Transcribers notes:

 i) This transcript retains the original spelling, except for the obsolete "long ess" character which has been replaced by 's' throughout. 

 Spellings of proper names tend to be phonetic and haphazard. Eg Pensanz, Pensans, Pensants, Pensance, and Penzance are all the same place. 

 ii) The Latin is worse than the English. I am 99. 9% certain that I have transcribed it correctly, the doubt being where the printer has randomly mixed the "long ess" and "f" characters & neither form is in my Collin's Little Gem Latin Dictionary. 

 iii) This transcript omits the original page numbering from the introduction and appendix, but retains it in the main text to support cross-referencing and the index. 

 Each double-page spread was given a single page number. I have given these in []s at the beginning of the left- hand page. 

 iv) Marginalia have been inserted into the text surrounded by []s

 v) Footnotes have been placed beneath the sections to which they refer. 

 vi) Italics, which Carew uses heavily, have been mostly removed, but sometimes replaced with quotes. 

 vii) The original capitalisation & over-punctuation is retained. 

 T H E

 S V R V E Y

 O F

 C O R N W A L L. 

 A N D

 An EPISTLE concerning the EXCELLENCIES of the ENGLISH TONGUE. 

 -------------------------------------- By RICHARD CAREW, of Antonie, Esq; -------------------------------------- WITH The LIFE of the AUTHOR, By H**** C***** Esq. -------------------------------------- A NEW EDITION. ====================================== 'LONDON, Printed for E. LAW, in Ave-Mary-Lane; and J. HEWETT, at Penzance. 

 MDCCLXIX. 

 LIST of the SUBSCRIBERS, A. Copies. 

SIR. John St. Aubyn, of Clowance, Baronet 20Rev. Mr. Jerveys Allen, of HelstonThomas Saunders Allen of St. Just, Attorney at LawAlexander Allen, Purser of the Wolf Sloop of WarJohn Antony, of St. IvesJohn Antony, junior, of St. Ives

 B. 

Joseph Beard, of PenzanceJohn Batten, jun. Of ditto, MerchantJoseph Batten, of dittoJohn Blewett, Esq. Of Marazion 4George Borlase, Attorney at Law, of PenzanceWilliam Bastard, of ExonJoseph BattenJohn Beard, jun. Of Penzance, MerchantCapt. Barkley, of the Wolf Sloop of WarRev. Mr. William Borlase, of ZennorWilliam Borlase, LL. D. Of Ludgvan, F. R. S. James BennettCapt. Thomas Braithwaite, of FalmouthJames Bonithon, of PenzanceRev. Mr. Jacob Bullock, of WendronFrancis BenallockJames Bower, of LostwithielJames Baron, of dittoThomas BennetNicholas Bishop, of BristolJofeph Bunney, Esq. LeicesterJohn Bawden, Exon

 C. 

Nicholas Cloak, of PenzanceDaniel Carthew, of dittoRobert Coleman, of BristolGeorge Cooney, of PenzanceMr. Carlyl, of MarazionHumphrey Cole, Attorney at Law, of dittoDavid Cloak, Surgeon, of PenzanceWilliam Cornish, of MarazionCapt. Thomas Cassett, of PlymouthRichard Carne, of Falmouth, MerchantColeman, Harris, and Co. Merchants at Bristol 2Henry Coleman, Esq. Of Market Harborough, LeicestershireHenry Coleman, Esq. Leicester

 D. 

David Dennis, Attorney at Law, of PenzanceJohn Dennis, of dittoJames Donithorne, of MarazionThomas Daniel, of Truro, Esq. John Dyer, of PenrynWilliam Dawkin, Esq. Of Kilvough, near Swanzey, in WalesRobert Dunkin, of Penzance

 E. 

William Ellis, Esq. Of Penzance 5Charles Streater Ellis, of dittoJames Edwards, of ditto, MerchantHugh Edwards, Attorney at Law, St. IvesThomas Ennys, of Redruth

 F. 

Miss C. FoleyRev. Mr. Fisher, of MarazionEdward Freeman, of Lostwithiel

 G. 

Thomas Glynn, jun. Of Helston, Esq. Charles Gwavas, of Penzance, Merchant 2Pascoe Grenfell, of Marazion, MerchantJohn Grenfell, of Penzance, MerchantRichard Jerveys Gryles, Attorney at Law, of Helston, Andrew Gaylard, of BristolMiss Jane Gilbert, of St. IvesThomas Glanvile, of LostwithielRev. Mr. Edward Giddy, of St. EarthThomas Giddy, of Truro, SurgeonWilliam Giddy, of ditto

 H. 

Richard Hichens, of Penzance, Attorney at Law 2Capt. John Halse, of RedruthRev. Mr. Edward Hobbs, of SancreteJohn Hawkins, Esq. Of HelstonRev. Mr. John Hosken, of MenaccanThomas Hacker, of PenzanceIsaac Head, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs in the Islands of ScillyWilliam Holbeck, Gent. Com. Of Trinity Col. Oxford, Esq. Captain Peter Hill, of FalmouthJohn HallJohn Hewett, of Plymouth-dockJohn Hurd, of BirminghamChristopher Harris, Esq. Keneggy 6Nathanial Hicks, of St. IvesRev. Mr. Haydon, LiskeardSamuel Hick, of LostwithielEdward Harford, of BristolJohn Hosking, of MadronJohn Howell, of PenzanceJohn Hall, of Stofford, Devonshire

 I. 

William John, of Penzance, MerchantJohn James, of Newlyn, dittoCapt. John James, of MarazionWilliam James, of RedruthThomas John, of Penzance, MerchantJohn James, of St. Agnes

 K. 

John Knill, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at St. IvesJohn Keir, Surgeon, of Marazion 2J. Kimber, Attorney at Law, of Fowey

 L. 

Thomas Love, of NewlynStephen Luke, of PenzanceMaddren Legoe, of St. JustJohn Ley, of St. Ives, MerchantRev. Mr. Lane, of St. IvesJohn Luxmore, Esq. Of Oakhampton, Devon. Samuel Luly, of PenzanceRev. Mr. Philip Lyne, Vicar of LeskardTobias Lanyon, Esq. Penzance

 M. 

Joseph Michell, of PenzanceHenry Michell, of dittoJames Michell, of MarazionJohn Michell, of ChyandowerJames Moore, of PenzanceThomas Mathews, of St. IvesHerbert Mackworth, Esq. ExonHenry Mudge, of TruroRobert Michell, of dittoMathias Michell, of Penzance

 N. 

Rev. Mr. Newton, of SithneyWilliam Nicholls, Esq. Of TrereifeJohn Nancarrow, jun. Of MarazionCharles Newman, of FalmouthRev. Mr. Newton, of BristolThomas Nicholls, of PenzanceB. Nankivell, of St. Agnes

 P. 

John Price, Esq. 6John Pender, of Penzance, MerchantBenjamin Pidwell, of PenzanceRev. Mr. James Parkin, Lecturer of dittoThomas Pidwell, jun. Of dittoJohn Pearse, Surgeon, of dittoWilliam Penrose, ------ of dittoThomas Pascoe, ------, of dittoJosias Perry, Surgeon, of Langdon, DevonJames Pascoe, Attorney at Law, of PenzanceRev. H. Parker, D. D. Fellow of Trinity College, OxfordWilliam Price, Surgeon, at RedruthDaniel Pryor, of PenzanceHenry Philips, of St. Ives, MerchantRev. Mr. Richard Pearce, of St. BuryanThomas Penrose, Attorney at Law, of Penzance

 R. 

Thomas Robyns, Esq. At PenzanceThomas Rodda, of MarazionGeorge Rippar, of dittoDavid Richard, of dittoCharles Rashleigh, of St. Austle, Attorney at LawThomas Read, of PenzanceCharles Rawlinson, of MarazionStephen Robinson, jun. Of BridportSamuel Rodda, of Marazion

 S. 

Walter Stone, of PenzanceJohn Stone, of dittoGeorge Scobell, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at PenzanceJohn Stackhouse, Esq. Of PendarvesWilliam Stackhouse, Efq. Of TrehaneWilliam Sincock, of MarazionEdward Stevens, of St. IvesWilliam Stevens, of dittoThomas Slade, of dittoMiss Sarah Stephens, of dittoWilliam Skues, of HelstonJohn Stott, of Ludgvan, EsqWilliam Stevens, of BristolFrancis Spernon, Surgeon, in LostwithielRev. Mr. Smith, of St. JustJohn Smith, Truro

 T. 

Thomas Trenwith, Esq. Of St. IvesJohn Trengrouse, Surgeon, of dittoRichard Treeve, of PenzanceUriah Tonkin, Esq. Of dittoWilliam Tregurtha, of dittoJohn Tonkin, Surgeon, of dittoJoseph Tovey, of dittoRev. Mr. James Tonkin, of dittoJohn Treluddra, of MarazionRev. Mr. Trevennen, of CambronGeorge Treweeke, Surgeon, of PenzanceJoseph Taylor, of BristolJ. Trevethan, Attorney at Law, of Redruth

 U. 

George Veale, Attorney at Law, of PenzanceWilliam Usticke, Esq. Of Nansalverne

 W. 

Rev. Mr. Williams, of CrowanDionysius Williams, of Penzance, F. R. S. Samuel Woodis, of dittoJohn Williams, Officer of ExciseMatthew Wills, Surgeon, of HelstonRichard Williams, MarazionRev. Mr. Anthony Williams, of St. KevernePhilip Webber, Attorney at Law, FalmouthGeorge Woodis, of PenzanceJohn Weston, Esq. Of IllugganRev. Thomas Wharton, A. M. Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. 

 The Life of R I C H A R D C A R E W of Antonie Esq;

 By HUGH C******* Esq;

RICHARD CAREW, the Celebrated Author of the Survey of Cornwall, wasborn of an antient Family at East-Antonie (a), the Seat of hisAncestors, in the Year 1555, if we may credit Mr. Wood (b). He wasthe Son of Thomas Carew by Elizabeth Edgecumb, Daughter to Sir RichardEdgecumb, a Gentleman says our Author (c), in whom Mildness andStoutness, Diffidence and Wisdom, Deliberateness of Undertaking, andSufficiency of Effecting, made a more commendable, than blazingmixture of Vertue. He adds, that Sir Richard, at his fine House, call'd to this day Mount-Edgecumb, "during Queen Mary's Reign, entertain'd at one time for some good space, the Admirals of the English, Spanish, and Netherland Fleets, with many Noblemen besides. 

 But", pursues he, " not too much of this, lest a partial Affection steal, as unawares, into my Commendation, as one, by my Mother, descended from his Loins, and by my Birth a Member of the House (d). "

But Mr. Carew hath given us an account of his Ancestors, which I shallset down here, that the Reader may see they were no less distinguishedby the great Estates in their possession, than by the Noble Familiesthey were allyed to. Speaking of the Lyner, which, with the Tamer, discharges itself into the Sea above Plymouth;

 "A little within this Mouth of Lyner", says he (e), " standeth East-Antonie, the poore home of mine Ancestours, with which in this manner they were invested:

 Sir John Lerchedekne ------- of Ashton in Devon. Touching our Stock in general", pursues our Author (f), " and my Family in particular ------------- our Queen. "

The Pregnancy of his Parts being much above his Age, he was sent toOxford in the Year 1566, being then but eleven Years old, and

 "(g) became a Gentleman Commoner of Christ Church . . . . . . . But had his Chamber in Broadgate's Hall:"

And three Years after he was call'd to dispute with the incomparableSir Philip Sidney, who was a Year older than he (h). 

Dr. Fuller and Mr. Wood have taken notice of this memorable Dispute, without mentioning from whence they had that Particular, which, as wehave seen already, is related by Mr. Carew himself. 

 "He was bred", says Dr. Fuller (i), " a Gentleman- Commoner in Oxford; where, being but fourteen Years old, and yet three Years standing, he was call'd out to dispute ex tempore, before the Earls of Leicester and Warwick, with the matchless Sir Philip Sidney. 

 Si quaeritis hujus Fortunam pugnae, non est superatus ab illo. 

 Ask you the End of this Contest ? They neither had the better, both the best. "

Mr. Wood expresses it thus:

 "At fourteen Years of Age", says he (k), " he disputed ex tempore with the matchless Philip Sidney, (while he was a young (l) Man, I suppose) in the presence of the Earls of Leicester, Warwick, and other Nobility, at what time they were lodged in Christ-Church, to receive entertainment from the Muses. "

Mr. Wood says afterwards, that

 "After Mr. Carew had spent three Years in Oxon, he retired to the Middle Temple, where he spent 3 Years more" (m) ;

which may be true, tho' he brings in no Authority for it. But whathe adds, that

 "then he was sent with his Uncle (Sir George Carew as it seems) in his Embassage unto the King of Poland; whom when he came to Dantzick, he found that he had been newly gone from thence into Sweden, whither also he went after him :"

And that

 "After his return, and a short stay made in England, he was sent by his Father into France with Sir Hen. Nevill, who was then Ambassador Leiger unto K. Hen. 4. That he might learn the French Tongue, which by reading and talking, he overcame in three quarters of a Year :"

All this, I say, cannot hold, if it be true that, tho' he understoodItalian, French, High-Dutch, and Spanish, he had never been out ofEngland ; as his Countryman Charles Fitzgeffry seems to assert in thefollowing Compliment to him:

 Quis Deus tibi tam bene invocatus (n), Disertissime millium trecentum Idemq; optime omnium CARAEE, (Seu quis multiplicem eruditionem, Seu quis, quo magis emicas elenchum Morum ponderet elegantiorum, Virtutumq; tot auream coronam) Quis (inquam) Deus (o Deus profecto!) Tantis te spoliis, tot & trophaeis Terrarum locupletat exterarum, Domi perpetuo interim morantem Et libris patriaeque servientem? Quo Graij tibi, quo tibi Latini Auri pondera tanta? quove Hetrusci, Galli, Teutones, invidiq; Iberi Tam assatim te opibus suis bearunt? O si tot Deus ora, totq; linguas Mihi idulserit, ut tuas referrem Laudes, quot dedit ora quotq; linguas Tibi uno Deus ore, lingua in una?

I may add, that Mr. Carew, in his Survey of Cornwall, giving anaccount of the eminent Men born in that Dutchy, reckons among theCivilians Doctor Carew (o) :

 "In the Civil Law", says he (p), " there lived of late Doctor Kennals, and now (q) doth Doctor Carew, one of the antientest Masters of the Chancery; in which Calling, after his younger Years spent abroad to his benefit, he hath reposed himself. "

He mentions him again among the Persons employed in State Affairs, andtherethrough stept to Preferment (r). 

 "Master George Carew", says he, " in his younger Years gathered such Fruit as the University, the Inns of Court, and Foreign Travel could yield him. Upon his Return, he was first call'd to the Bar, then supply'd the Place of Secretary to the Lord Chancellor Hatton; and after his Decease, performed the like Office to his two Successors, by special Recommendation from her Majesty, who also gave him the Prothonotaryship of the Chancery; and in anno 1598 sent him Ambassador to the King of Poland, and other Northern Potentates, where through unexpected Accidents, he underwent extraordinary Perils; but God freed him from them, and he performed his Duty in acceptable manner : And at this present the Commonwealth useth his Service, as a Master of the Chancery. "

Had our Author attended this worthy Person in his Embassies, it ishardly possible he should not have taken some notice of it here;being elsewhere so ready to honour himself with the Friendship orAcquaintance of the Great Men of his Time. 

As to what Mr. Wood adds, viz. That Mr. Carew was sent by his Fatherinto France with Sir Henry Nevill. . . . That he might learn the FrenchTongue, &c. I am afraid he hath mistaken our Author for his Son, who, in effect, went into France with a Nevill, in order to learn theFrench Tongue ; as it appears by the following Verses of the aforesaidFitzgeffry, upon his Return. 

 Ad (s) RICHARDUM CARAEUM, Ri. Filium, e Gallijs reducem. 

 Melligo juvenum Caraee, quotquot Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris : Ecquid Fama sinistimae (t) auricellae Veris se insinuat meae susurris, Te longae peregrinitates omnes Exanclasse (v) molestias, marisq; Emensum omnia taedia, ad parentes Patremq; unanimum, piamq; matrem, Membrorum incolumi statu redisse, Onustum omnigenae eruditionis Gazis & Spoliis, quot aut Camoenae Dant vaenum emporio Lutetiano Aut culto Aureliae urbis in Lycaeo. Qua tibi Aonii latus NEVILLI Phoeboeumq; TRELAVNIVM sequuto Aulam invisere curiamq; magni Regis contigit, aemulam tonantis. At o Liligeri potentis Aula AEtatem bene sit tibi, quod almum CAREUM modo patriae patriq; Post desiderium utriusq; longum, Salvumq; incolumenq; reddidisti. At tu non modo stemmatum opumq; Verum & laudis & eruditionis Patritae genuinus artis haeres Cresce in spem patriae, hostium timores, Patris delicias, Elisae amores, Donec concilijs senex, at ore Et membris juvenis sat intigellus (x) Totum Nestora vixeris, tuisq; Album feceris Albiona factis : Melligo juvenum CARAEE quotquot Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris. 

Learning is not only useful, but necessary in all Conditions andStates of Life; but I will presume to say, that it is moreparticularly so to all Gentlemen, who are allotted to live in theCountry. And if they cannot pass their leisure Hours in reading, orcultivating Arts and Sciences, they will spend that time in suchthings as must be detrimental to their Families, and, at the end, fatal to their own Persons. Our Author could never fall into thoseInconveniences : He loved Letters, and not only made them subservientto his own Entertainment, but sometimes useful to the Publick. 

As he was a great Master of Languages, he delivered his Opinion uponthe true and ready way to learn the Latin Tongue, in answer to aQuaere, Whether the ordinary way by teaching Latin by the Rules ofGrammar, be the best way for Youths to learn it (y)? He wrotelikewise a Dissertation, shewing the Excellency of the EnglishTongue (z) : and published a Translation of the Examen de Ingeniospara las Sciencias, written by Juan Huerte, that ingenious andlearned Spanish Physician. It was printed at London in 1594, withthis Title: The Examination of Mens Wits. In which, by discoveringthe Variety of Natures, is shewed for what Profession each one isapt, and how far he shall profit therein (A). 

His Proficiency in natural Philosophy, enabled him to improveAgriculture and Husbandry to such a degree, that he was accountedamong his Neighbours the greatest Husband, and most excellent Managerof Bees in Cornwall (B). 

The Enquiries he had made into the History and Antiquities of Nations, and chiefly of Great Britain, engaged him to attempt a Descriptionof Cornwall; as it is natural to every Man to have a particularFondness for his native Country:

 Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos Ducit & immemores non finit esse sui. 

This he only undertook for his private Satisfaction and Entertainment;but was afterwards prevail'd upon by his Friends to publish it, as weshall see anon. Mr. Camden, who had seen it, and was an excellentJudge in those Matters, thought himself obliged to do justice both tothe Author and his Performance, in the first Edition of his Britannia, printed in the Year 1586:

 "But these Matters" (says he, at the end of his Account of Cornwall) " will be laid open more distinctly and fully, by Richard Carew of Antonie, a Person no less eminent for his honourable Ancestors, than his own Virtue and Learning, who is writing a Description of this Country, not in little, but at large. "

 Sed haec planius & plenius docebit Richardus Carew de Antonie, non minus generis splendore, quam virtute & doctrina nobilis; qui hujus regionis descriptionem latiore specie, & non ad tenue elimat (D). 

Our Author's Knowledge in the Laws, his Love for Justice and Equity, and his Affection to the Government, rais'd him to all the Posts ofHonour, that are consistent with a Country Life. Mr. Wood assuresus (E), that he was made Justice of the Peace in 1581, High-Sheriffof Cornwall in 1586, and about that time was the Queens Deputy forthe Militia. And indeed we find in his Survey of Cornwall, that hewas Justice of the Peace, and one of the Quorum (F) : and that in theYear 1599, (Sir Walter Raleigh being then Lieutenant General ofCornwall) Mr. Carew was one of the Deputy Lieutenants, Treasurer ofthe Lieutenancy, and Colonel of a Regiment, consisting of fiveCompanies, or 500 Men, armed with 170 Pikes, 300 Musquets, and 30Calivers, appointed for Causam Bay (G). 

There was at that time a Society of several Gentlemen, eminent fortheir Learning and Merit, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Mr. Dodderidge, (afterwards Sir John Dodderidge, who died one of the Judges of theKing's-Bench) Mr. Camden, Mr. Stow, &c. Who had regular Meetings, orConferences, for the Improvement and Illustration of the History andAntiquities of England. That Society had a particular Claim to ourAuthor; and in 1589 he was elected a Member of the College of theAntiquaries (H). The Oration he made at his Introduction, contained, (as I am informed by a Gentleman who saw it)

 "an elegant Display of the Devastations Time so swiftly makes upon all things; thence it subsides to the Advantages and Commendations of that kind of Study, they had chosen to be the Subject of their Conferences : and concludes with a pathetical Exhortation to his Auditory, That they would persevere in establishing what they had so nobly begun, and continue to employ their Labours upon those things, which were worthy of them; that so they might not be drawn into Oblivion themselves, by that which they would rescue from it, and that Time might not rob them of aught more considerable than that which they should restore. "

Thus flourished that Illustrious College of Antiquaries, whoseMeetings were chiefly held at Sir Robert Cotton's House (I). For theyhad no publick Place for it. And therefore these Gentlemenconsidering that they were but a private Society, which severalAccidents might either interrupt, or even dissolve, and did besideswant some Accommodations, in order to fix and perpetuate anInstitution so beneficial to the Publick, they resolved to apply tothe Queen for a Royal Charter, and for some publick Building, wherethey would perform their Exercises; and intended to erect a Librarysuitable to it. And they had the more reason to believe they couldobtain such a Grant, that the Queen, not contented with a superficialSmattering of Learning, back'd with Conceit and Talkativeness, (whichis the highest pitch Persons of the first Rank do commonly arrive to)was truly and solidly learned, and a real Encourager of Letters :wherein she had the ready Concurrence of her Ministers, who were noless conspicuous for their Learning, than for their Integrity andconsummate Wisdom. But as fair as the Hopes of this famous Collegeappeared in its Bloom, they were soon blighted by the Death of thatever-memorable Princess, like those Fruits, which for want of theSun's genial Rays, cannot arrive at due Maturity. For all theApplications they made for the same purpose to her Successor, provedvain and unsuccessful. But what else could be expected from a Man whonever had a relish for polite Literature, or any kind of usefulLearning, and only delighted in pedantick scholastical Divinity; andfancy'd himself the Wisest and most glorious Prince in the World, (a second Solomon forsooth) if he could but scrible a Pamphlet againstWitches, or against tobacco: a Man, in short, whose Genius and Tastewere as low and mean, as his Soul and Inclinations! As for ourlearned Antiquaries, they were obliged to dissolve themselves, andbreak their Society, lest (such was the Wisdom of those Times) theyshould be prosecuted as a Cabal against the Government : Ne quicquammali contra Rempublicam illos moliri Rex, Conciliariivesuspicarentur (K). 

Mr. Carew published his Survey of Cornwall, in the Year 1602 (L) anddid dedicate it to his Friend Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Warden of theStannaries, Lieutenant-General of Cornwall, &c. 

 "This mine ill-husbanded Survey", says he to that great Man, " long since begun, a great while discontinued, lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth to your Lordship's Direction, whether it should pass; to your Corection if it do pass; and to your Protection when it is passed. Neither unduly : for the same intreateth of the Province and Persons, over whose Bodies and Estates, you carry a large, both Martial and Civil Command, by your Authority ; but in whose Hearts and Loves you possess a far greater Interest, by your Kindness. Your Ears and Mouth have ever been open to hear and deliver our Grievances, and your Feet and Hands ready to go, and work their Redress; and that, not only always as a Magistrate of yourself, but also very often, as a Suiter and Solicitor to others, of the highest Place. Wherefore, I, as one of the common beholden, present this Token of my private Gratitude. It is Duty and not Presumption, that hath drawn me to the Offering; and it must be Favour, and not Desert, that shall move your Lordship to the acceptance. And so I take humble leave, resting no less willing to serve you, than under you. "

The Reader will, I hope, excuse my transcribing here the wholeEpistle. These Addresses are a true Test of an Author's Wit andGenius. And who can be displeased with so just a Character of oneof the greatest Men of our Nation? Mr. Carew subscribes himself, His Lordships poor Kinsman, Richard Carew of Antonie; but how he wasrelated to him, I could not yet find. Sir Walter Raleigh had a Son, whose Christen-name was Carew; and probably our Author was hisGodfather. 

In his Preface, Mr. Carew observes, that when he first composed thisTreatise, not minding that it should be published in Print, he causedonly certain written Copies to be given to some of his Friends . . . . . . But since that time, Master Camden's often mentioning this Work, andhis Friends Persuasions, had caused his Determination to alter, and toembrace a pleasing Hope, that Charity and good Construction would restnow generally in all Readers. 

 "Besides", says he, " the State of our Country hath undergone so many Alterations, since I first began these Scriblings, that, in the reviewing, I was driven either likewise to vary my Report, or else to speak against my Knowledge. . . . 

 Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this Treatise plotteth down Cornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, and will continue, for the general. "

Mr. Carew's Survey of Cornwall was receiv'd, when it came out, (as ithath been ever since) with a general Applause; as it appears by theEncomiums pass'd upon it, which it would be too long to enumerate. Mr. Camden, in the sixth Edition of his Britannia, printed in 1607, acknowledges, at the end of his Account of Cornwall, that our Authorhad been his chief Guide through it (M). But as 'tis usual to Authorsof an inferior rank to be the best pleased with their Works, so thebest Authors are the least satisfy'd with their Performances, and themost severe Censors to themselves. 

The Approbation of the Publick only excites them to mend theirWritings, and give them all the Perfection they are capable. Mr. Carew was uneasy at the Errors of the Printers, and someOversights of his, that had crept into his Book; and desired toimprove it by the Observations of others, who had writ on the sameSubject. Being told in the Year 1606, that Mr. Dodderidge, who wasthen Sollicitor-General, had published some Account of the Dutchy ofCornwall, (which was not true, for that Tract did not come out till1630) he desired Mr. Camden to send him a Copy of it. 

 "I make bold", says he (N), " to use my thanks for your kind remembring me by Sir Anthony Rouse, as a Shoeing- horn to draw on a Request; and this it is : I learn that Master Sollicitor hath compiled a Treatise of our Cornish Dutchy, and dedicated it to the Prince : this I much long to see, and heartily pray by your means to obtain a Copy thereof. The first publishing of my Survey was voluntary; the second, which I now purpose, is of necessity, not so much for the enlarging it, as the correcting mine and the Printers Oversights: and amongst these, the Arms not the least, touching which mine Order, suitable to your Direction, was not observed, and so myself made an Instrument, but not the Author of Wrong and Error. I imagine that I may cull out of Master Sollicitor's Garden many Flowers to adorn this other Edition; and if I wist where to find Mr. Norden, I would also fain have his Map of our Shire; for perfecting of which, he took a Journey into these Parts. "

Mr. Carew never published a second Edition of his Book, tho' he livedfourteen Years after the writing of that Letter. And whether he leftbehind him a Copy of it revised and corrected for a new Impression, does not appear. It hath indeed been reported, that there was a Copyextant with large Additions (O); but they don't tell us whoseAdditions they are. They can hardly be the Author's own Additions, since they are said to be large ones; and we have seen that Mr. Carew's Design in the intended second Edition of his Survey, was notso much for the enlarging it, as the correcting his and the PrintersOversights. However it be, we may reasonably wonder that a Work sovaluable, and the only compleat one we have on that Subject, shouldnot have been reprinted since the Year 1602; whereby it is become soscarce, and bears such an excessive Price. Perhaps this is owing tothe false Rumours which have been spread from time to time, that itwas going to be reprinted with large Additions. For these idle commonReports have often prevented new Editions of useful and necessaryBooks. But it is to be hoped, that some publick-spirited Persons willreprint it, as it was first published. If any body hath any Additionsor Supplements to it, they may print them separately. 

Mr. Carew (P)

 "was intimate with the most noted Scholars of his Time, particularly with Sir Henry Spelman, who in an Epistle (*) to him concerning Tythes, doth not a little extol him for his Ingenuity, Vertue, and Learning. 'Palmam igitur cedo' (saith he) '& quod Graeci olim in Caria fua gente, admirati sunt, nos in Caria nostra gente agnoscimus, ingenium splendidum, bellarumque intentionum saecundissimum, &c. '"

And a famous Scotch Poet (+)

 "stiles him another Livy, another Maro, another Papinian, and highly extols him for his great Skill in History, and Knowledge in the Laws (Q). "

Mr. Carew

 "died on the sixth day of November, in fifteen hundred and twenty, and was buried in the Church of East-Antonie among his Ancestors. Shortly after, he had a splendid Monument set over his Grave, with an Inscription thereon, written in the Latin Tongue (R)"

As I have not seen that Inscription, I cannot tell whether it be thesame with the following Epitaph, written by Mr. Camden (S), probablyat the Request of Mr. Carew's Family. 

 M. S. Richardo Carew de Antonie Armigero, Filio Thomae Carew ex Anna Edgcombia, Nepoti Wimundi Carew Militis ex Martha Dennia, Pronepoti Joannis Carew ex Thomasina Hollandia: Viro Moribus modestis, mente generosa, Eruditione varia, Animo erga Deum devato; Qui inter medias de caelesti vita meditationes Placide in Chrifto obdormivit, Anno aetatis Lxiij. E. Arundelia uxor marito charissimo, Conjugalis fidei ergo, Et . . . . Filius Patri optimo, Officiosi obsequii ergo, Posuerunt. Obiit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

(a) In the Eastern Parts of Cornwall, within some Miles of Plymouth. (b) Anth. Wood Athen. Oxon. Vol. 1. C. 452. 2d Edit. (c) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. (d) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. (e) Ibid. Fol. 102. (f) Ibid. Fol. 103, 104. (g) Wood, ubi supra. (h) Sir Philip Sidney was born in 1554. Wood ibid. C. 226. (i) The History of the Worthies of England, p. 205. (k) Ubi supr. (l) What Mr. Wood means by this Parenthesis, I leave to the reader to determine. (m) Ibid. (n) Caroli Fitzgeofridi Assaniae: sive Epigrammatum Libri tres &c. Oxon. 1601, in 8vo. Lib. 3. Ep. 33. (o) Afterwards Sir George Carew. (p) Survey, fol. 59. Ver. (q) The Survey of Cornwall was published in the Year 1602. (r) Ibid. Fol. 61. (s) Ubi supr. Epi. 40. (t) Lege, sinitimae(v) Leg. Exantlasse. (x) Leg. Integellus. (y) It was printed in 1654. See Wood, ubi supr. C. 453. (A) Wood, ibid. (B) Ibid. (D) Britannia, &c. Londini 1586, in 8vo. (E) Ubi supr. C. 452. (F) Survey, &c. Fol. 88. (G) Ibid. Fol. 83. (H) Wood, ubi supr. (I) See Dr. Smith's Life of Sir Robert Cotton. (K) Dr. Smith, ubi supr. (L) In 4to. (M) Quemque mihi preluxiss non possum non agnoscere. (N) Gul. Camdeni Epistolae, &c. Epist. LVIII. Pag. 72. That letter is dated 13th of May 1606. (O) W. Nicolson, The English Historical Library, chap. II. P 11, 12 of the 2d Edition. (P) Wood, ubi supr. C. 453. (*) In his Apol. Of the Treatise de non temerandis Ecclesiis, &c. Lond. 1646, 4to. (+) Joh. Dunbar Megalo-Britannus in Epigrammat. Suis, cent. 6. Numb. 53. (Q) Wood, ibid. (R) Wood, ibid. (S) Camdeni Epistolae, &c. Pag. 106. 

 THE

 S V R V E Y

 OF

 C O R N W A L L

 Written by Richard Carew, of Antonie, Esquire. 

 [Abstract graphics]

 To the Honorable, Sir Walter Ra- leigh Knight, Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lieutenant Generall of Cornwall, &c. 

This mine ill-husbanded Survey, long since begun, a great whilediscontinued, lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth toyour L. Direction, whether it should passe; to your correction, if itdoe passe; and to your protection, when it is passed. Neither unduely:for the same intreateth of the Province, and Persons, ouer whosebodies, and estates, you carrie a large, both Martiall, and ciuiilcommaund, by your authoritie, but in whose hearts, and loues, youpossesse a farre greater interest, by your kindnesse. Your eares, and mouth, haue euer beene open, to heare, and deliuer our grieuances, and your feete and hands, readie to goe, and worke their redresse, andthat, not onely, alwayes, as a Magistrate, of your selfe, but alsoverie often, as a suiter, and solliciter to others, of the highestplace. Wherefore, I, as one of the common beholden, present thistoken of my priuate gratitude. It is dutie, and not pre- sumption, that hath drawne me to the offering; and it must be fauour, and not desert, that shall moue your Lordship to the acceptance: and so I take humble leaue, rest- ing no lesse willing to serue you, then vnder you. 

 Your Lordships poore kinsman, Richard Carew of Antonie. 

 To the Reader. 

When I first composed this Treatise, not minding that it should bepublished in Print, I caused onely certaine written copies to beegiuen to some of my friends, and put Prosopopeia into the bookesmouth. But since that time, master Camdens often-mencioning thisworke, and my friends perswasions, haue caused my determination toalter, & to imbrace a pleasing hope, that charitie, & goodconstruction resteth now generally in all Readers. Albeit, I wellknow, how Opere in vario, no lesse then in longo, fas est obreperesomnum. And I acknowledge, this playing work to come so farr short, of satisfying, euen myselfe (though Suus cuiq; placet partus) as Ihaue little reason, to expect the applause of any other. 

Besides the state of our Countrie hath vndergone so manie Alterations, since I first began these scriblings, that, in the reuiewing, I wasdriuen, either likewise to varie my report, or else to speake againstmy knowledge. And no maruaile, for each succeeding time, addeth, orraueth, goods, & euils, according to the occasions, which it selfeproduceth : rather a wonder it were, that in the ceaselesse reuolutionof the Vniuerse, any parcell should retaine a stedfast constitution. Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this treatise plotteth downeCornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, and will continue, for the generall. Mine Eulogies proceede no lesse, from thesinceritie of a witnesse, then the affection of a friend: andtherefore I hope, that where my tongue hath beene good, no manseye will bee euill: and that each wel-minded Reader will wish a merriepassage, to this my rather fancie-sporting, then gaine-fseeking voyage. Farewell. 

[1]

 The Prosopopeia to the Booke. 

 I Crave not courteous ayd of friends, To blaze my praise in verse, Nor, prowd of vaunt, mine authors names, In catalogue rehearse:

 I of no willing wrong complaine, Which force or stealth hath wrought, No fruit I promise from the tree, Which forth this blooth hath brought. 

 I curry not with smoothing termes, Ne yet rude threats I blaste: I seeke no patrone for my faults, I pleade no needlesse haste. 

 But as a child of feeble force, I keep my fathers home, And, bashfull at eche strangers sight, Dare not abroad to rome, Saue to his kinne of neerest bloud, Or friends of dearest price, Who, for his sake, not my desert, With welcome me entice. 

 T H E

 S V R V E Y

 O F

 CORNWALL. 

 The first Booke. 

Cornwall, the farthest Shire of England Westwards, hath her name bydiuers Authors diuersly deriued. Some (as our owne Chroniclers) drawit from Corineus, cousin to Brute, the first Conqueror of this Iland:who wrastling at Plymmouth (as they say) with a mightie Giant, calledGogmagog, threw him ouer Cliffe, brake his necke, and receiued thegift of that Countrie, in reward for his prowesse: Some, as Cerealis, (no lesse mistaken perhaps in that, then in his measures) from CornuGalliae, a home or corner of Fraunce, whereagainst nature hath placedit: and some, from Cornu Walliae, which (in my conjecture) carriethgreatest likelyhood of truth. 

For what time the Saxons, after many bloudie inuasions [Anno Dom. 586. ]as Pirates, began at last to plant their dwellings [2a] and take rootein this Iland, as Conquerors, the Britons, by them supplanted, weredriuen to seeke their safegard in the waste Moores, craggie Mountaines, and wild Forrests of Wales and Cornwall, where the Countriesbarrennesse barred their pursuers from victuals, and thedangerousnesse of the passages laid them open to priuie inuasions. Such as had in this sort withdrawne themselves, the Saxons termedWelshmen, by interpretation strangers, for so they were to them, asthey to the Countrie: and their place of abode they called Welshland, sithence turned to Wales, euen as by the same reason, they giue stillthe same name to Italy. Now, Cornwall being cast out into the Sea, with the shape of a horne, borrowed the one part of her name from herfashion, as Matthew of Westminster testifieth, and the other from herInhabitants; both which conjoyned, make Cornwalliae, and contriued, Cornwall: in which sence, the Cornish people call it Kernow, deriuedlikewise from Kerne a home. Neither needeth this composition to beaccompted any way vncouth, seeing the same is made familiar vnto vs bythe like in other Countries, as of Herbipolis in Germanie, Lombardiein Italy, Paleocastrum in Crete, and Neoportus in Carniola: all which, with many other, are likewise compacted of double languages. 

This ill-halfening hornie name, hath (as Corneto in Italy) opened agap to the scoffes of many, who not knowing their owne presentcondition, or at least their future destinie, can be contented to drawan odious mirth from a publike infamie. But seeing the wisest Enditer, hath directed the penne of his holiest writers to vse this terme, notonly in a good meaning, but also in a significant sense, and tosanctifie the thing itselfe in sundrie parts of his seruice: suchiesters dishonest indiscretion is rather charitably to bee pittied, then their exception either angerly to be grieued at, or seriously tobee confuted. 

I am not ignorant, how sorely the whole storie of Brute, is shakenby some of our late writers, and how stiffely supported by other some:as also that this wrastling pull betweene Corineus and Gogmagog, isreported to have befallen at Douer. For mine owne part, though Ireuerence antiquitie, and reckon it a kind of wrong, to exact anouer-strict reason for all that which vpon credite shee deliuereth;yet I rather incline to their side, who would warrant her authoritieby apparant veritie. Notwithstanding, in this question, I will nottake on me the person of either Iudge, or stickler: and therefore ifthere bee any so plunged in the common floud, as they will still gripefast, what they haue once caught hold on, let them sport themselveswith these coniectures, vpon which mine auerment in behalf ofPlymmouth is grounded. The place where Brute is said to haue firstlanded, was Totnes in Cornwall, and therefore this wrastling likelyto haue chaunced there, sooner then elsewhere. The Prouince bestowedon Corineus for this exployt, was Cornwall. It may then be presumed, that he receiued in reward the place where hee made proofe of hisworth, and whose prince (for so with others I take Gogmagog to havebeene) hee had conquered, euen as Cyrus recompenced Zopirus with theCitie Babylon [Herodotus], which his policie had recouered. Againe, the actiuitie of Deuon and Cornishmen, in this facultie of wrastling, beyond those of other Shires, dooth seeme to deriue them a speciallpedigree, from that graund wrastler [3] Corineus. Moreouer, vpon theHawe at Plymmouth, there is cut out in the ground, the pourtraytureof two men, the one bigger, the other lesser, with Clubbes in theirhands, (whom they terme Gog-Magog) and (as I haue learned) it isrenewed by order of the Townesmen, when cause requireth, which shouldinferre the same to bee a monument of some moment. And lastly theplace, hauing a steepe cliffe adioyning, affordeth an oportunitie tothe fact. But of this too much. 

Cornwall is seated (as most men accompt) in the Latitude of fiftiedegrees, and thirtie minutes; and in the Longitude of sixe. 

The Shire extendeth in length to about seuentie miles: the breadth, as almost no where equall, so in the largest place, it passeth notthirtie, in the middle twentie, and in the narrowest of the Westpart, three. The whole compasse may hereby be coniectured. 

It bordereth on the East with Deuon, divided therefrom, in mostplaces, by the ryuer Tamer, which springing neere the North Sea, atHartland in Deuon, runneth thorow Plymmouth Hauen, into the South. For the rest, the maine Ocean sundreth the same, on the North fromIreland, on the West from the Ilands of Scilley, and on the South fromlittle Britaine. These borders now thus straightned, did once extendso wide, as that they enabled their inclosed territorie, with thetitle of a kingdome. Polidore Virgil allotteth it the fourth partof the whole Iland, and the ancient Chronicles report, that Brutelanded at Totnes in Cornwall, a Towne now seated in the midst ofDeuon. Moreover, vntill Athelstanes time, the Cornish-men bare equalsway in Excester with the English: for hee it was who hemmed themwithin their present limits. Lastly, the encroaching Sea hath rauinedfrom it, the whole Countrie of Lionnesse, together with diuers otherparcels of no little circuite: and that such a Lionnesse there was, these proofes are yet remaining. The space between the lands end, andthe Iles of Scilley, being about thirtie miles, to this day retaineththat name, in Cornish Lethowsow, and carrieth continually an equalldepth of fortie or sixtie fathom (a thing not vsuall in the Seasproper Dominion) saue that about the midway, there lieth a Rocke, which at low water discouereth his head. They terme it the Gulfe, suiting thereby the other name of Scilla. Fishermen also castingtheir hookes thereabouts, haue drawn vp peeces of doores and windowes. Moreouer, the ancient name of Saint Michaels Mount, was Caraclowse inCowse, in English, The hoare Rocke in the Wood: which now is at eueriefloud incompassed by the Sea, and yet at some low ebbes, rootes ofmightie trees are discryed in the sands about it. The like ouer-flowing hath happened in Plymmouth Hauen, and diuers other places. 

In this situation, though nature hath shouldred out Cornwall into thefarthest part of the Realme, and so besieged it with the Ocean, that, as a demie Iland in an Iland, the Inhabitants find but one way ofissue by land: yet hath shee in some good measure, counteruailed suchdisaduantage, through placing it, both neere vnto, and in the tradeway betweene Wales, Ireland, Spaine, France, & Netherland. Theneerenesse helpeth them, with a shorter cut, lesse peril, and meanercharge, to vent forth and make returne of those commodities, whichtheir [4] owne, or either of those Countries doe afford: the lyingin the way, bringeth forraine shipping to claime succour at theirharbours, when, either outward, or homeward bound, they are checked byan East, South, or South-east wind: and where the Horse walloweth, some haires will still remaine. Neither is it to bee passed ouerwithout regard, that these remote quarters, lie not so open to theinuasions of forraine enemies, or spoyles of ciuil tumults, as othermore inward parts of the Realme, which being seated neerer the heart, are sooner sought, and earlyer ransacked in such troublesome times:or if the Countries long naked sides, offer occasion of landing to anyaduerse shipping, her forementioned inward naturall strength, increased by so many Lanes and Inclosures, straightneth the same toa preying onely vpon the outward Skirts by some pettie fleetes: Forthe danger of farder piercing, will require the protection of agreater force for execution, then can there be counteruailed with thebenefit of any bootie, or conquest, were they sure to preuaile. Andif to bee free from a dammage, may passe for a commoditie, I can adde, that the far distance of this Countie from the Court, hath heretoforeafforded it a Supersedeas from takers & Purueyours: for if they shouldfetch any prouision from thence, well it might be marked with thevisard of her Highnes prerogatiue, but the same would verie slenderlyturne to the benefit of her Majesties house keeping: for thefoulenesse and vneasinesse of the waies, the little mould of Cornishcattel, and the great expence of driuing them, would defaulke as muchfrom the iuft price to the Queene, at the deliuering, as it did fromthe owners at the taking. Besides that, her Highnesse shipping shouldheerethrough bee defrauded of often supplies, which these parts affordvnto them. 

Vpon which reasons, some of the Purueyours attempts, heretoforethrough the suite of the Countrie, the sollicitation of Sir RichardGremuile, the credite of the Lord Warden, and the graciousnesse of ourSoueraigae, were reuoked and suppressed, and the same vnder herHighnesse priuie Seale confirmed. Notwithstanding, when her Majestiemade her pleasure afterwards knowne, that shee would have a generallcontribution from euerie Shire, for redeeming this exemption, Cornwallopposing dutie against reason, or rather accompting dutie a reasonsufficient, yeelded to vndergoe a proportionable rate of the burthen. So they compounded to furnish ten Oxen after Michaelmas for thirtiepound price; to which, by another agreement with the Officers, theyshould adde fortie markes of their owne. Vpon half a yeeres warningeither partie might repent the bargaine. This held for a while; butwithin a short space, either the carelesnesse of the Iustices inimposing this rate, or the negligence of the Constables in collectingit, or the backwardnesse of the Inhabitants in paying the same, or allthese together ouerslipped the time, and withheld the satisfaction. Hereon downe comes a Messenger with sharpe letters from the Officersof the Greene cloth. The conclusion ensued, that his charges must beeborne, and an higher price disbursed for the supplie. Thus it farethtoo and fro, and the Cornishmen seeme to hold a Wolfe by the eares:for to make payment the people are unwilling, as in a chargeheretofore vnusuall, to undergoe the [5] managing hereof, the Iusticesstrayne courtesie, as in a matter nothing plausible, and appertainingto ouer-many partners, for the well effecting, and yet to breake theyare both afraid, suspecting that a heauier load will follow, if thiscomposition be once set at large. 

These commodities goe not vnaccompanied with their inconueniences: forto Cornwall also hath Pandora's Boxe beene opened. One is, that thefarre distance from the higher seates of Iustice, rippeth a wider gapto intruding iniuries, and increaseth the charge and time of procuringtheir redresse. Which due occasion of discouragement, the worstconditioned, and least cliented Petiuoguers, doe yet (vnder the sweetbaite of revenge) convert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions. The ordinarie trade of these men is, where they perceiue a sparke ofdispleasure kindling, to increase the flame with their bellowes ofperswasion. Hath such a one abused you, saith he? Anger him a little, that breaking out into some outragious words, you may take advantagethereof; and you shall see how we will hamper him: warrant you heshall fetch an errand to London, & beare part of your charges too. After the game hath beene brought in by this Winlesse, the poore fouleis bound not to release his aduersarie, without his Attourniesconsent, who plieth the matter with so good a stomack, as hee eateththe kernell, whilest they fight about the shell. At last, when thefountain of his Clients purse is drawne drie, by his extravagant feesof Pro consilio, pro expeditione, pro amicitia Vicecomitis, &c. Besides the packing betweene the Vndersheriffe and him, of docketingout Writs neuer sued foorth, the mediation of friends must shut up thematter in a comprimise. Another discommoditie groweth, that whereasLondon furnisheth all prouisions (euen Tynne, and such other arisingin the same Countrie) of best stuffe, fashion, store, and cheapnesse:the hard procuring, and farre carriage, addeth an extraordinarieincrease of price to the Cornish buyers: and for matters of benefit, or preferment, by suits at Court, either the opportunitie is past, before notice can arriue so far: or the following there, and losse thewhiles at home, will require a great and assured gaine in theprincipall, to warrant the hope of a sauing bargaine in theappurtenance. 

Touching the temperature of Cornwall, the ayre thereof is cleansed, aswith bellowes, by the billowes, and flowing and ebbing of the Sea, andtherethrough becommeth pure, and subtill, and, by consequence, healthfull. So as the Inhabitants doe seldome take a ruthful andreauing experience of those harmes, which infectious diseases vse tocarrie with them. But yet I haue noted, that this so piercing anayre, is apter to preserue then recouer health, especially in anylanguishing sicknesse which hath possessed strangers: neither know I, whether I may impute to this goodnesse of the ayre, that vpon thereturne of our fleete from the Portugall action, 1589. The diseaseswhich the Souldiers brought home with them, did grow more grieuous, asthey carried the same farther into the land, then it fell out atPlymmouth, where they landed: for there the same was, thoughinfectious, yet not so contagious, and though pestilentiall, yet notthe verie pestilence, as afterwards it proued in other places. 

The Spring visiteth not these quarters so timely, as the Easterneparts. Summer imparteth a verie [6] temperate heat, recompencing hisslow-fostering of the fruits, with their kindly ripening. Autumnebringeth a somewhat late Haruest, specially to the middle of theShire, where they seldome inne their Corne before Michaelmas. Winter, by reason of the Southes neere neighbourhead, and Seas warme breath, fauoureth it with a milder cold then elsewhere, so as, vpon bothcoastes, the Frost and Snow come verie seldome, and make a speediedeparture. This notwithstanding, the Countrie is much subiect tostormes, which fetching a large course, in the open Sea, doe fromthence violently assault the dwellers at land, and leaue themvncouered houses, pared hedges, and dwarfe-growne trees, as witnessesof their force and furie : yea, euen the hard stones, and yron barresof the windowes, doe fret to be so continually grated. One kind ofthese stormes, they call a flaw, or flaugh, which is a mightie galeof wind, passing suddainely to the shore, and working strong effects, vpon whatsoeuer it incountreth in his way. 

The Cornish soyle, for the most part, is lifted vp into many hils, some great, some little of quantitie, some steepe, some easie forascent, and parted in sunder by short and narrow vallies. A shallowearth dooth couer their outside, the substance of the rest consistethordinarily in Rockes and Shelse, which maketh them hard for manurance, & subiect to a drie Summers parching. The middle part of the Shire(sauing the inclosures about some few Townes and Villages) lieth wasteand open, sheweth a blackish colour, beareth Heath and spirie Grasse, and serveth in a maner, onely to Summer Cattel. That which borderethvpon either side of the Sea, through the Inhabitants good husbandrie, of inclosing, sanding, and other dressing, carrieth a better hue, andmore profitable qualitie. Meadow ground it affoordeth little, pasturefor Cattel and Sheepe, store enough, Corne ground plentie. 

Hils of greatest name and height are, Hinxten, Rowtor, Brownwelly, S. Agnes, Haynborough, the foure Boroughs, Roche, Carnbray, and thetwo Castellan Danis. 

In the rest of this earthy description, I will begin with suchmynerals as her bowels yeeld forth, and then passe on to those things, of growing, and feeling life, which vpon her face doe relieuethemselues. 

These mynerals are not so deepe buried by nature in the entrailes ofthe Earth, nor so closely couched amongst the Rockes, but that desireof gaine with the instrument of Art can digge them vp: they may beediuided into stones and mettals. 

Quarrie stones are of sundrie sorts, and serue to diuers purposes. For walling, there are rough, and Slate: the rough maketh speedierbuilding, the Slate surer. For Windowes, Dornes, and Chimnies, Moorestone carrieth chiefest reckoning. That name is bestowed on it, bythe Moores or waste ground, where the same is found in greatquantitie, either lying vpon the ground, or verie little vnder. This stone answereth the charge of fetching, with the fairenes of hiswhitish colour, containing certaine glimmering sparkles, andcounteruaileth his great hardnesse in working, with the profit of longendurance, nature hauing ordained the same, as of purpose, towithstand the fretting weather. There are also three other sorts ofstones, seruing to the same vse, and hewed with lesse, thoughdiffering labour: Pentuan digged out of the Sea Cliffes, and in colour[7] somewhat resembleth gray Marble, Caraclouse blacke, not vnlike theIeat; the third taken out of inland Quarries, and not much differingfrom the Easterne free stone. 

The Sea strond also in many places, affordeth Peeble-stones, whichwashed out of the earth, or falling from the Rockes, and there lyingloose, are, by often rolling of the waues, wrought to a kind ofroundnesse, and serue verie handsomely for pauing of streetes andCourts. 

For couering of Houses there are three sorts of Slate, which from thatvse take the name of Healing-stones. The first and best Blew: thesecond, Sage-leafe coloured, the third and meanest Gray. The Blew, and so the rest, are commonly found vnder the walling Slate, whenthe depth hath brought the workmenn to the Water. This Slate is insubstance thinne, in colour faire, in waight light, in lasting strong, and generally carrieth so good regard, as (besides the supplie forhome prouision) great store is yeerely conueied by shipping both toother parts of the Realme, and also beyond the Seas, into Britaineand Netherland. 

 They make Lyme, moreouer, of another kind of Marle-stone, either byburning a great quantitie thereof together, with a seruent fire ofFurze, or by maintaining a continuall, though lesser heate, with stoneCole in smaller Kils: this is accompted the better cheape, but thatyeeldeth the whiter Lyme. 

Touching mettals: Copper is found in sundrie places, but with whatgaine to the searchers, I haue not beene curious to enquire, nor theyhastie to reueale. For at one Mine (of which I tooke view) the Owrewas shipped to bee refined in Wales, either to saue cost in the fewellor to conceale the profit. 

Neither hath nature denyed Siluer to Cornwall, though Cicero excludedthe same out of all Britaine: and if wee may beleeve our Chroniclersreports, who ground themselues vpon authenticall Records, king Edwardthe first, and king Edward the third, reaped some good benefitthereof. But for our present experience, what she proffereth with theone hand, shee seemeth to pull backe with the other, whereof someGentlemen not long sithence, made triall to their losse: howbeit, neither are they discouraged by this successe, nor others from thelike attempt. 

Tynners doe also find little hoppes of Gold amongst their Owre, whichthey keepe in quils, and sell to the Goldsmithes oftentimes withlittle better gaine, then Glaucus exchange. 

Yea it is not altogether barren of precious stones, and Pearle: forDyamonds are in many places found cleauing to those Rockes, out ofwhich the Tynne is digged: they are polished, squared, and pointed bynature: their quantitie from a Pease, to a Walnut: in blacknesse andhardnesse they come behind the right ones, and yet I haue knowne someof them set on so good a foile, as at first sight, they might appose anot vnskilfull Lapidarie. 

The Pearle (though here not aptly raunged) breed in bigge Oysters, andMuscles, greater in quantitie, then acceptable for goodnesse, asneither round nor Orient. Perhaps Caesar spoyled the best beds, whenhe made that gay Coate of them, to present his graundame Venus. 

Cornwall is also not altogether destitute of Agates [8] and whiteCorall, as by credible relation I haue learned. 

But why seeke wee in corners for pettie commodities, when as the onelymynerall of Cornish Tynne, openeth so large a field to the Countriesbenefit? this is in working so pliant, for sight so faire, and in vseso necessarie, as thereby the Inhabitants gaine wealth, the Merchantstrafficke, and the whole Realme a reputation: and with such plentiethereof hath God stuffed the bowels of this little Angle, that (asAstiages dreamed of his daughter) it ouerfloweth England, waterethChristendome, and is deriued to a great part of the world besides. In trauailing abroad, in tarrying at home, in eating and drinking, in doing ought of pleasure or necessitie, Tynne, either in his owneshape, or transformed into other fashions, is alwayes requisite, alwayes readie for our seruice: but I shall rather disgrace, thenendeere it by mine ouer-weake commendation, and sooner tire myselfe, then draw the fountaine of his praises drie. Let this thereforesuffice, that it cannot bee of meane price, which hath found, withit, Dyamonds, amongst it Gold, and in it Siluer. 

The Cornish Tynners hold a strong imagination, that in the withdrawingof Noahs floud to the Sea, the same tooke his course from East to West, violently breaking vp, and forcibly carrying with it, the earth, trees, and Rocks, which lay any thing loosely, neere the vpper face of theground. To confirme the likelihood of which supposed truth, they doemany times digge vp whole and huge Timber trees, which they conceiueat that deluge to haue beene ouerturned and whelmed: but whether then, or sithence, probable it is, that some such cause produced this effect. Hence it commeth, that albeit the Tynne lay couched at first incertaine strakes amongst the Rockes, like a tree, or the veines in amans bodie, from the depth whereof the maine Load spreadeth out hisbranches, vntill they approach the open ayre: yet they haue now twokinds of Tynne workes, Stream, and Load: for (say they) theforemencioned floud, carried together with the moued Rockes andearth, so much of the Load as was inclosed therein, and at theasswaging, left the same scattered here and there in the vallies andryuers, where it passed; which being sought and digged, is calledStreamworke: under this title, they comprise also the Moore workes, growing from the like occasion. They maintaine these workes, to hauebeene verie auncient, and first wrought by the Iewes with Pickaxes ofHolme, Boxe, and Harts horne: they prooue this by the name of thoseplaces yet enduring, to wit, Attall Sarazin, in English, the Iewesoffcast, and by those tooles daily found amongst the rubble of suchworkes. And it may well be, that as Akornes made good bread, beforeCeres taught the vse of Corne; and sharpe Stones serued the Indiansfor Kniues, vntill the Spaniards brought them Iron: so in the infancieof knowledge, these poore instruments for want of better did suppliea turne. There are also taken vp in such works, certaine littletooles heads of Brasse, which some terme Thunder-axes, but they makesmall shew of any profitable vse. Neither were the Romanes ignorantof this trade, as may appeare by a brasse Coyne of Domitian's, foundin one of these workes, and fallen into my hands: and perhaps vnderone of those Flauians, the Iewish workmen made here their firstarriuall. 

[9] They discouer these workes, by certaine Tynne-stones, lying on theface of the ground, which they terme Shoad, as shed from the maineLoad, and made somwhat smooth and round, by the waters washing &wearing. Where the finding of these affordeth a tempting likelihood, the Tynners goe to worke, casting vp trenches before them, in depth 5, or 6. Foote more or lesse, as the loose ground went, & three or fourein breadth, gathering vp such Shoad, as this turning of the earth dothoffer to their sight. If any ryuer thwart them, and that they resolveto search his bed, hee is trained by a new channell from his formercourse. This yeeldeth a speedie and gaineful recompence to theaduenturers of the search, but I hold it little beneficiall to theowners of the soyle. For those low grounds, beforetime fruitfull, hauing herethrough their wrong side turned outwards, accuse the Tynnersiniurie by their succeeding barrennesse. 

To find the Load-workes, their first labour is also imployed in seekingthis Shoad, which either lieth open on the grasse, or but shallowlycouered. Hauing found any such, they coniecture by the sight of theground, which way the floud came that brought it thither, and so giuea gesse at the place whence it was broken off. There they sincke aShaft, or pit of five or six foote in length, two or three foote inbreadth, and seuen or eight foote in depth, to proue whether they mayso meete with the Load. By this Shaft, they also discerne which wasthe quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued with the floud, andwhich the firme, wherein no such Shoad doth lie. If they misse theLoad in one place, they sincke a like Shaft in another beyond that, commonly farther vp towards the hill, and so a third and fourth, vntillthey light at last vpon it. But you may not conceiue, that euerielikelyhood doth euer proue a certaintie: for diuers haue beenehindered, through bestowing charges in seeking, and not finding, andmany vndone in finding and not speeding, whiles a faire show, temptingthem to mvch cost, hath, in the end, fayled in substance, and made theaduenturers Banckrupt of their hope and purse. 

Some have found Tynne-workes of great vallew, through meanes no lessestrange, then extraordinarie, to wit, by dreames. As in Edward thesixts time, a Gentlewoman, heire to one Tresculierd, and wife toLanine, dreamed, that a man of seemely personage told her, how in sucha Tenement of her Land, shee should find so great store of Tynne, aswould serue to inrich both her selfe and her posteritie. This sheereuealed to her husband: and hee, putting the same in triall, found aworke, which in foure yeeres, was worth him welneere so many thousandpounds. Moreouer, one Taprel lately liuing, & dwelling in the Parishof the hundred of West, call'd S. Niot, by a like dreame of hisdaughter (see the lucke of women) made the like assay, met with theeffect, farmed the worke of the vnwitting Lord of the soyle, and grewthereby to good state of wealth. The same report passeth as currant, touching sundrie others; but I will not bind any mans credite, though, that of the Authors haue herein swayed mine: and yet he that willafford his eare to Astrologers and naturall Philosophers, shall haueit filled with many discourses, of the constellation of the heauens, and the constitution of mens bodies, fitting to this purpose. 

[10] There are, that leauing these trades of new searching, doe take inhand such old Stream and Loadworks, as by the former aduenturers hauebeene giuen ouer, and oftentimes they find good store of Tynne, both inthe rubble cast vp before, as also in veines which the first workmenfollowed not. From hence there groweth a diuersitie in opinion, amongst such Gentlemen, as by, iudgement and experience, can looke intothese matters; some of them supposing that the Tynne groweth; andothers, that it onely separateth from the consumed offall. Butwhosoeuer readeth that which Francis Leandro hath written touching theyron mynerals, in the Ile of Elba, will cleaue perhaps to a thirdconceite: for hee auoucheth, that the trenches, out of which the Owrethere is digged, within twentie or thirtie yeeres, become alike fulagaine of the same mettall, as at first, & he confirmeth it by sutableexamples, borrowed from Clearchus, of Marble, in Paros Iland, and ofSalt, in India, deducing thence this reason, that the ayre and waterreplenishiing the voide roome, through the power of the vniuersallagent, and some peculiar celestiall influence, are turned into theselfe substance; and so by consequence, neither the Owre groweth, northe earth consumeth away: and this opinion, Munster in hisCosmographie, doth seeme to vnderprop, affirming, that neere the Citieof Apolonia in Dalmatia, the veines whence Brasse is digged, are filledin like maner. So doth he report, that neere Ptolomais, there lieth around valley, out of which glassie Sand being taken, the winds fill thepit againe, from the upper part of the adioyning mountaines; whichmatter is conuerted into the former substance and that euen Mettalsthrowne Into this place, doe vndergoe the like Metamorphosis. 

The colour both of the Shoad and Load, resembleth his bed, as the Seasand doth the Cliffes, and is so diuersified to reddish, blackish, duskie, and such other earthy colours. 

If the Load wherein the Tynne lieth, carrieth a foote and halfe inbreadth, and be not ouerbarren, it is accompted a verie rich worke: butcommonly the same exceedeth not a foote, vnlesse many Loads runnetogether. 

When the new found worke intiseth with probabilitie of profit, thediscouerer doth commonly associate himselfe with some more partners, because the charge amounteth mostly verie high for any one mans purse, except lined beyond ordinarie, to reach vnto: and if the worke doefaile, many shoulders will more easily support the burthen. Thesepartners consist either of such Tinners as worke to their owne behoofe, or of such aduenturers as put in hired labourers. The hirelings standat a certaine wages, either by the day, which may be about eight pence, or for the yeere, being betweene foure and sixe pound, as theirdeseruing can driue the bargaine: at both which rates they must findthemselues. 

If the worke carrie some importance, and require the trauaile of manyhands, that hath his name, and they their Ouerseer, whome they termetheir Captaine: such are the Pel, Whilancleuth, in English, The workeof the Ditches: Pulstean, that is, The myrie head: Crueg braaz, Thegreat Borough: Saint Margets, and many surnamed Balls, which betokenthe Vales where the works are set on foote. 

[11] The Captaines office bindeth him to sort ech workman his taske, tosee them applie their labour, to make timely prouision, for binding theworke with frames of Timber, if need exact it, to place Pumpes fordrawing of water, and to giue such other directions. In most places, their toyle is so extreame, as they cannot endure it aboue foure houresin a day, but are succeeded by spels: the residue of the time, theyweare out at Coytes, Kayles, or like idle exercises. Their Kalenderalso alloweth them more Holy-dayes, then are warranted by the Church, our lawes, or their owne profit. 

Their ordinarie tooles, are a Pick-axe of yron, about sixteene incheslong, sharpned at the one end to pecke, and flat-headed at the other, to driue certaine little yron Wedges, wherewith they cleaue the Rockes. They haue also a broad Shouell, the vtter part of yron, the middleof Timber, into which the staffe is slopewise fastned. 

Their maner of working in the Loadmines, is to follow the Load as itlieth, either sidelong, or downe-right: both waies the deeper theysincke, the greater they find the Load. When they light vpon a smalveine, or chance to leefe the Load which they wrought, by means ofcertaine firings that may hap to crosse it, they begin at another placeneere-hand, and so draw by gesse to the maine Load againe. If the Loadlie right downe, they follow it sometimes to the depth of fortie orfiftie fathome. These Loadworkes, Diod. Sic. L. 5. Cap. 8. Seemeth to pointat, where hee saith, that the Inhabitants of Veleriumm Promontorie, digge vp Tin out of rockie ground. From some of their bottomes youshal at noone dayes discrie the Starres: the workmen are let down andtaken vp in a Stirrup, by two men who wind the rope. 

