affected than old animals, especially common in low marshypastures. 

SYMPTOMS: This form of bronchitis usually affects the entire herd; theanimals become poor, unthrifty, hacking, coughing, especially at night, and sometimes animals actually cough up worms. 

TREATMENT: Various treatments have been recommended for VerminousBronchitis, or Lung Worm, as injecting Turpentine into the windpipe orfumigating animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and burningsulphur, compelling the affected animals to inhale the fumes. Thistreatment perhaps is the safest and the most effective. A person shouldremain in the enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong thatthere is danger of suffocation, open the doors and windows. Thistreatment should be repeated every week until coughing ceases. 

[Illustration: Photograph of cow. ]HOLSTEIN COW FINDERNE PRIDE JOHANA RUE 121083. 28, 403. 7 lbs. Milk; 1, 176. 47 lbs. Butter Fat. Somerset Holstein Breeders Co. , Somerville, N. J. World's Record Cow. 

WARBLES OR GRUBS

CAUSE: By the heel-fly or warble-fly. They deposit their eggs on thelegs of cattle during the fall. The animal, licking the parts, takes theeggs into its mouth. These eggs gradually migrate into the gullet, wherethey hatch and burrow through the tissues, and in the early spring willbe found in the region of the back in the form of small lumps under theskin. 

SYMPTOMS: Warbles are frequently seen under the skin in the region ofthe back and over the loins, and are very tender to the touch. When theyare fully developed they work their way through the skin, which usuallyoccurs in the early part of the summer. Examine your cattle in thewinter and spring for the presence of grubs. They can be easily found byrunning the hand over the loins, by abrupt swellings or bunches on theskin. Pressure on the swellings will perhaps cause the grubs to pop out. 

TREATMENT: Remove the grubs by making a small incision with a clean, sharp knife in the center of the swelling. Then press them out and intoeach cavity from which the grub has been extracted, or squeezed out, should be injected a five per cent solution of Carbolized Sweet Oil toprevent any further development of flies or grubs. Cattle sprayed withfly repellants during the spring and summer are very seldom botheredwith warbles or grubs. However, this is not practical in range cattle;dipping instead should be resorted to, and it is surprising what resultswill be derived from fly repellants in a year or two. They willpractically exterminate the pest, and consequently the cattle arethrifty and look much better. 

WARTS

CAUSE: Warts may appear on various parts of the body, and are due to anabnormal growth of cells growing upon the outer surface of healthy skin, or they may grow upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply. 

TREATMENT: If the wart is located where there is hair surrounding it, cut away the hair, then wash the wart and surrounding parts with a fiveper cent solution of Carbolic Acid and clip the wart off with a sharppair of scissors or knife. After the wart is removed, cauterize the cutsurface with a hot iron. Caustic Potash or Silver Nitrate should beapplied two or three times at the intervals of two or three days toinsure the entire extermination of the wart. This same treatment appliesto all classes of warts located in various places. 

WHITES

(Leucorrhea)

CAUSE: Continual chronic inflammation of the womb, or due to irritationsfrom a retained afterbirth. Injuries or wounds inflicted by hands orinstruments in difficult calving, diseases of the ovaries, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: A glarish, white discharge from the womb. When cow is lyingdown it flows more abundantly, soiling the tail, etc. The general healthmay not be much affected at first, but if the discharge continues and isputrid, the health fails, the milk shrinks, and there is a great loss offlesh. In some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural, butthe animal rarely conceives when served, and if she does, is likely toabort. 

TREATMENT: Feed nitrogenous food. Wash the womb out with a solutionconsisting of five grains of Permanganate of Potash to one quart ofwater. This should be repeated once or twice a day. If the animal isconstipated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger. Place ingelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also place Potassium Iodideone dram, Hyposulphite of Soda one ounce in the drinking water two orthree times a day. This not only diminishes the discharge, but has agood effect on the blood, particularly where there is more or lessdecomposition of the flesh. 

WOLF IN THE TAIL

This condition is imaginary, although the muscles of the tail relax orsoften, especially those of its extremity, due to ill health;consequently the condition of the cow should be treated, and not thetail. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. Perhaps the animal has indigestion, or acold, etc. Determine the malady by careful examination and treat thedisease under its special heading. 

It has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors to split the tailwith a sharp knife, then fill the wound with salt and pepper and bandagewith a cloth. This is a fallacy, and should not be tolerated. 

DISEASES OF SWINE

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

[Illustration: Photograph of pig with numbers referring tothe parts named below. ]

Location of Parts of Swine1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Face4. Eyes5. Ears6. Jaws7. Jowl8. Neck9. Shoulder10. Fore flanks11. Chest Floor12. Pasterns13. Dew Claw14. Sheath15. Belly16. Side or ribs17. Heart girth19. Loin20. Rump21. Coupling22. Rear flanks23. Tail24. Thighs25. Hocks

CHAPTER III

HOG REGULATOR AND TONIC

Nux Vomica, one pound; Hardwood Charcoal, two pounds; Sulphur, twopounds; Common Salt, three pounds; Sulphide of Antimony, one andone-half pounds; Glauber Salts, two pounds; Bicarbonate of Soda, fourpounds; Hyposulphite of Soda, four pounds; Nitrate of Potash, one pound;Quassia, one-half pound; Gentian Root, one pound; Iron Sulphate, onepound; pulverize and mix well. 

To everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, give one tablespoonful in feedor swill once or twice daily. For hogs weighing two hundred pounds, thedose would be two tablespoonfuls; for a hog weighing fifty pounds, one-half tablespoonful. 

Hogs, like other animals, require tonics, bowel regulators and wormexpellers. For these purposes, I have prescribed under a number of thediseases of hogs, which I cover in this chapter, the above general tonicand regulator which I have used in my personal practice with markedsuccess, especially serving the purpose of aiding hogs in theirconvalescence from debilitating diseases and in their recovery from ageneral run-down condition. 

Aside from its general tonic and regulative effect, this prescriptioncontains nerve tonics, intestinal antiseptics, laxatives, wormexpellers, and aids digestion, etc. 

If regularly given to hogs, and sanitary conditions are maintained, thistonic and regulator will largely fortify them against contagiousdiseases. 

ABORTION

CAUSE: Sows may abort at any state of pregnancy by slipping, falling, receiving kicks, or by being caught while crawling through or underfences. Sows may also abort when allowed to crawl into quarters wherethere are other hogs. Contagious diseases, such as Cholera andPleuropneumonia also produce abortion. There is also a contagious formof abortion in sows, but this is very uncommon, as the disease spreadsvery slowly. 

SYMPTOMS: There is no warning given, as a rule; the sows expel theirpigs before any signs of abortion are noticed. 

In other cases the sows refuse to eat, become uneasy, shivering andtrembling of the muscles, and straining or labor pains are noticed. As arule, when a sow aborts, she will not prepare a bed, as she wouldnormally. 

TREATMENT: Preventive is the only safe and sure treatment, although whenthe first sign of abortion appears, and there are no signs of themembranes coming away, remove the sow to quiet, warm, clean quarters byherself, and if straining, give one dram of Chloral-Hydrate in herdrinking water every two or three hours. 

When a sow aborts, burn the pigs and afterbirth, and disinfect the penswith a Coal Tar disinfectant. Keep this up for several days, and do notbreed until all discharges from the vagina have ceased flowing. 

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE TO HOGS

To administer medicine to hogs may seem easy, but, nevertheless, it is adifficult task. Never lay a hog on his back to drench him, as in sodoing there is great danger of strangling. The proper method is to standor set him on end, holding him up by the ears, and by the use of abottle with a piece of hose drawn over its neck, give the medicine veryslowly, so as not to allow a large quantity to accumulate in the mouthor throat at one time. There is always danger of some of the liquidescaping into the lungs and causing the hog to strangle, and thus it mayproduce pneumonia. However, this is the best method of giving hogsmedicine by force. 

Hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or drinking water, unless they are very sick, or the medicine is extremely disagreeable tothe taste. 

BAG INFLAMMATION

CAUSE: Injuries, obstructed teats, accumulation of milk in the sow's bagafter the loss of part of or all of her litter. Difficult birth, slightwounds in the bag permit invasion of germs, which is frequently thecommon cause of bag inflammation. 

SYMPTOMS: Heat, pain and swelling in one or more teats. The general bodytemperature is elevated one or two degrees above normal. The sow perhapsrefuses her feed, although she will drink water in large quantities. 

TREATMENT: Feed soft, sloppy food and vegetables. Give Epsom Salts, twoto four ounces, in milk or feed. It is also well to milk the sow byhand, relieving her of the milk three or four times a day. This is verynecessary. Camphorated Oil is very soothing, and I would recommend itsuse freely only over affected teats. 

BLACK TOOTH

CAUSE: Black Tooth, so called in swine, is principally due to injuriesto the teeth received by chewing hard matter, such as bone, etc. , whichcauses them to decay. 

SYMPTOMS: Toothache. Toothache in swine is similar to that exhibited byman, in showing loss of appetite, salivation, or slobbering, hanging thehead mostly to the side which is affected, loss of fear of man, andoffensive breath. If the hogs are fed on strongly acid food for anylength of time, their teeth may become dark colored. As the teeth arenot materially injured; so long as decayed tooth substance cannot benoticed, and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog do notappear to be diminished, no interference will be necessary. 

It is customary with some people to examine the teeth of hogs, and ifone tooth is found darker colored than the others, it is supposed to bethe cause of the hog not doing well, if he is in a poor condition, andthe tooth is hammered off flush with the jaw, leaving the broken roots, lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's suffering. If the hogrecovers, it is often concluded that this was a case of Black Tooth. 

My advice is, if you are determined to have the tooth out, extract itproperly. Do not break it off. When your hogs are not thriving, givethem the regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of thischapter. 

BLOOD POISONING

(Pyemia Septicemia)

CAUSE: Due to the toxic substance produced by germs that invade wounds, bruises, abscesses, or womb following farrowing, if lacerated. 

SYMPTOMS: The seat of injury becomes swollen, pus may adhere to thehair, temperature elevated, appetite poor, hog moves about very slowly, becomes separated from the rest of the drove, lies around in some cool, quiet place, eventually becomes very weak and poor and dies, if goodattention is not given. 

TREATMENT: Separate from the other hogs and remove to a clean, comfortable place and wash the seat of injury with some gooddisinfectant, as a five per cent Carbolic Acid solution. In case ofabscess, open it low so as to assure good drainage. Keep clean, coolwater before your hogs at all times. Give mashes made from wheat branand hot water, or any good, substantial food that is easily digestedcontaining regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of thischapter. 

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Lung worms, poorly ventilated sleeping quarters, sleeping instraw stacks, in manure heaps, overheated, filthy pens, where theanimals inhale irritating gases given off the bodies of other hogs, andfrom filth. Smoke and dust are very common producers of bronchitis. 

SYMPTOMS: Breathing fast, appetite poor, slight rise in temperature andcoughing. The hog is dull and stupid, refuses food, but drinks waterfrequently. 

TREATMENT: Preventive; avoid the above named causes, but when hogsbecome affected, move them to clean, well ventilated quarters, avoidingdust and gases, disinfect bedding and floors with some gooddisinfectant, as Crude Carbolic Acid, sprayed. Also give large doses ofthe hog regulator and tonic, as prescribed on the first page of thischapter. Feed vegetables, or any easily digested food, and hot wheatbran mashes. 

In case the disease is due to lung worms, confine the animals in aclosed shed and permit them to inhale the steam from Turpentine andwater for a few minutes, by placing water and Turpentine in a tinreceptacle holding about two gallons, and inserting heated bricks orstones into the solution. 

CASTRATION

This is generally understood by every stockraiser, yet there are somepoints many do not know. For instance, you should use in this operationan antiseptic solution, as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mercury. Washthoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife, also the seat ofoperation and make your incision as low as possible to permit the pus todrain out nicely. If this is not practiced, the pus will become absorbedinto the blood, producing blood poison, which may produce death, or atthe best will cause the hog to become stunted, whereas, if the operationis performed properly, the hog will thrive, regardless of the shock fromthe operation. I may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or hogswhen their stomach and intestines are empty, and it is always goodpractice to feed laxative and easily digested foods sparingly after thisoperation. 

CHOKING

CAUSE: Vegetables, such as potatoes, etc. , roots, as carrots, turnipsand sometimes pieces of bone or glass, lodge in the gullet. Paralysis ofthe muscular fibres of the gullet is a very common cause of choking inswine. 

SYMPTOMS: The hog is unable to swallow, producing frothing at the mouthand, if the obstruction cannot be dislodged, death occurs in a veryshort time. Sometimes the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from theoutside with the hand. 

TREATMENT: The administration of small doses of Raw Linseed or OliveOil, or Lard, will assist in dislodging the obstruction. Also carefulmanipulation of the gullet from the outside with the hand assists ineither forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through hog'smouth. If vomiting can be produced, it will dislodge the obstruction. Ifimmediate results are not obtained from the above treatments, I wouldrecommend butchering the hog for meat immediately. 

COLD IN THE HEAD

(Nasal Catarrh)

CAUSE: Exposure to cold; a very common condition in cold, wet weatherwhen hogs are allowed to sleep in manure heaps, straw stacks, or pile uptogether, when they become overheated and later chill. Nasal Catarrh mayalso be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal is stupid and feverish, coughing and sneezingfrequently; appetite is poor, eyes watery and inflamed; a discharge ofmucus from the nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose, ifexamined, is found to be inflamed and ulcerated. 

TREATMENT: The best and safest treatment is to provide clean sleepingquarters, avoid overcrowding in dusty, dirty sheds, especially duringcold weather. Pigs affected with cold in the head should be fed onlaxative food, such as boiled carrots, potatoes, apples, hot wheat branmashes and steamed rolled oats. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed, close windowsand doors and any large cracks; then compel them to inhale steam fromthe following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of shed and heatthe above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixtureoccasionally. Compel the hogs to inhale this steam for at least thirtyminutes twice a day. Give Chlorate of Potash in twenty grain doses threetimes a day in feed or drinking water. This treatment is very successfulif the inflammation has not extended to the lungs. 

DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG PIGS

(Scours)

CAUSE: Decomposed foods, slops, etc. , fed to the mothers, causing themto give toxic milk. Poorly ventilated, filthy, cold and damp pens, insufficient exercise, lack of sunlight, raising pigs by hand or withother sow. 

SYMPTOMS: Frequent movement of the bowels, the passage being of agrayish-white color and the odor very disagreeable. At this stage ofthe disease, reliable remedies must be given or the pig will die verysoon. 

The discharge from the bowels becomes very thin, the tail and legsbecome soiled, loss of appetite, the pigs become weak and dull, hairrough and it is difficult for them to move about. In very young pigs, treatment is of little value. 

