[Transcriber’s Note:

The Prosody section of this e-text uses characters that require UTF-8(Unicode) file encoding:

 ā ē ī ō ū [letters with macron or “long” mark] ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆ [letters with breve or “short” mark; y̆ is rare]

In addition, the “oe” ligature œ is used consistently, and thedecorative symbol ⁂ appears in the advertising section. 

If these characters do not display properly--in particular, if thediacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if theapostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is setto Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. 

This book was written in 1840. It includes material that may beoffensive to some readers. Students should be cautioned that the bookpredates “New Style” (classical) pronunciation. Note in particularthe pronunciation of “j” (“Never jam today”) and of all vowels (“Yes, you Can-u-leia”). 

In the main text, boldface type is shown in +marks+. In the advertisingsection at the end, the same +marks+ represent sans-serif type. 

Typographical errors are listed at the end of the text, along with somegeneral notes. ]

 [Frontispiece: “Painted and Engraved by John Leech, R. C. A. ”]

 THE COMIC

 LATIN GRAMMAR;

 A new and facetious Introduction

 to the

 LATIN TONGUE. 

 With Numerous Illustrations. 

 The Second Edition. 

 London: CHARLES TILT, FLEET STREET. MDCCCXL. 

 Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. Paul’s. 

 ADVERTISEMENT

 TO THE SECOND EDITION. 

The Author of this little work cannot allow a second edition of it to goforth to the world, unaccompanied by a few words of apology, he beingdesirous of imitating, in every respect, the example of distinguishedwriters. 

He begs that so much as the consciousness of being answerable for agreat deal of nonsense, usually prompts a man to say, in the hope ofdisarming criticism, may be considered to have been said already. But heparticularly requests that the want of additions to his book may beexcused; and pleads, in arrest of judgment, his numerous and absorbingavocations. 

Wishing to atone as much as possible for this deficiency, and prevailedupon by the importunity of his friends, he has allowed a portrait ofhimself, by that eminent artist, Mr. John Leech, to whom he is indebtedfor the embellishments, and very probably for the sale of the book, tobe presented, facing the title-page, to the public. 

Here again he has been influenced by the wish to comply with therequisitions of custom, and the disinclination to appear odd, whimsical, or peculiar. 

On the admirable sketch itself, bare justice requires that he shouldspeak somewhat in detail. The likeness he is told, he fears by toopartial admirers, is excellent. The principle on which it has beenexecuted, that of investing with an ideal magnitude, the proportions ofnature, is plainly, from what we observe in heroic poetry, painting, andsculpture, the soul itself of the superhuman and sublime. Of thejustness of the metaphorical compliment implied in the delineation ofthe head, it is not for the author to speak; of its exquisiteness anddelicacy, his sense is too strong for expression. The habitualpensiveness of the elevated eyebrows, mingled with the momentary gaietyof the rest of the countenance, is one of the most successful points inthe picture, and is as true to nature as it is indicative of art. 

The Author’s tailor, though there are certain reasons why his nameshould not appear in print, desires to express his obligation to thetalented artist for the very favourable impression which, withoutprejudice to truth, has been given to the public of his skill. The easeso conspicuous in the management of the surtout, and the thought soremarkable in the treatment of the trousers, fully warrant hisadmiration and gratitude. 

Too great praise cannot be bestowed on the boots, considered withreference to art, though in this respect the Author is quite sensiblethat both himself and the maker of their originals have been greatlyflattered. He is also perfectly aware that there is a degree ofneatness, elegance, and spirit in the tie of the cravat, to which he hasin reality never yet been able to attain. 

In conclusion, he is much gratified by the taste displayed in furnishinghim with so handsome a walking stick; and he assures all whom it mayconcern, that the hint thus bestowed will not be lost upon him; for heintends immediately to relinquish the large oaken cudgel which he hashitherto been accustomed to carry, and to appear, in every respect, tothe present generation, such as he will descend to posterity. 

 PREFACE. 

A great book, says an old proverb, is a great evil; and a great preface, says a new one, is a great bore. It is not, therefore, our intention toexpatiate largely on the present occasion; especially since a longdiscourse prefixed to a small volume, is like a forty-eight pounder atthe door of a pig-stye. We should as soon think of erecting the NelsonMemorial in front of Buckingham Palace. Indeed, were it not necessary toshow some kind of respect to fashion, we should hasten at once into themidst of things, instead of trespassing on the patience of our readers, and possibly, trifling with their time. We should not like to be keptwaiting at a Lord Mayor’s feast by a long description of the bill offare. Our preface, however, shall at least have the merit of novelty;it shall be candid. 