If the Load lie slope-wise, the Tynners digge a conuenient depth, andthen passe forward vnder ground, so farre as the ayre will yeeld thembreathing, which, as it beginneth to faile, they sinke a Shaft downethither from the top, to admit a renewing vent, which notwithstanding, their worke is most by Candle-light. In these passages, they meetesometimes with verie loose earth, sometimes with exceeding hard Rockes, and sometimes with great streames of water. 

The loose Earth is propped by frames of Timber-worke, as they go, andyet now and then falling downe, either presseth the poore workmen todeath, or stoppeth them from returning. To part the Rockes, they hauethe foremencioned Axes, and Wedges, with which, mostly, they makespeedie way, and yet (not seldome) are so tied by the teeth, as a goodworkman shall hardly be able to hew three foote, in the space of somany weekes. While they thus play the Moldwarps, vnsauorie Damps doehere and there distemper their heads, though not with so much daungerin the consequence, as annoyance for the present. 

For conueying away the water, they pray in aide of sundry deuices, asAddits, Pumps &. Wheeles, driuen by a streame, and interchangeablyfilling, and emptying two Buckets, with many such like: all whichnotwithstanding, the Springs so incroche vpon these inuentions, as insundrie places they are driuen to keepe men, and some-where horses alsoat worke both day & night, without ceasing, and in some all this willnot serue the turne. For supplying such hard seruices, they hauealwaies fresh men at hand. 

[12] They cal it the bringing of an Addit, or Audit, when they begin totrench without, and carrie the same thorow the ground to the Tynworke, somewhat deeper then the water doth lie, thereby to giue it passageaway. 

This Addit, they either fetch athwart the whole Load, or right from thebraunch where they worke, as the next valley ministreth fittestopportunitie, for soonest cutting into the Hil: and therfore aGentleman of good knowledges, deduceth this name of Addit, Ab aditu adaquas. Surely the practice is cunning in deuice, costly in charge, and long in effecting: and yet, when all is done, many times the Loadfalleth away, and they may sing with Augustus bird, Opera & impensaperiit. If you did see how aptly they cast the ground, for conueyingthe water, by compassings and turnings, to shunne such hils & valliesas let them, by their two much height or lownesse, you would wonderhow so great skill could couch in so base a Cabbin, as their(otherwise) thicke clouded braines. 

As much almost dooth it exceede credite, that the Tynne, for and in sosmall quantitie, digged vp with so great toyle, and passing afterwardsthorow the managing of so many hands, ere it come to sale, should beany way able to acquite the cost: for being once brought aboue groundin the stone, it is first broken in peeces with hammers; and thencarryed, either in waynes, or on horses backs, to a stamping mill, where three, and in some places sixe great logges of timber, bound atthe ends with yron, and lifted vp and downe by a wheele, driuen withthe water, doe breake it smaller. If the stones be ouer-moyst, theyare dried by the fire in an yron cradle or grate. 

From the stamping mill, it passeth to the crazing mil, which betweenetwo grinding stones, turned also with a water-wheele, bruseth the sameto a fine sand: howbeit, of late times they mostly vse wet stampers, &so haue no need of the crazing mils, for their best stuffe, but onlyfor the crust of their tayles. 

The streame, after it hath forsaken the mill, is made to fall bycertayne degrees one somwhat distant from another; vpon each of which, at euery discent lyeth a greene turfe, three or foure foote square, and one foote thick. On this the Tinner layeth a certayne portion ofthe sandie Tinne, and with his shouell softly tosseth the same to andfro, that through this stirring, the water which runneth ouer it, maywash away the light earth from the Tinne, which of a heauier substancelyeth fast on the turfe. Hauing so cleansed one portion, he setteththe same aside, and beginneth with another, vntil his labour take endwith his taske. The best of those turfes (for all sorts serue not)are fetched about two miles to the Eastwards of S. Michaels Mount, where at a low water they cast aside the sand, and dig them vp: theyare full of rootes of trees, and on some of them nuts haue beene found, which confirmeth my former assertion of the seas intrusion. After itis thus washed, they put the remnant into a wooden dish, broad, flat, and round, being about two foote ouer, and hauing two handles fastenedat the sides, by which they softly shogge the same to and fro in thewater betweene their legges, as they sit ouer it, vntill whatsoeuer ofthe earthie substance that was yet left, be flitted away. Some oflater time, with a sleighter inuention, and lighter labour, doe causecertaine boyes to stir it vp and downe with their [13] feete, whichworketh the same effect: the residue after this often cleansing, theycall blacke Tynne, which is proportionably diuided to euerie of theaduenturers, when the Lords part hath beene first deducted vpon thewhole. 

Then doth each man carrie his portion to the blowing house, where thesame is melted with Char-coale fire, blowne by a great paire ofBellowes, mooved with a water-wheele, and so cast into peeces of along and thicke squarenesse, from three hundred to foure hundred poundwaight, at which time the owners marke is set thereupon. The lastremooue, is to the place of Coynage, which I shall touch hereafter. I haue alreadie told you, how great charge the Tynner vndergoeth, before he can bring his Owre to this last mill: whereto if you addehis care and cost, in buying the wood for this seruice, in felling, framing, and piling it to bee burned, in fetching the same, when it iscoaled through such farre, foule, and cumbersome wayes, to theblowing house, together with the blowers two or three Moneths extreameand increasing labour, sweltring heate, danger of skalding theirbodies, burning the houses, casting away the worke, and lastly theirugly countenances, tanned with smoake and besmeared with sweate: allthese things (I say) being duly considered, I know not whether youwould more maruaile, either whence a sufficient gaine should arise tocounteruaile so manifold expences, or that any gaine could traine mento vndertake such paines and perill. But there let vs leaue them, since their owne will doth bring them thither. During the Tinnes thusmelting in the blowing house, diuers light sparkles thereof are by theforcible wind, which the bellows sendeth forth, driuen vp to thethatched roofe. For which cause the owners doe once in seuen or eightyeeres, burne those houses, and find so much of this light Tynne inthe ashes, as payeth for the new building, with a gainefull ouerplus. A strange practise (certes) for thrifts sake, to set our house on fire. Others doe frame the Tunnels of the Chimnies verie large and slope, therein to harbour these sparkles, and so saue the burning. Thiscasualtie may bee worth the owner some ten pound by the yeere, orbetter, if his Mil haue store of sutors. But sithence I gatheredstickes to the building of this poore nest, Sir Francis Godolphin, (whose kind helpe hath much aduanced this my playing labour)entertained a Duch mynerall man, and taking light from his experience, but building thereon farre more profitable conclusions of his owneinuention, hath practised a more sauing way in these matters, andbesides, made Tynne with good profit, of that refuse which the Tynnersreiected as nothing worth. 

We will now proceede, to take a view of the orders and customes mostgenerally vsed among the Tynners. 

Their workes, both Streame and Load, lie either in seuerall, or inwastrell, that is, in enclosed grounds, or in commons. In Seuerall, no man can search for Tynne, without leaue first obtained from theLord of the soile; who, when any Myne is found, may worke it whollyhimselfe, or associate partners, or set it out at a farme certaine, or leaue it vn wrought at his pleasure. In Wastrell, it is lawfull forany man to make triall of his fortune that way, prouided, that heeacknowledge the Lordes right, by sharing out vnto him a certainepart, which they call toll: a custome fauouring more of [14]indifferencie, then the Tynners constitutions in Deuon, which inablethem to digge for Tynne in any mans ground, inclosed, or vnclosed, without licence, tribute or satisfaction. Wherethrough it appeareth, that the Law-makers rather respected their owne benefit, then equitie, the true touch of all lawes. The Wastrel workes are reckoned amongstchattels, and may passe by word or Will. When a Myne is found in anysuch place, the first discouerer aymeth how farre it is likely toextend, and then, at the foure corners of his limited proportion, diggeth vp three Turfes, and the like (if he list) on the sides, whichthey terme Bounding, and within that compasse, euery other man isrestrained from searching. These bounds he is bound to renew onceeuerie yeere, as also in most places to bestow some time in workingthe Myne, otherwise hee loseth this priuiledge. The worke thus foundand bounded, looke how many men doe labour therein, so many Doales orshares they make thereof, and proportionably diuide the gaine andcharges. The Lord of the soyle is most-where allowed libertie toplace one workman in euerie fifteene for himself, at like hand withthe aduenturers, if hee be so disposed. 

They measure their blacke Tynne, by the Gill, the Toplisse, the Dishand the Foote, which containeth a pint, a pottel, a gallon, andtowards two gallons. 

Townes specially priuiledged for the Coynages, are Helston, Truro, Lostwithiel, and Liskerd. The times of Coynage come twise in the yeere, Viz. About Midsummer and Michaelmas: but because it falleth out verieoften that the Tynne which is wrought, cannot be blowen and broughtthither, against the limited dayes, there are, in fauour of theTynners, certaine later times assigned, which they terme Post-coynages. 

The officers deputed, to manage this Coynage, are, Porters, to bearethe Tynne, Peizers to weigh it, a Steward, Comptroller, and Receiuerto keepe the accompt, euerie of which haue entertainement from herMaiestie, and receiue a fee out of the coyned Tynne. 

For the maner of Coynage: the Blockes or peeces of Tynne, are broughtinto a great roome ordained for that purpose, and there first peized, then tasted, that is, proued whether they be soft Tynne or hard, andafter, marked with their Maiesties stampe. To the hard (lesse worth byfiftie shillings in the thousand than the soft) the letter H. Is added, e're it come from the blowing-house. Each thousand must answerefortie shillings to the Queene, which with the other incident feesbeing satisfied, then, and not before, it is lawfull for the ownerto alienate and distract the same. 

But about the price there groweth much adoe, betweene the Marchantsand the owners, before they can iumpe to an agreement. The Marchantvnfoldeth his packe of strange newes, which either he brought withhim from London (where most of them dwell) or forged by the way, telling what great likelyhood there is of warres, what danger ofPirates at Sea, how much of the fore-bought Tynne lieth on theirhands, &c. The owner, on, the other side, stoppeth his eares againstthese charmes, answeres his newes with the Spaniards, Credo en Dios, encounters his reasons, with the present scarcitie and charges ofgetting and working Tynne, and so keeping vp the price, Iniquum petit, ut aequum ferat. In the end, after much bidding, and louing, varying, and [15] delaying, commonly that Marchant who hath most money tobestow, and that owner who hath most Tynne to sell, doe make theprice, at which rate the Marchant is bound to yeeld present paymentfor so much Tynne as shall be brought him, and, of necessitie, mustbargaine for tenne thousand at the least. Others notwithstanding arenot bound to buy or sell at this price, but euerie man left atlibertie, to make his best market. 

The Tynne so sold, hath vsually amounted heretofore to the worth ofthirtie or fortie thousand pound in money, and carried price betweenetwentie and thirtie pound the thousand, sometimes higher, and sometimeslower, according to the quicke vent and aboundance, or the dead saleand scarcitie; wherein yet some haue obserued, that this so profitable, and vendible a marchandize, riseth not to a proportionableenhauncement, with other lesse beneficiall, and affected commodities, and they impute it partly to the Easterne buyers packing, partly tothe owners not venting, and venturing the same. 

Here I must either craue or take leaue of the Londoners, to lay openthe hard dealing of their Tynne Marchants in this trade. When anyWestern Gent, or person of accompt, wanteth money to defray hisexpences at London, he resorteth to one of the Tynne Marchants ofhis acquaintance, to borrow some: but they shall as soone wrest theClubbe out of Hercules fist, as one penie out of their fingers, vnlesse they giue bond for euerie twentie pound so taken in lone, todeliuer a thousand pound waight of Tyn at the next Coynage, whichshal be within two or three months, or at farthest within half a yeereafter. At which time the price of euerie thousand, will not faile tobe at least twentie three, prehaps twentie five pound: yea, and afterpromise made, the party must be driuen (with some indignitie) to makethree or foure errands to his house, ere hee shall get the moneydeliuered. In this sort, some one Marchant will haue 5. Hundred poundout beforehand, reaping thereby a double commoditie, both of excessiuegaine for his lone, and of assurance to be serued with Tyn for hismoney. This they say is no Vsurie, forsooth, because the price ofTynne is not certainely knowne beforehand: (for once onely withinthese twelue yeeres, of set purpose to escape the penaltie of the Law, they brought it a little vnder twentie pound the thousand:) but if totake aboue fiftie in the hundred be extremitie, whatsoeuer name youlist to giue it, this in truth can bee none other, then cutthroate andabominable dealing. I will not condemne all such as vse this trade, neither yet acquite those who make greatest pretence of zeale inReligion: and it may be, that some vpon by-respects, find somwhatfriendly vsage in Vsance, at some of their hands: but the common voicesaith, that for the most part, they are naught all. 

And yet how bad soeuer this fashion may justly bee accompted, certaineof the same Countrymen do passe farre beyond it, as thus: The Marchant, that hee may stand assured to haue Tynne for his money, at the timeof Coynage or deliuerance, besides his trade of lone abouementioned, layeth out diuers summes beforehand, vnto certaine Cornishmen, ownersof Tynworkes, or otherwise of knowne sufficiencie, who are bound todeliuer for the same, so many thousands of Tynne, as [16] the moneyshal amount vnto, after the price agreed vpon at the Coinages. Tothese hungrie flies, the poore labouring Tynner resorteth, desiringsome money before the time of his pay at the deliuerance: the otherputs him off at first, answering he hath none to spare: in the end, when the poore man is driuen through necessitie to renew his suite, hefals to questioning, what hee will do with the money. Saith theTynner, I will buy bread and meate for my selfe and my houshold, andshooes, hosen, peticoates, & such like stuffe for my wife andchildren. Suddenly herein, this owner becomes a pettie chapman: Iwill serue thee, saith he: hee deliuers him so much ware as shallamount to fortie shillings, in which he cuts him halfe in halfe forthe price, and four nobles in money, for which the poore wretchis bound in Darbyes bonds, to deliuer him two hundred waight of Tynneat the next Coynage, which may then bee worth fiue pound or foure atthe verie least. And as mischiefe still creepes onward, this extremedealing of the London Marchant and Countrie chapman, in white Tynne isimitated (or rather exceeded) by the wealthier sort of Tynnersthemselues in the blacke, by laying out their money after thus muchthe marke: which trade, though subtill and darke, I will open asplainely as I can. 

A foote of blacke Tynne (as is before said) containeth in measure twogallons; the waight vncertainely followeth the goodnesse. A foote ofgood Moore-tyn, (which is counted the best sort) will way aboutfoure-score pound. Of the Myne Tynne (which is meaner) fiftie twopound: of the worst fiftie pound. Two pound of good blacke Tynne, being melted, will yeeld one of white: twentle eight or thirtie footeof the best, fortie: of the middle, 52. Of the meanest, a thousand. Now the wealthier sort of Tynners, laying out part of their moneybeforehand, buy this black Tynne of the poore labourers, after so muchthe marke: that is, looke how many markes there are in the price, madeat the Coynage for the thousand, so many two pence halfepenie, threepence, or foure pence, partly after the goodnesse, and partlyaccording to the hard conscience of the one, and necessitie of theother, shal he haue for the foote: as if the price be twentie sixepound, thirteene shillings & foure pence the thousand, therein arefortie markes: then shall the poore Tynner receiue of him who dealethmost friendly, for euerie foote of his best blacke Tynne (of which aswas said, about thirtie will make a thousand) fortie times foure pence:viz. Thirteene shillings and foure pence, which amounteth to twentiepound the thousand: whereas that foote at the price, is worth abouefiue pence the marke. Likewise will hee pay for the meaner blackeTynne (of which about fortie foote will make a thousand) three pencethe marke, which is ten shillings the foote, and so shall he haue alsoafter twentie pound for the thousand: for the worse they giue lesse, rateably. By which proportion, how vncertaine so euer the goodnesse ofthe Tynne, or the greatnesse of the price do fall, their gaine of afourth part at least riseth alwaies certainly. Whereto adding, thatthey lay out beforehand but a portion of the money due, and that onelyfor some small time, you shall find it grow to the highest degree ofextremitie. 

But whether it proceedeth from this hard dealing, or for that theTynners whole familie giue themselues [17] to a lazie kind of life, and depend only upon his labour and gaynes; which often ill succeedingadventurers, & such ouer-deare bought Tynne daylie impaire, or fromboth these together; once it hath beene duly obserued, that theparrishes where Tynne is wrought, rest in a meaner plight of wealth, then those which want this dammageable commoditie: and that as byabandoning this trade, they amend, so by reuiuing the same, theydecay againe; whereas husbandrie yeeldeth that certayne gaine in amediocritie, which Tynneworkes rather promise, then performe in alarger measure. 

Let vs now examine what course of Iustice is held for deciding suchcontrouersies as befall in Tinne causes, and with what priuileges theyare endowed and encouraged. 

After such time as the Iewes by their extreame dealing had wornethemselues, first out of the loue of the English inhabitants, andafterwards out of the land it selfe, and so left the mines vnwrought, it hapned, that certaine Gentlemen, being Lords of seuen tithings inBlackmoore, whose grounds were best stored with this Minerall, grewedesirous to renew this benefit: and so vpon suit made to Edmond, Earleof Cornwal, sonne to Richard, king of the Romans, they obtayned fromhim a Charter, with sundrie Priuileges: amongst which, it was grauntedthem to keepe a Court, and hold plea of all actions, life, lymme, andland excepted: in consideration whereof, the sayd Lords accorded topay the Earle a halfpeny for euery pound of Tynne which should bewrought; and that for better answering this taxe, the sayd Tynneshould bee brought to certayne places purposely appointed, and therepeized, coyned, and kept, vntill the Earles due were satisfied. Againe, the Lords of these Tithings, were, for their parts, authorised tomanage all Stannerie causes, and, for that intent, to hold parliamentsat their discretion, and in regard of their labour, there was allottedvnto them the toll-Tynne within those Tithings, which theirsuccessours doe yet enioy. This Charter was to be kept in one of theChurch steeples, within those Tithings, and, the Seale had a Pick-axeand Shouell in saultier grauen therein. This I receiued by report ofthe late master William Carnsew, a Gentleman of good qualitie, discretion, and learning, and well experienced in these mynerallcauses, who auouched himselfe an eye-witnesse of that Charter, thoughnow it bee not extant. Howbeit, I have learned, that in former time, the Tynners obtained a Charter from king Iohn, and afterwards anotherfrom king Edward the first, which were againe expounded, confirmed andinlarged by Parliament, in the fiftieth yeere of Edward the third, andlastly strengthened by Henrie the seuenth. 

King Edward the firsts Charter, granteth them liberty of selling theirTynne, to their best behoofe. Nisi (saith he) nos ipsi emerevoluerimus. Vpon which ground certaine persons in the Reignes of K. Edward 6. & Queene Marie, sought to make vse of this preemption, (as Ihave beene enformed) but either crossed in the prosecution, ordefeated in their expectation, gaue it ouer againe; which vainesuccesse could not yet discourage some others of later times from thelike attempt, alleadging many reasons how it might proue beneficiallboth to her Highnesse and the Countrie, and preiudiciall to none saueonely the Marchants, who practised a farre [18] worse kind ofpreemption, as hath beene before expressed. This for a while washotely onsetted and a reasonable price offered, but (upon what groundI know not) soone cooled againe. Yet afterwards it receiued a secondlife, and at Michaelmas terme 1599. The Cornishmen, then in London, were called before some of the principal Lords of her MaiestiesCouncil, and the matter there debated, by the Lord Warden, in behalfeof the Countrie, and certaine others deputed for the Marchants, whohad set this suite on foote. In the end it grew to a conclusion, andArticles were drawne and signed, but they also proued of void effect. 

Last of all, the said Lord Warden, in the beginning of Nouember 1600. Called an assembly of Tynners at Lostwithiel, the place accustomed, impanelled a Iurie of twentie foure Tynners, signified her Maiestiespleasure both for a new imposition of six pound on euerie thousand, that should bee transported (ouer and aboue the former fortieshillings, and sixteene shillings alreadie payable) as also that herHighnesse would disburse foure thousand pound in lone to the Tynners, for a yeres space, and bee repayed in Tynne at a certaine rate. 

By the foreremembred ancient Charters, there is assigned a warden ofthe Stanneries, who supplieth the place, both of a Iudge for Law, andof a Chancellour for conscience, and so taketh hearing of causes, either in Forma iuris, or de iure & aequo. Hee substituteth someGentleman in the Shire of good calling and discretion, to be hisVice-Warden, from whom either partie, complainant or defendant, mayappeale to him, as from him (a case of rare experience) to the Lordsof the Councill, and from their Honours to her Maiesties person:other appeale or remoouing to the common law they gaynsay. 

The Gayle for Stannery causes is kept at Lostwithiel, and that officeis annexed to the Comptrolership. 

The Tynners of the whole shire are diuided into foure quarters, twocalled Moores, of the places where the Tynne is wrought, viz. Foymoore, and Blacke moore: the other, Tiwarnaill and Penwith. To eachof these is assigned by the L. Warden, a Steward, who keepeth hisCourt once in euery three weekes. They are termed Stannery Courts ofthe Latine word Stannum, in English Tynne, and hold plea of whatsoeueraction of debt or trespasse, whereto any one dealing with blacke orwhite Tynne, either as plaintife or defendant, is a party. Theirmaner of triall consisteth in the verdict giuen by a Iurie of sixeTynners, according to which the Steward pronounceth iudgement. Hethat will spare credit to the common report, shall conceiue an illopinion touching the slippings of both witnesses and iurourssometimes in these Courts: For it is sayd, that the witnesses hauenot sticked now and then to fatten their euidence, rather for seruinga turne, then for manifesting a truth, and that the Iurours verdicthath fauoured more of affection then of reason, especially, incontrouersies growne betweene strangers and some of the same parts. And such fault-finders vouch diuers causes of this partialitie: One, that when they are sworne, they vse to adde this word, my conscience, as the Romans did their Ex animi mei sententia, which is suspected toimply a conceyted enlargement of their othe: Another, that thevarietie of customes, which in euery place (welneere) differ onefrom another, yeeldeth them in a maner an vnlimited [19] scope, toauerre what they list, and so to close the best Lawyers mouth withthis one speech, Our custome Is contrary. And lastly, that theypresume upon a kind of impunity, because these sixe mens iuries fallnot within compasse of the Star-chambers censure, and yet the L. Wardens haue now & then made the pillory punishment of some, aspectacle, example, and warning to the residue. For mine owne part, I can in these Tynne cases, plead but a hearesay experience, andtherefore will onely inferre, that as there is no smoke without afire, so commonly the smoke is far greater then the fire. Strangeit were, and not to be expected, that all poore Tynne Iurours andwitnesies, should in such a remote corner alwayes conforme themseluesto the precise rule of vprightnesse, when we see in the open light ofour public assises, so many more iudicious and substantiall personsnow and then to swarue from the same. 

In matters of important consequence, appertayning to the wholeStannery, the L. Warden, or his Vnderwarden, vseth to impannell aIury of foure and twenty principall Tynners, which consist of sixeout of euery quarter, returnable by the Maiors of the foure Stannerytownes, and whose acts doe bind the residue. 

Next to the liuelesse things, follow those which pertake a growinglife, and then a feeling. 

The women and children in the West part of Cornwall, doe vse to makeMats of a small and fine kinde of bents there growing, which for theirwarme and well wearing, are carried by sea to London and other partsof the Realme, and serue to couer floores and wals. These bents growin sandy fields, and are knit from ouer the head in narrow bredthsafter a strange fashion, Of herbes and rootes for the pot and medicine, Cornishmen enioy a likeportion in proportion with other Shires, which somewhere alsoreceiueth an increase by the sowing and planting of such as arebrought thither from beyond the seas. The like may bee sayd of rootes, and sallets for the table, saue that (I suppose) Cornewall naturallybringeth forth greater store of Seaholm and Sampire, then is found inany other County of this Realme. The Seaholme roote preserueth eytherin sirrup, or by canding, is accepted for a great restoratiue. Someof the gaully grounds doe also yeeld plenty of Rosa solis. Moreouernatures liberall hand decketh many of the sea cliffes with wildeHissop, Sage, Pelamountayne, Maiorum, Rosemary, and such likewell-fauouring herbes. 

In times past, the Cornish people gaue themselues principally, (and ina maner wholly) to the seeking of Tynne, and neglected husbandry: soas the neighbours of Deuon and Sommerset shires, hired their pasturesat a rent, and stored them with theyr owne cattell. 

As for tillage, it came farre short of feeding the Inhabitantsmouthes, who were likewise supplyed weekely at their markets fromthose places, with many hundred quarters of corne and horseloades ofbread. But when the Tynneworkes began to fayle, and the peopleto increase, this double necessitie draue them to play the goodhusbands, and to prouide corne of their owne. Labour brought plentie, plentie cheapnesse, and cheapnesse sought a vent beyond the seas, someby procuring licence, and more by stealth (if at least the commonbrute doe not wrong them with a slaunder) [20] so as, had not theImbargo with Spaine (whither most was transported) foreclosed thistrade, Cornwall was likely in few yeeres, to reape no little wealthby the same. And yet, whosoeuer looketh into the endeauour whichthe Cornish husbandman is driuen to vse about his Tillage, shall findthe trauell paineful, the time tedious, and the expences veriechargeable. For first, about May, they cut vp all the grasse of thatground, which must newly be broken, into Turfes, which they callBeating. These Turfes they raise vp somewhat in the midst, that theWind and Sunne may the sooner drie them. The inside turned outwardsdrieth more speedily, but the outside can better brooke the change ofweather. After they haue beene throughly dried, the Husbandman pileththem in little heapes, and so burneth them to ashes. 

Then doe they bring in Sea sand, of greater or lesser quantitie, partly after their neerenesse to the places, from which it is fetched, and partly by the good husbandrie, and abilitie of the Tiller. Anordinarie Horse wil carrie two sackes of Sand, and of such theborderers on the Sea, doe bestow, 60. At least, in euerie Acre, butmost Husbands double that number. The Inland soyle requireth not solarge a proportion, and in some places, they sow it almost as thinneas their Corne: for if they should strow the same verie thicke, theground would become ouer-rancke, and choke the Corne with weeds. A little before plowing time, they scatter abroad those Beat-boroughs, & small Sand heaps vpon the ground, which afterwards, by the Ploughesturning downe, giue heate to the roote of the Corne. The tillablefields are in some places so hilly, that the Oxen can hardly take surefooting; in some so tough, that the Plough will scarcely cut them, andin some so shelfie, that the Corne hath much adoe to fatten his roote. The charges of this Beating, Burning, Seeding and Sanding, ordinarilyamounteth to no lesse then twentie shillings for euerie Acre: whichdone, the Tiller can commonly take but two crops of wheate, and two ofOates, and then is driuen to giue it at least seuen or eight yeresleyre, and to make his breach elsewhere. 

Of Wheat there are two sorts, French, which is bearded, and requireththe best soyle, recompencing the same with a profitable plentie: andNotwheate, so termed, because it is vnbearded, contented with a meanerearth, and contenting with a suteable gaine. 

Rye is employed onely on those worst grounds, which will beare noWheate. Barley is growne into great vse of late yeeres, so as nowthey till a larger quantitie in one Hundred, then was in the wholeShire before: and of this, in the deare seasons past, the poore foundhappie benefit, for they were principally relieued, and the labourersalso fed, by the bread made thereof; whereas otherwise, the scarcitieof Wheate fel out so great, that these must haue made many hungriemeales, and those out-right haue starued. In the Westerne-most partsof Cornwall, they carrie their Barley to the Mill, within eight ornine weekes from the time that they sowed it; such an hastie ripeningdo the bordering Seas afford. This increase of Barley tillage, hathalso amended the Cornish drinke, by conuerting that graine intoMault, which (to the il relishing of strangers) in former times theymade onely of Oates. 

I haue beene alwayes prone to maintaine a Paradox, [21] that dearthof corne in Cornwall (for with other Shires I will not vndertake tomeddle) so it go not accompanied with a scarcitie, is no waypreiudiciall to the good of the Countrie; and I am induced thus tothinke, for the reasons ensuing: There are no two trades, which setso many hands on worke, at all times of the yeere, as that one ofTillage. The Husbandman finding profit herein, is encouraged tobestow paines and charges, for enclosing and dressing of wastegrounds, which therethrough afterwardes become also good for pasture. With the readie money, gotten by his weekely selling of corne, hesetteth the Artificer on worke, who were better to buy deare bread, being but a part of his meate, and which he counteruaileth againe, byraising the price of his ware, then to sit idly, knocking his heelesagainst the wall. Their obiection, who feare least the transportingof much away, will leaue too little at home, I answere with thisobservation: When the price of corne falleth, men generally giue ouersurplus Tillage, and breake no more ground, then will seme tosupplie their owne turne: the rest, they imploy in grazing, wherethrough it falleth out, that an ill kerned or saued Haruest, soone emptieth their old store, & leaueth them in necessity, to seeke newreliefe from other places. Whereas on the other side, if throughhope of vent, they hold on their larger tillage, this retaineth oneyeeres prouision vnder-hand, to fetch in another, which vpon suchoccasions, may easily bee left at home: and of this, what Cornishmanis there, that hath not seene the experience ?

For Fruites, both wild, as Whurts, Strawberies, and Raspies, andlonging to the Orchard, as Peares, Plums, Peareplummes, Cherries, Mulberies, Chessenuts, and Walnuts, though the meaner sort comeshort, the Gentlemen step not farre behind those of other parts; manyof them conceiuing like delight to grasse and plant, and the soyleyeelding it selfe as ready to receyue and foster. Yet one speciallpriuiledge, which the neerenesse to the South, the fitnesse of somegrounds standing vpon lyme stones, the wel growing of Vines, and thepleasant taste of their Grapes, doe seeme to graunt, I haue nothitherto knowne by any to bee put in practise, and that is, themaking of Wines: the triall would require little cost, and (perhaps)requite it with great aduantage. 

For fewell, there groweth generally in all parts great store of furze, of which the shrubby sort is called tame, the better growne French, &in some, good quantitie of Broome. The East quarters of the Shire arenot destitute of Copswoods, nor they of (almost) an intolerable price:but in most of the West, either nature hath denyed that commodity, orwant of good husbandry lost it. Their few parcels yet preserued, areprincipally imployed to coaling, for blowing of Tynne. This lacke theysupply, either by Stone cole, fetched out of Wales, or by driedTurfes, some of which are also conuerted into coale, to serue theTynners turne. 

Timber hath in Cornwall, as in other places, taken an vniuersalldownefall, which the Inhabitants begin now, and shall heereafter ruemore at leisure: Shipping, howsing, and vessell, haue bred thisconsumption: neither doth any man (welnere) seek to repayre soapparant and important a decay. As for the statute Standles, commonly called Hawketrees, the breach of the sea, & force of theweather doe so pare and gall them, that they can [22] passe vnder nobetter title then scar-crowes. 

Among creatures of a breathing life, I will only note such as ministersome particular cause of remembrance. 

Touching venimous Wormes, Cornwall can plead no such Charter ofnatures exemption, as Ireland. The countrey people retaine aconceite, that the Snakes, by their breathing about a hazell wand, doe make a stone ring of blew colour, in which there appeareth theyellow figure of a Snake, & that beasts which are stung, being giuento drink of the water wherein this stone hath bene socked, willtherethrough recouer. There was such a one bestowed on me, and thegiuer auowed to haue seene a part of the stick sticking in it: butPenes authorem sit sides. 

This mention of Snakes, called to my remembrance, how not long since, a merry Cornish Gentleman tryed that old fable to be no fable, whichsheweth the dangerous entertayning of such a ghest. For he hauinggotten one of that kind, and broken out his teeth (wherein consistethhis venome) used to carrie him about in his bosome, to set him to hismouth, to make him licke his spittle, & when he came amongGentlewomen, would cast him out suddenly, to put them in feare: butin the end, their vaine dread proued safer then his foole-hardinesse:for as he once walked alone, and was kissing this gentle playfellow, the Snake in good earnest, with a stumpe, either newly growne vp, ornot fully pulled out, bit him fast by the tongue, which therewithbegan so to rankle and swell, that by the time hee had knocked thisfoule player on the head, & was come to his place of abode, his mouthwas scarce able to contayne it. Fayne was he therefore to shew hismishap, and by gestures to craue ayd in earnest of the Gentlewomen, whom hee had aforetime often scared in sport. 

Of all maner vermine, Cornish houses are most pestred with Rats, abrood very hurtfull for deuouring of meat, clothes, and writings byday; and alike cumbersome through their crying and ratling, whilethey daunce their gallop gallyards in the roofe at night. 

Strangers, at their first comming into the West parts, doe complaynethat they are visited with the slowe sixe-legged walkers, and yet thecleanely home-borne finde no such annoyance. It may proceed fromsome lurking naturall effect of the Climate; as wee read, that thetrauailers who passe the Equinoctiall, doe there lose this manlikehunting vermine, and vpon their returne recouer them againe. 

The other beastes which Cornwall breedeth, serue either for Venerie, or meate, or necessary vses. Beastes of Venery persecuted for theircase, or dammage feasance, are Marternes, Squirrels, Foxes, Badgers, and Otters. Profitable for skinne and flesh, Hares, Conies and Deere. The Foxe planteth his dwelling in the steep cliffes by the sea side;where he possesseth holds, so many in number, so daungerous foraccesse, and so full of windings, as in a maner it falleth out amatter impossible to disseyze him of this his ancient inheritance. True it is, that sometime when he marcheth abroad on forraying, toreuittaile his Male pardus, the Captaine hunters, discouering hissallies by their Espyal, doe lay their souldier-like Hounds, hisborne enemies, in ambush betweene him and home, and so with Har andTue pursue him to the death. Then master Reignard ransacketh euerycorner of his wily [23] skonce, and besturreth the vtmost of hisnimble stumps to quite his coate from their iawes. He crossethbrookes, to make them lose the sent, he slippeth into couerts, tosteale out of sight, he casteth and coasteth the countrie, to get thestart of the way; and if hee be so met, as he find himselfeouermatched, he abideth, and biddeth them battell, first sending themyre of his tayle against their eyes, in lieu of shot, and thenmanfully closing at hand-blowes, with the sword of his teeth, notforgetting yet, the whiles, to make an honourable retraict, with hisface still turned towardes the enemie: by which meanes, hauing oncerecouered his fortresse, he then gives the Fico, to all that hisaduersaries can by siedge, force, myne, sword, assault, or famine, attempt against him. 

The Otters, though one in kind, haue yet two seuerall places of haunt:some keepe the Cliffes, and there breede, and feede on Sea-fish, others liue in the fresh ryuers, and trade not so farre downe, whobeing lesse stored with prouision, make bold now and then to visitethe land, and to breake their fast upon the good-mans Lambs, or thegood-wiues pultrie. 

Of Conies, there are here and there some few little Warrens, scantlyworth the remembring. 

Cornwall was stored not long since with many Parkes of fallow Deere. But king Henrie the eight being perswaded (as it is said) by SirRichard Pollard, that those belonging to the Duke, could steed himwith little pleasure in so remote a part, and would yeeld him goodprofit, if they were leased out at an improoued rent, did condiscendto their disparking. So foure of them tooke a fall together, to wit, Cary bullock, Liskerd, Restormel and Lanteglos. Howbeit, this goodhusbandrie came short of the deuisers promise, and the Kingsexpectation: wherethrough the one was shent for the attempt, andthe other discontented with the effect. Notwithstanding, as Princesexamples are euer taken for warrantable precedents to the subiect: somost of the Cornish Gentlemen preferring gaine to delight, or makinggaine their delight, shortly after followed the like practise, andmade their Deere leape over the Pale to giue the bullockes place. 

Parkes yet remaining, are in East Hundred, Poole, Sir IonathanTrelawneys: newly reuiued, Halton, M. Rouses, lately impaled: andNewton, M. Coringtons, almost decayed. In West Hundred, Boconnock, Sir Reginald Mohuns. In Powder Hundred, Caryhayes, M. Treuamons. In Stratton Launcels, M. Chamonds. In Kerier Hundred, Trela warren, M. Viruans: and Merther, M. Reskymers. 

Red Deere, this Shire breedeth none, but onely receiueth such, as inthe Summer season raunge thither out of Deuon: to whome the Gentlemenbordering on their haunt, afford so course entertainment, thatwithout better pleading their heeles, they are faine to deliuer vptheir carcases for a pledge, to answer their trespasses. 

Beastes seruing for meate onely, or Pigs, Goates, Sheepe, and Rothercattell. For meate, draught, and plowing, Oxen: for carriage, andriding, horses: for gard, attendance, and pleasure, Dogs of sundriesorts. 

What time the Shire, through want of good manurance, lay waste andopen, the Sheepe had generally [24] little bodies, and coursefleeces, so as their Wooll bare no better name, then of Cornishhayre, and for such hath (from all auncientie) beene transported, without paying custome. But since the grounds began to receiueenclosure and dressing for Tillage, the nature of the soyle hathaltered to a better graine, and yeeldeth nourishment in greateraboundance, and goodnesse, to the beastes that pasture thereupon:So as, by this meanes (and let not the owners commendable industrie, turne to their surcharging preiudice, least too soone they growwearie of well-doing) Cornish Sheepe come but little behind theEasterne flockes, for bignes of mould, finenesse of Wooll oftenbreeding, speedie fatting, and price of sale, and in my conceyteequall, if not exceede them in sweetnesse of taste, and freedome fromrottennesse and such other contagions. As for their number, whileeuerie dweller hath some, though none keepe many, it may summe thetotall to a iolly rate. Most of the Cornish sheepe haue no hornes, whose wool is finer in qualitie, as that of the horned more inquantitie: yet, in some places of the Countie there are that carriefoure hornes. 

The Deuon and Somersetshire grasiers, feede yeerely great droues ofCattell in the North quarter of Cornwall, and vtter them at home, which notwithstanding, Beefe, Whitfull, Leather or Tallow, beare notany extraordinarie price in this Countie, beyond the rate of otherplaces: and yet, the oportunitie of so many Hauens, tempteth theMarchants (I doubt me, beyond their power of resistaunce) now andthen to steale a transportation, and besides, vttereth no smalquantitie for the reuitailing of weather-driuen shippes. SomeGentlemen suffer their beastes to runne wilde, in their Woods andwaste grounds, where they are hunted and killed with Crossebowes, and Peeces, in the maner of Deere, and by their fiercenesse, andwarinesse, seeme to haue put on a part of the others nature. EachOxe hath his seuerall name, vpon which the driuers call aloud, bothto direct and giue them courage as they are at worke. 

The Cornish horses, commonly are hardly bred, coursely fed, low ofstature, quicke in trauell, and (after their growth and strength)able inough for continuance: which sort proue most seruiceable for arough and hilly Countrie. But verie few of them (through the owners, fault) retaine long this their naturall goodnesse. For after twoyeeres age, they vse them to carrie sackes of Sand, which bowethdowne, and weakneth their backes, and the next Summer they areimployed in harrowing, which marreth their pace. Two meanes that soquaile also their stomackes, and abate their strength, as the firstrider findeth them ouer-broken to his hands. Howbeit now, fromnaught, they are almost come to nought: For since the Statute 12. OfHenry the eight, which enableth eueri man to seize vpon horses thatpastured in Commons, if they were vnder a certaine sise, the Sherifesofficers, reckoning themselues specially priuiledged to poll in theirmasters yeere, haue of late times, whether by his commandement, orsufferance, accustomed to driue those waste grounds, and to seizeon those not voluntarie statute-breaking Tits, so as nature denying agreat harace, and these carrying away the little, it resteth, thathereafter, not the dammes Foale, but the dames Trotters, be trustedvnto, This consideration [25] hath made me entertain a conceite, thatordinarie Husbandmen should doe well to quit breeding of Horses, andbetake themselves to Moyles: for that is a beast, which will farehardly, liue verie long, drawe indifferently well, and carrie greatburdens, and hath also a pace swift, and easie enough, for their Milland market seruice. By which meanes, looke what is abated from thevsuall number of Hacknies, should (with a gainefull recompence) beadded to their goodnes: and hereof this quarter hath alreadie takensome experiment. For, not long sithence, it hapned that one broughtouer an hee Asse, from France, because of the strangenesse of thebeast (as euerie thing where it comes first, serves for a wonder)who following his kind, begat many monsters, viz. Moyles, and formonsters indeed, the Countrie people admired them, yea, some were sowise, as to knocke on the head, or giue away this issue of his race, as vncouth mongrels. 

Amongst living things on the land, after Beastes, follow Birds, whoseeke harbour on the earth at night, though the ayre bee the greatestplace of their haunt by day. 

Of tame Birds, Cornwall hath Doues, Geese, Ducks, Peacockes, Ginneyduckes, China geese, Barbarie hennes, and such like. 

Of wild, Quaile, Raile, Partridge, Fesant, Plouer, Snyte, Wood-doue, Heathcocke, Powte, &c. 

But, amongst all the rest, the Inhabitants are most beholden to theWoodcockes, who (when the season of the yeere affordeth) flocke tothem in great aboundance. They arriue first on the North-coast, wherealmost euerie hedge serveth for a Roade, and euerie plashoote forSpringles to take them. From whence, as the moyst places whichsupplie them food, beginne to freeze vp, they draw towards those inthe South coast, which are kept more open by the Summers neererneighbourhood: and when the Summers heate (with the same effect froma contrarie cause) drieth vp those plashes, nature and necessitieguide their returne to the Northern wetter soyle againe. 

Of Hawkes, there are Marlions, Sparhawkes, Hobbies, and somewhereLannards. As for the Sparhawk, though shee serue to flie littleaboue sixe weekes in the yeere, and that onely at the Partridge, where the Faulkner and Spanels must also now and then spare herextraordinarie assistance; yet both Cornish and Deuonshire men employso much trauaile in seeking, watching, taking, manning, nusling, dieting, curing, bathing, carrying, and mewing them, as it mustneedes proceede from a greater folly, that they cannot discernetheir folly herein. To which you may adde, their busie, dangerous, discourteous, yea, and sometimes despiteful stealing one from anotherof the Egges and young ones, who, if they were allowed to airenaturally, and quietly, there would bee store sufficient, to killnot onely the Partridges, but euen all the good-huswiues Chickensin a Countrie. 

Of singing Birds, they haue Lynnets, Goldfinches, Ruddockes, Canariebirds, Blacke-birds, Thrushes, and diuers other; but of Nightingals, few, or none at all, whether through some naturall antipathie, betweene them and the soyle (as Plinie writeth, that Crete fosterethnot any Owles, nor Rhodes Eagles, nor Larius lacus in Italy Storkes)or rather for that the Country is generally [26] bare of couert andwoods, which they affect, I leaue to be discussed by others. 

Not long sithence, there came a flocke of Birds into Cornwall, aboutHaruest season, in bignesse not much exceeding a Sparrow, which madea foule spoyle of the Apples. Their bils were thwarted crosse-wiseat the end, and with these they would cut an Apple in two, at onesnap, eating onely the kernels. It was taken at first, for aforboden token, and much admired, but, soone after, notice grew, that Glocester Shire, and other Apple Countries, haue them anouer-familiar harme. 

In the West parts of Cornwall, during the Winter season, Swallowesare found sitting in old deepe Tynne-workes, and holes of the seaCliffes: but touching their lurking places, Olaus Magnus maketh afarre stranger report. For he saith, that in the North parts of theworld, as Summer weareth out, they clap mouth to mouth, wing to wing, and legge in legge, and so after a sweete singing, fall downe intocertaine great lakes or pooles amongst the Canes, from whence at thenext Spring, they receiue a new resurrection; and hee addeth forproofe hereof, that the Fishermen, who make holes in the Ice, to dipvp such fish with their nets, as resort thither for breathing, doesometimes light on these Swallowes, congealed in clods, of a slymiesubstance, and that carrying them home to their Stoues, the warmthrestoreth them to life and flight: this I haue seene confirmed also, by the relation of a Venetian Ambassadour, employed in Poland, andheard auowed by trauaylers in those parts: Wherethrough I am inducedto giue it a place of probabilitie in my mind, and of report in thistreatise. 

After hauing thus laid open euerie particular of the land, naturallorder leadeth my next labour, to bee imployed about the water, andthe things incident thereunto: the water I seuer into fresh and salt. 

Touching fresh Water, euerie hill wel-neere sendeth forth plentifull, fresh, cleare and pleasant springs, profitable for moystning theground, and wholesome for mans vse, & diuers by running throughveines of Mettals, supposed also medicinable for sundrie diseases;of which more in their particular places. These springs, (asseuerall persons assembling, make a multitude) take aduantage of thefalling grounds, to vnite in a greater strength, and beget Ryuers, which yet are more in number, and swifter in course, then deepe inbottome, or extended in largenesse. For they worke out their bedthrough an earth, full of Rockes and stones, suting therethrough, the nature onely of some speciall fishes, of which kind are, Minowes, Shoats, Eeles, and Lampreys. The rest are common to other Shires, but the Shote in a maner peculiar to Deuon and Cornwall: in shapeand colour he resembleth the Trowt: howbeit in bignesse andgoodnesse, commeth farre behind him. His baites are flies andTag-wormes, which the Cornish English terme Angle-touches. Of theRyuers and Hauens which they make, occasion will be ministred vs tospeake particularly in the next booke; and therefore it shallsuffice to name the chiefest here in generall, which are on theSouth coast: Tamer, Tauy, Liner, Seaton, Loo, Foy, Fala, Lo. On the North, Camel, Halae. 

Of fresh water Ponds, either cast out by nature, or wrought out byArt, Cornwall is stored with verie few, though the site of so manynarrow vallies offereth [27] many, with the onely charge of raysingan head. But the Oceans plentifull beames darken the affecting ofthis pettie starlight: touching whose nature and properties, for hissaltnesse in taste, strength in bearing, course in ebbing and flowing, the effects are so well knowne to the vulgar, as they need not anyparticular relation; and the causes so controuersed amongst thelearned, as it passeth mine abilitie to moderate the question: onelythis I will note, that somewhat before a tempest, if the sea-waterbee slashed with a sticke or Oare, the same casteth a bright shiningcolour, and the drops thereof resemble sparckles of fire, as if thewaues were turned into flames, which the Saylers terme Briny. 

Amongst other commodities affoorded by the sea, the Inhabitants makevse of diuers his creekes, for griste-milles, by thwarting a banckefrom side to side, in which a floud-gate is placed with two leaues:these the flowing tyde openeth, and after full sea, the waight of theebbe closeth fast, which no other force can doe: and so theimprisoned water payeth the ransome of dryuing an under-shoote wheelefor his enlargement. 

Ilands, S. Nicholas in the mouth of Plymmouth, S. George before Loo, S. Michaels Mount, and the Ilies of Scilley. 

Hauens on the South coast there are, Plymmouth, Loo, Foy, Falmouth, Helford, and the Rode of Mounts bay. On the North, S. Ies, andPadstowe, of which more hereafter. 

Diuers of these are dayly much endammaged by the earth which theTynners cast up in their working, and the rayne floods wash downeinto the riuers, from whence it is discharged in the hauens, andshouldreth the sea out of his ancient possession, or at least, encrocheth vpon his depth. To remedy this, an Act of Parliament wasmade 23. H. 8. That none should labour in Tynneworks, neere the Deuonand Cornish hauens: but whether it aymed not at the right cause, orhath not taken his due execution, little amendement appeareth therebyfor the present, and lesse hope may be conceyued for the future. 

Yet this earth being through such meanes conuerted into sand, enricheth the husbandman equally with that of Pactolus: for afterthe sea hath seasoned it with his salt and fructifying moysture, hiswaves worke vp to the shore a great part thereof (together with moreof his owne store, grated from the cliffes) and the Tillers, some byBarges and Boats, others by horses and waines, doe fetch it, &therewith dresse their grounds. This sand is of diuers kindes, colours, and goodnesse: the kinds, some bigger, some lesser; somehard, some easie. The colours are answerable to the next Cliffes. The goodnesse increaseth as it is taken farther out of the Sea. 

Some haue also vsed to carry vp into their grounds the Ose or saltwater mudde, and found good profit thereby, though not equalling thesand. 

To this purpose also serueth Orewood, which is a weed either growingvpon the rockes vnder high water marke, or broken from the bottome ofthe sea by rough weather, and cast vpon the next shore by the windand flood. The first sort is reaped yeerely, and thereby betterethin quantity and qualitie: the other must be taken when the first tydebringeth it, or else the next [28] change of wind will carry it away. His vse serueth for barly land. Some accustomed to burne it on heapesin pits at the cliffe side, and so conuerted the same to a kind ofwood, but the noysome sauour hath cursed it out of the countrey. ThisFloteore is now and then found naturally formed like rufs, combs, andsuch like: as if the sea would equall vs in apparel, as it resembleththe land for all sorts of liuing creatures. 

The sea strond is also strowed with sundry fashioned & coloured shels, of so diuersified and pretty workmanship, as if nature were for herpastime disposed to shew her skil in trifles. With these are found, moreouer, certaine Nuts, somewhat resembling a sheepes kidney, sauethat they are flatter: the outside consisteth of a hard darkecoloured rinde: the inner part, of a kernell voyd of any taste, butnot so of vertue, especially for women trauayling in childbirth, ifat least, old wiues tales may deserue any credit. If I becomeblame-worthy in speaking of such toyes, Scipio and Lelius shall seruefor my patrons, who helde it no shame to spend time in theirgathering. 

But to carie you from these trifles, you shall vnderstand, thatCornewall is stored with many sorts of shipping, (for that terme isthe genus to them all) namely, they haue Cock-boats for passengers, Sayn-boats for taking of Pilcherd, Fisher-boates for the coast, Barges for sand, Lighters for burthen, and Barkes and Ships fortrafficke: of all which seuerally to particularize, were consectariminutias, and therefore I will omit to discourse of them, or of thewrackes proceeding from them, to their great dammage, and the finderspetty benefit, to whom, he that inioyeth the Admirals right, by thecommon custome alloweth a moytie for his labour. 

But though I shunne tediousnesse herein, I feare lest I shal breedeyou Nauseam, while I play the fishmonger: and yet, so large acommoditie may not passe away in silence. I will therefore, with whatbriefnes I can, shew you, what they are, when they come, where theyhaunt, with what baite they may be trayned, with what engine taken, and with what dressing saued. 

Herein we will first begin with the Peall, Trowt, and Sammon, becausethey partake of both salt and fresh water, breeding in the one, andliuing in the other. 

The Trowte and Peall come from the Sea, betweene March and Midsummer, and passe vp into the fresh ryuers, to shed their spawne. They aremostly taken with a hooke-net, made like the Easterne Weelyes, whichis placed in the stickellest part of the streame (for there the fishchiefely seeketh passage) and kept abroad with certaine hoopes, hauinghis smaller end fastened against the course of the water, and hismouth open to receiue the fish, while he fareth vp by night. 

The Sammons principal accesse, is betweene Michaelmas and Christmas:for then, and not before, the ryuers can afford them competent depth. A time forbidden to take them in, by the Statute thirteene of Richardthe second: but if they should bee allowed this priuiledge inCornwall, the Inhabitants might vtterly quit all hope of good by them, for the rest of the yeere. They are refettest (that is fattest) attheir first comming from the Sea, and passe vp as high as any watercan carrie them, to spawne the more safely, and, to that end, takeaduantage of the great raynie flouds. After Christmas, [29] theyreturne to the Sea, altogether spent & out of season, whome, as thespring time commeth on, their fry doe follow: and it hath beeneobserued, that they (as also the Trowt and Peall) haunt the sameryuers where they first were bred. Vpon the North coast, and to theWestwards of Foy, few or none are taken, either through those ryuersshallownesse, or their secret dislike. To catch them, sundrie deuicesare put in practise: one is, with the hooke and line, where they vseFlies for their baite: another, with the Sammons speare, a weapon likeNeptunes Mace, bearded at the points. With this, one standethwatching in the darke night, by the deepe pooles, where the Sammonsworke their bed for spawning, while another maketh light with a wazeof reed. The Sammon naturally resorteth to the flame, playing in andout, and therethrough is discerned, strooken and drawne on land by acord fastened to the speare. The third and more profitable meanes oftheir taking, is by hutches. A head of Fagots, or stones, is madeacrosse the ryuer, and his greatest part let out, through a squareroome therein, whose vpper side giueth passage to the water by agrate, but denieth it to the fish, and the lower admitteth his entrie, thorow certaine thicke laths, couched slope-wise one against another, but so narrowly, as he can find no way of returne, while the streametosseth him hither and thither, and the laths ends gall him, if hestumble on the place. 

They vse also to take Sammons and Trowts, by groping, tickling themvnder the bellies, in the Pooles where they houer, vntill they layhold on them with their hands, & so throw them on land. Touchingthese, one scribling of the ryuer Lyner, rymed as ensueth:

 THE store-house of Sunnes cheuisance, The clocke whose measures time doth dance, The Moones vassall, the Lord of chance, Oceanus

 Ere yeeres compasse his circle end, From hugie bosome, where they wend, His scaly broode to greete doth send, His wife Tellus. 

 Some haile but with the coasting shore, Some multiplie the Harbours store, Some farre into the ryuers bore, Amongst the rest. 

 A threefold rowt, of Argus hew, Kind to encrease, foes to eschew, With Lyners supple mantle blew, Themselves reuest. 

 What time, enricht by Phoebus rayes, The Alder his new wealth displayes (*) Of budded groates, and welcome payes Vnto the Spring. 

 The Trowts, of middle growth begin, And eygall peizd, twixt either finne, At wonted hoste Dan Lyners Inne, Take their lodging. 

 Next, as the dayes vp early rise, In com's the Peall, whose smaller sise, In his more store, and oft supplies, A praise doth find. 

 Laftly, the Sammon, king of fish, Fils with good cheare the Christmas dish, Teaching that season must relish Each in his kind. 

(*) It is said that the fish cometh, when the Alder leafe is growne to the breadth of a groate. 

[30]

 And of the Sammon in particular. 

 NOW to the Sammon, king of fish, a trice, Against whose slate, both skill and will conspire, Paine brings the fewell, and gaine blowes the fire, That hand may execute the heads deuice. Some build his house, but his thence issue barre, Some make his meashie bed, but reaue his rest: Some giue him meate, but leaue it not disgest, Some tickle him, but are from pleasing farre. Another troope com's in with fire and sword, Yet cowardly, close counterwaite his way, And where he doth in streame, mistrustlesse play, Vail'd with nights robe, they stalke the shore aboord. One offers him the daylight in a waze, As if darknesse alone contriued wiles: But new Neptune, his mate, at land, the whiles, With forked Mace, deere school's his foolish gaze. Poore Fish, not praying, that are made a pray, And at thy natiue home find'st greatest harme, Though dread warne, swiftnesse guide, and strength thee arme, Thy neerenesse, greatnesse, goodnesse, thee betray. 

In the Hauens, great store, and diuers sorts of fish, some at onetime of the yeere, and some at another, doe haunt the depthes andshallowes, while the lesser flie the greater, and they also arepursued by a bigger, each preying one vpon another, and all of themaccustoming, once in the yeere, to take their kind of the freshwater. They may be diuided into three kinds, shell, flat, and roundfish. Of shell fish, there are Wrinkles, Limpets, Cockles, Muscles, Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, and Oysters. 

Of flat fish, Rayes, Thorn-backes, Soles, Flowkes, Dabs, Playces. 

Of round fish, Brit, Sprat, Barne, Smelts, Whiting, Scad, Chad, Sharkes, Cudles, Eeles, Conger, Basse, Millet, Whirlepole, andPorpose. The generall way of killing these (that is the Fishermansbloudie terme, for this cold-blouded creature) is by Weares, Hakings, Saynes, Tuckes, and Tramels. 

The Weare is a frith, reaching slope-wise through the Ose, from theland to low water marke, and hauing in it, a bunt or cod with aneye-hooke, where the fish entering, vpon their coming backe with theebbe, are stopped from issuing out againe, forsaken by the water, and left drie on the Ose. 

For the Haking, certaine Stakes are pitched in the Ose at low water, athwart from Creeke, from shore to shore, to whose feete they fastena Net, and at ful-sea draw the vpper part thereof to their stops, that the fish may not retire with the ebb, but be taken, as in theWeares. 

The Sayne is a net, of about fortie fathome in length, with whichthey encompasse a part of the Sea, and drawe the same on land by tworopes, fastned at his ends, together with such fish, as lightethwithin his precinct. 

The Tucke carrieth a like fashion, saue that it is narrower meashed, and (therefore scarce lawfull) with a long bunt in the midst: theTramell differeth not much from the shape of this bunt, and seruethto such vse as the Weare and Haking. 

[31]

The particular taking of sundrie kinds of fishes, is almost as diuersas themselues. Wrinckles, Limpets, Cockles, and Muscles, aregathered by hand, vpon the rockes and sands. Many of the Crabsbreede in the shels of Cockles, and of the Lobsters in those ofWrinckles, as my selfe haue seene: being growne, they come forth, andliue in holes of Rockes, from whence, at low water, they are draggedout, by a long crooke of yron. 

The Shrimps are dipped vp in shallow water by the shore side, withlittle round nets, fastned to a staffe, not much unlike that which isused for daring of Larkes. 

The Ostyers (besides gathering by hand, at a great ebb) haue apeculiar dredge, which is a thick strong net, fastned to three spilsof yron, and drawne at the boates sterne, gathering whatsoeuer itmeeteth, lying in the bottome of the water, out of which, when it istaken vp, they cull the Oysters, and cast away the residue, whichthey terme gard, and serueth as a bed for the Oysters to breed in. It is held, that there are of them male, and female. The female, about May, and Iune, haue in them a certaine kind of milke, whichthey then shead, and whereof the Oyster is engendered. The littleones, at first, cleaue in great numbers, to their mothers shell, from whence, waxing bigger, they weane themselues, and towardsMichaelmas, fall away. The Countrie people long retained a conceit, that in Summer time they weare out of kind (as indeed the milkie are)but some Gentlemen making experiment of the contrarie, began to eatethem at all seasons, wherethrough, by spending them oftner and ingreater quantitie, by spoyling the little ones, and by casting awaythe vnseasonable, there ensued a scarcitie, which scarcitie brought adearth, the dearth bred a sparing, and the sparing restored a plentyagaine. They haue a propertie, though taken out of the water, toopen against the flood time, and to close vpon the ebbe, or before, if they bee touched, the which, not long sithence occasioned aridiculous chaunce, while one of them through his sodaine Shutting, caught in his owne defence, three yong Mice by the heads, that ofmalice prepensed, had conspired to deuoure him, and so trebled thevalour of the cleft block, which griped Milo by the hands. 

Nature hath strowed the shore with such plenty of these shel-fishes, as thereby shee warranteth the poore from dread of staruing: foreuery day they may gather sufficient to preserue their life, thoughnot to please their appetite, which, ordinarie with vs, wasmiraculous to the Rochellers in their siedge 1572. 

After Shel-fish succeedeth the free-fish, so termed, because hewanteth this shelly bulwarke. 

Amongst these, the Flowk, Sole and Playce follows the tyde up intothe fresh riuers, where, at low water, the Countri people find themby treading, as they wade to seeke them, and so take them vp withtheir hands. They vse also to poche them with an instrument somewhatlike the Sammon-speare. 

Of Eeles there are two sorts: the one Valsen, of best taste, comingfrom the fresh riuers, when the great raine floods after Septemberdoe breake their beds, and carry them into the sea: the other, bredin the salt water, & called a Conger Eele, which afterwards, as hisbignes increaseth, ventreth out into the maine Ocean, & isenfranchised a Burgesse of that vast common wealth: but in harborthey are taken mostly by Spillers made of a cord, [32] many fathomsin length, to which diuers lesser and shorter are tyed at a littledistance, and to each of these a hooke is fastened with bayt: thisSpiller they sincke in the sea where those Fishes haue theiraccustomed haunt, and the next morning take it vp againe with thebeguiled fish. 

For catching of Whiting and Basse, they vse a thred, so named, because it consisteth of a long smal lyne with a hooke at the end, which the Fisherman letteth slip out of his hand by the Boat side tothe bottom of the water, and feeling the fish caught by the sturringof the lyne, draweth it vp againe with his purchase. The Porposesare shaped very bigge and blacke. These chase the smaller schoels offish from the mayne sea into the hauens, leaping vp and downe in thewater, tayle after top, and one after another, puffing like a fatlubber out of breath, and following the fish with the flood, so longas any depth will serue to bear them; by which means they aresometimes intercepted: for the Borderers watching vntill they be pastfarre vp into some narrow creeke, get belowe them with their Boats, and cast a strong corded net athwart the streame, with which, andtheir lowd and continuall showting and noyse making, they fray andstop them from retyring, vntill the ebbe haue abandoned them to thehunters mercy, who make short worke with them, and (by an oldecustome) share them amongst all the assistants with suchindifferencie, as if a woman with child bee present, the babe in herwombe is gratified with a portion: a poynt also obserued by theSpeare-hunters in taking of Sammons. 

Now from within harbour, we will launch out into the deepe, and seewhat luck of fish God there shall send vs, which (so you talke not ofHares or such vncouth things, for that proues as ominous to thefisherman, as the beginning a voyage on the day when Childermas dayfell, doth to the Mariner) may succeed very profitable: for the coastis plentifully stored, both with those foreremembred, enlarged to abigger size, & diuers other, as namely of shel-fish, Sea-hedge-hogs, Scallops & Sheath-fish. Of fat, Brets, Turbets, Dories, Holybut. Round, Pilcherd, Herring, Pollock, Mackrell, Gurnard, Illeck, Tub, Breame, Oldwife, Hake, Dogfish, Lounp, Cunner, Rockling, Cod, Wrothe, Becket, Haddock, Guilt-head, Rough-hound, Squary Scad, Seale, Tunny, and many others, quos nunc, &c. 

The Sheath, or Rasor-fish, resembleth in length and bignesse a mansfinger, and in taste, the Lobster, but reputed of greater restoratiue. 

The Sea-hedge-hogge, of like or more goodnesse, is enclosed in around shell, fashioned as a loafe of bread, handsomely wrought andpincked, and guarded by an vtter skinne full of prickles, as theland Vrchin. But the least fish in bignes, greatest for gaine, andmost in number, is the Pilcherd: they come to take their kind of thefresh (as the rest) betweene haruest and Alhallon-tyde, and were wontto pursue the Brit, vpon which they feede, into the hauens, but arenow forestalled on the coast by the Drouers and Sayners. The Drouershang certaine square nets athwart the tyde, thorow which the schoellof Pilchard passing, leaue many behind intangled in the meashes. When the nets are so filled, the Drouers take them up, clense them, and let them fall againe. 

The Sayners complayne with open mouth, that [33] these drouers workemuch preiudice to the Commonwealth of fishermen, and reape therebysmall gaine to themselues; for (say they) the taking of some few, breaketh and scattereth the whole schoels, and frayeth them fromapproaching the shore: neither are those thus taken, marchantable, by reason of their brusing in the meash. Let the crafts-mastersdecide the controuersie. 

