THE NEGRITO AND ALLIED TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES By David P. Barrows [Reprinted from the American Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 3, July-Sept. , 1910. ] Nine years of residence and travel in the Philippines have producedthe conviction that in discussions of the ethnology of Malaysia, and particularly of the Philippines, the Negrito element has beenslighted. Much has been made of the "Indonesian" theory and far toomuch of pre-Spanish Chinese influence, but the result to the physicaltypes found in the Philippines of the constant absorption of theNegrito race into the Malayan and the wide prevalence of Negritoblood in all classes of islanders has been generally overlooked. The object of this paper is to present some physical measurements ofthe Negrito and then of several other pagan peoples of the islandswhose types, as determined by measurement and observation, revealthe presence of Negrito blood. The physical measurements here given were taken by me at various timesbetween 1901 and 1909. They were taken according to the methods ofTopinard (Éléments d'Anthropologie Générale) and are discussed inaccordance with his system of nomenclature. The first Negritos measured are members of a little community on thesouth slope of Mount Mariveles in the province of Bataan. They are ofa markedly pure type. While it is usual to find Negrito communitiesconsiderably affected by Malayan blood, in this case I doubt if thereis more than a single individual who is not of pure Negrito race. Ninemen and ten women, all adults, practically the entire grown populationof this group, were measured. Although this is a small number, thesurprising uniformity of characteristics in all practically assuresus that in these individuals we have the normal, pure type of Negrito, which may be used as a standard for comparison with other peoples. The stature of these nine men and ten women arranged serially appearsbelow: Men Women 1374 1266 1381 1292 1435 1305 1439 1326 1440 = mean 1341 1467 1375 1495 1385 1526 1396 1532 1400 1460 These figures give an extreme variation of 158 mm. For the men and194 mm. For the women. The mean stature for men is 1440, the average1454, and for the women 1341-1375 and 1354 respectively. These, it scarcely need be said, are extremely low statures, perhaps aslow as have ever been recorded on any group of people. According toTopinard's nomenclature they are all distinctly "pigmy. " In every individual the extreme reach of the arms ("grande envergure")exceeded the stature. In the men the excess varied from 30 mm. To139 mm. And in the women from 23 mm. To 102 mm. This measurementshows the Negritos to have unusually long arms. In yellow races thearm-reach is about equal to the stature, and in the white race it isusually a little above. I think we may take this excessive reach ofarms to be a truly Negrito character. The cephalic and nasal indices for both men and women are next given: Cephalic Index Men Women [1] 80 78 80 79 80 81 80 81 82 82 82 87 82 93 87 88 Nasal Index Men Women 84 79 90 86 90 90 91 92 95 92 97 92 98 97 98 98 100 98 109 Topinard's nomenclature for cephalic index is as follows: Long heads (dolichocephalic) 74 and below Medium heads (mesaticephalic) 75 to 79 Broad or round heads (brachycephalic) 80 to 90 Thus with two exceptions our Negritos are decidedly round headed orbrachycephalic. The exceptions are two women (indices 78 and 79), who in other respects are typical. The first had the lowest staturerecorded (1266 mm. ) and her arm-reach exceeded her stature by 57mm. Her nose was very broad and flat (index 98), hair kinky, colorand other characters those of the pure Negrito. The second woman waswithout obvious indication of mixed blood, but her nasal index wasonly 79 or mesorhinian, and this even more than her head form wouldsuggest the probability of some Malay blood. I think we must conclude, then, that the head form of the Negrito, while usually decidedly round, has considerable variation and approaches mesaticephaly. Topinard's nomenclature for nasal index is, for the living: Broad and flat noses (platyrhinian) 108 to 87. 9 Medium noses (mesorhinian) 81. 4 to 69. 3 Thin, high noses (leptorhinian) 69. 4 to 63 Those familiar with Topinard's monumental work will recall theparticular importance he gives to the nasal index, and how he showsthat it is perhaps the most exact character for classifying races;all white races being leptorhinian, the yellow mesorhinian, and theblack or negro races platyrhinian. Indeed the presence of a markedlyplatyrhinian type of nose may almost be taken as clear proof of negroderivation. The nasal index of Negritos, as would be expected in a racewhose outward characters are so obviously negroid, is exceptionallyhigh or platyrhinian. Again the figures for men and women are arrangedserially so as to show the mean and variation. Nasal Index Men Women 84 79 90 86 90 90 91 92 95 92 97 92 97 97 98 98 100 98 109 All of these nasal indices, with the sole exception of the womanmentioned above, are below mesorhinian or pronouncedly platyrhinianand negroid. The shape of the Negrito nose is peculiar and after it has oncebeen carefully observed can be easily recognized. The root is deeplydepressed from a smooth and rounding forehead, the bridge is shortand low, and the end rounding and bulbous. Sometimes, but not usually, the nostrils are horizontally visible. The apertures of the nostrilsare very flat and their direction almost parallel with the plane ofthe face. It has been repeatedly asserted that the body color of the Negrito isblack, but this is a gross exaggeration. It is a dark brown, severalshades darker than the Malay, with a yellowish or saffron "undertone"showing on the less exposed parts of the body. As compared with thelighter colored peoples about him his color is pronounced enough towarrant the appellation of negro which is applied to him, but thisterm must not be considered as other than a popular description. The hair of the Negrito is typically African. It is kinky and growsin the little clusters or "peppercorn" bunches peculiar to negroraces. The Negrito man and woman usually wear the hair short, cuttingit more or less closely so that it resembles a thick pad over thehead. Sometimes a tonsure on the back is cut away, and among stillother Negritos a considerable part of the hair is removed from thehead. In persons of mixed Negrito-Malayan blood the hair, if leftuncut, grows into a great wavy or frizzly mop standing up well fromthe head. The Negrito is seldom prognathous, nor is the lower part of hisface excessively developed. His profile and features on the wholeare comely and pleasing, especially in the pure type, which is less"scrawny" than in mixed individuals. The body, too, is shapely andthe proportions good, except that the head appears a little large, the legs too short, and the arms, as above noted, excessively long. The muscular development is slender rather than stocky, seldom obese, legs a little thin and deficient in the calf. The Negrito eye is distinctly pretty. It is dark brown and wellopened. It has no suggestion of doubled lid and in all these respectsdiffers from the eye of the Malayan. The lips are full, the chin slightly retreating, the ear well shapedand "attached. " Such are, I believe, the normal characters of the Negrito of thePhilippines. He is a scattered survivor of the pygmy negro race, atone time undoubtedly far more important and numerous; brachycephalic, platyrhinian, woolly headed, and, when unaffected by the higherculture of the surrounding peoples, a pure forest-dwelling savage. The only other undisputed members of the Negrito race, besides thosefound in the Philippines, are the Andaman islanders and the Semangof the Malay peninsula. De Quatrefages' diligent and hopeful searchthrough the literature of Malaysia for traces of the Negrito led him tothe belief in their existence in a good many other places from Sumatrato Formosa, but Meyer in a subsequent essay assailed De Quatrefages'evidence except for the three areas mentioned above. If by Negritowe mean compact, independent communities of relatively pure type, I think we must agree with Meyer, but if on the other hand we mean bythe presence of the Negrito the occurrence of his typical characters innumerous individuals of reputed Malayan race, then we must, I think, admit the presence of the Negrito in a great proportion of the