This book, like the razors in Dr. Wolcot’s story, is made to _sell_. This last word has a rather equivocal meaning-- but we scorn to blot, otherwise we should say to be sold. An article offered for sale may, nevertheless, be worth buying; and it is hoped that the resemblancebetween the aforesaid razors, and this our production, does not extendto the respective _sharpness_ of the commodities. The razors provedscarcely worth a farthing to the clown who bought them foreighteen-pence, and were fit to shave nothing but the beard of anoyster. We trust that the “Comic Latin Grammar” will be found to _cut_, now and then, rather better, at least, than that comes to; and that itwill reward the purchaser, at any rate, with his pennyworth for hispenny, by its genuine bonâ fide contents. There are many works, thepages of which contain a good deal of useful matter-- sometimes in theshape of an ounce of tea or a pound of butter: we venture to indulge theexpectation, that these latter additions to the value of our own, willbe considered unnecessary. 

Perhaps we should have adopted the title of “Latin in sport madelearning in earnest”-- which would give a tolerable idea of the natureof our undertaking. The doctrine, it is true, may bear the same relationto the lighter matter, that the bread in Falstaff’s private account didto the liquor; though if we have given our reader “a deal of sack, ” wewish it may not be altogether “intolerable. ” Latin, however, is a greatdeal less like bread, to most boys, than it is like physic; especially_antimony_, _ipecacuanha_, and similar medicines. It ought, therefore, to be given in something palatable, and capable of causing it to beretained by the-- mind-- in what physicians call a pleasant vehicle. This we have endeavoured to invent-- and if we have disguised theflavour of the drugs without destroying their virtues, we shall haveentirely accomplished our design. There are a few particularly nastypills, draughts, and boluses, which we could find no means ofsweetening; and with which, on that account, we have not attempted tomeddle. For these omissions we must request some little indulgence. Ourperformance is confessedly imperfect, but be it remembered, that

 “Men rather do their broken weapons use, Than their bare hands. ”

The “Comic Latin Grammar” can, certainly, never be called an_imposition_, as another Latin Grammar frequently is. We remember havinghad the whole of it to learn at school, besides being-- no matter what--for pinning a cracker to the master’s coat-tail. The above hint isworthy the attention of boys; nor will the following, probably, bethrown away upon school-masters, particularly such as reside in thenorth of England. “Laugh and grow fat, ” is an ancient and a true maxim. Now, will not the “Comic Latin Grammar, ” (like Scotch marmalade andYarmouth bloaters) form a “desirable addition” to the breakfast of theyoung gentlemen entrusted to their care? We dare not say much of itssuperseding the use of the cane, as we hold all old established customsin the utmost reverence and respect; and, besides, have no wish todeprive any one of innocent amusement. We would only suggest, thatflagellation is now _sometimes_ necessary, and that whatever tends torender it _optional_ may, now and then, save trouble. 

One word in conclusion. The march of intellect is not confined to themale sex; the fairer part of the creation are now augmenting by theirnumbers, and adorning by their countenance, the scientific and literarytrain. But the path of learning is sometimes too rugged for their tenderfeet. We pretend not to strew it for them with roses; we are notpoetically given-- nay, we cannot even promise them a Brussels carpet;--but if a plain Kidderminster will serve their turn, we here display onefor their accommodation, that thus smoothly and pleasantly they may maketheir safe ascent to the temple of Minerva and the Muses. 

 INTRODUCTION. 

Very little introductory matter would probably be sufficient to placethe rising generation on terms of the most perfect familiarity with a“Comic Latin Grammar. ” To the elder and middle-aged portion of thecommunity, however, the very notion of such a work may seem in thehighest degree preposterous; if not indicative of a degree ofpresumptuous irreverence on the part of the author little short ofliterary high treason, if not commensurate, in point of moraldelinquency, with the same crime as defined by the common law ofEngland. It is out of consideration for the praiseworthy, though perhapserroneous, feelings of such respectable personages, that we proceed tomake the following preliminary remarks; wherein it will be our object, by demonstrating the necessity which exists for such a publication asthe present, to exonerate ourselves from all blame on the score of itsproduction. 