TREATMENT: As Scours in pigs is a disease frequently caused by faultyfood and insanitary surroundings, a preventive treatment is of greatimportance, and much better results are thus obtained than by the use ofmedical agents. Medical treatment consists in first cleaning away theirritant present in the bowels. For this purpose give one to twotablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. At the time of farrowing all sows shouldreceive a light diet and be kept in clean, dry quarters. The pigs shouldbe allowed pure air, sunshine and exercise. If the sow appears hot andfeverish, give one to three ounces of Castor Oil in milk or swill. Avoidfeeding decomposed, moldy food, or sour milk. To check the diarrhoea inpigs, use the following after the irritant is removed or cleaned out asabove stated: Zinc Sulphocarbolates, thirty grains; Protan, two ounces;Pulv. Gentian Root, two ounces. Make into sixty capsules or powders andgive one, three or four times a day. The sow should receive a dose abouteight times the size of that of the pigs. 

[Illustration: Photograph of three pigs. ]CHESTER WHITES. Owned by C. A. Slepieka, Tobias, Nebr. 

HOG CHOLERA

CAUSE: By the Bacillus Sius; contaminated food, stagnant water, filth, etc. , all have a tendency to aid its progress. I have seen farms, although located in sections where Cholera was prevalent, not in theleast troubled with the malady, perhaps due to careful feeding of cleanfoods, care in watering, cleanliness about the pens and sheds anddisinfecting occasionally, but no doubt a better explanation is thatthose hogs received tonics, containing worm expellers, at least fourtimes a year. Many a case of supposed Hog Cholera is due to wormsirritating and producing inflammation of the intestines, followed bydiarrhoea. A person not familiar with the disease calls this "hogcholera. " In other cases, hogs which are fed swills from restaurants, hotels, etc. , containing soap, washing powders, small particles ofglass, etc. , will die with symptoms leading a person to think they hadHog Cholera, but if a thorough investigation is made the true cause ofdeath can easily be discovered. 

SYMPTOMS: In true Hog Cholera, the temperature will be elevated two tofour degrees above normal. There will be a loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, although there may be constipation when the hog is firstaffected. The hog wanders off by itself to some cool, quiet place andlies down. When it walks it will stagger and show great stiffness in itshind parts, due to soreness of the intestines. The hair will have aroughened appearance, the back arched, the eyes inflamed and dischargingpus, red blotches will show themselves back of the ears, inside the legsand on the abdomen. At this stage the diarrhoea is watery, dark andtinged with blood, and very offensive in odor, breath is very fast andlabored. The hog grows very weak and dies. 

TREATMENT: Prevention must always be borne in mind. Do not feed filthyfood. Always feed good, wholesome food, and give clean water to drink. Watch the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feeding. Burnmanure and bedding and disinfect carefully. Do not permit your hogs todrink out of running streams of water, especially if Hog Cholera is inyour neighborhood. When buying hogs, it is well to keep them off bythemselves for two or three weeks, as they may be diseased. Do notpermit neighbors, their stock or dogs on your premises when Hog Cholerais raging, as the infection of Hog Cholera can be spread very rapidly bymatter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of man, to the feetof stock and dogs, etc. 

I am positive that if this method were properly practiced by all hograisers and feeders, Hog Cholera would be a very rare disease. 

SERUM TREATMENT: This is successful in some cases, and in othersunsuccessful. The latter perhaps is due to poor serums, or the diseasebeing so far advanced in its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery. Serum treatment is very expensive and, as it requires a strictly septicoperation of injecting the serum, the average hog raiser or grower isnot qualified to administer the treatment properly. An additional andnecessary expense is the services of a Veterinary Surgeon. Therefore, Istrongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated. Use some gooddisinfectant, such as Crude Carbolic Acid, which destroys the Bacillusof Hog Cholera. Also administer hog regulator and tonic as prescribed onfirst page of this chapter. This will expel worms, tone the system, regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against Hog Cholera. 

INDIGESTION

CAUSE: Worms are perhaps one of the most common causes. Unwholesome, irritating food or swill containing soap or washing powder have atendency to derange the process of digestion. 

SYMPTOMS: Abdominal pain, vomiting, back arched, breathing rapid andtemperature elevated from two to three degrees. There may be diarrhoeaor the animal may be constipated. Vomiting, as a rule, relieves acuteattacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels. When it takes achronic form, the hogs become stunted. 

TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the cause and remove it. If constipated, give Calomel, fifteen to twenty grains, or, if diarrhoea appears, givehog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Feed with hot wheat bran mashes. This will expel all worms and aiddigestion. 

JAUNDICE

(Yellows)

CAUSE: Liver flukes, intestinal worms, gall stones, lack of exercise, overfeeding, or a stoppage of the bile duct. 

SYMPTOMS: The white portions of the eyes take on a yellow color, as dothe membranes of the mouth, back arched, hair looks rough, vomiting, temperature elevated, constipation, although diarrhoea is sometimesnoticed. The urine is passed frequently, and is of a dark amber color. 

TREATMENT: This disease requires careful feeding and plenty of exercise. Give Calomel, ten to twenty grains, then follow with large doses ofregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It isimportant in this disease, especially if due to worms. Feed clean swilland vegetables. Give hogs all the pure water they will drink. 

KIDNEY CONGESTION

CAUSE: Hogs are subject to various injuries about the kidneys, due to alarge number of hogs piling up, exposure to cold, wet rains, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Small quantities of dark colored urine are passed frequently, appetite poor, no energy to move about. Hogs lie around a great deal; attimes they may be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters. 

TREATMENT: Apply cloths or blankets wrung out of hot water over theloin; also give Potassium Acetate in twenty grain doses four or fivetimes a day in drinking water. Feed soft, sloppy food, containingregulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. Itcontains nerve stimulants, just what is required in paralysis. 

[Illustration: Photograph of pig. ]GRAND CHAMPION DUROC BOAR. Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa. 

KIDNEY WORM

CAUSE: Damp, filthy surroundings seem to favor the growth of embryos ofthis worm. They are taken into the digestive canal with the food andeventually pass to the region of the kidneys, where they find conditionsfavorable in which to multiply. 

SYMPTOMS: May produce paralysis of the hind quarters, in which case theanimal would not exhibit such marked tenderness on being pressed overthe loins with the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hindquarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins. Occasionallyhogs may suffer from the presence of one or more worms in the kidneys;but the ailment is rarely fatal, becoming so only after a long time ofsuffering resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys. It isalmost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys ofhogs, except by chance through a microscopic examination of the urine. If worms are found in the kidneys of a hog that has died or beenslaughtered for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other hogsof the same herd not acting normal are infected with worms of the samespecies. 

TREATMENT: Teaspoonful doses of Turpentine in milk three times a week isthe only treatment I could recommend. Preventive measures is the onlypractical method of treating a disease of this nature. Give your hogspure water and food. Disinfect pens occasionally and keep them clean. 

LICE ON HOGS

Dip, spray or scrub your hogs with some good Coal Tar disinfectant, butwhatever remedy is used it should be applied more than once which, ofcourse, causes considerable work where there is a large number of hogsinfested, unless dipped, which is more quickly done. The reason forrepeated applications being necessary is that although the lice whichhogs pick up from the ground, bedding and rubbing places, may be killedby first application, it often does not affect the nits, which remainintact and hatch within a week or ten days. A new crop of Lice appearson the hog from this source. Remove all manure and bedding from pens andsheds and burn it. Disinfect floors and spray sides of shed, pens andrubbing places with disinfectants, one part to seventy-two parts ofwater, once a month and you will be handsomely repaid for your labor. 

LUNG FEVER

(Inflammation of the Lungs)

CAUSE: Sudden changes, exposure to storms, piling up of hogs during coldnights, or sleeping in manure heaps, old straw stacks, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Pig or hog is taken with shivering spells, is stupid, his backis arched, loss of appetite, temperature elevated two to four degreesabove normal, short hurried breathing, generally accompanied with cough, which is deep and hoarse. As a rule the hog is constipated. 

TREATMENT: Place in good, clean, warm, well ventilated quarters, freefrom drafts. Keep water before them at all times, adding Saltpeter, oneteaspoonful to every gallon of water. If constipated, do not givephysics; give injections of soap and warm water; also administer aboutone-half teaspoonful of Pine Tar on the tongue with a wooden paddle. This adheres to the tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellentresults, as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing. During theconvalescent stage, give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter. 

LUNG WORMS

CAUSE: By threadlike worms varying in length from one-half to one andone-half inches and of a brownish-white color. They are found in thewindpipe and tubes leading into the lungs. The adult worms in the lungsproduce large quantities of eggs, which are coughed up with mucus andbecome scattered over premises where other hogs are permitted to walk. The hogs inhale the dust containing the eggs into their lungs, where theeggs find moisture sufficient for their development. 

SYMPTOMS: Severe coughing spells. Large quantities of mucus will escapefrom the nose and mouth. The hog becomes stunted, although he may eatfairly well, but if not relieved, the worms collect in the Bronchi andproduce sudden death due to suffocation. The worms may set up aninflammation of the lining membranes of the lungs, which is sometimestaken for Swine Plague, or Cholera. This disease is not uncommon, especially in old, filthy, poorly drained hog houses and pastures. 

TREATMENT: Confine the affected hogs to a shed; close the windows anddoors and any large cracks, then compel the hogs to inhale steam fromthe following mixture: Turpentine, eight ounces; Pine Tar, one pint;Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of the shed andheat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixtureoccasionally. Compel them to inhale this steam for at least thirtyminutes twice a day. Feed wholesome food to which add hog tonic asprescribed on first page of this chapter. A strong, vigorous hog mayhave worms, but it retains its vitality so long as it is well fed. 

MANGE

CAUSE: By the Sarcoptes Scabei. This parasite burrows under the outersurface of the skin. 

SYMPTOMS: The parasite usually manifests itself on the skin under thearmpits, thighs and inside of the fore legs. At first small red blotchesor pimples appear, and these gradually spread as the parasites multiplyand burrow under the skin. 

TREATMENT: There is no other way of curing this disease, or ofpreventing it, than by killing the parasites and their eggs; not only onthe pigs themselves, but also on the sides of the pens, sheds, rubbing-posts, or anything that an affected hog rubs against. 

When treating this disease, the real aim must be to kill the parasite bythe prompt and continuous use of external remedies, such as washing ordipping, which is better done with some good disinfectant, one part toseventy parts water. Repeat this every ten days until cured. Twodippings are generally sufficient. It is well to feed cooling foods, such as clean slops and vegetables, containing regulator and tonic asprescribed on first page of this chapter. 

NAVEL RUPTURE

(Navel or Umbilical)

CAUSE: Injuries. Pigs crowding through narrow doorways or openings infences, small pigs sleeping with large pigs, and allowed to pile up, orbeing thrown about feed troughs when feeding. Weakness and constipationalso predisposes them to Navel or Umbilical Rupture. 

SYMPTOMS: A soft, puffy swelling about the navel or umbilicus, varyingin size from a hazelnut to that of an ostrich egg. When a pig is placedon its back the intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity, providing the intestines have not adhered to the walls of the rupture. 

TREATMENT: This is more difficult than the Scrotal or Inguinal Ruptureoperation, as often times the intestines will adhere to the innersurface of the rupture and, unless the operation is carefully performed, there is great danger. Great care must be exercised in preparing the pigby fasting it for twenty-four hours. After this is accomplished, preparean antiseptic solution, Carbolic Acid, five per cent, or Bichloride ofMercury, one in one-thousandths; also have a needle and absorbent silkor cat-gut ready. Place the pig on its back, with its head downward. Now, wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Thenmake an incision through the skin carefully; as stated before, intestines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rupture. If suchis the case, wash the hands in the antiseptic solution and with thefingers carefully break the adhesions or separate the intestines fromtheir adhesions. After this is accomplished, sew the inner lining of theabdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut. Then sew the outer skinwith cotton or linen cord and your operation is complete. Feed the hogsparingly for a few days following the operation on easily digested, laxative foods. 

NETTLE RASH

(Urticaria)

CAUSE: Irritations of the skin produced by sprinkling hogs withirritating solutions and powders, or from irritating dips when treatingfor lice, etc. Feeding highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to thisdisease; also filth, poorly drained sheds and pens; is especially commonin young pigs. Nettle Rash is not contagious, but what produces it inone hog may produce it in several at the same time. 

SYMPTOMS: Red, swollen blotches appear on the skin very suddenly, especially about the ears and the inside of the thighs, perhaps due tothe skin being thin and deprived of hair. The hog rubs it on account ofthe intense itching, and he will not thrive when in this condition. Inmost cases there is a fluid oozing from the blotches, causing dirt andfilth to adhere to the hair. However, if the disease is properlytreated, a recovery is sure to follow in about two weeks. 

TREATMENT: Prevention against this disease is most important, and itconsists in keeping shoats and pigs in clean, well ventilated sheds andpens. Do not sprinkle them with irritating solutions or powders, orirritating dips, but when the disease once shows itself give each pig orhog affected a dose of Epsom Salts, one ounce to every twenty-fivepounds of hog weight, in feed, swill or drinking water. If the weatheris hot, keep them in a clean, cool place, also purify their blood byfeeding regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. 

Apply some good Coal Tar disinfectant, one part to one hundred parts ofwater. This is non-irritating, and will destroy hog lice, and will healthe pustules of nettle rash. Apply twice ten days apart. It also must beborne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be disinfected; theold bedding and manure burned and replaced with good, clean straw orhay. Feed easily digested food, slops, etc. 

[Illustration: Photograph of pig. ]CHAMPION POLAND CHINA BOAR KING HADLEY 57722. Owned by W. J. Baker, Rich Hill, Mo. 

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS

CAUSE: There are a great many things that may produce paralysis of thehind quarters. For instance, shipping hogs in crates; fractions of thighbones; Rickets, due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter;hogs piling up; kicks or injuries to the back; frequently seen in sowsnursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down condition. Constipation andindigestion also produce paralysis of the hind quarters. Some think itis caused by worms in the kidneys; this is not always the case. It istrue that the presence of a parasite around the kidneys may causeirritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in paralysis. Yet, it is more often the result of weakness and loss of nervous powerof the hind parts. 

SYMPTOMS: Regardless of the cause, the symptoms in either case, for theycannot be distinguished, are weakness of the back, wriggling of the hindparts, and finally the hogs sit down on their haunches. After someeffort, they get up and run in a straight line quite fast, but swing toone side for a while and then go over to the other side, and finally getdown so that they cannot rise, but drag themselves about. The appetiteis good until a day or two before they die. 

TREATMENT: Place the hog in clean, comfortable quarters, with plenty offresh water to drink. Give sour milk, fruit or vegetables, containingregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Itcontains nerve stimulants and blood purifiers. If the hog isconstipated, add two to four ounces of Epsom Salts to its feed. Treatment of all such cases requires perseverance, recovery being slowand not always certain. 

PILES

(Prolapse of the Anus)

CAUSE: Although the pig may look well, he has a weakness of the circularfibres of the intestines, due to irritating foods that either constipateor produce diarrhoea. 

SYMPTOMS: Very plain. A protrusion of the rectum all the way from two tofour inches. The pig irritates the protrusion by rubbing it against thesides of pens, etc. ; it cracks, bleeds and in warm weather will becomefly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities. 