The Sayne, is in fashion, like that within harbour, but of a farrelarger proportion. To each of these, there commonly belong three orfoure boates, carrying about sixe men apeece: with which, when theseason of the yeere and weather serueth, they lie houering upon thecoast, and are directed in their worke, by a Balker, or Huer, whostandeth on the Cliffe side, and from thence, best discerneth thequantitie and course of the Pilcherd: according whereunto, heecundeth (as they call it) the Master of each boate (who hath his eyestill fixed upon him) by crying with a lowd voice, whistling throughhis fingers, and wheazing certing diuersified and significant signes, with a bush, which hee holdeth in his hand. At his appointment theycast out their Net, draw it to either hand, as the Schoell lyeth, or fareth, beate with their Oares to keepe in the Fish, and at last, either close and tucke it vp in the Sea, or draw the same on land, with more certaine profit, if the ground bee not rough of rockes. After one companie haue thus shot their Net, another beginneth behindthem, and so a third, as opportunitie serueth. Being so taken, some, the Countrie people, who attend with their horses and paniers at theCliffes side, in great numbers, doe buy and carrie home, the largerremainder, is by the Marchant, greedily and speedily seized vpon. 

They are saued three maner of wayes: by fuming, pressing, orpickelling. For euery of which, they are first salted and piled vprow by row in square heapes on the ground in some celler, which theyterme, Bulking, where they so remaine for fome ten daies, vntil thesuperfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be soked from them:which accomplished, they rip the bulk, and saue the residue of thesalt for another like seruice. Then those which are to be ventredfor Fraunce, they pack in staunch hogsheads, so to keepe them intheir pickle. Those that serue for the hotter Countries of Spaineand Italie, they vsed at first to fume, by hanging them vp on longsticks one by one, in a house built for the nonce, & there dryingthem with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire, from whence theypurchased the name of Fumados: but now, though the terme stillremaine, that trade is giuen ouer: and after they haue bene rippedout of the bulk, reffed vpon sticks, & washed, they pack them orderlyin hogsheads made purposely leake, which afterward they presse withgreat waights, to the end the traine may soke from them into avessell placed in the ground to receyue it. 

In packing, they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery hogsheadcontayneth, which otherwise may turne to the Marchants preiudice:for I haue heard, that when they are brought to the place of sale, the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures; and if hee finde thesame not to answere the number figured on the outside, hee abateth alike proportion in euery other, as there wanted in that. The trayneis well solde, as imployed to diuers vses, and welneere acquiteth thecost in sauing, and the sauing setteth almost an infinite [34] numberof women and children on worke, to their great aduantage: for theyare allowed a peny for euery lasts carriage (a last is ten thousand)and as much for bulking, washing, and packing them, whereby a lustyhuswife may earne three shillings in a night; for towards the eueningthey are mostly killed. 

This commoditie at first carried a very lowe price, and serued forthe inhabitants cheapest prouision: but of late times, the deare salebeyond the seas hath so encreased the number of takers, and thetakers iarring and brawling one with another, and foreclosing thefishes taking their kind within harbour, so decreased the number ofthe taken, as the price daily extendeth to an higher rate, equallingthe proportion of other fish: a matter which yet I reckon notpreiudiciall to the Commonwealth, seeing there is store sufficientof other victuals, and that of these a twentieth part will serue theCountries need, and the other nineteene passe into forraine Realmeswith a gainefull vtterance. 

The Sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne, as depending upon theseas fortune, which hee long attendeth, and often with a bootlessetrauaile: but the Pilcherd Marchant may reape a speedy, large, andassured benefit, by dispatching the buying, sauing and selling to thetransporters, within little more then three moneths space. Howbeit, diuers of them, snatching at wealth ouer-hastily, take monybeforehand, and bind themselues for the same, to deliuer Pilcherdready saued to the transporter, at an vnder-rate, and so cut theirfingers. This venting of Pilcherd enhaunced greatly the priceof cask, whereon all other sorts of wood were conuerted to that vse:and yet this scantly supplying a remedie, there was a statute made35. Eliz. That from the last of Iune 1594. No stranger shouldtransport beyond the seas any Pilcherd or other fish in cask, vnlessehee did bring into the Realme, for euery sixe tunnes, two hundred ofclapboord fit to make cask, and so rateably, vpon payne of forfeytingthe sayd Pilcherd or fish. This Act to continue before the nextParliament, which hath reuiued the same, vntill his (yet not knowne)succeeder. 

The Pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of fish, called a Plusher, being somewhat like the Dog-fish, who leapeth nowand then aboue water, and therethrough bewrayeth them to the Balker:so are they likewise persecuted by the Tonny, and he (though notverie often) taken with them damage faisant. And that they may nolesse in fortune, then in fashion, resemble the Flying fish, certainebirds called Gannets, soare ouer, and stoup to prey vpon them. Lastly, they are persecuted by the Hakes, who (not long sithence)haunted the coast in great abundance; but now being depriued of theirwonted baite, are much diminished, verifying the prouerb, What welose in Hake, we shall haue in Herring. These Hakes and diuers ofthe other forerecited, are taken with threds, & some of them with theboulter, which is a Spiller of a bigger size. Vpon the North coast, where want of good harbours denieth safe road to the fisherboats, they haue a deuice of two sticks filled with corks, and crossedflatlong, out of whose midst there riseth a thred, and at the samehangeth a saile; to this engine, termed a Lestercock, they tie oneend of their Boulter, so as the wind comming from the shore, filleththe sayle, and the saile carrieth out the Boulter into the sea, whichafter the respite of some houres, is drawne in againe [35] by a cordfastned at the neerer end. They lay also certaine Weelyes in the Sea, for taking of Cunners, which therethrough are termed Cunner-pots. Another net they haue long and narrow meashed, thwarted with littlecords of wide distance, in which the fish intangleth it selfe, andis so drawne vp. 

For Bait they vse Barne, Pilcherd, and Lugges. The Lugge is a wormeresembling the Tagworme or Angle-touch, and lying in the Osesomewhat deepe, from whence the women digge them vp, and sell themto the Fishermen: They are descried by their working ouer head, asthe Tagworme. And, for lacke of other prouision, the Fishermensometimes cut out a peece of the new taken Hake, neere his tayle, and therewith baite their hookes, to surprise more of hisCanniballian fellowes. 

The Seale, or Soyle, is in making and growth, not vnlike a Pigge, vgly faced, and footed like a Moldwarp; he delighteth in musike, or any lowd noise, and thereby is trained to approach neere theshore, and to shew himselfe almost wholly aboue water. They alsocome on land, and lie sleeping in holes of the Cliffe, but are nowand then waked with the deadly greeting of a bullet in their sides. 

The Fishermens hookes doe not alwayes returne them good prise: foroften there cleaueth to the baite, a certaine fish like a Starre, so farre from good meate, as it is held contagious. 

There swimmeth also in the Sea, a round slymie substance, called aBlobber, reputed noysome to the fish. 

But you are tired, the day is spent, and it is high time that I drawto harbour: which good counsell I will follow, when I haue onely toldyou, In what maner the Fishermen saue the most part of their fish. Some are polled (that is, beheaded) gutted, splitted, powdred anddried in the Sunne, as the lesser sort of Hakes. Some headed, gutted, iagged, and dried, as Rayes, and Thornbackes. Some gutted, splitted, powdred, and dried, as Buckhorne made of Whitings, (in theEast parts named Scalpions) and the smaller sort of Conger, and Hake. Some gutted, splitted, and kept in pickle, as Whiting, Mackrell, Millet, Basse, Peall, Trowt, Sammon, and Conger. Some, gutted, andkept in pickle, as the lesser Whitings, Pollocks, Eeles, and squarieScads. Some cut in peeces, and powdred, as Seale and Porpose. And lastly, some boyled, and preserued fresh in Vinegar, as Tonnyand Turbet. 

Besides these flooting burgesses of the Ocean, there are alsocertaine flying Citizens of the ayre, which prescribe for a corrodietherein; of whom some serue for food to vs, and some but to feedthemselues. Amongst the first sort, we reckon the Dip-chicke, (so named of his diuiug, and littlenesse) Coots, Sanderlings, Sea-larkes, Oxen and Kine, Seapies, Puffins, Pewets, Meawes, Murres, Creysers, Curlewes, Teale, Wigeon, Burranets, Shags, Duckeand Mallard, Gull, Wild-goose, Heron, Crane, and Barnacle. 

These content not the stomacke, all with a like sauorinesse, but somecarrie a rancke taste, and require a former mortification: and someare good to bee eaten while they are young, but nothing tooth-some, as they grow elder. The Guls, Pewets, and most of the residue, breed in little desert Ilands, bordering on both coastes, layingtheir Egges on the grasse, without making any [36] nests, from whencethe owner of the land causeth the young ones to be fetched aboutWhitsontide, for the first broode, and some weekes after for thesecond. Some one, but not euerie such Rocke, may yeeld yeerelytowards thirtie dozen of Guls. They are kept tame, and fed fat, but none of the Sea kind will breede out of their naturall place:Yet at Caryhayes, master Treuanions house, which bordereth on theCliffe, an old Gull did (with an extraordinarie charitie) accustome, for diuers yeeres together, to come and feede the young ones(though perhaps none of his alliance) in the court where they werekept. It is held, that the Barnacle breedeth vnder water on suchships sides, as haue beene verie long at Sea, hanging there by theBill, vntill his full growth dismisse him to be a perfect fowle:and for proofe hereof, many little things like birds, are ordinarilyfound in such places, but I cannot heare any man speake of hauingseene them ripe. The Puffyn hatcheth in holes of the Cliffe, whoseyoung ones are thence ferretted out, being exceeding fat, kept salted, and reputed for fish, as comming neerest thereto in their taste. The Burranet hath like breeding, and, after her young ones arehatched, shee leadeth them sometimes ouer-land, the space of a mileor better, into the hauen, where such as haue leasure to take theirpastime, chace them one by one with a boate, and stones, to oftendiuing, vntill, through wearinesse, they are taken vp at the boatesside by hand, carried home, and kept tame with the Ducks: the Eggesof diuers of these Fowles are good to bee eaten. 

Sea-fowle not eatable, are Ganets, Ospray (Plynyes Haliaeetos. )Amongst which, Iacke-Daw (the second slaunder of our Countrie) shallpasse for companie, as frequenting their haunt, though not their diet:I meane not the common Daw, but one peculiar to Cornwall, andtherethrough termed a Cornish Chough: his bil is sharpe, long, and red, his legs of the same colour, his feathers blacke, his conditions, when he is kept tame, vngratious, in filching, and hiding of money, and such short ends, and somewhat dangerous incarrying stickes of fire. 

After hauing marched ouer the land, and waded thorow the Sea, todiscouer all the creatures therein insensible, & sensible, the courseof method summoneth me to discourse of the reasonable, to wit, the Inhabitants, and to plot downe whatsoeuer, noteworthily, belongeth to their estate, reall, and personall, and to theirgouernment, spirituall, and temporall. Vnder their reall state, I comprise all that their industrie hath procured, either forpriuate vse, or entercourse, and traffike. 

In priuate life, there commeth into consideration, their Tenements, which yeeld them sustinance, and their houses, which afford them aplace of abode. Euerie tenement is parcell of the demaynes, orseruices of some Manner. Commonly thirtie Acres make a farthingland, nine farthings a Cornish Acre, and foure Cornish Acres, aKnights fee. But this rule is ouerruled to a greater or lesserquantitie, according to the fruitfulnesse, or barrennesse of thesoyle. That part of the demaines, which appertaineth to the Lordsdwelling house, they call his Barten, or Berton. The tenants to therest hold the same either by sufferance, Wil, or custome, or byconuention. The customary tenant holdeth at Wil, either for yeeres, [37] or for liues, or to them and their heires, in diuers mannersaccording to the custome of the Mannour. Customarie Tenants forlife, take for one, two, three, or more liues, in possession, orreuersion, as their custome will beare. Somewhere the wiues hold bywiddowes estate, and in many places, when the estate is determined bythe Tenants death, and either to descend to the next in reuersion, or to returne to the Lord, yet will his Executor, or Administratordetaine the land, by the custome, vntill the next Michaelmas after, which is not altogether destitute of a reasonable pretence. 

Amongst other of this customarie Land, there are seuenteene Mannours, appertaining to the Duchie of Cornwall, who doe euerie seuenth yere, take their Holdings (so they terme them) of certaine Commissionerssent for the purpose, & haue continued this vse, for the best partof three hundred yeeres, through which, they reckon, a kind ofinheritable estate accrued vnto them. But, this long prescriptionnotwithstanding, a more busie then well occupied person, not longsithence, by getting a Checquer lease of one or two such tenements, called the whole right in question: and albeit God denyed his badminde any good successe, yet another taking vp this broken title, to salue himselfe of a desperate debt, prosecuted the same so farforth, as he brought it to the iutty of a Nisi prius. Hereoncertayne Gentlemen were chosen and requested by the Tenants, tobecome suiters for stopping this gap, before it had made anirremediable breach. They repayred to London accordingly, and preferred a petition to the then L. Treasurer Burleigh. His L. Called vnto him the Chauncellour, and Coise Barons of theExchequer, and tooke a priuate hearing of the cause. It was theremanifestly prooued before them, that besides this long continuance, and the Importance, (as that which touched the vndooing of more thena thousand persons) her Highnesse possessed no other lands, thatyeelded her so large a benefit in Rents, Fines, Heriots, and otherperquisites. These reasons found fauourable allowance, but couldobtaine no thorough discharge, vntill the Gentlemen becamesuppliants to her Maiesties owne person, who, with her natiue &supernaturall bounty, vouchsafed vs gratious audience, testified hergreat dislike of the attempter, & gaue expresse order for stay ofthe attempt: since which time, this barking Dogge hath bene mufled. May it please God to award him an vtter choaking, that he neuer hauepower to bite againe. 

Herein we were beholden to Sir Walter Raleghs earnest writing, (whowas then in the Countrey) to Sir Henry Killigrews sound aduice, and to Master William Killigrews painefull soliciting (being the mostkinde patrone of all his Countrey and Countreymens affaires atCourt. )

In times past, and that not long agoe, Holdings were so plentifull, and Holders so scarce, as well was the Landlord who could get one tobee his Tenant, and they vsed to take assurance for the rent by 2. Pledges of the same Mannour. But now the case is altred: for a farme, or (as wee call it) a bargaine can no sooner fall in hand, then theSuruey Court shal be waited on with many Officers, vying & reuyingeach on other; nay thei are taken mostly at a ground-hop, before theyfall, for feare of comming too late. And ouer and aboue the oldyerely rent, they will giue a hundred or two hundred [38] yeerespurchace and vpward at that rate, for a fine, to haue an estate ofthree liues: which summe commonly amounteth to ten, or twelve yeeresiust value of the land. As for the old rent, it carrieth at the most, the proportion but of a tenth part, to that whereat the tenement maybe presently improued, & somewhere much lesse: so as the Parson of theparish can in most places, dispend as much by his tithe, as the Lordof the Mannour by his rent. Yet is not this deare letting eueriewhere alike: for the westerne halfe of Cornewall, commeth far shortof the Easterne, and the land about Townes, exceedeth that lyingfarther in the Countrey. 

The reason of this enhaunsed price, may proue (as I gesse) partly, for that the late great trade into both the Indies, hath replenishedthese parts of the world with a larger store of the Coyne-currantmettals, then our ancestours enioyed: partly, because the banishmentof single-liuing Votaries, yonger mariages then of olde, and ourlong freedome from any sore wasting warre, or plague, hath made ourCountrey very populous: and partly, in that this populousnes hathinforced an industrie in them, and our blessed quietnes giuen scope, and meanes to this industrie. But howsoeuer I ayme right or wide atthis, once certayne it is, that for these husbandry matters, theCornish Inhabitants are in sundry points swayed by a diuerse opinion, from those of some other Shires. One, that they will rather takebargaines, at these excessiue fines, then a tolerable improued rent, being in no sort willing to ouer a penny: for they reckon that, butonce smarting, and this, a continuall aking. Besides, though theprice seeme very high, yet mostly, foure yeeres tillage, with thehusbandmans payne and charge, goeth neere to defray it. Another, that they fal euery where from Commons to Inclosure, and partake notof some Easterne Tenants enuious dispositions, who will soonerpreiudice their owne present thrift, by continuing this mingle-mangle, then aduance the Lords expectant benefit, after their terme expired. 

The third, that they alwayes preferre liues before yeeres, as bothpresuming vpon the Countries healthfulnesse, and also accountingtheir family best prouided for, when the husband, wife, and childe, are sure of a liuing. Neither may I (without wrong) conceyle theiust commendation of most such wiues, in this behalfe: namely, when a bargaine is so taken to these three, it often falleth out, that afterwards the sonne marieth, and deliuereth his yeruing-goods(as they terme it) to his father, who in lieu thereof, by his wiuesassent (which in many auncient deeds was formall) departeth to himand his daughter in lawe, with the one halfe of his Holding in hand. 

Now, though after the fathers decease, the mother may, during herlife, turne them both out of doores, as not bound by her owne word, and much lesse by her husbands: yet I haue seldome or neuer knownethe same put in practise, but true and iust meaning hath euertaken place. 

Yet another vnconscionable quirk some haue of late time pried into, viz. In a ioynt-lease to three intended by the taker and payer, to descend successiuely and intirely, one of them passeth ouer hisinterest to a stranger, who by rigour of law shall hold it during theliues of the other twaine. 

[39]

The ordinary couenants of most conuentionary Tenants are, to pay dueCapons, doe haruest iournyes, grinde at the Mill, sue to the Court, discharge the office of Reeue and Tithing-man, dwell vpon theTenement, and to set out no part thereof to tillage, without theLords licence first obtained. Which conditions are yet enlarged orrestrained, according to the Demisors humour. 

Vsuall it is for all sorts of Tenants, vpon death, at least, if notsurrender, or forfeyture, to pay their best beast for a Heriot: yea, if a stranger, passing thorow the Countrey, chaunce to leaue hiscarkase behind him, he also must redeeme his buriall, by rendring hisbest beast, which he hath with him, to the Lord of the soyle: or ifhe haue none, his best Iewell; or rather then fayle, his best garmentthen about him, in lieu thereof. But this custome hath beenesomewhat shaken, in comming to triall, and laboureth of a dangerousFeuer, though the Cornish Gentlemen vse all possible remedies ofalmost fas et nefas, by pleading the 11. Poynts of the Lawe, tokeepe it on liue. 

The free Tenants seruices, are ordinary with those of other places, saue that they pay in most places onely fee-Morton releeses, which isafter fiue markes the whole Knights fee, (so called of Iohn Earlefirst of Morton, then of Cornwall, and lastly King of this Land)whereas that of fee-Gloucester is fiue pound. And to accomplishthis part, I haue heere inserted a note of the Cornish Knights feesand acres, which I receyued from my learned and religious kinsemanMaster Robert Moyle. 

 Record. Feod. Milit. In Cornub. Fact. Anno 3. H. 4. Vt sequitur. 

 HEnricus Dei gratia, Rex Anglia & Franciae, & Dominus Hiberniae, dilectis nobis Vicecom. & Escaetori nostris in Com. Cornub. Ac Iohanni Colshil, & Iohanni Tremayn seniori collectoribus auxilij 20. Solidorum, de quolibet feod. Milit. Tento de nob. Fine medio in Com. Praedicto ad Blanchiam primogenitam filiam nostram maritand. Iuxta formam statuti, anno regni Domini Edwardi nuper Regis Angliae, Aui nostri 25. Edict. Assignat salutem. Quasdam euidentias, quas de libris, rotulis & memorand. Scaccarii nostri exhiberi fecimus pro informations vestra, super captione inquisitionum diuersorum feodorum in Com. Praedicto, viz. De rubro libra unam scedulam, & duos rotulos de euidentiis nuper collectoribus auxilii praedicti, auo nostro ad filium suum primogenitum milit. Faciend, anno Regni sui 20. Concessi vobis mittimus, sub pede sigilli nostri, mandantes, vt inspect. Euidenc. Praed. Vlterius inde tam per easdem euident. Quam per Inquisitiones super praemiss. Per vos capiend. Pro commodo nostro faciatis, quod de iure per vos videatur faciend: Ita quod euidenc. Praed, vna cum toto fac. Vestro in premiss. & hoc breue ad Scaccarium nostrum super compot. Vestrum proxim. De eodem auxilio redend. Baronibus de dictio Scaccario nostro ibidem liberandum habeatis. Teste Iohanne Cokayn apud Westmonast. 30. Die Ianua. Anno Regni nostri 3. Rotl. Memorum de anno 3. Hillar. Record. 

[40]

 Hundred de Penwith. 

 Will, de Campo Arnulphi ten. 7 feod. & di. In Luduon trewedryn, Maien & Kelle- meke. Will. Basset ten. 1. Feod in Tihidi & Trenalga. Mich. De Bray ten. 2. Partes vnius feod. In Bray Alanas Bloighon ten 2. Feod. In Tremall. Haeres Marci de Walestbren ten. 2. Partes feod. In Veno. Episcop. Exon. Ten dimid. Feod. In Lauestli. Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. 1. Feod. In Gorten. Comes Gloc. Ten. 4. Part. Unius feod. In Drayn- neck. Idem. Comes ten. 1. Feod. In Couerton. Idem. Comes ten. 1. Feod. In Binnerton. Idem. Comes ten. 5. Part. 1. Feod. In Loigans. Haeres Ties ten. Dimid. Feod. In Alwerton. Marchio Dorset. Ten. 4. Feod. In Trenwel. 

 Hundred de Lysnewith. 

 Will, de Botriaux tenet in isto Hundred in Wale breux. 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Polruman di. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Wolueston 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Tresciward 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Worthauale 1. Feod. Reginald de Ferrar in ead. Hund. 7. Feod. Will, de Witha & Iohan. De Crammon tenent in Trewint & in Westdisart 1. Feod. Idem Will. De Campo Arnulphi ten. 1 feod. In Heliset. Idem Will. Ten. In Oterham 1. Feod. Idem Will, in Donneghny Crugplegh di. Feod. Simon Giffard ten. 1. Feo. In Donneghny de la Bruer. Henric. De la Pomerey ten. In Lesnewith & Treuyghan di. Feod. Rogerus de Crammon ten. In Moteland 1. Feod. Omnia praedicta feod. Sunt feod. Mortanne. Haeres Iocei Dinan ten. In Ouer rescradeck. & nether rescradeck di. Feod. 

 Hundred de Stratton. 

 HErbertus de Pyn ten. In Middeland 3. Feod. Idem ten. In Bere 1. Feod. In Deuon. Idem ten. In Alwington in Deuon 2. Feod. Idem ten. Marwonchurch 1. Feod. Idem ten. In Pensenteinon, Trethewy & Westory 2. Feod. Comes Gloc. Ten. 2. Magna feod. In Kilkham land. 

[41]

 Ranulphus de Albo Monasterio tenet in Stratton 1. Feod. Thomas de Wamford ten. In Efford 1. Feod. Henric. De Killigreu ten. 1. Feo. In Orchard mar- ries. Iohannes de Cobbeham in Lancels 1. Feod. Quod Abbas & conuentus de Hartland tenent in pur. & perpet. Elem. Idem ten. In Wiston & Serpeknol 1. Feod. Idem ten. In burgo paruo Ponte knol. & Sunondsham 1. Feod. Quod Abbas & conu. Praed. Clam, tenere in pura & perpet. Elem. Idem ten. 3. Part. 1. Feod. In Turlebere. Idem ten. 1. Feod. & 6. Part. 1. Feod. In Hilton simul cum Ferewil in Deuon. Rogerus de Carmmon ten. 1. Feod. In Hormecot & Rescher. Rex ten. 1. Feod. In Bostinne. Idem ten. Lamaylwen 1. Feod. Quod Oliuerus de Cram- mon ten. Idem ten. In Nantoige 1. Feod. Di. Feod. Iohanna Lengleis ten. I. Feod. In Wadfaste. Guilielmus de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1. Feod. M Pen- nalim. Idem ten. 1. Feod. & 2. Partes 1. Feod. In Wike. Prior de Lanceston ten. 1/4 1. Feod. In Borton. Haluethus Maliuery ten, di. Feo. Milit. In Tamerton. Omnia praedicta feod. Sunt parua feod. Prater. 2. Feod. In Kilkam lond. 

 Hundred de East. 

 IOhanna de Rame ten. 1. Fe. Magnum de Seniock. Nicholaus Danne ten. 1. Partem feod. Dict. Feod. De Mortimer in Tregantle de Modeton. Idem Nich. Ten. 1. Magnum feod. De Abbate de Ta- uistauk. Idem Nich. Ten. 1. Mag. Feod. In Trecan & Trecurnel & Churleton de praedict. Abbate. Idem Wil. De Bodbrand ten. 2. Parua feod. De Mor- teynne in Penhangle de Trematon. Idem Will. Ten. 1. Paru. Feod. Dict. Feod. De Morteynn in Karkeil de Trematon. Rogerus de Tredenick ten. In Tredenick 5. Part. 1. Parui feod. Prout ibid. Rogerus de Ferrar ten. 2. Parua feod. Dict. Feod. De Mortyn in Penpol de Tremerton. Idem ten. 1. Paru. Feod. In Haston de Tremerton. Idem ten. 1. Paru. Feod. In Westuenton de Tre- merton. Idem ten. Di. Paru. Feod. Dict. Feod. De Mortyn in The- lebridge in la rode. Idem ten. 3. Part, vnius paru. Feod. In Croketon de Tremerton. 

[42]

 Idem Calistock 1. Paru. Feod. & est in manu regis. Idem aqua de Tamar di. Feod. In manu reg. De honore de Tremeton. Idem Rogerus de Inkepenne ten. 2. Paru. Feo. Mortynn in Halton. Galfrid. De Erth. Ten. Di. Paru. Feod. Ibid. Idem Galfrid. De Groue ten. 3. Part, vnius di. Feod. Paru. De Mortyn ibid. Idem Nic. De Merton ten. 1. Paru. Feod. Mortyn in Treualuare & in Trekinward. Will. De Botriaux ten. Di. Paru. Feod. De Mortyn in Penhele de rege. Thomas Lercedekne ten. 4. Part. 1. Feod. Paru. In Treu- ris de rege. Baro de Stafford ten. Di. Feod. Paru. Dict. Feod. De Mortyn de rege in Kallilond. Episcop. Exon. Ten. 1. Mag. Feod. Gloce. De rege. Ric. De Trenaga tenet ibid. Paru. Feod. De Willi. Botriaux. Regin. De Beuil ten. Ibid. Paru. Feod. In Tredawil de Wil. De Botriaux. Idem Prior de Minstre ten. 1. Paru. Feod. Mort. In Polisant. Idem Nic. Danne ten. 3. Part. 1. Feod. Paru. Dict. Feod. De Mor. In Legh. 

 Hundred de West. 

 CArdynan Penlyn ten. Pro duobus feod. Paru. Dict. Feod. De Morteyn in custodia regis. Ric. De Serifeaux ten. 3. Paru. Feod. De Mort. In Laurethon, Kilgather & Lansalwys. Will. De Bodrigan ten. Paru. Feod. In Trethim Bes- sant. Manerium de Liskerd est di. Paru. Feod. Mort. & est in manu reg. Tho. De Cruptus ten. 2. Paru. Feod. In Cruphs & Caruaton. Matheus de Trethake ten. 2. Par. Feod. Mo. In Tre- thake, Lamlewarn, Trelewarn & Denant. Mathilda de Hewisch ten. Di. Part. Feo. In Meuely. Ioh. De Wellington & Reg. Querquius ten. 5. Part. 1. Feod. In Fawyton. 

 Hundred de Trigger. 

 ROb. Thomy ten. Di. Feod. In Bliston dict. Feod. Mortyn. Idem Nico. De Bindon ten. In Penrosburdon di. Feod. Mort. Rob. De Cheyndut ten. In Bodannan 4. Part. 1. Feo. Mort. Ioh. Filius Wil. Te. In Kinnarght 4. Par. 1. Feo. Mor. 

[43]

 Idem ten. In Tregradeck, 4. Part. 1. Feod. Mor. Henricus Camel ten. In Belionnus, 1. Feod. Mor. Polroda. Robert. De Brunn ten. In Delisonbol 1. Feod. Mort. Matheus & Agnes de Trehauk ten. In Trehome di. Feod. Mort. Robertus Giffard te. In Lannomunnus di. Fe. Mor. Robertus de Helligan ten. Ibi. 2. Feo. Dict. Fe. Mort. Iohannes de Tinten ten. In Tynten & in Trewinneck 1. Feod. Mort. Ioh. De Seneschal te. In Helland, 4. Part. 1. Fe. Mort. Haeres de Walesbren ten. In Lamailwen 4. Part. 1. Feod. Mort. Ric. De Rescarreck ten. In Rescarretunus 4. Part. Fe. Mort. Dom. De Lancarsse ten. Ib. 5. Part. 1. Feo. Di. Fe. Mort. Dom. De Portguin ten. Ib. Di. Feod. Mort. Siluester de Tregamuran ten. In Tregonen 1. Feod. Magnum. Iohannes Darundle ten. In Treawset, & in Trenbeith 1. Feod. Mort. Episcop. Exon. Ten. In Eglosel 1. Feod. Mag. Ioh. Tracy & Hugo Peuerel tenent in Tremscord & Hamatethy, 2. Feod. Mort. Ricard. De Serifeaux ten. In Kilkoid 2. Feod, & di. Mort. Iohannes de Guillez ten. In Trenderet. 1. Feo. Mor. Barth, de Cant. Ten. Ibid. Di. Feod. Mort. Ioh. Fil. Will. Ten. In Haumal di. Feod. Alanus Blughon ten. In Polrodon Donnat 2. Feo. Mort. 

 Hundred de Pider. 

 IOhannes de Vinfrauil ten. Ratione Aliciae vxoris fuae, 1. Mag. Feod. In Laherne. Ric. De Hiuoisch ten. Ibid. Mag. Feod. In S. Idy. Rosamunda de la forest ten. Ibid. Mag. Feod. In Tre- ueald. Bartholomeus de Bercle tenet dimid. Mag. Feod. In Tre- woleck. Iohannes de Tregage tenet dimid. Mag. Feod. In Tre- nurdre. Episcop. Exon. Te. 5. Part. Mag. Feod. In Dinbegh. Rad. De Berthei ten. Ibid. 1. Paru. Feod. Henric. Ties te. 4. Part. Mag. Feod. In Trewarnayl. Item Rex ten. 4. Part. 1. Mag. Feod. In Trewarnayl. Ela de sanct. Colano ten. Ibid. Di. Paru. Feo. Mort. Ric. De sanct. Colano ten. Ratione Isoldae vxo. Eius ibid. Di. Paru. Feod. Mort. Rob. Thomy ten. In Caruaton 4. Part. 1. Paru. Feod. Barth. De Berckle te. In Tremor, di. Paru. Feo. Ioh. Darundle ten. Di. Paru, feod. In Treloy. Iohannes Hamelyn te. Di. Paru. Feod. In Trekinnen, Rad. Darundle te. Di. Paru. Feo. In Trekinnen. 

[44]

 Regin. De Botriaux ten. 5. Part. Paru. Feod. In Cut- fordferle. 

 Hundred de Powder. 

 Will. De Campo Arnulphi ten. In Tiwardraith 1. Feo. Vnde Prior ten. 3. Acr. & di. Ibi. Idem Will. Ten. In Bodrigan Penarth & Cargois 3. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Gouely 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Prideas 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Lishiestick 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Treuerlynwater di. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Bodenda 4. Part. 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten, in Treuerbindren 5. Par. I. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Tronneck 5. Part. 1. Feod. Idem Will. Ten. In Tronalgerthan 4. Part. 1. Feod. Episcop. Exon. Ten. In Caniwerez 1. Feod. Idem Episcop. Ten. In Trenel 1. Feod. Idem Episcop. Ten. In Taluren 1. Feod. Idem ten. In Fentengullyn di. Feod. Idem ten. In Tremnel di. Feod. Idem ten. In Trelonck. Di. Feod. Henr. De la Pomeray ten. 3. Part. 1. Feo. In Hellarna. Ioh. De Riparys ten. In Mauntayn di. Feod. Idem ten. In Trethak 1. Feod. Steph. De Belloprato ten. In Treuewith & Trewithy di. Feod. Paru. Serlo de Lauladro ten. Ibid. & in S. Goriann & in paru. Luntyan 1. Feod. & di. Paru. Rad. De Killigreu ten. Ibid. 1. Feod. Paru. Will, de Bodrigan ten. In Tremodret & in la roche 3. Feod. Paru. Serlo de Lauladro ten. In Alet 3. Part. 1. Feod. Will. Stanley & Comes de Riuers ten. 1. Feod. Mili. Mo. In Elerky. Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. In Eglosroset in Trelewith 1. Feod. Will. Baillisbury vaca. Vxo. Fuae ten. In Blanchelond 1. Feod. Henr. Fil. Maugi de Killigreu ten. In Trewyn 3. Part. 1. Feod. Ric. De Hiwisch ten. In Trenasanstel di. Feod. Idem ten. In Gloures 1. Feod. Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. In Argallez 1. Feod. Paru. Idem ten. In Fountomon 3. Part. 1. Feod. Paru. Haeres Thomas de Prideas ten. In Boswyghergy 2. Part. 1. Feod. Paru. Mat. De Trethake ten. In Tragameddon 2. Feo. Par. Rex. Ten. Aquam de Fawe pro 2. Feod. & 3. Part, 1. Feo. Henricus de la Pomerey ten. 12. Feod. In Tregony. 

 Hundred de Kerier. 

 WAlter. Wailisbury & Isolda vxor eius te. 3. Feod. In Rescronges dicta feod. Mortan. 

[45]

 Iohannis de Riparys te. In Rosewike 1. Feo. Mort. Episcop. Exon. Ten di. Mag. Feod. In Minstre. Rogerus de Carminon ten. 20. Part. 1. Feo. Mort. Extra 10. Part. Illius 20, in Wynnenton, Marthyn & Ta- merton. Thomas Durant ten. In Penzenguans, 1. Fe. Mort. Iohannes fil. Will. Ten. Di. Feod. In Arworthel per Car- tam Edwardi quondam Com. Cornub. Dict. Feod. Mor. 

 Euidentiae extractae de rubro libra de Scaccario, 143. Cornub. 

 RObertus de Cardinan 71. Feod. Milit. Reginaldus de Valle torta 59. De honore de Tre- meton. Thomas de Middleton 10. De honore de Midd. Will. De Botterill 12. Milit. Robertus fil. Walteri 11. Milit. De feod. Ric. De Lusti auunculi sui. Robertus de Peuerel 9. Milit. De feod. Eiusdem. Ric. Fil. Ric. 1. Feod. & 3. Part, cum haere de Rupe. Rad. Bloyon 7. Arehennaund. Flandrensis 7. Milit. Robertus de Tintagle 5. Milit. Henricus fil. Will. 4. Milit. Wil. De Albemarle 5. Milit. Cum relict, Robert. De Bikehat. Radulphus de Treat. 1. Milit. Ric. Wallensis 2. Milit. Wil. De Bosfco Roardi 2. Milit. Iohannes de monte acuto. Henricus de Pomeray. Henricus de Herys 1. Pharanus Warebras 1. Milit. Barth. Fil. 1. Milit. Gilbertus Anglicus 1. Milit. Symon Pincerna 1. Ric. Filius Iuonis 1. Ric. Buzon. 1. Henricus fil. Com. 1. Huardus de Bekelege 1. Walterius de Dunstan vil. 1. Milit. Hastul de Sullinge 4. Part. Robertus de Mandeuil 1. Milit. Alicia de Valletorta 1. Milit. 

 Seriantes. 

 PEtrus fil. Ogeri 40. Cabulion per vnam Capam de Gresenge in aduentum dict. Regis in Cornu- biam. Rogerus Cithared 5. Pro portanda illa Capa dum Rex fuerit in Cornubia. 

[46]

 Iohan. De Pencoit vnam acram in Lametyn prec. De 5. S. Fac. Ibid, custodiam per 40. Dies. Rog. De Bodmel 1. Acram pro sequela in Com. Rob. Espiakelin duas acras & furuum in Lanceneton, vt eat in exercitum cum rege stipendiis ipsius Regis. 

 Extenta acrarum Cornub. Facta coram Salom. De Ross. & Sociis suis Iustic. Itinerant, apud Laun- ceston a die Paschae in 3. Septimanas anno Reg. Edw. 12. 

 Hundred de Penwith. 

 Decunar. De Tihidi. 70. Lanistly 28. Acr. Redwory 14. Acras. Alwarton. 64. Couerton. 45. Trefruss. 3. Treruffe. 1. Marchel. 23. Dreyneck. 5. Trefundryn. 20. Bennerton. 45. Maen. 15. Gurlyn. 15. Bree. 8. Loygans. 9. Kelyneck. 24. Tenent de Tregony. 9. Warewil. 25. Penuerthy. 8. Tredyne. 1. Vthno. 8. Trewannard. Prior Mich. 8. Kelision. 6. Treynwal. 20. Tredeny. 3. Luddeuan. 55. Sum. 532. Acr. 

 Hundred de Kerier

 Talgollon. 6. Carmynow. 18. Pensignans. 6. Wymanton. 12. Kenel 1. Di. Trebrabo. 24. Arwothel. 9. S. Mawgan. 9. Restrongas. 21. Helston. 30. Penryn. 21. Methele. 15. Treros. 6. Trenhale. 6. Minster. 12. Godolghan 13. Als. Epo. 9. Trewotheck. 6. Pengirsick, 6. Trenaweth. 9. Rogearon. 9. Trelan. 9. Wenna. 9. Rosewike. 30. Trelew. 9. Als. 1. Ac. Exo. Lysard. 12. Presprinick. 6. Tredaneck. 6. Trelybey. 9. Tucays. 6. Luceas 31. Als. 31. Ac. Ex. Clehar. 6. Sum. 397. Acr. & dimid. 

 Hundred de Pider. 

 Deci. De naushike pro. 6. Trewenneck. 3. Kalestek. 4. Trewoleck. 9. Elineas. 24. Bodwenek. 9. Dygimbris. 39. Rialton parua. 57. Treloy. 9. Trenowith. 3. 

[47]

 S. Ify. 14. Treworder Bilcon. 12. Lanheyl Tinten. 18. Meddeschole. 9. Methean. 2. S. Peran. 3. Trewarnayl. 51. Eliquyn. 6. Carantock. 18. Cargoule. 39. Ryalton. 18. Porthe. 9. Lanhernow. 18. Carnaton. 14. Pawton. 120. Tregennow. 9. Aldennow. 21. Tremblithe. 4. Lantallen. 4. Gluuian. 3. Tremore. 6. Withiel. 15. Banhedrek. 9. Ryalton magna. 57. Retergh. 9. Cotford felle. 15. Trewynnian. 3. Berthey. 24. Meyndy. 6. Cragantallen. 3. Sum. 700. Acr. 

 Hundred de Powder. 

 Decuna de Tregaire. 93. Treworeck & Trew. 24. Inde alloc. 20. Ac. Pro. Do. Tremodreth. 18. Deuon. Treueruen & Poldu. 15. Blanchelond. 11. Eglosros. 3. Argallas. 6. Crogith & Caryheges. 9. Trenoweth. 9. Treuanion. 6. Kestel & Coran. 6. Lanhaddron. 4. Trelueck. 1. Boderdel. 20. Trelewith. 6. Brithion. 8. Tewynton. 33. Lanestek. 6. Tregony Pomeray. 32. Elerky. 42. Tredaek. 20. Werneckbosueleck. 4. Gouily. 9. Cargoul. 8. Pennarth. 9. Tretherf. 3. Trenyeck & Golours. 7. Di. Pentewyn. 3. Trethewy. 6. S. Goron. 6. Boswiththe. 20. Beranel. 36. Trenance priour. 12. Trenananstle. 8. Killiuregh. 2. Tregarreck. 14. Landegy. 9. Maresk 36. Pro reg. Al- Tregamedon. 6. Loc. 2. Alet. 12. Bodrugan. 9. Berthey Brune. 3. Treualgarthyn. 3. Growith & Trewithgy. 30. Lauada. 1. Treworeck. 9. Pridiaux. 12. Tybest & Penkeuel. 42. Tywascreth. 36. Treueruyn. 3. Pensentimow. 6. Nantyan. 36. Kenewyn. 1. Sum. 573. Acr. & dimid. 

 Hundred de Trigg. 

 Egloshayl. 7. Di. Lannousun. 18. Penpout. 21. Bendeuy. 36. 

[48]

 Namail. 3. Roscarreck Bighan. 3. Hundr. De Trig. 9. Tregradeck. 16. Trelindret. 1. Di. Lancarff. 6. Tinten. 12. Pentir. 1. Di. Trenesquit. 18. Trewornar. 18. Peterow. 6. Penrosburdon. 12. Boddannan. 27. Killigint. 18. Deliodbol. 6. Tridiseck. 18. Bliston. 33. Heligan. 9. Canta. 1. Di. Reskarrekam. 9. Broneyr. 2. Linnoban. 66. Rugog. 9. Bodymel. 12. Delioner. 9. Trehaneck. 6. Polroda. 15. Hellaund. 6. Killigen. 9. Tamitethy. 12. Portligwyn. 1. Di. Lanowseynt. I8. Sum. 473. & dimid. 

 Hundred de Lesnewith. 

 Hellesland. 57. Cydmonth. 7. Treualga. 18. Powndstock. 9. Treuilla. 3. Donneny. 18. Cracampton. 12. Treseward. 7. Di. Dysard. 6. Bochym. 21. Wolueston. 9. Boleny. 8. Treglasta. 35. Ebsett. 21. Mokelound. 8. S. Genys. 10. Treuerueth. 9. Whalsborow. 8. Wortheual. 29. Otterham. 12. Lesnewith. 24. Tremayl. 6. Sum. 337. & dimid. 

 Hundred de Stratton. 

 Decena de Middeland. Marwyn-church & extra. 2. 68. Di. Launceles. 20. Loghe. 2. Thurlebere. 12. Corg. 1. Weke. 15. Fanceston. 8. Wadfast. 17. Pennalym. 17. Wyldsworthy. 4. Efford. 21. Tamerton. 8. Bere. 3. Harnacot. 9. Di. Hilton. 20. Morton. 2. Forkeston & Brendon. 4. Kilkampton & Allerton. Witston & S. Petnel. 2. 68. Boyton & Bradbridge. 9. Stratton. 21. Dimid. Bryard. 5. Sum. 341. Acr. & dimid. 

[49]

 Hundred de East. 

 Penheal. 36. Landreyn. 3. Item ibid. 1. Clemyslond. 50. Tredawel. 13. Halton. 18. Trelosk. 14. Newton. 16. Tauestok. 27. Trematon. 80. Modeton. 9. Lanrake. 100. Cauilond. 44. Sheuiek. 100. Launcelond. 50. Tregilla. 12. Polisaund 6. Penquite. 11. Trefrys. 18. Carnedon. 8. Lawytton. 80. Rame. 20. Haston. 7. Bennalua. 20. Landilp & leghe. 14. Penhasgar. 26. Killaton. 20. Thorleton. 5. Treuaga. 13. Cranydon. 24. Trenymel. 12. Buysworek. 10. Penpol. 24. S. Germyn. 37. Treuartha. 3. Hamet. 7. Sum. 927. 

 Hundred de West. 

 Cardinan. 24. Treuellawan. 15. Breuigon. 6. Lanrethow. 12. Estdraynez. 6. S. Wynow. 4. Dimid. Tremethert. 24. Bocunek. 12. Recradock. 9. Treuilias. 3. Lutcot. 24. Trethu. 6. Pendryn. 6. S. Wot. 3. Killigath. 9. Perpol. 24. Plenynt. 9. Losnewith. 6. Manely. 12. Trethewy. 3. Polscoth. 1. Dimid. Penquite. 9. Botylet. 9. Boccalawar. 6. Killigoreck. 9. Tallan. 6. Baurylen & Hamiteth. 3. Trethek. 6. Dimid. Fowyton. 30. Langonet. 6. Treueruyn. 6. Rathwil. 1. Dimid, West Draynez. 6. Brothok. 3. Laskerd. 18. Penfran. 9. Crutour. 9. Colmettyn. 6. Trelowya. 6. Kelly & Mighstow. 3. Trenant. 6. Sum 353. 

 Sum. Tot. 5555. Dimid. Acr. 

[50]

 Nomina Baron. & Militum ex Rotulis de feodis Militum, vel de Scutagio Solutis Regi Richardo primo : In libro rubeo Scaccarii. 

 Cornubia. 

 WAlterus Hay 20. M. Per Agn. Vxorem suam. Nicholaus filius Galfridi 10. M. Willi. Boterell. 12. M. Alanus Blundus 7. M. Geruasius filius Willi. 5. M. Willi. Frater Comitis 4. M. Willi. Filius Ric. 5. M. Rad. De Rupe 3. M. Willi. Oliuer. 1. M. Henricus de Tredeleberg. 1. M. Richardus filius Iuo. Dim. M. Iohannes de Soleigny. Stephanus Flandrensis. 7. M. Alanus de Dunstauill. 1. M. Rogerus Anglicus. 1. M. Regium de Valletorta 51. M. Secundum quod Lucas filius Bernardi Senescallus euis mandauit per litteras Baron. De Scaccar. In Anno sexto Regis Richardi. Robertus de Cardin. 71. M. Secundum quod Senescallus eiusdem mandauit Baron. Eodem anno 6. R. 1. Galfridus de Lacell. Qui habet med. Feod. Q. Fuerunt Richard, de Lucy in hoc Com. 9. M. Sicut Ric. Filius Willi. Senescallus eius mandauit per breue, Anno regni Regis Richardi octauo. 

 Cornubia

 Anno 40. Henr. Tertii. 

 lllustri viro, Domino Henrico, Dei gratia, Regi Angliae, Domino Hiberniae, Duct Nor. Aquitan. & Com. Andeg. Vicecomes Cornubiae, salutem, cum omni reve- rentia & obsequio. Ad mandatum vestrum, nomina illorum qui ten. Quindecem libratas terrae vel plus, & tenent per seruitium militare, & milites non sunt, excellentiae vestrae praesentibus transmitto, vide- licet. 

 THomas de Tracy, cuius terrae in Cornubia valent 40. Libras & plus. Rogerus de Mesy. 16. Li. Stephanus de Bellocampo. 15. Li. Henr. Filius Henr. De la Pombre. 30. Li. Robertus de Carmeneu. 16. Li. Willi. Filius Roberti. 15. Li. Marc. Le Flamanc. 16. Li. 

[51]

 Willi. Wise. 16. Li. Iordanus de Hacumb. 14. Li. Robertas de Draenas. I5. Li. Philippus de Valletorta. 40. Li. Richard. De Grenuile. 50. Li. Henricus de Dones. 15. Li. 

 Nomina Militum, & aliorum hominum ad Arma, Anno Regni Regis Edw. Filii Regis Edw 17. 

 IOhannes de Treiagu vicecomes. 

 Nomina militum de Com. Cornubiae, tam infra libertates quam extra. 

 WIlli. De Botriaux. Reginaldus de Botriaux. Rad. De Albo Monasterio, Richard. De Campo Arnulphi. Henricus de Campo Arnulphi. 

 Le Petit. 

 THomas Lercedekne est in Vascoma in sericium Regis. Iohannes de Alneto. Iohannes de Tynten. Willi. De Ferrers. Robertus Bendyn. Reginaldus de Mohun. Robertus filius Willi. Impotens miles coronator Domini Regis. Iohannes de Carmenou. Otto de Bodrugan peregrinatus est ad San. Iacobum li- centia Domini Regis. 

 Nomina hominum ad Arma In Com. Cornubiae. 

 IOhannes de Dynham. Rad. De Bloyen. Willi. Basset. Oliuerus de Carminou. Henricus de Peng. Rogerus de Reskymmer. Iohannes de Lambron. Iohannes le Scor. De Taluran. 

[52]

 Richardus de Cerefeaux iunior. Iohannes de Pyn. Rogerus Pridyas. Rad. De Bello Prato, peregrinatus est cum Ottone de Bodrugan, cum licentia regis pro se & duobus va- lectis. 

 Isti praenominati habent 40. Libr. Terrae & redditus per annum. Alii multi Armigeri desunt, nomina eorum dilace- rata, non possunt legi in originali. 

 EDwardus Dei gratia, Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, & Dux Aquit. Vicecomiti Cornub. Salutem. Cum nuper tibi praeceperimus, quod omnes & singulos de balliua tua in- fra libertates & extra, tam illos qui viginti libratas terrae & redditus per annum habent, quam illos similiter qui plus habent, de quocunq; teneant sine delatione rogares, & speci- aliter requireres ex parte nostra, fermiterq, iniungentes eis- dem, quod essent ad nos Londini die dominica prox. Post octa- vas Sci. Iohannis Bapt. Proximo futuras, cum equis & Ar- mis, videlicet, quilibet eorum prout decuerit statum suum, parati transfretare cum corpore nostro, partes transmarinas, ad Dei nostri & ipsorum honorem, ut speramus, & pro sal- uatione & communi utilitate regni nostri, tibi praecipimus, firmiter iniungentes, quod mandato nostro praedicto diligenter & celeriter executo, nos de nominibus omnium illorum de balliua tua quos sit rogaueris ad dictam diem dominie. Dis- tincte & aperte, sub sigillo tuo certiores reddere non omittas: Remittens nobis tunc hoc breue. Teste meipso apud Portes- mouth, 24. Die Maii, Anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto. 

 Nomina eorum qui habent viginti libratas terrae, seu redditus vel amplius, in Com. Cornubiae. 

 DOminus Oliuerus de Denham. Dominus Willi. De Boteraus Senior. Dominus Willi. De Boteraus maior. Dominus Willi. De Campo Arnulphi. Dominus Thomas de Kan. Dominus Stepha. De Bello Prato. Dominus Rogerus de Carminou. Dominus Thomas de Pridias. Dominus Hugo Peuerell. Dominus Iohannes de Lambron. Dominus Rad. Bloyhon. Dominus Iohannes filius Willi. Dominus Osbertus le Sor. Dominus Robertus Gifford. Dominus Richardus de Huwyse. Dominus Reg. De Beuill. Dominus Richardus de Reskymer, Dominus Henricus de la Pomerey. Dominus Petrus de Fysac. Dominus Roulandus de Quoykyn. Dominus Richardus de Greneuyle. Dominus Walterus de Cornubia. 

[53]

 Dominus Reginaldus de Botreaus. Thomas le Erchideakene. Serlo de Lansladeron. Walterus de Trem. Steph. De Trewythen. Odo de la Roche. Willi. Del Estre. Rad. Filius Oliueri de Arundell. Willi. De Bret. Mich. Le Petit. Iohannes de Kellerion. Henricus de Kymyell. Iohannes de Arundell. Rogerus le Flemming. Richardus le Ceariseus. Iohannes de Tynton. Rad. De Cheyndut. Robertus le Brun. Stephanus de Trewynt. Robertus filius Willi. Thomas de Waunford. Rogerus Cola. Rogerus de Meules. Iohannes de Kylgat. Richardus de Trenaga. Philip. De San. Wynnoko, Iohannes de Thurlebere. 

NOW to weaue on our former web. The ancient maner of Cornishbuilding, was to plant their houses lowe, to lay the stones withmorter of lyme and sand, to make the walles thick, their windowesarched and little, and their lights inwards to the court, to sethearths in the midst of the roome, for chimneyes, which vented thesmoake at a louer in the toppe, to couer their planchings with earth, to frame the roomes not to exceede two stories, and the roofes torise in length aboue proportion, and to bee packed thick with timber, seeking therethrough onely strength and warmenesse; whereasnow-adayes, they seat their dwellings high, build their wallesthinne, lay them with earthen morter, raise them to three or fourestoaries, mould their lights large, and outward, and their roofessquare and slight, coueting chiefly prospect and pleasure. As forGlasse and Plaister for priuate mens houses, they are of late yeeresintroduction. 

The poore Cotager contenteth himselfe with Cob for his wals, andThatch for his couering: as for Brick and Lath walles, they canhardly brooke the Cornish weather: and the vse thereof being put intriall by some, was found so vnprofitable, as it is not continuedby any. 

It resteth, that after the Cornish Inhabitants reall priuate estate, I speake of their entercourse and traffike, and so step forth totheir personal. 

This entercourse is obtayned by high wayes and Bridges: for highwayes, the Romanes did not extend theirs so farre: but those layd out oflater times, are in the Easterne part of Cornwall, vneasy, by reasoneither of their mire or stones, besides many vp-hils and downe-hils. [54] The Westerne are better trauaileable, as lesse subiect to thesediscommodities: generally, the statute 18. Eliz. For their amendement, is reasonably wel executed. 

Bridges, the riuer Tamer hath Polston, Gresham, Horse, and New Bridge. Lyner, that at Noddetor, Seton, and Loo, two bridges of the same name. Foy riuer, Reprin, Lostwithiel, S. Nighton, or Niot. Fala riuer, Grampord, Tregny. Loo riuer, Helston. On the North coast, vponCamel, Wade, Dilland & Helland. Vpon Deuon, Trywartheuy, &c. Forthey are worth no curious enquiry. 

For maintenance of traffike by buying and selling, there are weekelymarkets kept: In the Hundred of East, at Saltash, Launceston, andMilbrook. In west H. At Loo, and Liskerd. In Stratton H. At theTowne of the same name. In Lesnewith H. At Bottreaux Castle, andCamelford. In Powder H. At Foy, Lostwithiel, Grampord, Tregny, and Truro. In Trig H. At Bodmin. In Kerier Hun. At Helston, and Perin. And in Penwith Hundred, at Pensants, and at S. Ies. Of these, Bodmyn and Launceston are the greatest: this as placed inthe broadest, that in the middle part of the Countie. 

Fayres there are many, some of which here ensue. 

March 13. At Bodmyn, Helston, S. Michaels mount. April 24. At Loo. 25. At S. Columbs, S. Probus. May 1. At Launceston, Perin. Iune 11. At Minhinet, 24. At Launceston, Pelint, Probus, ColombsIuly, on S. Margets day, at S. Stephens. S. Thomas transl, at Camelford. On S. Iames day, at Golsinni, Saltash. August 1. At S. Germaines. On S. Laurence day, at S. Laurence. On the Assumption of our Lady, at Lalant, September, on S. Mathews day, at Liskerd, on S. Bartholmews, at Lostwithiel, on the Natiuitie of our Lady, at Kellington, S. Marie weeke, and Marcasiow. October, on S. Dionise day, at Treuenna in Tintagel, Nouember, on S. Katherins day, at S. Thomas. On S. Leonards day, at Launceston and Tregny. December, on S. Nicholas day, at Bodmyn. 

And because traffike cannot bee exercised without waights andmeasures, a word or two of them. 

Touching wayghts, the statute 12. H. 7. Which made a generallordinance therein, did specially exempt those appertayning to thecunnage, in Deuon and Cornwall, viz. That they should be priuiledgedto continue their former vsage. 

In measures the Shire varieth, not only from others, but also in itselfe: for they haue a land-measure, and a water-measure: thewater-measure, of things sold at the ships side (as salt and peason)by the Inhabitants, is sixteene gallons the bushell; by strangers, betweene 18. And 24. The land-measure differeth in diuers places, from 18. To 24. Gallons the bushell, being least in the East parts, and increasing to the Westwards, where they measure Oates bythe hogshead. 

The Iustices of peace haue oftentimes indeuoured to reduce thisvariance to a certaintie of double Winchester: but though they raysedthe lower, they cannot abate the higher to this proportion: and yetfrom the want of this reformation, there ensue many inconueniences;for the Farmer that hath the greatest bushell at the market, maketha price for the lesser to follow with little, (or at least) norateable deduction. Besides, they sell at home to their neighbours, the [55] rest of the weeke, by the smaller meafure, as was paydin the market for the bigger. 

There are also some Ingrossers, who buy Wheat of the husbandman, after 18. Gallons the bushell, and deliuer it to the transportingMarchant, for the same summe, at 16. 

So doth their Pearch exceed that of other Countries, which amountethvnto 18. Foote. And it is likewise obserued by strangers, that theCornish miles are much longer then those about London, if at leastthe wearinesse of their bodies (after so painefull a iourney) blemishnot the coniecture of their mindes. I can impute this generallenlargement of saleable things, to no cause sooner, then the Cornishmans want of vent and money, who therethrough, to equall others inquality of price, is driuen to exceed them in quantitie of measure. 

Touching the personall estate of the Cornish Inhabitants, to beginwith their name in generall, I learne by master Camden (who, as theArch-antiquarie Iustus Lipsius testifieth of him, Britanniae nebulasclaro ingenij sole illustrauit) that Ptolomey calleth them Damnonii, Strabo Ostidamnii, and Aretemidorus, Cossini. 

Touching their particular denominations; where the Saxons haue notintruded their newer vsances, they partake in some sort with theirkinsmen the Welsh: for as the Welshmen catalogize ap Rice, apGriffin, ap Owen, ap Tuder, ap Lewellin, &c. Vntill they end in thehighest of the stock, whom their memorie can reach vnto: So theWesterne Cornish, by alike, but more compendious maner, intitle oneanother with his owne & his fathers christen name, and conclude withthe place of his dwelling; as Iohn, the sonne of Thomas, dwelling atPendaruis, is called Iohn Thomas Pendaruis. Rich. His yonger brotheris named, Richard Thomas Pendaruis, &c. Through which meanes, diuersGent. And others haue changed their names, by remoouing theirdwellings, as Trengoue to Nance, Bonithon, to Carclew, two brethrenof the Thomasses, the one to Carnsew, the other to Rescrowe, andmany other. 

Most of them begin with Tre, Pol, or Pen, which signifie a Towne, a Top, and a head: whence grew the common by-word. 

 By Tre, Pol, and Pen, You shall know the Cornishmen. 

Neither doe they want some signification, as Godolfin, aliasGodolghan, a white Eagle: Chiwarton, the greene Castle on the hill:which Gentlemen giue such Armes; Reskimer, the great Dogges race, who beareth a Wolfe passant. Carnsew, alias, Carndew, a black rock:his house Bokelly, which soundeth the lost Goat: and a Goate hebeareth for his coate: Carminow, a little Citie: Cosowarth, thehigh Groue, &c. 

And as the Cornish names hold an affinity with the Welsh, so is theirlanguage deduced from the same source, and differeth onely in thedialect. But the Cornish is more easie to bee pronounced, and notso vnpleasing in sound, with throat letters, as the Welsh. 

A friend of mine, one master Thomas Williams, discoursed once withmee, that the Cornish tongue was deriued from, or at least had someacquayntance with the Greeke: and besides diuers reasons which heeproduced to proue the same, he vouched many wordes of one sencein both; as for example :

[56]

 Greeke Cornish English

 Teino Tedna Draw Mamma Mamm Mother Episcopos Escoppe Bishop Klyo Klowo Heere Didaskein Dathisky To teach Kyon Kye Dogge Kentron Kentron Spurre Methyo Methow Drink Scaphe Scapth Boat Ronchos Ronche Snorting, &c. 

This language is stored with sufficient plenty to expresse theconceits of a good wit, both in prose and rime: yet they can no moregiue a Cornish word for Tye, then the Greekes for Ineptus, the Frenchfor Stand, the English for Emulus, or the Irish for Knaue. 

Others they have not past two or three naturell, but are fayne toborrow of the English: mary, this want is releeuved with a flood ofmost bitter curses, and spitefull nick-names. 

They place the adiective after the substantive, like the Greciansand Latines, as Father ours, March guiddn, horse white, &c. 

 1 2 3 4In numbring they say, Wonnen, Deaw, Tre, Pidder, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Pimp, Whey, Zith, Eath, Naw, Deag, Ednack, Dowthack, 13 14 15 16 17 18Tarnack, Puzwarthack, Punthack, Wheytack, Zitack, Itack, 19 20 40 100. 1000. 10000. Naunzack, Eygganz, Deaw Egganz, Cans, Mille, Molla. 

Durdatha why, is Good morrow to you. Trenestatha, Good night. Fatlugan a why: How do you?Da durdalathawhy: Wel I thanke you. Betha why Iawanneck: Be you mery. Benetugana: Farewell. 

A sister, they call Whoore:a whoore, whorra:a priest, coggaz:a partridge, grigear:a Mare, cazock. 

Relauta: by my troth. Warrasay: by my fayth. Molla tuenda laaz, ten thousand mischiefs in thy guts. Mille vengeance warna thy, a thousand vengeances take thee. Pedn ioll, deuils head:Pedn brauze, great head:pedn mowzack, stinking head:and so in Infinitum. 

Which termes, notwithstanding thogh they witnes their spite on theone side, yet retayne they as great a proofe of their deuotion on theother: for the Lords Prayer, the Apostles Creed, and the tencommaundements, haue beene used in Cornish beyond all remembrance. But the principall loue and knowledge of this language, liued inDoctor Kennall the Ciuilian, and with him lyeth buryed: for theEnglish speach doth still encroche vpon it, and hath driuen the sameinto the vttermost skirts of the shire. Most of the Inhabitants canno word of Cornish; but very few are ignorant of the English: and yetsome so affect their owne, as to a stranger they will not speake it:for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way or any such matter, your answere shal be, Meea nauidua cowzasawzneck, I can speake noSaxonage. The English which they speake, is good and pure, asreceyuing it from the best hands of their owne Gentry, and theEasterne Marchants: but they disgrace it, in part, with a broad andrude accent, and eclipsing (somewhat like the Somersetshire men)specially in pronouncing the names: as Thomas they call, Tummas &Tubby: Mathew, Mathaw: Nicholas, Nichlaaz: Reginald, Reinol: David, Daaui: Mary, Maari: Frauncis, [57] Frowncis: Iames, Iammez: Walter, Watty: Robert, Dobby: Rafe, Raw: Clemence, Clemmcowe, &c. Holdingherein a contrary course of extension to the Italians abridgement, who terme Frauncis, Cecco: Dominick, Beco : Lawrence, Renzo: as alsoto the Turks, who name Constantinople, Stampoli: Adrianople, Adrina:an Olifant, Fil: and the Sicilians, who curtayle Nicholas, to Cola. 

Besides these, they haue taken vp certayne peculiar phrases, which require a speciall Dictionarie for their interpretation:of which kinde are, Tis not 'bezibd' (fortuned) to me: Thou hast no 'road' (ayme), he will never 'scrip' (escape) it, he is nothing 'pridy' (handsome), 'boobish' (lubberly), 'dule' (comfort), 'lidden' (by-word), 'shune' (strange), 'thew' (threaten), 'skew' (shunne), 'hoase' (forbeare). 

To reproue one of lazines, they will say, Doest thou make Idlea coate? that is, a coate for idlenes? In coniecturing what numbermay effect a thing, they adde, or same: as two, or some: ten, or some:twentie, or some: id est, thereabouts. 

The other rude termes, wherewith Deuon and Cornish men are oftentwyted, may plead in their defence, not onely the prescription ofantiquitie, but also the title of proprietie, and the benefit ofsignificancy: for most of them take their source from the Saxon, our naturall language, and continue in vse amongst the Dutch:as Nimme commeth of Nimpt: Vang, of Fieng: the one importing ataking by ones selfe: the other by deliuery: both which we nowconfound. Ich to Ick, Cund to Cundigen, Lading, to Geladen:eruing goods, to Erbnuss. So Thwyting, is properly the cutting oflittle chippes from a stick. Pilme, the dust which riseth: Brusse, that which lyeth: which termes, as they expresse our meaning moredirectly, so they want but another Spencer, to make them passable. 

The number of Cornish Inhabitants, though it cannot directly beesummed, may yet proportionably be gessed at by the musters taken ofthe able men (hereafter set downe) which wee will value at a thirdpart of the whole, in ensuing Bodins rate. 