peoplesand localities of Malaysia. And in this sense there is much evidencethat the Negrito still exists from the Andamans to Formosa and evento Japan, absorbed in the stronger populations that have overrunthese regions. Meyer's Distribution of the Negritos in the Philippines and Elsewhereis a very valuable sifting of the evidence, but it is not final, aswas quickly apparent eight years ago when we came to locate Negritoson the ground. There are none for instance in Cebu, where Meyerwas led to place them, and it is certain that they live in Guimarasand on Palawan. Those of the last island are a very curious people, locally called "Batak. " They were first described in a brief note withphotographs by Lieutenant E. Y. Miller published by the PhilippineEthnological Survey in volume II of its Publications. Doubt has beencast on the Negrito character of these people, some supposing themto be predominantly Malayan, but there is no doubt about their beingNegrito, although in places they have perhaps received Malayan blood. In June, 1909, I measured a few Batak who had a small settlement calledLaksun near the village of Bintuan, thirty miles up the coast fromPuerto Princesa. The individuals of this group were typical Negritos, in color, character of hair, and general appearance. Four men who weremeasured were 1433, 1475, 1497, and 1590 respectively in stature. Theirarm-reach in every case exceeded the height, in one the excess being152 mm. The head indices were 80 to 81, the nasal indices 85, 98, 102, and 102. These are all true Negrito characters and, while there may bein some communities of Batak a considerable amount of Malayan blood, the predominant type is Negrito. It appears also that the other pagan element in Palawan, known as"Tagbanwa, " while predominantly Malayan and exhibiting the generalappearance and manner of life of the Malayan, is in part Negrito, asis revealed by the following measurements of five "Tagbanwa" men takenat Eraan, thirty miles south of Puerto Princesa. These men includethe chief, "Masekampo Kosa" and four of his retainers. Their staturevaried from 1521 to 1595, less than the usual stature of a group ofMalayan men. The arm-reach was notably greater than the height. Allwere brachycephalic, the indices being 79, 81, 81, 82, and 83. All wereplatyrhinian, except one who was mesorhinian, the indices being 79, 88, 95, 100, and 105. In spite of these pronouncedly Negrito results, these men had the appearance of Malays, not Negritos. Their skincolor was light brown, hair wavy not curly; their habits, bearing, and speech indicated the temperament of the Malay. The "Mamanua" of Surigao peninsula, Mindanao, have long been recognizedas of Negrito race. They were seen and described by Montano in 1880. Atthe present time they are very few in number, and are found in theforest about Lake Mainit and in the hill country southward. Theyare fast being absorbed by the Manobo, who join their communitiesand intermarry with them. In a little village called Kicharao in theforest near Lake Mainit are Mamanua men married to Manobo women andManobo men married to Mamanua women, the children of these unionssometimes presenting Negroid and sometimes Malayan characters. Theopportunity to observe the immediate results of mixture between twodifferent races is very unusual. Naturally this group is of mixedrace, some individuals looking like pure Negritos and from thistype varying all the way to primitive Malayan. Three men whom Imeasured had a stature exceeding the Negrito but in other respectswere Negritic. The statures were 1583, 1594, and 1612; the cephalicindices, 80, 85, and 86; the nasal indices, 97, 102, and 111. What has not been generally noted, however, is the fact that nearlyall the peoples of eastern Mindanao, usually described as "Malayan"or "Indonesian, " are to a large degree Negrito. This is especiallytrue of the Manobo of the lower waters of the river Agusan. I haveno measurements of these people, but the appearance of nearly everyindividual in their communities is Negritic rather than Malayan. Thestature is very low and frail, hair black and wavy to frizzly, featuresnegroid, and behavior that of the pacified Negrito. Similar characters, though in a less marked degree, display themselves among the tribessouthward and about the gulf of Davao. There is no doubt that there isa large amount of absorbed Negrito stock in the pagan peoples of allthis great island. Even among the Subanon of the Samboanga peninsula, who are perhaps as purely Malayan as any, I have seen occasionalindividuals with marked Negrito characters. I shall not attempt here to estimate the proportion of Negrito bloodin the Christian peoples of the Philippines--Bisaya, Bikol, Tagalog, Ilokano, etc. --further than to express my conviction that in certainregions it is very large and has greatly modified the primitive Malayantype. But let us turn to the consideration of possible Negrito blood intwo interesting pagan stocks of northern Luzon, the "Igorot" and the"Ilongot" or "Ibilao. " The term Igorot is used to include all the wild, headhunting, mountain-dwelling peoples of the great cordillera of Luzon, a regionsome two hundred miles in length by forty across. This mountain area isdivisible into regions wherein the culture, physical type, and languageof the inhabitants are homogeneous or nearly so. These regions, inreports made some years ago on the wild tribes of the Philippines, I have called "culture areas, " and they may serve, in the absence ofthe tribal relation, as the basis of classification. Beginning withthe southern end of this mountain system we have the area of southernBenguet and Kayapa inhabited by Igorot speaking a dialect called"Nabaloi. " In northern Benguet, Amburayan, and southern Lepanto arethe "Kankanay. " In the central mountain region, a great area withseveral subdivisions, the "Bontok"; and southeast, occupying theformer Comandancia of Kiangan, the "Ifugao. " North of Bontok are the"Tinglayan, " the "Tinggian" or "Itnig, " the "Kalinga, " and "Apayao"areas, and perhaps others. Of these most northerly peoples I have noanthropometric data. Their general appearance is somewhat differentfrom that of the Igorot farther south. They appear to the eye to bemore slender and handsomely built, with finer features, especiallyin the case of the Tinggian. I am of opinion, however, that thesedissimilarities are apparent rather than real, and that measurementsand careful observation will demonstrate unity of physical typethroughout the entire cordillera. This unity does not refer of courseto manner of dressing the hair, ornamentation, artificial deformations, etc. , in which there is wide variation. The ethnological origin ofthese Igorot peoples is at first very puzzling. They are obviouslynot typical Malayans. Some physical measurements which I have should, and I believe do, throw some light on the problem. On September 26, 1902, at Ambuklao, Benguet, I measured ten Igorot menfrom the villages of Baguio, Trinidad, Tublay, and Ambuklao. All wereadults, from 20 to 40 years of age, except one, a boy of 16, who was, however, married and not inferior in stature to the others. Thesemen all belonged to the poor or "kailian" class, except one who hadarisen to the "principal" class from poor parentage. By "poor" classin Benguet is meant those who have no cattle, rice terraces, mines, or other productive property and are liable to the forced labor of"polistas. " The stature, arm-reach, and cephalic and nasal indicesof these Igorot are arranged below: Height Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index 1481 1489 83. 0 82. 9 1490 1550 75. 7 85. 8 1496 1532 78. 9 104. 8 1499 1556 79. 7 83. 3 1500 1567 76. 8 83. 5 1512 1588 87. 5 75. 0 1522 1583 76. 0 89. 4 1546 1602 81. 2 97. 7 1596 1564 82. 3 79. 1 1615 1647 96. 3 105. 0 Of these statures all but one are "short, " or below 1600. In factthese men are only a little above the average stature of theNegritos of Mariveles (1450). Five are within 50 mm. Of a truepygmy stature. The mean stature is 1500 to 1512, and the averageis identical, 1505. 7. In all but one case the arm reach exceeds theheight, the excess varying from 8 to 36 mm. Six are brachycephalic, and four mesaticephalic, the variation extending from 75. 7 to 96. 