When we consider the progress of civilization and refinement, we findthat all ages have in turn been characterized by some one distinctivepeculiarity or other. To say nothing of the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Iron Age, and so forth, which, with all possible respect for thepoets, can scarcely be said to be worth much in a grave argument; it isquite clear that the Augustan Age, the Middle Ages, the Elizabethan Age, and the Age of Queen Anne, were all of them very different, one from theother, in regard to the peculiar tone of feeling which distinguished thepublic mind in each of them. In like manner, the present (which willhereafter probably be called the Victorian Age) is very unlike all thathave preceded it. It may be termed the Age of Comicality. Not but thatsome traces of comic feeling, inherent as it is in the very nature ofman, have not at all times been more or less observable; but it is onlyof late years that the ludicrous capabilities of the human mind haveexpanded in their fullest vigour. Comicality has heretofore been evincedonly, as it were, in isolated sparks and flashes, instead of that fullblaze of meridian splendour which now pervades the entire mechanism ofsociety, and illuminates all the transactions of life. Thus in theGolden Age, there was something very comical in human creatures eatingacorns, like pigs. The Augustan Age was comical enough, if we may trustsome of Horace’s satires. Much comicality was displayed in the MiddleAges, in the proceedings of the knights errant, the doings in Palestine, and the mode adopted by the priests of inculcating religion on the mindsof the people. In the Elizabethan Age several comic incidents occurredat court; particularly when any of the courtiers were guilty of personalimpertinence to their virgin queen. It must have been very comical tosee Shakspere holding stirrups like an ostler, or performing the part ofthe Ghost, in his own play of Hamlet. The dress worn in Queen Anne’stime, and that of the first Georges, was very comical indeed-- butenough of this. Our concern is with the present time-- the funniestepoch, beyond all comparison, in the history of the world. Some fewyears back, the minds of nations, convulsed with the great politicalrevolutions then taking place, were in a mood by no means apt to begratified by whimsicality and merriment. Furthermore, certain poets ofthe lack-a-daisical school, such as Byron, Shelley, Goethe, and others, writing in conformity with the prevailing taste of the day, threw a wetblanket on the spirits of men, which all but extinguished the feebleembers of mirth, upon which ‘shocking events’ had exercised sopernicious an influence already: or, to change a vulgar for a scientificmetaphor, they placed such a pressure of sentimental atmosphere on thecommon stock of laughing gas, as to convert it into a mere fluid, andalmost to solidify it altogether. It is now exhibiting the amazingamount of expansive force, which under favourable circumstances it iscapable of exerting. Many causes have combined to bring about the happystate of things under which we now live. Amongst these, the exertions ofindividuals hold the first rank; of whom the veteran Liston, the latelamented Mr. John Reeve, the facetious Keeley, and the inimitableBuckstone, are deserving of our highest commendation. And moreespecially is praise due to the talented author of the Pickwick Papers, whose genius has convulsed the sides of thousands, has revolutionizedthe republic of letters (making, no doubt, a great many _sovereigns_)and has become, as it were, a mirror, which will reflect to allposterity the laughter-loving spirit of his age. 

But it is not (as we have before remarked) in literature alone, that thetendency to the ludicrous is shewn. In many recent scientificspeculations it is strikingly and abundantly obvious-- some of those ongeology may be quoted as examples. The offspring of the sciences-- thosepledges of affection which they present to art, almost all of them, comeinto the world with a caricature-like smirk upon their faces. Air-balloons and rail-roads have something funny about them; andphotogenic drawings are, to say the least, very curious. The learnedprofessions are all tinged with drollery. The law is confessedlyridiculous from beginning to end, and what is very strange, is that noone should attempt to make it otherwise. Medicine is comical-- or rathertragi-comical-- the disparity of opinion among its professors, thechaotic state of its principles, and the conduct of its students beingconsidered. No one can deny that the distribution of church property issomewhat _odd_, or can assert that the doings-- at least of those whoare destined for the clerical office, are now and then of rather astrange character. Political meetings are very laughable things, when wereflect upon the strong asseverations of patriotism there made andbelieved. The wisdom of the legislature is by no means of the gravestclass, particularly when it offers municipal reforms as a substitute forbread. The debates in a certain House must be of a very humourouscharacter, if we may judge from the frequent “hear hear, and a laugh, ”by which the proceedings there are interrupted. Our risible facultiesare continually called into action at public lectures of all kinds; andindeed, no lecturer, however learned he may be, has much chancenow-a-days of instructing, unless he can also amuse his audience. Norcan the various public and even private buildings, which are dailyspringing up around us, like so many mushrooms, be contemplated withoutconsiderable emotions of mirthfulness. The new style of ecclesiasticalarchitecture, entitled the Cockney-Gothic, affords a good illustrationof this remark; but the comic Temple of the Fine Arts, in TrafalgarSquare, is what Lord Bacon would have called a “glaring instance” of itscorrectness. The occurrences of the day bear all of them the stamp offacetiousness. The vote of approbation, lately passed on a certaincourse of policy, is a capital joke; the tricks that are constantlyplayed off upon John Bull by the Russians, French, Yankees, and others, though somewhat impertinent to the aforesaid John, must seem verydiverting to lookers on. The state of the Drama may also be broughtforward in proof of our position. Tragedies are at a discount; farcesare at a premium; lions, nay goats and monkeys, are pressed into theservice of Momus. Even the various institutions for the advancement ofmorals have not escaped the influence of the prevailing taste. Tomention that respectable body of men, the Teetotallers, is sufficient ofitself to excite a smile. In short, look wherever you will, you willfind it a matter of the greatest difficulty to keep your countenance. 