But another question falleth sometimes into scanning, namely, whether Cornwall haue heretofore beene better stored with people, then it is now. Some holde the affirmatiue, and vouch to prooue it, the generall decay of Inland townes, where whole streets, besidesparticular houses, pay tribute to Comdowne Castle, as also theruines yet resting in the wilde Moores, which testifie a formerinhabitance. Others incline againe to the negatiue, alleadging thereasons heretofore touched, in the deare price of farmes or bargaines, by which mine assent is rather swayed: for I suppose that thosewaste grounds were inhabited, and manured, when the Saxons and Danescontinual inuasions draue them to abandon the sea coasts, saue insuch townes, as were able to muster, vpon any sodaine occasion, a sufficient number for their owne defence. The residue retiredinto the heart of the land, where, vpon a longer warning, they mightsooner assemble from all sides, to make head, and the enemie in sofar a march and retrait, should aduenture a greater hazard to beedistressed by the way. Which policy the French were driuen vnto, in Edward the thirds time, vpon the Englishmens [58] often roades, and the Spaniards make vse of at this day, in their Indies. Touching the decayed Inland townes, they are counteruayled with asurplusage of increase of those on the coast, and the desolate walksin the Mores, haue begotten a seuen-fold race of cotages neere thesea side. And thus much of Cornwall compared with it selfe: now, if you match it with other champion Shires, methinks, I may gatherthe same to be better inhabited, within a like circuit of miles, because the plenty of hils & valleys, afford a large quantity ofground thereunto. He that cannot conceiue this, may read Polibiusin his 9 booke, where it is written, that for this reason, Lacedemon, being but fourty eight furlongs in compasse, contaynethmore dwellings then Megalopolis, which extendeth vnto fiftie. My last proofe is grounded on this, that where the most part of theshire is seuered into inclosures, you cannot easily make choyce tostand in any one of them, aboue a quarter of a mile distance fromsome dwelling house. 

After the names, language, and number thus perused, the Cornishpeoples disposition & quality of mind and body, as well ancientas present, and then their degrees and recreations, succeed to besurueyed. The first Inhabitants, or Aborigenes, as the Paynims held, resembled those whom our stories affirme Brute to haue found here athis landing, huge of body, rough of liuing, & sauage of conditions, whome an old Poet desciphered in certaine verses, which I receiued ofmy particular kind friend, and generally well-deseruing CountreymanM. Camden, now Clarentieulx, which he since hath published. 

 --Titanibus ilia, Sed paucis famulosa domus, quibus vda ferarum Terga dabant vestes, cruor haustus, pocula trunci: Antra lares, dumeta thoros, caenacula rupes, Praeda cibos, raptus venerem, spectacula caedes, Imperium vires, animos furor, impetus arma, Mortem pugna, sepulchra rubus, monstrisque gemebat Monticolis tellus, sed eorum plurima tractus, Pars erat Occidui, terror maiorque premebat, Te furor extremum Zephiri Cornubia limen. 

Which sound thus in English. 

 This was the Titans haunt, but with No plenty did abound, Whom beasts raw hides for clothing seru'd; For drinke, the bleeding wound ; Cups, hollow trees; their lodging, dennrs ; Their beds, brakes; parlour, rocks; Prey, for their food; rauine, for lust; Their games, life-reauing knocks. Their Empire, force; their courage, rage ; A headlong brunt, their armes ; Combate, their death; brambles, their graue. The earth groan'd at the harmes Of these mount-harbour'd monsters : but The coast extending West, Chiefe foyson had, and dire dismay, And forest fury prest Thee, Cornwall, that with utmost bound Of Zephire art possest. 

But afterwards, the Cornishmen, through the conuersation of forraineMarchants trading into their countrey for Tyn, by the testimony ofDiodorus Siculus; grew to a larger measure of ciuility, then otherstheir fellow, but more remoted Ilanders. From which ciuility, in thefruitful age of Canonization, they stepped a degree farder to holines, & helped to stuffe the church kalender with diuers Saints, either madeor borne Cornish. Such was Keby son to Solomon prince of Cor. SuchPeran, who if my author

[59a]

the Legend lye not) after that (like another Iohannes de temporibus)he had liued two hundred yeres with perfect health, tooke his lastrest in a Cornish parish, which therethrough he endowed with his name. And such were Dubslane, Machecu, & Manslunum, who (I speake vpon Math. Of Westm. Credit) forsooke Ireland, thrust themselues to sea, in aBoat made of three Oxe skinnes and a halfe, with seuen daies victuall, and miraculously arriued in Cornwall. 

Of Cornishmen, whose industrie in learned knowledges hath recommendedtheir fame to their posterity, these few as yet are onely come to mynotice: [1170] Iohn of Cornwall, a student at Rome, and other placesin Italy, wrote of the Incarnation of Christ, against Peter Lumbard, and dedicated the same to Pope Alexander the third, by whom he washighly fauoured. 

[1201] Simon Thurnay, after he had out-gone all the Oxford schollersin prophane learning (sayth the commendably paynefull Antiquarie, and my kind friend, Master Hooker) passed from thence to Paris, and there so profited in the study of diuinitie, that he attaynedthe chiefest place amongst the profound Sorbonists. But it was awindy knowledge that thus filled his sayles of glory, which grew atlast so to tempest his wittes, as he held Aristotle superior toMoses and Christ, and yet but equall to himselfe. But this extreamesurquedry, forfeyted his wittes, so as at last they could not seruehim to know any letter in the booke, or to remember ought that hehad done. 

In King Henry the thirds time, liued Michael of Cornwall, admirable(as those dayes gaue) for his variety of Latine rimes, who maintaynedthe reputation of his Countrey, against Henry de Abrincis, the KingsArch-Poet, but somewhat angerly, as it seemeth by these verses againstthe said de Abrincis:

 Est tibi gamba capri, crus Passeris, & latus Apri, Os leporis, catuli nasus, dens & gena muli, Frons vetulae, tauri caput, & color vndique Mauri His argumentis, quibus est argutia mentis, Quod non a Monstro differs, satis hic tibi monstro. 

[1292] Walter of Exon, a Franciscane Frier of Carocus in Cornwall, at the request of Baldwin of Exon (de-) formed the Historie ofGuy of Warwick. 

Godfrey, surnamed of Cornwall, was about that time a cunningSchoole-man, and Diuinitie Reader in Paris. 

[1342] William de Grenefild, from the Deanry of Chichester, stepped to the Chauncellorship of England, and Archbishoprick of York, under K. E. The first. 

In Ed, the seconds daies, one Geffrey of Cornwall, is remembredfor a writer. 

Iohn Treuisa, a Cornishman, liued in R. The 2. Raigne, & translateddiuers books into English. 

King Henry the fift not vnmindfull of the ciuiller Arts amongst hisMartiall exployts, founded an Vniversitie at Caen in Normandie, & appointed Michael Tregury of Cornwall, for his rare gifts inlearning, to bee Gouernour thereof. 

In Henry the sixts time, Iohn Skewish compiled certaine abbridgementsof Chronicles, and the warres of Troy. 

King Henry the 7. Promoted Iohn Arundel for his learning, to thesea of Excester. 

 Neither is Thomas Triuet to be forgotten, as a writer, [60]though he haue grauen his memory in a fairer letter, by building thecostly bridge at Bridge-water, of which sometimes he was Lord. 

Within our remembrance Cornwall hath bred or harboured Diuines, graced with the degree Doctorship, Moreman Tremayn, Nichols and Rolls. Bachelers, Medhope, Stowel, Moore, Denis. Of Preachers, the shireholdeth a number, plentifull in regard of other shires, though notcompetant to the full necessity of their owne, all commendablylabouring in their vocation, though not endowed with an equal abilityto discharge the same. 

In the Ciuil law there liued of late Doctor Kennals, & now dothDoctor Carew, one of the ancientest masters of the Chauncerie;in which calling, after his yonger yeres spent abroad to his benefit, he hath reposed himselfe. Bachelers there are Carnsew, Kete, & Denis. Barristers at the Common law, Chiuerton, Tremayne, Skawn, Michel, Moyle, Courtnay, Tub, Treffry, Sayer. These testifie the honesty oftheir carriage by the mediocrity of their estate: and (if they willgiue me leaue to report a iest) do verify an old Gentlemans prophesie, who said that there stood a man at Polton bridge (the first entranceinto Cornwall, as you passe towards Launceston, where the Assizes areholden) with a blacke bill in his hand, ready to knock downe all thegreat Lawyers, that should offer to plant themselues in that Countie. In earnest, whether it be occasioned through the countries pouerty, or by reason of the far distance thereof from the supremer Courts, or for that the multiplicity of petty ones neere at hand, appertainingto the Dutchy, Stannary, and Franchises, do enable the attourneyesand such like of small reading, to serue the peoples turne, and socurtail the better studied Counsellours profiting; once certayneit is, that few men of Law, haue either in our time, or in that ofour forefathers, growne heere to any supereminent height of learning, liuely-hood or authoritie. 

Of like fortune, but lesse number are the Phisicions; by how much thefewer, by so much the greater witnesses of the soyles healthfulnes. The most professors of that science in this Country, sauing only oneIo. Williams, can better vouch practise for their warrant, thenwarrant for their practise. Amongst these, I reckon Rawe Clyes ablack Smith by his occupation, and furnished with no more learning, then is suteable to such a calling, who yet hath ministred Phisikefor many yeeres, with so often successe & general applause, that notonly the home-bred multitude beleeueth mightily in him, but euenpersons of the better calling, resort to him from remote parts ofthe realme, to make trial of his cunning, by the hazard of theirliues; & sundry, either vpon iust cause, or to cloke their folly, report that they haue reaped their errands end at his hands. But farre more commendable is M. Atwel, sometimes Parson of Caluerlyin Deuon, & now of S. Tue in Cornwall. For besides other parts oflearning, with which he hath bene seasoned, he is not vnseene in theTheoricks of Phisike, & can out of them readily and probablydiscourse, touching the nature and accidents of all diseases. Besides, his iudgment in vrines commeth little behind the skilfullestin that profession. Mary his practise is somewhat strange and varyingfrom all others: for though now and then he vse blood-letting, anddoe ordinarily minister Manus Christi, and such like cordials, [61] of his owne compounding (a poynt fitting well with my humour, as enabling nature, who best knoweth how to worke) yet mostly for alldiseases he prescribeth milk, and very often milk and apples, a coursedeepely subiect to the exception of the best esteemed Practitioners;and such notwithstanding, as whereby either the vertue of themedicine, or the fortune of the Phisicion, or the credulitie ofthe Patient, hath recouered sundry out of desperate and forlorneextremities. 

This his reputation is of many yeeres standing, and maintayneth itselfe vnimpayred. But the same soareth to an higher pitch, by thehelpe of another wing, and that is, his liberalitie. On the poorehe bestoweth his paines & charges gratis: of the rich he takethmoderately, but leaues the one halfe behind, in gift amongstthe houshould, if he be called abroad to visit any: The rest togetherwith the profits of his benefice (rather charitably accepted thenstrictly exacted from his Parishioners) he powreth out with bothhands in pios vsus, and will hardly suffer a penny to sleepe, butneuer to dwell with him. 

Few Townes there are in Cornwall, or any other shire between that andLondon, which haue not in some large measure tasted of his bountie. None commeth in kindnes to see him, but departed gratifyed withsomewhat, if his modestie will accept it. Briefly, his soundaffection in religion, is so wayted on by honesty of life, andpleasantnesse of conuersation, that in Fabritius his voluntarypouertie, he is an equall partner of his honour, and possesseth alarge interest in the loue of his neighbours. My loue to vertue, and not any particular beholdingnes, hath expressed this my testimony. 

For persons imployed in state affaires, and there-through steptto preferment, that I may not outstride late remembrance, Sir Richard Edgecumb the elder, was Comptroller of the houshold, and priuie Counseller to King Henry the seuenth, being sent by himalso in diuers Ambassades, in one of which to the Duke of Britainehe deceased. 

King Henry the eight made like vse in this last kind, ofIohn Tregonwel, who graduated a Doctor, and dubbed a Knight, did hisPrince good seruice, and left faire reuenewes to his posterity. 

Sir Thomas Arundel, a younger brother of Lanhearn house, maried thesister to Queene Katherine Howard, & in Edward the 6. Time was madea priuie Counseller: but cleauing to the Duke of Somerset, he losthis head with him. 

Sir Henry Killigrew, after Ambassades and messages, and many otheremployments of peace and warre, in his Princes seruice, to the goodof his Countrey, hath made choyce of a retyred estate, and reuerentlyregarded by all sorts, placeth his principall contentment inhimselfe, which, to a life so well acted, can no way bee wanting. 

Master George Carew, in his yonger yeeres gathered such fruit, asthe Vniuersitie, the Innes of Court, and forrayne trauell couldyeeld him: vpon his returne, he was first called to the Barre;then supplyed the place of Secretarie to the Lord Chauncellour Hatton;and after his decease, performed the like office to his twosuccessours, by speciall recommendation from her Maiestie, who alsogaue him the Prothonotaryship of the Chauncery, and in anno, 1598. Sent him Ambassadour [62] to the King of Poland, and other NothernPotentates' where, through vnexpected accidents, he vnderwentextraordinary perils, but God freed him from them, & he performedhis duty in acceptable maner, and at this present the common wealthvseth his seruice, as a Master of the Chauncery. 

Cornwall, no doubt, hath affoorded a far larger proportion of welldeseruing and employed members, to the good of their Prince andCountrey, albeit they fall not within the compasse of my knowledge, &. It is likely that the succeeding age wil much encrease thenumber, by meanes of her Highnes bounty, who to that end hathestablished seed-plots of free Schooles, with competent pentions outof her owne cofers, for the teachers at Saltash, Launceston, andPerin, three market townes of the County. 

In descending to martiall men, Arthur claimeth the first mention, a Cornishman by birth, a King of Britaine by succession, & the secondof the three Christian worthies by desert: whom (if you so please)that Captayne of Armes and Venery, Sir Tristram, shall accompany. From them, I must make a great leap (which conuinceth me an vnworthyassociat of the antiquary Colledge) to Sir Iohn Naphant who (if Imistake not) was by country a Cornish man, though by inhabitance aCalisian, where H. 7. Vsed his seruice in great trust; and CardinalWolsey owned him for his first master. More assured I am, thatSir Iohn Arundell of Trerne, vpon a long fight at sea, took prisonerone Duncane Camel, a hardy Scottish Pirate, and presented him toK. H. The 8: for our Chronicles report it. Towards the end of thatKings raine, Sir Wil. Godolphin also demeaned himselfe very valiantlyin a charge which hee bare beyond the seas, as appeared by theskarres hee brought home, no lesse to the beautifying of his fame, then the disfiguring of his face: Whose Nephew, of the same nameand dignity, hath so inriched himselfe with sufficiency for mattersof policy, by his long trauell, & for martial affaires, by his presentvaliant cariage in Ireland, that it is better knowne, how far heoutgoeth most others in both, then easily to be discerned for whichhe deserueth principall commendation himselfe. So did Sir Rich. Greinuile the elder enterlace his home Magistracy, with martiallemployments abroad: whereof the K. Testifyed his good liking byhis liberality. Which domestical example, encouraged his sonneRoger the more hardily to hazard, & the more willingly to resignhis life in the vnfortunate Mary Rose. A disposition & successeequally fatall to that house: for his sonne againe, the secondSir Ric. After his trauell and following the warres vnder theEmperour Maximilian, against the great Turke, for which his nameis recorded by sundry forrain writers and his vndertaking to peopleVirginia and Ireland, made so glorious a conclusion in her Maiestiesship the Reuenge (of which he had charge, as Captaine, & of the wholefleet as Vice-admirall) that it seemed thereby, when he found noneother to compare withall in his life, he striued through a vertuousenuy to exceed it in his death. A victorious losse for the realme;and of which the Spaniard may say with Pirrhus, that many suchconquests would beget his vtter ouerthrow. Lastly, his son Iohntook hold of euery martiall occasion that was ministred him, vntill, in seruice against her Highnesse enemies, vnder the command ofSir Walter Ralegh, the Ocean became his bedde of honour. Neither mayI without wrong passe ouer Captaine George Wray in silence, who (by arare temperature of vertues) breathed courage into his soldiers, purchased loue amongst his acquaintance, and bred dismay in hisenemies. Or captaine Hender, the absolutest man of war for preciseobseruing martiall rules which his dayes afforded, besides hiscommendable sufficiencie of head and hand for inuention and execution. I will end with master William Lower, late captaine of Sir FrauncisVeres companie in Netherland, who hath opened the war schoole vnto agreat many Cornish young gentlemen, that vnder his conduct sought toconforme themselues to his patterne, euerie way accomplished, with allthe due parts of honour. 

For Mechanical sciences the old Veale of Bodmyn might iustly expostulatewith my silence, if I should not spare him a roome in his Suruey, while hee so well deserues it. This man hath beene so beholden toMercuryes predominant strength in his natiuitie, that without a teacherhee is become very skilfull in welneere all manner of handy-crafts:a Carpenter, a Ioyner, a Milwright, a free-Mason, a Clockmaker, a Caruer, mettall founder, Architect, & quid non? yea a Surgeon, Phisicion, Alchumist, &c. So as that which Gorgias of Leontium vauntedof the liberall sciences, he may professe of the mechanicall, viz. To be ignorant in none. 

The Cornish minds thus qualified, are the better enabled to expressethe same by the strong, actiue, &c healthfull constitution of theirbodies; touching each whereof a little in particular, though we shallhaue a fitter generall occasion to discourse therof, where we handletheir passetimes. For strength, one Iohn Bray (well knowne to me asmy tenant) carried vpon his backe, at one time, by the space welneereof a Butte length, sixe bushels of wheaten meale, reckoning fifteengallons to the bushel, and the Miller a lubber of foure and twentyyeres age, vpon the whole. 

Iohn Romane, a short clownish grub, would beare the whole carkase ofan Oxe, and yet neuer tugged with him, like that so famous Milo, when hee was a Calfe. 

For activity, one Kiltor, committed to Launceston Gayle for the lastCornish commotion, laying there in the castle-greene vpon his back, threw a stone of some pounds wayght, ouer that Towres top, whichleadeth into the parke. 

For health, 80. & 90. Yeres age, is ordinary in euery place, and inmost persons, accompanied with an able vse of the body & his sences. One Polzew, lately liuing, reached vnto 130, a kinsman of his, to 112. One Beauchamp to 106. Yea Brawne the begger, a Cornishman bywandring (for I cannot say, by inhabitance) though Irish by birth, out-scoreth a hundred winters, by I wote not how many reuolutions. And in the parish where God hath seated my poore dwelling, I rememberthe decease of foure, within 14. Weekes space, whose yeres addedtogether, made vp the summe of 340. 

Now to the degrees of their seuerall callings, wherein as I will poastouer the Dukes to another place, so for Noblemen, I may deliuer in aword, that Cornwall at this present enioyeth the residence of noneat al. The occasion whereof groweth, partly, because their issuefemale haue caried away the Inhabitance, together with theInheritance, to Gentlemen of the Easterne parts: and partly, for thattheir issue male, little affecting [64] so remote a corner, likedbetter to transplant their possessions neerer to the heart of theRealme. Elder times were not so barraine: for besides the LordTregoyes in Wil. Conquerours dayes, Bottraux Castle vaunted his Baronof that title; both now descended to the Earles of Huntingdon: thelast deceased of which, retayning the honour, departed with the landto my kinde friend master Iohn Hender, a Gentleman for his good parts, employed by her Maiestie amongst others, in the peace gouernment ofthe shire. 

The Lord Bonuile his house was at Trelawne, alias, Trelawney, latelypurchased of her Highnes, by Sir Ionathan Trelawny, a Knight wellspoken, stayed in his cariage, and of thrifty prouidence. 

The Lord Bray dwelt at [blank]: the Lord Brooke, at Kellington, whereone of them hath his tombe: the Lord Marney at Colquite: and theLord Denham at Cardenham. 

Boconnock also appertained to the Earles of Deuon, and was byFrauncis Earle of Bedford, solde to Sir William Mohun, who deriuedhis pedigree from the ancient Barons of that name, and is also issuedfrom one of those Earles of Deuons sisters and heyres. This togetherwith other fayre possessions, now resteth in Sir Reignald Mohun hissonne, one that by his courteous, iust, and liberall course of life, maintayneth the reputation, and encreaseth the loue alwayes bornehis ancestours. 

The most Cornish Gentlemen can better vaunt of their pedigree, thentheir liuelyhood: for that, they deriue from great antiquitie, (and Imake question, whether any shire in England, of but equall quantitie, can muster a like number of faire coate-Armours) whereas thisdeclineth to the meane. One cause there is of both proceeding fromthe want of those supplies, which seruice, law and marchandise, affordthe more inward Inhabitants of the Realme, as I haue elsewheretouched: yet this rule is not so generall, but that it admitteth hisexceptions: for there are diuers, whose patrimonies extend to a largeproportion; & for the residue, the cheapnes of their prouisions, andtheir casualties of Tyn, and fines (which 2. Later ordinarily treblethe certaine reuennue of their rents) enable them with their fewscores, to equall the expences of those Easterne dwellers, who reckonby the hundreds: besides, they finde meanes by a suruey, to defray anyextraordinarie charge of building, marriage, lawing, or such like. Yet I cannot denie, but that some, in gaping for dead mens shooes, find their improuident couetous humour punished with going barefoot. 

This angle which so shutteth them in, hath wrought manyinterchangeable matches with eche others stock, and giuen beginningto the prouerbe, that all Cornish gentlemen are cousins; which endethin an injurious consequence, that the king hath there no cousins. They keepe liberall, but not costly builded or furnished houses, giue kind entertainement to strangers, make euen at the yeeres endwith the profits of their liuing, are reuerenced and beloued of theirneighbours, liue void of factions amongst themselues (at leastwisesuch as breake out into anie daungerous excesse) and delight not inbrauerie of apparrell: yet the women would be verie loth to comebehind the fashion, in [65] newfanglednes of the maner, if not incostlynes of the matter, which may perhaps ouer-empty their husbandspurses. They conuerse familiarly together, & often visit one another. A Gentleman and his wife will ride to make mery with his nextneighbour; and after a day or twayne, those two couples goe to athird: in which progresse they encrease like snowballs, till throughtheir burdensome waight they breake againe. 

And heere I thought requisite, to lay downe the names of such Cornishgentlemen, as I find recorded to haue come in with the Conquerour. 

 Gentlemen descended from those, who came in with the Conquerour, and now resi- ding in Cornwall. 

 Arundell. Greinuile. 

 Basset. Karrow, alias, Carew. Bluat, alias, Bluet. Beauchamp. Mowne, alias, Mohun. Bray. Malet. Bellet. Miners. Beuill. Barret. Pomeray. 

 Courtenay. Rouse. Chaumont, alias, Chamond. Samtalbin, alias, Semtabyn. Denis. Saulay, alias, Saule. 

If the variety of Armes disclaime from any of these names, I will notstand vpon a stiffe iustification: and yet it is to bee noted, thatdiuers Cornish Gentlemen, borne yonger brothers, and aduanced bymatch, haue left their owne coats, & honoured those of their wiueswith the first quarter of their shields. Which error their posteritielikewise ensued, as also, that before these later petty differencesgrew in vogue, the Armes of one stocke were greatly diuersified in theyounger braunches. 

I had also made a more paynful, then perfect collection of most ofthe Cornish Gentlemens names & Armes: But because the publishingthereof might perhaps goe accompanied with diuers wrongs, to my muchreuerenced friends the Heralds, by thrusting my sickle into theirharuest; to a great many my Countrymen, whom my want of informationshould be forced to passe ouer vnmentioned; and to the truth it selfe, where my report (relying vpon other mens credits) might through theirerrour intitle me the publisher (though not the author) of falshood:I rather thought fit altogether to omit it, and to note onely, that ofdiuers Gentlemen there haue bene in Cornwall, either their names areworne out, or their liuings transferred by the females, into otherfamilies: as likewise, sundry of those there now inhabiting, arelately denized Cornish, being generally drawne thither (besides othermore priuate respects) through eyther the desire of change, which thedisease of discontent affecteth, or the loue of quiet in so remotea corner, or the supposall of commodities there arising, and accruing, or the warrantize from ouerlooking & bearing, where little differencein quality tendeth to an [66] equality in estates. 

From Gentility, we wil descend to ciuility, which is or should be inthe townesmen. Those in Cornwall do no more by nature, then otherselsewhere by choyce, conceiue themselves an estranged society fromthe vpland dwellers, and cary, I will not say a malice, but anemulation against them, as if one member in a body could continue hiswel-being without a beholdingnes to the rest. Their chiefest tradeconsisteth in vttering their petty marchandises, & Artificers laboursat the weekly markets. Very few among them make vse of thatoportunity, which the scite vpon the sea proffereth vnto many, forbuilding of shipping, and traffiking in grosse: yet some of theEasterne townes piddle that way, & some others giue themselues tofishing voyages, both which (when need requireth) furnish herMaiesties nauy with good store of very seruiceable Mariners. 

There are (if they be not slaundered) that hunt after a more easiethen commendable profit, with little hazard, and (I would I couldnot say) with lesse conscience. Anno 32. H. 8. An act of Parliamentwas made for repayring, amongst others, the Borough townes ofLaunceston, Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Bodmyn, Truro, and Helstonin Cornwall, but with what fruit to their good, I cannot relate. 

Within late yeeres memorie, the sea-coast Townes begin to proclaimetheir bettering in wealth, by costly encrease of buildings; but thoseof the Inland, for the most part, vouch their ruined houses, andabandoned streets, as too true an euidence, that they are admittedno partners in this amendment. If I mistake not the cause, I maywith charitie inough wish them still the same fortune: for as iselsewhere touched, I conceyue their former large peopling, to hauebin an effect of the countries impouerishing, while the inuasion offorraine enemies draue the Sea-coast Inhabitants to seeke a more safe, then commodious abode in those Inland parts. 

Strangers occasioned to trauaile through the shire, were wont, nolesse sharply then truly, to inueigh against the bad drinke, courselodging, and slacke attendance which they found in thosehouses thatwent for Innes: neither did their horses better entertainment, prouethem any welcomer ghests then their masters: but in stead of remedy, they receyued in answere, that neither such an outcorner wasfrequented with many wayfarers, nor by hanging out signes, orforestalling at the Townes end, like the Italians, did they inuiteany; and to make great prouision vpon small hope of vtterance, wereto incurre a skorne-worthy losse, seeing Aspettare, & nonvenire (saith the same Italian) is one of the tre cose da morire. 

Touching the Yeomanarie of Cornwall, I can say little, worth theobserving, for any difference from that of other shires, and thereforeI will step downe the next staire to husbandmen. 

These in times not past the remembrance of some yet liuing, rubbedforth their estate in the poorest plight, their grounds lay all incommon, or onely diuided by stitch-meale: little bread-corne: theirdrinke, water, or at best, but whey: for the richest Farmour in aparish brewed not aboue twyce a yeere, and then, God wotte whatliquor: their meat, Whitsull, as they call it, namely, milke, sowremilke, cheese, curds, [67] butter, and such like as came from the cowand ewe, who were tyed by the one legge at pasture: their apparell, course in matter, ill shapen in maner: their legges and feet nakedand bare, to which sundrie old folke had so accustomed their youth, that they could hardly abide to weare any shooes; complayning how itkept them ouer hote. Their horses shod onlie before, and for allfurniture a pad and halter, on which the meaner countrie wenches ofthe westerne parts doe yet ride astride, as all other English folkevsed before R. The 2. Wife brought in the side saddle fashionof straw. 

Suteable hereunto was their dwelling, & to that their implements ofhoushold: walles of earth, low thatched roofes, few partitions, noplanchings or glasse windows, and scarcely any chimnies, other thena hole in the wall to let out the smoke: their bed, straw and ablanket: as for sheets, so much linen cloth had not yet stepped ouerthe narrow channell, betweene them and Brittaine. To conclude, a mazer and a panne or two, comprised all their substance: but nowmost of these fashions are vniuersally banished, and the Cornishhusbandman conformeth himself with a better supplied ciuilitie tothe Easterne patterne, which hath directed him a more thriuing formeof husbandrie; and our halcion dayes of peace enabled him to appliethe lesson: so as, his fine once ouercome, he can maintaine himselfe& his familie in a competent decencie to their calling, and findethmonie to bestow weekely at the markets, for his prouisions ofnecessitie and pleasure: for his quarterlie rent serueth rather as atoken of subiection to his Land-lord, then any grieuous exaction onhis tenement. 

One point of their former roughnesse, some of the Westerne peopledo yet still retaine, & therethrough in some measure, verifie thattestimonie which Mathew Westm. Giueth of them, together with theWelsh, their auncient countrimen: namely, how fostering a freshmemorie of their expulsion long agoe by the English, they secondthe same with a bitter repining at their fellowship: and this theworst sort expresse, in combining against, and working them all theshrewd turnes which with hope of impunitie they can deuise: howbeit, it shooteth not to a like extremitie in all places and persons, butrather by little and little, weareth out vnto a more milde andconuersable fashion. Amongst themselues they agree well, andcompanie louingly together: to their gentlemen they carrie a veriedutifull regard, as enured in their obeysance from their ancestors, and holding them as Roytelets, because they know no greater. Onelie it might be wished, that diuers amongst them had lesse spleeneto attempt law-suits, for pettie supposed wrongs, or not so muchsubtiltie and stiffenesse to prosecute them: so should their pursesbe heauier, and their consciences lighter: a reporter must auerreno falshood, nor conceale any truth. 

We must also spare a roome in this Suruey, to the poore, of whomfew Shires can shew more, or owne fewer then Cornwall. Ireland prescribeth to be the nurserie, which sendeth ouer yeerely, yea and dayly whole Ship-loades of these crooked slips, and thedishabited townes afford them rooting: so vpon the matter, the wholeCounty maketh a contribution, to pay those Lords their rent. Manie good Statutes haue beene enacted for redresse of these abuses, and vpon the first publishing, heedfully and diligently put inpractise: but [68] after the nine dayes wonder expired, the lawis forgotten, the care abandoned, and those vermine swarme againein euerie corner: yet those peeuish charitable cannot be ignorant, that herethrough, to the high offence of God and good order, theymaintaine idlenes, drunkennesse, theft, lecherie, blasphemie, Atheisme, and in a word, all impietie: for a worse kind of peoplethen these vagabonds, the realme is not pestered withal: what theyconsume in a day, wil suffice to releeue an honest poore parishionerfor a week, of whose work you may also make some vse: their staruingis not to be feared, for they may be prouided for at home, if theylist: no almes therefore should be cast away upon them, to therobberie of the needy impotent; but money least of all: for in giuinghim siluer, you do him wrong, by changing his vocation, while youmetamorphize him from a begger to a buyer. Lacks he meat, drinke, or apparrell? (and nothing els he ought to be owner of) he mustprocure them of the worst by free gift, and not make choice, for aiust price, of the best. Well, though the rogue laugh you to scorneat night, the alewife hath reason the next day to pray for you. 

Surely we finde by experience, that this so hainous an enormitie maybe both easily and quickly reformed: for let the Constables executeupon the rogues that last most beneficiall Act of Parliament, withdue seueritie for one weeke, and the terror thereof will free theparish for a month: vse it a month, and you are acquited for thewhole yere. If the Constables persift in their remisnesse, let theIustices lay the penalty vpon them, and they will no longer hoodwinkethemselues at their neighbours faults. Let the neighbour be sopinched by the purse, but once or twise, and he will become agreat deale the more sensible to season his charity with discretionfor a long time after. 

Vpon the first statute, there was a house of correction erectedat Bodmin, to the great charge, but little benefit of the Countrey. Which experience lessoneth them to illude this later, by appoyntingcertaine cotagers houses in euery parish to serue, nomine tenus, for that purpose. 

Lazer-houses, the deuotion of certaine Cornish Gentlemens ancesterserected at Minhinet, by Liskerd, S. Thomas by Launceston, andS. Laurence by Bodmyn: of which, this last is well endowed & gouerned. Concerning the other, I haue little to say, vnlesse I should ecchosome of their complaints, that they are defrauded of their right. The much eating of fish, especially newly taken, and thereinprincipally of the liuers, is reckoned a great breeder of thosecontagious humours, which turne into Leprosie: but whence soeuer thecause proceedeth, dayly euents minister often pittifull spectacles tothe Cornishmens eyes, of people visited with this affliction; somebeing authours of their owne calamity by the forementioned diet, and some others succeeding therein to an haereditarius morbus oftheir ancestors: whom we will leaue to the poorest comfort in miserie, a helplesse pittie. 

But let me lead you from these vnpleasing matters, to refreshyourselues with taking view of the Cornishmens recreations, whichconsist principally in feastes and pastimes. 

Their feasts are commonly haruest dinners, Church-ales, and thesolemnizing of their parish Churches dedication, which they termetheir Saints feast. 

[69]

The haruest dinners are held by euery wealthy man, or as wee terme it, euery good liuer, betweene Michaelmas and Candlemas, whereto heinuiteth his next neighbours and kinred, and though it beare onelythe name of a dinner, yet the ghests take their supper also with them, and consume a great part of the night after in Christmas rule: neitherdoth the good cheere wholly expire (though it somewhat decrease) butwith the end of the weeke. 

For the Church-ale, two young men of the parish are yerely chosen bytheir last foregoers, to be Wardens, who deuiding the task, makecollection among the parishioners, of whatsoeuer prouision it pleaseththem voluntarily to bestow. This they imploy in brewing, baking, & other acates, against Whitsontide; vpon which Holydayes, theneighbours meet at the Church-house, and there merily feed on theirowne victuals, contributing some petty portion to the stock, which bymany smalls, groweth to a meetly greatnes: for there is entertayneda kinde of emulation betweene these Wardens, who by his graciousnesin gathering, and good husbandry in expending, can best aduauce theChurches profit. Besides, the neighbour parishes, at those timeslouingly visit one another, and this way frankely spend their moneytogether. The afternoones are consumed in such exercises, as oldeand yong folke (hauing leysure) doe accustomably weare out the timewithall. 

When the feast is ended, the Wardens yeeld in their account to theParishioners, and such money as exceedeth the disbursments, is laydvp in store, to defray any extraordinary charges arising in theparish, or imposed on them for the good of the Countrey, or thePrinces seruice. Neither of which commonly gripe so much, but thatsomewhat stil remayneth to couer the purses bottome. 

The Saints feast is kept vpon the dedication day, by euery housholderof the parish, within his owne dores, each entertayning such forrayneacquaintance, as will not fayle when their like turne cometh about, to requite him with the like kindnes. 

Of late times, many Ministers haue by their ernest inuectiues, both condemned these Saints feasts as superstitious, and suppressedthe Church-ales, as licencious: concerning which, let it breed noneoffence, for me to report a conference that I had not long since, with a neere friend, who (as I conceiue) looked hereinto with anindifferent and vnpreiudicating eye. I do reuerence (sayd he) thecalling and iudgement of the Ministers, especially when most of themconcurre in one opinion, and that the matter controuersed, holdethsome affinity with their profession. Howbeit, I doubt, least intheir exclayming or declayming against Church-ales and Saints feasts, their ringleaders did onely regard the rinde, and not perce intothe pith, and that the rest were chiefly swayed by their example:euen as the vulgar, rather stouped to the wayght of their authoritie, then became perswaded by the force of their reasons. And firsttouching Church-ales, these be mine assertions, if not my proofes:Of things induced by our forefathers, some were instituted to a goodvse, and peruerted to a bad: againe, some were both naught in theinuention, and so continued in the practise. Now that Church-alesought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, maybegathered from their causes and [70] effects, which I thus rasse vptogether: entertaining of Christian loue, conforming of mensbehauiour to a ciuill conuersation, compounding of controuersies, appealing of quarrels, raising a store, which might be concertedpartly to good and godly vses, as releeuing all sorts of poore people, repairing of Churches, building of bridges, amending of high wayes;and partly for the Princes seruice, by defraying at an instant, suchrates and taxes as the magistrate imposeth for the Countries defence. Briefly, they tende to an instructing of the minde by amiableconference, and an enabling of the body by commendable exercises. But I fearing lest my friend would runne himselfe out of breath, in this volubilitie of praising, stept athwart him with theseobiections: That hee must pardon my dissenting from his opinion, touching the goodnesse of the institution: for taken at best, it could not be martialled with the sacred matters, but rather withthe ciuill, if not with the profane; that the very title of ale wassomewhat nasty, and the thing it selfe had beene corrupted with sucha multitude of abuses, to wit, idlenes, drunkennesse, lasciuiousnes, vaine disports of ministrelsie, dauncing, and disorderlynight-watchings, that the best curing was to cut it cleane away. As for his fore-remembred good causes and effects, I sawe not, but that if the peoples mindes were guided by the true leuell ofchristian charity & duetie, such necessary and profitablecontributions might stil be continued gratis, & the country easedof that charge to their purse and conscience, which ensueth thisgourmandise. His reply was, that if this ordinance could not reachvnto that sanctity which dependeth on the first table, yet itsucceeded the same in the next degree, as appertayning to the second. Mine exception against the title, he mockingly matched with theirscrupulous precisenes, who (forsooth) would not say Christmas, nor Michaelmas, as other folk did; but Christs tide, and Michaelstide: who (quoth he) by like consequence must also bind themseluesto say, Toms tide, Lams tide, and Candles tide. But if the name ofale relish so ill, whereas the licour itselfe is the English mansancientest and wholesomest drinke, and serueth many for meate andcloth too; he was contented I should call it Church beere, or Churchwine, or what else I listed: mary, for his part hee would loqui cumvulgo, though hee studied sentire cum sapientibus. Where I affirmed, that the people might by other meanes be trayned with an equalllargesse to semblable workes of charitie, he suspected lest I didnot enter into a through consideration of their nature and qualitie, which he had obserued to be this: that they would sooner depart with12. Pennyworth of ware, then sixepence in coyne, and this shillingthey would willingly double, so they might share but some pittancethereof againe. Now in such indifferent matters, to serue theirhumours, for working them to a good purpose, could breed no manerof scandall. As for the argument of abuse, which I so largelydilated, that should rather conclude a reformation of the fault, then an abrogation of the fact. 

For to prosecute your owne Metaphore (quoth hee) surely I holde himfor a sory Surgeon, that cannot skill to salue a sore, but by takingaway the lymme, and little better then the Phisicion, who, to helpethe disease, will reaue the life of his Patient from him. Abuses, doubtlesse, great and many [71] haue, by successe of time, crepthereinto, as into what other almost, diuine, or ciuill, doe they not?and yet in these publike meetings, they are so presented to euerymans sight, as shame somewhat restrayneth the excesse, and they maymuch the sooner bee both espied and redressed. If you thinke I goeabout to defend Church-ales, with all their faults, you wrong youriudgement, & your iudgement wrongeth mee. I would rather (as aBurgesse of this ale-parliament) enact certaine lawes, by which suchassemblies should be gouerned: namely, that the drinke should neitherbe too strong in taste, nor too often tasted: that the ghests shouldbe enterlarded, after the Persian custome, by ages, yong and old, distinguished by degrees of the better and meaner: and seuered intosexes, the men from the women: that the meats should be sawced withpleasant, but honest talke: that their songs should be of theirauncestours honourable actions: the principall time of the morning, I would haue hallowed to Gods seruice: the after-noones applied tomanlike actiuities: and yet I would not altogether barre sober andopen dauncing, vntill it were first thoroughly banished from mariages, Christmas reuels, and (our Countries patterne) the court: all whichshould be concluded, with a reasonable and seasonable portion of thenight: and so (sayd hee) will I conclude this part of my speech, withadding onely one word more for my better iustification: that indefending feasts, I maintayne neither Paradox, nor conceite innubibus, but a matter practised amongst vs from our eldestauncestours, with profitable and well pleasing fruit, and not onelyby our nation, but, both in former ages, by the best and strictestdisciplined common wealth of the Lacedemonians, who had theirordinary Sissitia, and now in our dayes, as well by the reformed, as Catholike Switzers, who place therein a principal Arcanum imperij. 

Now touching the Saints feasts, if you taynt them with suspect:of superstition, because they are held vpon those Saints daies, by whose names the parish Churches are stiled, I will ward that blowwith the shield of Arch-Saint Austines authoritie, who in his 8. Bookeof Gods Citie, and 27. Chap. In the like case, iustifieth a lesseallowable practise of the primitiue Christians. Summa, he closed hisdiscourse with this protection, that hee appealed not from, but tothe honourably respected censure of the reuerend Ministery, desiringhis speach might receiue, not the allowance of a position, but thelicence of a proposition: which my friends modest submission, I couldnot but embrace my selfe, and recommend it ouer to your fauourableacceptation. 

My last note touching these feasts, tendeth to a commendation of theghests, who (though rude in their other fashions) may for theirdiscreete Judgement in precedence, and preseance, read a lesson toour ciuilest gentry. Amongst them, at such publike meetings, notwealth but age is most regarded: so as (saue in a verie notoriousdisproportion of estates) the younger rich reckoneth it a shamesooner then a grace, to step or sit before the elder honest, and rather expecteth his turne for the best roome, by succession, then intrudeth thereto by anticipation. 

Pastimes to delight the minde, the Cornish men haue Guary miracles, and three mens songs: and for exercise of the body, Hunting, Hawking, Shooting, Wrastling, [72] Hurling, and such other games. 

 The Guary miracle, in English, a miracle-play, is a kinde ofEnterlude, compiled in Cornish out of some scripture history, with that grossenes, which accompanied the Romanes vetus Comedia. For representing it, they raise an earthen Amphitheatre, in some openfield, hauing the Diameter of his enclosed playne some 40. Or 50. Foot. The Country people flock from all sides, many miles off, to hear and see it: for they haue therein, deuils and deuices, to delight as well the eye as the eare: the players conne not theirparts without booke, but are prompted by one called the Ordinary, who followeth at their back with the booke in his hand, and telleththem softly what they must pronounce aloud. Which maner once gaueoccasion to a pleasant conceyted gentleman, of practising a merypranke: for he vndertaking (perhaps of set purpose) an Actors roome, was accordingly lessoned (before-hand) by the Ordinary, that he mustsay after him. His turne came: quoth the Ordinary, Go forth man andshew thy selfe. The gentleman steps out vpon the stage, and like abad Clarke in scripture matters, cleauing more to the letter then thesense, pronounced those words aloud. Oh (sayes the fellowe softly inhis eare) you marre all the play. And with this his passion, theActor makes the audience in like sort acquainted. Hereon the prompterfalles to flat rayling & cursing in the bitterest termes he coulddeuise: which the Gentleman with a set gesture and countenance stillsoberly related, vntill the Ordinary, driuen at last into a madderage, was faine to giue ouer all. Which trousse though it brake offthe Enterlude, yet defrauded not the beholders, but dismissed themwith a great deale more sport and laughter, then 20. Such Guariescould haue affoorded. 

 They haue also Cornish three mens songs, cunningly contriued forthe ditty, and pleasantly for the note. 

Amongst bodily pastimes, shooting carrieth the preeminence; to whichin mine yonger yeeres I caried such affection, as I induced Archery, perswading others to the like liking, by this ensuing Prosopopeia:

My deare friends, I come to complaine vpon you, but to your selues:to blame you, but for your good: to expostulate with you, but in theway of reconciliation. Alas, what my desert can justify youradandoning my fellowship, & hanging me thus vp, to be smoke-staruedouer your chimnies? I am no stranger vnto you, but by birth, your countrywoman: by dwelling your neighbour: by education, your familiar: neither is my company shamefull; for I hant the lightand open fieldes: nor my conuersation dangerous: nay, it shields youfrom dangers, and those not the least, but of greatest consequence, the dangers of warre. And as in fight I giue you protection, so inpeace I supplie you pastime; and both in warre and peace, to yourlymmes I yeelde actiue plyantnesse, and to your bodyes healthfullexercise: yea I prouide you food when you are hungrie, and helpedigestion when you are full. Whence then proceedeth this vnkindeand vnusuall strangenesse? Am I heavy for burden? Forsooth, a fewelight stickes of wood. Am I combrous for carriage? I couch a part ofmy selfe close vnder your girdle, and the other part serueth for awalking-staffe in your hand. Am I vnhandsome in your sight?Euery piece of mee is comely, and the whole keepeth [73] anharmonicall proportion. Lastly, am I costly to bee prouided?or hard to bee maintayned? No, cheapnesse is my purueyour, easinesse my preseruer, neither doe I make you blow away your chargeswith my breath, or taynt your nose with my sent, nor defile yourface and fingers with my colour, like that hellborne murderer, whom you accept before me. I appeale then to your valiant Princes, Edwards, and Henries, to the battayles of Cresey, Poyters, Agincourt, and Floddon, to the regions of Scotland, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, Cyprus, yea and Iury, to be vmpires of this controuersie: all which(I doubt not) will with their euidence playnely prooue, that whenmine aduerse party was yet scarcely borne, or lay in her swathlingclouts, through mee onely your auncestours defended their Countrey, vanquished their enemies, succoured their friends, enlarged theirDominions, aduanced their religion, and made their names fearfull tothe present age, and their fame euerlasting to those that ensue. Wherefore, my deare friends, seeing I have so substantially euictedthe rightof my cause conforme your wils to reason, conforme yourreason by practise, and conuert your practise to the good of yourselues and your Country. If I be praise-worthy, esteeme me:if necessary, admit me: if profitable, employ me: so shall youreuoke my death to life, and shew your selues no degenerate issueof such honourable Progenitours. And thus much for Archery, whose tale, if it be disordered, you must beare withall, for sheis a woman, & her mind is passionate. 

And to giue you some taste of the Cornish mens former sufficiencythat way: for long shooting, their shaft was a cloth yard, theirpricks 24. Score: for strength, they would pierce any ordinaryarmour: and one master Robert Arundell (whom I well knew) could shoot12. Score, with his right hand, with his left, and from behindehis head. 

Lastly, for neere and well aimed shooting, Buts made them perfect inthe one, and rouing in the othe: for prickes, the first corrupter ofArchery, through too much precisenesse, were then scarcely knowne, and little practised. And in particular, I haue heard by crediblereport of those, who professed and protested themselues to haue beneeye-witnesses, that one Robert Bone of Antony shot at a little bird, sitting upon his cowes back, and killed it, the bird (I meane) notthe cowe; which was either very cunning in the performance, or veryfoolish in the attempt. The first of these somewhat resembled oneMenelaus, mentioned by Zosimus, lib. 2. Who nocking three arrowes, & shooting them all at once, would strike three seuerall persons, and might haue deserued a double stipend in the graund Signiors gard, where the one halfe of his archers are left-handed, that they maynot turne their taile to their Sultan while they draw. The other mayin some sort compare with that Auo, reported by Saxo Gramaticus, for so good a markman, as with one arrow he claue the firing of hisaduersaries bowe, the second he fixed betweene his fingers, and withthe third strooke his shaft which he was nocking: or with thatexploit of the fathers piercing an apple on his sonnes head, attributed by the same Saxo, to one Toko a Dane: and by the Switzershistories, to Guillaum Tell, the chiefe occasioner, and part-authorof their libertie. 

[74]

Hurling taketh his denomination from throwing of the ball, and is oftwo sorts, in the East parts of Cornwall, to goales, and in the West, to the countrey. 

For hurling to goales, there are 15. 20. Or 30. Players more or lesse, chosen out on each side, who strip them- selues into their slightestapparell, and then ioyne hands in ranke one against another. Out ofthese ranks they match themselues by payres, one embracing another, &so passe away: euery of which couple, are specially to watch oneanother during the play. 

After this, they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or tenfoote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales. One ofthese is appoynted by lots, to the one side, and the other to hisaduerse party. There is assigned for their gard, a couple of theirbest stopping Hurlers; the residue draw into the midst betweene bothgoales, where some indifferent person throweth vp a ball, the whichwhosoeuer can catch, and cary through his aduersaries goale, hathwonne the game. But therein consisteth one of Hercules his labours:for he that is once possessed of the ball, hath his contrary matewaiting at inches, and assaying to lay hold vpon him. The otherthrusteth him in the breast, with his closed fist, to keepe him off;which they call Butting, and place in weldoing the same, no smallpoynt of manhood. 

If hee escape the first, another taketh him in hand, and so a third, neyther is hee left, vntill hauing met (as the Frenchman sayes)Chausseura son pied, hee eyther touch the ground with some part ofhis bodie, in wrastling, or cry, Hold; which is the word of yeelding. Then must he cast the ball (named Dealing) to some one of hisfellowes, who catching the same in his hand, maketh away withallas before; and if his hap or agility bee so good, as to shake off oroutrunne his counter-wayters, at the goale, hee findeth one or twofresh men, readie to receiue and keepe him off. It is therefore avery disaduantageable match, or extraordinary accident, that leesethmany goales: howbeit, that side carryeth away best reputation, whichgiueth most falles in the hurling, keepeth the ball longest, andpresseth his contrary neerest to their owne goale. Sometimes onechosen person on eche party dealeth the ball. 

The Hurlers are bound to the obseruation of many lawes, as, that theymust hurle man to man, and not two set vpon one man at once: that theHurler against the ball, must not but, nor hand-fast vnder girdle:that hee who hath the ball, must but onely in the others brest: thathe must deale no Fore-ball, viz. He may not throw it to any of hismates, standing neerer the goale, then himselfe. Lastly, in dealingthe ball, if any of the other part can catch it flying between, ore're the other haue it fast, he thereby winneth the same to his side, which straightway of defendant becommeth assailant, as the other, of assailant falls to be defendant. The least breach of these lawes, the Hurlers take for a iust cause of going together by the eares, but with their fists onely; neither doth any among them seek reuengefor such wrongs or hurts, but at the like play againe. These hurlingmatches are mostly vsed at weddings, where commonly the ghestsvndertake to encounter all commers. 

[75]

The hurling to the Countrey, is more diffuse and confuse, as boundto few of these orders: Some two or more Gentlemen doe commonly makethis match, appointing that on such a holyday, they will bring tosuch an indifferent place, two, three, or more parishes of the East orSouth quarter, to hurle against so many other, of the West or North. Their goales are either those Gentlemens houses, or some townes orvillages, three or foure miles asunder, of which either side makethchoice after the neernesse to their dwellings. When they meet, thereis neyther comparing of numbers, nor matching of men: but a siluerball is cast vp, and that company, which can catch, and cary it byforce, or sleight, to their place assigned, gaineth the ball andvictory. Whosoeuer getteth seizure of this ball, findeth himselfegenerally pursued by the aduerse party; neither will they leaue, till (without all respects) he be layd flat on Gods dear earth:which fall once receiued, disableth him from any longer detayningthe ball: hee therefore throwet the same (with like hazard ofintercepting, as in the other hurling) to some one of his fellowes, fardest before him, who maketh away withall in like maner. Such assee where the ball is played, giue notice thereof to their mates, crying, Ware East, Ware West, &c. As the same is carried. 

The Hurlers take their next way ouer hilles, dales, hedges, ditches;yea, and thorow bushes, briers, mires, plashes and riuers whatsoeuer;so as you shall sometimes see 20. Or 30. Lie tugging together in thewater, scrambling and scratching for the ball. A play (verily) bothrude & rough, and yet such, as is not destitute of policies, in somesort resembling the feats of warre: for you shall haue companies laydout before, on the one side, to encounter them that come with theball, and of the other party to succor them, in maner of a fore-ward. Againe, other troups lye houering on the sides, like wings, to helpeor stop their escape: and where the ball it selfe goeth, it resembleththe ioyning of the two mayne battels: the slowest footed who comelagge, supply the showe of a rere-ward: yea, there are horsemen placedalso on either party (as it were in ambush) and ready to ride awaywith the ball, if they can catch it at aduantage. But they may not sosteale the palme: for gallop any one of them neuer so fast, yet heshall be surely met at some hedge corner, crosse-lane, bridge, or deepwater, which (by casting the Countrie) they know he must needs touchat: and if his good fortune gard him not the better, hee is like topay the price of his theft, with his owne and his horses ouerthrowe tothe ground. Sometimes, the whole company runneth with the ball, seuen or eight miles out of the direct way, which they should keepe. Sometimes a foote-man getting it by stealth, the better to scapevnespied, will carry the same quite backwards, and so, at last, getto the goale by a windlace: which once knowne to be wonne, all thatside flocke thither with great iolity: and if the same bee aGentlemans house, they giue him the ball for a Trophee, and thedrinking out of his Beere to boote. 

The ball in this play may bee compared to an infernall spirit:for whosoeuer catcheth it, fareth straightwayes like a madde man, strugling and fighting with those that goe about to holde him: and nosooner is the ball gone from him, but hee resigneth this fury to the[76] next recyuer, and himselfe becommeth peaceable as before. I cannot well resolue, whether I should more commend this game forthe manhood and exercise, or condemne it for the boysterousnes andharmes which it begetteth: for as on the one side it makes theirbodies strong, hard, and nimble, and puts a courage into their hearts, to meet an enemie in the face: so on the other part, it is accompaniedwith many dangers, some of which do euer fall to the players share. For proofe whereof, when the hurling is ended, you shall see themretyring home, as from a pitched battaile, with bloody pates, bonesbroken, and out of ioynt, and such bruses as serue to shorten theirdaies; yet al is good play, & neuer Attourney nor Crowner troubledfor the matter. 

Wrastling is as full of manlinesse; more delightfull, and lessedangerous: which pastime, either Cornish men deriued from Corineus, their first pretended founder, or (at least) it ministred some stuffeto the farcing of that fable. But to let that passe, their continualexercise in this play, hath bred them so skilfull an habit, as theypresume, that neither the ancient Greek Palestritae, nor the Turksso much delighted Peluianders, not their, once countrymen, and stilneighbours, the Bretons, can bereaue them of this Laurell: andmatchlesse, certes, should they be, if their cunning were answerableto their practise: for you shall hardly find an assembly of boyes, in Deuon or Cornwall, where the most vntowardly amongst them, will notas readily giue you a muster of this exercise, as you are prone torequire it. For performing this play, the beholders cast themseluesin a ring, which they call, Making a place: into the middle spacewhereof, the two champion wrastlers step forth, stripped into theirdublets and hosen, and vntrussed, that they may so the bettercommaund the vse of their lymmes, and first shaking hands in token offriendship, they fall presently to the effects of anger: for each, striueth how to take hold of other, with his best aduantage, and tobeare his aduerse party downe: wherein, whosoeuer ouerthroweth hismate in such sort, as that either his backe, or the one shoulder, and contrary heele do touch the ground, is accounted to giue the fall. If he be endangered, and make a narrow escape, it is called a foyle. This hath also his lawes, of taking hold onely aboue girdle, wearinga girdle to take hold by, playing three pulles, for tryall of themastery, the fall-giuer to be exempted from playing again withthe taker, and bound to answere his successour, &c. 

Many sleights and tricks appertaine hereunto, in which, a skilfullweake man wil soone get the ouerhand of one that is strong andignorant. Such are the Trip, fore-hip, Inturne, the Faulx, forwardand backward, the Mare, and diuers other like. 

Amongst Cornish wrastlers, now liuing, my friend Iohn Goit may iustlychallenge the first place, not by prerogatiue of his seruice in herMaiesties gard; but through hauing answered all challenges in thatpastime without blemish. Neither is his commendation bounded withinthese limits, but his cleane made body and actiue strength, extend(with great agility) to whatsoeuer other exercise, of the arme orlegge: besides his abilitie (vpon often tryall) to take charge atSea, eyther as Master, or Captayne. All which good parts hee gracethwith a good fellowlike, kinde, and respectfull carriage. 

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Siluer prizes for this and other actiuities, were wont to be carriedabout by certaine Circumforanei, or set vp for Bidales: but time ortheir abuse hath now worne them out of date and vse. 

The last poynt of this first booke, is to plot downe the Cornishgouernment, which offreth a double consideration: the one, as anentire state of it selfe; the other, as a part of the Realme:both which shal be seuerally handled. 

Cornwall, as an entire state, hath at diuers times enioyed sundrytitles, of a Kingdome, Principality, Duchy, and Earledome; as mayappear by these few notes, with which I haue stored my selfe out ofour Chronicles. 

[Anno mundi 2850. ]If there was a Brute King of Brittaine, by the same authority it isto bee proued, that there was likewise a Corineus Duke of Cornwall, whose daughter Gwendolene, Brutes eldest sonne Locrine tooke to wife, and by her had issue Madan, that succeeded his father in the kingdome. 

[3105. ]Next him, I finde Henninus Duke, who maried Gonorille, one of KingLeirs daughters and heires, and on her begat Morgan: but whiles heattempted with his other brother in law, to wrest the kingdome fromtheir wiues father, by force of armes, before the course of natureshould cast the same vpon them, Cordeilla, the third disheritedsister, brought an armie out of Fraunce to the olde mans succour, and in a pitched battell bereft Henninus of his life. 

[3476. ]Clotenus King of Cornwall, begat a sonne named Mulmutius Dunwallo, who, when this Iland had beene long distressed with the ciuil warresof petty Kings, reduced the same againe into one peaceable Monarchy. 

[3574. ]Belinus, brother to that great terror of the Romanes, Brennus, had forhis appannage (as the French terme it) Loegria, Wales, and Cornwall. 

[3908. ]Cassibelane, succeeding his brother Lud in the Kingdome, gaue to hissonne Tennancius, the Duchy of Cornwall. 

[Anno Dom. 231. ]After this Iland became a parcell of Iulius Caesars conquests, thesame rested it selfe, or was rather vexed a long time, vnder thegouernment of such rulers, as the Romanes sent hither. But theBretons turning, at last, their long patience into a sudden fury, rose in armes, slewe Alectus, the Emperour Dioclesians deputy, andinuested their leader Asclepiodotus Duke of Cornwall, with thepossession of the kingdome. 

[329. ]Conan Meridock, nephew to Octauius, whome the Emperour Constantineappoynted gouernour of this Iland, was Duke of Cornwall. 

[351. ]At the Sinode of Arles in Fraunce, there was present one Corinius, sonne to Salomon Duke of Cornwall. 

[383. ]After the abouenamed Octauius his decease, Maximianus, a Romane, who maried his daughter, succeeded him also in gouernment: betweenewhome, and the fore-remembred Conan, grew great warres; whichconcluding at last in a peace, Maxim. Passed with an armie intoFraunce, conquered there Armorica (naming it little Brittaine) andgaue the same in fee to Conan; who being once peaceably setled, wrote ouer vnto Dionethus, or Dionotus Duke or King of Cornwall, (as Mathew of West, termeth him) to send him some Maidens, whomhe might couple in mariage with his people; whereon S. Vrsula & hercompanions the 11000. Virgins, were shipped, & miscaried, as theirwel known hiftory reporteth. 

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Nicholas Gille, a French writer, deliuereth (vpon the credit of ourBritish Historians) that about this time, Meroueus, a Paynim king ofFraunce, caused his owne sonne to be throwne into the fire and burned, for that he had slayne the king of Cornwall, as he returned froma feast. 

[433. ]Hee also maketh mention of one Moigne, brother to Aurelius andVter-pendragon, Duke of Cornwall, & gouerner of the Realme, vnderthe Emperour Honorius. 

[443. ]Carodoc Duke of Cornwall was employed (sayth D. Kay) by Octauius, about founding the Vniuersitie of Cambridge. 

[500. ]And vpon Igerna wife to Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, Vter begat theworthy Arthur, and a daughter called Amy. 

[526. ]This Arthur discomfited in fight, one Childerick, a king of theSaxons, and afterwards, vpon certaine couenants, suffred him quietlyto depart the Realme. But Childerick violating the word of a king, bound with the solemnity of an othe, inuaded eftsoones the Westernecoasts, harrowing the Country as he passed, vntil Cador, Earle ofCornwall, became Gods Minister, to take vengeance of his periury, by reauing off his life. 

That Marke swayed the Cornish septer, you cannot make question, vnlesse you will, withall, shake the irrefragable authoritie ofthe round tables Romants. 

[603. ]Blederic Duke of Cornwall, associated with other Welsh kings, darrayned a battel against Ethelferd, king of the Northumbers, & by the valiant forgoing of his life, got his partners the victory. 

[688. ]Iuor, sonne to Alane king of little Brittaine, first wan from theSaxons, Cornwall, Deuon, and Somerset shires, by force of armes, and then, taking to wife Ethelburg, cousin to Kentwin, king ofWestsex, enioyed the same by composition. 

[720. ]Roderic, king of the Bretons in Wales and Cornwall, (vnder whom, Bletius was Prince of this last, and of Deuon) valiantly repulsedAdelred, king of Westsex, what time he assayled him in Cornwall:yet in the end, being ouer-matched in number, and tired withcontinuall onsets, he was driuen to quit the same, and retirehimselfe into Wales. 

[866. ]Polidor Virgill maketh mention of one Reginaldus Comes Britannorum, in the time of king Etheldred. 

[872. ]Dungarth king of Corn, by mischance was drowned. 

[900. ]Alpsius is recorded (about this time) for Duke of Deuon and Cornwall. 

[959. ]Orgerius Duke of Cornwall, had a daughter named Alfride, the fameof whose beauty, caused King Edgar to send Earle Athelwold, forobtaining her at her fathers hands in mariage. But the Earle withthe first sight of this faire Lady, was so besotted in her loue, thatpreferring the accomplishment of his lust, before the duety of hisalleageance, he returnes answer to the King, how the common reportfar exceeded her priuate worth, which came much short of meriting apartnership in so great a Princes bed: and (not long after) beggedand obtayned the Kings good will, to wed her himselfe. But so brauea lustre could not lye long concealed, without shining foorth intoEdgars knowledge, who finding the truth of his Ambassadours falshood, tooke Athelwold at an aduantage, slewe him, and maried her, beeing awiddowe, whome hee had wooed a mayde. 

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Hitherunto, these titles of honour carry a kinde of confusednes, and rather betokened a successiue office, then an established dignity. The following ages receiued a more distinct forme, and left vs acerteyner notice. 

[1067. ]What time William the bastard subdued this Realme, one Condorpossessed the Earledome of Cornwall, and did homage for the same:he had issue another Condor, whose daughter and heire Agnes, wasmaried to Reignald Earle of Bristowe, base sonne to King Henry thefirst. 

This note I borrowed out of an industrious collection, which settethdowne all the noble mens creations, Armes, and principall descents, in euery Kings dayes since the conquest: but master Camden, ourClarentieulx, nameth him Cadoc, and saith farther, that Robert Morton, brother to William Conquerour, by his mother Herlot, was the firstEarle of Norman blood, and that his sonne William succeeded him;who taking part with Duke Robert, against Henry the first, therebygot captiuity, and lost his honour, with which that King inuestedthe forementioned Reignald. In this variance, it is great reason, that the ballance panche on his side, who hath both authority toestablish his assertion, and a rarely approued knowledge, to warranthis authoritie. Hee dying issue-lesse, Richard the first gaue thisEarledome to his brother Iohn. 

[1257. ]Iohns sonne, Henry the third, honoured therewith his brother RichardKing of the Romanes, a Prince no lesse plentifully flowing in wealth, then his brother was often driuen to extreame shifts, throughneedinesse: which made that barbarous age to poetrize, Nummus ait pro me, nublt Cornubia Romae. Money sayd, that for her sake, Rome did Cornwall, to wife take. 

He had issue, Henry Earle of Cornwall, who deceased issuelesse:and Edmond, whose daughter and heire Isabell (sayth mine authour)was married to Morice Fitsharding Lord Barckleigh: but othersaffirme, that this Edmond dyed without issue. 

Edward the, second, degenerating in his choyce, created his mynion, Peter Gaueston, a Gascoyne, Earle of this County, whose posterityended in himselfe, and himself by a violent death. 