TREATMENT: In the first stages of this disease, wash the protruded partswith an antiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pintof water. Give rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water or Sweet Oil, give about two ounces of Castor Oil internally and feed soft, sloppyfood. In chronic cases of long standing, remove the exposed portion ofthe intestine after washing nicely with the antiseptic solution. Removethe protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end of intestineedges to the anus. Feed easily digested food, such as wheat bran, mixedwith flaxseed meal on which boiling hot water has been poured, coolingbefore feeding. Also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter. 

PIN WORMS

CAUSE: Hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well matured embryonic wormswith their food or drinking water. These worms multiply very rapidly inthe small intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length. 

SYMPTOMS: No signs are noticed unless the worms are very abundant, asthey are small and difficult to see with the naked eye. The principalpoint of attack is in the back part of the small intestines, whereconsiderable inflammation is set up, especially when there are otherworms, such as the Roundworm, present. 

TREATMENT: Is of little value, as the worms in the intestines are verydifficult to get at, but as their presence causes very littledisturbance, it is hardly worth while treating; however, preventivemeasures should be applied by disinfecting, burning manure and bedding. 

The following has proven a very effective treatment for Pinworms:Powdered Quassia, one pound; Sulphur, two pounds; Glauber Salts, onepound; Powdered Tobacco, one-half pound; Sulphide of Antimony, onepound; Hyposulphite of Soda, two pounds; Beechwood Charcoal, one pound;Common Salt, two pounds. 

The above must be well powdered and thoroughly mixed. Give one heapingteaspoonful to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight. To small pigs, give doses in proportion to weight. Place it in their feed or slop twicea day. In addition to being a vermifuge, it is an alterative and tonicthat should be given pigs and hogs which do not thrive properly. Bestresults are obtained in treatment of Pinworm when the principal foodconsists of vegetables, mashes and slops. 

PLEURISY

CAUSE: Exposure to cold, damp, chilly weather, especially to drafts, orby a large number of hogs being allowed to pile up during cold nights, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Chilling, temperature elevated two or three degrees abovenormal; breathing fast. The hog will show great pain when pressed overthe lungs by flinching, squealing or grunting; coughing suppressed, ribsrigid; breathing mostly with the muscles of the flanks; appetite poorand eventually there will be fluids accumulate in the lung cavities. Atthis stage, the breathing is labored and difficult. If the ear ispressed over the lungs, the fluids can be heard, and in the first stagethe sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair between the finger andthumb. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. The treatment is satisfactory if applied indue time. Place in clean, comfortable shed, seeing that it is wellventilated, omit drafts; apply equal parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort. , Turpentine and Sweet Oil over the lungs and give two or four ounces ofCastor Oil in milk. Feed easily digested food, such as hot wheat branmashes, containing hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first pageof this chapter. It is also well to feed vegetables. 

RHEUMATISM

CAUSE: Exposure, as in cold, damp houses. Overfeeding also has atendency to cause swellings of the joints and muscles. 

SYMPTOMS: Lameness of one or more limbs, swelling of the joints aboutthe legs and feet. The hog does not care to move, refusing its feed inmost cases; temperature slightly elevated; breathing quick and short; hewill drink water frequently if offered. 

TREATMENT: I am of opinion that Rheumatism in hogs would be a very raredisease if they were properly provided with clean, dry quarters, with aliberal quantity of bedding. Do not allow hogs to pile up, as it is veryinjurious to them. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Consists of feeding sloppy food to which add one-halfdram of Sodium Salicylate two or three times a day in their feed. Vegetables and green grass are very beneficial in this disease, as theyhave a cooling effect on the blood. The hog tonic and regulatorrecommended on first page of this chapter is very beneficial when givenwith food of a sloppy nature. 

RICKETS

CAUSE: Food deficient in mineral matter or lime; filth, lack ofexercise, and crowded quarters, all tend to produce a softening of thebones and swelling of the joints. 

SYMPTOMS: The pigs affected generally appear in good condition and seemto be doing well, but suddenly they become paralyzed in the hindquarters, owing to the weakened condition of the bones, which sometimesfracture without receiving injury or any additional weight to that ofthe pig itself. The bones of the snout, back, limbs and feet bend andbecome deformed. The pigs grow weak, poor and stunted and perhaps thebest treatment is to destroy them. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Careful feeding of good, wholesome food. Thisdisease is very seldom seen where hogs are frequently fed corn. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: When the first signs of Rickets appear, feedregulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Itcontains the mineral matter needed by the hog. 

ROUND WORMS

CAUSE: Is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating food or drinking watercontaminated with well developed eggs or embryos of roundworms, thustaking them into their digestive canal, where they multiply rapidly andset up considerable irritation. This worm varies in length from three tothirteen inches, and is of a reddish-brown color. 

SYMPTOMS: The Roundworm is generally passed with the feces, and can bereadily seen with the naked eye. A hog infested with a large number ofthese worms is generally restless, appetite varied. When these wormsdevelop in large numbers, they obstruct the intestines. In other casesthey irritate and inflame the intestines causing inflammation anddiarrhoea, and death may be due to either obstruction or inflammation ofthe bowels. 

TREATMENT: Treatment is very satisfactory. Withhold all food fromeighteen to twenty-four hours. Then place in one pint of finely groundfeed, Calomel and Santonin, each five grains to every one hundred poundsof hog weight. For instance, if the hog affected with round worms weighstwo hundred pounds, double the dose by giving ten grains of each of theabove, but if the hog only weighs fifty pounds, give one-half the dosementioned, or two and one-half grains of each. This treatment should berepeated in a week or ten days to assure the expulsion of worms thatmight have survived the first dose. Feed sparingly on laxative food, asbran mashes and vegetables, for a few days following each treatment. 

RUPTURE

(Scrotal or Inguinal)

DEFINITION: In the male the intestines pass through the wide InguinalCanal, through which the cord of the testicle passes. It is notdifficult to recognize this form of rupture, as the scrotum thatnormally retains only the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowelsentering it. Sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the ground, and inthis case, both sides of the scrotum, or the sack which contains thetesticles, also contains intestines. If the pig is held up by the hindparts, the intestines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity, butas soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return into the scrotum. The testicles can be located at the bottom of the enlargement. 

CAUSE: Hereditary tendencies predisposes them to rupture; pigs havinglarge Inguinal Canals through which the testicle passes; by pigs beingcrowded, injured, squeezed at troughs, or passing through narrowdoorways. Weakness and severe straining from constipation also producerupture. 

SYMPTOMS: An enlargement of the sack containing the testicles. Sometimesthere may be a strangulation of the intestines where they fold or twist. They become inflamed and produce death. The pig dies in great pain, butfortunately, strangulated ruptures in pigs are very rare, as the scrotumand canal which the intestines occupy relax and become very roomy. 

TREATMENT: Operation is the only method of relieving or curing Inguinalor Scrotal Rupture. My advice is to operate as soon as possible. Whenthe pigs are small, there is less danger. The pig to be operated onshould be fasted for at least twenty-four hours, as it is easier on boththe operator and pig when the intestines are empty, or nearly so. 

The operation which I have found to be very successful is as follows:Have an assistant hold the pig up by its hind legs. Prepare anantiseptic solution of Carbolic Acid five per cent, or Bichloride ofMercury, one in one-thousandths, in a pan. Have a needle threaded with amedium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture. Prepare a clean, sharpknife; wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution. Now, proceed to locate the testicle by having the hind parts elevated. Theintestines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity. The testiclewill remain in the sack or scrotum; now grasp the testicle between thefingers and make the incision through the scrotum and to the lowerportion. It may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw thetesticle. When the testicle is located, withdraw it. Before cutting itoff it is well to run a needle containing a thread through the lastcovering of the testicle so as to prevent the membrane from returning. After this is securely done, remove the testicle and sew the innermembranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with what is called a"tobacco pouch suture. " Draw it together firmly and tie and cut offsuture about one-half inch from the knot. Your operation is nowcomplete. Do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum, as it would havea tendency to accumulate dirt and hold pus. It should have a freedrainage. Wash with one of the above mentioned antiseptics twice dailyuntil thoroughly healed. Also feed laxative foods that are easilydigested. 

SORE FEET

CAUSE: Filth; especially common in large hogs when confined to hardfloors or driven over rough, hard roads, or continually kept in filthypens. The tissues of the feet become softened, especially those betweenthe claws. Irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions. 

SYMPTOMS: The hogs will be noticed going very lame and if closelyexamined the above named conditions will be found. 

TREATMENT: Remove the hogs to clean, dry pens containing plenty of cleanbedding, and wash the affected parts with some good disinfectant, asfive per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Repeat this treatment at leastonce a day. In case the feet are badly inflamed, I would advise theapplication of hot Flaxseed Meal poultices to the feet. Feed easilydigested food, as it aids materially in the treatment of infectiouswounds. 

[Illustration: Photograph of a pig. ]CHAMPION BERKSHIRE BOAR LONGFELLOW'S SUCCESSOR. Hood Farm, Lowell, Mass. 

SORE MOUTH

CAUSE: Decomposed foods. Also slops or stagnant water, washing powders, broken glassware, etc. , from the tables, fed in slops, barley or wheatbeards, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in eating, or refusal to eat at all. Stringysecretions of saliva continually oozing from the mouth. The mouth givesoff very offensive odor. 

TREATMENT: In this form of sore mouth, remove the cause. Feed soft, wholesome food, such as wheat bran mashes and vegetables. In cases whereit is due to the lodging of beards of wheat or barley, gag the hog'smouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with forceps. Keepclean, cool water before them at all times and avoid feeding dry, hardfood. 

SOWS EATING THEIR YOUNG

CAUSE: Insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior to farrowing;constipation is also a fruitful cause. 

PREVENTION: Careful feeding for a few days prior to farrowing of slops, free from soap or washing powders; cool food, such as wheat bran mashes, with hog tonic and regulator as prescribed on the first page of thischapter. This is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineralmatter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in the abovementioned condition. 

SUN OR HEAT STROKE

CAUSE: Hogs that are very fat, and driven, hauled or shipped to marketwhen the weather is warm, are frequently stricken with heat orsun-stroke. Sometimes when hogs are overcrowded and not protected fromthe rays of the sun, or from heat, they may become victims of heat orsunstroke. 

SYMPTOMS: First they stagger when walking, then they become very weakand temperature elevates three or four degrees higher than normal. Prostration or extreme depression, or sometimes involuntary spasms orcontractions of muscles occur. 

TREATMENT: Prevention. Do not drive, haul or ship during the hottestpart of the day, hogs that are not accustomed to exercise or extremeheat. Do not crowd hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months, astheir bodies give off considerable heat in addition to that of the sun. See that they are protected from the sun. When hauling or shipping hogs, wet them occasionally with water. It prevents heat stroke. In case a hogis suffering from heat or sun-stroke, place it in a cool, shady placeand apply ice or cold water to the head only. Also give Saltpeter inteaspoonful doses every six hours diluted in one ounce of water. Alsogive Alcohol, one teaspoonful, every three hours in one ounce of water. Good recovery is often obtained from the above treatment. 

THORN-HEADED WORMS

CAUSE: A white grub that is found in old manure heaps, straw stacks andhog lots carries eggs containing embryos of the Thorn-headed Worm. Thewhite grub is eaten by the hog. The larvae of the Thorn-headed Worm isliberated by the process of digestion and becomes a parasite in theintestines of the hogs, where it develops into a fully matured worm. Large numbers of hogs quickly become infested with this parasite, asthey multiply very rapidly. These worms vary from two to twelve inchesin length, and have a whitish color. 

SYMPTOMS: As a general rule, a worm can be seen in the feces. Othersigns are that the hog loses flesh, appetite irregular, constipation, and then again there may be diarrhoea, especially where there are largenumbers of worms present. 

TREATMENT: First of all, burn all manure or decomposed vegetation thatthe hogs are liable to come in contact with. Withhold all food fromeighteen to twenty-four hours and give one teaspoonful of Oil ofTurpentine to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight, or if the hogweighs less than one hundred pounds, doses should be given inproportion. Follow this treatment for three or four consecutive days. Turpentine is easily given to hogs, as they will drink it in milk whenwell mixed. Perhaps it is advisable, where a large number of hogs areaffected, to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs, as they are thusless likely to get an overdose. Feed laxative food. Clean and disinfecttroughs and feeding floors. Also give prescription on first page of thischapter. 

THUMPS

CAUSE: Disorders of the digestive system from overloading the stomachand causing irritation of the nerves leading to the diaphragm, which isthe membrane that separates the lungs and heart from the intestines, stomach, liver and spleen. It is a spasm of this membrane that causes ahog or pig to have "Thumps. " Insufficient exercise; a large number ofpigs may become affected at the same time when closely confined. 

SYMPTOMS: Jerking of the flanks; the pig or hog becomes very weak andstunted in a very short time. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause. In pigs, when first affected, carefulfeeding and exercise will generally effect a cure. In some cases, wherethe pigs are very small, it is well to take them away from the mother, permitting them to nurse very little. Give them Castor Oil inteaspoonful doses, and compel them to exercise. It may be necessary togive them Chloral Hydrate ten to fifteen grains two or three times a daydiluted in a teaspoonful of water. Where the pigs will not eat mashes ordrink milk, give them medicine by force with a teaspoon. 

AFTER TREATMENT: Give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on firstpage of this chapter. 

WHIP WORM

This worm is very uncommon, but occasionally is found in the largeintestines. 

CAUSE: The eggs become imbedded in the manure, bedding, etc. , and thenmix with the feed and drinking water and are taken into the digestivecanal where they develop into matured worms. This worm is from one tothree inches in length, the hind extremity of which is very thin, hencethe name, "Whipworm. "

SYMPTOMS: They produce very little disturbance, even though present inlarge quantities, except when other worms assist in their irritating thelining membranes of the large intestines. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours, then give one teaspoonful of Gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk, toeveryone hundred pounds of hog weight. Small hogs, reduce the dose inproportion to their weight. It is advisable to follow this dose for twoor three consecutive days. Feed food that is easily digested, and seethat they have fresh water to drink. 

DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

[Illustration: Photograph of sheep with numbers referring tothe parts named below. ]

1. Mouth2. Nostrils3. Eyes4. Forehead5. Poll6. Ears7. Neck or Scrag8. Throat or Throttle9. Brisket or Breast10. Shoulder vein11. Shoulder12. Legs13. Fore flank14. Heart girth15. Crops16. Back17. Loin18. Rump19. Coupling20. Ribs21. Belly22. Sheath23. Scrotum24. Rear flanks25. Leg of Mutton26. Twist27. Tail or Dock28. Rump

CHAPTER IV

ABORTION

CAUSE: Is usually produced by injuries, or by the ewes being poisonedfrom eating poisonous foods, plants, etc. It has never occurred ininfectious form in this country, although sometimes an outbreak isthought infectious on account of several ewes aborting about the sametime, but all such outbreaks have been traced to some irritating poisonwhich they had taken with their food or drinking water. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Remove the aborted lambs or kids and afterbirthfrom the yards, and also withdraw the ewe or nanny and place her incomfortable quarters. She requires care and extra nursing, or she willbecome very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: If due to poisonous plants, etc. , when the firstsymptoms of Abortion or poisoning are noticed, give six to ten ounces ofCastor Oil. Warm the oil so it will run freely. Set the sheep or goatupon its haunches and pour very slowly. Great care must be exercised soas not to let any of the oil enter the lungs, as it may produce fatalpneumonia. Feed food that is easily digested and supply them with purewater to drink. When the general condition is weak or run down, so tospeak, the following tonic is recommended: Pulv. Gentian Root, oneounce; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, one ounce;Hyposulphite of Soda, three ounces; Protan, three ounces. Mix and makeinto twenty-four powders. Give one powder two or three times daily wellback on the tongue. 