The truth is, that people are tired of crying, and find it much moreagreeable to laugh. The sublime is out of fashion; the ridiculous is invogue. A turn-up nose is now a more interesting object than a turn-downcollar; and if it should be urged that the flowing locks of our youngmen are indicative of sentimentality by their _length_, let it beremembered that they are in general quite unaccompanied by acorresponding quality of face. It has been said that the schoolmaster isabroad:-- true; but he is walking arm and arm with the Merry-Andrew; andthe members, presidents, and secretaries of mechanics’ institutions, andassociations for the advancement of everything, follow in his train. Nothing can be taught that is not palatable, and nothing is nowpalatable but what is funny. That boys should be instructed in the Latinlanguage will be denied by few (although by some eccentric persons thishas been done); that they can be expected to learn what they cannotlaugh at will, to all reflecting minds, especially on perusing theforegoing considerations, appear in the highest degree unreasonable. Toconclude:-- let all such as are disposed to stare at the title of ourwork, ponder attentively on what we have said above; let them, in thelanguage of the farce, “put this and that together, ” and they will atonce perceive the beneficial effect, which holding up the Latin Grammarto ridicule is likely to produce in the minds of youth. So much for thesatisfaction of our senior readers. And now, no longer to detain ourjuvenile friends, let us proceed to business, or pleasure, or both:-- wewill not stand upon ceremony with respect to terms. 

 [Illustration: THE SCHOOLMASTER ABROAD. ]

 THE

 COMIC LATIN GRAMMAR. 

Of Latin there are three kinds: Latin Proper, or good Latin; Dog Latin;and Thieves’ Latin, Latin Proper, or good Latin, is the language whichwas spoken by the ancient Romans. Dog Latin is the Latin in which boyscompose their first verses and themes, and which is occasionallyemployed at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but much morefrequently at Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow. It includes MedicalLatin, and Law Latin; though these, to the unlearned, generally appearGreek. Mens tuus ego-- mind your eye; Illic vadis cum oculo tuo ex--there you go with your eye out; Quomodo est mater tua?-- how’s yourmother? Fiat haustus ter die capiendus-- let a draught be made, to betaken three times a day; Bona et catalla-- goods and chattels-- areexamples. 

Thieves’ Latin, more commonly known by the name of slang, is much in useamong a certain class of _conveyancers_, who disregard the distinctionsof meum and tuum. Furthermore, it constitutes a great part of thefamiliar discourse of most young men in modern times, particularlylawyers’ clerks and medical students. It bears a very close affinity toLaw Latin, with which, indeed, it is sometimes confounded. Examples:--to prig a wipe-- to steal a handkerchief. A rum start-- a curiousoccurrence. A plant-- an imposition. Flummoxed-- undone. Sold--deceived. A heavy swell-- a great dandy. Quibus, tin, dibs, mopuses, stumpy-- money. Grub, prog, tuck-- victuals. A stiff-’un-- a dead body--properly, a subject. To be scragged-- to suffer the last penalty of thelaw,  &c. 

 [Illustration: A HEAVY SWELL. ]

All these kinds of Latin are to be taught in the Comic Latin Grammar. 