The last title of this Earldome, expired in Iohn of Eltham, yongersonne to that King Edward. After which, King Edward the third, by act of Parliament in the 11. Yeere of his raigne, erected the sameto a Duchy, the first in England, and graced it with his sonne, the blacke Prince: for his heroicall vertues did rather bestow, then receiue estimation from whatsoeuer dignitie. Since which it issuccessiuely incorporated in the Kings eldest sonne, and hath beneso enioyed, by Richard the second, Henry the fift, Henry the sixt, Edward his sonne, Edward the fift, Edward sonne to Richard the third, Arthure, and Henry, sonnes to Henry the seuenth, and lastly, Edwardthe sixt: 10. Dukes in the whole. 

These Earles and Dukes haue from the beginning, beene priuiledgedwith royall iurisdiction or Crowne rights, namely, giuing of libertyto send Burgesses to the Parliaments, returne of writs, custome, toll, Mynes, Treasure-trovee, wards, &c. And (to this end) appoynted theirspeciall officers, as Sheriffe, Admirall, Receyuer, Hauener, Customer, Butler, Searcher, Comptroller, [80] Gaugeor, Excheator, Feodary, Auditor, Clarke of the Market, &c. Besides the L. Warden, and thoseothers beforeremembred, whose functions appertayne to the iurisdictionof the Stannary. 

To the preseruation of which royalties, our Parliaments haue euercarried a reuerend regard. For by that Act, 17. Edw. 4. Whichenioyneth forrayne Marchants to bestow such money as they receiuefor their wares, in English commodities, or to pay the same vntoEnglishmen, the Kings part of all forfeytures within Cornwall, is reserued to the Duke. So doth that, 11. H. 7, concerning thereformation of waights & measures, prouide, that it shall not behurtful or preiudiciall to the Prince, within the Duchy of Cornwall, nor to any waights of the cunnage: and so doth that 1. H. 8. TouchingExcheators, exempt that officer in Cornwall. It should seeme, that the first Earles bare a heauy hand in commaund ouer theirsubiects: for both diuers ancient records (as I haue learned) makemention of tributes, imposed (almost) vpon euery thing of profit;and it may farther be gathered, in that, as well townes, asparticular persons, were faine to procure Charters and grauntsfrom them, for corporations, faires, markets, taking or freeing fromtolls, mines, fishing, fowling, hawking, hunting, and what not?so as (vpon the matter) the plight of a Cornish Inhabitant and aFrench pezant did differ very little. 

Which bondage, one not long agoe sought in part to reestablish, vnder pretence of receiuing a rent decayed euer since 9. H. 2. And aduancing her Maiesties profit: & to this end procured Letterspatents, that none should salt, dry, or pack any fish in Deuon orCornwall, without his licence and warrant. A matter that would, by consequence, haue made him an absolute disposer of all theWesterne shipping and traffike, and their sea and land dependants. 

Few words, but folding vp a multitude of inconueniences to herMaiestie, & the whole Commonwealth. 

Wherefore the Cornish Iustices of the peace, became humble suitersto the Lords of her Highnes priuy Councell, for a necessary andspeedy redresse herein: and through the neuer fayling forwardnesse, and backing of Sir Walter Ralegh, obtayned a reuocation. Howbeit, this ill weed, rather cut off by the ground, then plucked vp by theroote, once, yea twice or thrice grew forth againe, but yet, maugrethe warmers and waterers, hath by her Maiesties gracious breath beeneeuer parched vp, and (as is hoped) will neuer shoote out heereafter, at least it shall still finde an vnited resistance, of most earnestsuit, and pregnant reasons, to beat it downe. 

The Earles had foure houses, builded Castle-wise for their residence, viz. Trematon, Launceston, Restormel, and Liskerd. But since theprincipality of Wales and this Duchy became united in one person, the larger scope, and greater commaund of that, hath robbed this ofhis Lords presence, & by consequence, the strength of these Castlescould not so gard them, against the battery of time, and neglect, but that, from faire buildings, they fell into foule reparations, and from foule reparations, are now sunke into vtter ruine. 

King H. The 8. Affecting his honour of Newelm, & respecting thecommodities, which Wallingford Castle might afford it, tooke thislast by act of Parl. From the Duchy, & in lieu thereof, annexedcertain manners lying in Corn. Falne [81] to the Crowne, through theMarques of Excesters attainder: which Queene Marie afterwardsrestored in tayle to his sonne, the Earle of Deuon, and vpon hisissueles decease receiued them againe. 

It were against duetie to make question, whether in this exchange, the kings meaning went with his pretence; and yet wee finde it anordinary policy amongst Princes, to send their successours, with akinde of libera, or honoraria legatio, into the remoter quarters oftheir dominions, as if they would shunne occasions of ielousie, springing from an ouer-neere neighbourhood. 

Howsoeuer, the same King, not long after, passed away, this Castle, vnto Christs Colledge in Oxford, who vse it as a place of retrayt, when the Vniuersitie is visited with any contagious sicknes. 

I haue vnderstood, that question is made amongst men of knowledge, what is become of this Duchy. Some holding it altogether extinct, for want of the kings issue male: some auerring, that it is suspendedin nubibus (as they say) pro tempore: and some supposing, that itcontinueth in full power, and that her Maiestie hath onely custodiamducatus, as of Bishopricks, sede vacante. Penes Iudicem lis sit. Once, euery Sheriffe is summoned to enter his account in the DuchyExchequer, at Lostwithyel, and from thence, referred ouer to theExchequer above. 

Cornwall considered as a part of the Realme, sorteth her gouernmentinto two kindes; spirituall, and temporall. 

Touching the spirituall: In ancient times this Shire had hisparticular Bishop: and I find, how in the yeere, 905. Forinosus thePope sent a sharpe letter to Edward the sonne of Alfride, reproouinghim, for suffering the West Saxons to be destitute of Bishops seuenyeeres together. Whereon, by the aduice of his Councell, andArch-bishop Pleymund, he ordayned seuen bishops in one day; amongstwhome Herstane was consecrated to Cornwall, and Eadwolfe to Crediton, which last had three townes in Cornwall, assigned him, to wit, Pontium, Coelling, and Landwhitton, that thence he might yeerely visitthe people, to root out (as mine author sayth) their errours: forbefore, as much as in them lay, they withstood the truth, and obeyednot the Apostolike decrees. Whereon I ground two collections: thefirst, that the light of the Gospell tooke not his originall shininginto these parts, from the Romish Bishop: the other that the Cornish(like their cousins the Welsh] could not bee soone or easily inducedto acknowledge his iurisdiction. The Bishops see was formerly atS. Petrocks in Bodmyn; but by reason the Danes burned there hisChurch and palace, [979. ] the same remooued to S. Germanes. After that, Lumigius, from a Monke of Winchester, elected Abbot ofTavistoke, [1031. ] and from that Abbey, aduanced to the Bishoprickof Creditune, by his grace with Canutus King of the Angles, obtaynedan annexion of Cornwall (lately fallen voyd) and so made one Diocesof that and Deuon, as it hath euer since continued. This Bishoprickhad diuers faire houses and large reuenues in Cornwall: but one Veyzy, Bishop of the dioces in King H. The 8. Time, coniecturing (as it isconceyued) that the Cathedrall Churches should not long ouer-liue thesuppressed Monasteries, made hauock of those liuings before-hand, some by long leasing, and some by flat selling, so as he left a pooreremainder to his successours. 

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It oweth subiection to the Metropolitane of Canterbury, and hath oneonely Archdeaconry, which place is now supplied by master ThomasSumaster, who adorneth the Gentility of his birth, with the honestieof his life, and by both sorts of feeding, approueth himselfe aliberall and commendable pastor. 

Certaine Peculiars there are, some appertaining to the dignities ofthe Cathedrall Church at Exon, to wit, S. Probuss, and S. Peran:and some to priuate persons, as Burien and Temple. 

[Anno Mundi 3172. ] For religious houses, I read, that in the time ofPaganisme, Cunedag builded a Temple in Cornwall to Apollo, but whereit stood I know not. Since it made roome to Christianity, my (notouer-curious) enquiry hath learned out these:

 Pryories, at S. Germaines, Bodmyn, Tywardreth. Nunries, at S. Martine. Fryeries, at Launceston, Truro, Bodmyn. Colledges, at Peryn, Crantock, Buryen. Hospitals, at Helston. 

Of parishes, the County hath 161. As master Camden noteth, and asothers haue, about 180. 

Doubtles, the Hierarchy of our English Church, if it were kept fastto his first institution, might with his far better effects, closevp their mouthes, who would thrust vpon vs their often varyingdiscipline. But albeit neither our time can well brooke it, northe succeeding would long hold it: yet it shal not do much amisse, to look vpon the originall beauty thereof, if (at least) I be ableto tricke the same truly out, & doe not blemish it with my pensil. 

At the planting of Christian religion, Monasteries & cathedralChurches were likewise founded, which serued for seed plots of theministery, & sent them abroad in yerely progresses, to labour theLords vineyard. Afterwards, about the time of our last conquest, the country was sorted by a more orderly maner into parishes, & euery parish committed to a spirituall father, called their Parson, who stept into that roome, not by election (as some imagine)but mostly, by the nomination of him that eyther built the Church, or endowed the same with some liuelyhood, or was L. Of the soylewhere it stood. As for Vicarages, those daies knew few, for theygrew vp in more corrupt ages, by the religious houses encrochments. Besides this Incumbent, euery parish had certaine officers, asChurchwardens, Sidemen, and 8. Men, whose duety bound them to seethe buildings & ornaments appertaining to Gods seruice, decentlymaintayned, & good order there reuerently obserued. And lestnegligence, ignorance, or partiality, might admit or foist in abuses, & corruption, an Archdeacon was appointed to take account of theirdoings by an yerely visitation, & they there sworn duly to make it. He & they againe had their Ordinary, the Bishop, euery 3. Yere toouerlook their actions, & to examine, allow, & admit the ministers, as they and the Bishop were semblably subiect to the Metropolitanessuruey euery 7. Yere. For warning the Clergy, & imparting theirsuperiours directions, the Curats chose yerely their Deanes rurall. The Bishop, in his cathedrall church, was associated with certainePrebendaries, some resident, who serued as his ghostly counsel inpoints of his charge, & others not bound to ordinary residence, who were called to consultation, vpon things of greater consequence:& for matters of principal importance, the Archbishop had hisprouincial Sinod, & the whole clergy their national. 

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Now then, if euery one thus entrusted, would remember that he had asoule to saue or lose, by the well or ill discharging of so waightya function, and did accordingly from time to time bestowe hisrequisite endeauour, what the least fault could escape the espiallof so many eyes, or the righting amongst so many hands? But I hauethrust my sickle ouer-farre into anothers haruest: let my mistakingbe corrected, and in regard of my good meaning, pardoned. 

The Temporal gouernment of Cornwall, shooteth out also into twobranches, Martiall, and Ciuill. 

For martiall affaires, master Camden noteth out of IohannesSarisburiensis, that the Cornish mens valiancy purchased them suchreputation amongst our ancestours, as they (together with those ofDeuon and Wiltshire) were wont to be entrusted, for the SubsidiaryCohort, or band of supply. An honour equall to the Romanes Triarii, and the shoot-anker of the battell. With which concurreth theancient, if not authenticall testimony of Michael Cornubiensis, who had good reason to knowe the same, being that Countryman, and more to report it: his verses, for which I haue also beenebeholding to M. Camden, are these:

 ——Rex Arcturus nos primos Cornubienses Bellum facturus vocat, vt puta Caesaris enses Nobis non alijs, reliquis, dat primitus ictum Per quem pax lisque, nobis sit vtrumq; relictum Quid nos deterret, si firmiter in pede stemus, Fraus ni nos superet, nihil est quod non superemus. 

I will now set downe the principall Commaunders & Officers, touchingthese martiall causes, together with the forces of the shire. 

 Lord Lieutenant generall, Sir Walter Ralegh. 

 | Sir Frauncis Godolphin, | | Sir Nicholas Parker, | | Sir Reignald Mohun, | Deputie | Peter Edgecumb, | or any 3. Lieutenants | Bernard Greinuile, | of them. | Christopher Harris, | | Richard Carew, |

 Colonell generall, Sir Nicholas Parker. Marshall, Bernard Greinuile. Treasurer, Richard Carew. Master of the Ordinance, Will. Treffry. Colonell of the horse, Iohn Arundell of Trerise. Sergeant maior, Humphrey Parcks. Quarter Master, William Carnsew. Prouost Marshall, Iohn Harris. Scowt Master, Otwell Hill. 

 | Osburne. | Rusall. Corporals of the field, | Rattenbury. | Sled

 Ammunition Master, Leon. Blackdon. Trench Master, Cooke. 

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Regiments. Companies, Numbers, Arm. Pikes, Muskets, Caliueri --------------------------------------------------Sir Fra. Godol. | 12. | 1200. | 470. | 490. | 240. |Sir Will. Beuil | 6. | 670. | 225. | 315. | 130. |Sir Rei. Mohun | 6. | 600. | 200. | 210. | 190. |Ber. Greinuile | 10. | 1000. | 370. | 390. | 240. |Ri. Carew | 5. | 500. | 170. | 300. | 30. |*1Antony Rouse | 6. | 760. | 270. | 320. | 170. |Ch. Treuanion | 5. | 500. | 180. | 190. | 130. |Will. Treffry | 4. | 400. | 140. | 130. | 130. |*2Sir Nic. Parker | 2. | 200. | 60. | 80. | 60. |*3Ha. Viuian | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*4Ar. Harris | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*5 Summa, | 58. | 6030. | 2165. | 2535. | 1330. | --------------------------------------------------

[*1 For Causam Bay][*2 For Foy][*3 Fpr Pendennis][*4 For S. Mawes][*5 For the Mount]

This may serue for a generall estimat of the Cornish forces, which Ihaue gathered, partly out of our certificate made to the Lords 1599. Partly by information from the Sargeant maior, & partly through mineown knowledge. There are many more vnarmed pikes, which I omit, as better fitting a supply vpon necessitie, then to bee exposed(for opposed) to an enemie. The number as it standeth, muchexceedeth the shires proportion, if the same he compared with Deuonand other Counties: which groweth, for that their neerenesse onall quarters to the enemy, and their farnesse from timely succourby their friends, haue forced the Commaunders, to call forth thevttermost number of able hands to fight, and rather by perswasionthen authority, procured them to arme themselues beyond lawe andtheirability. Which commendable indeuour shall not, I hope, ought not, I am sure, turne them to the preiudice of any vnwontedcharge hereafter. 

They are all prouided of powder, bullet, & match in competent sort, & order taken for furnishing of victuals, and mounting a third partof the shot (at least) vpon cause of seruice. 

Light horses, the Lords in their directions, enioyne for orders sake, and the Lieutenants excuse it by insufficiency. Hitherto neitherhath the commaundement bin reuoked, nor the omission controlled. 

In the yeere 1588. When the Spanish floting Babel pretended theconquest of our Iland (which like Iosuahs armie they compassed, but vnlike him could not with their blasting threats ouerthrow ourwalles) it pleased her Maiestie of her prouident and gracious care, to furnish Cornwall with ordinance and munition, from her owne store, as followeth:

 | of cast Iron, well mounted vpon carryages 2. Sacres | with wheeles, shodde with Iron, and fur- 2. Minions | nished with Ladles, Spunges, and Ram- 2. Faulcons | mers, with all other necessaries. 

 Spare axeltrees, sixe. Spare pairs of wheeles, shod with Iron, three. Shot of Iron for the sayd pieces, of eche sort, twenty. Canon corne powder for the said ordinance, sixe hundred wayght. Fine corne powder, three thousand six hundred waight. Lead, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. Match, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. 

All which, saue the ordinance itselfe, partly by piecemealeemployment, and partly by ouerlong, or euil keeping, is now growneto nought, or naught. 

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After the sudden surprize of Pensants, anno 1595. By direction fromthe Lords, order was taken, that vpon any alarum, the next Captainsshould forthwith put themselues with their companies, into theirassigned seacoast townes, whom the adioyning land-forces wereappoynted to second and third, as the opportunity of their dwellingsaffoorded best occasion. 

The yeere following, by a new commaund, 4000. Were allotted out, and prouided in a readines to march for the ayd of Deuon, if causeso required, as the Lord Lieutenant of that County had the same order, vpon like necessitie, to send an equall number into Cornwall. 

Lastly, anno 1599. When the Spanish fleet was againe expected, the Cornish forces voluntarily assembled themselues, and made head, at the entrance, middle, and Westpart of their south coast. 

As for soldiers sent into other places, Cornwall yeeldeth, vpon eueryoccasion, a proportionable supply to the wants of Ireland; neither isacquitted from performing the like seruice for Fraunce, if theemployment be in Brittaine or Normandy. Which often ventingsnotwithstanding, vpon the instance of Captaine Lower, and thesollicitation of his friends, there passed ouer this last yeereinto Netherland, at one time, 100. Voluntaries and vpwards, there toserue under Sir Frauncis Vere. And besides, they often make out menof warre against the Spaniards. 

Forts and Castles there are; some, olde and worne out of date; andsome in present vse, with allowance of garrison. 

Amongst the first sort, I reckon these, appertayningto the Duchy, as also Tintogel, and diuers round holds on the tops of hils; somesingle, some double, and treble trenched, which are termed, CastellanDenis, or Danis, as raysed by the Danes, when they were destyned tobecome our scourge. 

Moreouer, in this ranke wee may muster the earthen Bulwarks, cast vpin diuers places on the South coast, where any commodity of landingseemeth to inuite the enemie, which (I gesse) tooke their originallfrom the statute 4. H. 8. And are euer sithence duely repayred, as need requireth, by order to the Captaynes of those limits. 

Of the later sort, is a fort at Silley, called [blank] reduced to amore defensible plight, by her Maiesties order, and gouerned by theforeremembred Sir Frauncis Godolphin, who with his inuention andpurse, bettered his plot and allowance, and therein hath so temperedstrength with delight, and both with vse, as it serueth for a surehold, and a commodious dwelling. 

The rest are S. Michaels mount, Pendenis fort, and S. Mawes Castle, of which I shall haue occasion to speake more particularly in mysecond booke. 

Of Beacons, through the neernesse to the sea, and the aduantage ofthe hilly situations, welneere euery parish is charged with one, which are watched, secundum vsum, but (so farre as I can see) notgreatly ad propositum: for the Lords better digested instructions, haue reduced the Countrey, by other meanes, to a like ready, and muchlesse confused way of assembling, vpon any cause of seruice. 

For carrying of such aduertisements and letters, euery thorow-fareweekly appoynteth a foot-Poast, to giue [86] his hourely attendance, whose dispatch is welneere as speedy as the horses. 

The last branch of my diuision, and so of this book, leadeth me toentreat of Cornwals ciuill government, as it passeth for a part ofthe Realme; and that may againe be subdiuided into iurisdictionparticular, and general. The particular iurisdiction is exercisedby Constables, Stewards of Courts Barons, and Leets, Franchises, Hundreds, & Portreeues, & Maiors; of boroughs & corporations ofthe Stannaries, we haue spoken already. The generall, by the Clarkeof the market, Coroners, Vice-admiral, Sherife, Iustices of thepeace, & Iudges of assize. 

Constables of the hundreds the shire hath none, but this office forgiuing of warnings, & collection of rates, is supplyed by the deputyBaylifs, who performe it not with that discretion, trust, secrecy, & speed, which were often requisite to the importance of the affaires. I haue knowne the Iudges moued diuers times, for their opiniontouching the erecting of some, & found them of seueral resolutions, which giueth little encouragement to an innouation. Neither can theparish Constables well brooke the same, because it submitteth themto a subalterne commaund, more then of custome; whereas now in theirparishes they are absolute, the least whereof hath one, the middlesized 2. The bigger 3. Or 4. I would not wish the blaze of theirauthority blemished, if there were as much care vsed in choyce ofthe persons, as the credit of their place deserueth. Wise directionwithout diligent execution, proueth fruitles. Now, as the former isderiued from her Maiesty to the Lords, & from the Lords to theIustices; so this later lieth in the hands of the Constables. Watches and searches oftentimes carry waighty consequence, andmiscary in the managing: and it was seene in the last Cornishrebellion, how the Constables commaund & example, drew many of thenot worst meaning people, into that extremest breach of duty. 

Franchises, Cornwall hath the Duchy, Rialton, Clifton, Minhinet, Pawton, Caruanton, Stoke Cliuisland, Medland, and Kellylond, whichhaue their Baylifs as the Hundreds, to attend the publike seruices. 

Hundreds there are but 9. East, West, Trig, Lesnewith, Stratton, Powder, Pider, Kerier, & Penwith, which containe [blank] tithings:by these the shire is deuided into limits, & all his ratesproportioned as followeth:

 Diuisions. 

 | East H. | Trig H. | Powder H. | Kerier. East| West H. N. | Lesneweth H. S. | Pider H. W. | Penwith. | Stratton H. 

In all rates, the East & South limits beare 3. Parts in 5. To theNorth and West. So in the Easterne, dooth East Hundred to that ofWest: in the Southerne, Powder to Pider: and in the Westerne, Kerierto Penwith. In the Northern, Trig beareth 5. Lesnewith & Stratton 4. Apiece. There is the like proportion made of the parishes in theEasterne diuision, but with little satisfaction of diuers: neitherwill it euer fare otherwise, & therefore (this notwithstanding) Iwish it followed in the residue. 

The conuenientest & vsual places of assembly for the whole County, is Bodmyn : for the East and North, Launceston: for the South andWest, Truro: for the East, Liskerd: for the North, Camelford: forthe South, S. Colombs; for the West, Helston. 

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For the Hundreds of East, Kellington : of West, Lanreath; of Trig, Bodmyn: of Lesnewith, Camelford: of Stratton, that towne: of Powder, Grampond: of Pider, S. Columbs: of Kerier, Helston: of Penwith, Pensants. 

 East H. Hath parishes 30. Corporations 2. West H. Parishes 19. Corporations 2. Trig [blank] Lesnewith [blank] Stratton [blank] Powder [blank] Pider [blank] Kerier [blank] Penwith [blank]

Corporations are priuiledged with the administration of iustice, within their liberties, more or lesse, according to the purportof their Charter. 

Such are Saltash, Launceston, Liskerd, Eastloo, Westloo, Bodmyn, Camelford, Lostwithiel, Padstowe, Grampond, Truro, Helston, Perin. 

The Maiors and Recorders, in some of these, are Iustices of the peace, for their owne limits, and welneere allof them haue large exemptionsand iurisdictions. A garment (in diuers mens opinions) ouer-rich andwide, for many of their wearish and ill-disposed bodies. They alleadgefor themselues, that speedy iustice is administred in their townes, and that it saueth great expences, incident to assize trials, which poor Artificers cannot vndergoe. But the other answere, thatthese trials are often poasted on, with more haste then good speed, while an ignorant fellow, of a sowter, becomes a magistrate, & takesvpon him peremptory iudgement, in debts and controuersies, great anddoubtfull. Againe, the neernesse of commencing their suits, drawethon more expences, then the shortnes of tryals cutteth off, whereaslonger respite would make way to deliberation, and deliberation openthe doore to reason, which by the fumes arising from cholers boylingheat, is much obscured. Thus dooth the opportunity inure them tovexation; vexation begetteth charges, and charge hatcheth pouerty:which pouerty, accompanied with idlenes (for they cannot follow law, and worke) seeketh not to releeue itselfe by industry, but bysubtilty, wherethrough they become altogether depraued in body, goods, and minde. Adde hereunto that the Maior exercising his office butduring one yeere, for the first halfe thereof is commonly to learnewhat he ought to doe, & in the other halfe, feeling his authoritieto wane, maketh friends of that Mammon, & serueth others turnes, to be requited with the like, borrowing from iustice, what hee maylend to his purse, or complices: for as it hath bene well sayd, He cannot long be good, that knowes not why he is good. Theyconclude, how from these imperfect associations, there spring prideamongst themselues, disdayne at their neighbours, and Monopoliesagainst the Commonwealth. 

This inuectiue is somewhat deeply steeped in gall, & must thereforebee interpreted, not of all, but the worst. Surely, for mine ownepart, I am of opinion, that how commodious soeuer this iurisdictionmay proue amongst themselues, it falleth out sundry times verydistastefull and iniurious towards strangers; and strangers theyreckon all that are not Burgesses. Now, let such a one bee arrestedwithin their corporations, no sureties but townsmen can findeacceptance, be his behauiour neuer so honest, [88] his cause neuerso iust, his calling neuer so regardfull, & his ability neuer sosufficient; yet if he haue none acquaintance in the towne, if theaction brought, carry a shew of waight, if the bringer be a man ofsway, in, or neere the towne, if any other townsman of the highersort beare him an old grudge, he must be contented to fret the coldeyrons with his legges, and his heart with griefe: for what one, amongst them, will procure an euerlasting enemy at his doore, by becomming surety for a party, in whom he possesseth none, or little interest? The ancients vsed to grace their Cities withseuerall titles, as Numantia bellicosa, Thebae superbae, Corinthusornata, Athenae doctae, Hierusalem sancta, Carthago emula, &c. Andthe present Italians doe the like touching theirs, as Roma santa, Venetia ricca, Florenza bella, Napoli gentile, Ferrara ciuile, Bologna grassa, Rauenna antiqua, &c. In an imitation whereof, some of the idle disposed Cornish men nicke their townes withby-words, as, The good fellowship of Padstowe, Pride of Truro, Gallants of Foy, &c. 

The Clarke of the markets office, hath beene heretofore so abused byhis deputies, to their priuate gaine, that the same is tainted witha kinde of discredit, which notwithstanding, being rightly & dulyexecuted, would worke a reformation of many disorders, and a greatgood to the Common-wealth. 

Foure Coroners, chosen by the voyces of the freeholders, do seruethe shire, who for the present are, Bligh, Tub, Trenance, and Bastard. 

The Vice-admiralty is exercised by M. Charles Treuanion, a Gentleman, through his vertue, as free from greedinesse, as through his faireliuelyhood, farre from needinesse: and by daily experience giuingproofe, that a minde valewing his reputation at the due price, willeasily repute all dishonest gaine much inferiour thereunto, & that inconuersing with the worst sort of people (which his office oftentimesenforceth) he can no more be disgraced, then the Sunne beames byshining vpon a dunghill will be blemished. 

I haue here set downe the names of those Commissioners for the peace, who at this present make their ordinary residence in Corn. As theystand placed in the Commission, where the priority is mostly deferredto antiquity. 

 Q. Fra. Godolphin M. 1. | Carolus Treuanion 16. Q. Nic. Parker M. 2. | Thomas S. Aubin 17. Q. Iona. Trelawney M. 3. | Q. Rob Moyle 18. Q. Reg. Mohun M. 4. | Q. Ed Hancock. 19. Q. P. Petrus Edgecomb 5. | Tristramus Arscot 20. Q. Ric. Carew de Anth. 6. | Thomas Lower 21. Q. Bern. Greinuile 7. | W. Treffry de Fowey 22. Q. Antonius Rowse 8. | Iohannes Hender 23. Petrus Courtney 9. | Q. Willi. Wray 24. Q. Tho. Chiuerton 10. | Georgius Kekiwiche 25. Q. Christ. Harris 11. | Q. Arth. Harris 26. Io. Arund. De Trerise 12. | Io. Harris de Lansre. 27. Th. Arun. De Taluerne 13. | Q. Degor. Chamons 28. Q. Nic. Prideaux 14. | Iohannes Trefusis 29. Q. Hannibal Viuian 15. | Otwel Hill 30. 

Their ordinary use was, to begin the quarter Sessions for the Easthalfe of the Shire, on the Tuesdayes and Wednesdayes, at Bodmyn, and to adiourne the [89] same for the West halfe, to be ended atTruro the Friday and Saterday following, leaning one dayes space forriding betweene. But about twenty yeres sithence, the EasterneIustices making the greatest number, and in this separation havingfarthest to ride, when they were disposed to attend both places, either in regard of their ease, or vpon scruple of conscience, or for both together, called into question, whether this customewere as warrantable by right, as it was pleadable by prescription;and whether it as much aduanced the administration of iustice, as it eased the trauell of the people. And thereupon they began toappoynt the intire Sessions at either place one after another. This was sometimes performed, and sometimes broken, by the WesterneIustices, so as seuerall and contrary precepts of summons weredirected to the Sheriffe, with the great vncertaynty, ill example, and trouble of the Countrey. It hapned, that one newly associated, and not yet seasoned with either humour, made this motion for areconcilement, viz. That the Sessions should enterchangeably onequarter begin at Bodmyn, and end at Truro; and the next begin, at Truro, and end at Bodmyn; and that no recognisance shouldbe discharged, or cause decided out of his owne diuision. Thisproposition, as it gaue the Westerne Iustices the greatest part oftheir will, so it salued a sore which chiefly grieued the Easterne:for before, what was done in the beginning at one place, was, ormight be vndoone in the ending at the other: wherefore all partieswillingly condiscended hereunto, and it hath euer sithence beeneaccordingly obserued. 

Another variance hath sometimes fallen out betweene Cornwall andDeuon, about the time of keeping their Sessions. For whereas theStatute 2. H. 5. Enacteth that the Iustices shall hold the same inthe first weeke after S. Michael, the Epiphanie, the clause of Easter, and the translation of S. Thomas (which, worthily blotted out of theCalender, Teste Newbrigensi, is euer the seuenth of Iuly) and theiroath bindeth them to a strickt obseruation hereof: the question hathgrowne, when those festiuall dayes fall vpon a Munday, whether theSessions shall be proclaimed for that weeke, or the next, and thegenerall practise hath gone with the former. But the CornishIustices, waying, that prescription is no Supersedeas for swearing, vpon debating of the matter, haue resolued, and lately accustomed, in such cases, to put it ouer vnto the weeke ensuing: and these aretheir reasons: If the Sessions must bee kept in the first weeke after, it cannot admit an interpretation of the same weeke it selfe. Againe, the clause of Easter, mencioned in the one, should seeme tomake a construction of like meaning in the rest. Besides, those, who suite themselues to the other fashion, doe yet swarue therefrom, if those feastes fall vpon any later day in the weeke then Munday;for then they deferre it till the next: and yet, seeing no day certainis directed for beginning the Sessions; if they will constantly bindethemselues to the former sense, when those dayes fall on the Friday, they ought to call it for the morrow following. The Iudges of thecircuits Oracle, to which the Commission of the peace referreth theIustices Quaeres, hath resolued, that neyther of these wayes tendethto any breach of the lawe. Once sure it is, that the Terme-suitersmay best speed their businesse, by supporting the former: for the endof these Sessions deliuereth them space inough [90] to ouertake thebeginning of the Termes. 

For the rest, equity beareth more sway, then grauity, at the Cornishbench, and in confusion they mayntayne equality: for though theyspeake more then one at once, yet no one mans speach, or countenance, can carry a matter against the truth. Neither doe assertions, but proofes in hearings; nor vouchings, but shewing of law cases, in deciding, order the controuersies: and as diuersitie in opinionsbreedeth no enmity, so ouer-ruling by most voyces, is taken forno disgrace. 

One only Iudge was wont, in three dayes at farthest, to dispatchthe Assizes, & gayle deliuery, at Launceston, the vsuall (though notindifferentest) place, where they are holden. But malice and iniquityhaue so encreased, through two contrary effects, wealth and pouerty, that now necessity exacteth the presence of both, and (not seldome)an extent of time. 

I haue heard the Iudges note, that besides their ordinary paines, they are troubled with more extraordinary supplications in Cornwall, then in any other shire: whereto they yet giue no great encouragement, while the causes are on the backside, poasted ouer to Gentlemenshearing, and account seldome taken or made, what hath bene donetherein. 

Verily, we must acknowledge, that ever since our remembrance, God hathblessed this Westerne circuit with speciall choyce of vpright andhonest Iudges; amongst whom, this of our last is not the least:for they doe so temper a quick conceit with a stayed iudgement, a strict seuerity in punishing, with a milde mercy in remitting, and an awfull grauitie at the Bench, with a familiar kindnessein conuersation, as they make proofe, that contrarie vertues may, by the diuers wayes of loue and reuerence, meet in one onely poyntof honour. 

The common Gayle of the shire for offendours, is kept at Launceston:for that statute, 33. H. 8. Which amongst other shires, gaue theCornish Iustices leave to alter the same, by a Prouiso, tooke itaway againe, in that this keepership is annexed to the Constableshipof the Castle, and that graunted out in lease. 

I wil conclude with the highest iurisdiction, namely, the Parliament, to which Cornwall, through the grace of his Earles, sendeth an equall, if not larger number of Burgesses, to any other shire. The boroughsso priuiledged, more of fauour (as the case now standeth with manyof them) then merit, are these following: Launceston, Downeuet, Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Truro, Bodmyn, Helston, Saltash, Camelford, Eastloo, Westloo, Prury, Tregny, Kellington, Bossimy, S. Iues, S. Germanes, Meddishole, and S. Mawes: and because Quindec. Areordinarily graunted at Parliaments, together with the Subsidies, I will heere set downe the ordinary rate of them. 

[91]

 Md. De 15. Cornub. In Paroch. Subsequent. Vt patet. P. 

 Hund. De Penwith

 Paroc. S. Iusti. 2li. 11s. 8d. S. Hillary 2. 18. 8 S. Gorian. 8. 5. 2 Caniborn. 4. 2. 0 S. Gorgian. 1. 15. 6 Laundut. 6. 16. 5 S. Crowen. 2. 2. 2 Vthno. 0. 12. 6 S. Michaels. 2. 11. 3 Germogh. 0. 10. 8 S. Illogan. 4. 7. 10 S. Synan. 3. 6. 0 S. Erly. 3. 11. 8 S. Maddern. 4. 12. 0 S. Luduan. 2. 16. 6 S. Twynnock. 2. 5. 0 Morueth. 0. 17. 6 S. Felis. 2. 1. 2 S. Siluan. 2. 12. 5 Kedruth. 1. 12. 5 S. Sancred. 1. 14. 0 S. Winner. 3. 6. 0 S. Ey. 3. 6. 8 S. Pawl. 6. 17. 0 S. Sennar. 2. 11. 1 Woluele. 3. 5. 0 Sum. 81. 8. 6. 

 Hund. De Kerier. 

 Wennape. 2. 8. 0 S. Melor. 2. 4. 0 S. Martyn. 0. 18. 8 S. Briack. 2. 3. 0 S. Gluuiack. 2. 2. 10 S. Crade. 1. 4. 6 Constantyn. 3. 6. 4 Wyneanton. 0. 14. 8 S. Mawnan. 1. 8. 0 S. Melan. 2. 18. 4 S. Stidian. 2. 19. 4 S. Keyran. 6. 8. 0 Arwothel. 1. 4. 9 S. Wynwolny. 0. 10. 4 S. Landy. 1. 10. 4 S. Rumon. Parua. 0. 7. 2 S. Mawgan. 1. 16. 0 Crewenne. 1. 0. 10 S. Rumon. Ma. 1. 2. 0 S. Sithne. 2. 0. 0 S. Antony. 0. 8. 0 S. Ewynne. 0. 15. 4 Corentun. 0. 15. 0 Burg. De Helston. 4. 6. 8 Minster 1. 4. 6 Germock. 0. 10. 8 S. Budock. Ma. 2. 9. 0 S. Wendron. 3. 12. 0 Burgus de Perm. 2. 0. 0 Sum. 52. 18. 5. 

 Hund. De Powder. 

 Tywardreth 2. 15. 11 Elerky. 3. 6. 0 Argallas. 1. 14. 4 S. Keby. 1. 2. 1 Burg. De Fowy. 2. 8. 4 Landreth. 0. 17. 8 Roche. 2. 8. 7 Eglosmerther. 0. 18. 0 Kenwen. 2. 19. 0 Lanuoreck. 1. 10. 0 Eglosros 1. 16. 0 Grogith. 0. 14. 4 Moresk. 2. 0. 0 Fowy extra. 1. 4. 8 Manerium de | S. Sampson. 1. 15. 0 pen. Kneth & | 0. 10. 4 S. Stephens. 3. 6. 3 Restormel. | Gerend. 2. 0. 0 S. Awstle. 6. 14. 11 Feock. 1. 10. 0 Mewan. 1. 12. 0 Burg. De Lostwi. 8. 13. 4

[92]

 Carhayes. 0. 11. 6 Laurocen. 0. 17. 0 S. Denis. 1. 16. 6 Ladock. 2. 14. 0 Penkeuel. 0. 11. 8 Lanhorn. 1. 14. 8 S. Anthonie. 0. 12. 2 S. Ewe. 1. 8. 3 Burg. De Mia. 0. 5. 6 Manerium de | S. Goran 1. 16. 0 Towington in | 1. 19. 0 Burg. De Grand. 0. 14. 6 P. S. Austle. | Burg. De Truru. 12. 1. 10 S. Crede. 2. 1. 0 S. Ermets 1. 14. 0 S. Iust. 1. 16. 0 Landege. 2. 7. 0 Burg. De Tregony. 1. 15. 3 Lasullian. 1. 10. 6 S. Probus. 5. 6. 0 S. Aleyn. 3. 4. 6 Calendry 1. 0. 8

 Hund. De Pider. 

 Lanhidrock. 0. 17. 8 S. Ermets. 2. 2. 6 S. Peran. 2. 6. 8 S. Euoder. 3. 0. 0 S. Caranto. 2. 13. 0 S. Petrock mi. 0. 6. 4 S. Vuel. 1. 10. 0 Laneuet. 1. 10. 0 S. Agnes. 1. 6. 10 S. Ede. 1. 12. 0 S. Petrock ma. 2. 4. 10 S. Bruke. 2. 7. 0 S. Columb ma. 5. 13. 0 Newlyn. 3. 17. 4 S. Columb mi. 4. 11. 0 Maruy. 2. 1. 0 Burg. De Meddi. 0. 8. 0 Withiel. 1. 6. 8 Oldstowe. 1. 9. 0 S. Colan. 1. 4. 6 Lanherne. 3. 0. 0 Cuthbert. 2. 0. 0 S. Wenne 1. 18. 0

 Hund. De Trigge. 

 Teth. 2. 9. 6 Egloshail. 2. 3. 8 Minuer. 1. 15. 0 Bliston. 1. 17. 2 P. Bodmyn ext. 1. 16. 0 Temple 0. 5. 0 Brue rode. 1. 19. 5 S. Laud. 1. 6. 0 Bur. De Bodmyn. 20. 0. 0 Ma. De Pennayn. 0. 4. 10 Maben. 1. 10. 9 S. Tweir. 1. 16. 8 S. Eudelian. 1. 8. 0 Hellond. 0. 19. 0

 Hund. De Lesnewith. 

 Cleder. 1. 16. 8 Bur. De Castle | S. Warburg 1. 18. 4 Boterel. | 0. 7. 0 S. Iuliet. 0. 14. 8 Oterham. 0. 19. 0 Bur. De Tintagle. 0. 13. 2 Lanteglos. 1. 10. 0 Podistok. 4. 5. 2 S. Genis. 1. 14. 2 Mihelstowe. 0. 19. 0 Lesnewith. 1. 8. 0 Bu. De Camelforth. 0. 9. 0 Maner. De Tintagle. 1. 7. 0 Alternon 1. 18. 6 Minster. 1. 4. 6 Dauid. 2. 6. 8 Treneglos. 1. 6. 8 Treualga. 1. 0. 0 Athawyn. 1. 0. 0

[93]

 Hund. De Lesnewith. 

 Kilkhamlond. 3. 4. 4 Bridgerule. 0. 12. 6 Iacobstow. 1. 16. 4 Moristow. 3. 6. 0 Poghwil. 0. 19. 0 Boyton. 1. 9. 0 Launcels. 1. 8. 0 Stratton. 2. 19. 6 Ouerwynchurch. 2. 0. 0 Wyke. 1. 15. 0 Whitston. 1. 13. 0 Bur. De Kilkhamp. 1. 0. 2

 Hund. De Westwibilsher. 

 Niot. 2. 7. 0 Lanteglos. 5. 0. 0 Cardinham. 1. 18. 0 Burg. De Liskerd. 6. 14. 0 Morual. 1. 17. 0 Reprina. 0. 8. 0 S. Clere. 2. 1. 7 Wynnock. 2. 0. 0 Tallan. 1. 12. 0 Burg. De Loo. 1. 10. 0 Lansalwys. 1. 9. 0 Lanraythew. 1. 8. 6 Vepe. 1. 9. 2 Villade. 1. 13. 0 Maner. De Liskerd. 1. 13. 0 S. Martyn de Loo. 1. 10. 0 Dulo. 1. 18. 6 Brotheck. 0. 18. 0 Warlegan. 1. 2. 0 Kayn. 0. 8. 4 Pleuiul. 2. 7. 0 Pynnock. 0. 19. 0 Liskerd. 1. 12. 0

 Hund. De Eastwibilshere. 

 Antony. 1. 11. 0 Manerium de | Lawlutton. 1. 3. 0 Tremeton. | 2. 15. 4 Southil. 0. 18. 0 Linkinhorne. 2. 0. 0 Piderwyn. 2. 3. 0 Seuiock. 1. 4. 0 Landilp. 0. 17. 6 Calstock. 3. 6. 0 Stoke. 2. 9. 0 S. Melan. 1. 6. 0 Minhinet. 4. 6. 0 Rame. 1. 11. 0 Egloskery. 2. 5. 0 S. Iue. 1. 19. 0 S. Germyns. 6. 10. 0 S. Dominick. 1. 4. 0 Bur. De Downuet. 2. 16. 8 Lawanneck. 1. 10. 0 Lasant. 1. 18. 0 Laurake. 1. 19. 0 S. Iohns. 1. 6. 10 Burg. De Ash. 2. 0. 8 S. Stephens of | Pillaton. 0. 15. 4 Lanceston. | 4. 16. 0 Boskenna. 0. 9. 0 Quedock. 1. 7. 0 Meer. 0. 15. 0 Northil. 1. 12. 0

 Sum. Tot. 15. & 10. In Cornub. 479. 03. [94]

 Md. Postea sequuntur deductiones & allocat. De eisdem sum. Appunctuat. Per Edmund. Episc. Exon. & Thom. Bodul- gat tunc vn. Milit. Praed. Com. In Anno 24. H. 6. Vt pt. P. Particulariter. 

 Trigge. 

 Parochia de | Aldehan. 0. 15. 0 Menefride. | 1. 0. 0 Maben. 0. 15. 0 Helland. 0. 15. 0 Egloshail 1. 10. 0 Burg. De Bodmyn. 6. 0. 0 Temple. 0. 3. 0 S. Tudy. 0. 9. 0 S. Bruer. 0. 15. 0 Tethe. 1. 10. 0

 Sum. 13. 12. 0. 

 Hund. De Lesnowith. 

 Cleder. 0. 12. 0 Oterham. 0. 15. 0 Burg. De Botriscast. 0. 6. 0 Aduen. 0. 6. 0 Pondistoke. 2. 0. 0 Warburg. 0. 10. 0 Mynster. 0. 12. 0 Lesnowith. 0. 12. 0 Bu. De Camelforth. 0. 6. 0 Treueglos. 0. 18. 0 S. Gennys. 0. 15. 0 Alternon. 0. 10. 0 S. Dauid. 0. 10. 0

 Sum. 8. 12. 0. 

 Hund. De Stratton. 

 Morestow. 1. 10. 0 Burgus de | Poughwel. 0. 12. 0 Kilkampton. | 0. 9. 0 Lancels. 0. 10. 0 Merwinchurch. 0. 15. 0 Boyton. 0. 10. 0 Whithton. 0. 15. 0 Kilkampton. 1. 0. 0 Iacobstow. 0. 10. 0 Stratton. 1. 1. 0

 Sum. 7. 12. 0

 Hund. De East. 

 Calstok. 1. 10. 0 Rame 0. 15. 0 Lawanneck. 1. 1. 0 Quethiock. 0. 12. 0 S. Iohns. 0. 15. 0 S. Domineck. 0. 10. 0 S. Iues. 1. 0. 0 Pederwyn. 0. 8. 0 Minhinet. 3. 0. 0 S. Germyns. 4. 10. 0 Manerium de | Antony. 0. 15. 0 Tremeton. | 1. 5. 0 Lawhitton. 0. 15. 0 Burgus de | S. Stephens. 2. 0. 0 Downeued. | 1. 0. 0 Laurake. 0. 10. 0 S. Melan. 1. 0. 0 Egloskery. 0. 15. 0

 Sum. 22. 1. 0. 

[95]

 Hund. De West. 

 Burgus de | Lanrethow. 0. 10. 0 Liskerd. | 1. 0. 0 S. Vepe. 0. 10. 0 S. Cleer. 0. 10. 0 Manerium | Morual. 0. 10. 0 de Liskerd. | 0. 12. 0 Talland. 0. 10. 0 S. Pynnock. 0. 10. 0 Parish of Liskerd. 0. 18. 0 Nyot. 0. 10. 0 Lanteglos. 1. 10. 0

 Sum. 7. 10. 0. 

 Hund. De Penwith. 

 Luduan. 0. 9. 0 S. Sencrede. 0. 15. 0 Camborn. 1. 0. 0 S. Felix. 0. 6. 0 S. Senan. 0. 13. 0 S. Selenan. 0. 10. 0 S. Gothian. 0. 10. 0 S. Michaels. 0. 10. 0 S. Ius t. 0. 10. 0 S. Pawl. 1. 0. 0 S. Veryn. 2. 0. 0 S. Thebut. 1. 0. 0 S. Wynner. 0. 10. 0 S. Grey. 0. 9. 0

 Sum. 10. 2. 0. 

 Hund. De Kerier. 

 S. Wenep. 0. 10. 0 S. Constantyn. 0. 9. 0 Mawnan. 0. 6. 0 Crade. 0. 10. 0 Burg. De Helston. 1. 10. 0 Wynampton. 0. 6. 0 Melan. 0. 10. 0 Stedian. 0. 9. 0 Arwothel. 0. 10. 0 Ewyn. 0. 10. 0 Minster. 0. 6. 0

 Sum. 5. 16. 0. 

 Hund. De Powder. 

 Argallas. 0. 10. 0 Lamorek. 0. 10. 0 Keby. 0. 9. 0 S. Sampsons. 0. 10. 0 Burgus de | S. Gereus. 0. 10. 0 Truru. | 10. 0. 0 Burgus de | Roche. 0. 18. 0 Lostwithiel. | 8. 0. 0 Moresk. 0. 10. 0 Lamhorn. 0. 6. 0 S. Goran. 0. 9. 0 Tywardreth. 0. 10. 0 S. Allen. 0. 5. 0 S. Stephens. 0. 10. 0 Illerky. 0. 10. 0 Eglosros. 0. 10. 0

 Sum. 19. 17. 0. [96]************************* missing scan *******************88

 Hund. De Pider. 

 Lanhidrok. 0. 11. 0 S. Petrock minor. 0. 6. 0 S. Pyran. 0. 15. 0 S. Petrock maior. 0. 10. 0 S. Newlyn. 1. 10. 0 S. Breock. 0. 15. 0 S. Colan. 0. 10. 0 Withiel. 0. 5. 0 Lamhern. 0. 10. 0 Carnenton. 0. 10. 0 S. Edy. 0. 12. 0 Vwel. 0. 10. 0 S. Enoder. 0. 15. 0

 Sum. Tot. Deductions. 15. & 10. 113. 1. 6. ****************************************************************

 THE S V R V E Y OF

 C O R N W A L L. 

 The second Booke. 

IN this second booke I will first report what I haue learned ofCornwall, and Cornishmen in general, and from thence descend to theparticular places and persons, as their note-worthie site, or anymemorable action, or accident, of the former or later ages, shall offer occasion. 

The highest which my search can reach vnto, I borrow out of Strabo, who writeth, that the Westerne Bretons gaue ayde vnto the Armoriciof Fraunce, against Caesar, which hee pretended for one of the causes, why he inuaded this Iland. 

Next I find, that about sixtie yeeres from the landing of Hengist, [Anno Do. 509. ] one Nazaleod, a mightie King amongst the Bretons, ioyned battell with Certicus, Soueraigne of the West-Saxons, and after long fight, with his owne death accompanied the ouerthrowof his armie. [519. ] Yet, the Bretons, thus abandoned by fortune, would not so forsake themselues, but with renued courage, and forces, coped once againe with Certicus, and his sonne Kenrick, at [97Certicesford, thogh equally destitute of successe as before. 

[590. ] Gurmund, an arch Pirate of the Norwegians, was called bythe Saxons, out of his late conquered Ireland, to their aide, against Careticus king of the Bretons; whom he ouercame in battel, and inforced his subiects to seeke safegard by flight, some in Wales, some in Cornwall, and some in little Breteigne: since which time, they could neuer recouer againe their auncient possession of thewhole Iland. 

[688. ] Howbeit, not long after, Iuor, sonne to Alane, king of thesaid little Breteigne, landed in the West parts, wanne from theSaxons, Cornwall, Deuon, & Somerset shires, by force of armes, and then established his conquest, by a peaceable composition withhis aduerse partie. 

[720. ] Adelred, king of West-sex, inuaded Deuon and Cornwall, whom Roderick, king of the Bretons, and Blederick Prince of thoseprouinces, encountred and discomfited: [750. ] which notwithstanding, processe of time reaued from, him, and added such strength tohis enemies, that he was driuen to abandon Cornwall, and retireinto Wales. 

[809. ] So, the Cornishmen quitting their libertie with their prince, stouped to the commaund of Egbert King of West-sex, and with theirterritorie (saith William Malmsburie) enlarged his confines. 

[937. ] Athelstane handled them yet more extremely; for hee draue themout of Excester, where, till then, they bare equall sway withthe Saxons, & left onely the narrow angle on the West of Tamer riuer, for their Inhabitance, which hath euer since beene their fatall bound. 

On their Reguli (as Vincentius deliuereth) he imposed an yerelytribute, of 20. Li. In gold, 300. Li. In siluer, 25. Oxen, and hunting hounds and hawkes, at discretion. 

[997. ] To these afflictions by home-neighbours of bondage, tribute, and banishing, was ioyned a fourth, of spoyling by forrayne enemies:for Roger Houedon telleth vs, that the Danes landed in sundry placesof Cornwall, forrayed the Countrey, burned the Townes, and killedthe people. 

[1068. ] To whom succeeded in the like occupation, Godwin, andEdmond magnus, King Harolds two sonnes, discomfiting the forcesopposed against them, harrowing Deuon and Cornwall, and thenretiring with their prey into Ireland. 

[113. ] After the conquest, when K. H. The first inuaded. Griffin ap Conan Prince of Wales, he distributed his armie intothree portions, one of which (wherein consisted the forces of thefourth part of England and Cornwal) hee committed to the leading ofGilbert Earl of Strigill. 

[1227. ] In Henry the thirds time, by the testimony of Mathew Paris, William Earle of Sarum, after long tossing at sea, with much adoe, about Christmas arriued in Cornwall; and so afterwards, didEarl Richard, the Kings brother, at two seuerall times: the laterof which, being destitute of horses and treasure, he prayed thereinayde of his loyals. 

[1339. ] When Edward the third auerred his right to the Crowneof Fraunce, by the euidence of armes, the French for a counterplea, made an vnlawfull entry into Deuon and Cornwall; but Hugh CourtneyEarle of Deuon, remooued it with posse Comitatus, and recommittedthem to the wooden prison that brought them thither. Yet would notthe Scots take so much warning by their successe, as example bytheir precedent, if at least, Froissarts [98] ignorance of ourEnglish names, bred not his mistaking in the place. 

By his relation aso, Cornwalls neere neighbourhead gaue oportunityof accesse, both to the Earle Montford, when he appealed to thatKings ayd, for recouering his right in Brittaine (albeit I cannotbring home Cepsee the designed port of his landing) and after hiscaptiuitie, to the messengers of his heroicall Countesse, employedin the like errand. 

And from Cornwall, the Earle of Sarum, Wil. De Mesuile andPhilip de Courtney, set to sea, with 40. Ships, besides Barks, and 2000. Men at armes, besides Archers, in support of that quarrell. 

Lastly, his authoritie enformeth me, that those souldiers of Cornwall, who vnder their Captaines Iohn Apport and Iohn Cornwall, had defendedthe Fort of Bercherel in Brittaine, against the power of Fraunce, aboue a yeres space, in the end, for want of due succours, vpon anhonourable composition surrendred the same. 

[1471. ] Queene Margaret, wife to H. 6. Vpon her arriual outof Fraunce, after the losse of Barnet field, receiued great ayd, though to smal purpose, from the Deuon and Cornish men, vnder theconduct of Thomas, Earle of that shire. 

[1485. ] And so much were those Western people addicted to that name, as they readily followed Sir Edw. Courtney, & his brother Peter, Bishop of Excester, what time the assisted the Duke of Buckingham, in his reuolt against Richard the third. 

[1497. ] Neither did his suppressour and successour, H. The 7. Findethem more loyall: for the Cornish men repining at a Subsidy latelygraunted him by Act of Parliament, were induced to rebellion, by Thomas Flammock, a Gentleman, & Michael Ioseph, a Black-smith, with whom they marched to Taunton, there murdering the prouost ofPerin, a Commissioner for the sayd Subsidy, and from thence to Welles, where Iames Touchet, Lord Audely, degenerated to their party, with which encrease they passed by Sarisbury to Winchester, and sointo Kent. But by this time, Lords & Commons were gathered instrength sufficient, to make head against them, and soone after, black Heath saw the ouerthrow of their forces, in battell, and London, the punishment of their seducers by iustice. 

In the same fatall yeere of reuolts, Perkin Warbeck, a counterfeitPrince, landed in Cornwall, went to Bodmyn, assembled a trayne ofrake-hels, assaulted Excester, receyued the repulse, and in theend sped, as is knowne, and as he deserued. 

[1549. ] The last Cornish rebellion, was first occasioned byone Kilter, and other his associats of a Westerne parish, called, S. Keueren, who imbrued their wicked hands in the guiltles blood ofone M. Body, as he sate in Commission at Helston for matters ofreformation in religion: and the yere following, it grew to ageneral reuolt, vnder the conduct of Arundel, Wydeslade, Resogan, and others, followed by 6000. With which power they marched intoDeuon, besieged and assaulted Excester, & gaue the L. Russell(employed with an army against them) more then one hot encounter, which yet (as euer) quayled in their ouerthrow. 

In my particular view, I will make easie iournies from place to place, as they lye in my way, taking the Hundreds for my guydes, vntill Ihaue accomplished this wearisome voyage. 

[98]

My first entrance must be by the hundred of East, so named forhis site, and therein, at Plymouth hauen. It borroweth that nameof the riuer Plym, which rising in Deuon, and by the way baptizingPlymston, Plymstock, &c. Here emptieth it selfe into the sea. The hauen parteth Deuon and Cornwall welneere euery where, as Tamerriuer runneth: I say welneere, because some few interlaced placesare excepted: a matter so sorted at the first partition, eyther tosatisfie the affection of some speciall persons, or to appropriatethe soyle to the former Lords, or that (notwithstanding thisseuerance) there might stil rest some cause of entercourse betweenthe Inhabitants of both Counties: as I haue heard, a late great manensued, and expressed the like consideration, in diuision of hislands between two of his sonnes. 

Now though this hauen thus bound both shires, yet doth theiurisdiction of the water wholly appertayne to the Duchy ofCornwall, and may therefore bee claymed as a part of that County. Notwithstanding, I will forbeare what I may, to intrude vpon my goodfriend M. Hookers limits, and reserue to him the description of thefarther shore. 

The first promontory of this harbour on the West side, is Rame head, by his proportion, receyuing, and by his possession, giuing, thatname and armes to his owner, whose posterity conueyed it byinter-marriages, from Durnford, to Edgecumb: on the toppe thereofriseth a little vaulted Chappell, which serueth for a marke at sea. 

From thence trending Penlee poynt, you discouer Kings sand andCausam Bay, an open roade, yet sometimes affoording succour to thewoorst sort of Seafarers, as not subiect to comptrolment ofPlymouth forts. The shore is peopled with some dwelling houses, and many Cellers, dearely rented for a short vsage, in sauingof Pilcherd. At which time, there flocketh a great concourseof Sayners, and others, depending vpon their labour. I haue heardthe Inhabitants thereabouts to report, that the Earle of Richmond(afterwards Henry the seuenth) while hee houered vpon the coast, here by stealth refreshed himselfe; but being aduertised ofstreight watch, kept for his surprising at Plymouth, he richlyrewarded his hoste, hyed speedily a shipboord, and escaped happilyto a better fortune. 

Here also of late yeeres, part of the Cornish forces twiseencamped themselues, planted some Ordinance, and raised a weakekind of fortification, therethrough to contest, if not repulse, the landing of the expected enemie: and a strong watch is continuallykept there, euer since one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie seuen:at which time, a Spaniard riding on the Bay, while most of the ablepeople gaue their attendance at the Countie Assises, sent someclosely into the village, in the darke of the night, who hanged vpbarrels of matter fit to take fire, vpon certaine doores, which bya traine should haue burned the houses. But one of the Inhabitants, espying these vnwelcome ghests, with the bounce of a Caliuer chacedthem aboord, and remoued the barrels, before the traynes came toworke their effect. The Inginer of this practise, (as hath sinceappeared by some examinations) was a Portugall, who sometimes sayledwith Sir Iohn Borowghs, and boasted to haue burned his Ship:for which two honourable exploits, the King of Spaine bestowed onhim two hundred duckets. 

[100]

In the mouth of the harbour, lyeth S. Nicholas Iland, in fashion, losengy, in quantity, about 3. Acres, strongly fortifyed, carefully garded, and subiect to the Commaunder of Plymmouth fort. 

When the Cornish rebels, during Edw. The 6. Raigne, turmoyled thequiet of those quarters, it yeelded a safe protection to diuersdutyful subiects, who there shrowded themselues. 

From this Iland, a range of rocks reacheth ouer to theSouthwest shore, discouered at the low water of Spring tides, and leauing onely a narrow entrance in the midst, called the Yate, for ships to passe thorow, whereto they are directed by certainemarkes at land. 

Vpon this South shore, somewhat within the Iland, standethmount Edgecumb, a house builded and named by Sir Ric. Edgecumb, father to the now possessioner: and if comparisons were as lawfullin the making, as they prooue odious in the matching, I would presumeto ranke it, for health, pleasure, and commodities, with any subiectshouse of his degree in England. It is seated against the North, on the declining of a hill, in the midst of a Deere park, neere anarrow entrance, thorow which the salt water breaketh vp intothe country, to shape the greatest part of the hauen. The house isbuilded square, with a round turret at eche end, garretted on the top, & the hall rising in the mids aboue the rest, which yeeldeth astately sound, as you enter the same. In Summer, the openedcasements admit a refreshing coolenes: in Winter, the two closeddoores exclude all offensiue coldnesse: the parlour and diningchamber giue you a large & diuersified prospect of land & sea;to which vnderly S. Nicholas Iland, Plymmouth fort, & the townes ofPlymmouth, Stonehouse, Milbrook, & Saltajh. It is supplyed witha neuer-fayling spring of water, and the dwelling stored with wood, timber, fruit, Deere, and Conies. The ground abundantly answeretha housekeepers necessities, for pasture, arable and meadow, and isreplenished with a kinde of stone, seruing both for building, lyme, and marle. On the seaclifs groweth great plenty of the best Ore-wood, to satisfie the owners want, and accommodate his neighbours. A little below the house, in the Summer euenings, Sayne-boates comeand draw with their nets for fish; whither the gentry of the housewalking downe, take the pleasure of the sight, and sometimes atall aduentures, buy the profit of the draughts. Both sides of theforementioned narrowe entrance, together with the passage betweene, (much haunted as the high way to PIymmouth) the whole towneof Stonehouse, and a great circuit of the land adioyning, appertaine to M. Edgecumbs inheritance: these sides are fencedwith blockhouses, and that next to Mount Edgecumb, was wont to beplanted with ordinance, which at coming & parting, with their basevoices greeted such ghests as visited the house, neither hath theopportunity of the harbour wanted occasions to bring them, or theowners a franke mind to inuite them. For proofe whereof, the earstremembred Sir Ric. (a gentleman in whom mildnes & stoutnes, diffidence & wisdome, deliberatenes of vndertaking, & sufficieneyof effecting, made a more commendable, then blazing mixture of vertue)during Q. Ma. Raigne, entertained at one time, for some good space, the Admirals of the English, Spanish, & Netherland fleets, with manynoble men besides. But not too much of this, least a partiallaffection steale, at vnwares, into my commendation, as one, by my mother, descended from his loynes, and by my birth, a memberof the house. 

[101]

Certaine olde ruines, yet remaining, confirme the neighbours report, that neere the waters side, there stood once a towne, calledWest stone house, vntill the French by fire and sword ouerthrew it. 

In the yeere one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie nine, the Spaniardsvaunts caused the Cornish forces to aduance there a kind offortification, and to plot the making of a Bridge on barges ouerthat strait, for inhibiting the enemies accesse by boates and Gallies, into the more inward parts of the hauen. But it may be doubted, whether the bridge would haue proued as impossible, as the Sconcefell out vnnecessarie. 

Master Peter Edgecumbe (commonly called Peers) married Margaretthe daughter of Sir Andrew Lutterel, his father Sir Richard married[blank] the daughter of Tregian: his father Sir Peers married [blank]the daughter, and heire of Stephan Durnford: and his fatherSir Richard, married [blank] the daughter of Tremayn. These namesof Peers and Richard, they haue successiuely varied for sixe orseuen descents. Hee beareth for his Armes, Gules on a Bend ermine, betweene two Cotises, Or. 3. Bores heades coped, arg. Armed as thethird; Langued as the field. 

A little inward from Mountedgecumb, lieth a safe and commodious Roadfor shipping, called Hamose, and compounded of the words Ose, and Ham, according to the nature of the place. Here those vessels cast anchor, which are bound to the Eastwards, as those doe in Catwater, who wouldfare to the West; because euerie wind that can erue them at Sea, will from thence carrie them out: which commoditie other roads doenot so conueniently affoord. It is reported, that in times past, there was an ordinary passage ouer this water, to a place on Deuonside, called Horsecoue, but long since discontinued. 

At the higher end of a creek, passing vp from hence, Milbrook lurkethbetween two hilles, a village of some 80. Houses, and borrowing hisname from a mill and little brook, running therethrough. In myremembrance (which extendeth not to aboue 40. Yeeres) this villagetooke great encrease of wealth and buildings, through the iust andindustrious trade of fishing, and had welneere forty ships and barksat one time belonging therevnto. But our late broyles with Spaynehaue let vp a more compendious, though not so honest way of gayning, and begin by little and little, to reduce these plaine dealers, to their former vndeserued plight. Yet do they prescribe, in asuburbiall market (as I may terme it) to Plymmouth, for their reliefe, by intercepting, if not forestalling, such corne and victuals, as passing thorow their streights, cannot for want of time or weather, get ouer Crymell passage, to the other: and surely they are notunworthy of fauour: for this towne furnisheth more able Mariners ateuery prest for her Highnesse seruice, then many others of fargreater blaze. 

It chanced about twenty yeeres sithence, that one Richaurd, wife toRichard Adams of this towne, was deliuered of two male children, the one ten weekes after the other, who liued vntil baptisme, & thelater hitherto: Which might happen, in that the woman bearing twinnes, by some blow, slide, or other extraordinary accident, brought forththe first before his time, and the later in his due season. Now, that a childe borne in the seuenth moneth may liue, both Astrologersand Phisicions [102] doe affirme, but in the 8. They deny it;and these are their reasons: The Astrologers hold, that thechild in the mothers wombe, is successiuely gouerned euery moneth, by the seuen Planets, beginning at Saturne: after which reckoning, he returning to his rule the 8, month, by his dreery influence, infortunateth any birth that shal then casually befall: whereashis succeeder Iupiter, by a better disposition worketh a morebeneficiall effect. The Phisicions deliuer, that in the seuenthmoneth, the childe, by course of nature, turneth it self in themothers belly; wherefore, at that time, it is readier (as halfeloosed) to take issue by any outward chance. Mary, in the eighth, when it beginneth to settle againe, and as yet retayneth someweakenes of the former sturring, it requireth a more forcibleoccasion, & that induceth a slaughtering violence. Or if theseconiecturall reasons suffice not to warrant a probability ofthe truth, Plynies authority in a stranger case, shall pressethem farther: for hee writeth, that a woman brought a bed of onechilde in the seuenth moneth, in the moneths following, was alsodeliuered of twinnes. 