REMEMBER all tonics are bitter, therefore beware of any so-called tonicsthat the animals eat readily as these possess no real tonic values. 

BLACK SCOURS

(Verminous Gastritis--Strongylosis)

CAUSE: Due to a worm (Strongylus Contortus) measuring one-fourth to oneinch in length, inhabiting the intestines and the fourth stomach ofsheep and goats. This disease is frequently seen in low, marshypastures, where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or egg withthe feces, the eggs developing into an embryotic worm which is againtaken with the food or water by non-infected animals, whereby thisdisease again attacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop. 

SYMPTOMS: Naturally, the symptoms vary according to the violence of theattack. In well developed cases, the animal strains to defecate, andpasses shreds of intestinal mucous along with blood-stained feces. Finally a severe dysentery takes place, the animal becomescorrespondingly weak, and death takes place in two or three days. Somecases become chronic, in which death does not take place for a month ormore. However, the latter is uncommon. Other signs are staggering gait, trembling, eyes fixed, showing wild expression, neck turned to one side. Then the animal appears as if in pain, and looks around at the flankfrequently. There is a chopping of the jaws, and a very free flow ofstringy saliva dropping from the mouth. When an animal dies from thesymptoms just described, it should be cut open and carefully examinedfor this particular parasite, which can be easily seen with the nakedeye. 

TREATMENT: Very successfully treated when the first symptoms appear byadministering one ounce of Gasolene with a pint of Milk. To lambs orkids give half the dose. Every precaution should be taken so as toprevent the drench from entering the lungs. Perhaps the best method isto set the animal on its haunches and pour the liquid slowly andcarefully; if they cough, let them down. Any drench entering the lungsproduces fatal pneumonia. Feed good nourishing food, and supply themwith fresh water to drink. 

CATARRH

(Cold in the Head)

CAUSE: Atmospheric changes, sudden exposure to cold, wet weather afterbeing accustomed to warm, comfortable surroundings, inhaling dust, smokeand gases or, in fact, anything that will produce an irritation to themembranes lining the nose; commonly seen in the spring and fall. 

SYMPTOMS: Chilling, elevation of temperature, nose dry, breathinghurried, sneezing, coughing, dullness, appetite varied. In the firststages of the malady, the nostrils are considerably inflamed, but in thecourse of a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish-whitedischarge flows from the nose continuously. 

TREATMENT: Keep the affected animals dry, omit drafts, feed good, wholesome food, and provide bedding for them to lie upon. In the firststages of this malady, it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn, closing the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale steam fromboiling hot water and Pine Tar. The best method to accomplish this is byplacing a tub about half full of water in the center of the barn and addabout one gallon of Pine Tar. Then heat bricks or stones and place theminto the tub. In this way a large number can be treated at one time. Thesheep should be compelled to inhale this steam for thirty to fortyminutes twice a day. In addition to the above, the following is verybeneficial: Chlorate of Potash, one ounce; Nitrate of Potassi, twoounces. Make into sixteen powders and give one powder to each sheep inits drinking water two or three times daily. Feed hot bran mashes andvegetables if possible. 

DIARRHOEA

(Dysentery)

CAUSE: Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, is a sign of some irritation of theintestines resulting in increased secretions, or increased muscularcontraction, or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chillingfrom exposure, improper feeding, as contaminated or frozen foods, irritating foods, drinking cold or stagnant water, indigestion, organicdiseases of the intestines, or parasitic diseases. (See Strongylosis. )

SYMPTOMS: Movements from the bowels are frequent, at first consisting ofthin fecal matter, but as this malady progresses it becomes watery andoffensive in smell, and streaked with blood. At first the animal showsno constitutional disturbances, but eventually it becomes weak and showssigns of abdominal pain by looking around to the flank, throwing thefeet together, lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this diseaseis accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of strength, rapid lossof flesh; terminating in death. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. When thedisease is due to irritating properties of food which have been fed theanimal, it is well to give a physic of Castor Oil in two to six ouncedoses, according to the size of the animal. When there is debility, wantof appetite, and temperature normal, but continuous water discharge fromthe bowels, give Protan, two ounces; Gum Catechu, one ounce; Pulv. Ginger, one ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. Make intosixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue every three or fourhours, according to the severity of the attack. Feed food that is easilydigested, as wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, etc. See that thedrinking water is fresh and clean. 

FOOT ROT

(Foul in the Foot)

CAUSE: Foot Rot is produced by inflammation of the soft structures ofthe foot between the claws or toes. It may be due to an overgrowth andinward pressure, etc. , or from filth accumulating and hardening betweenthe claws, producing inflammation and softening or ulceration of theskin in the interdigital space (between the claws). Under someconditions several sheep or goats in the same drove become affected atthe same time, leading many to think that the disease is contagious. When Foot Rot appears in a very short time, among sheep or goats, thiscondition can almost always be traced to filth, irritation, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: The animal is observed to limp when walking. On carefulexamination of the foot we find it hot, swollen above the claws and inthe soft parts between them, frequently spreading the claws apart to aconsiderable extent, or the inflammation may have advanced to softeningand sloughing of the soft structure between the claws. If this conditionis neglected at this stage, deep abscesses form and the pus burrowsunder the horny wall, and the joints within the hoof become inflamed anddestroyed, in which case the treatment is difficult and recovery will bevery arduous. 

TREATMENT: In the early stages of the disease, before the pus burrowsbeneath the horny structures of the foot, any foreign substancesimpacted between the claws should be removed. Then place a trough aboutone foot wide, six to eight inches high, and twelve to sixteen feetlong, and fill with water and Coal Tar Dip, diluted in proportions ofone part dip to fifty parts of water. Build a fence on each side of thetrough, just wide enough for one sheep to pass through, and compel everysheep to walk through the solution slowly. 

This treatment should be repeated once or twice a week until thelameness has disappeared. In cases where deep sloughing has taken placeunder the horny structures, saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in thefollowing liniment: Oil of Origanum, Oil of Pisis, Oil of Turpentine, each four ounces. Place it between the claws and hold it there by meansof a bandage. Repeat this application every other day. The animals thatdo not show signs of improvement under this treatment in a few daysinvariably have the joints of the foot affected and should not bedriven. 

[Illustration: Photograph of four sheep. ]DELAINE MERINO RAM AND EWES. 

FORAGE POISONING

CAUSE: This condition is produced by animals eating various foliage(Grass or Shrubbery) at a time when the peculiar poisonous principlesare developed in it, as appears to happen in certain seasons. Thedisease is liable to affect a large proportion of animals which areunder the same grazing conditions. 

SYMPTOMS: Generally takes two or three days to develop. The animalgradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed, staggers whenforced to walk, and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its feet, it is extremely averse to going down, and leans for support against anyconvenient object. It breathes in a snorting manner. The mucousmembranes are tinged with yellow, and the bowels constipated. In othercases severe diarrhoea follows, and the animal becomes very weak anddies in convulsions or spasms. Recovery may be expected in cases thatare not marked by severe symptoms. 

TREATMENT: Endeavor to find out the true cause and remove it ifpossible. Change range or pasture for a short time; this hassuccessfully eradicated this malady. The animal showing the abovesymptoms should receive four to eight ounces of Castor Oil regardless ofwhether there is diarrhoea or constipation. In either case theirritation will be relieved by its laxative effect. In cases wherediarrhoea becomes chronic, after administering the Castor Oil, thefollowing will be found very efficient in its control: Protan, threeounces; Ginger, one ounce; Gum Catechu, two ounces. Make into sixteenpowders and place one powder well back on the tongue every four or sixhours. Feed clean, wholesome food and supply clean, fresh water todrink. Provide shelter for the animal if the weather is hot. 

GARGET

(Congestion and Inflammation of the Udder)

CAUSE: As a rule, in Garget or Congestion of the Udder in heavy milkingewes, just before and after lambing, the glands of the udder enlarge, become hot, tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends forwardfrom the glands on the lower surface of the abdomen. This physiologicalcondition is looked upon as a matter of course and disposed of in two orthree days when the secretions of milk have been fully established. General breaking up of the udder may be greatly hastened by the suckingof a hungry lamb and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose isbeneficial. The above mentioned congestion or Garget may emerge intoactive inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold weather, standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder from stone, clubs, feetof other animals, overfeeding or rich food, like cotton seed or soybean, sore teats or a ewe losing her lamb in the period of full milking;serious disturbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon theudder. 

SYMPTOMS: The symptoms and mode of attack vary in different cases. Following exposure to cold drafts or cold, wet weather, there is usuallysevere chilling with cold ears and limbs and general dryness andbrittleness of the wool. This is followed by a flush of heat, the earsand limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell up and becomefirm and solid in one or both sides of the udder. The muzzle is hot anddry, temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal, pulse firmand quick, excited breathing, appetite and rumination suspended, bowelsconstipated, urine scanty and the yield of milk may be entirelysuppressed in the affected side. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. Move theaffected animal to comfortable quarters, supply liberal quantifies ofbedding for the animal to lie upon. Give two to six ounces of GlauberSalts dissolved in a pint of hot water. Permit it to cool. Place the eweon her haunches and drench carefully. Feed laxative foods as hot branmashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables, supplying the animal withpure water to drink, to which add two drams of Hyposulphite of Soda, twoor three times a day. In some cases it is advisable to apply CamphoratedOintment to the udder once or twice a day. 

GID

(Sturdy)

CAUSE: Gid is produced by a bladder worm, a larva or an egg of thetapeworm infesting the intestines of dogs, wolves and coyotes. The eggsof these tapeworms are scattered over the range or pastures in thedroppings of infested dogs, wolves or coyotes, and these when swallowedin the food or water by the sheep, hatch out and the embryos migrate tothe brain, spinal cord, etc. , where they develop into cysts, bladderworms or water bags, etc. When the organs of sheep, thus infested, areeaten by dogs, wolves or coyotes, the cyst worms are also likely to beswallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. 

SYMPTOMS: In case a large number of embryos become lodged in the brainof sheep, the first signs will be shown in about eight to twelve days. Bladder worms produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness, dizziness, indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning incircles. If the left side of the brain is affected they will turn to theleft; if the right side is affected, they will turn to the right. Thehead eventually droops, the eyes become red and the vision is impaired, the head very hot over the affected region, the affected sheep becomeseparated from the flock. Sometimes the sheep are partially orcompletely paralyzed. 

PREVENTION: Prevention is the only method by which this disease can beeradicated. Prevent the sheep from becoming infected with theseparasites. Stray dogs, wolves or coyotes should be killed wheneverfound, and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm. Meat should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be free fromtapeworm cysts. 

GRUBS IN THE HEAD

(Head Maggot)

CAUSE: Grubs in the head of sheep are produced by the Sheep Gadfly whichis yellowish-gray in color with five well divided rings around its body, covered over with fine hair and the lower portion of the head white. This fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly. It attackssheep and goats during the Summer and Fall and deposits its larva aboutthe sheep's and goat's nostrils. This larva attaches itself to themucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it graduallyworks into the air cavities of the head, remaining there for about tenmonths. Then it again passes from the nostrils, burrows into the groundand becomes a fully matured Gadfly in six or eight weeks, whichcompletes its life cycle, the head of the sheep or goat being itsintermediate host where the newly born Gadfly again attaches its larva. 

SYMPTOMS: When sheep or goats are attacked by this Gadfly, they run, strike at the nose with their front feet, rub the nose on the ground oragainst other sheep. In case only three or four larvae gain entrance tothe sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill effects, but where they become numerous, they cause the animal to cough andsneeze continually, discharge from the nose, which is occasionallytinged with blood. The appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signsof emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the air, buteventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down. It becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise, and dies. 

PREVENTION TREATMENT: Very successful. Paint the sheep's or goat's nosewith Pine Tar, or better still, place salt in a trough, covering it withboards, with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal toinsert its nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a week. This treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheepGadflies are numerous. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: After the animal once becomes infected with thesegrubs, bore holes (trephine) through the skull with a sharp instrumentmade for this purpose and remove the grubs. This requires considerableamount of skill and should be attempted only by a competentVeterinarian. 

HOVEN

(Bloating--Acute Tynpanitis--Acute Indigestion)

CAUSE: Hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produceindigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch. When sheep are first turned into young clover, they eat so greedily ofit that bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cabbage mayalso produce it. Middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise toit. In this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity ofany food, before mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not bedue to excessive eating but to eating too fast. Sometimes the quality offood is at fault. Grass, clover or alfalfa, when wet with dew or rainsoaked, frequently produce digestive disorders and bloating follows. Frozen roots or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded asdangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily or when it is cold andwet, the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the foodcontained in the paunch ferments, during which process large quantitiesof gas are formed. This same result may follow when a sheep is choking, as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing ofgas from the stomach so that the gas continues to accumulate untilsevere bloating results. 

SYMPTOMS: The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic, as inwell marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level ofthe backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits adrum-like sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves uneasilyand is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained in time the sheepbreathes with difficulty, reels in walking or standing and in a shorttime falls down and dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomachor rumen may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm (the membraneseparating the lung and intestinal cavity) forward against the lungs, soas to squeeze and stop their movements, thus preventing the animal frombreathing and in some instances the case may be complicated by a ruptureof the stomach. 

TREATMENT: Do not waste any time. Puncture about three inches downwardand forward from the point of the hip bone with a clean sharp knife, orany instrument that is clean and sharp. A special instrument made forthis purpose, the trocar, is a very useful instrument on the farm. 

Sometimes bloating becomes chronic, and if such is the case dissolve twoteaspoonfuls of Turpentine in one-half pint of milk and drench theanimal very carefully, as some of this drench may escape into the lungsand produce fatal pneumonia. Set a sheep upon its haunches to give themedicine; if it coughs let it down quickly to prevent strangulation. 

INDIGESTION

(Dyspepsia)

CAUSE: Irritant food, damaged food, overloaded paunch or sudden changeof diet may produce this disease. Want of exercise predisposes an animalto it and it is caused by woody or indigestible food. Food whichpossesses astringent (drying) properties tends to check the digestivesecretions and may also act as an exciting cause. Food in excessivequantity may lead to disorders of the digestion and to this disease. Itis very likely to appear towards the end of the protracted season ofdraught, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of theconditions which favors its development. 