3. Thenasal index shows wide variation from 75 to 105, the mean being about85. Four are platyrhinian, two exceeding 100, two are mesorhinian, and four are midway between Topinard's mesorhinian and platyrhiniantypes. The muscular development of these men is very strong, robust, or "stocky. " The skin color is coffee brown with saffron undertone, lighter on trunk. Their hair is coarse and in nearly every casestraight, in one case only being slightly wavy. The hair is usuallyscant on the body and about the face, but two men have relatively hairybodies and legs. The eye in some cases appears to be oblique. The earin every case is attached and normal. The chin is retreating and in onecase the face is somewhat prognathic. The lips are thick and the underlip heavy. In several cases the supraorbital arches are prominent. On September 29th of the same year, at Wagan, a small town in Kayapa, I measured fifteen Igorot of that town and of Losod. Eight were womenand seven were men. The measurements and indices of these follow: Stature Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index Men 1413 1478 78. 7 125. 0 1493 1539 80. 4 86. 4 1512 1544 82. 7 84. 0 1550 1600 78. 9 90. 7 1589 1650 73. 2 90. 9 1594 1650 78. 8 100. 0 1653 1672 74. 6 140. 0 Women 1351 1376 85. 1 92. 6 1367 1394 76. 7 92. 7 1423 1467 79. 1 100. 0 1433 1466 76. 8 105. 7 1435 1455 84. 8 125. 3 1435 1522 82. 6 100. 0 1442 1446 84. 6 100. 0 1509 1520 74. 4 100. 0 The mean stature (1550) and the average (1526) were a little higherthan in Benguet. In every case the arm-reach exceeded the height. Theshape of head in men and women shows a wide variation. Sevenare brachycephalic and seven are mesaticephalic while one isdolichocephalic (73. 2). The nasal index varies from 84 to 140--a trulyastonishing series of noses! All are platyrhinian except two, and nineof the sixteen have indices of 100 or over. The descriptive characterswere much the same as for the Benguet group. There was occasionalmarked supraorbital development, retreating chin, and prognathism. Two of the men deserve special remark. One was the very small fellow--atrue pigmy (1413 mm. ). He was named "Mokyao" and was born in Wagan. Hesuggested the Negrito in stature, in arm-reach (65 mm. In excess ofstature), in nasal index (125), and in the slightly wavy quality ofhis hair. His head, however, was mesaticephalic (78. 7). The other was the Igorot of unusually tall stature, 1653 mm. , and he was the most extraordinary savage I have ever seen. He wasabout 30 years old, named "Ñgaao, " a native of Wagan. When he firstappeared in our camp he almost startled us with the brutality ofhis appearance. He was promptly dubbed the "Gorilla. " His arm-reachwas 1672, his head length 197, breadth 147, and index 74. 6; his noselength 35, breadth 48, and index 140; his height and breadth of facewere 179 and 139; width of shoulders 396; circumference of chest880; of belly 810. His ears were greatly developed, his supraorbitalarches most pronounced, and his whole appearance like a restorationof primitive man. He wore only a loin string and a deerskin knapsack, and was most extraordinarily blackened with dirt and the pitch fromsmoky fires. His intelligence seemed very low, but he was said to bemarried and to have two children. In May, 1908, I measured two Igorot men at Akop's place near Tublay, Benguet, four men of Karao at Bokod and six men of Kabayan. These, like the preceding, were all Nabaloi, although the people of Karaospeak a somewhat different dialect and are allied to the "Busul"--wild, robbing Igorot of the high mountains between the Agno river valleyand Nueva Vizcaya. The statures and cephalic and nasal indices ofthese twelve men are given below: Stature Cephalic Index [2] Nasal Index [2] 1467 74. 1 79. 4 1508 74. 2 85. 1 1511. 5 74. 3 86. 3 1529 75. 2 87. 6 1541 75. 6 88. 3 1550 76. 0 92. 0 1565 76. 0 92. 1 1572 76. 2 93. 7 1591 76. 4 100. 0 1602 78. 1 100. 0 1648 78. 4 100. 0 1681 79. 7 100. 0 The stature of these men is "short, " about the same mean as that ofother Igorot given above. Two, however, belong to Topinard's "abovemedium" statures, being 1648 and 1681. These are unusually tallIgorot and it may be worth noting that both belong to the wealthy or"baknang" class. The taller is "Belasco" of Kabayan and the other"Akop" of Tublay. All are mesaticephalic and their indices cover theentire range of this class, 74 to 80. The most brachycephalic is"Belasco" and the next "Akop, " the two of unusual stature. Thesemen are less brachycephalic than the Igorot measured at Ambuklaoand Kayapa, but the numbers in each case are too few to permitgeneralization. The group is platyrhinian for the greater part, fouronly being mesorhinian. On the whole this is a very homogeneous groupof men. With two exceptions all are of about the same low stature, all mesaticephalic, all platyrhinian or nearly so. The hair of all isblack, coarse, and straight, the body smooth and face as well, exceptthat the men of Karao had a few mustache and chin hairs and seemed tobe more hairy on the legs than the others. The profile of the nosewas much alike in all, a straight short bridge, rounding bluntly atthe end. The brows were rather prominent, especially in the Karao men. In the same month I measured two men of Bugias, Benguet, and four ofSuyok, Lepanto, all of whom were "Kankanay. " These measurements wereas follows: Stature Arm-reach Cephalic Index Nasal Index 1452 1490 75. 3 100. 0 1470 1545 78. 8 88. 6 1518 1577 79. 2 95. 0 1621 1676 78. 8 97. 8 1558 1554 72. 8 92. 6 1571 1591 81. 0 83. 0 These men are all of low stature, long armed, all platyrhinian, buthaving a very varying head-shape, one being dolichocephalic (headlength 195, breadth 142, and index 72. 8), and one brachycephalic, 81. On the same trip, at Benawi, I measured ten Ifugao men. All were adult, well formed, and of the laboring or "polista" class. Their measuresare as follows: Height Cephalic Index [3] Nasal Index [3] 1465 71. 00 85 1501 71. 65 93 1530 74. 00 95 1534 76. 50 97 1556 76. 90 100 1567 77. 26 100 1579 77. 80 106 1581 79. 60 106 1600 80. 40 118 1606 83. 50 119 The mean height and the amount of variation are almost exactly thesame as those found in Benguet. All but two are of "short" stature, while one approaches that of a Negrito. The head index is generallymesaticephalic, but three are dolichocephalic and two brachycephalic, the amount of variation being surprising. All are platyrhinian, mostof them excessively so. Their color was a dirty brown, with saffronundertone. The hair was black, abundant, and in every case wavy. Thenose was flat, "bulbous, " with a very rounding end, and deeply indentedat root. The lips were full and prominent, the chin retreating, andeye-arches rather heavy. As these men sat together with their darkfaces and abundant heads of wavy hair they had a suggestively Papuanappearance. Another peculiarity was their singularly depressed temples, which gave the face a very narrow diameter across the brow. In the foregoing series we have altogether 53 Igorot, 8 of them women, whose physical characters may now be summarized. While this may seem asmall number upon which to base conclusions, a few general statementsmay, with propriety, be made. [4] Arranging serially the statures of the forty-five men, it is foundthat two of them are below 1450 mm. , nine are between 1451 and 1500, fourteen between 1501 and 1550, thirteen between 1551 and 1600, fivebetween 1501 and 1650, and two are above 1650 and below 1700. I believethat these figures are representative of all the Igorot stock. From apersonal experience extending over a good many years I think it maybe asserted that the Igorot in all parts of the cordillera presentabout the same statures as those which I have here given. Belascoand Akop would be recognized as very tall Igorot in any part of themountains. Two of the above are pygmy and all but seven are below 1600, and correspond to Topinard's "below medium" statures. We may say, then, with positiveness that the Igorot is one of the exceptionallyshort races of mankind. With three or four exceptions the arm-reachis greater than the height, usually by 40 to 50 mm. Thus, the shortstature is somewhat compensated for by long arms, heavy, robust bodies, and short, muscular legs. The cephalic index of both men and women ranges from 70 to 96. 3, a verysurprising range. Ten are dolichocephalic, 71 to 74. 6; twenty-nine aremesaticephalic, 75. 2 to 79. 7; twelve are brachycephalic, 80. 4 to 84. 8, and two are hyperbrachycephalic, 85 and 96. 