 [Illustration: TOBY, THE LEARNED PIG. ]

If Toby, the learned pig, had been desired to say his alphabet in Latin, he would have done it by taking away the W from the English alphabet. Indeed, this is what he is said to have actually done. The Latinletters, therefore, remind us of the greatest age that a fashionablelady ever confesses she has attained to, -- being between twenty andthirty. 

Six of these letters are called what Dutchmen, speaking English, callfowls-- vowels; namely, a, e, i, o, u, y. 

A vowel is like an Æolian harp; it makes a full and perfect sound ofitself. A consonant cannot sound without a vowel, any more than a horn(except such an one as Baron Munchausen’s) can play a tune without aperformer. 

Consonants are divided into mutes, liquids and double letters; althoughthey have nothing in particular to do with funerals, hydrostatics, orthe General post office. The liquids are, l, m, n, r; the doubleletters, j, x, z; the other letters are mutes. 

 “Hye dum, dye dum, fiddle _dumb_--c. ” --STERNE. 

A syllable is a distinct sound of one or more letters pronounced in abreath, or, as we say in the classics, in a jiffey. 

A diphthong is the sound of two vowels in one syllable. Takencollectively they resemble a closed fist-- i. E. A bunch of _fives_. Thediphthongs are au, eu, ei, æ, and œ. Of the two first of these, au andeu, the sound is _intermediate_ between that of the two vowels of whicheach is formed. This fact may perhaps be impressed upon the mind, on theprinciples of artificial memory, by a reference to a familiar beverage, known by the name of half-and-half. In like manner, ei, which isgenerally pronounced i, and æ and œ, sounded like e, may be said toexhibit something like an analogy to a married couple. The humandiphthong, Smith female + Brown male, is called Brown only. 

 [Illustration: A HUMAN DIPHTHONG. ]

The reason, says the fool in King Lear, why the seven stars are no morethan seven-- is a pretty reason-- because they are not eight. This is afool’s reason; but we (like many other commentators) cannot give abetter one, why the Parts of Speech are no more than eight-- becausethey are not nine. They are as follow:

1. Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle-- declined. 

2. Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection-- undeclined. Mostschoolboys would like to decline them altogether. 

+OF A NOUN. +

A noun is a name, -- whether it be a Christian name, or a sur-name-- thename of a prince, a pig, a pancake, or a post. Whatever is-- is a noun. 

Nouns are divided into substantives and adjectives. 

A noun substantive is its own trumpeter, and speaks for itself withoutassistance from any other word-- brassica, a cabbage; sartor, a tailor;medicus, a physician; vetula, an old woman; venenum, poison; areexamples of substantives. 

An adjective is like an infant in leading strings-- it cannot go alone. It always requires to be joined to a substantive, of which it shows thenature or quality-- as lectio longa, a long lesson; magnus aper, a great_boar_; pinguis puer, a fat boy; macer puer, a lean boy. In making love(as you will find one of these days) or in abusing a cab-man, yoursuccess will depend in no small degree in your choice of adjectives. 

 [Illustration: MACER PUER. ]

 [Illustration: PINGUIS PUER. ]

+NUMBERS OF NOUNS. +

Be not alarmed, boys, at the above heading. There are numbers of nouns, it is true, that is to say, lots; or, as we say in the schools, “a precious sight” of nouns in the dictionary; but we are not now goingto enumerate, and make you learn them. The numbers of nouns here spokenof are two only; the singular and the plural. 

The singular speaks but of one-- as later, a brick; faba, a bean; tuba, a trump (or trumpet); flamma, a blaze; æthiops, a nigger (or negro);cornix, a crow. 

The plural speaks of more than one-- as lateres, bricks; fabæ, beans;tubæ, trumps; flammæ, blazes; æthiopes, niggers; cornices, crows. 

Here it may be remarked that the cynic philosophers were very _singular_fellows. 

Also that prize-poems are sometimes composed in very _singular numbers_. 

+CASES OF NOUNS. +

Nouns have six cases in each number, (that is, six of one and half adozen of the other) but can only be put in one of them at a time. Theyare thus ticketed-- nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. 

The nominative case comes before the verb, as the horse does before thecart, the “lieutenant before the ancient, ” and the superintendant ofpolice before the inspector. It answers to the question, who or what;as, Who jaws? magister jurgatur, the master jaws. 