SYMPTOMS: Appetite diminished; rumination, or chewing the cud, irregular; tongue coated, mouth slimy, feces passed apparently not welldigested and offensive in odor, dullness and fullness of the flanks. This disease may, in some cases, assume a chronic character, for inaddition to the above mentioned symptoms, slight bloating of the leftflank may be observed. The animal breathes with great difficulty andgrunts with each respiration. The ears and legs alternately become hotand cold. The rumination, or cud chewing, at this stage ceases and theusual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible. The passage of fecesis entirely suspended and the animal passes only a little mucusoccasionally. Sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate; there is arise in temperature in many cases. The disease continues for a few daysor a week in this mild form, while the severe form of the disease maylast for several weeks. In the severe form the emaciation and loss ofstrength may be very great. There is no appetite, no rumination orrumbling sound in the stomach or intestines. The mouth is hot andsticky, the eyes have retracted in their sockets and the milk secretionhas ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. Theaffected animals fall away in flesh and become very weak, which is shownby the fact that one finds the animal lying down. 

On examination of sheep or goats which have died of this disease, it isfound that the lining membranes of the fourth stomach and intestines, particularly the small intestines, are red, swollen, streaked with deepred or blushed lines or spotted. The lining of the third stomach is moreor less softened and may be easily pealed off. The third stomachcontains dry, hard food masses, closely adhering to its walls. In somecases the brain appears to become affected, probably from the painendured and weakness and absorption of poisons generated in thedigestive canal. In such cases there is weakness and a staggering gait;the sheep or goats do not appear to see, and will consequently runagainst obstacles. After a time it falls down and gives up to a violentdisordered struggle. This delirious condition is succeeded by stupor anddeath. 

TREATMENT: Successful; if fed in its first stages on small quantities ofroots, sweet silage or select grasses or hay. This should be offeredseveral times daily. Very little food should be allowed if the animal isconstipated, in which case give two to four ounces of Glauber Saltsdissolved in a pint of hot water. When it cools, set the animal on itshaunches and pour slowly and carefully. If they strangle or cough letthem down, as some of the drench may escape into the lungs and producelung complications. After the Glauber Salts have acted and if there is alack of appetite and the animal does not chew the cud regularly, thefollowing tonic will be found beneficial: Pulv. Gentian Root, one ounce;Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mixthoroughly and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder two orthree times a day well back on the tongue. The food must be ratherlaxative and of a digestible character. After an attack of this form ofindigestion, ice cold water should be avoided. Food should be given inmoderate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functionsmay bring on a relapse. 

[Illustration: Photograph of sheep. ]CHAMPION SHROPSHIRE RAM. Owned by McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wis. 

JAUNDICE

(Liver Congestion--Inflammation of the Liver)

CAUSE: Jaundice or Liver Congestion is due to constipation where thereis an inactive or torpid condition of the bowels and the bile whichpasses into the intestines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining ofJaundice. Jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease and ought to directattention to ascertain if possible the cause or causes which give riseto it. Inflammation of the liver usually occurs as a complication ofinfectious diseases. It may also occur as a complication of intestinalcatarrh, or in hot weather from overheating, eating decomposed orirritating food or from drinking stagnant water. 

SYMPTOMS: The signs are sometimes obscure and their real significance isfrequently overlooked. The most prominent symptoms are the yellowness ofthe white of the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, appetite poor, body presents an emaciated appearance, the feces is lightin color, while the urine is likely to be unusually dark and there isgreat thirst present. The gait is weak and the animal lies down morethan usual and while doing so frequently has its head around resting onthe side of its chest. Temperature is slightly elevated above normal andbreathing is somewhat hurried. 

TREATMENT: Remove the cause if possible. Give Glauber Salts in three tofour ounce doses, diluted in a pint of hot water permitted to cool andgive at one dose. When drenching be very careful, as some of the liquidmay escape into the lungs and produce severe complications. Feed greenfood or hot bran mashes and supply them with a liberal quantity of purewater to drink. 

LIVER FLUKE

CAUSE: The parasite that produces Liver Fluke in sheep has an oblong, flat, leaf-like body, brownish in color, measuring from one-fourth toone-half inch in length. Sheep become infected with this Liver Flukefrom grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the larvae of LiverFluke. 

SYMPTOMS: A sheep, when first infected with Liver Fluke, generallythrives as the parasites tend to stimulate the process of digestion, being located as they are in the liver, but eventually ruminationbecomes irregular, the sheep becomes anemic, weak and the visible mucousmembranes of the mouth, nose and eyes become pale, bloodless, taking ona yellowish color as the disease progresses. Swellings will also appearunder the jaw along the neck and under the lung cavity. The process ofbreathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular. Pregnant ewes willgenerally abort and nursing ewes' milk will become so deprived of itsnourishing properties that the lambs become emaciated, although notnecessarily affected with the Liver Fluke. 

PREVENTION: Move to non-infected pastures, supply the animals grazing onlow marshy pastures with a liberal amount of salt, also introduce frogs, toads, carp, etc. , into the marshy ponds, as they destroy the parasitein its first stages of development, feeding on their intermediate host, the snail. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: This is of little value. After an animal once becomesinfected with the parasite, it never makes a complete recovery, althoughCalomel administered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks appearsto have a very good effect in some cases, if fed freely on nitrogenousfood and permitted to drink well of pure running water. 

LUNG FEVER

(Pneumonia--Congestion of the Lungs--Pulmonary Apoplexy)

Acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tissues of the lungs isfrequently seen in sheep, the same as in other animals. 

CAUSE: Sheep that are over driven are subject to Lung Congestion inacute or chronic form and sometimes Pulmonary Apoplexy, and especiallywhen in a plethoric condition are predisposed to inflammation of thelungs. The exciting cause is very much the same as in different diseasesof the air passage and it is not uncommon for the inflammation to extendfrom these parts of the lungs. However, there are a number of causes inaddition to those already mentioned. It frequently results when sheepare accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters and are changed to cold, drafty pens, or shipping some distance in open stock cars during coldweather. In fact, any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause oflung disorders. Giving fat sheep too much exercise when they are notaccustomed to it is a very frequent cause of Congestion and Inflammationof the Lungs. This may occur when they are chased by dogs, etc. , or whendriven to a distant market at too rapid a gait. Exercise during the hotsummer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung substance, as wellas heat stroke. Dipping sheep during cold weather may chill the body andresult in this disease. 

SYMPTOMS: If due to severe exercise, the animal appears greatlyexhausted and the Congestion of the Lungs is marked. Death may occur inthis stage of the disease. Inflammation of the Lungs usually begins witha chill and is followed by a high fever. The sheep stand most of thetime and may eat nothing, or very little. The breathing is hurried atfirst, but when the lungs become badly involved, it is also labored. Thecharacter of the pulse beats varies, depending on the extent of theinflammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases the pulse isfull and quick during the early stages of the disease. A very weak pulseis present in severe and fatal cases of Pneumonia. The visible mucousmembranes have a red colored appearance and there may be a slightdischarge from the nostrils. The expression of the face is anxious anddistressed in severe cases and rigors and chilling of the body occur. The respiratory sounds are more or less normal. The cough at first isdeep and dry; later it becomes loose and moist. It may be accompanied bya hemorrhage during this stage of the disease. Other respiratory soundsare revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest walls andlistening to the sound of the lungs. This cannot be practiced in longwooled sheep with satisfaction, as the chest walls are so thick that thelung sounds are deadened, or the noise made by the animal hides therespiratory murmurs in the very early stages of Inflammation of theLungs. A crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the diseasedparts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas. Later when theengorgement of the lung substance occurs and the air cells become filledwith an inflammatory serum, the respiratory sounds are deadened, but onreturning to the normal, a rattling sound occurs. These symptoms helpgreatly in determining the animal's condition and in watching theprogress of the disease. The chances for the recovery depend on theextent and the acuteness of the inflammation. Careless handling, exercising, etc. , lessen the chances for a favorable termination in thedisease, but good care helps more to bring about recovery than themedical treatment. The recovery is more unfavorable in fat than in leansheep, as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former. Thecourse is from seven to twenty-one days and it may become chronic ifthe irritation is kept up. In such cases, unthriftiness is a prominentsign. 

TREATMENT: The preventive treatment in Pneumonia must not be overlooked. Briefly, it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose theanimal to the disease or act in any way as an exciting cause. Carefulnursing is a very important part of the treatment. The sheep should begiven a comfortable, well ventilated shed and kept as quiet as possible. If the bowels become constipated, give two or three ounces of Castor Oiland feed sloppy food. As one attack predisposes the sheep to a second, it should be protected from severe cold, or the other extreme, heat, fora month after making a complete recovery. 

The following prescription will be found very beneficial: Iodide ofAmmonia, one-half ounce; Chlorate of Potassi, one ounce; Pulv. NuxVomica, one ounce. Make into twenty-four powders and give one powderevery four hours well back on the tongue. Continue this treatment untilthe animal has recovered. 

[Illustration: Photograph of two sheep. ]CHAMPION COTSWOLD EWES. Owned by F. A. Koser, Rickreall, Ore. 

LUNG WORMS, LAMB DISEASE

(Verminous Bronchitis)

CAUSE: Due to a white thread-like worm (Strongylus Filaria) varying inlength from one to three inches. These worms affect and live in thetrachea (windpipe) and bronchial tubes. Infected animals, in coughing, expel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stagnant water. Thelarvae are again taken up either in the drinking water or in eatinggrass or hay gathered on low marshy soil. Warm wet weather favors theirdevelopment. 

SYMPTOMS: This worm is liable to attack a number of animals at the sametime. The weakest sheep and young lambs are the first to show signs bycoughing forcibly, distressing, hacking and convulsive in character. Astringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm of coughing. Thismucus contains worms which can be detected, or their ova observed undera magnifying glass. In the latter stages of the disease, they coughseverely at night. These attacks have a sub-acute character and provevery exhausting. The parasite by becoming entwined in balls severelyaffects the animal's breathing which is always remarkably labored in thelatter stages of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, becomesemaciated, anemic, mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose becomevery pale and the sheep die in convulsions from suffocation. 

PREVENTIVE TREATMENT: Avoid grazing your sheep on low marshy soil, especially during warm wet weather. Young lambs and weak ewes areespecially susceptible to this disease. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: The writer has tried various treatments as fumigationwith different substances and injection of remedies into the windpipe bythe use of a hypodermic syringe, etc. , but none have proven verysuccessful, from a practical standpoint. I would recommend placing theaffected animals in a tightly closed barn or shed, in the center ofwhich place a pan of red hot coals and cover with Sulphur. 

A person should remain in the barn or shed as long as he possibly canand after the fumes become so irritating that he cannot endure them anylonger, he should immediately make his exit. The sheep should becompelled to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open the doorsand windows. Repeat this treatment once or twice a week. Feed affectedanimals well. Give them fresh water to drink and protect them fromexposure. This treatment, as above described, has given very goodresults, providing the parasites were not too numerous. 

SCAB

(Mange)

CAUSE: The mange mite (Psoroptes Communis). This parasite is equippedwith stylets which pierce the skin at the seat where the mange mitepenetrates the skin, and produces small red spots followed by a blisterfilled with serum, which ruptures, the serum drying and forming a smallscab. It is in this way that innumerable mange mites cause the piling upof scabs thus producing a very scaly condition. As Mange advances, thescaly patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness ofone-half inch, unless these scabs have been severely rubbed. 

SYMPTOMS: Very easily detected, as a bunch of sheep that have beenrecently infected will be uneasy or restless, rubbing, against fences, posts, brush, etc. , causing bunches of wool to loosen. The itching seemsto be more intense at night and during warm weather. The affectedanimals will even make attempts to bite themselves, due to the agonyproduced by the mange mite. If the skin is examined by the aid of amagnifying glass, the mange mite can be easily noticed, or by scrapingthe skin with a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and exposedto the warmth of the sun, the mange mite moving about can readily beseen with the naked eye. Mangy sheep become very poor and eventuallydie. 

PREVENTION: This is important, for although the disease is treated withvery good results, the mange mite annoy the sheep until they become veryweak and emaciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affectedanimal continually rubbing against fences, brush, etc. 

TREATMENT: Consists of using various dips, as Lime and Sulphur, which isrecommended by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. This is veryeffective and inexpensive. Scabby sheep should be dipped a week or tendays after shearing; two dippings are necessary at the interval of tendays. After dipping, move to non-infected range or pastures. 

TICK

(Louse Fly)

CAUSE: The tick that infects sheep has a very small head sunken into itsround body. The head possesses a flexible trunk or snout that penetratesthe skin. Through this trunk, the ticks derive their nourishment bysucking the blood from the body of the sheep. The tick is also providedwith three pairs of legs. The female lays her young in the form of aspun egg (cocoon) which is oblong in shape and brown in color. This eggis cemented to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in aboutfour to six weeks. 

SYMPTOMS: Long wooled sheep are more susceptible to this tick as theirwool provides shelter for both the tick and its eggs. After shearing thesheep the ticks have a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to thelegs or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce the skinwhich appears to become infected, producing a swelling and inflammation. The infected sheep run, scratch and bite themselves. When these ticksbecome developed in large quantities, they produce a paleness of themucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose, as the ticks suck largequantities of blood, which produces an anemic condition. The sheepbecome poor, weak and unthrifty. 

TREATMENT: Satisfactorily treated by dipping infected sheep in Coal Tardips or Emulsions of Crude Petroleum. Shearing the sheep has a goodeffect, but care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate tothe lambs. 

DISEASES OF POULTRY

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

[Illustration: Photograph of several chickens. ]White Plymouth Rocks, Raycroft Farm, Adrian, Mich. 

CHAPTER V

AIR SAC MITE

CAUSE: Produced by a parasite called Cylodites Nudus, which bears aclose resemblance to the parasite causing mange or scabies in thedomesticated animal. Owing to the peculiar construction of theirbreathing organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than animals. In addition to affecting the lungs, the Air Sac Mite may extend itsoperations to the intestines, kidneys, liver and bones. 

SYMPTOMS: Unthriftiness is first noticed, but after the parasites becomenumerous, the fowl shows signs of difficult breathing, perhapsterminating in bronchial pneumonia. In some cases death occurs withoutapparent cause. The bird will be inactive, becomes separated from therest of the flock, comb pale, head drawn close to the body, wings hangpendulous, lose flesh, breathing becomes hard, coughing, sneezing and arattling from the mucus in the windpipe is heard. Death is produced fromsuffocation. 

TREATMENT: Separate the sick from the healthy fowls. Disinfect coops andrunways of both sick and healthy birds with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Also fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hotwater and Pine Tar. This may be done by placing the water and Tar in apan and then inserting a hot stone or brick in the solution. Thisperhaps is the simplest method of fumigation. Also mix Sulphur in theirfeed regularly. 

APOPLEXY

(Hemorrhage of the Brain)

Due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and pressure from theescaping blood. 

CAUSE: Mechanical injuries, straining when laying eggs (hens arefrequently found dead on the nest from this cause), overfeeding, stimulating food, etc. , all tend to produce apoplexy. 

SYMPTOMS: Appear very suddenly, bird is seen to walk unsteadily, falls, or perhaps is found dead. 