3. Thus the vast majorityof heads are mesaticephalic with more tendency toward brachycephalythan to dolichocephaly. The nose represents on the other hand surprising uniformity. Onlythree noses are mesorhinian, 75, 79. 1, and 79. 4, thirty-nine are fullplatyrhinian, while twenty-two have an index of 100 or more. The meanindex is 95. From this comparison I think we may assert that in the mountain peopleof the southern half of the cordillera of Luzon we have a very short, long-armed, muscular race of dark brown color varying to saffron, withcoarse black hair that is usually straight but in Bontok is sometimeswavy, and in Kiangan regularly so, full lips, retreating chin, flat, broad noses rounding at the end and deeply depressed at the root, with an extraordinarily high nasal index, and heads that have greatvariation in shape but are usually mesaticephalic or brachycephalic. May we then draw a few conclusions? Obviously this is not a typicalMalay type. To a possible basis of primitive Malayan stock someother racial element or elements have been added and thoroughlyincorporated. The wide range in shape of head may be taken, I think, asprobable evidence of such mingling of types. The color, the straightor slightly wavy black hair, and the temperament (the "psyche")of the Igorot show the Malay or Oceanic Mongol derivation. The shortstature and limbs, the long arms, the shape and index of the nose, theoccasional heads of hair that are too wavy for the Malay and would beunheard of in the Mongol--these things are Negrito, or at least theyare characteristic of the black race of Oceanica. The variability inshape of head would be puzzling were it not for the fact that boththe Malayan and the black races of the Indian archipelago show awide variability in this character of the head. These reflectionshave already suggested the theory that I have to propose for theorigin of the Igorot, that he is an old, thoroughly fused mixtureof the aboriginal Negritos, who still survive in a few spots ofthe cordillera, and an intrusive, Malayan race, who, by preferenceor by press of foes behind them, scaled the high mountains and ontheir bleak and cold summits and canyon slopes laboriously builtthemselves rock-walled fields and homes, in which they have long beenacclimated. The culture of the Igorot has been greatly modified andadvanced by the rigors of his habitat, but it is Malayan at base, as are the languages which he speaks. Except in one or two localitieswhere there has been recent mixture with the still existing Negrito hedoes not make use of the bow and arrow, which are Negrito weapons, butuses the shield and spear for close fighting and the jungle knife oran interesting modification, the "headax, " for both fighting and work. While the above expressed hypothesis of the origin of the Igorotappears to me to have much probability, for a similar theoryto explain the Malay type of the Ilongot or Ibilao I feel evenstronger confidence. This curious people occupies a very brokenmountain area formed by the junction of the Sierra Madre with theCaraballo Sur. This is the headwaters of the Kagayan river and to aless degree of the Pampanga. Besides being wholly mountainous it iscovered with thick and well nigh impenetrable jungle, in which thescattered homes of these wild people are hidden and protected. Theyhave long had the worst of reputations as head hunters and marauders, and little information about them has circulated except wild rumorsof their strange appearance and treacherous ferocity. They have been described as "very tall, " "heavily bearded, ""light in color, " "white, " and of a type elsewhere unknown in thePhilippines. For most of these reports there is no foundation. Myexperience with this people is limited to two visits to two differentcommunities, in 1902 to a group in the jurisdiction of Nueva Vizcayaand in 1909 to a community in the mountains back of Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. On the first visit measurements and notes were made offour men and three women. Their stature was found to be as follows: Men Women 1480 1386 1518 1440 1553 1510 1590 The average stature of these men was 1535, a little less than theaverage stature of Igorot, and so a very short human height. Thecephalic index for the seven, and the nasal index for six (one missing)are as follows: Cephalic Index Nasal Index 79. 7 77. 5 80. 7 82. 5 80. 8 88. 6 83. 8 88. 6 85. 1 88. 7 87. 1 90. 9 88. 0 All are brachycephalic except one (79. 7), and all are platyrhinianbut one. In the second community I measured twelve men and five women, withthe following results: Stature Men Stature Women Cephalic Index Nasal Index 1610 1453 89 100 1583 1450 87 98 1582 1441 86 95 1580 1422 85. 9 95 1570 1412 85 94 1544 84 93 1532 83. 7 90 1503 83. 3 89 1486 83 89 1467 81 88 1439 81 87. 8 81 87 1240 (a boy) 80 87 80 83 79 82 79 82 76 76 The height of these men presents a wider variation, as would beexpected in the larger number (1601 to 1437), but the mean and thegeneral results are the same. The head index is brachycephalic exceptin the case of three, and all are platyrhinian, or nearly so, exceptone. Thus in these Ilongot we have a short race, even shorter than theIgorot, brachycephalic and platyrhinian. Their hair is wavy, exceptwhen it is curly. It is usually worn long. The face is occasionallyhairy; a few individuals have been seen with sparse but quite long, curly beards. Their eyes are larger, finer, and more open than is usualin the Igorot and the Malay. One peculiarity of the face is noticeable:it narrows rapidly from the cheek bones to the chin, giving the face apentagonal shape. The color may be a little lighter than in the Igorot, who is more exposed to sunlight than the Ilongot of the forest, andit is much lighter than in the Negrito, but by no means light enoughto justify any likeness to either white or Mongol races. In these people we have, I am quite sure, a mixture of primitiveMalayan and Negrito, with more Negrito than in the case of theIgorot. Stature, curly hair, short head, and broad, flat nose--theseare all negritic characters, as is also the hairiness of the faceand body. In fact there can be no doubt of the presence of Negritoblood in the Ilongot, for the process of assimilation can be seengoing on. The Negrito of a comparatively pure type is a neighborof the Ilongot on both the south and the north. Usually they areat enmity, but this does not, and certainly has not in the past, prevented commingling. The culture of the Ilongot is intermediate, or a composite of Malayan and Negrito elements. He uses the bow andarrow of the Negrito and the spear of the Malayan as well. There arefew things in the ethnography of the Ilongot that seem unusual andfor which the culture of neither Malay nor Negrito does not providean explanation. One curious peculiarity, however, is an aptitude andtaste for decorative carving, applied to the door posts, lintels, and other parts of his house, to the planting sticks of the woman, to the rattan frame of his deer-hide rain-hat, etc. But except forthis there seems little that is not an inheritance from the two abovestrains or a development due to isolation in these mountainous foreststhat have long been his home. In concluding this account of the Ilongot I cannot forbear callingattention to what appears to me a striking resemblance betweenthem and the "Sakay" of the Malay peninsula as these latter arephotographed and described in Skeat and Blagden's Pagan Races of theMalay Peninsula. There, as in the Philippines, we have a wavy-hairedpeople (the Sakay) located in between, and obviously mingling with, the Negrito ("Semang") on the north and the primitive ("Jakun")Malayan on the south. The type is clearly intermediate between thesetwo races, and every Sakay community seems to contain individualsthat exhibit both pronounced Negrito and Malayan characters. Thereseem to be no culture elements in the ethnography of the Sakay thatare not found in the life of Semang, Jakun, or allied peoples. Andyet, in the face of what would seem to be the obvious and naturalsupposition that the Sakay is a half-breed of the Semang and Jakun, our authors, following Professor Rudolf Martin (Die Inlandstämme dermalayischen Halbinsel), discover in the Sakay a distinct race of whollydifferent origin from the Semang and Jakun--but allied to the Veddahsof Ceylon! This seems to me to be creating a far-fetched theory wherenone is necessary. While I have not had an opportunity of studyingthe