A part of Mount-Edgecumb, and of this Milbrook, though seueredfrom Deuon, by the generall bound, yet, vpon some of theforeremembred considerations, haue bene annexed thereunto. 

Aside of Milbrook, lyeth the Peninsula of Inswork, on whoseneckland standeth an ancient house of the Champernons, and descendedby his daughters and heires, to Forteskew, Monck, and Treuilian, three Gentlemen of Deuon. The site is naturally both pleasant andprofitable; to which, the owner by his ingenious experiments, daily addeth an artificiall surplusage. 

Passing somewhat farther vp, you meet with the foot of Lyner, where it winneth fellowship with Tamer, that, till then, and this, yet longer, retayning their names, though their ouer-weake streameswere long before confounded, by the predominant salt water. A little within this mouth of Lyner, standeth East-Antony, the poorehome of mine ancestours, with which in this maner they were inuested:Sir Iohn Lerchedekne, Knight, and not priest, (for he was so calledof his family, and not by his calling, as in Froissard you shall notethe like, to be familiar amongst the nobility of Gascoigne)by Cecill, the daughter and heire of Iordan of Haccumb, had issue 9. Sonnes, Ralph, Waryne, Richard, Otho, Iohn, Robert, Martyn, Reignald, and Michael. Richard married Ione, the daughter of Iohn Bosowr, that bare him Thomas, in whome the heires male of this multiplyedhope tooke an end. Warine, afterwards knighted, tooke to wifeElizabeth, one of the daughters and heires to Iohn Talbot deCastro Ricardi, and on her begat three daughters and heires. Allenor, wedded to Sir Walter Lucy: Margery, to Sir Thomas Arundelof Taluerne: and Philip, to Sir Hugh Courtney of Bauncton (which Itake is now named Boconnock. ) From Lucy descended the Lord Faux, and others. Margery dyed childlesse, anno 1419. As is testified byher toomb-stone in West-Antony Church, where shee lyeth buried. Sir Hugh Courtney was second sonne to Ed. Earle of Deuon, & had2. Wiues: the first, Maud, daughter of the L. Beaumond; to whosechildren, for want of issue in the elder stock, that Earledomedeuolued, & the later, our foreremembred Philip, who left herinheritance to her only daughter Ione: and she taking a patternefrom her fathers fortune, espoused likewise 2. Husbands, viz. Sir Nicholas Baron of Carew, and Sir Robert Fere, brotherto [103] Iohn Earle of Oxford: to Sir Nicholas, shee bare Thomas, Nicholas, Hugh, Alexander, and William: to Sir Robert, Iohn, andbecame widdow of both. And, as after the fathers decease, goodagreement betweene the mother and eldest sonne hath commonly weakecontinuance, because both being enfranchised to a sudden absoluteiurisdiction, neither of them can easily temper the same with arequisite moderation: so it chaunced, that shee and hers fell atsquare, which discord (with an vnnaturall extremity) brake forth intoa blow, by him no lesse dearly, then vndutifully giuen his mother:for vpon so iust a cause, she disinherited him of all her lands, being seuenteene mannours, and bestowed them on her yonger sonnes. This I learned by the report of Sir Peter Carew, the elder ofthat name, and eldest of our stock (a Gentleman, whose rare worthmy pen is not able to shaddow, much lesse with his due lineamentsto represent) at such time, as being a scholler in Oxford offourteene yeeres age, and three yeeres standing, vpon a wrongconceyued opinion touching my sufficiency, I was there called todispute ex tempore (impar congressus Achilli) with the matchlesSir Ph. Sidney, in presence of the Earles, Leycester, Warwick, and diuers other great personages. By the forementioned conueyance, she disposed of her sayd mannours as followeth: Haccumb, Ringmore, and Milton, shee gaue to Nicholas: Lyham, Manedon, Combhall, andSouthtawton, to Hugh: East-Antony, Shoggebroke, and Landegy, to Alexander: Wicheband, Widebridge, Bokeland, and Bledeuagh, to William: and lastly, Roseworthy, Bosewen, and Tregennow, to Iohn:al which she entailed to them, and the issue of their bodies, substituting, for want thereof, the one to be heire to the other:and in witnes hereof (sayth she in her conueyance) to each of thesedeedes fiue times indented, I haue set my seale ; and because myseale is to many vnknowne, haue procured the seale of the Maior ofthe Citie of Exon, to be also adioyned. 

Thomas her eldest sonne, repayred this losse, in part, by matchingwith one of Carminowes, daughters and heires. 

From Nicholas, is descended Carew of Haccumb, who by vertue ofthis entayle, succeeded also to Hughs portion, as deceasingissuelesse. From William is come Carew of Crocum in Somerset shire, and from Iohn Vere, the now Earle of Oxford, deriueth his pedigree. Alexander maried Elizabeth the daughter of Hatch, and begate Iohn, who tooke to wife Thamesin, one of the daughters and heires ofHolland: their sonne Sir Wymond, espoused Martha, the daughter ofEdmund, and sister to Sir Anthony Denny. Sir Wymond had Thomas, the husband of Elizabeth Edgecumb, and they myselfe, linked inmatrimony with Iulian, daughter to Iohn Arundel of Trerice, andone of the heires to her mother Catherine Cosewarth, who hathmade me father of Richard, lately wedded to Briget, daughter ofIohn Chudleigh of Ashton in Deuon. 

Touching our stock in generall, and my family in particular, being once vainly disposed (I would it had bene but once) I madethis idle obseruation. 

 CArew of ancient Carru was, And Carru is a plowe, Romanes the trade, Frenchmen the word, I doe the name auowe. The elder stock, and we a braunch, At Phoebes gouerning. 

[104]

 From fire to sonne, doe waxe and wane, By thrift and lauishing. The fire, not valuing at due price His wealth, it throwes away: The sonne, by seruice or by match, Repaireth this decay. The smelling fence we sundry want, But want it without lack: For t'is no sense, to wish a weale, That brings a greater wrack. Through natures marke, we owne our babes, By tip of th' upper lip; Black-bearded all the race, saue mine, Wrong dide by mothership. The Barons wife, Arch-deacons heire, Vnto her yonger sonne Gaue Antony, which downe to me, By 4. Descents hath runne. All which, and all their wiues, exprest A Turtles single loue, And neuer did tha'duentrous change, Of double wedding proue. We are the fist: to swarue herefrom, I will not though I could, As for my wife, God may dispose, Shee shall not, though she would. Our family transplants it selfe, To grow in other shires, And Countrey rather makes then takes, As best behoofe appeares. Children thrice three God hath vs lent, Two sonnes, and then a mayd, By order borne, of which, one third We in the graue haue layd. Our eldest daughter widow fell, Before our yongest borne: So doe hard haps vnlooked come, So are our hopes forlorne. Mine trebled haue in either sexe, Those which my parents got, And yet but halfed them, which God My graundsire did allot: Whose grace in Court, rarely obtayned, To th'yongst of those eighteene, Three Kings of England Godfathers, For Godmother, our Queene. 

The Armes of our family, are Or. 3. Lyons passant, sable: armed andLangued Gules. 

It exceedeth good maners, to inuite your longer stay at our coldharbour; and yet, for that diuers strangers haue, either vpon causeor kindnesse, pretended to like well of a saltwater pond there made;and others, whose dwelling affoordeth a semblable oportunity, may (perhaps) take some light herefrom, to doe the like: if theybe so disposed, I will put my selfe to the payne of particularlydescribing it, and you may (notwithstanding) at your pleasure, saue the labour of perusing it; wherein I will by the way interlacesome notes, for the Imitaters better instruction. 

There lyeth a creeke of Ose, betweene two hilles, which deliueringa little fresh rillet into the sea, receyueth for recompence, a large ouerflowing of the salt water tides. This place is deepenedto a pond, by casting vp part of the Ose to the heades, part to themiddle, and part to the sides: the vpper head stoppeth out thefresh water, the lower keepeth in the salt: the middle raysethan Iland for the Workmens [105] ease, the owners pleasure, and thefishes succour. The Ose thus aduaunced, within short space, through the sunne and winde, changeth his former softnes, to a firmer hardnesse. Round about the pond, there is pitched afrith of three foote heighth, sloped inwards, to barre any Otterfrom issuing, if hee there aduenture his naturall theft, as it wouldforeclose his entrance, but lose the pastime of his hunting, if thesame declined outwards. In one of the corners next the sea, standeth a flood-gate, to bee drawne vp and let downe throughreigles in the side postes, whose mouth is encompassed with adouble frith, of two foote distance, eche from other, and theirmiddle space filled vp with small stones: this serueth to let inthe salt water, and to keepe in the fish, when the flood-gate istaken vp: and therefore you must not make the frith too close, nor the compasse too little, lest they too much stop the waterspassage. It riseth of equall heighth with the banks, & they mustoutreach the highest full sea mark, by two foot at least: neytherought your flood-gates foote to stand euen with the pondes bottome, lest emptying the water, it wholly abandon the fish, but must leaueabout three foot depth within. In the halfe circle enclosed betweenthe flood-gate and the compasse frith, there is digged a round pit, of three foot diameter, and foure foot depth, frithed on the sides, which is continually fedde with the water soaking from the saydflood-gate, and serueth to keepe any fish aliue, that you hauebefore taken, and so to saue ouer often drawing. The floodgate willhold water best, if his sides be walled vp with Cob. The pond maynot carry one continuall depth, but containe some shallow places, to protect the smaller fish from the greater, and for them all toplay in, when the weather is hote. In the higher banke there isalso a flood-gate, to let in the fresh water, during Summer season, which the fish then best affecteth; the rest of the yeere it iscarryed away by a trench, for auoyding diuers discommodities. 

Thus much for the making: now to the vse. Such as haue the meanes, may best benefit themselues, by letting in the salt water euery tyde, which is easily done, in making that place, where the water entreth, lower then the bankes and frith, and so suffering the tyde totake his course forth and back, without stop or attendance: and inthis case, you may place your flood-gate euen with the floore ofyour pond, and neuer take it vp, but when you are disposed to viewall your store. But mine lieth so high from the mouth of the hauen, as I am driuen to detayne the last prouision, vntill the commingspring-tyde haue taken two daies encrease; at which time, theflood-gate is hoysed vp, the old water let out, and the new admitted. At full sea downe goeth the flood-gate againe, and there abideth, vntill the next day minister the like ocasion: and after this maneris opened and closed, for sixe dayes in the whole, continuing fromthenceforth other ten dayes vnmedled withall, to wit, 8. Daies ofthe neap, & two of the spring. Neither doth al this requireouer-long, or busie paines or attendance: for if the former water belet out (sauing in extreme cold weather) before any new come in, or stopped somewhat too late, it little skilleth, so as on the lastday you keepe the aduantage, which the flood, then at highest, doth giue you. 

And all these seruices about my pond, together with sundry other, are performed by an old fellow whome I [106] keepe for almes, and not for his worke. The best meanes of preuenting leakage, is to let three or foure shouels full of earth fall softly downe, by the inner side of the flood-gate, which will quurt vp his chinkes. 

In winter season, sixe foote depth of water, at least, is requisite. 

Now touching the fish, this is the maner: when the Pilcherd Saynerscut the most impayred pieces out of their nets, they are bought fora trifle, and serue to make a lesse Sayne, of fome 30. Or 40. Fathomlength, and 2. In depth, for this purpose, wherewith, betweeneMidsummer and the end of August, when the full sea falleth in theafter-noones, my people make draughtes on the shallow places withinharbour, and taking small fishes, cast them into the pond: they arekept & brought thither aliue, in a boat halfe full of water, whichentreth thorow a little augre hole in the bottome, and so continuethnew. The fish thus taken, are commonly Basse, Millet, Guilthead, Whiting, Smelts, Flouk, Plaice, and Sole. The pond also breedethCrabs, Eeles, & Shrimps; and (in the beginning) Oysters grew vponboughs of trees (an Indian miracle) which were cast in thither, to serue as a houer for the fish. The Basse and Millet do alsospawn there, but whether they ouerliue their breeders rauening, to any big growth, I am not certayne. The pond will moreouer keepeShote, Peale, Trought, and Sammon, in seasonable plight, but notin their wonted reddish graine. They feed on salt vnmarchantablePilcherd, small fish, called Brit, and Barne, Tag-wormes, Lugges, little Crabs, & the liuers of beasts: the rest deuoure their meat, but the Millets content themselues with sucking it, and chawing ofthe sedge. Euery euening they come to a place certain in the pond, for receiuing their allowed pittance, and in Summer, approche veryneere, and in the top of the water plainly discouer themselues. They were first trayned hereunto, by throwing in their bayte at theponds mouth, as they resorted thither, to take pleasure of the newentring water, and are now become alike tame, with those in theSicilian riuer Elorus, for which, Leonicus voucheth the testimonyof Apollodorus. If they be absent, a knocking, like the choppingof their meat, serueth for a summons to call them, & confirmethPlynies assertion, that fishes do heare. In the hotest Summerweather, they swimme with the ryme of the water; and in the Winter, keepe the depth. Lymy, or thicke puddelly water, killeth them:they grow very fast, and fatte, which also bettereth their taste, and deliuereth them to the demaunders ready vse, at all seasons, seasonable. 

They are taken generally, by a little Sayne net: specially the Eelesin weelies: the Flowks, by groping in the sand, at the mouth ofthe pond, where (about Lent) they bury themselues to spawn; & theBasse and Millet by angling. 

The pleasure which I took at my friends pleasure herein, idlelybusied me thus to expresse the same. 

 I Wayt not at the Lawyers gates, Ne shoulder clymers downe the stayres; I vaunt not manhood by debates, I enuy not the misers feares: But meane in state, and calme in sprite, My fishfull pond is my delight. 

 Where equall distant Iland viewes His forced banks, and Otters cage :

[107]

 Where salt and fresh the poole renues, As Spring and drowth encrease or swage: Where boat presents his seruice prest, And net becomes the fishes nest;

 There sucking Millet, swallowing Basse, Side-walking Crab, wry-mouthed Flooke, And flip-fist Eele, as euenings passe, For safe bayt at due place doe looke: Bold to approche, quick to espy, Greedy to catch, ready to fly. 

 In heat the top, in cold the deepe: In spring the mouth, the mids in neap: With changelesse change by shoales they keepe, Fat, fruitfull, ready, but not cheap : Thus meane in state, and calme in sprite, My fishfull pond is my delight. 

 And againe. 

 STench-louing Flies, their father heat, On mother, moysture doth beget; Who feeling force of Sunne too great, Their course vnto some water set, There meane of calmy ayre to proue, Twixt coole below and warmth aboue. 

 But carelesse of foresight in weale, The euening deaw droplodes their wing, So forst, downe-falne, for flight to fayle, With buzzing moane their bane they sing, Fluttering in waue, swimming in ayre, That, weake to drowne, and this, to beare. 

 While thus they can nor liue nor dye, Nor water-gieu'd, escape away, [107]

 The fish and swallowes it espie, And both them challenge for their pray; The fish as caught within their toyle, The Swallowes as their kindely spoyle. 

 The fish, like Swallowes, mount on high, The Swallowes, fish-like diue in waue, These, finlesse swimme, those, winglesse fly, One bent their diuers ventures haue, Fish in the drye, Swallowes in wet, By kinde 'gainst kinde their prey to get. 

 Their push a bubble vp doth reare, The bubble driues the Fly to brinke: So Fish in vaine deuoure the ayre, Swallowes in vayne the water drinke, While Fly escapes, this sport I take. Where pond doth th' Ocean captiue make. 

I carried once a purpose, to build a little woodden banqueting house, on the Iland in my pond, which because some other may (perhaps)elsewhere put in execution, it wil not do much amisse, to deliueryou the plot, as the same was deuised for mee, by that perfectlyaccomplished gentleman, the late Sir Arthure Champernowne. 

The Iland is square, with foure rounds at the corners, like Mount-Edgecumb. This should first have bene planched ouer andrayled about, with ballisters. In themidst, there should haue risena boorded roome, of the like fashion, but lesser proportion, so toleaue sufficient space betweene that and the rayles for a walkeround about: this square roome should within side haue bene sieledroundwise, and in three of the places where [108] the round joynedwith the square, as many windowes should haue bene set; the fourthshould haue serued for a dore. Of the 4. Turrets, shut out bythis round, one should haue made a kitchin, the second, a store-house, to keepe the fishing implements, the third, a buttery, & the fourtha stayre, for ascending to the next loft: which next loft should hauerisen on the flat roofe of the lower, in a round forme, but of alesser size againe, so to leaue a second Tarras, like the other:and as the square roome below was sieled round, so should this vpperround roome be sieled square, to the end, that where the side walksand sieling ioyned, three windowes and a doore might likewise findtheir places. The voyd spaces be- tweene the round and square, hee would haue turned to Cupboards and boxes, for keeping othernecessary vtensiles, towards these fishing feasts. 

Ouer-against this pond, lyeth beggers Iland, so called (as ourneighbours relate) euer since my great grandsire espying 2. Of thatidle occupation, at a hote combate on the shore, while he was rowinghomewards from Saltash, tooke them into his boat, & there set themon land, to try (as in a lists) the vttermost of their quarrell:which place they could not quit, vntil the low water shouldenfranchise them by wading & the respite, vent out the alye fumeof their fury. 

About 40. Yeres agoe, it chanced, that a boat ouer-fraightedwith people, in rowing downe the riuer from Saltash market, was bythe extreme weather, sunk, neere to a place called Henpoint, and allthe folke drowned, sauing one onely woman, named Agnes, the wife ofone Cornish, whom it pleased God so to protect and direct, that inher first popping vp againe (which most liuing things accustome)shee espyed the boat (after it had discharged his burthen) risenlikewise, and floting by her, full of water, whereon she got holde, sate astride vpon one of his sides, and by the winde and tyde, was vnusually, and almost miraculously driuen athwart the chanell, to a place called Wilcoue, where shee no sooner stepped ashore, but the boat (as hauing done his enioyned errand) presentlyrecommited it selfe to the stormes disposition. 

 The woman thus freed from one peril at sea, aduentured anotherof little lesse consequence at land; for being not yet thoroughlyrestored to her sense, she clymed vp the cliffe in such a steepeplace, as the very consideration thereof, doth euer sithence halfeamaze the beholders. But that ground was fore ordained to her good:for not long after, her husband tooke the same, with the rest ofthe tenement, in lease; and it now serueth her for a dwelling, and many others, by her charitie, for a reliefe. 

Her sayd husband, & their two onely sonnes, at seuerall times, by one kind of misfortune, found their buriall in the waues. 

The Oysters dredged in this Lyner, finde a welcomer acceptance, where the taste, & not appetite, is Cater for the stomack, thenthose of the adioyning Tamer, which groweth (as I coniecture) becauseLyners lesser streame leaueth them to bee seasoned, with a morekindely and better relished saltnes. 

The next parish vpon this riuer, is called Sheuiock, somtimes theancient Dannyes inheritance & inhabitance: by whose daughter andheire, the same (together with other faire possessions) descendedto the Earles of Deuon. In [109] the church there lie two Knightsof that name, and one of their ladies by her husbands side, having their pictures embossed on their tombes in the side walles, and their Armes once painted round about; but now by the malice, not of men, but of time, defaced. They are held to be father andsonne, and that the sonne slayne in our warres with Fraunce, was from thence brought home to be here interred. There runneth alsoa tale amongst the parishioners, how one of these Dannyes ancestoursvndertook to build the Church, and his wife the barne adioyning, and that, casting vp their accounts, vpon finishing of their workes, the barne was found to cost three halfepence more then the Church:and so it might well fall out: for it is a great barne, and alittle Church. 

In this parish standeth Crasthole, which by the high site, might morefitly be termed Open hill, a poore village but a much frequentedthorow-fare, somewhat infamous, not vpon any present desert, but through an inueterate byword, viz. That it is peopled with 12. Dwellings, and 13. Cuckolds: for as the dwellings are more thendoubled, so (I hope) the cuckolds are lesse then singled. 

Howsoeuer, many wayfarers make themselues glee, by putting theInhabitants in minde of this priuiledge; who againe, especially thewomen (like the Campellians in the North, and the London Bargers)forslow not to baigne them (vnlesse they plead their heels the faster)with a worse perfume, then Iugurth found fault with in the dungeon, where the Romanes buried him aliue, to attend his languishing andmiserable death. 

Vpon Sheuiock abbutteth S. Germanes, the greatest parish in Cornwall, if you ioyne to the store of people, the quantity and quality ofthe soyle, wherethrough it affoordeth commodious dwellings to sundryancient Gentlemen, and wealthy Farmours; amongst which first sort, I may not (without withdrawing my testimony due to vertue) omitM. George Keckwitch of Catch-French, a house so named (by likelyhood)for some former memorable, though now forgotten accident, whosecontinuall, large, and inquisitiue liberality to the poore, did inthe late deare yeres, extraordinarily extend it selfe to an inuitingemulation, but beyond the apprehensiue imitation of any other inthe shire. He hath issue by Blanch, the daughter of Sir FrauncisGodolphin: his father George, maried Buller: his graundsire [blank]their ancient dwelling was in Essex, where this Gentleman enioyethfayre possessions, & beareth for his armes, Ar. Two Lyons in bendpassant Sa. Cotifed, G. 

The Church towne mustreth many inhabitants, and sundry ruines, but little wealth, occasioned eyther through abandoning theirfishing trade, as some conceiue, or by their being abandonedof the religious people, as the greater sort imagine: for informer times, the Bishop of Cornwals See, was from S. Petrocksin Bodmyn, remooued hither; as from hence, when the Cornish Diocesvnited with Deuon, it passed to Crediton: and lastly, from thenceto Excester. But this first losse receyued reliefe through asucceeding Priory, which at the general suppression, changing hisnote with his coate, is now named Port Eliot, and by the ownerscharity distributeth, pro virili, the almes accustomably expectedand expended at at such places. Neither will it (I thinke) muchdisplease you to heare, how the gentlemans ancestour, of whommaster Eliot bought it, came by the same. 

[110]

Iohn Champernowne, sonne and heire apparent to Sir Philip of Deuon, in H. The 8. Time, followed the Court, and through his pleasantconceits, of which much might be spoken, wan some good grace withthe King. Now when the golden showre of the dissolued Abbey lands, rayned welnere into euery gapers mouth, some 2. Or 3. Gentlemen, the Kings seruants, and master Champernownes acquaintance, waited ata doore where the King was to passe forth, with purpose to beg sucha matter at his hands: Our gentleman became inquisitiue to knowtheir suit: they made strange to impart it. This while, out comesthe King: they kneele down, so doth master Champernowne:they preferre their petition; the King graunts it: they renderhumble thanks, and so doth M. Champernowne: afterwards, he requirethhis share; they deny it; he appeales to the King: the King avowethhis equall meaning in the largesse; whereon, the ouertaken companionswere fayne to allot him this Priory for his partage. 

The parish Church answereth in bignesse, the large proportion ofthe parish, & the surplusage of the Priory; a great part of whosechauncell anno 1592. Fel suddenly downe, vpon a Friday, very shortlyafter publike seruice was ended, which heauenly fauour, of solittle respite, saued many persons liues, with whom immediatelybefore, it had bene stuffed: and the deuout charges of the welldisposed parishioners quickly repayred this ruine. 

At the townes end, Cuddenbeak, an ancient house of the Bishops, from a well aduanced Promontory, which intituled it Beak, taketh apleasant prospect of the riuer. 

In this parish lyeth Bake, the mansion of the foreremembredM. Ro. Moyle, who maried Anne daughter of M. Lock, as he didmistris Vaughan, a Gentlewoman suppressing her rare learning, with a rarer modesty, & yet expressing the same in her vertuous lifeand Christian decease. Iohn father to Robert maried Agnes, daughter of Semtabyn : and his father [blank] daughter of Forteskew, to whom that dwelling first descended. He beareth for his Armes, G. A Moyle passant, Ar. A part of this parish confineth on the maine sea& offreth a faire landing place, called Seaton, howbeit, by ahandsome fence forbidding any foes inuasion: it is ouerlooked, vpon the one side of the riuer (which there dischargeth his streameinto the Ocean) by Keuerel, the ancient house of the Langdons, Gent, in former times, of faire reuennues, whose Armes are Ar. A Cheuronbetweene 3. Beares heads erased Sa. The house perhaps, borowing hisname of Cheuereul, a French word, signifying a wild Goat (as thosehigh clifs affoord them a commodious inhabitance) and on the other, by Tregonnock, the dwelling of M. Tho. Smith, who in a quiet andhonest retirednes, findeth that contentment, which many ambitiousheads, far and wide doe vainely seeke for: hee maried Tremayn:his father Robert [blank] one of the daughters and heires toKilligrew: and his sonne Iohn, Priscilla the daughter ofM. Geo. Wadham. His Armes, B. A Saultier Ar. Betweene 4. Martlets O. 

Leauing S, Germanes, and passing through Laurake parish, in whichM. Peter Courtney hath an high seated house, called Wotton, you descend to Noddetor bridge, where the riuer Lyner first minglethhis fresh streame with the brinish waues: touching whose nameand quality, one delighted in the solitary solace of his banks, & more affecting his owne recreation, then hunting after any othersgood liking, descanted thus:

[111]

 WHo first gaue Lyners name, Or from what cause it came, Hard 'tis for certaine to expresse: Experience yet directs, By tryall of effects, Thereat to ayme, and frame a gesse, Is't, that as she thee bear'th, So thou doest line the earth, With purseld streames of blew and white: Or, as a line doth guide, So thou doest leuell slide, And throw'st into the sea thy mite? Is't, that with twisted line, The Angler doth vntwine The fishes life, by giuing breath. Or, as the threshing lout, Rusheth his Lyners out, So Lyner on his course rusheth: Or, as some puppy seat, Lineth a mastiue great, And getteth whelps of mongrell kinde: Lyner, the sea so lines, And streame with waue combines, Begetting waters freshly brin'de. 

 Item. 

 WHen Sunne the earth least shadow spares, And highest stalles in heauen his seat, Then Lyners peeble bones he bares, Who like a lambe, doth lowly bleat, And faintly sliding euery rock, Plucks from his foamy fleece a lock:

 Before, a riuer, now a rill, Before, a fence, now scarce a bound; Children him ouer-leape at will, Small beasts, his deepest bottome sound. The heauens with brasse enarch his head, And earth, of yron makes his bed, But when the milder-mooded skie, His face in mourning weedes doth wrap, For absence of his clearest eie, And drops teares in his Centers lap, Lyner gynnes Lyon-like to roare, And scornes old bankes should bound him more. 

 Then, second Sea, he rolles, and bear's, Rockes in his wombe, rickes on his backe. Downe-borne bridges, vptorne wear's, Witnesse, and wayle, his force, their wracke. Into mens houses fierce he breakes, And on each stop, his rage he wreakes. 

 Shepheard adiew's his swymming flocke, The Hinde his whelmed haruest hope, The strongest rampire fear's his shocke, Plaines scarce can serue to giue him scope, Nor hils a barre; whereso he stray'th, Ensue, losse, terrour, ruine, death. 

In following the course of Lyner, you fall downe by Master Bondsauncient house of Earth, descended to his auncesters, from thedaughter and heire of that name, to that of Master Wiuels, newly and fayrely builded, on which abbutteth Ma. Bullers Shillingham, not so much beholden to the owners inhabitancy as to natures pleasantand commodious seating. 

Bond married with Fountaine, his father with Fits: his [112] Armesare Ar. On a Cheuron Sa. Three Besants. 

Next, wee take view of Trematon Castle, as it doth of the Hauen, and Countrie adioyning. It is, or rather was, one of the Dukesforemencioned foure houses: for now all the inner buildings aresunke into ruine: onely there remaine the Iuie-tapissed wals ofthe Keepe, and base Court, and a poore dwelling for the keeperof the Gayle, to which prisoners are brought vpon actions, from al places appurtenant to that large Lordship, if they cannotby suretiship discharge themselues, from the Bailiefes arrest. 

I haue receiued information, from one auerring eyewitnes, that aboutfourscore yeres since, there was digged vp in the Parish Chauncell, a Leaden coffin, which being opened, shewed the proportion of a veriebigge man, but when the hands went about to ascertaine themselues, as well as their eyes, the body verified, that Omnis caro puluis. The partie farder told me, how, a writing graued in the Lead, expressed the same to bee the burial of a Duke, whose heire wasmarried to the prince. But who it should bee, I cannot deuise, albeit my best pleasing coniecture, lighteth vpon Orgerius, because his daughter was married to Edgar. 

At the last Cornish commotion, S, Richard Greynuile the elder did, with his Ladie and followers, put themselues into this Castle, & there for a while indured the Rebels siege, incamped in threeplaces against it, who wanting great Ordinance, could haue wroughtthe besieged small scathe, had his friends, or enemies kept faithand promise: but some of those within, slipping by night ouerthe wals, with their bodies after their hearts, and those without, mingling humble intreatings with rude menaces, he was hereby wonne, to issue forth at a posterne gate for parley. The while, a part ofthose rakehels, not knowing what honestie, and farre lesse, how much the word of a souldier imported, stepped betweene himand home, laid hold on his aged vnweyldie body, and threatned toleaue it liuelesse, if the inclosed did not leaue their resistance. So prosecuting their first treacherie against the prince, withsuteable actions towards his subiects, they seized on the Castle, and exercised the vttermost of their barbarous crueltie (deathexcepted) on the surprised prisoners. The seely Gentlewomen, without regard of sexe or shame, were stripped from their apparrellto their very smockes, and some of their fingers broken, to pluckeaway their rings, and Sir Richard himselfe made an exchange fromTrematon Castle, to that of Launceston, with the Gayle to boote. 

This Castle vaunteth the Lord Warden his steward by Patent, Master Anthonie Rouse his Baylife by inheritance, and Richard Carewof Antony his keeper by lease. Of the ancient officers, one yetretayneth the name, though not the place, viz. M. Porter, to whoseancestor, when Vantor was L. Thereof, one by a deed before date, gaue land, lying without the gate, by the title of Russell Ianitoride Trematon, which he still enioyeth. M. Porters Armes are Sa. Three Belles Ar. A Canton Erm. 

It standeth in S. Stephens parish : the sheafe whereof, together withother faire reuennues, M. George Wadham enioying in the right of hiswife, the daughter and heire to master Hechins, liberally bestowethin continuall hospitalitie. 

Master Hechins armes, are Sa. A crosse Fleurty, [113] quarterly B. And G. Betweene 4. Lyons heades erased Sa. Langued of the second. M. Wadhams, G. A Cheuron betweene three Roses Ar. 

The same parish also compriseth Saltash, in old writings, calledVilla de Esse; Esse his towne: and such Gentlemen there have beenof ancient descent and faire reuennues. The word Salt, is addedthereunto, because it standeth on the sea, & to distinguish it fromother places of the same name. It is seated on the declyning of asteep hill, consisteth of three streets, which euery showre washethcleane, compriseth betweene 80. And 100. Households, vnderlyeth thegouernment of a Maior & his 10. Brethren, and possesseth sundrylarge priuiledges ouer the whole hauen, to wit, an yeerely rent ofboates and barges appertayning to the harbour, ancorage of strangeshipping, crowning of dead persons, laying of arrests, and otherAdmirall rights, besides electing of Burgesses for the Parliaments, benefit of the passage, foreclosing all others, saue themselues, from dredging of Oysters, except betweene Candlemas and Easter, weekely markets, halfe-yeerely fayres, &c. 

The towne is of late yeeres well encreased and adorned with buildings, & the townsmen addict themselues to the honest trade of marchandise, which endoweth them with a competent wealth. Some 7. Or 8. Shipsbelong thereunto. 

It was not long since, that the neighbour-ministers successiuelybestowed their paines in preaching there, on the market daies, and the bordering gentlemen yeelded their presence. Sermon ended, the Preachers resorted to one ordinary, and the Gentlemen to another. This affoorded commendable effects to many works of loue and charity:but, with the retorted blame, from one to another, it is now whollygiuen ouer. 

Heere, that great Carrack, which Sir Frauncis Drake surprised, in herreturne from the East Indies, vnloded her frayght, and through anegligent fyring, met with an vnproper ending. 

In this towne also dwelleth one Grisling, deafe from a long time, who, besides his merry conceites, of counterfeyting by signes (likethe Romane Pantomimi) any kinde of occupation or exercise, hath astrange quality, to vnderstand what you say, by marking the mouing ofyour lips, especially if you speake deliberately, of any ordinarymatter, so as (contrary to the rules of nature, and yet without thehelpe of arte) he can see words as they passe forth of your mouth:and of this I haue caused him to giue often experiments. 

And if Plyny now liued, I suppose he would affoord a roome, in hisnatural History, to a dogge of this town, who (as I haue learned bythe faithfull report of master Thomas Parkins) vsed daily to fetchmeate at his house there, and to carry the same vnto a blindemastiffe, that lay in a brake without the towne: yea, (that more is)hee would vpon Sundayes conduct him thither to dynner, and, the mealeended, guide him back to his couch and couert againe. 

I had almost forgotten to tell you, that there is a well in thistowne, whose water will neuer boyle peason to a seasonable softnes. 

At the foot of Saltash, there abbutteth vpon the sea, a rock, called Ashtorre, alias, Effes Torre, which is inuested with theiurisdiction of a mannour, and claymeth the suites of many Gentlemen, as his freeholders in Knights [114] seruice. Below this, there isa rock on eche side of the riuer, the one termed the Bull, the otherthe Hen; that on Deuon, this on Cornwall side. The Hen standeth alittle distant from the shore, which giueth occasion to a Packe, how between it and the land, the Queenes greatest ship may saile;but it is meant of the farther distant. 

Aboue Saltash, Cargreen, a fisher towne, sheweth it selfe, but canhardly muster a meane plight of dwellings or dwellers: so may theircare be greene, because their wealth is withered. 

Neere thereunto is Clifton, a neat seated house, appertayning to oneof the Arundels, descended by a yonger brother, from those of Trerice;he maried Hill, his father, Cole. 

Neither hath your eye scarcely quitted that, when it receiueth Halton, the pleasant and commodious dwelling of M. Anthony Rouse, both whichbenefits, he empleyeth to a kind & vninterrupted entertainmentof such, as visit him vpon his not spare inuiting, or their owneoccasions, who (without the selfe guilt of an vngratefull wrong)must witnes, that his frankenesse confirmeth their welcome, by whatsoeuer meanes, prouision, the fewell of hospitality, can inthe best maner supply. His auncestours were Lords of little Modburyin Deuon, before the descent of times grew to a distinguishment, by the date of writings: which mannour, together with other lands, through a lineall succession, fell to be possessed by Raphe, Wil. Raphe, Iohn, Wil. Raphe, and Raphe, whose daughter andheire Elizabeth, bestowed the same, with her selfe, vpon the familyof the Dimocks, Robert, second sonne to the last mentioned Raphe, saue one, had issue Will, who maried Alice, the daughter and heireof Tho. Of Edmerston. Wil. Had another Wil. And he had Iohn, and Iohn againe had Wil. This Wil. Had Roger, who vpon Iulian, sister and coheire of Iohn Hill of Fleet, begat Iohn and Richard, father to the Gentleman now liuing, and he matched with Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Southcott, and one of the heires to her mother, the daughter of Barnehouse: besides which, he succeeded to his vncleIohns inheritance, who deceased issuelesse: and being yet scarcelyentred the limits of an healthfull olde age, seeth his pedigreeextended into two farther descents. As for those outreachingmans memory, I haue seene them very sufficiently verified: his Armesare, O. An Eagle displayed B. Pruning her wing, armed and langued G. 

Vpon the top of a creek hereby, lyeth Crocadon, the mansion ofM. Treuisa, a Gent, deriuing himselfe from the ancient andweldeseruing Chronicler of that name: he beareth G. A garbe O. 

A mile aboue Halton, standeth Cuttayle, another house of M. Edgecumbs, so named (as wee may coniecture) of the French Courtaile, in English, short cut; because here, the salt water course is straightned, by theincroching banks. The buildings are ancient, large, strong and fayre, and appurtenanced with the necessaries of wood, water, fishing, parks, and mils, with the deuotion of (in times past) a rich furnishedChappell, and with the charity of almes-houses for certaine poorepeople, whom the owners vsed to releeue. It is reported, & creditedthereabouts, how Sir Ric. Edgecumb the elder, was driuen to hidehimself in those his thick woods, which ouerlook the riuer, what timebeing suspected of fauouring the Earle of Richmonds party, againstKing R. The 3. Hee was hotely pursued, and narrowely searched for. [115] Which extremity taught him a sudden policy, to put a stone inhis cap, & tumble the same into the water, while these rangers werefast at his heeles, who looking downe after the noyse, and seeinghis cap swimming thereon, supposed that he had desperately drownedhimselfe, gaue ouer their farther hunting, and left him liberty toshift away, and ship ouer into Brittaine: for a gratefull remembranceof which deliuery, hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking, a Chappell, not yet vtterly decayed. 

 And thus hauing coasted the Cornish side of Plymmouth hauen, I hold it not amisse, to make report of such great voyages, as, by the memory of our Chronicles, or our owne view, from this harbour, tooke their beginning or ending. 

Heere the neuer inough commended black Prince, attended by the Earlesof Warwick, Suffolk, Sarisbury, and Oxford, the Lord Chandos andothers, committed himselfe to the sea, with a nauy of 300. Bottoms, for landing and maintayning his fathers right in France; and hither, after his glorious battell at Poictiers, he returned, with the captiueFrench King and his nobles. 

Here the Lady Katherine, daughter to the King of Spaine, and wife toour Prince Arthur, tooke land, at her first arriuall in England. 

Heere shipped himselfe, the Lord Darcy, sent by King Henry the 8. With a lusty crew of soldiers, for that Ferdinands iust assistance, against the Infidels: but vsed by him as a stale, for the vniustconquest of Christian Nauar. 

Here, mostly, haue the troups of aduenturers, made their Rendez vous, for attempting newe discoueries or inhabitances: as, Tho. Stukeleighfor Florida, Sir Humfrey Gilbert for Newfound-land, Sir Rich. Greynuile for Virginea, Sir Martyn Frobisher, and Master Dauies, forthe North-west passage, Sir Walter Raleigh for Guiana, &c. 

Here, Count Mongomery made forth, with a more commendable meaning, then able meanes, or welspeeding effect, for relieving the hardbesieged, and sore distressed Rochellers. 

Here, Sir Fra. Drake first extended the point of that liquid line, wherewith (as an emulator of the Sunnes glorie) he encompassedthe world. 

Here, Master Candish began to second him, with a like heroicallspirit, and fortunate successe. 

Here, Don Antonio, King of Portugall, the Earles of Cumberland, Essex, and Notingham, the Lord Warden of the Stanneries, Sir Iohn Norrice, Sir Iohn Hawkins (and who elsewhere, and not here ?) haue eueraccustomed to cut sayle, in carrying defiance, againt the imaginarienew Monarch; and heere to cast anker, vpon their returne withspoyle and honour. 

I omit the infinite swarme of single ships, and pettie fleetes, dayly heere manned out to the same effect. 

And here, in eightie eight, the foreremembred Lord Admirall expected, and set forth, against that heauen-threatning Armado, which, to beetainted with the shamefuller disgrace, and to blaze our renoume withthe brighter lustre, termed itselfe, Inuincible. But I may not growouer-lasciuious in extolling. 

King R. The 2. Anno 5. Of his raigne, by Act of Parliament, restrained all passengers from shipping themselues in any other Portsthen such as are there set down: of which Plymmouth was one. 

[116]

From Plymmouth hauen, passing farther into the countrie, Hengstendowne presenteth his waste head and sides to our sight. This name itborroweth of Hengst, which in the Saxon signifieth a horse, & to suchleast daintie beasts it yeeldeth fittest pasture. The countrie peoplehaue a by word, that, Hengsten downe, well ywrought, Is worth London towne, deare ybought. 

Which grewe from the store of Tynne, in former times, there digged vp:but that gainfull plentie is now fallen to a scant-sauing scarcitie. Those workes afford store of the formentioned Cornish Diamonds, The neighbouring Inhabitants obserue also, that when the top ofHengsten, is capped with a cloud, the same boadeth a showre withinshort time after. 

Roger Houeden reporteth, that about Anno 806. A fleete of Danesarriued in West-wales, with whome the Welsh ioyned in insurrectionagainst king Egbright, but hee gloriously discomfited them, at Hengistendune, which I take to be this place (if at leastWest-wales may, by interpretation, passe for Cornwall) because theother prouince, of that time, is more commonly diuided intoNorth and South. 

This down is edged by Carybullock, sometimes a parke of the Dukes, but best brooking that name, now it hath lost his qualitie, throughexchaunging Deere for Bullocke. 

A little aside from hence, lyeth Landwhitton, now Lawhittan, which(as I haue elsewhere noted) was exempted vnto Edwulff Bishop ofCreditune, from the Cornish Diocesse, to which yet, both for thetemporaltie, and spiritualtie, the same oweth present subiection. 

Mary, into what new names Pontium & Coilleng there also mentioned, are now metamorphized, I must say amplio. 

Those buildings commonly knowne by the name of Launston, and writtenLanceston, are by the Cornishmen, called Lesteeuan (Lez in Cornishsignifieth broad, & those are scatteringly erected) and wereanciently termed Lanstaphadon, by interpretation, S. Stephens Church:they consist of two boroughs, Downeuet and Newport: that (perhaps socalled) of downe yeelding, as hauing a steep hill: this, of his newererection. With them ioyne the parishes of S. Thomas & S. Stephens. The parish Church of Launceston itselfe, fetcheth his title ofdedication, from Mary Magdalen, whose image is curiously hewed in aside of the wall, and the whole Church fayrely builded. 

The towne was first founded (saith M. Hooker) by Eadulphus, brotherto Alpsius, Duke of Deuon and Cornwall, and by his being girded witha wall, argueth in times past to haue caried some valew. 

A newe increase of wealth, expresseth it selfe in the Inhabitantslate repayred and enlarged buildings. They are gouerned by a Maior, and his scarlet-robde brethren, and reape benefit by their fayresand markets, and the County Assizes. The Statute of 32. Henry 8. Which tooke order touching Sanctuaries, endowed this towne with thepriuiledge of one, but I find it not turned to any vse. 

To the town there is adioynant in site, but sequestred iniurisdiction, an ancient Castle, whose steepe rocky-footed Keepe, hath his top enuironed with a treble wal, and in regard thereof, men say, was called, Castle terrible. The base court compriseth adecayed Chappell, a [117] large hall, for holding the shire-Assizes, the Constables dwelling house, and the common Gayle. 

About 60. Yeares past, there were found certaine leather coynes inthe Castle wall, whose faire stamp and strong substance, till thenresisted the assault of time, as they would now of couetousnesse. 

A little without the towne, were founded a Friery, and anno 1128. An Abbey, furthered by Reignald Earle of Cornwall. 

About 2. Miles distant from Launceston, Penheale mannour coasteththe high way, claiming the right of ancient demain, & sometimesappertaining to the Earles of Huntingdon, but purchased not longsithence by the late M. George Greinuile, who descended from ayonger brother of that family, and through his learning and wisdome, aduanced his credit to an especiall good regard in his Countrey. He maried Iulian, one of the 6. Daughters and heires of William Viel:and Iane, the daughter to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice. Richard hisfather tooke to wife, one of Kelwayes heires; and Degory hisgraundfather, one of the inheritors to Tregarthen: which helps, together with his owne good husbandry, haue endowed his sonne withan elder brothers liuelyhood: he beareth G. Three Restes O. 

In Lezant parish heereby, master Christopher Harris owneth a thirdpart of Trecarell (the proiect: and onset of a sumptuous building)as coheire to the last Gentleman of that name, but admitteth nopartner in the sweetly tempered mixture of bounty and thrift, grauity and pleasantnes, kindnesse and stoutnes; which grace allhis actions. Hee beareth Sa. Three Croissants within a border A. 

Neither may wee forget Master Coringtons house of Newton, old tohim by succession, yet new, in respect of his owne antiquitie:diuers his auncestors haue reaped the praise and reputation of astayed carriage, howbeit one of them, through his rash, butmerrie prankes, is to this day principally remembred, by the name ofthe mad Corington. I haue heard him deliuer an obseruation, that, in eight lineall descents, no one borne heire of his house euersucceeded to the land: hee beareth A, a Saultier Sa. 

Trebigh, a priuiledged franchise, is by his Lord, Master William Wray, conuerted to a generall welcomer of his friends and neighbours. Hee married the daughter of Sir William Courtney: his father thecoheire of Killigrew. Hee beareth Sa. A Fesse betweene threebattelaxes A. 

Poole, for his low and moyst seate, is not vnaptly named, housethSir Ionathan Trelawny, farre beneath his worth & calling:he married Sir Henry Killigrews daughter: his father, the coheireof Reskimer: his graundfather Lamellyns Inheritrix. 

Poole standeth in Mynhinet parish, where Sir Ionathan hath a largepriuiledged Mannour of the same name: the Benefice is giuen byExcester Colledge in Oxford, none but the fellowes admittable, wherethrough it hath successiuely beene graced, with threewell borne, well learned, and welbeloued Incumbents; Doctor Tremayne, Master Billet, and Master Denis. Out of Sir Ionathans house is alsodescended Master Edward Trelawny, a Gentleman qualified with manygood parts. Their armes are A. A Cheuron, S. Betweene threeOke-leaues Vert. 

[118]

Sundrie other Gent. Rest beholden to this hundred, for theirdwellings, who, in an enuiable mediocritie of fortune do happiliepossesse themselues, and communicate their sufficient means to theseruice of their prince, the good of their neighbours, and thebettering of their owne estate: of which sort are, M. Becket, who beareth S. A Fesse, betweene three Boares heads coped, sixe Crosses crosselet Fichee. O. 

 M. Tregodecke, who beareth A. A Cheuron betweene three Buckles S. 

 M. Spurre, G. On a Cheuron O. A rose of the first, and 2. Mullets pearced S. 

 M. Bligh, B. A Griffon segreant O. Armed G. Betweene 3. Croissants A. 

 M. Lower, B. A Cheuron engrayled O. Betweene three Roses A. 

 M. Truisa G. A garb O. 

 M. Chiuerton A. A Castle S. Standing on a hill V. Manaton, A. On a Bend S. Three mullets of the field, and some others. 

 Stratton Hundred

STratton Hundred extendeth the breadth of Cornewall, to the North, as that of East beginneth it on the South, and therefore it shallnext succeede. His circuit is slender, but his fruitfulnesse great, and the Inhabitants industrie commendable, who reape a large benefitfrom their orchyards and gardens, but especially from their Garlick(the Countreymans Triacle) which they vent, not onely into Cornwall, but many other shires besides. 

Stratton, the onely market towne of this Hundred, gaue the samehis name, and (if I mistake not) taketh it from Strata, a street:other memorable matter to report thereof, I finde not any. 

Vpon one side of the towne, lyeth master Chamonds house and placeof Launcels, so called, for that it was sometimes a Cell, appertainingto the Abbot of Hartlond. 

This Gentlemans father, late deceased, receiued at Gods hands, an extraordinary fauour, of long life. 

Hee serued in the office of a iustice of peace, almost 60. Yeeres. 

He knew aboue 50. Seuerall Iudges of the westerne circuit. 

He was vncle, and great vncle to at least 300. Wherein yet, his vncle and neighbour, master Greynuile, parson of Kilkhampton, did exceed him. 

He married one of the daughters and heires of Treuenner, and by hersaw fiue sonnes, and two daughters, the yongest out-stepping40. Yeeres. 

Sir Iohn Chamond his father, a man learned in the common lawes, was knighted at the Sepulchre, and by dame Iane, widdowe toSir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, and daughter to Sir Thomas Greynuile, had an elder sonne called Thomas, whose two daughters, and heires, by Arscot, caried part of the lands, to Tripcony, and Treuanion, with whome they matched. 

Master Chamond beareth A. A Cheuron betweene 3. Flowers de Luce: G. 

In Launcels parish, also, standeth Norton, the house of M. TristramArscot, a Gent, who by his trauailing abroad in his yonger yeres, hath the better enabled himselfe, to discharge his calling at home. He tooke to wife Eulalia, the widdow of the wise, and vertuousM. Edmond Tremayne, and daughter of Sir Iohn Sentleger, whose statelyhouse of Anery, in Deuon, he purchased, & thither hath lately remouedhis residence; he beareth party per Cheuron B, et E, in chiefe twostagges heads cabased 0. 

[119]

Vpon the North-sea, thereby, bordereth Stow, so singly called, Per eminentiam, as a place of great and good marke & scope, and theauncient dwelling of the Greynuiles famous family, from whence areissued diuers male branches, and whether the females haue broughtin a verie populous kindred. Master Bernard Greinuile, sonne andheire to Sir Richard, is the present owner, and in a kind magnanimite, treadeth the honourable steps of his auncestours. 

Tonacumb, late the house of Master Iohn Kempthorne, alias, Lea, who married Katherine, the daughter of Sir Peers Courtney, is, by hisissuelesse decease, descended to his brothers sonne: he beareth A. Three Pine-apple trees V. 

Returning to the Westwards, wee meete with Bude, an open sandie Bay, in whose mouth riseth a little hill, by euerie sea-floud madean Iland, and thereon, a decayed Chappell: it spareth roade onely tosuch small shipping, as bring their tide with them, and leaueththem drie, when the ebbe hath carried away the Salt-water. 

Vpon one side hereof, Master Arundel of Trerice possesseth apleasant-seated house, and demaines, called Efford, alias Ebbingford, and that not vnproperly, because euerie low water, there affordethpassage to the other shore: but now it may take a new name, for hisbetter plight: for this Gentleman hath, to his great charges, builded a Salt-water mill, athwart this Bay, whose causey serueth, as a verie conuenient bridge to saue the way-farers former trouble, let, and daunger. It is receiued by tradition, that his belsire, Sir Iohn Arundel, was forewarned, by a wot not what Calker. How heshould bee slaine on the sands. For auoyding which encounter, hee alwaies shunned Efford, & dwelt at Trerice, another of his houses. But, as the prouerb sayth, Fata viam inuenient, and as experienceteacheth mens curiosity, Fato viam sternit. It hapned, that whattime the Earle of Oxford surprized S. Michaels mount by policy, and kept the same by strong hand, this Sir Iohn Arundel was Sherifeof Cornwall, wherethrough, vpon duety of his office, and commaundementfrom the Prince, hee marched thither, with posse Comitatus, to besiege it, and there, in a Skirmish on the sands, which deuidethe mount from the continent, he fulfilled the effect of the prophecy, with the losse of his life, and in the said mounts Chappelllieth buried. 

So Cambises lighted on Ecbatana in Egypt, and Alexander Epirot, on Acheros in Italy, to bring them to their end. So Philip ofMacedon, and Atis the sonne of Croesus, found a chariot in aswords hilt, and an Iron poynted weapon at the hunting of a Bore, to delude their preuentiue wearinesse. So Amilcar supped in Siracusa, & the Prince of Wales ware a Crown thorow Cheapside, in another sortand sense then they imagined, or desired. And so Pope Gerebert, and our king H. The 4, trauailed no farther, for meeting theirfatal Hierusalem, then the one to a Chappell in Rome, the other toa chamber in Westminster. 

S. Marie Wike standeth in a fruitfull soyle, skirted with a moore, course for pasture, and combrous for trauellers. Wic, by masterLambert, signifieth a towne: by master Camden, Stationem, vel Sinum, ubi exercitus agit. This village was the birth-place of ThomasineBonauenture, I know not, whether by descent, or euent, so called:[120] for-whiles in her girlish age she kept sheepe on theforeremembred moore, it chanced, that a London merchant passing by, saw her, heeded her, liked her, begged her of her poore parents, and carried her to his home. In processe of time, her mistres wassummoned by death to appeare in the other world, and her good thewes, no lesse then her seemely personage, so much contented her master, that he aduanced her from a seruant to a wife, and left her awealthy widdow. Her second mariage befell with one Henry Gall:her third and last, with Sir John Perciual, Lord Maior of London, whom she also ouerliued. And to shew, that vertue as well bare apart in the desert, as fortune in the meanes of her preferment, she employed the whole residue of her life and last widdowhood, to works no lesse bountifull, then charitable: namely, repayring ofhigh waies, building of bridges, endowing of maydens, relieuing ofprisoners, feeding and apparelling the poor, &c. Amongst the rest, at this S. Mary Wike, she founded a Chauntery and free-schoole, together with faire lodgings, for the Schoolemasters, schollers, and officers, and added twenty pound of yeerely reuennue, for supporting the incident charges: wherein as the bent of herdesire was holy, so God blessed the same with al wished successe:for diuers the best Gent. Sonnes of Deuon and Cornwall were therevertuously trained vp, in both kinds of diuine and humane learning, vnder one Cholwel, an honest and religious teacher, which caused theneighbours so much the rather, and the more to rewe, that a pettysmacke onely of Popery, opened a gap to the oppression of the whole, by the statute made in Edw. The 6. Raigne, touching the suppressionof Chaunteries. 

Such strange accidents of extraordinary aduancements are verifiedby the ample testimonie of many histories, and, amongst the rest, we read in Machiauell (howbeit controuled by the often reprouedIouius) that Castruccio Caestracani climed from a baser birth, to afarre higher estate. For being begotten in Lucca, by vnknowneparents, and cast out, in his swadling clouts, to the wide world, he was taken vp by a widdowe, placed by her with a Clergy man herbrother, giuen by him to a Gent, called Francesco Guinigi, and byGuinigi left tutor to his onely sonne. From which step, his courageand wisedome raysed him by degrees, to the soueraignty of Lucca, the Senatorship of Rome, the speciall fauour of the Emperour, and aneere hope (only by death preuented) of subduing Florence. 

 Lesnewith Hundred. 

LEsnewith Hundred taketh his name of a parish therein (as Strattondoth of a towne) memorable for nothing else. It may he deriued, either from Les, which in Cornish signifieth broad, and newith, which is new, as a new breadth, because it enlargeth his limitsfarther into Cornwall on both sides, whereas Stratton is straightnedon the one by Deuon: or from Les and gwith, which importeth broadAshen trees, g, for Euphonias sake being turned into n. 

The first place which heere offreth itselfe to sight, is BottreauxCastle, seated on a bad harbour of the North sea, & suburbed with apoore market town, yet entitling the owner in times past, with thestile of a Baron, from whom, by match it descended to the L. Hungerford, & [121] resteth in the Earle of Huntingdon. The diuersified roomes of a prison, in the Castle, for both sexes, better preserued by the Inhabitants memorie, then descerneableby their owne endurance, shew the same, heeretofore to haue exercisedsome large iurisdiction. 

Not farre from thence, Tintogel, more famous for his antiquite, then regardable for his present estate, abbutteth likewise on the sea;yet the ruines argue it, to haue beene once, no vnworthie dwellingfor the Cornish princes. The cyment wherewith the stones were layd, resisteth the fretting furie of the weather, better then themselues. Halfe the buildings were raised on the continent, and the other halfeon an Iland, continued together (within mens remembrance) by adrawe-bridge, but now diuorced, by the downefalne steepe Cliffes, on the farther side, which, though it shut out the sea from hiswonted recourse, hath yet more strengthened the late Iland: for, in passing thither, you must first descend with a dangerous declyning, and then make a worse ascent, by a path, as euerie where narrow, so in many places, through his sticklenesse occasioning, and throughhis steepnesse threatning, the ruine of your life, with the failingof your foore. At the top, two, or three terrifying steps, giue youentrance to the hill, which supplieth pasture for sheepe, and conyes:Vpon the same, I saw, a decayed Chappell, a faire spring of water, a Caue, reaching once, by my guides report; some farre way vnderground, and (which you will perhaps suspect of vntruth) an Hermitesgraue, hewen out in the rocke, and seruing each bodies proportionfor a buriall. But, if that in Wales carrie an equall veritie, the myracle will soone reape credite: for this is so sloped inwardsat both ends, that any tall stature shal find roome by a littlebending, as the short in the bottome by extending. 

The fardest poynt of this hill, is called Black head, well knowneto the coasting Mariners. The high cliffs are by sea vnaccessibleround abouts, sauing in one only place, towards the East, where theyproffer an vneasie landing place for boats, which being fenced with agarretted wall, admitteth entrance thorow a gate, sometimes of yron, as the name yet continuing, expresseth, and is within presentlycommaunded by a hardly clymed hill. Vnder the Iland runnes a caue, thorow which you may rowe at ful sea, but not without a kinde ofhorrour, at the uncouthnesse of the place. M. Camden deliuereth vsthese verses out of an olde Poet, touching Tintogel. 

 Est locus Abrini sinuoso littore ponti, Rupe situs media, refluus quern circuit aestus. Fulminat hic late, turrito vertice Castrum, Nomine Tindagium, veteres dixere Corini. 

 Which import in English:

 There is a place within the wind- ing shore of Seuerne sea, On mids of rock, about whose foote, The tydes turne-keeping play: A towry-topped Castle heere, wide blazeth ouer all, Which Corineus auncient broode, Tindagel Castle call. 

It is not layd vp amongst the least vaunts of this Castle, that ourvictorious Arthur was here begotten by the valiant Vter Pendragon, vpon the fayre Igerna, and [122] that without taynt of bastardy, sayth Merlyn, because her husband dyed some houres before. 

Of later times, Tintogel hath kept long silence in our stories, vntillH. The 3. Raigne, at which time (by Mat. Paris report) his brother, Earle Ri grew into obloquy for priuy receyuing there, & abbetting, his nephew Dauid, against the King. After which, being turned froma Palace [8 . R. 2. ] to a prison, it restrained one Iohn Northamptonslibertie, who for abusing the same, in his vnruly Maioralty of London, was condemned hither, as a perpetuall Penitenciary. A see of ancientybelonging to this Castle, was cancelled as vnnecessary, by the late L. Treasurer Burleigh. 

One collecting the wonders of Cornwall, rimed touching this, asfolloweth:

 Tintogel in his ruines vauntes, Sometimes the seate of Kings, And place which worthy Arthur bred, Whose prayse the Breton sings, A bridge these buildings ioynd, whom now The fallen clifs diuorce, Yet strength'ned so, the more it scornes, Foes vayne attempting force. There, caue aboue, entrie admits, But thorowfare denies; Where that beneath alloweth both, In safe, but ghastly wise. A Spring there wets his head, his foote A gate of Iron gardes: There measure due to eche ones length, The Hermits graue awards. 

IN the mids of the wilde moores of this Hundred, far [122] fromany dwelling or riuer, there lyeth a great standing water, called Dosmery poole, about a mile or better in compasse, fed by noperceyued spring, neither hauing any auoydance, vntill (of late)certaine Tynners brought an Audit therefrom. The countrey peopleheld many strange conceits of this poole; as, that it did ebbe &flow, that it had a whirle-poole in the midst thereof, and, that a fagot once throwne thereinto, was taken vp at Foy hauen, 6. Miles distant. Wherefore, to try what truth rested in thesereports, some Gent, dwelling not farre off, caused a boate and netsto be carried thither ouer land. Fish, they caught none, saue afewe Eeles vpon hookes: the poole prooued no where past a fathomeand halfe deepe, and for a great way very shallow. Touching theopinion of ebbing and flowing, it should seeme to bee grounded, partly vpon the increase, which the raine floods brought thereintofrom the bordering hils (which perhaps gaue also the name; for Doz, is, come, and maur, great) and the decrease, occasioned by thenext drowth, and partly, for that the windes doe driue the waues toand fro, vpon those sandie bankes: and thus the miracle of Dosmerypoole deceased. Of this other wonder hee sayd, Dosmery poole amid the moores, On top stands of a hill, More then a mile about, no streames It empt, nor any fill. 

Camelford, a market and Fayre (but not faire) towne fetcheth hisderiuation from the riuer Camel, which runneth thorow it, and that, from the Cornish word Cam, in English, crooked, as Cam, from theoften winding stream. The same is incorporated with a Maioralty, & nameth Burgesses to the Parliament, yet steppeth little before the[123] meanest sort of Boroughs, for store of Inhabitants, or theInhabitants store. 

Vpon the riuer of Camel, neere to Camelford [525. ], was that lastdismal battel strooken betweene the noble king Arthur, and histreacherous nephew Mordred, wherein the one took his death, and theother his deaths wound. For testimony whereof, the olde folkethereabouts will shew you a stone, bearing Arthurs name, though nowdepraued to Atry. 

Master Camden letteth vs vnderstand, that this towne is sometimestermed Gaffelford: wherethrough we may marke it for the lists of agreat fight betweene the Bretons & Deuonshire men [812. ], whichHoueden assigneth to haue bene darrayned at Gauelford, and perhapsthe same, which the said Master Camden voucheth out of Marianus Scotus[820. ], and describeth by these verses of an elder Poet:

 ------------ Naturam Cambala fontis, Mutatam stupet esse sui, transcendit inundans Sanguineus torrens ripas, & ducit in aequor Corpora caesorum, plures natare videres, Et petere auxilium, quos vndis vita reliquit. 

 The riuer Camel wonders, that His fountaines nature showes So strange a change, the bloody streame Vpswelling ouerflowes His both side banks, and to the sea The slaughtered bodies beares: Full many swimme, and sue for ayde, While waue their life outweares. 

In our forefathers daies, when deuotion as much exceeded knowledge, as knowledge now commeth short of devotion, there were manybowssening places, for curing of mad men, and amongst the rest, one at Alternunne in this Hundred, called S. Nunnes poole, whichSaints Altar (it may be) by pars pro toto, gaue name to the Church:and because the maner of this bowssening is not so vnpleasingto heare, as it was vneasie to feele, I wil (if you please) deliueryou the practise, as I receyued it from the beholders. 

The water running from S. Nunnes well, fell into a square and closewalled plot, which might bee filled at what depth they listed. Vpon this wall was the franticke person set to stand, his backetowards the poole, and from thence with a sudden blow in the brest, tumbled headlong into the pond: where a strong fellowe, provided forthe nonce, tooke him, and tossed him vp and downe, alongst andathwart the water, vntill the patient, by forgoing his strength, had somewhat forgot his fury. Then was hee conueyed to the Church, and certaine Masses sung ouer him; vpon which handling, if his rightwits returned, S. Nunne had the thanks: but if there appeared smallamendment, he was bowssened againe, and againe, while there remaynedin him any hope of life, for recouery. 

It may be, this deuice tooke original from that master of Bedlem, who (the fable saith) vsed to cure his patients of that impatience, by keeping them bound in pooles, vp to the middle, and so more orlesse, after the fit of their fury. 

[124]

 Trigge Hundred. 

THe name of Trig, in Cornish, signifieth an Inhabitant; howbeit, this Hundred cannot vaunt any ouer-large scope, or extraordinaryplenty of dwellings: his chiefe towne is Bodmyn; in Cornish, Bos venna, commonly termed Bodman, which (by illusion, if notEtimology) a man might, not vnaptly, turne into Badham: for ofall the townes in Cornwall, I holde none more healthfully seated, then Saltash, or more contagiously, then this. It consisteth wholly(in a maner) of one street, leading East and West, welneere the spaceof an Easterne mile, whose South side is hidden from the Sunne, by anhigh hill, so neerely coasting it in most places, as neither can lighthaue entrance to their staires, nor open ayre to their other roomes. Their back houses, of more necessary, then cleanly seruice, askitchins, stables, &c. Are clymed vp vnto by steps, and theirfilth by euery great showre, washed downe thorow their houses intothe streetes. 