TREATMENT: In mild attacks, apply cold water or ice to fowl's head untilthoroughly cooled. Give one-half grain of Calomel, feed soft food, compel the bird to exercise. Owing to the loss of blood a tonic will benecessary. Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Saltpeter, Capsicum and FerriSulphate (Pulv. ) equal parts one ounce. Mix and place one teaspoonful infeed for every twenty-five fowls. This tonic purifies and builds up theblood, just what is needed in this particular condition. 

BALDNESS

(Favus)

CAUSE: Due to fungi. 

SYMPTOMS: The first noticeable sign is the whitish appearance of thecomb due to gray spots about the size of a pin head. As the diseaseprogresses, this condition spreads to other parts of the body; thefeathers look rough and dry and break easily. The fowl grows weaker, refuses to eat and if not properly treated, dies. 

TREATMENT: Remove the scabs by separating the feathers and using abrush. Apply Sulphur Ointment. Repeat this treatment after two or threedays. Great care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling ortaking cold. 

BEAK AND THROAT OBSTRUCTION

CAUSE: Lodgment in the beak or food canal of a foreign substance, suchas a kernel of corn, sunflower seed, bone, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Fowl jerks its head suddenly and frequently attempts toswallow. If a close examination is made the foreign body can be feltfrom the outside. 

TREATMENT: For the removal of such obstructions, no special treatment isneeded further than to use care and avoid any injury to the beak orthroat. Feed nutritious food, as wheat bran mashes and vegetables andsee that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at all times. 

BLACKHEAD

(Infectious Entero Hepatitis of Turkeys)

CAUSE: Due to a protozoa taken into the system with the food or drinkingwater. This parasite enters the caeca which becomes inflamed anddiscolored and the liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spotsabout the size of a pea. 

SYMPTOMS: Although this disease is termed Blackhead, the discolorationof the head is not necessarily present in all cases; neither is thiscondition confined to this particular disease. One of the first symptomsis loss of appetite, followed in most cases by diarrhoea. The fowlbecomes weak and loses weight rapidly. Examination of the liver afterdeath will determine whether or not death has been caused by InfectiousEntero Hepatitis. The dead birds should be burned to prevent the spreadof the disease. 

TREATMENT: Prevention is one of the most important factors as thisdisease is very contagious and the protozoa once implanted in the turkeyruns is almost impossible to eradicate. Provide clean, well ventilatedcoops and feed clean, wholesome food and good fresh water to drink. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: Give Bismuth Salicylate and Quinine Sulphate each onegrain two to three times a day. Also mix Hyposulphite of Soda in theproportion of two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking watertwice daily. Disinfect coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. 

BODY LICE

CAUSE: Insanitary conditions. Communicated by direct contact. 

SYMPTOMS: Young chicks become emaciated and die quickly. Older birdswithstand the parasite much longer, but in time show signs of uneasinessby dusting themselves frequently. The comb and wattles become pale andbloodless, the feathers rough, dry and brittle. The birds grow weak, poor, and eventually die. 

TREATMENT: Dust the birds with the following: Sulphur, one part;Napthaline, one part; Tobacco Dust, twenty-eight parts and seventy partsof middlings. Powder finely and mix well together and dust the birdsonce daily. Also sprinkle freely in the dust baths. 

BRONCHITIS

CAUSE: Exposure to dampness, cold drafts of air, inhaling irritatinggases, vapors or dust. The fowls should be carefully examined, asbronchitis is occasionally caused by the presence of gapeworms. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the bird moves about slowly, breathing withdifficulty and making a sort of whistling sound accompanied by a cough. As the disease progresses, there will be a peculiar bubbling sound frombreathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus in the windpipe. Atthis stage of the disease the bird becomes very weak and if not properlytreated and cared for will rapidly lose strength, the feathers willbecome rough, head and wings droop, and the bird dies. 

TREATMENT: This disease is most satisfactorily treated by placing theaffected birds in warm, dry, well ventilated quarters, admittingsunlight if possible, but excluding all drafts of air. Feed stale bread, middlings, etc. Also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop andcompel them to inhale steam from hot water and Turpentine. This isreadily done by placing the water and Turpentine in a pan and theninsert a hot stone or brick in the solution. Force them to inhale thissteam from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day. Also add Chlorate ofPotash to their drinking water, one teaspoonful to every twenty-fiveaged fowls. To chicks add one-fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five. If the weather is favorable and the above treatment is followed, bronchitis yields very favorably. 

BUMBLE FOOT

(Corns-Deep Bruises-Abscesses)

CAUSE: Sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise the feet or where theperches are high, heavy fowls often injure their feet by alighting onstones or other hard objects. 

SYMPTOMS: The bird limps or hobbles about, moving with great difficulty. Examination will show the foot to be hot and tender to the touch. 

TREATMENT: Wash with clean, warm water and in some cases it is advisableto apply Hot Flaxseed poultices. When soft spots or abscesses develop, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. After abscesses and bruises areopened, treat them antiseptically by washing with a solution of CarbolicAcid, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The foot should be bandaged tokeep out dust and dirt. 

[Illustration: Photograph of chicken. ]PRIZE WINNING BUFF ORPINGTON COCK. 

CATARRH

CAUSE: Exposure; poorly constructed coops which admit rain or drafts. Weak birds are very susceptible to Catarrh. 

SYMPTOMS: The bird is dull, moves about slowly, coughing or sneezing;appetite is poor, the mucous membrane of the air passage becomesinflamed and the breathing difficult, especially through the nose. Thedischarge from the nostrils at first watery, becomes mucus-like andthick and sticky, closing the nose, causing the bird to breathe whollythrough the mouth with a wheezing sound. 

TREATMENT: The cause of Catarrh shows the necessity of clean andcomfortable quarters for the fowls. Keep the birds strong and vigorousby feeding clean, nourishing food. 

MEDICAL TREATMENT: To each fowl administer in their drinking water orfeed: Chlorate of Potash, one grain, twice daily. 

CHICKEN POX

(Sore Head--Warts)

CAUSE: These diseases are due to low forms of parasites or fungi andoccur most frequently in wet weather especially if the coops are leakyand allow the rain to fall on the droppings, causing mold or fungi. Poorventilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of fungi. 

SYMPTOMS: The disease is usually confined to the head and affectsprincipally young chickens, pigeons and turkeys, but rarely ducks andgeese. The infection appears in the form of yellowish warts or nodulesabout the nose, eyelids, comb, wattles, under the wings, or anyunfeathered place. The warts vary in size from that of a pin head to thesize of a pea and they discharge a fluid which at first is thin andwatery but as the disease progresses, it becomes thick and sticky, yellow in color and fetid in smell. At this stage the appetite is poor, the feathers appear rough, and where the eyelids are affected, as inmost cases, the bird cannot see, fails to eat, becomes emaciated, losesweight and strength rapidly and if not properly treated, dies. 

TREATMENT: This disease is very contagious, therefore the coops and runsshould be disinfected with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. In thedrinking water add Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of one to twograins to each fowl (one-half grain to chicks). Wash the nodules orwarts about the head with Carbolic Acid solution, one teaspoonful to aquart of water. Feed easily digested food, such as vegetables or warmbran mashes. 

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER

CAUSE: Lack of exercise, overfeeding, tainted or moldy food, infection, or impure blood. 

SYMPTOMS: Birds suffering from this disease seldom show signs ofsickness and it is well to dissect the fowl after death to ascertain theexact cause. If death is caused by Congestion of the Liver, the organwill be greatly enlarged and easily torn. 

TREATMENT: If the fowls are fat and sluggish, compel them to exercise bydriving them about. Also give fifteen to twenty grains of Epsom Salts toeach affected fowl. Feed laxative foods that are easily digested, asvegetables and wheat bran mashes. They are cooling and relievecongestion. 

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS

(Pulmonary Congestion)

CAUSE: Exposure; the bird chills, causing contraction of the bloodvessels near the surface of the body, thereby forcing a large quantityof blood to the internal organs; the small blood vessels in the lungsbecome distended with blood and rupture. 

SYMPTOMS: Rapid and difficult breathing; the bird appears stupid andsleepy and docs not care to move about; appetite poor, wings drooping, plumage ruffled, a thick mucus, colored with blood, escapes from themouth, comb and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen in theblood. This disease is of very short duration, the bird dying within afew hours. It is very common among young chicks and turkeys that arepermitted to run out in the early spring rains. 

TREATMENT: Medical treatment is of no value, as the disease progressesso rapidly that the bird dies shortly after the first symptoms appear. Sanitary surroundings, good light, pure air and exercise are essential. Do not allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains, especiallyduring the molting season. Keep your poultry strong and vigorous byfeeding clean, nourishing food and give them pure water to drink. 

CONSTIPATION

(Intestinal Obstruction)

CAUSE: Irritation of the membranes lining the intestines, caused by dryfeed, glass or gravel; may also be due to parasitic worms. Obstructionmay occur in any part of the intestines although the external opening isthe part most frequently affected. 

SYMPTOMS: Bird appears dull and stupid, walks with difficulty andattempts frequently to expel the obstructing material. The appetite ispoor and the feathers rough. By examination and manipulation theobstruction may be located. Dried masses of excrement by adhering to thefeathers sometimes block the outer opening of the intestines. 

TREATMENT: Remove the waste matter clinging to the feathers with warmwater or by clipping the feathers off. If the Cloaca is obstructed, giveinjections of Sweet Oil or Olive Oil with a small bulb syringe. Alsogive one to two grains of Calomel and feed clean food and soft mashescontaining Pulv. Gentian Root, one grain to each fowl twice daily. Thisstimulates the worm-like movement of the bowels and assists in expellingtheir contents. 

[Illustration: Photograph of chicken. ]PRIZE WINNING PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK. 

CROP IMPACTION

(Obstruction, Paralysis, Inflammation, Catarrh)

CAUSE: Errors in feeding; birds that are not fed regularly arepredisposed to any of the above conditions; may also be due toswallowing large pieces of bone, thread, nails, pins, glass, gravel, etc. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, frequent attempts to swallow, crop greatlydistended and hard on pressure; eventually the food decomposes and aliquid may escape from the mouth and nose. The bird appears dull, stupidand sleepy, comb pale, feathers rough, beak open, owing to pressure onthe windpipe. If caused by swallowing sharp objects, they may penetratethe crop and skin, causing a gangrenous condition. Grain in the cropwill sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths. 

TREATMENT: If no sharp objects are present, give two teaspoonfuls ofSweet or Olive Oil. This will lubricate the esophagus and crop. Manipulate the crop upward, forcing the food gently through the mouth, adding oil occasionally. If, however, sharp objects penetrate the cropit is best to remove them through an artificial opening. Clip thefeathers from around the intended seat of operation and wash the clippedsurface with a Carbolic Solution, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The incision should not be over one-half inch long and should be made ashigh as possible and in the center of the crop. After removing thecontents, sew up with ordinary thread and needle and wash occasionallywith the above antiseptic solution. The operation is not difficult andwill be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed. 

After-treatment consists of feeding very little food until the crop isfairly well healed. Feed soft bran mashes and vegetables. To thedrinking water add Boracic Acid, one grain, twice daily. It relieves thecatarrhal condition that is present, such as irritations of the crop andintestines. 

DIARRHOEA

(Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh--Enteritis)

CAUSE: Inflammation of the digestive organs can be traced in everyinstance to the quality or quantity of food and water consumed. The foodor water may contain parasites, or large quantities of mustard, pepper, or may be moldy or tainted. 

SYMPTOMS: Loss of appetite, the feathers appear rough, the crop issometimes paralyzed and distended with gas, the bird moves slowly, thedroppings vary in color from a white to a yellow or a green and finallybecomes tinged with blood; at this stage there is a rise in temperatureaccompanied by great thirst and signs of pain. Mild cases of simplediarrhoea if not properly treated when first symptoms appear, willdevelop the same severe conditions described above. 

TREATMENT: Determine the cause and remove it if possible. See that thefood is clean and nutritious, the coops well ventilated, the runs welllighted. Sunlight is very beneficial. Avoid exposure, drafts anddampness. Place oatmeal in their drinking water, also give two grains ofBismuth mixed with dough and make into a small pill. Give one every sixhours. 

When in addition to the above symptoms a bloody discharge is present, give six drops of Tincture of Catechu every four hours. Warm mashes madeof bran or oatmeal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinalcanal. 

DIPHTHERITIC ROUP

(Diphtheria)

CAUSE: Due to a specific germ. The disease is very contagious and iscommunicated by direct contact. Great care should be exercised, therefore, when showing or buying birds. Any new birds to be added tothe flock should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to make surethey are in good condition. 

SYMPTOMS: The first symptoms are similar to those of catarrh or cold. Aclear, watery liquid escapes from the eyes and nostrils, the head isdrawn in toward the body, the feathers appear rough, the breathing fast, the temperature rises from three to five degrees above normal. The birdwalks about as if blind, sneezing, swallowing with difficulty, andshowing signs of great weakness. If the mouth is opened small whitespots or elevations will be seen on the back of the tongue. There may bediarrhoea of a green or yellow color. As the disease progresses thedischarge from the nose and eyes becomes thick and stringy, obstructingthe air passages and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids. The mouth, throat and tongue are very much inflamed and swollen and inmost cases it is impossible for the bird to make a sound. Recovery isdoubtful after the disease has reached this stage. 

TREATMENT: Isolate the affected birds in some clean, warm, light, wellventilated quarters, excluding drafts. Dissolve thirty grains ofChlorate of Potash in one ounce of water and one ounce of Glycerine, andto the average sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times aday. To chicks give one-fourth the dose. When the scum loosens in theback part of the tongue, remove the scum gently, Care should be taken soas to prevent bleeding. Feed soft, nourishing food. 

DOUBLE-YOLK EGGS

Eggs are frequently found with two yolks. This condition is produced bytwo ovary capsules bursting at about the same time and gaining entrancetogether into the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell. Double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may injure the oviductwhen expelled. When hatched, they produce twins or abnormal chicks. 

DROPSY

(Ascites)

CAUSE: Generally due to irritating, indigestible food, causinginflammation of the membranous lining of the intestinal cavity. 

SYMPTOMS: The abdomen becomes enlarged, is tender to the touch andcontains a watery fluid, the movement of which can be heard in mostcases by pressure on the swollen parts. The bird appears stupid, thecomb pale and the appetite poor. 

TREATMENT: Unless the bird is very valuable, treatment is not advisable. In case the bird is valuable, give one grain of Potassium Iodide twicedaily in the feed or drinking water. Also feed nourishing food asbeef-scraps, vegetables, wheat bran mashes, etc. 

[Illustration: Photograph of chicken. ]PRIZE WINNING WHITE LEGHORN HEN. 

EGG BOUND

(Difficult Laying; Obstruction of the Oviduct)

CAUSE: Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too fat, or to theabsence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct. 

SYMPTOMS: The first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathersappear rough, the bird becomes dull and moves slowly, making frequentefforts to expel the egg. 