Sakay at first hand, I am tolerably familiar with Negrito andprimitive Malayan, and the results of their intermarriage, and everyfresh examination of the texts and illustrations above referred toincreases my belief that the Sakay, like so many of the types of thePhilippines, is an exhibit to the widely diffused Negrito element inMalayan peoples. University of California, Berkeley. THE ILONGOT OR IBILAO OF LUZON By Dr. David P. Barrows University of California Reprinted from the Popular Science Monthly, December, 1910. The grewsome practise of taking human heads is particularly associatedwith the Igorot peoples of the Cordillera of Luzon. These all engagein it or have done so until recently. But to-day the most persistentand dreaded headhunters are neither Igorot nor inhabitants of theCordillera; they are a wild, forest-dwelling people in the brokenand almost impenetrable mountain region formed by the junction ofthe Sierra Madre range with the Caraballo Sur. They have been calledby different names by the peoples contiguous to them on the north, west and south, "Italon, " "Ibilao, " "Ilongot" or "Ilungut. " The lastdesignation would for some reasons be the preferred, but "Ibilao, "or as it is quite commonly pronounced locally through northern NuevaEcija, "Abilao, " has perhaps the widest use. [5] There are no early records of these people and until late in hisrule the Spaniard knew almost nothing of them. In the latter halfof the eighteenth century, the valley of the Magat was occupied andthe mission of Ituy founded, out of which came the province of NuevaVizcaya, with its converted population of Gaddang and Isinay. Toreach Ituy from the south the trail followed up the valley of the RioPampanga almost to its sources and then climbed over the Caraballo Surto the headwaters of the Magat. On this trail along the upper watersof the Pampanga grew up several small mission stations, Pantabanganand Karanglan, with a population of Pampanga and Tagalog people drawnfrom the provinces to the south. After more than a hundred yearsthese small towns are still almost the only Christian settlementsin northern Nueva Ecija. From the time of their establishment wefind references to the "Ilongotes" who inhabited the mountains tothe east and were spoken of as "savages, " "treacherous murderers, ""cannibals, " and wholly untamable. Much as described a hundred yearsago they have continued to the present day. Their homes are in thickmountain jungle where it is difficult to follow them, but, from timeto time they steal out of the forests to fall upon the wayfarer orresident of the valley and leave him a beheaded and dismembered corpse. Here are a few instances occurring in recent years which came undermy own notice or investigation. In 1902, the presidente of Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya, informed me that four women had been killed whilefishing a short distance from the town. In March of the same year, aparty of Ilongot crossed the upper part of Nueva Ecija and in a barrioof San Quentin, Pangasinan, killed five people and took the heads offour. In November, 1901, near the barrio of Kita Kita, Nueva Ecija, an old man and two boys were killed, while a little earlier two menwere attacked on the road above Karanglan, one killed and his headtaken. In January, 1902, Mr. Thomson, the superintendent of schools, saw the bodies of two men and a woman on the road, six miles south ofKaranglan, who had been killed only a few moments before. The headsof these victims had been taken and their breasts completely openedby a triangular excision, the apex at the collar bone and the lowerpoints at the nipples, through which the heart and lungs had beenremoved and carried away. As late as a year ago (1909), on the trailto San José and Punkan, I saw the spot where shortly before fourmen were murdered by Ilongot from the "Biruk district. " These menwere carrying two large cans of "bino" or native distilled liquor, from which the Ilongot imbibed, with the result that three of theirparty were found drunk on the trail and were captured. These areonly a few out of numerous instances, but they explain why the greatfertile plains of northern Nueva Ecija are undeveloped and why thefew inhabitants dwell uneasy and apprehensive. There have been no successful attempts to subdue or civilize thesepeople. Between 1883 and 1893, the missionary friar, FranciscoEloriaga, founded the Mission of Binatangan in the forested hills eastof Bayombong, and the Spanish government had the project of erecting itinto a "politico-military commandancia, " but so far as I know did notreach the point of sending there an officer and detachment. Somethingwas learned about the most accessible Ibilao, but no permanent resultsfollowed. [6] Since the American occupation, however, progress hasbeen made in our knowledge and control of this people. In October, 1902, the writer, at that time chief of the Bureau of Non-ChristianTribes, and engaged in a preliminary reconnaissance of the paganpeoples of northern Luzon, made a trip with a small party to one oftheir communities in the mountains east of Bambang. Photographs, measurements and notes on their language and social institutionswere made. In January, 1906, Mr. Dean C. Worcester, secretary of theinterior, approached these people from the north, by ascending theKagayan river. His party started from a station of the TabacaleraCompany, south of Echague, and from there rode through fine forestto a "sitio" called Masaysayasaya. From here they "started at dawnand about noon passed the 'dead line' set by the Ilongotes. A littlebefore sundown reached Dumabato, an Ilongote and Negrito settlement, which had been the headquarters of Sibley, [7] the deserter. Herewere found a few filthy Ilongotes and some fine Negritos. " In the spring of 1908, Dr. William Jones, of the Field ColumbianMuseum, began a residence among the Ilongot of the upper Kagayan andlived with them continuously until nearly a year had passed, when hewas killed by them. His notes and specimens were fortunately preservedand, when published, should constitute the most original and importantcontribution ever made to Philippine ethnology. Dr. Jones was partAmerican Indian, a member of the Sac and Fox tribe. He was not onlya brilliant scientist, but one of the most engaging and interestingmen I have ever known--a man to cleave to. Here are brief extractsfrom two letters written by him from the Ibilao country, valuable, I think, not only for the information they contain about this people, but for the light they throw upon him and his manner of work. May 26, 1908. I am at present among the Ilongotes of the Cagayan, where I am having the most enjoyable time since my arrival in the islands. These people are wilder than the Igorrotes. We made friends at the beginning and the friendship has grown wider and stronger every succeeding day. I have a shack high up on poles where I dwell with great comfort. And plenty of food is to be had always; wild hog and venison in the jungle on either side of the river; lurong and liesas in the river; wild honey back on the mountain side; bananas, beans, camote and other things from the cultivated patches, and rice which has been saved from last season. For the last fortnight the people have been clearing in the jungle for sementeras. [8] I wish you might hear the sweet melody of the songs of boys and women at work in the clearings, songs sung to the spirits of the trees and for good crops. Ilongot society is much simpler than that of the Igorote; there is little if any of what may be called village life. There is a house here, another yonder and so on here and there along the river. Places near the river are reached by going on balsas [9] and away from the river the trails are dim and indistinct. I do not know where I shall end up. I am heading up-stream. It may be that I shall find myself going west and southwest into the country of the Ilongotes, who are enemies of the ones I am now with. I have to go much lighter than what I am now to keep up with the little black Negrito. He is like a flea; here to-day, there to-morrow, and ever on the move when food is gone, and at rest, when he has a supply, long enough to consume it. He is at outs with the particular people I am with at present. Kagadyangan, on the Cagayan, Isabela. July, about the 12, 1908. I am compelled by force of circumstances to continue in this field for three or four