The other side is also ouerlooked by a great hill, though somewhatfarther distant: and for a Corollarium, their Conduit water runneththorow the Churchyard, the ordinary place of buriall, for towne andparish. It breedeth therefore little cause of maruaile, that euerygenerall infection is here first admitted, & last excluded: yet themany decayed houses, proue the towne to haue bene once very populous;and, in that respect, it may stil retaine the precedence, as supportedby a weekly market, the greatest of Cornwall, the quarter Sessions forthe East diuision, and halfe yeerely faires. The iurisdictionthereof is administred by a Maior and his brethren, and vpon warrantof their Charter, they claime authoritie, to take acknowledgment ofstatute bonds. 

In former times, the Bishop of Cornwall (as I haue elsewhere related)held his See at S. Petroos, in this towne, vntill the Danish pirats, firing their Palace, [981. ] forced them to remoue the same, withtheir residence, vnto S. Germans. They were succeeded by a Priory, and Friery; which later, serued a while as a house of correction, for the shire, but with greater charge, then benefit, or continuance. 

For other accidents, I find, that Perkyn Warbecke, [11. H. 7. ] afterhis landing in the West parts of Cornwall, made this towne the Rendezvous of his assembling forces, for atchieuing his, alike deseruing, and speeding enterprise against King Henry the seuenth. 

Hither, also, in the last commotion, flocked the Rebels, [3. Ed. 6. ]from all quarters of the shire, pitching their campe at the townesend; and here they imprisoned such Gentlemen, as they had pluckedout of their holes, and houses, vntill the fortune of warre gaueverdit with the right of iustice, for their well deserued euillspeeding. 

Sir Anthony Kingston, then Prouost-marshall of the Kings armie, hath left his name more memorable, then commendable amongst thetownsemen, for causing their Maior to erect a gallowes before hisowne doore, vpon which, (after hauing feasted Sir Anthony) himselfewas hanged. 

In like sort (say they) he trussed vp a millers man, thereby, for thathe presented himselfe in the others stead, saying he could neuer dohis master better seruice. 

[125]

But mens tongues, readily inclined to the worst reports, haue leftout a part of the truth, in this tale, that the rest might carriethe better grace. For Sir Anthony did nothing herein, as a Iudgeby discretion, but as an officer by direction; and besides, hee gauethe Maior sufficient watchwordes of timely warning, & large spaceof respite (more then which, in regard of his owne perill, he couldnot afford) to shift for safety, if an vneschewable destiny, had nothaltered him to that aduancement. As for the millers man, he equalledhis master, in their common offence of rebellion, and therefore itdeserued the praise of mercy, to spare one of the two, and not theblame of crueltie, to hang one for another. 

I should perhaps haue forgotten the free schoole here, maintayned byher Maiesties liberalitie, were I not put in mind thereof through afore-halfening of this rebellion, by an action of the schollers, which I will report from some of their owne mouthes. About a yeerebefore this sturre was raysed, the schollers, who accustomably diuidethemselues, for better exploiting their pastimes, grew therethroughinto two factions; the one whereof, they called the olde religion;the other, the new. This once begunne, was prosecuted amongst themin all exercises, and, now and then, handled with some egernesseand roughnes, each partie knowing, and still keeping the samecompanions, and Captaine. At last one of the boyes, conuerted thespill of an old candlesticke to a gunne, charged it with powder anda stone, and (through mischance, or vngraciousnesse) therewithkilled a calfe: whereupon, the owner complayned, the master whipped, and the diuision ended. 

By such tokens, sometimes wonderfull, sometimes ridiculous, doth Godat his pleasure, foreshewe future accidents: as in the Planets, before the battell at Thrasimenus, betweene Hannibal and the Romanes, by the fighting together of the Sunne and Moone. In birds, what timeBrute brought forth the remnant of his army at Philippi, againstCaesar and Anthony, by the furious bickering betweene two Eagles. In men, against the destruction of Hierusalem, by the encountring ofChariots and armies in the ayre. And before Alexanders battelwith Darius; first, by a casual skirmish of the camp-straglers, vnder two Captaines, borrowing the names of those Princes; and thenby Alexanders voluntary setting those Captaines to a single combat. Yea (to bring these examples neerer home) the like hath hapned bothbefore and sithence, amongst boyes in other places. 

When Caesar was departed from Rome, to try the title of the worldsEmpire with Pompey, the towns boyes (without any mans commaund)parted in twayne: the one side calling themselues Pompeyans, the other Caesarians; and then darrayning a kinde of battell (butwithout Armes) the Caesarians got the ouerhand. 

A like prank vnder the like assumed names, and with like successeand boding, they plaied, when Octauius and Anthony were, with likemeanes, to decide the like Soueraignty. 

And to the same purpose, Procopius affirmeth, that the Samnite boyes, when they draue their cattel to feeding, after their vsual manerof pastime, chose out amongst themselues, two of the best actiuityand seemelinesse; the one, they named Bellisarius, Generall forIustinian the Emperour in Italy, the other Vitiges king of the Gothes, [126] against whome hee warred. In the buckling of these counterfeiteCommaunders, it fell out, that Vitiges had the worst, whome theaduerse party with a iesting and craking maner, hanged vp at the nexttree, in earnest, but yet with no intent to kill him. 

This while it happens, that a Woolfe is descryed: away runnethe boyes: fast abides the imaginary Felon, and so fast, that forwant of timely rescouse, the breath poasted out of his body, and leftthe same a liuelesse carkase. The which notifyed to the Samnites, quitted the striplings (or slipstrings) of their punishment, butencreased the dismay of the elder people. 

A like accident befell sithence, hy testimony of the ceremoniousTexera, as a presage of Lewes the prince of Condyes death, 1569. Foure daies before which, at Xaintes, the youth of all sorts, from9. To 22. Yeres age, assembled, and (of their owne accord) chosetwo Commaunders, one they entitled the Prince of Condy, the otherMounsieur, who then lay in the field against him. For three dayesspace, they violently assaulted each other, with stones, clubs, andother weapons, vntill at last it grewe to Pistoles: by one of which, the imaginary Prince receiued a quelling wound in his head, about 10. A clock in the morning: the very howre (saith this Portugallconfessour) that the Prince himselfe, by a like shot was slaughtered. 

The same authour vouched a semblable chaunce, somewhat before thesiege of Rochell 1572. Where, some of the boyes banded themselues, as for the Maior and others for the King; who after 6. Dayesskirmishing, at last made a composition, and departed: even as thatsiege endured sixe moneths, and finally brake vp in a peace. 

So doth Mercurius Gallobelgicus giue vs to wit, that in theyeere 1594. A Turkish Beglerbey of Greece, either seeking by afore-coniecture, to be ascertained himselfe, or desirous to nuslethe yonger sort in martiall exployts, led out of Alba Regalis, about 600. Turkish boyes, aged betweene 11. And 14. Yeeres, andseuered them into two troups, terming the one, The Christian, the other, The Turkish batalion. Those, he directed to callvpon Iesus, these, vpon Hala: both parts he enioyned to bickercoragiously, and egged them onward with the enticement of rewards. The token is giuen, the forces encounter, the fight is hote. In theend, the Turks betake themselues to their heeles, and Iesus partycarryeth away the victory. But such occurrents do not alwayes eitherforegoe, or foresignifie; for sometimes they fall out idle, and sometimes not at all. Howbeit, Nicetaes Choniates takethit very vnkindly, that God woud not spare some watchword out ofhis prescience, to the Constantinopolitanes, what time Baldwyn Earleof Flaunders and others, first assisted, and then conquered theirCitie. 

Touching Veall the Mercurialist, I haue spoken in my former booke. 

The youthlyer sort of Bodmyn townsmen vse sometimes to sportthemselues, by playing the box with strangers, whome they summonto Halgauer. The name signifieth the Goats moore, and such a placeit is, lying a little without the towne, and very full of quauemires. When these mates meet with any rawe seruingman, or other young master, who may serue and deserue to make pastime, they cause him to besolemnely arrested, [127] for his appearance before the Maior ofHalgauer, where he is charged with wearing one spurre, or goingvntrussed, or wanting a girdle, or some such like felony: and afterhe hath beene arraygned and tryed, with all requisite circumstances, iudgement is giuen in formal termes, and executed in some onevngracious pranke or other, more to the skorne, then hurt of theparty condemned. 

Hence is sprung the prouerb, when we see one slouenly appareled, to say, He shall be presented in Halgauer Court. 

But now and then, they extend this merriment with the largest, to the preiudice of ouer-credulous people, perswading them to fightwith a Dragon lurking in Halgauer, or to see some strange matterthere: which concludeth at least, with a trayning them into the mire. 

Within short space after the great fame dispersed, touching the rareeffects of Warwickshire wels, some idle enuious head raysed a brute, that there rested no lesse vertue (forsooth) for healing all diseases, in a plentifull spring, neere vnto Bodmyn, called Scarlets well:which report grew so farre, and so fast, that folke ranne flockingthither in huge numbers, from all quarters. But the neighbourIustices, finding the abuse, and looking into, the consequence, forbad the resort, sequestred the spring, and suppressed the miracle. Howbeit, the water should seeme to be healthfull, if not helpfull:for it retaineth this extraordinary quality, that the same iswaightier, then the ordinary of his kinde, and will continuethe best part of a yeere, without alteration of sent or taste; onelyyou shall see it represent many colours, like the Raine-bowe, which (in my conceite) argueth a running thorow some minerall veine, and therewithall a possessing of some vertue. 

Aside from this towne, towards the North sea, extendeth a fruitfullveine of land, comprizing certayne parishes, which serueth betterthen any other place in Cornwall for Winter feeding, and suitablyenricheth the Farmours. Herethrough, sundry Gentlemen haue thereplanted their seates, as, in S. Kew, master Carnsew, at Bokelly:in S. Endelion, master Roscarrock, at his House of the samedenomination: besides, master Penkeuel, Nichols, Barret, Flammock, Cauel, and diuers more. 

Carnsew, rightly Carndeaw, purporteth in Cornish, a black rock:and such a one the heire owneth which gaue name to his ancientpossessed mannour, as the mannour to his ancestours. His houseBokelly may be deriued from Both, in Cornish, a Goate and kellywhich is lost: and the Goate he giueth for his Armes. This Gent. Father married the daughter of Fits in Deuon and left behinde himthree sonnes, Richard, Mathew and William, with two daughters:those, brought vp in learning and experience abroade: these, in vertue and modesty at home: the fruites whereof, they tasteand expresse, in a no lesse praise-worthy, then rare-continuingconcord, hauing (not through any constrayning necessitie, orconstraintiue vowe) but on a voluntary choyce, made theirelder brothers mansion a Colledge of single liuing, & kindeentertaining. Amongst whom, I may not omit the yongest brother, whose well qualified and sweete pleasing sufficiency draweth himout from this cloyster, to conuerse with and assist his friends, and to whose sounder iudgement, I owe the thankful acknowledgementof [128] many corrected slippings in these my notes. The armesof this family are thus blasoned, S. A Goat passant. A. Attired andtrippled 0. 

Roscarrock, in Cornish, meaneth a flower, and a rock, in English. Roses are his armes, and the North rocky clifs, which bound hisdemaines, perhaps added the rest. The heire hath issue by thedaughter of Treuanion. His father maried the sole Inheritrixto Pentire, whose dwelling, Pentuan, is seated on the South sea, so as he might make vse of either climate for his residence. The family is populous; but of them two brothers, Hugh, for hisciuill carriage, and kinde hospitality, and Nicholas for hisindustrious delight in matters of history and antiquity, doe merita commending remembrance. They beare A. A Cheuron betweene 2. Roses, G. And a sea-tenche nayante proper. 

The little parish called Temple, skirteth this hundred, on the wasteside thereof: a place, exempted from the Bishops iurisdiction, as once appertayning to the Templers, but not so from disorder:for if common report communicate with truth, many a bad mariagebargaine is there yerely slubbred vp. 

 Hundred of West. 

WIth Trig Hundred on the South side, confineth that of West, but taketh his name from the relation which it beareth to thatof East: the circuit thereof is not so large, as fruitfull. 

In entring the same, wee will first pitch at the Looes, two seuerallCorporations, distinguished by the addition of East and West, abutting vpon a nauigable creek, and ioyned by a faire bridge ofmany arches. They tooke that name from a fresh riuer, which therepayeth his tribute to the sea: and the riuer (as I coniecture)from his low passage, betweene steepe coasting hils: for Loo, and lowe, after the Cornish pronunciation, doe little differ. 

East-Loo voucheth lesse antiquity, as lately incorporated, but vanteth greater wealth, as more commodiously seated: yet thefoundation of their houses is grounded on the sand, supporting(naythelesse) those poore buildings, with a sufficient stablenesse. Their profit chiefly accrueth from their weekely markets, and industrious fishing, with boats of a middle size, able to brooke, but not crosse the seas: howbeit, they are not altogether destituteof bigger shipping: amongst which, one hath successiuely retained thename of the George of Loo, euer since the first so called, did a greatwhile sithence, in a furious fight, take 3. French men of warre. 

The towne towards the sea, is fenced with a garretted wall, against any sudden attempt of the enemy. 

West-Loo mustereth an endowment with the like meanes, but in ameaner degree, and hath of late yeeres somewhat releeued hisformer pouerty. 

Almost directly ouer against the barred hauen of Loo, extendethS. Georges Iland, about halfe a mile in compasse, and plentifullystored with Conies. When the season of the yere yeeldeth oportunity, a great abundance of sundry sea-fowle breed upon the strond, where they lay, & hatch their egges, without care of buildingany nests: at which time, repairing thither, you shall see your headshadowed with a cloud of old ones, through their diuersified cries, witnessing their general dislike of your disturbance, [129] and yourfeete pestered with a large number of yong ones, some formerly, some newly, and some not yet disclosed; at which time (through theleaue and kindnesse of Master May, the owner) you may make and takeyour choyce. This Gent. Armes, are G, a Cheuron vary betweenethree Crownes. 

The middle market towne of this Hundred, is Liskerd. Les, in Cornish, is broad, and ker, is gone. Now, if I should say, that it is socalled, because the widenesse of this Hundred, heere contracteth thetraffike of the Inhabitants, you might well thinke I iested, neither dare I auow it in earnest. But whencesoever you deriuethe name, hard it is, in regard of the antiquity, to deduce the towneand Castle from their first originall; and yet I will not ioyne handswith them who terme it Legio, as founded by the Romanes, vnlesse theycan approue the same by a Romane faith. 

Of later times, the Castle serued the Earle of Cornwall for one ofhis houses; but now, that later is worm-eaten out of date and vse. Coynages, Fayres, and markets, (as vitall spirits in a decayed bodie)keepe the inner partes of the towne aliue, while the ruyned skirtesaccuse the iniurie of time, and the neglect of industrie. 

S. Cleer parish, coasting Liskerd, brooketh his name by a morepercing, then profitable ayre, which in those open wastes, scowreth away thrift, as well as sicknesse. Thither I rode, to takeview of an antiquitie, called The other halfe stone; which I found tobe thus: There are two moore stones, pitched in the ground, very neeretogether, the one of a more broade then thicke squarenesse, about 8. Foote in height, resembling the ordinary spill of a Crosse, and somewhat curiously hewed, with diaper worke. The other commethshort of his fellowes length, by the better halfe, but, welneere, doubleth it in breadth, and thickenesse, and is likewise handsomelycarued. They both are mortifed in the top, leauing a little edge atthe one side, as to accommodate the placing of somewhat elsethereupon. In this latter, are graued certaine letters, which Icaused to be taken out, and haue here inserted, for abler capacities, then mine own, to interpret. 

 [image, approx d O n l E R T : R O 3 a U I T p R O a n l m a

 where 'a' is a Greek alpha character]

Why this should be termed, The other halfe stone, I cannot resoluewith my selfe, and you much lesse. Howbeit, I haltingly ayme, it may proceede from one of these respects; either, because it isthe halfe of a monument, whose other part resteth elsewhere: or, for that it meaneth, after the Dutch phrase and their owne measure, a stone and halfe. For, in Dutch, Ander halb, (another halfe)importeth, One and a halfe, as Sesqui alter doth in Latine. It should seeme to be a bound stone: for some of the neighboursobserued to mee, that the [130] same limiteth iust the halfe way, betweene Excester and the lands ende, and is distant full fiftiemyles from either. 

Not farre hence, in an open plaine, are to be seene certaine stones, somewhat squared, and fastened about a foote deepe in the ground, of which, some sixe or eight stand vpright in proportionable distance:they are termed, The hurlers. And alike strange obseruation, takethplace here, as at Stonehenge, to wit, that a redoubled numbring, neuer eueneth with the first. But far stranger is the countrypeoples report, that once they were men, and for their hurling vponthe Sabboth, so metamorphosed. The like whereof, I remember tohaue read, touching some in Germany (as I take it) who for asemblable prophanation, with dauncing, through the Priests accursing, continued it on a whole yere together. 

Almost adioyning hereunto, is a heap of rocks, which presse one of alesse size, fashioned like a cheese, and therethrough termedWringcheese. 

I know not well, whether I may referre to the parish of S. Neot inthis Hundred, that which Mat. West, reporteth of K. Alfred, namely, how comming into Cornwall on hunting, he turned aside, for doinghis deuotion, into a Church, where S. Guerijr and S. Neot made theirabode (quaere, whether he meane not their burials) or ratherso resolue, because Asser so deliuers it, and there found his orisonsseconded with a happy effect. 

Next, I will relate you another of the Cornish natural wonders, viz. S. Kaynes well: but lest you make a wonder first at the Saint, before you take notice of the well, you must vnderstand, that thiswas not Kayne the man-queller, but one of a gentler spirit, andmilder sex, to wit, a woman. He who caused the spring to be pictured, added this rime for an exposition:

 In name, in shape, in quality, This well is very quaint; The name, to lot of Kayne befell, No ouer-holy Saint. The shape, 4. Trees of diuers kinde, Withy, Oke, Elme and Ash, Make with their roots an arched roofe, Whose floore this spring doth wash. The quality, that man or wife, Whose chance, or choice attaines, First of this sacred streame to drinke, Thereby the mastry gaines. 

In this Hundred, the rubble of certaine mines, and ruines of a fininghouse, conuince Burchard Craneigh, the Duchmans vaine endeuour, in seeking of siluer owre: howbeit, hee afterwards lighted on athriftier vayne, of practising phisike at London, where he grewefamous, by the name of Doctor Burcot. 

Killigarth, being interpreted in English, signifieth, He hath losthis griping, or reaching: and by his present fortune, (in some sort)iustifieth that name: for the same hath lately forgoneSir William Beuill, whome it embraced as owner & Inhabitant, by hissudden death, and is passed into the possession of the faire Ladyhis widdow, by her husbands conueyance. 

It yeeldeth a large viewe of the South coast, and was it selfe, in Sir Williams life time, much visited, [131] through hisfranke inuitings. The mention of this Knight, calleth to myrememberance, a sometimes vncouth seruaunt of his, whose monstrousconditions, partly resembled that Polyphemus, described by Homer andVirgil, and liuely imitated by Ariosto, in his Orco: or rather, that Egyptian Polyphagus, in whome (by Suetonius report) theEmperour Nero tooke such pleasure. This fellow was taken vp bySir William, vnder a hedge, in the deepest of Winter, welneerestarued with cold, and hunger: hee was of stature meane, ofconstitution leane, of face freckled, of composition, wellproportioned, of diet, naturally, spare, and cleanely inough; yet, at his masters bidding, he would deuoure nettles, thistles, the pithof Artichokes, raw, and liuing birds, and fishies, with their scales, and feathers, burning coles and candles, and whatsoeuer else, howsoeuer vnsauorie, if it might be swallowed: neither this a little, but in such quantitie, as it often bred a second wonder, how hisbelly, should containe so much: yet could no man, at any time, discouer him doing of that, which necessitie of nature requireth. Moreouer, he would take a hot yron out of the fire, with his barehand; neuer changed his apparell, but by constraint, and vsed to liein strawe, with his head downe, and his heeles vpwards. Spare hewas of speech, and, instead of halfe his words, vsed this terme Size, as I will Size him, for strike him, hee is a good Size, for man, &c. Ouer-sleeping, or some other accident, made him to lose a day, in hisaccount of the weeke, so as he would not beleeue, but that Svnday wasSaterday, Saterday Friday, &c. To Sir William he bare suchfaithfulnesse, that hee would follow his horse, like a spanyell, without regard of way or wearinesse, waite at his chamber doore, the night time, suffering none to come neere him, and performewhatsoeuer hee commanded, were it neuer so unlawfull, or dangerous. On a time, his master, expecting strangers, sent him, with a panier, to his cater at the sea side, to fetch fome fish. In his way, he passed by a riuer, whereinto the tide then flowed, and certainefishermen were drawing their nets: which after Iohn Size had awhile beheld, hee casts to haue a share amongst them, for his master. So into the water he leaps, and there, for the space of a flightshoot, wadeth and walloweth (for swimme hee could not) sometimes up, and sometimes downe, carrying his panier still before him, to hisowne extreame hazard of drowning, and the beholders great pittying;vntill at last, all wet, and wearied, out he scrambleth, and home hehieth, with a bitter complaint to his master, of his ill fortune, that he could not catch some fish, as well as the rest, where somuch was going. In this sort he continued for diuers yeeres, vntill (vpon I wot not what veake, or vnkindnesse) away he gets, and abroad he rogues: which remitter brought him the end, to hisforedeferred, and not auoyded destiny: for as vnder a hedge hee wasfound pyning, so under a hedge he found his miserable death, through penury. 

Sir Williams father maried the daughter of Militon: his graundfather, the daughter and heire of Bear, whose liuelyhood repayred what theelder brothers daughters had impaired. The Beuils Armes are A. A Bullpassant G. Armed and tripped O. 

In the same parish where Killigarth is seated, Master Murthinheriteth a house and demaynes. Hee maried Treffry; his father, Tregose. One of their auncestours, [132] within the memorie of anext neighbour to the house, called Prake, (burdened with 110. Yeeresage) entertained a British miller, as that people, for suchidle occupations, proue more handie, then our owne. But this fellowesseruice befell commodious in the worst sense. For when, not longafter his acceptance, warres grewe betweene vs & France, he stealethouer into his countrey, returneth priuily backe againe, with aFrench crew, surprizeth suddenly his master, and his ghests, at aChristmas supper, carrieth them speedily vnto Lantreghey, and forceththe Gent, to redeemme his enlargement, with the sale of a great partof his reuenewes. 

A little to the Westwards from Killigarth, the poore harbour andvillage of Polpera coucheth betweene 2. Steepe hils, where plenty offish is vented to the fish driuers, whom we call Iowters. 

The warmth of this Hundred, siding the South, hath enticed many Gent. Here to make choyce of their dwellings, as M. Buller now Sherifeat Tregarrick, sometimes the Wideslades inheritance, vntill thefathers rebellion forfeited it to the Prince; and the Princeslargesse rewarded therewith his subiects. 

Wideslades sonne led a walking life with his harpe, to Gentlemenshouses, wherethrough, and by his other actiue qualities, he wasentitled, Sir Tristram; neither wanted he (as some say) a bele Isound, the more aptly to resemble his patterne. 

Master Buller married the daughter of one Williams, a Counsellour atlawe in Deuon: his father, a younger branch of the ancient stocke, planted in Somerset shire, tooke to wife the widdowe of Courtney, and daughter and heire to Trethurffe; by whose dower, and his owneindeuour, he purchased and left to his sonne, faire possessions, but not vnencumbred with titles, which draue this Gentleman to saluethem all by new compositions with the pretenders: and for compassingthe same, to get an extraordinary experience in husbandry. His ancestours bare S. On a playne Crosse A. Quarter pierced4. Eagles of the field. 

At S. Winowe inhabiteth M. Thomas Lower, commendable through hisdouble prouision, against the warres, as hauing both furnishedhimself with great ordinance, for priuate defence of the County, and thrust forth his sonnes to be trayned in martiall knowledgeand exercises, for the publike seruice of the Countrey. 

His wife was one of Reskimers daughters and heires: his mother, the daughter of Treffrey: his house descended to his auncestour, by match with Vpton. Hee beareth B. A Cheuron engrayled O. Betweenethree Roses A. 

Laureast, is the inheritance of M. Iohn Harris, a Gent. Employing hissound iudgement, and other praise-worthy parts, to the seruice of hisPrince and country, & the good of his friends and himself. His wifewas daughter and heire to Hart; his mother sister to M. Chr. Harris, which (by his vncles yet want of issue) intitleth him with a faireexpectancy. Hee beareth S. 3. Croissants within a border A. 

Treworgy is owed by M. Kendal, and endowed with a pleasant andprofitable fishing and command of the riuer, which flitteth vnderhis house. He maried with Buller: his mother was daughter to Moyleof Bake, and beareth A, a Cheuron betweene 3. Dolphins S. 

Master Glyn of Glynfoord, manifesteth, by this compounded name, the antiqitie of his descent, and [133] the ordinary passage there, ouer Foy riuer. The store of Sammons which it affoordeth, caused hisancestours ta take the Sammon speares for their Armes: for heebeareth A, a Cheuron, betweene three Sammon speares S. 

Sundry more Gentlemen this little Hundred possesseth andpossessioneth, as Code, who beareth A. A Cheuron, G. Betweenethree Crowes. May, G. A Cheuron vary betweene three Crownes. Achym, A. A Maunche Maltaile S. Within a border of the first, charged with Cinquefoyles, as the second Grilles, &c. But want ofinformation, and lothnes to waxe tedious, maketh mee fardle vp these, and omit the rest. 

It is hemmed in one the West, by the East side of Foy hauen, at whosemouth standeth Hall, in Cornish, a moore, and (perhaps) such it wasbefore better manurance reduced it to the present fruitfulnesse. The same descended to Sir Reignald Mohun, from his ancestours, by their match with the daughter and heire of Fits-Williams;and (amongst other commodities) is appurtenanced with a walk, which if I could as playnly shew you, as my selfe haue oftentimesdelightingly seene it, you might, & would auow the same, to be aplace of diuersified pleasings: I will therefore do my best, to traceyou, a shaddow thereof, by which you shal (in part) giue a gesse atthe substance. 

It is cut out in the side of a steepe hill, whose foote the salt waterwasheth, euenly leuelled, to serue for bowling, floored with sand, for soaking vp the rayne, closed with two thorne hedges, and bankedwith sweete senting flowers: It wideneth to a sufficient breadth, for the march of fiue or sixe in front, and extendeth, to notmuch lesse, then halfe a London mile: neyther doth it leadwearisomely forthright, but yeeldeth varied, & yet, not ouer-busieturnings, as the grounds oportunity affoordeth; which aduantageencreaseth the prospect, and is conuerted on the foreside, into platformes, for the planting of Ordinance, and the walkerssitting; and on the back part, into Summer houses, for their morepriuate retrait and recreation. 

In passing along, your eyes shall be called away from guidingyour feete, to descry by their fardest kenning, the vast Ocean, sparkled with ships, that continually this way trade, forth and backe, to most quarters of the world. Neerer home, they take view of allsized cocks, barges, and fisherboates, houering on the coast. Againe, contracting your sight to a narrower scope, it lighteth onthe faire and commodious hauen, where the tyde daily presenteth hisdouble seruice, of flowing and ebbing, to carry and recarry whatsoeuerthe Inhabitants shall bee pleased to charge him withall, and hiscreekes (like a young wanton louer) folde about the land, with manyembracing armes. 

This walke is garded upon the one side, by Portruan; on the other, by Bodyneck, two fishing villages: behinde, the rising hill bearethoff the colde Northern blasts: before, the towne of Foy subiectethhis whole length and breadth to your ouerlooking: and directlyvnder you, ride the home and forraine shipping; both of these, in soneere a distance, that without troubling the passer, or borrowingStentors voyce, you may from thence, not only call to, but conferewith any in the sayd towne or Shipping. 

Mounsieur la Noue noteth, that in the great hall of [134] iustice, at Paris, there is no roome left, for any more images of the FrenchKings: which some prophetically interpreted, to signifie a dissolutionof that line, if not of the monarchy. But this halfening, the presentflourishing estate of that kingdome, vtterly conuinceth of falshood. A farre truer foretoken, touching the Earle of Deuons progeny, I haueseen, at this place of Hall, to wit, a kind of Fagot, whose age andpainting, approueth the credited tradition, that it was carefullypreserued by those noble men: but whether vpon that prescience, or no, there mine author failes me. This fagot, being all one peece of wood, and that naturally growen, is wrapped about the middle part witha bond, and parted, at the ends, into foure sticks, one of which, is, againe subdiuided into other twayne. And in semblable maner thelast Earles inheritance accrued vnto 4. Cornish Gent. Mohun, Trelawny, Arundell of Taluerne, and Trethurffe: and Trethurffes portion, Courtney of Ladocke, and Viuian, do enioy, as descended from his twodaughters and heires. 

Sir Reig. Mohun is widdower of two wiues; the one, daughter toSir Henry Killigrew, the other, to Sergeant Heale: his father, Sir William, married, first, the daughter of Horsey, and one ofthe heires, by the common law, to Sir Iohn her late brother; and next, the widdowe of Trelawny, who, ouerliuing him, enioyeth this Hall, as part of her ioynture; a Lady, gracing her dignitie, withher vertue, and no lesse expressing, then professing religion. Reignald, father to Sir William, wedded the daughter of SirWilliam Treuanion. The armes of the Mohuns are O. A Crosseengrayled Sa. 

 Powder Hundred. 

SOme impute the force of Powder vnto this, that the same is conuerted, at an instant, from his earthy substance, to a fiery, and fromthe fire, into ayre; euery of which changes, requireth a greaterenlargement, one then other: wherefore it finding a barre, ouer, vnder, and on the back and sides, by the pieces strong imprisonment, by consequence breaketh forth with a sudden violence, at the mouth, where the way is least stopped, & driueth before it, the vnsetledobstacle of the bullet, imparting thereunto a portion of his fury. To which (through want of a probable Etymon) I may, in part, resemblethe hundred of Powder, not only for the names sake, but also becausethis parcel of the Cornish earth extendeth it selfe wider, andcompriseth more parishes, then any other Hundred of the shire, as stretching East. And West, from Foy to Falmouth: and Southand North, welnere from one sea to the other. 

In describing the same, we must begin where we left, to wit, atFoy hauen, in Cornish, Foath. It receyueth this name of the riuer, and bestoweth the same on the town. His entrance is garded withBlock-houses, & that on the townes side, as also the towne it selfe, fortified & fenced with ordinance. The commendation of whichindustry, is principally due to the prouidence and direction of M. Wil. Treffry, a Gent. That hath vowed his rare gifts of learning, wisdome, & courage, to the good of his country, & made proofe thereofin many occurrents, & to whose iudicious corrections, these my noteshaue bin not a little beholden. His faire & ancient house, Castle-wise builded [135] and sufficiently flanked, ouerlooketh thetowne and hauen with a pleasant prospect, and yet is not excludedfrom the healthfull ayre, and vse of the country, which occasionedhis auncestours (though endowed elsewhere, with large reuennues, of their owne and their wiues inheritance) for many descents, to make, here their ordinary residence, as is witnessed by their toombe-stones, which I haue seen in the church. One of them, about 145. Yeeressithence, valiantly defended this his dwelling, against the French, what time they had surprized the rest of the towne. 

Hee married one of Tremaynes heires: his father, the heir ofTresithny; his graundfather, the daughter of Killigrew: and bearethS. A Cheuron betweene three Hawthornes A. 

But I will returne to the towne. During the warlike raignes of ourtwo valiant Edwards, the first & third, the Foyens addicted themseluesto backe their Princes quarrell, by coping with the enemy at sea, and made returne of many prizes: which purchases hauing aduancedthem to a good estate of wealth, the same was (when the quieterconditioned times gaue meanes) heedfully and diligently employed, and bettered, by the more ciuill trade of marchandise; and in boththese vocations they so fortunately prospered, that it is reported, 60. Tall ships did, at one time, belong to the harbour, and thatthey assisted the siege of Callais, with 47. Saile. Heereon, a fullpurse begetting a stout stomack, our Foyens tooke heart at grasse, and chauncing about that time (I speake vpon the credit of tradition)to sayle neere Rye, and Winchelsea, they stifly refused to vailetheir bonets at the summons of those townes; which contempt (bythe better enabled Sea-farers, reckoned intolerable) caused theRipiers to make out with might and mayne against them; howbeit, with a more hardy onset, then happy issue: for the Foy men gaue themso rough entertaynment at their welcome, that they were glad toforsake patch, without bidding farewell: the merit of which exploit, afterwards entitled them Gallants of Foy: and (it may bee) theyfought to eternize this memorable fact, after the Greeke and Romanemaner, by inuesting the towne of Golant with that name:notwithstanding, quaere, whether a causelesse ambition in theposteritie, turned not rather Golant into Gallant, for theirgreater glory. Once, the townesmen vaunt, that for reskuing certaineships of Rye from the Normans in Henrie the thirds time, they bearethe armes, and enioy part of the priuiledges appertaining to theCinque ports, whereof there is some memorie in their Chauncell window, with the name of Fisart Bagga, their principall Commaunder inthat seruice. Moreouer, the prowesse of one Nicholas, sonne toa widdow, neere Foy, is deskanted vpon, in an old three mans songs, namely, how he fought brauely at sea, with Iohn Dory (a Genowey, as Iconiecture) set forth by Iohn the French king, and (after muchbloudshed on both sides) tooke, and slew him, in reuenge of thegreat rauine, and crueltie, which hee had forecommitted, vpon theEnglish mens goods and bodies. Yet their so often good successe, sometimes tasted the sawce of crosser speeding; for Tho. Walsinghamtelleth vs, that Sir Hugh Calueley, and Sir Th. Percy, deputed togard the sea, by R. The 2. Anno. 1379. Chanced there to meete aCornish barge, belonging to Foy harbour, which hauing worne out hisvictuals, and [136] time, limited for the like seruice, was thensayling homewards, neither would be entreated by those knights, to ioyne companie with them: howbeit they bought this refusallverie deare. For no sooner was the English fleete past out of sight, but that a Flemmish man of warre lighted vpon them, and (after a long, and strong resistance) ouermastered them as well, at last in force, as they did at first in number, tooke the Barge, sunk it, andslaughtered all the Saylers, one onely boy, excepted, who in theheate of the bickering, seeing which way the game would goe, secretly stole aboord the Flemming, and closely hid himselfeamongst the ballast. Ouer a while, this Pirate cast Anker in anEnglish harbor, where the boy, hearing his Countrimens voice, that were come aboord, riseth from his new buriall, bewrayeth thefact, & so wrought meanes, for their punishment, and hisowne deliuery. 

Not long after, our Foy gallants, vnable to beare a low sayle, in their fresh gale of fortune, began to skum the Seas, with theiroften piracies, (auowing themselues vpon the Earle of Warwicke, whose ragged staffe is yet to be seene, pourtrayed in many placesof their Church Steeple, and in diuers priuate houses) as also toviolate their dutie at land, by insolent disobedience, to thePrinces Officers, cutting off (amongst other pranckes) a Pursiuantseares: whereat king Edward the fourth conceiued such indignation, as hee sent Commissioners vnto Lostwithiel, (a towne thereby) who, vnder pretence of vsing their seruice, in sea affaires, trainedthither the greatest number of the Burgesses; and no sooner come, then laid hold on, and in hold, their goods were confiscated, oneHarrington executed, the chaine of their hauen remoued to Dartmouth, & their wonted iolity transformed into a sudden misery: from whichthey striued a long time, in vaine, to releeue themselues: but nowof late yeres doe more and more aspire to a great amendment of theirformer defeats, though not to an equall height of theirfirst aboundance. 

Where I may not passe in silence, the commendable deserts ofMaster Rashleigh the elder, descended from a yonger brother of anancient house in Deuon; for his industrious iudgement and aduenturing, in trade of marchandise, first opened a light and way, to thetownesmens newe thriuing, and left his sonne large wealth, andpossessions; who (together with a dayly bettering his estate)conuerteth the same to hospitality, and other actions fitting a Gent. Well affected to his God, Prince, and Countrey. He married thedaughter of Bonithon; his father, of Lanyne, and beareth S. A plaineCrosse betweene 2. Croissants A. 

Anno 28. H. 6. There was an Act of Parliament made, to restrainethe abuses of sea-officers, in wrong exactions at Foy, and someother hauens. 

The Lord of Pomier, a Norman, encouraged by the [1457. ] ciuill warres, wherewith our Realme was then distressed, furnished a nauy within theriuer of Sayne, and with the same in the night, burned a part of Foy, and other houses confyning: but vpon approch of the countryes forces, raised the next day by the Sherife, he made speed away to his ships, and with his ships to his home. 

In a high way neere this towne, there lieth a big and longmoore stone, containing the remainder of certaine ingraued letters, purporting some memorable antiquity, as it should seeme, but pastability of reading. 

[137]

Not many yeres sithence, a Gentleman, dwelling not farre off, was perswaded, by some information, or imagination, that treasurelay hidden vnder this stone: wherefore, in a faire Moone-shine night, thither with certaine good fellowes hee hyeth to dig it vp;a working they fall, their labour shortneth, their hope increaseth, a pot of Gold is the least of their expectation. But see the chance. In midst of their toyling, the skie gathereth clouds, the Moone-lightis ouer-cast with darkenesse, downe fals a mightie showre, vp risetha blustering tempest, the thunder cracketh, the lightning flameth:in conclusion, our money-seekers washed, in stead of loden; or lodenwith water, in stead of yellow earth, and more afraid, then hurt, are forced to abandon their enterprise, and seeke shelter of thenext house they could get into. Whether this proceeded from anaturall accident, or a working of the diuell, I will not vndertaketo define. It may bee, God giueth him such power ouer those, who begin a matter, vpon couetousnesse to gaine by extraordinariemeanes, and prosecute it with a wrong, in entring and breakinganother mans land, without his leaue, and direct the end thereof, to the princes defrauding, whose prerogatiue challengeth thesecasualties. 

A little beyond Foy, the land openeth a large sandie drab Bay, for the Sea to ouer-flow, which, and the village adioyning, are therethrough aptly termed Trewardreth, in English, TheSandie towne. Elder times, of more deuotion then knowledge, here founded a religious house, which, in King Henrie the eightsraigne, vnderwent the common downefall. 

I haue receiued credible information, that some three yeeres sithence, certaine hedges deuiding a closse on the seaside hereabouts, chanced, in their digging, vpon a great chest of stone, artificially ioyned, whose couer, they (ouer-greedy for booty)rudely brake, and therewithall a great earthen pot enclosed, whichwas guilded and graued with letters, defaced by this misaduenture, and ful of a black earth, the ashes (doubtles) as that, the vrnaof some famous personage. 

Vpon a side of this bay, one M. Peter Beuill first began theexperiment of making a saltwater pond, induced thereunto, by obseruingthat the high Summer tydes brought with them young Basses and Millets, whom at their ebbing, they left behinde in little pits of theeuen ground, where they would liue for many weekes without anyreuisitation of the sea: who, as he bettered this naturall patterne, so did I his artificiall; but yet with a thankefull acknowledgement, by whome I haue profited. 

Lostwithiel should seeme to fetch his originall from the CornishLostwithiall, which in English, soundeth a Lions tayle: for as theEarle of this prouince gaue the Lyon in armes, and the Lionsprincipall strength (men, say) consisteth in his tayle; so thistowne claymeth the precedence, and his Lords chiefest residence, & the place which he entrusted with his Exchequer, and where hiswayghtier affaires were managed. Maioralty, markets, faires, andnomination of Burgesses for the parliament, it hath common with themost: Coynage of Tynne, onely with three, others; but the gayle forthe whole Stannary, and keeping of the County Courts, it selfe alone. Yet all this can hardly rayse it to a tolerable condition of wealthand inhabitance. Wherefore I will [138] detayne you no longer, then vntill I haue shewed you a solemne custome in times past hereyeerely obserued, and onely of late daies discontinued, which wasthus:

Vpon little Easter Sunday, the Freeholders of the towne and mannour, by themselues or their deputies, did there assemble: amongst whom, one (as it fell to his lot by turne) brauely apparelled, gallantly mounted, with a Crowne on his head, a scepter in his hand, a sword borne before him, and dutifully attended by all the rest alsoon horseback, rode thorow the principall streete to the Church:there the Curate in his best beseene, solemnely receiued him at theChurchyard stile, and conducted him to heare diuine seruice:after which, he repaired with the same pompe, to a house foreprouidedfor that purpose, made a feast to his attendants, kept the tablesend himselfe, and was serued with kneeling, assay, & all other ritesdue to the estate of a Prince: with which dinner, the ceremony ended, and euery man returned home again. The pedigree of this vsage isderiued from so many descents of ages, that the cause and authouroutreach remembrance: howbeit, these circumstances offer a coniecture, that it should betoken the royalties appertaining to the honourof Cornwall. 

M. Wil. Kendals hospitality, while he liued, and here kept house, deserueth a speciall remembrance, because, for store of resort andfranknes of entertainment, it exceeded all others of his sort. 

This towne anno 11. H. 7, was by act of Parliament assigned, to keepe the publike waights and measures, ordayned for the Countie. 

Lostwithiel subiected it selfe to the commaund of Restormel Castle, alias, Lestormel, sometimes the Dukes principal house. It is seatedin a park, vpon the plaine neck of a hill, backed to the Westwards, with another, somewhat higher, & falling euery other way, to end ina valley, watered by the fishfull riuer of Foy. His base court israther to be coniectured, then discerned, by the remnant of somefewe ruines; amongst which, an ouen of 14. Foot largenes, through hisexceeding proportion, prooueth the like hospitality of those dayes. The inner court grounded vpon an intrenched rocke, was formed round, had his vtter wall thick, strong, and garretted: his flat roofecouered with lead, and his large windowes taking their light inwards. It consisted of two stories, beisdes the vaults, and admittedentrance and issue, by one onely gate, fenced with a Portcouliz. Water was conueyed thither, by a conduit, from the higher groundadioyning. Certes, it may moue compassion, that a Palace, so healthfull for aire, so delightfull for prospect, so necessaryfor commodities, so fayre (in regard of those dayes) for building, and so strong for defence, should in time of secure peace, and vnderthe protection of his naturall Princes, be wronged with thosespoylings, then which, it could endure no greater, at the hands ofany forrayne and deadly enemy: for the Parke is disparked, the timberrooted vp, the conduit pipes taken away, the roofe made sale of, the planchings rotten, the wals fallen downe, and the hewed stones ofthe windowes, dournes & clauels, pluct out to serue priuate buildings:onely there remayneth an vtter defacement, to complayne vpon thisvnregarded distresse. It now appertayneth by lease, to Master Samuel, who maried Halse : his father (a wise and pleasant conceited Gent. )matched with Tremayne. 

[139]

After wee haue quitted Restormel, Roche becomes our next placeof soiourne, though hardly inuiting, with promise of any betterentertainement, then the name carieth written in his forehead, to wit, a huge, high and steepe rock, seated in a playne, girded oneither side, with (as it were) two substitutes, and meritorious(no doubt) for the Hermite, who dwelt on the top thereof, were itbut in regard of such an vneasie climing to his cell and Chappell, a part of whose naturall wals is wrought out of the rock itselfe. 

Neere the foote of Roche, there lyeth a rock, leuell with the groundaboue, and hollow downwards, with a winding depth, which contaynethwater, reported by some of the neighbours, to ebbe and flowe asthe sea. Of these, as another Cornish wonder. 

 You neighbour-scorners, holy-prowd, Goe people Roche's cell, Farre from the world, neere to the heau'ns, There, Hermits, may you dwell. Is't true that Spring in rock hereby, Doth tide-wise ebbe and flow? Or haue wee fooles with lyers met? Fame saies it: be it so. 

From hence ascending easily the space of a mile, you shall haue wonnethe top of the Cornish Archbeacon Hainborough, which (as littleto great) may for prospect compare with Rama in Palestina, Henius in Medica, Collalto in Italy, and Sceafel in the Ile of Man:for if the weathers darkenesse bounde not your eye-sight, within hisordynarie extent, you shall thence plainely discerne, to the Eastwards, a great part of Deuon, to the West, very neere the lands end, to theNorth and South, the Ocean, and sundrie Ilands scattered therein, wherethrough it passeth also for a wonder. 

 Haynboroughs wide prospect, at once, Both feedes, and gluts your eye, With Cornwals whole extent, as it In length and breadth doth lie. 

At Ladocke, in this Hundred, dwelleth master Peter Courtney, who doubly fetcheth his pedigree, from that honourable flocke, and embraceth the contentment of a quiet priuate life, before thepublike charge in his Countrie, due to his calling, and to whichlong sithence, he hath bene called. His father maried (as I haueshewed) the daughter & coheir of Trethurffe, himselfe Reskimers, his sonne the daughter of Saintabyn: he beareth O. Three Torteaux, and a File with as many Lambeaux, B. 

Leo Aser, in the delightfull, and approued description of hisCountrie, telleth vs of a blind guide, who would readily and safelyconduct straunger trauailers, ouer the huge Deserts, with which thatregion aboundeth, and that the meanes he vsed, was, in certainedistances, to smell at the sand, which gaue him perfect notice ofthe places. 

Likewise, Lewes Guicciardin, in his booke of Netherland, maketh reportof one Martyn Catelyn, borne at Weruicke in Flaunders, who fallingblind before he attained two yeeres age, grew, notwithstanding, by his owne industrie, without any teacher, to such a perfection inTimber handy-craft, as he could, not only turne, [140] and makeVirginals, Organes, Vyolons, and such like Instruments, with greatfacilitie, order, and proportion, but also tune, and handsomely playvpon them, and besides, deuised many seruiceable tooles forhis science. 

These examples I thrust out before me, to make way, for a not muchlesse straunge relation, touching one Edward Bone, sometimes seruantto the said master Courtney: which fellow (as by the assertion ofdiuers credible persons, I haue beene informed) deafe from his cradle, and consequently dumbe, would yet bee one of the first, to learne, and expresse to his master, any newes that was sturring in theCountrie: especially, if there went speech of a Sermon, within somemyles distance, hee would repaire to the place, with the soonest, and setting himselfe directly against the Preacher, looke himstedfastly in the face, while his Sermon lasted: to which religiouszeale, his honest life was also answerable. For, as hee shunned alllewd parts himselfe, so, if hee espied any in his fellow seruants, (which hee could and would quickely doe) his master shouldstraightwayes know it, and not rest free from importuning, vntill, either the fellow had put away his fault, or their master his fellow. And to make his minde knowne, in this, and all othermatters, hee vsed verie effectuall signes, being able therethrough, to receiue, and perform any enioyned errand. Besides, hee wasafflicted with so firme a memorie, that he would not onely knowany partie, whome hee had once seene, for euer after, but alsomake him knowne to any other, by some speciall obseruation, and difference. Vpon a brother of his, God laid the like infirmitie, but did not recompence it with the like raritie. 

Somewhat neere the place of his birth, there dwelt another, so affected, or rather defected, whose name was Kempe: which two, when they chaunced to meete, would vse such kinde embracements, such strange, often, and earnest tokenings, and such heartielaughters, and other passionate gestures, that their want of a tongue, seemed rather an hinderance to others conceiuing them, then to theirconceiuing one another. 

Gwarnack, in this Hundred, was the Beuils ancient seate, whose twodaughters and heires, married Arundel of Trerice, and Greinuile. 

Wolueden, alias, Golden, fell vnto Tregian, by match with theInheritrix thereof. Tregean signifieth the Giants towne: their sonnemarried in Lanherne house, their Graund-child with the L. Stourtonsdaughter: hee beareth Erm. On a chiefe S. Three Martlets O. 

It standeth in Probus Parish, whose high, and faire Church towre, of hewed Moore stone, was builded within compasse of our remembrance, by the well disposed Inhabitants: and here also dwelleth one Williams, a wealthie, and charitable Farmer, Graund-father to sixtie persons, now liuing, and able, lately to ride twelue myles in a morning, for being witnesse to the christening of a child, to whome hee wasgreat great Graundfather. 

From hence, drawing towards the South sea, wee will touch at the lateParke of Lanhadron, because there groweth an Oke, bearing his leauesspeckled with white, as doth another, called Painters Oke, in theHundred of East: but whether the former partake any supernaturallpropertie, to foretoken the owners sonne insuing death, when hisleaues are al of one colour (as I haue [141] heard some report)let those affirme, who better know it: certain it is, that diuersauncient families in England are admonished by such predictions. 

Grampond, if it tooke that name from any great Bridge, hath nowNomen sine re: for the Bridge there is supported with onely afew arches, and the Corporation but halfe, replenished withInhabitants, who may better vaunt of their townes antiquitie, then the towne of their abilitie. 

Of Pentuan I haue spoken before. For the present, it harbourethmaster Dart, who as diuers other Gentlemen, well descended, and accommodated in Deuon, doe yet rather make choyce of a pleasingand retired equalitie in the little Cornish Angle. Hee matchedwith Roscarrocke. 

Penwarne, in the same Parish of Meuagesy, alias, S. Meuie, and Isy(two nothing ambitious Saints, in resting satisfied with the partageof so pettie a limit) is vested in master Otwell Hill, as heireto his mother, the daughter and heire to Cosowarth, to whom itlikewise accrued, by matching with the daughter and heire ofthat name: a seate, through his fruitfulnesse, and otherappurtenances, supplying the owner large meanes of hospitalitie, and by him so imployed, who reckoned to receiue most good, when hedoth it. He deriueth himselfe from a populous, and well regardedfamilie in Lancashire, and married the daughter of Denham: and bearethG. A Cheuron, between three Garbes Ermine. 

At the adioyning Saint Tue, dwelleth master Richard Tremayn, descended from a yonger brother of Colocumb house, in Deuon, who being learned in the lawes, is yet to learne, or at leastto practise, how he may make other profit thereby, then by hoordingvp treasure of gratitude, in the mindfull breasts of poore and rich, on whom hee, gratis, bestoweth the fruites of his paines andknowledge. He married Coffyn, hee beareth G. Three Armesin circle ioyned at the Tronkes 0. With hands proper. 

Dudman, a wel-knowne foreland to most Saylers, here shouldreth outthe Ocean, to shape the same a large bosome betweene it selfe, and Rame head, which are wel-neere twentie myles in distance. Amongst sundrie prouerbs, allotting an impossible time of performance, the Cornish men haue this one, When Rame-head and Dudman meet. Whose possession, yet, though not themselues, met inSir Peers Edgecumb, as inioyning that, in right of his wife, and this, by descent from his Father. 

Bodrugan, a large demaines adioyning thereunto (which I will notderiue from Sir Bars du Ganis, though the neighbours so say) was thedwelling of Sir Henrie Trenowith, a man of great liuely-hood, who chaunged his name with the house, and lost house and holding, through attainder for rebellion, against king Henrie the seuenth. The king bestowed it, by an intailed gift, vpon Sir Richard Edgecumb. 

Next, lyeth the foreremembred Caryhayes (Kery haz in Cornish, signifieth to beare his seede, or as some other define it, delighting in seede) descended to M. Charles Treuanion, the presentpossessioner, by a long ranke of auncestors, from Arundels daughterand heire: his father married the daughter of Morgan, and sister tothe first Lord Humdons wife, which brought him an honourable ally. Three of this Gentlemans elder brethren, Edward, Iohn, and Hugh, forewent him in succession [142] to their fathers inheritance, and passed to the better world in a single life: himselfe by matchingthe daughter and heire of Witchalse, whose mother was coheireto Marwood, hath raised issue vnto them, and continueth the hopeof posteritie. Sir William Treuanion, his Graundsire, tooke to wifethe said Sir Richard Edgecumbs daughter. The Treuanions Armes areA. A Fesse B. Charged with three Escalops O. Betweene two Cheurons G. 

Roseland, is a circuite, containing certaine Parishes hereabouts, and benefiting the owners with his fruitfulnesse, so that thoughthe original of his name came (perhaps) as master Camden noteth, from his former thickets, yet his present estate better resembletha flowrie effect. 

By this time we approch the limits of Falmouth Hauen, vpon one ofwhose Creekes, standeth the market and incorporate towne of Tregny, not specially memorable (in my knowledge) for any extraordinarieworth, or accident. 

Of better regard is Truro, alias, Truru, or Trisow, as the principalltowne of the Hauen, priuiledged with a Mayraltie, and benefited withthe generall Westerne Sessions, Coynages, Markets, Faires, &c. The shape of the towne, and Etymon of the name, may be learnedout of this Cornish propheticall rime. 

 Tru ru, Triueth eu, Ombdina geueth try ru. 

Which is to say, Truro consisteth of three streetes, and it shall intime bee said, Here Truro stood. A like mischief of a mysterie, they obserue, that in taking T. From the towne, there resteth ru, ru, which in English soundeth, Woe, woe: but whatsoeuer shall becometherof hereafter, for the present, I hold it to haue got the startin wealth of any other Cornish towne, and to come behind nonein buildings, Lanceston onely excepted, where there is more vse, and profit of faire lodgings, through the Countie Assizes. I wishthat they would likewise deserue praise, for getting, and imployingtheir riches, in some industrious trade, to the good of their Countrie, as the Harbours oportunitie inuiteth them. 

Descending from Truro to the Hauens mouth, by water, you areouer-looked, by sundrie Gentlemens commodious seates, as Fentengollan, in English, the Harts well, lately appertayning to master Carmynow, by interpretation often louing, and now to master Holcomb, who married the daughter of master Peter Courtney. 

Master Sayers house, Ardeuora, inhabited by master Thomas Peyton, a Gentleman for his age and vertues, deseruing a regardfullestimation, [blank] Master Bescawnes, [blank] Master Sayers:but amongst all, vpon that side of the riuer, Taluerne, forpleasant prospect, large scope, and other hous-keeping commodities, challengeth the preeminence: it was giuen to a yonger brotherof Lanhearne, for some six or seuen descents past, and hath bredGent. Of good worth and calling: amongst whom, I may not forget thelate kind, & valiant Sir Iohn Arundell, who matched with Godolphin, nor Iohn his vertuous, and hopeful succeeding sonne, who marriedwith Carew; though this remembrance renew that sorrow, which onceI partly expressed in the ensuing Epitaph. 

[143]

 Seeke not, blind eyes, the liuing with the dead, Tis earth you see : our Arundel is gone, To ioyne with Christ, as member to his head, And skornes, and pities, this our bootlesse mone. Yet pardon vs, sweete soule, mans nature beares, We, to thy losse, should sacrifice our teares. 

 Thou time hast changed to eternitie, But timelesse was that time, in our regard, Since nought thou leau'st vs, faue the memorie Of thy deare worth, so soone not to be spar'd. Soft be the graue, vnto thy resting bones: Short be the date, that vs againe atones. 

Vpon the East side of the Hauens entrance, Saint Maryes, alias, S. Mawes Castle, with his Point-blanke Ordinance, comptrolleth anyshipping, that deserue a deniall of admission or passage, and iscommaunded by master Viuian, a Gentleman, who through his worthdeserueth, and with due care and judgement dischargeth, the Martialland ciuill gouernments committed to his trust: hee beareth partieper fesse Ar. And Vnsase 6. In chiefe, a Lyon rampant G. 

We will close vp this Hundred, after our vsuall maner, with theGentlemen of marke, but not orderly marked. Such are Tanner, who married the daughter of Roscarrock: who beareth A. On a chiefe S. Three Morions heads O. Pomeroy, a branch of Bery Pomeroy in Deuon:he beareth O. A Lyon rampant G. Who matched with Tanner, and whosedaughter & heire apparant, hath taken to husband the yong Penkeuil, who beareth A. Two Cheurons, and in chiefe a Lyon passant G. Polwheele, whose name is deduced from his dwelling: and his dwellingmay be interpreted, The miry worke, linked in wedlock with thecoheire of Trencreeke, in English, The towne of the borough. His mother was Lower of Trelask. Polwheel beareth S. A Saultierengrayled Erm. 

Hearle, lineally descended from sundry Knights, who wedded Treuanion:and his sonne Treffry. Hee bearth A. A Fesse G. Betweene3. Sheldrakes proper. 

Sawle, who espoused Rashleigh: and his father, Kendall, &c. And beareth A. A Cheuron betweene 3. Faulcons heads erased S. 

 Pider Hundred. 

I Must now, for a while, bid the South sea farewell, vntill anew oportunity call mee to end the other part of Falmouth hauen, and take the Hundred of Pider in taske, which confineth with Powderin situation, as it resembleth the same in denomination. 

Pider in Cornish is 4. In English, and this is the fourth Hundredof Cornwall, if you begin your reckoning from the Wester part, at Penwith, which (signifying a head) doth seeme so to require it. 

In entring this Hundred, Padstowe first presenteth it selfe, a towneand hauen of suteable quality, for both (though bad) are the best, that the North Cornish coast possesseth. The Borough gaue name tothe harbour, and borroweth it of Petrock and Stowe, contracting thesame into Padstowe. It hath lately purchased a corporation andreapeth greatest thrift, by traffiking [144] with Ireland, for whichit commodiously lieth. 

The harbour is barred with banks of sand, made (through vniting theirweak forces) sufficiently strong, to resist the Oceans threateningbillows, which (diuorced from their parent) find their rage subduedby the others lowly submission. 

M. Nicholas Prideaux, from his new and stately house, thereby taketha ful and large prospect of the towne, hauen, & countrey adioyning, to all which, his wisdome is a stay, his authority a direction. He maried one of Viels coheires; and though endowed with fayrereuenues in Deuon, maketh Cornwall beholden to his residence. He beareth A. A Cheuron S. In chief a fyle with three Lambreaux G. 

The salt water leauing Padstowe, floweth up into the countrey, that it may embrace the riuer Camel, and hauing performed thisnaturall courtesie, ebbeth away againe, to yield him the freerpassage, by which meanes they both vndergoe Wade bridge, the longest, strongest, and fayrest that the Shire can muster. It tooke hisname of a foorde adioyning, which affoordeth a way, not so safe, as compendious, when the tyde is out. 

Wade bridge delivereth you into a waste ground, where 9. Long andgreat stones, called The sisters, stand in a ranke together, and seeme to haue bene so pitched, for continuing the memory ofsomewhat, whose notice is yet enuied vs by time. 

Neere to Belowdy, commonly, & not vnproperly, termed Beelowzy, the top of a hill is enuironed with deep treble trenches, which leauea large playne space in the midst: they call it Castellan Danis, of which my former booke maketh mention; and it seemeth (in timespast) to haue bin a matter of moment, the rather, for that a greatcawsey (now couered with grasse) doth lead vnto it. 

Saint Colombs is a bigge parish, and a meane market towne, subiect tothe Lordship and patronage of the Lanhearn Arundels, who formany descents, lye there interred, as the inscriptions on theirgraue stones doe testify. 

Theire name is deriued from Hirundelle, in French, a Swallow, & outof France, at the conquest they came, & sixe Swallowes they giuein Armes. The Countrey people entitle them, The great Arundels:and greatest stroke, for loue, liuing, and respect, in the Countreyheretofore they bare. 

Their sayd house of Lanhearne, standeth in the next parish, called Mawgan: Ladu is Cornish for a bank, and on a banke the sameis seated, what hearne may mean, ignorance bids mee keepe silence. It is appurtenanced with a large scope of land, which (while theowners there liued) was employed to franke hospitality; yet thesame wanted wood, in lieu whereof, they burned heath, and generally, it is more regardable for profit, then commendale for pleasure. The Gent. Now liuing, maried Anne the daughter of Henry Gerningham:his father (a man of a goodly presence and kinde magnanimity) mariedthe daughter of the Earle of Darby, and widdow to the L. Stourton. He beareth S. 6. Swallowes in pile A. 

Little Colan hath lesse worth the obseruation, vnlesse you willderide, or pity, their simplicity, who sought at our Lady Nantswell there, to foreknowe what fortune should betide them, which wasin this maner:

Vpon Palm Sunday, these idle-headed seekers resorted thither, with a palme crosse in one hand, & an offring [145] in the other:the offring fell to the Priests share, the Crosse they threwe intothe well; which if it swamme, the party should outliue that yeere;if it sunk, a short ensuing death was boded: and perhaps, not altogether vntruely, while a foolish conceyt of this halfeningmight the sooner helpe it onwards. A contrary practise to thegoddess Iunoes lake In Laconia: for there, if the wheaten cakes, cast in vpon her festiuall day, were by the water receiued, it betokened good luck; if reiected, euill. The like is writtenby Pausanias, of Inus in Greece, and by others touching the offringsthrowne into the fornace of mount Etna in Sicill. 

From hence, by the double duety of consanguinitie and affinity, I amcalled to stop at Cosowarth, which inhabitance altered the Inhabitantsfrom their former French name Escudifer, in English, Iron shield, to his owne, as they prooue by olde euidence, not needing in theNorman Kings new birth, to be distinguished with the Raigners number. 

Cosowarth, in Cornish, importeth The high groue: and well storedwith trees it hath bene, neither is yet altogether destitute. 

Iohn the heire of that house, hauing by the daughter of Williams, issue only one daughter Katherine, suffered part of his lands todescend vnto the children of her first husband, Alen Hill:another part hee intayled in her second marriage, with Arundel ofTrerice, to their issue. The house of Cosowarth, and the auncientinheritance there adioyning, he gaue to the heires male ofhis stock, by which conueyance, his vncle Iohn succeeded, who married the daughter of Sir Wil. Lock, King H. The 8. Marchant, and by him knighted, for that with equall courage, and hazard, hee tooke downe the Popes Bull, set vp at Antwerp againsthis Soueraigne. He had issue Thomas, Edward, Michael, Iohn, and Robert. Thomas maried the daughter of Samtabyn, on whom hebegat Iohn and Dorothy: Iohn the elder and Robert, neuer tastedthe sweet and sowre of bridale fruit. 

Michael tooke to wife Sidenhams daughter of Dulverton inSomerset shire, and is father onely of issue female. 

Hee addicteth himself to an Ecclesiasticall life, and thereinioyning Poetry with Diuinity, endeuoureth to imitate the holyProphet Dauid, whose Psalmes, of his translation into English meeter, receiue the general applause, beyond a great many other wel-deseruingvndertakers of the same taske. 

Iohn the youngest, succeeding in this inheritance, vpon iust cause, good conscience, and gratefull kindnesse, renewed the intayle whichhis father Thomas had cut off, and in a single estate, and thevniuersall loue of all that conuersed with him, made a short periodof his long hoped life: whose decease I bewayled in these rimes. 

 HE that at sea and land amidst his foes, By courage guided, sought, and scapt his death, Loe, here, amongst his friends, whom liking chose, And nature lent, hath vp resign'd his breath. Vnripened fruit in grouth, precious in hope, Rare in effect, had fortune giuen scope. 

 Our eyes with teares performe thine obsequy, And hearts with sighes, since hands could yeeld none aid, [146] Our tongues with praise preserue thy memory, And thoughts with griefs, since we behind are staid. Coswarth farewell, death which vs parts atwaine, E're long, in life, shall vs conioyne againe. 

His sister maried Kendall. 

Edward his vncle, and heire, by vertue of these entayles, married thedaughter of Arundel of Trerice, and from a ciuill Courtiers life inhis younger yeers, reposeth his elder age, on the good husbandry ofthe country, hauing raised posterity sufficient, for transplantingthe name into many other quarters. He beareth A. On a Cheuronbetweene three wings B. Fiue Bezants. 

Against you haue passed towards the West somewhat more then a mile, Trerice, anciently, Treres, offereth you the viewe of his costly andcommodious buildings. What Tre is, you know already, res signifietha rushing of fleeting away, and vpon the declyning of a hill thehouse is seated. 