TREATMENT: Remove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, assisting the birdwith gentle pressure. In some cases it is well to puncture the egg andcollapse the shell. If the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding. If the bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to theabsence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which case thefollowing tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, Pulv. GentianRoot, each one dram. Mix and make into thirty powders. Give one powdertwo or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days. 

EGG EATING

CAUSE: Is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food; insuch case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowlcraving the lime contained in the egg shell, naturally contracts thehabit. 

TREATMENT: Supply ground bone and oyster shells. Feed green food such ascabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, etc. 

EGGS WITHOUT SHELLS

(Soft-Shelled Eggs)

CAUSE: Deficiency of shell material; or it is possible that frightsometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell isformed. 

TREATMENT: Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They contain egg shellproducing material. Perhaps the best results are obtained when mixedwith wheat bran. Also feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes andcarrots. 

FEATHER PULLING

(Feather Eating)

CAUSE: Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites or to lack of exerciseand improper food. 

TREATMENT: Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. Place the food wherethe fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it. Dust the fowlswith Powdered Aloes. 

If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under the heading of Lice. 

GAPES

(Verminous Tracheo Bronchitis)

CAUSE: A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring about one-fifth of aninch and the female one-half an inch in length. Fowls become infected byeating worms containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming incontact with other birds suffering from the disease. 

SYMPTOMS: The most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping; the Gapewormsattach themselves by their months to the walls of the windpipe wherethey suck the blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation andinflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs; breathing isdifficult and the bird loses strength rapidly; windpipe eventuallybecomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation andexhaustion. Young, weak chickens are more susceptible to this diseasethan strong ones. 

TREATMENT: Separate the sick birds from the healthy ones. Clean anddisinfect the coops and runs. Burn all manure. Remove the worms from thewindpipe by the use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped, leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather into Oil ofTurpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus liquid by drawing thefeather between the fingers. Now insert the feather into the windpipe ofthe bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from theirattachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days. Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed goodnutritious food as wheat bran mashes, etc. 

HEAD LICE

CAUSE: Result of insanitary conditions and lack of care. Communicated bydirect contact with infected birds, or by infected coops or brooders. 

SYMPTOMS: The head soon becomes denuded of feathers, and also sore bybeing constantly scratched with the feet. If not properly treated thechicks weaken and die. 

TREATMENT: An ointment made of one part Sulphur and four parts Lard wellmixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice. If thefowl is run down in condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat branmashes. 

HOW TO FEED YOUNG POULTRY

Withhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then feed stale breadmoistened with boiled milk every three hours. When they are three orfour days old, feed rolled oats, ground corn moistened with pure water, finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often and you willbe well repaid by their rapid growth, strength, and the low death rate. After they reach the age of one week or ten days, watch them closely andregulate their feed to their apparent needs. 

INCOMPLETE EGG

(Abortion)

CAUSE: Irritation of the oviduct; improper secretion of albumen orinternal egg-producing material. 

TREATMENT: Careful feeding will overcome this condition. Warm wheat branmashes, ground bone, beef scraps, all tend to allay the irritations ofthe oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen. 

JAUNDICE

CAUSE: Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, nitrogenous food andinsufficient exercise. 

SYMPTOMS: Disease is not easily detected. The yellow color of thewattles and comb is the first symptom; the appetite is variable, thefeathers appear rough and dry, the head is retracted, and the birdfinally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood. 

TREATMENT: Change food. Feed upon a vegetable diet, also give one grainof Calomel, which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver inpoultry. Also give one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain ofBicarbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed. 

MANGE

(Scabies of the Body)

CAUSE: Due to a parasite that resembles the mite. 

SYMPTOMS: When the affected bird is closely examined large quantities ofscales or scabs are found in the soft feathers. The appetite is poor;the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness. If the diseaseis allowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and eventually dies. The disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should betreated without delay. 

TREATMENT: Disinfect roost, coops and pens with undiluted Crude CarbolicAcid. Apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body ofthe birds: Sulphur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing foodas wheat bran mashes and vegetables. 

PIP

(Inflammation of the Mouth)

CAUSE: Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It is sometimes causedby nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to thebird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratorydiseases. 

SYMPTOMS: Dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth; especially thepart covering the tongue, which becomes hard and ragged, forming roughedges along its sides. These dried portions become loose and partiallydetached from the tongue, interfering with its movements and causingmore or less pain and annoyance. 

TREATMENT: Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but assist nature toremove them. This can be accomplished by mixing Glycerine and Water, equal parts, and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe ordropper. It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to everygallon of drinking water, which will prevent the entrance of parasitesinto the blood. 

RED MITE

CAUSE: These grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings, as theinterior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks andcrevices. 

SYMPTOMS: This mite is a blood-sucker; irritates the skin and sometimescauses sores to form on the body of the chick. The birds grow stupid andweak and die rapidly if not properly treated. Older fowls withstand theirritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or lay regularly, and will finally die if the insects become too numerous. The insect maybe transmitted to horses, cattle, and even to man. 

TREATMENT: Paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runswith Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, being very careful that thesolution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint theinterior of brooders with the same solution. 

RHEUMATISM

(Leg Weakness--Gout--Paralysis)

CAUSE: Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and improper food. 

SYMPTOMS: Fowl refuses to stand or walk, and on examination, the legsare found to be swollen and painful, especially about the joints. Insome cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become openrunning sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies. 

TREATMENT: Preventive measures are first to be considered. See that thecoops and pens are clean and dry. Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, alsowheat bran mashes. Give internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twicedaily. When the legs are swollen and sore apply Camphorated Ointmentonce or twice daily. 

[Illustration: Photograph of chicken. ]PRIZE WINNING COLUMBIAN WYANDOTTE COCK. 

SCALY LEG

(Scabies)

CAUSE: Due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg. 

SYMPTOMS: White, scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of thefoot. The feet and legs become swollen and painful as the diseaseprogresses and if not checked will result in lameness, inflammation ofthe joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is necessary as thedisease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another. 

TREATMENT: Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted, on theperches. Wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap. Dry welland apply Carbolated Ointment. Repeat the above treatment every otherday for a week. 

SORE MOUTH

(Aphtha; Thrush)

CAUSE: A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans. 

SYMPTOMS: Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth, throat, gullet and crop, which finally terminates in white ulcerations. Othersymptoms are swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss inweight and strength. 

TREATMENT: Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. Give as muchsunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, such as warm oatmeal mashes, kale, potatoes, etc. Add one grain each of Chlorate of Potash andBoracic Acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times aday or oftener if they will drink it. A good disinfectant must be usedto prevent the disease from spreading and I would recommend the use ofundiluted Crude Carbolic Acid about the coops and poultry runs. 

TUBERCULOSIS

CAUSE: This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacillus of Tuberculosis. Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly lighted coops are favorable to thedevelopment of the disease. 

SYMPTOMS: Except in advanced stages, this disease is not easily detectedas it affects various organs, and considerable experience inpost-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required tosuccessfully diagnose a case. 

TREATMENT: Preventive measures should be practiced as the disease isincurable. Do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather. See that thecoops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food. 

VENT GLEET

CAUSE: Constipation is perhaps the most common cause, the hard droppingscausing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation andsuppuration of the lining membranes, rectum and oviduct. 

SYMPTOMS: Frequent straining due to irritation. As the diseaseprogresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. The disease may extend intothe rectum or oviduct. The bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, thecomb pale, and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death. 

TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Feed green foodoccasionally and warm bran mashes. This prevents constipation. When thebird strains frequently and a discharge is present the followingsolution should be injected: Sugar of Lead, two drams; Zinc Sulphate, one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about one ounce with asyringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased. 

WHITE DIARRHOEA

(Fowl Cholera)

CAUSE: Germ (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining entrance to the bodythrough the bowels, lungs or wounds of the skin. Death results fromtoxic material produced while the germs are multiplying. 

SYMPTOMS: All poultry, cage or wild birds are subject to this disease. The first symptoms are loss of appetite; diarrhoea is present and thedischarge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus. The affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems weak andstupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are rough, the wings droop andthe head is drawn in toward the body; crop is generally full, owing toimproper digestion. The comb is pale and bloodless, the temperatureraised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weightrapidly; it may die with convulsions and cries, or without a sound orstruggle. 

TREATMENT: To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocarbolates in one-half graindoses three times a day in their food or drinking water. To chicks, dissolve thirty grains of Zinc Sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water. Saturate feed, as stale bread, etc. , and give three times a day. ZincSulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septicconditions of the intestines, and very useful in treatment of WhiteDiarrhoea and Fowl Cholera. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give BismuthSalicylate, one grain, three times daily in feed or make into a pillwith dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them clean, nitrogenous foodthat they can digest easily, as oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary togive them pure water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premisesis another essential factor in the treatment of this disease, andundiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon atall times. 

I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult andexpensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varyingdoses, therefore, vaccinating poultry for White Diarrhoea or FowlCholera is not attended with any great degree of success. 

WORMS

CAUSE: Few fowls are entirely free from worms. The soil over which thechicks are permitted to run may be infected, or the food may contain theeggs or embryos of worms. 

SYMPTOMS: The presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected, since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings. If thebirds eat well but remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and thecomb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the existence ofworms. 

TREATMENT: Preventive treatment is the best. Sprinkle the runs and coopsregularly with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Give two drops ofTurpentine in twice this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This doseshould be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure theexpulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived thefirst treatment. 

MISCELLANEOUS

Some valuable facts and figures summed up for handy reference

VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS

In the list of doses, oz. Stands for ounce, pt. For pint, lb. For pound, gr. For grain, dr. For dram, dp. For drop. 

NAME OF DRUG CATTLE SHEEP HORSES HOGS DOGSAlcohol 4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-4 dr. Alum 3-4 dr. 40 gr. 2-4 dr. 40 gr. 15 gr. Ammonia Aromatic 2 oz. 1-2 dr. 1-2 oz. 1-2 dr. 20-60 dp. Aniseed 1-5 oz. 1-2 dr. 1 oz. 1 dr. 15 gr. Arnica Tincture 1 oz. 2 dr . 5-1 oz. 1 dr. 7-20 dp. Asafetida Tincture 3 oz. . 5 oz. 2 oz. 2 dr. 1 dr. Boracic Acid 3 dr. 20 gr. 1-3 dr. 15 gr. 8 gr. Brandy 4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-2 dr. Calcium Phosphate 1 oz. 1-2 dr. 2-4 dr. 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr. Calomel 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 1 dr. 5-20 gr. 1 gr. Camphor Spirit 1 oz. 2 dr. 2-4 dr. 15 dp. 10 dp. Carbolic Acid 1-2 dr. 10-20 dp. . 5-2 dr. 5-15 dp. 3-8 dp. Castor Oil 1 pt. 2-4 oz. 1 pt. 2-4 oz. 1-2 dr. Chalk 2 oz. 1-2 dr. . 5-2 oz. 1 dr. . 5-1 dr. Charcoal 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 20-60 gr. Codliver Oil 3-8 oz. 3-8 dr. 2-6 oz. 2-6 dr. 1-3 dr. Copperas 2 dr. 20 gr. 1 dr. 10 gr. 4 gr. Copper Sulphate 2-4 dr. 20-30 gr. 2-4 dr. 20-30 gr. 1-2 gr. Digitalis 10-30 gr. 5-15 gr. 10-50 gr 3-10 gr. 2 gr. Epsom Salts 1 lb. 1-4 oz. . 5-1 lb. 1 oz. 1-4 dr. Fowler's Solution 5 dr. 5-20 dp. 2-4 dr. 5-20 dp. 1-5 dp. Gentian 5-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 4-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 40 gr. Ginger 5-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 2-8 dr. 15-60 gr. 5-20 gr. Glauber Salts 1-1. 5 lb. 1-4 dr. . 5-1 lb. 1 oz. 1-4 dr. Iodide of Potash 1-2 dr. 10-25 gr. . 5-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 2-8 gr. Iron Sulphate 2 dr. 25 gr. 1-2 dr. 25 gr. 4 gr. Jamaica Ginger 2 oz. . 5 oz. 1 oz. . 5-1 dr. 1/4-1/2 dr. Laudanum 2-5 oz. 1-4 dr. 1-4 oz. 1-2 dr. 20 dp. Lead Acetate 1 dr. 25 gr. 1 dr. 20 gr. 1-2 gr. Lime Water 4-6 oz. 2 oz. 4-6 oz. 2 oz. 1-8 dr. Linseed Oil 1-2 pt. 6-12 oz. . 5-1 pt. 5-10 oz. 1 oz. Mustard 1 oz. 1-2 dr. . 5-1 oz. 1-2 dr. 20 gr. Nitre 3-8 oz. 1 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 5-20 gr. Nux Vomica 2 dr. 30-40 gr. 1-2 dr. 10-20 gr. 1-2 gr. Olive Oil 1-2 pt. 3-8 dr. 1-2 pt. 2-6 dr. 2-4 oz. Pepper 2-4 dr. 15-25 gr. 1-3 dr. 10-20 gr. 4-10 gr. Peppermint Oil 30 dp. 5-8 dp. 15-30 dp. 3-7 dp. 1-5 dp. Potassium Bromide 2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 2-4 dr. 5-50 gr. Quinine 1-2 dr. 5-10 gr. 50-60 gr. 5-10 gr. 1-2 gr. Rhubarb 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 5-10 gr. Saltpeter 1-3 dr. . 5-1 dr. 2-4 dr. . 5-1 dr. 2-10 gr. Soda 2 oz. 2-4 dr. 1-1. 5 oz. 1-3 dr. 20-50 gr. Subnitrate of Bismuth 2 dr. 10-30 gr. 1-2 dr. 5-20 gr. 3-10 gr. Sulphur 3-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 2-4 oz. 1-2 oz. 1-4 dr. Turpentine 2 oz. 1-4 dr. 1-2 oz. 1 dr. 20-50 dp. 

CHAPTER VI

RESPIRATION

The number of respirations per minute varies with the different classesof animals; as a rule, the larger the animal, the slower therespiration. 

The Horse 8 to 10Cattle 12 to 15Sheep and Goats 12 to 20The Dog 15 to 20Swine 10 to 15

The rate of breathing is increased from the processes of digestionimmediately after eating, or may increase from exercise. 

NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE HORSE

From 2 to 5 years old the temperature is 100. 6 degrees Fahr. From 5 to 10 years old the temperature is 100. 4 degrees Fahr. From 10 to 15 years old the temperature is 100 degrees Fahr. From 15 to 20 years old the temperature is 98. 4 to 100. 2 degrees Fahr. 

Sex appears to slightly influence temperature:Stallion 100 degrees Fahr. Mare 100. 8 degrees Fahr. Gelding 100. 4 degrees Fahr. 

The time of day when temperature is taken is important, the lowest bodytemperature being at 4 a. M. , and the highest at 6 p. M. New born foals'temperature will run from 102 to 104 degrees Fahr. 

TEMPERATURE OF CATTLE

Normal temperature is from 101. 8 to 102 degrees Fahr. 

Compared with the horse, the daily variations are small. 