months more; at least that much time must pass before I can observe a full cycle of the various activities of these people. Furthermore, the rainy season sets in about September and it is difficult ascending in this region where the rapids are numerous and swift. .. . I have come upon Ilongote habitations in cliff and rock shelters. Why might their ancestors or those of others not have lived in such in ages past and left evidences of an earlier culture? Many Ifugao burials are in sepulchres on mountain sides and the practise is no doubt very old. Places like these and those of rock shelters in other lands have given fruitful results and might they not in these islands? [10] I am having a pleasant time with these people. They are the wildest of any people that I have yet come across in Luzon. But like all wild people, they are cordial and hospitable. I live in their houses and so have their presence day and night. I hunt, fish and hike with them, see them on and off their guard, observe them in all their varying moods--in short, I'm very close to them all the time. Some time I will tell you a thing or two about them. Alas, for his intimacy and confidence in them! Alas, that so giftedand lovable a man should have been lost by their treachery to scienceand to his friends! From the Nueva Vizcaya side considerable progress has been madein the acquaintance and control of these people. For several years, Mr. Conner, the superintendent of schools, cultivated their friendshipand gained information that led to his successor, Mr. R. J. Murphy, organizing a school in the community of Makebengat. The method followedwas to hire a very trustworthy and capable Filipino of the town ofBambang who speaks their language and has had friendly relationswith them, to go out and dwell with them, persuading and hiring themto build a good dwelling house for the teacher, a school house andshop, and to bring their own dwellings into the locality fixed uponfor the school. Then there were sent out two native teachers (one awoman, capable of teaching spinning and loom weaving), to begin theinstruction of the children in language, figuring and in industrialarts not known to the Ilongot. This school experiment promises tosucceed and has already led to starting one or two other schools incommunities still more distant in the forest. Governor Bryant, of the province, has felt much interest in thesepeople, and two years ago performed the very difficult feat oftraversing the forests from these first communities northward tothe province of Isabela. This hazardous exploration occupied abouttwo weeks before the party emerged from the forest into the opencountry. The greatest difficulty and peril was lack of food, which cannot be carried in sufficient quantities to sustain the entire journey. In January, 1909, a very important exploration was made by GovernorBryant, escorted by Captain Hunt with a detachment of soldiers, and accompanied by Mr. Murphy and Dr. M. L. Miller, chief of theethnological survey. The party left Dupah, January 7, and traversed thewholly unknown country lying to the southwest. The course of the wildgorge of the "Kaseknan" river, the head of the Kagayan, was developed, several important communities of Ilongot were discovered and visitedwithout hostilities and the first knowledge obtained of much of thisregion. After struggling for ten days with the difficulties of jungle, ravine and densely covered mountains, the party reached Baler on thePacific coast. In May, 1909, the writer, accompanied by Lieutenant Coon and six nativesoldiers, reached a small community of Ilongot east of Pantabangan, called "Patakgao. " This community seemed to be composed of renegadesand outlaws from several other communities. Certainly their hand wasagainst every man. They were charged by a small group of Ilongot livingnear Pantabangan with the murder of two of their number a few weeksearlier and they themselves professed to be harried and persecuted byunfriendly Ilongot to the north and east of them. They had wounds toexhibit received in a chance fray a few days before with a huntingparty from near Baler. Altogether, their wayward and hazardous lifewas a most interesting exhibit of the anarchy and retaliation thatreign in primitive Malayan communities which are totally "in want ofa common judge with authority. " A series of measurements was obtainedby me at Patakgao and vocabulary and notes extended. With the above remarks as to what has been accomplished in throwinglight upon these people some description of them will be given. Forinformation of their location and condition I am indebted to severalothers, and particularly to Mr. Murphy, otherwise the facts are theresults of my own investigation. Ilongot can not be said to live in villages, for their houses are notclosely grouped, but are scattered about within hallooing distanceon the slopes of cañons where clearings have been made. Each littlelocality has its name and is usually occupied by families with bloodor social ties between them, and several such localities within afew hours' travel of one another form a friendly group. Outside ofthis group all other Ilongot as well as all other peoples are bloodenemies, to be hunted, murdered and decapitated as occasion permits. The most considerable body of Ilongot appears to be those livingeast of the towns of Nueva Vizcaya from Mount Palali south, alonga high-wooded range to the district of "Biruk, " nearly east ofKaranglan. Here are some important occupied sites that go by thenames of Kampote, Kanatwan, Kanadem, Makebengat, Oyao and Biruk, aswell as others. Homes are shifted from time to time as new clearingshave to be made, and the name of a community's home will vary andcan not always be relied on. All of these communities seem to be infairly friendly relations with one another, though they are not boundtogether by tribal or political ties. Southeast on the rough hillsidesof the Kaseknan River, the country first traversed by Mr. Bryant'sparty in January, 1909, are several communities of very wild Ilongot, Sugak, Kumian and Dakgang. Those places were greatly alarmed by theapproach of the party and used every effort to persuade it to passwithout visiting at their houses. Conversations had to be held byshouting back and forth across deep gorges, and approach was verydifficult. These people have scattered rancherias toward Baler andsustain trading relations with the Tagalog of that town, but arehostile with the Ilongot of the Nueva Vizcaya jurisdiction. Appurtenantto the towns of Karanglan and Pantabangan are a few minor communities, among them Patakgao. Finally, further north on the Rio Kagayan, toward the province of Isabela, we have the Ilongot communities inwhich Dr. Jones worked, and lost his life, Dumabato, Kagadyangan andothers. It may be that these Ilongot communicate with the Tagalog townof Kasiguran. In all of these communities together there are probablyonly a couple of thousand souls at most. Few communities have as manyas twenty houses or 200 souls; the most are isolated groups of four orfive married couples and their immediate relations. The harsh natureof their country, unsanitary life, occasional epidemics and most ofall their perpetual warfare contribute toward their diminution ratherthan their increase. Like other primitive Malayan people who live in the forest, the Ilongotsupport life by cultivating a forest clearing or "kaingin. " The greattrees are girdled, men ascend their smooth clean trunks a hundredfeet or more and daringly lop away their branches and stems that thelife of the tree may be destroyed and the sunlight be admitted tothe earth below. At Patakgao I was shown some beautiful long piecesof the rattan an inch and a half in diameter with elaborately wovenloops at the ends. These are swung from one tree top to another andserve as passage-ways for the men at work. To cross they stand on theslack cable, one hand grasping it on each side, and so, crouching, pass along it at a height above the ground of 80 to 100 feet. Withthis in mind, I could understand their replying to my inquiry as towhen they prayed, by saying that they "prayed and sang to the spiritswhen they went to climb the trees. " Their crops are mountain rice, camotes or sweet potatoes, gabi or taro, maize, squash, bananas, tapioca and, in some places, sugar cane and tobacco. They are goodgardeners, although all their cultivation is by hand, their toolsbeing