In Edward the 3. Raigne, Ralphe Arundel matched with the heire ofthis land and name: since which time, his issue hath there continued, and encreased their liuelyhood, by sundry like Inheritours, asS. Iohn, Iew, Durant, Thurlebear, &c. 

Precisely to rip vp the whole pedigree, were more tedious, thenbehoouefull: and therefore I will onely (as by the way) touch somefewe poynts, which may serue (in part) to shew what place & regardthey haue borne in the Common wealth. 

There was an indenture made, betweene Hugh Courtney, Earle of Deuon, Leiutenant to the King, for a sea voyage, in defence of the Realme:and Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, for accompanying him therein. 

He was Sherife of Cornwall. [8. H. 5. ]

Iohn Earle of Huntingdon, vnder his seale of Armes, [5. H. 6. ]made Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, Seneshall of his houshold, as well in peace, as in warre, gaue him ten pound fee, and allowedhim entertaynment in his house, for one Gentleman, three Yeoman, one boy, and sixe horses. 

The same Earle, stiling himselfe Lieutenant generall [8. H. 6. ]to Iohn Duke of Bedford, Constable and Admirall of England, wrote to the said Sir Iohn Arundel, then Vice-admirall of Cornwall, for the release of a ship, which hee had arrested by vertue ofhis office. 

The Queene, by her letter, aduertised Iohn Arundel of [3. H. 7. ]Trerice Esquire, that she was brought in child-bed of [12. Oct. ]a Prince. 

The King wrote to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, that [11. H. 8]he should giue his attendance at Canterbury, about the entertaynmentof the Emperour, whose landing was then and there expected. 

Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, tooke prisoner, [14. H. 8. ]Duncane Campbell, a Scot, in a fight at sea, as our Chroniclementioneth, concerning which, I thought it not amisse, to inserta letter sent him from Tho. Duke of Norfolke (to whom he thenbelonged) that you may see the stile of those dayes. 

[147]

 By the Duke of Norf. 

 Right welbeloued, in our hearty wife we commend vs vnto you, letting you wit, that by your seruant, this bearer, wee haue receyued your letters, dated at Truru the 5. Day of this moneth of April, by which we perceyue the goodly, valiant, and ieopardous enterprise, it hath pleased God of late to send you, by the taking of Duncane Camel & other Scots on the sea; of which enterprise we haue made relation vnto the Kings Highnesse, who is not a little ioyous and glad, to heare of the same, and hath required vs instantly in his name, to giue you thanks for your said valiant courage, and bolde enterprise in the premises: and by these our letters, for the same your so doing, we doe not onely thanke you in our most effectuall wise, but also promise you, that during our life, wee will bee glad to aduaunce you to any preferment we can. And ouer this, you shall vnderstand, our said Soueraigne Lords pleasure is, that you shall come and repaire to his Highnes, with diligence in your owne person, bringing with you the said Captiue, and the Master of the Scottish ship; at which time, you shall not onely be sure of his especiall thanks by mouth, & to know his further pleasure therein, but also of vs to further any your reasonable pursuits vnto his Highnes, or any other, during our life, to the best of our power, accordingly. Written at Lambeth, the 11. Day of Aprill aforesaid. 

 Superscribed: To our right welbeloued seruant, Iohn Arundell of Trerice. 

The King wrote to Sir Iohn Ar. Of Trerice, touching [35. H. 8. ] hisdischarge from the Admiralty of the fleete, lately committed vnto him, & that he should deliuer the ship which he sayled in, toSir Nic. Poynts. 

The same yere the King wrote to him againe, that he should attend himin his warres against the French king, with his seruants, tenants, and others, within his roomes and offices, especially horsemen. 

Other letters from the King there are, whose date is not expressed, neither can I by any meanes hunt it out. 

One, to his seruant Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, willing him, not to repaire with his men, and to wayte in the rereward of his army, as hee had commaunded him, but to keepe them in a readinesse for someother seruice. 

Another, to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, praying and desiring him tothe Court, the Quindene of Saint Hillarie next, wheresoeuer the Kingshall then bee within the Realme. 

There are also letters, directed to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, from the Kings Counsell, by some of which it it appeareth, that heewas Viceadmirall of the Kings [Ed. 6. ] shippes, in the West seas, and by others, that hee had the goods and lands of certaine Rebels, giuen him, for his good seruice against them. 

The Queene wrote to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, [1. Mar] prayingand requiring him, that hee, with his friends and neighbours, should see the Prince of Spaine most honourably entertained, if hefortuned to land in Cornwall. 

[148]

[2. Mar. ] Shee wrote to him (being then Sherife of Cornwall) touchingthe election of the Knights of the shire, and the Burgesses forthe Parliament. 

[2. & 3. ] Shee likewise wrote to him, that (notwithstanding[P. & M. ] the instructions to the Iustices) hee should muster, and furnish his seruants, tenants, and others, vnder his ruleand offices, with his friends, for the defence, and quieting ofthe Countrie, withstanding of enemies, and any other imployment, as also to certifie, what force of horse and foote he could arme. 

These few notes I haue culled out of many others. Sir Iohn Arundell, last mentioned, by his first wife, the coheire of Beuill, had issueRoger, who died in his fathers life time; and Katherine, married toPrideaux: Roger by his wife Trendenham left behind him a sonne, called Iohn. Sir Iohns second wife, was daughter to Erisy, andwiddow to Gourlyn, who bare him Iohn, his succeeder in Trerice, and much other faire reuenewes, whose due commendation, becauseanother might better deliuer then my selfe, who touch him as neerely, as Tacitus did Agricola) I will therefore bound the same withinhis desert, and onely say this, which all, who knew him, shall testifie with me: that, of his enemies, he would take no wrong, nor on them any reuenge; and being once reconciled, embraced them, without scruple or remnant of gall. Ouer his kinred, hee held awarie and charie care, which bountifully was expressed, when occasionso required, reputing himselfe, not onely principall of the family, but a generall father to them all. Priuate respects euer, with him, gaue place to the common good: as for franke, well ordered, and continuall hospitalitie, he outwent all shew of competence:spare, but discreet of speech, better conceiuing, then deliuering:equally stout, and kind, not vpon lightnesse of humour, but soundnesse of iudgement, inclined to commiseration, readie torelieue. Briefely, so accomplished in vertue, that those, who formany yeeres together wayted in neerest place about him, and, by hisexample, learned to hate vntruth, haue often deeply protested, how no curious obseruation of theirs, could euer descrie in him, any one notorious vice. By his first foreremembred wife, he had 4. Daughters married, to Carew, Summaster, Cosowarth, & Denham:by his later, the daughter of Sir Robert Denis, 2. Sonnes, and 2. Daughters: the elder, euen from his young yeeres, began wherehis father left, and with so temperate a course, treadeth iust inhis footesteps, that hee inheriteth, as well his loue, as his liuing. The younger brother followeth the Netherland wars, with so wel-likeda cariage, that hee outgoeth his age, and time of seruice, in preferment. Their mother equalleth her husbands former children, and generally all his kinred, in kind vsage, with her owne, and isby them all, againe, so acknowledged and respected. 

Of Saint Peran, wee haue spoken before, which too well brookethhis surname, in Sabulo: for the light sand, carried vp by the Northwind, from the sea shore, daily continueth his couering, and marringthe land adioynant, so as the distresse of this deluge, draue theInhabitants to remooue their Church: howbeit, when it meeteth withany crossing brooke, the same (by a secret antipathy) restraineth, and barreth his farder incroching that way. 

In Withiell Parish of this Hundred, one Gidly, not many yeeressithence, digged downe a little hillocke, or [149] Borough, called Borsneeuas, in English, Cheapfull, therewith to thicken hisother ground. In the bottome of which he found three white stones, triangle-wise (as pillers) supporting another flat one, some twofoote and a halfe square, and in the midst betweene them, and vnderit, an earthen Pot, halfe full of a blacke slymie, and ill-fauouringsubstance, which (doubtlesse) was once the ashes of some notableperson, there committed to that maner of buriall. 

Saint Agnes, one of the high hils, which I specially recited inmy former booke, by his entrailes (like Prometheus) feedeth theTynners pecking, or picking bils, with a long liued profit, albeit, their scarcle Eagle eyes sometimes mistake the shadowfor the substance, and so offer vp degenerate teares, as a latesacrifice to repentance. 

The neighbours haue obserued, that of two Lakes, neere adioyningto this hill, and so each to other, the one will foster fish, and the other none at all. 

Neyther may I omit newe Kaye, a place in the North coast ofthis Hundred, so called, because in former times, the neighboursattempted, to supplie the defect of nature, by Art, in making therea Kay, for the Rode of shipping, which conceyt they still retayne, though want of means in themselues, or the place, haue left theeffect in Nubibus: and onely lent them the benefit of Lestercockesand fisher-boates. 

I cannot finish this Hundred, with the relation of many moreGentlemen, eyther through want of them, or in my selfe. Trenance added to his owne liuelyhood, the possessions of Littleton, to whome, as sisters sonne, and generall heire, hee succeeded andmarried Kendall, and his sonne Roscarrocke: hee beareth A. A Fesse, betweene three Swords S. 

There dwelleth also Master Tredenick, who matched with the daughterof Viuian, and his father, of Marow, who beareth O. On a bend S. Three Buckes heads cabased A. As also Langherne B. A Cheuronbetweene 3. Escalops O. Burlace, A. On a bend S. Two hands tearingin sunder a horse-shooe of the field; and others. 

 Kerier Hundred. 

KEry in Cornish, signifieth bearing: and yet you must beare with me, if I forbeare to deriue Kerier herefrom, vntill I see some reasonfor my warrant: wherefore leauing that, I will weaue on my formerwebbe of Falmouth hauen; and first, a word or two touching thesame in generall, ere I descend to the yet vndescribed West sidein particular. 

The riuer Fala, falling here, into the seas wide-gaping mouth, hath endowed it with that name, In the very entrance of the harbour lyeth a rocke, rather disgracing, then endamaging the same: for with the ebbe it is discouered, and atthe flood, marked by a pole purposely fixed thereupon. For the rest, such as compare Plymmouth and Falmouth together, obserue, thatPlymmouth creekes are mostly coasted with plaine shoares; Falmouth, with steepe: which maketh that, the more delightfull for prospect, this, the more safe for riding. Againe, they say that Falmouthlyeth farther out in the trade way, and so offreth a sooner oportunityto wind-driuen shipping, then Plymmouth, but that Plymmouth hath abetter outlet, from his Catwater, for saylers [150] bound tothe Westwards, and from Hamoase for those that would fare to the East, then Falmouth. Likewise as Plymmouth vaunteth richer and fairertownes, and greater plentie of fish then Falmouth: so Falmouthbraggeth, that a hundred sayle may Anker within his circuite, and no one of them see the others top, which Plymmouth cannot equall. Howsoeuer they agree for competence among themselues, the worstof them, by most mens iudgements, hath the precedence (Milford onelyexcepted) of all other hauens in England. And thus much of the whole. Now to the parts. 

On the West side, at the verie comming in, there riseth a hill, called Pendenis, where king Henrie the eighth, when hee tooke orderfor fortifying the Sea coasts, caused a Castle to bee builded, with allowance of a pettie Garrison, and some small store ofOrdinance. Another, somewhat like thereto in plot, but differentin sight, was s. Mawes then erected in the other side, at Saint Mawes, of which Castle, I haue spoken heretofore. 

Saint Mawes lieth lower, and better to annoy shipping: but Pendenisstandeth higher, and stronger to defend it selfe. It should seeme, the fortifier made his aduantage of the commoditie, affoorded bythe ground, and shot rather at a safe preferuing the Harbour, from sodaine attempts of little Fleetes, and the mastering of Pirates, then to withstand any great Nauie, or maigne inuasion. 

But her Maiestie casting an equall eye to both, or rather a sharpersight to this later, as quickned through the enemies diuers pretencesagainst these places (whereof Falmouth, by myracle, not prouidence, escaped one) raysed a new fort with a Garrison, vpon the Haweat Plymmouth, and at her great charges, with some little helpeof the Countrie, added an increase of fortification and souldiersto Pendenis. Howbeit, his greatest strength consisteth inSir Nicholas Parker, the Gouernour, who demeaning himselfe, no lesse kindly, and frankly towards his neighbours, for the present, then hee did resolutely, and valiantly, against the enemie when hefollowed the warres; therethrough commaundeth, not onely their bodies, by his authoritie, but also their hearts, by his loue, to liueand die in his assistance, for their common preseruation, and herHighnesse seruice: hee beareth B. Frettie, and A. A Fesse O. 

After the declining hill hath deliuered you downe from this Castle, Arwenacke entertaineth you, with a pleasing view: for the samestandeth so farre within the Hauens mouth, that it is protected fromthe sea stormes, and yet so neere thereunto, as it yeeldeth a readypassage out. Besides the Cliffe, on which the house abbutteth, is steepe enough to shoulder off the waues, and the ground about it, plaine and large enough for vse and recreation. 

It is owed by Master Iohn Killigrew, who married the daughter ofMonck, and heire to her mother [blank] and was sonne toSir Iohn Killigrew, who matched with Woluerstone: the stocke isancient, and diuers of the branches (as I haue elsewhere remembred)growne to great aduancement, in calling and liuely-hood, by theirgreater desert: their Armes are A. An Eagle with two heads displayedwithin a bordure Bezanty S. 

Somewhat aboue Arwenacke, Trefuses point diuideth the harbour, and yeeldeth a seuerall Ankering [151] place on eche side thereof;the one called Carrack rode, the other, Kings rode. 

This Promontory is possessed and inhabited by a Gentleman ofthat name, who suitably to his name, giueth three Fusils for his coat, in this sort: A. A Cheuron betweene three Fusils S. He maried thecoheire of Gaurigan, and M. Wil. Godolphin, late yonger brother toSir FraunciS, her other sister. 

Vpon the left hand from hence, at the top of a creek, Perin townehath taken vp his seat, rather passable, then noteable, for wealth, buildings, and Inhabitants; in all which, though neere the hauensmouth, it giueth Truro the preeminence: the like whereof I obserue, touching diuers other townes, of the same situation, in Deuon, as Salcomb, and Kings bridge, Dartmouth, and Totnes, Topsham, andExcester: amongst which, those that stand highest vp in the Countrey, affoord therethrough, a fitter oportunity of accesse, from allquarters, and so a speedyer and larger vent of their commodities. 

In Perin was Glasney Colledge, founded [1256. ] by Walter Brounscomb, & benefited by Iohn Graundson, Bishops of Excester [1327. ], which Seepossesseth faire reuenues thereabouts. 

Vpon another creeke on the same side, Carclew hath (after the Cornishmaner) welneere metamorphosed the name of Master Bonithon, his owner, into his owne. He maried the daughter of Viuian, his fatherof Killigrew, his graundfather of Erisy, and beareth A. A Cheuronbetweene 3, Floures de luce. S. 

With any memorable act or accident, concerning this hauen, I cannotacquaint you, before my parting therefrom, saue onely, that Philip, Arch-duke of Austriche, during his voyage from Netherland towardsSpayne (his wiues Kingdome) was weather-driuen into Weymouth, and, with a kinde constraint, receyued a more royall, then welcomeentertainment, at the hands of King Henrie the 7. From which heecould not free himself, but by redeeming his libertie, withDe la Pooles captiuity. This accomplished, he made choyce to takeship again at Falmouth, that so by the shortest cut, hee might leaueleast power in fortune, to thwart him any second incumbrance. 

Hailford, so called, of the fordible riuer Haill, if elsewhere placed, would carry the reputation of a good harbour; but as it now standeth, Falmouths ouer-neere neighbourhood lesseneth his vse, and darkenethhis reputation, as quitting it onely to the worst sort of Seafarers, I meane, Pirats, whose guilty brests, with an eye in their backs, looke warily how they may goe out, ere they will aduenture to enter;and this at vnfortifyed Hailford, cannot be controlled: in whichregard, it not vnproperly brooketh his more common terme of Helford, and the nick-name of Stealfoord. 

His shores affoord commodious seates, to the dwellings of Reskimer, who maried S. Abin, and beareth B. 3. Barres A. In cheife a Wolfepassant of the first: and Tregose, who matched with Kendal: his sonnewith Erisy, and beareth B. Two barres Gemewes in cheife a Lyon passantO. Armed and langued G. 

And if your eares be not already cloyed with relation of wonders, I will let you vnderstand, how I was once carried to see onehereabouts. It is (forsooth) a [152] great rock, lying vponthe ground, his top deepned to a hollownesse, not much vnlikein fashion, but far exceeding in proportion the long halfe of an egge. This (they say) holdeth water, which ebbeth and floweth as the sea, and, indeed, when I came thither, the tyde was halfe out, and the pithalfe empty. By it there stands a Chappell, & to it there belongeda couer, so as the same seemed, in former times, to cary some regard. But I haue heard credible persons so discredit this woonder, that Idare not offer it you, as probable, much lesse thrust it vpon you, as approoued. The name thereof is, Hanterdauis, which (turning dto t) signifieth halfe a tongue. 

More certaine, though lesse wonderfull, and yet, for the strangenesse, wel worth the viewing, is Mainamber: Mayne, is a rocke, amber, as some say, signifieth Ambrose. And a great rocke the same is, aduaunced vpon some others of a meaner size, with so equall acounterpeyze, that the push of a finger, will sensibly moue ittoo and fro: but farther to remooue it, the vnited forces of manyshoulders are ouer-weake. Wherefore the Cornish wonder-gatherer, thus descrybeth the same, BE thou thy mother natures worke, Or proofe of Giants might: Worthlesse and ragged though thou shew, Yet art thou worth the sight. This hugy rock, one fingers force Apparently will moue; But to remooue it, many strengths Shall all like feeble prooue. 

Helston, in Cornish, Hellaz, in English, the greene hall, is a wellseated and peopled towne, priuiledged, secundum vsum, with the rest, and one of the 4. Coynage places. 

Vnder it runneth the riuer Lo, whose passage into the sea, is thwartedby a sandy banke, which forceth the same to quurt back a great way, and so to make a poole of some miles in compasse. It breedeth apeculiar kind of bastard Trought, in bignesse and goodnes exceedingsuch as liue in the fresh water, but comming short of those thatfrequent the salt. 

The foreremembred bank serueth as a bridge, to deliuer wayfarers, with a compendious passage, to the other side; howbeit, sometimes withmore haste then good speed: for now and then, it is so pressed onthe inside, with the increasing riuers waight, and a portion ofthe vtter sand, so washed downe by the waues; that at a sudden, out breaketh the vpper part of the poole, and away goeth a greatdeale of the sand, water, and fish: which instant, if it take anypassenger tardy, shrewdly endangereth him, to flit for company:and some haue so miscarried. 

To this poole adioyneth M. Penrose his house, whose kind entertainmenthath giuen mee, and many others experience of these matters. He maried the daughter of Rashleigh: he beareth A. 3. Bendes S. Charged with 9. Restes. Of the field. 

Those 2. Riuers of Haill and Lo, rising not farre asunder, doe enclosebetweene them, as they runne into the sea, a neck of land, particularized with the name of Meneag: and in regard of hisfruitfulnesse, not vnworthy of a seuerance. 

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Within this circuit, lie Trelawarren M. Viuians house, and Erisy, seated in 2. Parishes, and descended, by a long ranke of ancestours, to the Gent, of that name, now in ward. His father married Carew:his graundsire, one of Militons coheires, who ouerliuing her husband, ended the course of her long and well commended widdowhood, in becomming Lady to Sir Nicholas Parker. The Enzies beare S. A Cheuron, betweene 3. Griffons Sergreant O. 

Clowance (deriued from Cloow, which signifieth, to heare) is thepossession and dwelling of M. Saintabin, whose very name (besidesthe conquest roll) deduceth his first auncestours out of Fraunce. His graundfather married Greinuile: his father, one of Whittingtonscoheires: which later couple, in a long and peaceable date of yeeres, exercised a kinde, liberall, and neuer discontinued hospitality. Himselfe tooke to wife the daughter of Mallet, and with ripeknowledge and sound iudgement, dischargeth the place which hebeareth in his Countrey. Hee beareth O. On a crosse G. Fiue Bezaunts. 

Pengueraz, in Cornish importeth a head to help; from which, some deduce the Etymon of Pengersick, a fayre house, in anvnfruitfull soyle, sometimes the inhabitance of M. Militon, Captaine of the Mount, and husband to Godolphin, whose sonne beinglost in his trauaile beyond the seas, enriched 6. Distafs withhis inheritance. They were bestowed in mariage (but by me notorderly marshalled) as followeth: 1. To Erisy, and Sir NicholasParker. 2. To Lanine, 3. To Trefuses, and Tregodeck, 4. To Trenwith, Arundel, and Hearle, 5. To Bonithon. 6. To Abbot. 

Not farre from thence, riseth Godolghan-ball, or hill, at whosefoote standeth a house of the same name, and so intitling his owner, though lately declined (with a milder accent) to Godolphin:in Cornish, it signifieth, a white Eagle: and such armes they carryin this sort: G. An Eagle displayed with two heads, betweene threeFloures de luce A. 

This hill hath, for diuers descents, supplyed those Gent. Bountifull mindes, with large meanes accruing from their Tynne-works, and is now possessed by Sir Frauncis Godolphin Knight, whose zealein religion, vprightnesse in iustice, prouidence in gouernment, and plentifull housekeeping, haue wonne him a very great and reuerentreputation in his Countrey: and these vertues, together with hisseruices to her Maiestie, are so sufficiently knowne to those ofhighest place, as my testimony can adde little light thereunto:but by his labours and inuentions in Tynne matters, not onely thewhole Countrey hath felt a generall benefit, so as the seuerallowners haue thereby gotten very great profit out of such refuse works, as they before had giuen ouer for vnprofitable; but her Maiesty hathalso receyued encrease of her customes by the same, at least to thevalue of 10. Thousand pound. Moreouer, in those works which are ofhis owne particular inheritance, hee continually keepeth at work, three hundred persons or thereabouts, & the yerely benefit, that outof those his works accrueth to her Maiestie, amounteth, communibus annis, to one thousand pound at the least, and sometimesto much more. A matter very remorceable, and perchaunce notto be matched againe by any of his sort and condition in thewhole Realme. He succeeded to the inheritance [154] of his vnkleSir William Godolphin, who, as hath bene said before, demeanedhimselfe verie valiantly in a charge which hee bare at Boloigne, towards the latter end of the reigne of King Henry the 8. & is liketo leaue the same to another Sir William his sonne, who giueth hope, not onely of the sustaining, but increasing of the reputation ofhis family. Hee matched with Killigrew, his father with Bonython, his Graund-father with Glynne, Diuers other Gentlemen there dwell in this Hundred, as Lanyne, the husband of Kekewitch, his father married Militon, and bearethS. A Castle, A. Standing in waues B. Ouer the same a Faulcon houerinwith bels O. Pernwarne, that matched with the coheire of Tencreek, who beareth S. A Cheuron betweene three Flowers de luce A. Lagherne, who tooke to wife the daughter of Nants, and beareth B. A Cheuron betweene three Escalops, O. Nansperyan coupled inmatrimonie, with [blank] and his two daughters and heires apparent, with Prideaux, and Mathew; who beareth A. Three Losenges S. 

 Penwith. Hundred. 

MY last labour, for closing vp this wearisome Suruey, is bounded, as Cornwall it selfe, and so the West part of England, withPenwith Hundred. The name, in English signifieth, the head ofAshen trees, belike, for some such eminent marke, while the Countriewas better stored of Timber. The Danes sayling about Penwith Steort(saith Houeden [997. ]) made foule hauocke, in Devon and-Cornwall. 

Vpon the North sea, lieth Nants, which importeth a valley, and housetha Gent, who therethrough, hath worne out his former name, of Trengoue, in English, the Smithes towne, and assumed this: he married Sir IohnArundels daughter of Trerice: and beareth A. A crosse haumed S. During summer season, the Seales haunt a Caue, in the Cliffe thereby, and you shall see great store them, apparently shew themselues, andapproch verie neere the shore, at the sound of any lowde musicke, or other such noyse. 

Beyond Nants, M. Basset possesseth Tehiddy, who married Godolphin, his father Coffyn : he beareth O. Three Piles in point G. A Canton Er. With a difference. 

And so, leauing these priuate Inhabitances, & keeping still theNorth coast, we arriue at the towne, and port of S. Ies: both ofmeane plight, yet, with their best meanes, (and often, to goodand necessarie purpose) succouring distressed shipping. Order hathbene taken, and attempts made, for bettering the Road, with a Peere, but eyther want, or slacknesse, or impossibilitie, hitherto withholdthe effect: the whiles, plentie of fish is here taken, and soldverie cheape. 

As you row to the Westwards from hence, the sea floweth into alarge Caue, farder vp, then any man durst yet aduenture to discouer, and the Cliffes thereabouts muster long strakes of a glittering hiew, which import a shew of Copper: and Copper mynes are found, and wroughtin the grounds adioyning. 

M. Camden obserueth, that neere hereunto, stood the watch-towre, mencioned by Orosius, and oppositely placed to such another in Galitia. 

Stepping ouer to the South-sea, (for the distaunce [155] is incomparison, but a step) S. Michaels mount looketh so aloft, as itbrooketh no concurrent, for the highest place. Ptolomey termethit Ocrinum, the Cornish men, Cara Cowz in Clowze, that is, The hoarerocke in the wood. The same is sundred from the mayne land, bya sandy playne, of a slight shoot in breadth, passable, at the ebbe, on foote; with boat, on the flood. Your arriuall on the farther side, is entertayned by an open greene, of some largenesse, which finishingwhere the hill beginneth, leaues you to the conduction of a windingand craggy path; and that at the top, deliuereth you into a littleplaine, occupied, for the greatest part, by a fort of the olde making. It compriseth lodgings for the Captayne and his garrison, and aChappell for deuotion. This latter, builded by Will. Earle of Morton, to whom William the Conquerour his vncle, gaue much lands in thosequarters, and greatly haunted, while folke endured their merits, by farre trauailing. They haue a tye pit, not so much satisfying vse, as relieuing necessitie. A little without the Castle, there is a badseat in a craggy place, called S. Michaels Chaire, some whatdaungerous, for accesse, and therefore holy for the aduenture. 

Vntill Richard the firsts raigne, the mount seemeth to haue seruedonely for religion, and (during his imprisonment) to haue bene firstfortified by Henry de la Pomeray, who surprized it, and expulsedthe Monks: howbeit soone after, when hee became ascertained ofhis Soueraignes enlargement, the very feare of ensuing harme wroughtin him a present effect of the vttermost that any harme could bring, namely, his death: whereon, the olde cell and new fort, wassurrendred to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Kings behalfe. Thus Houeden reporteth. But the descendents from this Pomeray, alias, Pomeroy, make a somewhat different relation of this accident:for they affirme, that a Sergeant at armes of the Kings, came totheir auncestour, at his Castle of Bery Pomeroy, in Deuon, receyued kind entertaynment for certaine dayes together, and athis departure, was gratified with a liberall reward: incounter-change whereof, he then, and no sooner, reuealing hislong concealed errand, flatly arresteth his hoaste, to make hisimmediate appearance before the King, for answering a capitall crime. Which vnexpected and il-carryed message, the Gent, tooke insuch despite, as with his dagger hee stabbed the messenger tothe heart: and then well knowing in so suparlatiue an offence, all hope of pardon foreclosed, he abandones his home, gets to asister of his abiding in this mount, bequetheth a large portion ofhis land to the religious people there, for redeeming his soule:and lastly, causeth himselfe to be let bloud vnto death, for leauingthe remainder to his heire: from which time forward, this placecontinued rather a schoole of Mars, then the Temple of peace. For shortly after the discomfiture of H. The 6. Party, by Ed. The 4. [11. E. 4. ] at Barnet field, Iohn Earle of Oxford, who had made one, and one of the principall on the weaker side, arriued heereby shipping, disguised himselfe, with some of his followers, in Pilgrims habits, therethrough got entrance, mastred the garrison, and seyzed the place. Which, thus politikely wonne, hee asvaliantly kept, and kept a long time defended against the Kings power, vntill reasonable conditions swayed him to a surrender. 

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A like surprize, but of later date, I read in Popeliniere[2. Vol. Lib. 31. ], touching the like named and seated mount, in Normandy. 

During the last Cornish commotion, diuers Gent. With their wiuesand families, fled to the protection of this place, where theRebels besieged them, first wynning the plaine at the hils foote, by assault, when the water was out, and then; the euen ground onthe top, by carrying vp great trusses of hay before them, to blenchthe defendants sight, and dead their shot. After which, they couldmake but slender resistance: for no sooner should any one within, peepe out his head, ouer those inflanked wals, but he became an openmarke to a whole showre of arrowes. This disaduantage, together withthe womens dismay, & decrease of victuals, forced a surrender tothose Rakehels mercy, who, nothing guilty of that effeminate vertue, spoyled their goods, imprisoned their bodies, and were rather byGods gracious prouidence, then any want of will, purpose, or attempt, restrayned from murdering the principall persons. 

Heere also [13. H. 7. ], was the Lady Katherine Gordon (an vnfityoke-fellow for that counterfeit Prince, Perkin Warbeck) taken bythe L. Daubney, and conueyed to the King. Of this, as the last wonder. 

 Who knowes not Mighels mount and chaire, The Pilgrims holy vaunt: Both land, and Iland, twise a day, Both fort, and port of haunt. 

Vnder the mount extendeth a bay, for lesser vessels to lie at:and betweene it and the Westerne shoare, there is an indifferentgood road for shipping, sauing vpon some winds, called theMounts bay: where, by Froissarts report, Sir Robert Knolles landed, what time his returne out of Fraunce, was by K. Ed. The 3. Commaunded, and for his valiant exployts there, atchieued, very graciouslywelcomed. 

Ouer-against the Mount, fronteth a towne, of petty fortune, pertinently named Marcaiew, of Marhas diow, in English, the Thursdaies market; for then it vseth this traffike. At the beginning of K. H. The 8. Raigne, it felt the Frenchmensfiery indignation, who landed there with 30. Sayle. But the smokeof those poore houses, calling in the country to the rescusse, made the place ouer hote for the enemies any longer abode. 

Mousehole, in Cornish, is named Porternis, and in Latin, Portus Insulae, both importing one sense, to wit, the Iland hauen, and so called, through a little Iland placed before it. 

M. Holinshed telleth vs, that neere heereunto, not manyyeeres sithence, certayne Tynners, as they were working, found Speare heads, Battel-axes, and swords of Copper, wrapped inlynnen clouts, and little impayred through their long lying. 

Pensans, by interpretation, The Saints head, is a market towne, not so regardable for his substance, as memorable for his lateaccident of the Spaniards firing, which fell out in this maner:

The three & twentieth of July, 1595. Soone after the Sun was risen, and had chased a fogge, which before kept the sea out of sight, 4. Gallies of the enemy presented themselues vpon the coast, ouer-against Mousehole, [157] and there In a faire Bay, landed abouttwo hundred men, pikes and shot, who foorthwith sent theirforlorne hope, consisting of their basest people, vnto the stragledhouses of the countrie, about halfe a mile compasse or more, by whomewere burned, not onely the houses they went by, but also theParish Church of Paul, the force of the fire being such, as it vtterlyruined all the great stonie pillers thereof: others of them in thattime, burned that fisher towne Mowsehole, the rest marched as a gardfor defence of these firers. The Inhabitants being feared with theSpaniards landing and burning, fled from their dwellings, and veriemeanely weaponed, met with Sir Francis Godolphin on a greene, on theWest side of Pensance, who that forenoone comming from his house, for pacifying some controuersies in those Western parts, and fromthe hils espying the fires in that towne, Church, and houses, hastened thither: Who foorthwith sent to all the Captaines ofthose parts, for their speedie repaire with their companies, and also sent by Poast to Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Iohn Hawkins(then at Plymmouth with a fleete bound for the Indies) aduertisementof the arriuall of these foure Gallies, and of their burnings, aduising them to looke to themselues, if there were any greaterfleete of the enemies at Sea, and to send West with all haste, what succours by sea or land they could spare. Then Sir FrancisGodolphin aduised that weake assembly, to retire into Pensance, and to prepare it for defence, vntill the comming of the Countrieforces that hee had sent for. But they finding themselues in numbersomething aboue a hundred, wherein were about thirtie or fortie shot, though scarce one third of them were seruiceable, insisted to marchagainst the enemies, to repell them from farther spoyles oftheir houses. 

But while they were marching towards them, the Spaniards returnedaboord their Gallyes, and presently remooued them farther intothe Bay, where they anchored againe, before and neere a lesserfisher towne, called Newlyn. 

There againe with all speede they landed, and imbattelled in theslope of a hill, about foure hundred pikes and shot, sending abouttwo rankes of soldiers, three in a ranke, vp to the top of the hill, to discouer what forces or ambushes of the Countrey might lye in view:who espying none but those that were returned with Sir FrauncisGodolphin, from their forementioned fruitlesse march, gaue noticethereof to their imbatteled company. Wherevpon they forthwithmarched towards Penzance. 

Vpon their moouing, Sir Frauncis Godolphin moued also, to enterPenzance before them: and assoone as that weake number were entredinto the open greene being of three quarters of a mile length, the Gallyes ceased not to ply them all that way with their ordinancefrom their prowes, as busily as they could. Of which shot, though none were hurt, but onely a Constable vnhorsed withoutany harme, sauing the shew on his doublet of the bullets sliding byhis back, yet many in fearefull manner, some fell flat to the ground, and others ranne away. 

Sir Frauncis sent after those that were entred Penzance before him, that they should make their stand at the market place, himselfe [158]staying hindmost, to obserue the enemies order, and which way theywould make their approach. Which done, he found at the said marketplace but onely two resolute shot, who stood at his commaund, and someten or twelue others that followed him, most of them his owne seruants;the rest, surprised with feare, fled, whom, neither with hisperswasions, nor threatning with his rapier drawne, hee could recall. 

Finding himselfe thus abandoned, and the enemies entred the towne inthree parts, he was then forced to depart, the enemies beginning theirfire some houses behinde him. The towne thus fired, as also theforementioned little fisher towne Newlyn, they returned againe totheir Gallies. 

By this time, towards the euening, the Cornish forces encreased innomber, and amended in heart, encamped themselues on the greene, neere to the towne of Markesew and S. Michaels Mount, for defencethereof, and there spent out the night. The next day the enemy madeshowe to land againe on the West side of the bay; but seeingthe people, though few in number, yet resolute to resist, they desisted from their enterprize: and besides, finding themseluesannoyed by the shooting of bullets and arrowes into their Gallieswhere they roade at anchor, they were forced to remoue themfarther off. 

Soone after, viz. On the 25. Of July in the morning, came thitherSir Nic. Clifford, Sir H. Power, and certaine other Captaines, who were sent by the Generals from Plymmouth to the campe: As someof her Maiesties ships were also sent, who being come as farre asthe Lizard head, & those Captaines to the camp, matters there goe onin prouident and orderly sort, a plot is layd for intercepting theenemy by ambush, if he thrust on shore againe, whereto necessity mustsoone haue pressed him, for renuing his consumed store of fresh water:but within one houre after the arriuall of these Captaines, the winde, which was vntill then strong at Southeast, with mist and rayne, to haue impeached the Gallies returne, suddenly changed intothe Northwest, with very fayre and cleare weather, as if God had apurpose to preserue these his rods for a longer time. The winde nosooner came good, but away pack the Gallies with all the hastthey could. 

Thus haue you a summary report of the Spaniards glorious enterprise, and the Cornish mens infamous cowardise, which (were there any cause)I could qualify by many reasons, as, the suddennesse of the attempt, the narrownesse of the country, the opennesse of the towne, the aduantage of the Gallies ordinance on a people vnprepared againstsuch accidents, through our long continued peace, & at that very time, for the most part, eyther in their Tynne-workes, or at sea, who e'rethe next day made resistance, euen with a handfull, and entred avowed resolution, to reuenge their losse at the next encounter, if the enemy had landed againe. 

So might I likewise say, that all these circumstances meeting in anyother quarter of the Realme, would hardly haue produced much bettereffects. But I will not seeke to thrust my Countrymen into any otherfolkes company, for shifting them out of sight. 

Verily such sudden surprizes worke more indignity [159] then dammage, and more dammage then disgrace, and haue so beene euer construed. Moscho, a head Citie in a populous dominion, was burned by theroguing Tartars, anno domini 1572 [Liu. Lib. 3. ]. The Capitoll, a head fortresse, in a populous Citie, was taken by slauesand outlawes, anno vrbis, 292. And yet, who therefore exalteth theTartars valiancy, aboue the Moschouite, or the Romanes slaues& outlawes, aboue their masters? Besides, such nap-taking assaults, spoylings, and firings, haue in our forefathers daies, betweene vsand Fraunce, beene very common; and yet, who is so witlesse, as totwite eyther of both, for the same?

But least hold can the author, and actor of this Tra-gedy take, to build any vaunt hereon: for oftentimes small troups of ours, against farre greater forces of theirs, yea (sometimes) afterforewarning, and preparance, haue wonne, possessed, ransacked, synged, captiued, and carried away the townes, wealth, and Inhabitants, not onely of their Indies, but of Portugall andSpaine it selfe. Which Nombre de dios, S. Domingo, Cartagena, the lower towne of the Groigne, Penecha, the suburbs of Lisbone, and Cales wil testify, beyond all exception. But our Countrymenleauing reason & example, excuse themselues by destiny. In fatisthey say (& not in fatuis) it was, that the Cornish people shouldvndergo this misfortune: for an ancient prophecy, in their ownelanguage, hath long run amongst them, how there should land vponthe rock of Merlin, those that would burn Pauls Church, Pensants, and Newlyn. And indeed, so is the rocke called, where the enemyfirst stept on shore. The prophesy is this:

 Ewra teyre a war meane Merlyn Ara Lesky Pawle Pensanz ha Newlyn. 

Not farre from the lands ende, there is a little village, called Trebegean, in English, The towne of the Giants graue:neere whereunto, and within memory (as I haue beene informed)certayne workemen searching for Tynne, discouered a long square vault, which contayned the bones of an excessiue bigge carkas, and verifiedthis Etimology of the name. 

At Saint Buriens, a parish of great circuit, and like benefit tothe Incumbent, King Athelstane accomplished his vowe, in founding aColledge of Priests, what time he had conquered the Sillane Ilands. 

Chiwarton signifyeth, a house on the greene lay, and a Castle on agreene hill is giuen by the Gent. Of that name, who, in a quietsingle life, maketh no farther vse of his knowledge gotten inthe lawes, during his younger age, or that experience, wherewith along course of yeeres hath sithence enriched him, then may tend, sine lucro, to the aduauncement of publike iustice, or, sine strepitu, to the aduisement of his priuate acquaintance. Hee beareth A. A Castle S. Standing on a hill. V. 

Sundry other Gentlemen people that remote quarter as Lauelis, &c. Touching whom I must plead, non sum informatus. 

Diogenes, after he had tired his Scholers with a long Lecture, finding at last the voyde paper, Bee glad, my friends (quoth hee)wee are come to harbour. With the like comfort, in an vnlikeresemblance, I will refresh

[160]

 you who haue vouchsafed to trauaile in the rugged and wearyfome path of mine ill-pleasing stile, that now your iourney endeth with the land; to whose Promontory (by Pomp. Mela, called Bolerium: by Diodorus, Velerium: by Volaterane, Hele- nium: by the Cornish, Pedn an laaz: and by the English, The lands end) be- cause we are arriued, I will heere sit mee downe and rest. 

 Deo gloria: mihi gratia. 1602. April. 23. 

 The Table of the first Booke. 

 | Accidents. | generall, in the first | Elements. The Suruey of | booke, reporting her | Inhabitants. Cornwal contai- |neth a description | Special, in the 2. Book, | Topographical, | containing matters | Historicall. 

Accidents, wherein are deliuered the name & shape. Fol. 1. Climat. 2. The quantitie, length and breadth. Ibid. Borders. Ibid. Commodities of the situation. 3. Discommodities. 4. Temperature. 5. 

 Elements. 

Earth aboue, forme, qualitie. 5. Things of life, growing, and feeling. Earth vnder, Mynerals. 6. Precious, Diamonds, Pearle, and Agats. 7. Water fresh, springs, riuers, ponds. 26. Therein the fish. 28. The taking. 30. Sea, things liuelesse: liuing, fish, foule. 

 Things of life, growing. 

Mats. 18. Hearbs. 19. Corne, | dressing. Ibid. | kindes. 20. Trees for fruit. Ibid. Fewel, timber. 21. 

 Things of life, feeling. 

Wormes. 21. | Venery. 22. Beasts, | meat. 23. | vse. 24. Birds. Ibid. 

 Minerals. 

Stones for walling, windowes, couering, pauing, ;yme. 6. Mettals : Tynne : 7. Copper. 6. Siluer and Gold. 7. 

 Tynne-works. 

Kindes, finding. 8. Colour, bignesse. 10. | Aduentures. Ibid. Working, expressing the persons : | Captaine. Ibid. | Labourers. Ibid. Maner, tooles. Ibid. Loose earth, rockes. 11. Conueyance by water, engines, Addits. Ibid. 

 Tynne-dressing. 

Breaking, stamping, drying, crazing, washing. Ibid. Blowing. 12. 

 Iurisdiction. 

Charter. 16. Officers supreme : L. Warden, Vice-warden. 17. Inferior: Stewards, Gaylour. 18. Iuries: great, petty. Ibid. Witnesses. Ibid. 

 Orders. 

Sharing. 12. Places: Wastrel, Seuerall. 13. Bounds, doales, measure. Ibid. |in time, 13. | | places. Ibid. Coynage | | and their | times. Ibid. | Post, 14. | | Officers. Ibid. Price by free sale, Preemption. 17. Vsury in Tynne: black, white. 15. 

 Sea : things liuelesse. 

Briny, Salt-mils, Ilands, hauens. 26. Sand, Orewoods, Shels and Nuts, Shipping. 27. 

 Sea : things liuing. 

Fish, partaker of the fresh. 28. Therein the fashion, shelly, flat, round. 30. Within hauen. 29. Their taking, generall and particular. 30. Vpon the coast. 31. Sauing and venting. 33. Foule : eatable, not eatable. 35. 

 Inhabitants : estate real. 

Priuate: grounds, houses. 36. Entercourse: bridges, high wayes. 53. Traffike : markets, fayres ibid. Wayghts and measures. 54. 

 Inhabitants : estate personall. 

Names. 54. Language. 55. Number. 57. Disposition ancient. Ibid. Disposition later, of mindes, holinesse. 58. Sciences: Diuines. Ibid. Ciuilians. 59. Phisicians. 60. Statemen, Martiall, Free schooles. 61. Mechanicall. 62. Disposition later, of bodies: strength: ibid. Actiuity, health. 63. | Nobility and Gentlemen. Ibid. Degrees : | Townsmen. 65. | Husbandmen. 66. Poore. 67. 

 Recreations

Feasts: Saints, 69. Haruest, Church-ale. 68. Pastimes of the minde : songs, 72. Guaries. 71. Pastimes of the body: shooting, 72. | goales, 73. Hurling to | countrey, 74. Wrastling, 75. Games. 76. | Gouernours, ibid. Gouernment, as an entire State: | Royalties. 79. Gouernment, as a part of the Realme, Spiritual: Arch-bishop, Bishop, Arch-deacon, 82. Peculiars. 81. Gouernment, as a part of | Martial | Commaunders, 83. The Realme, Temporal: | | Forces, ibid. Orders, Forts. 84. Beacons, Poasts. 85. Ciuill Magistrates: Iudges, 89. Iustices, 88. Vice-admirall, Coroners, Clarke of the market. 87. Corporations, 86. Parliaments. 90. Ciuill Ministers: Constables, Baylifs, 85. Gaylour. 90. Limits: Hundreds, Franchises, parishes. 86. Proportions: places to meete, rates. Ibid. 

 The end of the first Table. 

 Table of the fecond Booke. 

 Topographicall. Historical

COrnwall in generall. 96. 

 East Hundred. 98. 

Plymmouth hauen. 98. Edgecumb. 99. Rame head. Ibid. Richaurd Adams strangeCausam bay. Ibid. Child-birth. 103. S. Nicholas Iland. 99. Carew. Ibid. The bridge. Ibid. Lerchdeacon. 102. Mount-Edgecumb. Ibid. Agnes Cornish, her strangeWest Stonehouse. 100. Escape from drowning. 107. Hamose. Ibid. Danney. 108. Milbrook. 101. S. Germanes Priory. Ibid. Insworke. Ibid. Kekewitch. 109. Antony. 102. S. Germanes Chauncel. Ibid. Lyner riuer. Ibid. Moyle. Ibid. Saltwater pond. 104. Smith. 110. Banqueting house. 107. Langdon. Ibid. Beggers Iland. Ibid. Fleets from Plymmouth ha-Sheuiock. 108. Uen. 114. Crafthole. Ibid. Carack burned. 113. S. Germanes. Ibid. Trematon besieged. Ibid. Cuddenbeake. 109. Bond. 111. Seaton. 110. Grenuile. Ibid. Wotton. Ibid. Porter. 112. Trematon Castle. 111. Wadham. Ibid. Saltash. 112. Grisling vnderstanding speachAsh torre. 113. By sight. 113. Henpoynt. Ibid. A charitable dogge. Ibid. Cargreene. Ibid. Arundel. Ibid. Hengsten. 115. Rouse. Ibid. Carybullock. Ibid. Treuice. 114. Lawhitton. Ibid. Harris. 116. Lanceston. 116. Corington. 117. Wrey. Ibid. Trelawney. Ibid. 

 Stratton Hundred. 117. 

Straton towne. 117. Chamond. 118. Bude. 118. Arscot. Ibid. S. Mary Wike. 119. Rempthorne. Ibid. Thomasin Bonauenture. 119. 

 Lesnewith Hundred. 120. 

Bottreaux Caftle. Ibid. Iohn Northampton. 112. Tintogel. Ibid. Earle Richard of Corn-Dosmery poole. 122. Wall. Ibid. Camelford. Ibid. King Arthur. Ibid. Bousening. 123. 

 Trigge Hundred. Ibid. 

Bodmyn. 123. Perkin Warbeck. 124. Scarlets well. 126. Childrens forhalfening. Ibid. Temple. 127. Sir Anthony Kingston. Ibid. Halgauer Court. 126. Carnsew. 127. Roscarrock. Ibid. 

 West Hundred. 127. 

East and West Loo. Ibid. Beuill. 130. S. Georges Iland. 128. Iohn Size, a strange eater. Ibid. Liskerd. Ibid. Murth. 131S. Neot. 129. Wideslade. Ibid. S. Kaines well. Ibid. Lower. 132. Polpera. 131. Kendall. Ibid. Fining house. 130. Glyn. Ibid. Hall walke. 132. Mohun. Ibid. Earl of Deuons fagot. 133. 

 Powder Hundred. 134. 

Foy hauen and towne. 134. Treffry. 134. Trewardreth. 136. Nicholas of Foy. 135. Lostwithiel. 137. Treasure non troue. 136. Restormel Castle. Ibid. A graue found. 137. Roche. 138. Gallants of Foy. 135. The tyde well spring. Ibid. Rashleigh. 136. Hainborough. Ibid. Bone, deafe and dumb. 139. S. Probus. 140. Hill. 140. Lanhadron. Ibid. Tremaine. Ibid. Grampond. Ibid. Bodrugan. 141. Dudman. 141. Trauanion. Ibid. Roseland. Ibid. Lostwithiel custome. 137. Tregny. Ibid. Truro. Ibid. S. Mawes Castle. 142. 

 Pider Hundred. 143. 

Padstowe. 143. Prideaux. 143. Wade bridge. Ibid. Cosowarth. 144. Nine sisters. Ibid. Trerice. 145. Castellan Denis. Ibid. Trenance. 148. S. Colombs. 144. Tredenick. 149. Peran in Sabulo. 148. Nants well halfening. 144. Bors neeuas. Ibid. S. Agnes Hill. Ibid. New kay. Ibid. 

 Kerier Hundred. 149. 

Falmouth. 149. Trefuses. 150. Pendenis. Ibid. Parker. Ibid. Perin. 150. Killigrew. Ibid. Hailford hauen. 150. Carclew. 151. Hauterdauis. 151. Penrose. 152. Mainamber. Ibid. Erisy. Ibid. Helston. 152. Saintabyn. Ibid. Lo poole. Ibid. Militon. Ibid. Meneag. Ibid. Godolphin. 153. 

 Penwith Hundred. Ibid. 

S. Ies. 154. Nants. 154. The Caue. Ibid. Pomeray. 154. S. Michaels mount. Ibid. Vere. 155. Mounts bay. 156. Pensants burning. 156. Pensants. Ibid. Chiuerton. 159. Trebegean. 159. S. Buriens. Ibid. Lands end. Ibid. 

 F I N I S

 AN

 E P I S T L E

 OF

 Richard Carew Esq;

 CONCERNING

 The EXCELLENCIES of the English Tongue. 

 -------------

 LONDON, Printed in the Year M. DCC. XXIII. 

 An Epistle concerning the Excellencies of the Engliih Tongue. 

IT were more fitting (in respect of discretion) that men should firstweigh Matters with Iudgment, and then incline their Affection wherethe greatest Reason swayeth. But ordinarily it falleth out tothe contrarie; for by Custom we first settle our Affection, and thenafterwards draw in those Arguments to approve it, which should haveforgone to perswade ourselves. In this preposterous Course (seeingthat antiquity from our Elders and uniuersalitie of our Neighboursdo entitle with a Right) I hold myself the more freely warranteddelirare, not onely cum vulgo, but also cum sapientibus, in seekingout with what Commendations I may attire our English Language, as Stephanus hath done for the French, and diuers of other Nations, for theirs. 

Locutio is defined Animi sensus per vocem expressio. On whichground I build these consequences, That the first and principal pointsought in euerie Language, is that we may expres the Meaning of ourMinds aptly to each other. Next, that we may do it readily andwithout more adoe. Then fully, so as others may thoroughlyconceiue us. And last of all, handsomely, that those to whom wespeak may take pleasure in hearing us: So that whateuer Tongue willgain the Race of Perfection must run upon these four wheeles, SIGNIFICANCIE, EASINESS, COPIOUSNESS, and SWEETNESS; of which thetwo former import a Necessitie, the two latter a Delight. Now ifI can proove, That our English Language for all or the most partis comparable if not preferable to any other in use at this day, I hope the assent of any impartial Reader will pass on my side. And how I indeavor to performe the same, this short labor shallmanifest. 

I. To begin then with the SIGNIFICANCIE of the English Tongue, it consisteth in the Letters, Words, and Phrases. And because theGreeke and Latine have ever borne away the prerogatiue from allother Tongues, they shall serue as the Touchstones whereby to makeour Tryall. 

For LETTERS, we haue C more then the Greekes, K and Y more thenthe Latines, and W more then them both, or then the Frenchand Italians. 

In those common to them and us, we have the use of the Greek B inour V, of our B they haue none; so have we of their [uppercase lambda]and [uppercase theta] in our Th, which in the wordes that and thingsexpresseth both; but of our D they haue none. Likewise their T weturn to another use in yield, than they can; and as for E, G, and J, neither Greekes nor Latines can make use of them as we doe inthese Words, each, edge, joy. True it is, that we in pronouncing theLatine use them also after this manner; but the same, in regard ofthe ancient and right Romane deliuerie, altogether abusively; as mayappear by Scaliger, Sir Thomas Smith, Lipsius, and others. 

Now, for the Significance of WORDS, as every Indiuiduum is but one, so in our native English-Saxon Language, we find many of them suitablyexpressed by one Sillable: Those consisting of more are borrowedfrom other Nations; the Examples are infinite, and therefore I willomit them as sufficiently notorious. 

Again, for expressing our Passions, our Interjections are very aptand forcible; as, finding ourselves somewhat agrieued, we crie, Ah!if more deeply, Oh! if we pity, Alas! when we bemoan, Alacke!neither of them so effeminate as the Italian Deh, or the French Helas:In detestation we say Phy ! (as if therewithall we should spit) inattention, Haa; in calling, Whowpe ; in hollowing, Wahalowe: all which(in my Ear) seem to be deriued from the very Natures of thoseseverall Affections. 

Grow from hence to the Composition of Words, and therein our Languagehath a peculiar Grace, a like Significancie, and more short thenthe Greekes, for example, in Moldwarpe we express the Nature of theAnimal; in Handkercher the thing and the use; in the word upright, that Virtue by a Metaphore; in Wisdome and Doomesday, so manySentences as Words; and so of the rest: for I give only a Taste, that may direct others to a fuller Observation of what my suddenMemorie can represent unto me. It may pass also the Masters inthis Significancie, that all the proper Names of our People do in amanner import somewhat, which from a peculiar Note at first of someof the Progenitors, in process of time inverted itself in a possessionof the Posterity, even as wee see the like often befall to thosewhose Fathers bare some uncouth Christian Names. Yet for the mostpart we avoid the blemish given to the Romanes in like Cases, whodistinguished their People by the Imperfections of their Bodies;from whence grew their Nasones, Labeones, Frontones, Dentones, and such like; however, Macrobius coloureth the same: Yea, so significant are our Words, that amongst them sundry single onesserve to express divers things; as by the word Bill is meant a Weapon, a Scrowle, and a Bird's beake; by Grave may be understood, sober, burial-place, and to carve; and so by Light, marke, match, file, sore, and pray, the Semblables. 

Again, some SENTENCES, in the same words carrie a divers Sence, as till, desert Ground; some signifie one thing forward and anotherbackward, as Feeler I was, noe Foe; which to return with it is, Of one saw I releef. Some signifie one thing forward and anotherthing backward, as this, Eye, did Madam erre; Some carrie a contrarieSence backward to that they do forward, as I did level ere vew, Vew ere level did I. 

Some deliver a contrarie Sence by the divers pointing, as theEpistle in Dr. Wilsons Rhetorick, and many such like, which a curiousHead, Leisure, and Time might pick out. 

Neither may I omit the Significancie of our Proverbs, concise in Words, but plentiful in Number, briefly pointing atmany great Matters and under a Circle of a few Sillables prescribingsundrie available Caveats. 

Lastly, our Speech doth not consist onely of Words, but in a sorteven of Deeds; as when we express a Matter by Metaphores, wherein theEnglish is verie fruitful and forcible. 

And so much for the Significancie of our Language in meaning. 

II. Now for his EASINESS in learning; the same also shooteth outinto Branches, the one, of others learning our Language, the second, of our learning that of others. For the first, The most part ofour Words, (as I have touched) are Monasillables, and so the fewerin Tale and the sooner reduced to Memorie. Nither are we loaded withthose Declensions, Flexions, and Variations which are incident tomany other Tongues, but a few Articles govern all our Verbs and Nownes, and so we read a verie short Grammar. 

For easie learning of other Languages by ours, let these serveas Proofes; there are many Italian words which the Frenchmen cannotpronounce, accio, for which he saith ashio; many of the French whichthe Italian can hardly dispence withall; as Bailler, Chagrin, Postillon; many in ours which neither of them can utter, as Hedge, Water, &c. So that a Stranger, tho never so long conversantamongst us, carrieth evermore a Watch-word upon his Tongue, to descrie him by; but turn an Englishman at any time of his Ageinto what Country soever, allowing him due respite, and you shallsee him profit so well, that the imitation of his Utterance will innothing differ from the Pattern of that native Language. The want ofwhich towardness cost the Ephramites their Skinns: Nither doth thiscross my former Assertion of others easie learning our Language. For I mean of the Sense and Words, and not touchingthe Pronunciation. 

III. But I must now enter into the large Field of our TonguesCOPIOUSNESS, and perhaps long wander up and down, without findingeasie way of issue, and yet leaue many parts thereof unsurveyed. 

My first Proofe of our Plenty, I borrow from the choise which isgiven us by the use of divers Languages. The Ground of our owneappertaineth to the old Saxon, little differing from the low Dutch, because they more than any of their Neighbours, have hithertopreserved that Speech from any great Forrein Mixture: here amongst, the Britons have left divers of their Words interspersed, as it werethereby making a continual claim to their possession. We may alsotrace the Footsteps of the Danish bitter (though not long during)Soveraigntie in these parts; and the Roman also imparted unto us ofhis Latine Riches with no sparing Hand. Our Neighbours the Frenchhave been likewise contented we should take up by retail, as welltheir Terms as their Fashions, or rather we retaine yet but someRemnant of that which once here bare all the Sway, and daily renewthe Store. So have our Italian Travellers brought us acquainted withtheir sweete relished Phrases, which (so that their Conditions creptnot in withall) were the more tollerable; yea even we seek to makeour Good of our late Spanish Enimie, and feare as little the hurt ofhis Tongue, as the dint of his Sword. Seeing then we borrow (and thatnot shamefully) from the Dutch, the Britaine, the Roman, the Dane, the French, the Italian, and Spaniard, how can our Stock be otherthan exceeding plentifull? It may be objected, that such patchingmaketh Littletons Hotch-pot of our Tongue, and in effect, brings thesame rather to a Babelish Confusion, than any one entire Language. It may again be answered, that this Theft of Words is no lesswarranted by the Priviledge of a Prescription ancient and universall, than was that of Goods among the Lacedemonians by an enacted Law:for so the Greekes robbed the Hebrewes, the Latines the Greeks, (which filching, Cicero with a large Discourse in his Booksde Oratore defendeth) and (in a manner) all other Christian Nationsthe Latine. For evidence hereof many Sentences may be producedconsisting of words, that in their Original are Latine; and yet(save some smal variance in their Terminations) fall out al onewith the French, Dutch, and English; as Ley, ceremonious persons, Offer prelate preest, Clear candles flamme, in Temple Cloistre, in Cholericke Temprature, Clisters Purgation is pestelent, Pulers preservative, subtil Factors, Advocates notaries practize, Papers Libells, Registers, Regent, Magesty in Palace hath tryumphantThrone, Regiment, Sceptre, Vassels, Supplication, and such like. Then even as the Italian Potentates of these Dayes make no differencein their Pedigrees and Successions, between'the Bed lawfull orunlawfull, where either an utterward or a better desert doth forceor entice them thereunto: so may the consenting practise of theseNations passe for a just Legitimation of these bastard Words, which either Necessitie or Convenience hath induced them to adopt. 

For our owne parts, we employ the borrowed Ware so farre toour advantage, that we raise a profit of new words from thesame Stock, which yet in their owne Country are not marchantable. For example, we deduce divers words from the Latine, which in theLatine itselfe cannot be yeelded: as the verbs, to aire, to beard, to crosse, to flame, and their Derivations, ayring, ayred, bearder, bearding, bearded, &c. As also closer, closely, closenesse, glosingly, hourely, majesticall, majestically. In like sort wegrasse upon French words those Buds, to which that soile affordethno growth; as, chiefly, faultie, slavish, precisenesse. Divers wordswe derive also out of the Latine at second hand by the French, and make good English, tho' both Latine and French haue their handsclosed in that behalfe, as in these verbes, pray, point, paze, prest, rent, &c. And also in the adverbes, carpingly, currantly, colourably, actively, &c. Againe, in other Languages there fall out defects, while they want means to deliver that which another Tongue expresseth, as (by Cicero's Observation) you cannot interpret INEPTUS, unapt, unfit, untoward, in Greeke. Neither PORCUS, CAPO, VERVEX, a Barrow Hog, a Capon, a Weather, as Cuiacius noteth (*). No morecan you expresse to STAND in French, to TYE in Cornish, nor KNAVEin Latin, (for Nebulo is a cloudy Fellow) or in Irish (**), whereas you see our Abilitie extendeth thereunto. 

(*) Ad Tit. De verb signif. (**) See the Survey of Cornwall fol. 55]

Moreover, the Copiousnesse of our Language appeareth in thediversitie of our Dialects; for we have Court and we haveCountrie English, we have Northerne and Southerne, grosseand ordinarie, which differ each from the other not onely inthe Terminations, but also in many words, termes, and phrases, and expresse the same thinges in divers sorts, yet all rightEnglish alike. Neither can any Tongue, as I am perswaded, deliver a Matter with more Variety than ours, both plainly, and byProverbes and Metaphors: for example, when we would be rid of one, we use to say, Be going, trudge, packe, bee faring hence, away shift;and by Circumlocution, Rather your Roome than your Companie, lets see your backe, come againe when I bid you, when you are called, sent for, intreated, willed, desired, invited; spare us your place, another in your stead, a ship of salt for you, save your credite, you are next the doore, the doore is open for you, there is no bodyholdeth you, no body teares your sleeve, &c. Likewise thisword FORTIS, we may sinonymize after all these fashions, stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, couragious, adventrous, &c. 

And in a word, to close up these proofs of our Copiousnesse, look into our imitations, of all sorts of Verses affoorded by anyother Language, and you shall finde that Sir PHILIP SIDNEY, M. PUTTENHAM, M. STANIHURST, and divers more have made use howfarre we are within compasse of a fore-imagined possibilitie inthat behalfe. 

IV. I come now to the last and sweetest point, of the SWEETNESSE ofour Tongue, which shall appeare the more plainely if we match itwith our Neighboures. The Italian is pleasante, but without Sinews, as a still fleeting Water; the French delicate, but even nice asa Woman, scarce daring to open her Lippes, for feare of marringher Countenance; the Spanish Majestical, but fulsome, running toomuch on the v, and terrible like the Devill in a Play; the Dutchmanlike, but withall very harsh, as one ready at every word to pickea quarrel. Now we, in borrowing from them, give the Strength ofConsonants to the Italian, the full Sound of Words to the French, the Varietie of Terminations to the Spanish, and the mollifying ofmore Vowels to the Dutch; and so, like Bees, gather the Honey oftheir good Properties, and leave the Dregs to themselves. And thuswhen substantialnesse combineth with delightfullnesse, fullnesse withfinenesse, seemlinesse with portlinesse, and currantnessewith staidnesse, how can the Language which consisteth of all thesesound other than most full of Sweetnesse?

Againe, the long wordes that we borrow being intermingled with theshort of our owne store, make up a perfect Harmonie, by culling fromout which Mixture (with judgment) you may frame your Speech accordingto the Matter you must worke on, majesticall, pleasant, delicate, or manly, more or lesse, in what sort you please. Adde hereunto, that whatsoever Grace any other Language carrieth in Verse or Prose, in Tropes or Metaphors, in Eccho's and Agnominations, they may all belively and exactly represented in ours. Will you have Plato's Veine?read Sir THOMAS SMITH; the Ionicke? Sir THOMAS MOORE; Cicero's?ASCHAM; Varro? CHAUCER; Demosthenes? Sir JOHN CHEEKE (*); who hathcomprised all the Figures of Rhetoricke. Will you read Virgil?take the Earle of SURRY; Catullus? SHAKSPEARE, and BARLOWES Fragment;Ovid? DANIEL; Lucan? SPENCER; Martial? Sir JOHN DAVIES, and others. Will you have all in all for Prose and Verse? take the Miracle ofour Age, Sir PHILIP SIDNEY. 

(*) In his Treatise to the rebells. 

And thus, if mine owne Eies bee not blinded by Affection, I hauemade yours to see, that the most renowned of all other Nationshave laid up, as in a Treasure, and entrusted the Divtisos orbeBrttannos with the rarest Jewels of the Lips Perfections;whether you respect the Understanding for Significancie, or theMemorie for Easinesse, or the Conceit for Plentifullnesse, or the Eare for Pleasantnesse: wherein if enough be delivered, to add more than enough were superfluous; if too little, I leave itto be supplied by better stored Capacities; if ought amisse, I submit the same to the Discipline of everie able andimpartiall Censurer. 

 F I N I S.