TEMPERATURE OF SHEEP AND GOATS

In these animals the greatest variation in temperature occurs, viz. :100. 9 to 105. 8 degrees Fahr. In the majority of cases the temperatureprobably will be between 103. 6 and 104. 4 degrees Fahr. The cause of thisvariation is unknown. 

TEMPERATURE OF SWINE

The average temperature is 103. 3 degrees Fahr. , varying from 100. 9 to105. 4 degrees Fahr. 

TEMPERATURE OF THE DOG

The dog is subject to important variations depending on the externaltemperature; it varies from 99. 5 to 101. 7 degrees Fahr. , although insome localities it is as high as 100. 9, 101. 3 and 101. 7 degrees Fahr. Feeding will increase the temperature, and it is also higher towardevening. 

PULSE THROBS PER MINUTE Per MinuteThe Horse 36 to 40Cattle 45 to 50Sheep and Goats 70 to 80The Dog 70 to 80Swine 90 to 100

The pulse in the young is much more rapid than in the adult animal; thatof a foal at birth beats 100 to 102 per minute, while that of a calfwill go to 130 per minute. In old age the pulsation becomes reduced andthe arteries much weaker. The pulse rate in large animals is less thanin smaller ones, as for instance, an elephant's pulse rate is from 25 to28 beats per minute. The more rapid the pulse, the greater the quantityof blood in circulation. 

AVERAGE PERIODS OF GESTATION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

Mare 11 monthsAss 12 monthsCow 9 monthsSheep 5 monthsGoat 5 monthsSow 3-1/2 monthsBitch 9 weeksCat 8 weeks

AVERAGE PERIOD OF INCUBATION

Chicken 20 to 22 daysGeese 28 to 34 daysDuck 28 to 30 daysTurkey 27 to 29 daysPigeon 18 daysGuinea Fowl 28 daysPheasant 25 daysOstrich 40 to 42 daysCanary Bird 14 days

VETERINARY FACTS AND ADVICE TO REMEMBER

1. Cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity in the treatment of animals. 

2. Pure air, avoiding drafts, is equally essential. 

3. Light, excepting in the treatment of eye diseases, is greatly to be desired. Darkness, while soothing to the eye, tends to prolong germ life and disease. 

4. Keep dry--dampness breeds disease. 

5. Keep warm--in chilly weather, blanket the sick animal, hand rub limbs and bandage with woolen cloths. 

6. Exercise with care--excessive and insufficient exercise are bothinjurious. 

7. Feed with care--green grass, in medium quantity, and vegetables are cooling to the blood, easily digested and exert a slight laxative effect. Grain feed is nutritious and strengthening, but it is not required in any quantity by a horse not working. Be sure that all feed is fresh and clean. 

8. Drinking water must be pure--impure water carries many disease germs. Also avoid giving water in large quantities, especially if water is very cold. 

9. Disinfection involves little time or expense, but is invaluable. Coal tar products which emulsify in water (1 part coal tar products to 50-75 parts water) should be freely and occasionally sprinkled about yards and buildings. 

If only these few fundamental and common-sense principles were followedby stock raisers, a very large percentage of the ills and diseases ofdomestic animals would be lastingly prevented. 

DRENCHING

Do not drench an animal when you can administer the necessary medicinein any other way. Drench only when absolutely necessary. A horse, incontrast with all other domestic animals, cannot breathe through itsmouth. Therefore, in treating horses, drenching is especially dangerous. While drenching any animal, strangulation, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. , are liable to be caused by some of the drenching liquid escaping fromthe mouth into the lungs. This is a frequent occurrence in which thedrenching proves to be the immediate cause of the animal's death, as incase of strangulation, or the originating cause when drenched animalslater succumb to pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. 

MEDICINE IN CAPSULES

In many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding pages, the use ofgelatine capsules has been advised in preference to giving the medicinein any other form. 

Capsules, made of gelatine, do not lie in the animal's stomach, ascommonly supposed, but dissolve readily; the gelatine itself beingbeneficial in many cases, especially if the bowels or stomach beirritated. The animal receives the intended dose fully. It avoids anyunpleasant taste. With capsule gun, or by hand, medicine in capsules ismore easily and quickly given than to attempt to hold animal's head up, as is necessary when administering liquid drenches, the danger of whichhas been explained. 

PREVENTION OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

Newly purchased animals or poultry should be segregated for from tendays to two weeks to give opportunity for any infectious diseases withwhich they may be afflicted, or have been exposed to, to fully develop. This precaution will often save the buyer from loss. 

Avoid exhibiting in fairs, shows, etc. , where the health of your animalsmight be jeopardized, especially through the presence of contagiouslyaffected animals. If you cannot be sure proper precautions are to betaken, better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons. 

HEREDITARY TENDENCIES

When breeding, it is of utmost importance to select a good female aswell as male, for the least faulty conformation in either will in allprobability be transferred to the offspring, viz. : an animal with acrooked hind leg is subject to bone spavin, curbs, bog spavin, thoroughpin, ring bone, etc. , and is liable to transmit any of thesediseases, especially if exposed to slight exertion. A tubercular cowwill invariably give birth to a tubercular calf, or at any rate the calfwill contract tuberculosis from the milk. 

EVOLUTION OF STOCK

During the transformation which our country has undergone, and isundergoing, no one industry has experienced such marked changes as theproduction and raising of livestock. 

At the earliest time of which we have any record, and even up to withincomparatively recent years, large herds of horses and cattle ranged overour plains in a wild state. At first no attempts were made to capture orround up these herds, and later but one or two attempts per year, whenthe young were branded and grown animals shipped, if possible, or drivento available markets. 

As the country became more thickly settled and populated these largerherds were broken up, the ranges becoming divided and fenced. With thissegregation, attention to breeding and care of animals began to bepracticed, gradually causing the animal's evolution from the wild to thedomesticated state. 

As this process of evolution progressed the animal became farther andfarther removed from its natural condition of living, becoming moredependent on man for food and shelter, and with this change the animal'sformer vitality and power to resist disease decreased markedly. 

With the advancement of agriculture, and their resultant prosperity, thefarmers and settlers improved their stock by importing blooded orregistered males and females, particularly the former, until today ourcountry is second to none in the number of good conformated draft andspeed horses; beef and dairy cattle; quick-maturing hogs; large wool andmutton-producing sheep, etc. Poultry has likewise been improved for bothegg-laying and meat-producing qualities. The poultry industry is yet inits infancy, and offers large inducements to the practical raiser. Ourimportation of eggs is enormous. 

The average stock raiser and poultryman has just begun to realize thevalue of proper care and treatment of his stock, and how muchunnecessary loss can be prevented by the expenditure of a little timeand even less money if given at the proper time. 

Animals and poultry are subject, just as humans, to many diseases but, unfortunately, when they become ill are dependent on man to recognizethe symptoms of disease and diagnose. Therefore, it behooves all ownersof stock to know and practice the fundamental necessities of theiranimals' health, not only for the welfare of themselves, but also as anact of humanity to dumb animals. 

INDEX

DISEASES OF HORSES

AbortionAbscessAcute coughAnemiaApthaeAscaris megalcephalaAtrophyAzoturiaBarrennessBleeding after castrationBlood poisoningBog spavinBone spavinBotsBronchitisCapped elbowCapped hockCapped kneeCerebral meningitisChokingChronic catarrhChronic coughCoffin joint lamenessColdColic, flatulentColic, spasmodicColic, windColt constipationColt diarrhoeaConjunctivitisConstipationConstipation in coltsCornsCoughCracked heelsCurbDentistryDiarrhoeaDiarrhoea in coltsDislocation of the patellaDistemperDropsy of bellyDropsy of legsDropsy of sheathDropsy of udderEczemaEmphysema of the lungsEpizootic catarrhEye diseasesFailure to breedFarcyFilariaeFistula of footFistulous withersFlatulent colicForage poisoningFounderGallsGastrophilisGlandersGrease heelsHaemopisHeavesHernia, inguinalHorse dentistryInflammation of the brainInflammation of the membrane of nictitansInfluenzaInguinal herniaLampasLaryngitisLeechesLock jawLung feverLymphangitisMangeMonday Morning diseaseMud feverNasal catarrhNasal gleetNavel ruptureNavel string infectionNavicular diseaseNettle rashOpen jointOxyuris curvilisPalesade wormPetchial feverPharyngitisPink eyePin wormPleurisyPneumoniaPoll evilPurpura haemorrhagicaQuittorRed wormRheumatismRing boneRound wormRupture, scrotalScabiesScrotal ruptureSepticaemiaShoe boilSide bonesSore throatSpasmodic colicSpavin, bogSpavin, boneSplintsStaggersStifle joint lamenessString haltStrongulus armatusStrongulus tetracanthusSupernumerary teethSurfeitSweenyTapewormTeeth, supernumeraryTeeth, wolfTeniaTetanusThoroughpinThread-like wormThrushUmbilical herniaUmbilical pyemiaUrtecariaWind colicWind gallsWolf teethWorm, mawWorm, palesadeWorm, pinWorm, redWorm, roundWorm, tapeWorm, threadWorm, thread-likeWounds

DISEASES OF CATTLE

Abdominal herniaAbdominal ruptureAbnormal CalvingAbortion, contagiousAbortion, non-contagiousAbscessesAbsence of milkActinomycosisAcute coughAfterbirth retentionAmaurosis of the eyeAnthraxApoplexy, parturientAscitiesBacterial dysenteryBag InflammationBarrennessBig headBlack legBlack quarterBleedingBloatingBlood poisonBlood suckersBloody fluxBloody flux in calvesBloody milkBlue milkBrain congestionBronchitisBronchitis verminousCalf choleraCalf scoursCalvingCasting the withersCataract of the eyeCatarrhChapped teatsChokingChronic coughChronic dysenteryColicCongestion of the brainCongestion of the lungsCongestion of the spinal cordCongestion of the udderConjunctivitisContagious abortionCoughCow poxCud chewingDehorningDiarrhoeaDropsyDysenteryEczemaEpizootica eczemaErgot poisoningErgotismEversion of the wombEye inflammationEyelid lacerationFailure to breedFluke, liverFluke, lungFoot and mouth diseaseFoot rotFoul in footFounderGargetGrubHard milkersHematuriaHemorrhageHernia, abdominalHollow hornIndigestionInfectious abortionInfectious aphthaInflammation of the bagInflammation of the eyeInflammation of the heart sackInflammation of the kidneysInflammation of the penisInflammation of the wombJoint illJones diseaseKidney inflammationLaceration of the eyelidLaminitisLaryngitisLeechesLeucorrheaLiver flukeLoss of cudLumpy jawLung congestionLung feverLung flukeMammitis, simpleMangeMeasly beefMilk feverNavel illNon-contagious abortionObstruction of the esophagusParalysisParturient apoplexyPenis InflammationPericarditisPharyngitisPhysiology of ruminationPneumoniaPyemiaRed WaterRetained afterbirthRheumatismRing wormRound wormRupture, abdominalScabiesScum over the eyeSepticaemiaSore throatSpinal cord congestionStringy milkSuppression of milkTape wormTeats chappedTexas feverTicksTuberculosisTwisted stomach wormUdder congestionUmbilical PyemiaUmbilical SepticemiaVariolaVerminous bronchitisWartsWarblesWhitesWhite scours in calvesWolf in the tailWomb inflammationWooden tongueWorm, lungWorm, roundWorm, stomachWorm, tape

DISEASES OF SWINE

AbortionAdministration of medicineBag inflammationBlack toothBlood poisoningBronchitisCastrationCatarrhChokingCholera, hogCold in the headCongestion, kidneyDiarrhoea in young pigsHeat strokeHind quarter paralysisHog, administration of medicineHog choleraHog liceHog regulator and tonicIndigestionInflammation, bagInflammation, lungInguinal ruptureJaundiceKidney congestionKidney wormsLice on hogsLung feverLung inflammationLung wormMangeNasal catarrhNavel ruptureNettle rashParalysis of the hind quartersPig diarrhoeaPig scoursPilesPin wormPleurisyProlapse of the anusPyemiaRegulator and tonicRheumatismRicketsRound wormRupture, inguinalRupture, navelRupture, scrotalRupture, umbilicalSepticemiaScours in pigsScrotal ruptureSore feetSore mouthSows eating their youngSun strokeThorn headed wormThumpsTonic and regulatorUrticariaWorm, kidneyWorm, lungWorm, pinWorm, roundWorm, thorn headedWorm, whipYellows

DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS

AbortionAcute indigestionAcute typanitisApoplexy, pulmonaryBlack scoursBloatingBronchitisCatarrhCold in the headCongestion of the liverCongestion of the lungCongestion of the udderDiarrhoeaDysenteryDyspepsiaFoot rotForage poisoningFoul in footGargetGastritis, verminousGidGrub in the headHead grubsHead maggotHovenIndigestionIndigestion, acuteInflammation of the liverInflammation of the udderJaundiceLamb diseaseLiver congestionLiver flukeLiver inflammationLouse flyLung congestionLung feverLung wormMangePneumoniaPoisoning, foragePulmonary apoplexyScabScours, blackStrongylosisSturdyTickTypanitis, acuteUdder, congestion ofUdder, inflammation ofVerminous bronchitisVerminous gastritisWorm, lung

DISEASES OF POULTRY

AbortionAbscesses of the feet. Air sac miteApoplexy of the brainApthaAscitesBaldnessBeak and throat obstructionBlack headBody liceBody scabiesBrain apoplexyBronchitisBronchitis verminousBruises of the feet. BumblefootCatarrhCatarrh of the cropChicken poxCholera of the fowlCongestion of the liverConstipationCornsCrop impactionDiarrhoeaDiarrhoea, whiteDifficult layingDiphtheriaDiphtheritic roupDouble yolked eggsDropsyEgg boundEgg eatingEgg incompleteEggs with two yolksEggs without shellsEnteritisFavusFeather eatingFeather pullingFeeding of young poultryFowl choleraGapesGastro intestinal catarrhGoutHead liceHemorrhage of the brainHow to feed young poultryImpaction of the cropIncomplete eggInfectious entero hepatitis of turkeysInflammation of the cropInflammation of the mouthIntestinal obstructionJaundiceLeg weaknessLice, bodyLice, headLiver congestionMangeMite, redMouth inflammationObstruction of the beak and throatObstruction of the bile ductObstruction of the cropObstruction of the intestinesObstruction of the oviductParalysis of the cropParalysis of the legsPipPulmonary congestionRed miteRheumatismRoup, diphtheriticScabies of the bodyScabies of the legsScaly legSoft shelled eggsSore headSore mouthThroat and beak obstructionThrushTuberculosisVent gleetVerminous tracheo bronchitisWartsWhite diarrhoeaWorms

MISCELLANEOUS

Average Period of GestationAverage Period of IncubationDeposit or Investment TableDrenching of AnimalsEvolution of StockHereditary TendenciesMedicine in CapsulesNormal Purse ThrobsNormal RespirationNormal TemperaturePrevention of Contagious DiseasesSix Per Cent Interest TableTable of Valuable Drugs and their DosesVeterinary Facts and Advice to Remember