a short hoe or trowel and a wooden planting stick, which isornamented with very tasteful carving. The houses of the Ilongot are of two sorts. Sometimes they are lowwretched hovels, built two or three feet above the ground, with roofsof grass and sides of bark. But frequently the Ilongot build reallywell-constructed and creditable homes. These are set high above theground, fully twelve feet, on a large number of posts or piles; thefloor is made of carefully set strips of palma brava, the door-posts, lintels and exposed pieces of framework are curiously and tastefullycarved. Such a dwelling is built large and spacious for the occupancyof several families and there is usually a hearth in each of the fourcorners of the big, single room. Such a house set on a conspicuousridge and lifted by its piles high among the foliage of the surroundingjungle is a striking and almost an imposing sight. The arms of the Ilongot are the spear, the jungle knife which theyforge into a peculiar form, wide and curving at the point, a slender, bent shield of light wood and the bow and arrow. The use of the latterweapons is significant and here, as always in Malaysia, it indicatesNegrito influence and mixture. They use a bow of palma brava and theingenious jointed arrow of the Negrito with point attached by a longcord of rattan to the shaft, which separates and dragging behind thetransfixed animal impedes his escape. Both men and women wear the long rattan waist belt wound many timesabout the loins with clouts and skirts of beaten bark cloth. The menalso use a curious rain hat not unlike a fireman's helmet, made ofrattan and deerskin, the light frame neatly decorated with carving, and a deerskin rain coat to cover their backs in the dripping forest. The physical type of the Ilongot is peculiar and rather unlike that ofany other Philippine people. The men are small, with long bodies andvery short legs, weak, effeminate faces, occasionally bearded. Thehair is worn long, but usually coiled upon the head and held by arattan net. The color of the Ilongot is brown and a little lighterthan that of Malayans exposed to the sun by life on the water or inthe plain. Their head hair is sometimes nearly straight, usually wavyand occasionally quite curly. These rather unusual characteristicsof the Ilongot have led to some absurdly exaggerated reports oftheir appearance. My measurements include 15 men, 8 women and a young boy whose statureis disregarded. The height of the men varied from 1, 439 mm. To1, 610 mm. , the mean being about 1, 540, a very small stature thoughconsiderably above the Negrito. The stature of the women was from 1, 386mm. To 1, 510 mm. , the mean being about 1, 440. The cephalic index of allbut four of the 24 individuals was between 89 and 80 (brachycephalic), one was 79. 9, two were 79, and one 76 (mesaticephalic). The nasalindex of all but six varied from 100 to 87 (markedly platyrhinian), while the remaining six had indices from 83 to 76. The mean indexof all was 88. 6. The arm reach, as is usual in Negritic peoples, exceeded the height. A peculiarity of the Ilongot face is that, while it is relativelywide at the cheek bones, it narrows rapidly below, giving the effectof a pentagonal shaped face with sharp chin. The eyes are relativelywell opened and clear, like the eye of the Negrito, without slant orfolding lid. In the Ilongot then we have a small, shortlegged, wavy or curly-hairedman, round headed generally, flat and broad nosed, with occasionallybearded face and restless nervous physiognomy. Most of these arenot characteristics of the ordinary forest Malayan; on the contrary, they suggest the Negrito, and occasion the belief, in my own mind, that the Ilongot is, like many other peoples of the Philippines andMalaysia, a mixed race resulting from the union of Negrito and Malayan. From what has already been said it is apparent that in Ilongot societywe have a most rudimentary stage of political development. There isno tribe. There is no chieftainship. There are no social classes, for the Ilongot have neither aristocracy nor slaves nor what is verycommon in most Malayan communities, a class of bonded debtors. Theyhave words to designate such classes, a slave being "sina lima"and a debtor "makiotang, " but this information was imparted with therepeated statement, "There are none here. " I was unable to get any wordwhatever for a chieftain, although the Ilongot of Neuva Vizcaya spokeof the "nalahaian" or head of the body of kin, but this person seemedto be only the oldest influential relation in the family group. TheIlongot of Patakgao said it was customary to hold a council called"pogon" but it was evident that this gathering was without definiteconstitution. The feebleness of the political life of the Ilongotcan be appreciated by comparing it to the Igorot, the sturdy mountainheadhunters in the Cordillera to the west. The Igorot likewise have noconception of the tribe but they do have thoroughly organized towns andtown life. They have a detailed social system, based primarily on thepossession of wealth; there are slaves, servant and indebted classes, and a carefully developed and adequate body of law covering property, inheritance, conveyance and contract. Thus the political life ofthe Igorot, although exceedingly weak on the side of federation oragreement between the independent towns, is centuries of developmentahead of the almost institutionless communities of the Ilongot. The Ilongot appears to be usually a monogamist and the wife ispurchased, or at least a dowry called "piyat" is paid in weapons, utensils, liquor, wire, etc. Her position is not at all that of abought piece of property, but, like the woman in Malayan societygenerally, she is the companion and almost the equal in influenceand independence of the man. While the machinery for righting injuries or settling grievances isalmost non-existent, the Ilongot has a strong sense of injury andof wrongful acts. He will say with the strongest feeling and disgustthat certain actions are "forbidden" (ma kul). I once asked an Ilongot what he would do if a man of a neighboringcommunity, with which relations were peaceful, should come and stealhis pig. He thereupon detailed the steps open to him. He might takehis weapons and go within hallooing distance of the aggressor's homeand demand a double fine or restitution ("baiyad"). If the demand didnot avail he would make a solemn warning ("tongtongan") and then, ifsatisfaction did not follow, there was no recourse but retaliation. Ibelieve, however, that compensation, even for such offenses as murder, is frequently arranged through the anxiety of all members of thefamily to escape retaliation. Feud, that inevitably arises undersuch social conditions as these, pursues generation after generationand the obligation that descends to posterity and relations to takevengeance is spoken of as the "debt of life" (utang nu biay). Apart from the taking of heads as an act of vengeance, murder with thewinning of the gruesome trophy is obligatory on the other occasions aswell. An Ilongot once said to me "A man may during his life take three, four or even five heads, but he must take one, and that before hemarries. This head he carries to the relations of his intended wife toprove that his heart and body are strong to defend her. " Furthermore, after the palay harvest each year the bundles of unthreshed rice orpalay are neatly piled into a stack about a tall stake which is setup in the "kaingin. " Then, for some ungodly reason, a human headis very desirable to place on top of this pole. So raids are made, usually on the Christian settlements below. Several questions maybe asked regarding these practises, but I can offer nothing by wayof answer. To whom is the "debt of life" owed? To the spirit of thedead person? To the customary Malayan spirits of the forest? Only along acquaintance would enable one to get to the bottom of the motiveof such customs as these. The primitive Malayan is full of beliefs and dreads of the malignantspirits which throng his environment. These are the spirits of forest, trees, cañons, streams and sea; horribly conceived monsters and ghouls, and furthermore, and omnipresent in the affairs of the living, arethe spirits of the dead--the ghosts. The Negrito, on the contrary, seems to be very little disturbed by such beliefs. His elementaryreligious notions leave him free for the most part from terror by nightor by day. Where troubled with conceptions of "anito" or "diwata"it is almost certain that he has been learning at the feet of somedemon-worshipping Malayan. Now, the Ilongot appear to have religiousideas that have come from various sources. Those of Nueva Vizcaya, withwhom I talked, professed belief in spirits and called them "be tung";the spirits of the dead were "gi na vá. " The Ilongot of Patakgao, curiously, have been affected by Christian nomenclature. The rulingspirit or spirits is "apo sen diot" ("apo" meaning lord or sir and"diot" being a corruption of Dios). They had no word for heaven, but mentioned "Impiedno" (Infierno). They said that when people die"they go to the mountains. " They bury the dead near their housesin a coffin of bark (ko ko). They said that there were no "aswang"(malignant monsters believed in by the Christian Filipinos) in theirmountains. They stated that prayer is a frequent observance; that theyprayed when some one is sick or injured. "When an animal is killedwe pray before cutting up the animal, " and as stated above prayer isoffered before the dangerous ascent of trees. In one house I saw alittle bundle of grasses which was put there, following prayer made"at the first time when we are eating the new rice. " Prayer is thenmade that rats may not destroy the harvest or other ill occur to crops. These notes are too fragmentary to give any definite idea of whatthe religion of the Ilongot may be, but two other things observedhad religious significance. When our party reached the vicinity ofthe community at Patakgao, we encountered in the bed of the cañonwe were following a curious contrivance placed over the runningwater. Two stakes had been set up, and attached horizontally was abranch twelve feet long, five or six feet from the ground. A chickenhad been sacrificed here and its blood had been daubed along this polein at least eighteen different stains. Feathers had been tied to theends of the upright poles and midway between them a curiously whittledstick of shavings was tied perpendicularly and the giblets and head ofthe fowl stuck upon it. Our guide, who was a Christian native from asmall barrio which has some relations with this community, pronouncedthis contrivance to be a warning against further approach, in fact a"dead line. " But later, Buliud, one of the important men of Patakgao, insisted that it was an offering made for the cure of their woundsreceived a few days before in a fight with hostile Ilongot. In the houses of the Ilongot at Bayyait were many curiously whittledsticks suspended from the rafters. Some of these were of irregularshape like a ray of lightning; many were bunches of shavings, singularly suggestive of the prayer sticks of the Ainu. The language of the Ilongot is predominantly Malayan. It contains alarge bulk of words identical or related to the surrounding Malayantongues. There are a few Sanskrit or Indian words, "pagi" (palay, "paddy, " the unhulled rice) and "pana" for arrow, both words widelydiffused in Malaysia. But besides, there is a doubtful element whichdoes not seem to be Malayan; at least no similar words or roots occurin any of the other vocabularies of primitive peoples of northern Luzoncollected by me. The Ilongot continually makes use of a short u, whichsometimes becomes the German sound ü as in "buh dük, " a flower. Thesesounds can not be imitated by the Christian people in contact withthem. This is a condition similar to what we find in Negrito speech, where, with a preponderance of terms occurring in Malayan languages, are often a number of totally distinct and usually eccentric wordsand sounds. Finally, it is manifest that the Ilongot are a problem to thegovernment of the islands. What is to be done with such people asthese? They can not be allowed to continue, as they have done, toharass and murder the peaceful population of Nueva Ecija, northernPangasinan and Nueva Vizcaya. Some means must be found to restrainthem. Humanity does not permit their extermination. Steps are nowbeing taken to do something to get them in hand. The exploring partiesabove referred to have opened the way. The communities organizedunder teachers of the Bureau of Education seem to promise something aswell. Last fall when I left the islands search was being made for theright sort of an American teacher to put in charge of school interestsat Baler, with jurisdiction over the Ilongot villages appurtenantthereto. The people of Patakgao since my visit have accepted aninvitation, then made, to send their young men and boys to the barrioof San Juan, a village in the mountains back of Pantabangan, where aschool is conducted and where several of these youth are now livingin charge of a native man in whom the Ilongot have confidence. TheBureau of Education meets the slight expenses of this educationalexperiment. This work of social development, here as in a thousandsimilar places in the Philippines, will be best done by the Americanteacher, but the task is inviting only to the man in whom the spiritof youth and adventure and fascination with human problems runs strong. Mr. Murphy's last report concluded, "I believe the schools can dothese people a great amount of good and solve the government's worstproblems. The work, however, is dangerous, as the man who undertakesit has no protection but his own diplomacy in handling the people. Iftrouble comes it will be from the young bucks, desirous of gaininga reputation. " NOTES [1] Obtained for seven women only. [2] The numbers are arranged serially. [3] The numbers are arranged serially. [4] Other anthropometric data on the Igorot besides that here presentedare as follows: In 1905, at San Francisco, Dr A. L. Kroeber measured 18men and 7 women of Bontok and published the results in the AmericanAnthropologist for Jan. -Mar. , 1906, p. 194. The stature of thesemen varied from 1460 to 1630, the average being 1550. The averagearm-reach was 1572, the average nose length 41 and breadth 40, theindex varying from 85. 7 to 135. 5, while the average nasal index was99. 8. The average head length was 186 and breadth 148. The cephalicindex varied from 73. 40 (dolichocephalic) to 85. 47 (brachycephalic), with an average index of 78. 43 (mesaticephalic). The data for thewomen were: stature 1486, arm-reach 1491, nasal index 85. 7 to 108. 8, average 99. 7, cephalic index 78. 59. These measurements conform closelyto my own taken upon Igorot of surrounding localities. More recently Dr Robert B. Bean of the Bureau of Science, Manila, has published the results of a study of the Igorots of Benguet. (TheBenguet Igorots: A Somatological Study of the Live Folk of Benguetand Lepanto, Bontoc. Manila, 1908. ) Dr Bean measured 104 adult males, 10 adult females, and 30 boys. The average stature of the men was1540, which is about my own average; but he seems to have found amaximum stature in Benguet of 1700, a very tall stature indeed andunprecedented in my experience with this race. He also considers theIgorot to be "essentially short armed. " He found a very variable typeof head (hyperdolichocephaly to hyperbrachycephaly). The nose wasplatyrhinian. Thus, in a general way, Dr Bean's results agree withmy own, although his measurements were carried out with many moredetails than it appeared to me advisable to attempt. Our conclusions, also, as to the origin and affiliations of the Igorot are far apart. [5] The report of these people under different names has been thecause of the belief that they were so many separate peoples. ProfessorF. Blumentritt makes this mistake. "Versuch einer Ethnographie derPhilippinen, " p. 33; "List of Native Tribes of the Philippines, "translated in Smithsonian Report for 1899. [6] A brief account of the people about Binatangan was published bya missionary in 1891 in "El Correo Sino-Annamita, " Vol. XXV. "UnaVisita á los Rancherias de Ilongotes" by Father Buenaventura Campa. [7] Sibley was an American soldier from the 16th Infantry who desertedin 1900, and lived for over four years, a renegade among thesepeople. He finally surrendered to Governor Curry, of Isabela province. [8] Fields for seeding. [9] Cane rafts. [10] The Ifugao are an Igorot people inhabiting the Kiangan region. Allthe Igorot people practise, wherever possible, the burial of theirrich and important personages in caves and artificial grottos. Burialcaves occur in many places in the Philippines and have yielded alarge store of jars, skulls and ornaments.