The genitive case is known by the sign of, and answers to the question, whose, or whereof; as, Whose breeches? Femoralia magistri-- the breechesof the master, or the master’s breeches. 

The dative case is known by the signs to or for, and answers to thequestion, to whom, or to or for what; as, To whom do I hold out myhands? Protendo manus magistro-- I hold out my hands to the master. 

In this place we are called upon to consider, whether it be moreagreeable to have Latin or the ferula at our _fingers’ ends_. 

Observe that _dative_ means _giving_. Schoolmasters are very often inthe dative case-- but their generosity is chiefly exercised in bestowingwhat is termed monkey’s allowance; that is, if not more kicks, moreboxes on the ear, more spats, more canings, birchings, and impositions, than halfpence. 

 [Plate: A DATIVE AND A VOCATIVE CASE. ]

The accusative case follows the verb, as a bailiff follows a debtor, a bull-dog a butcher, or a round of applause a supernatural squall atthe Italian Opera. It answers to the question Whom? or What? as, Whom doyou laugh at? (behind his back) Derideo magistrum-- I laugh at themaster. 

The vocative case is known by calling, or speaking to; as, O magister--O master; an exclamation which is frequently the consequence of shirkingout, making false concords or quantities, obstreperous conduct inschool,  &c. 

The ablative case is known by certain prepositions, expressed orunderstood; as Deprensus magistro-- caught out by the master. Coram_rostro_-- before the _beak_. The prepositions, in, with, from, by, andthe word, than, after the comparative degree, are signs of the ablativecase. In angustiâ-- in a fix. Cum indigenâ-- with a native. Ab arbore--from a tree. A rictu-- by a grin. Adipe lubricior-- slicker than grease. 

+GENDERS AND ARTICLES. +

The genders of nouns, which are three, the masculine, the feminine, andthe neuter, are denoted in Latin by articles. We have articles, also, inEnglish, which distinguish the masculine from the feminine, but they arearticles of dress; such as petticoats and breeches, mantillas andmackintoshes. But as there are many things in Latin, called masculineand feminine, which are nevertheless not male and female, the articlesattached to them are not parts of dress, but parts of speech. 

 [Illustration: MASC. FEM. ]

We will now, with our readers’ permission, initiate them into a new modeof declining the article hic, hæc, hoc. And we take this opportunity ofprotesting against the old and short-sighted system of teaching a boyonly one thing at a time, which originated, no doubt, from the generalignorance of everything but the dead languages which prevailed in themonkish ages. We propose to make declensions, conjugations, &c. , a vehicle for imparting something more than the mere dry facts of theimmediate subject. And if we can occasionally inculcate an originalremark, a scientific principle, or a moral aphorism, we shall, ofcourse, think ourselves sufficiently rewarded by the consciousness-- etcætera, et cætera, et cætera. 

 Masc. Hic. Fem. Hæc. Neut. Hoc, &c. 

 The nominative singular’s hic, hæc, and hoc, -- Which to learn, has cost school boys full many a knock; The genitive ’s hujus, the dative makes huic, (A fact Mr. Squeers never mentioned to Smike); Then hunc, hanc, and hoc, the accusative makes, The vocative-- caret-- no very great shakes; The ablative case maketh hôc, hac, and hôc, A cock is a fowl-- but a fowl ’s not a cock. The nominative plural is hi, hæ, and hæc, The Roman young ladies were dressed à la Grecque; The genitive case horum, harum, and horum, Silenus and Bacchus were fond of a jorum; The dative in all the three genders is his, At Actium his tip did Mark Antony miss: The accusative ’s hos, has, and hæc in all grammars, Herodotus told some American crammers; The vocative here also-- caret-- ’s no go, As Milo found rending an oak-tree, you know; And his, like the dative the ablative case is, The Furies had most disagreeable faces. 

Nouns declined with two articles, are called common. This word commonrequires explanation-- it is not used in the same sense as that in whichwe say, that quackery is common in medicine, knavery in the law, andhumbug everywhere-- pigeons at Crockford’s, lame ducks at the StockExchange, Jews at the ditto, and Royal ditto, and foreigners inLeicester Square-- No; a common noun is one that is both masculine andfeminine; in one sense of the word therefore it is _uncommon_. Parens, a parent, which may be declined both with hic, and hæc, is, for obviousreasons, a noun of this class; and so is fur, a thief; likewise miles, a soldier, which will appear strange to those of our readers, who do notcall to mind the existence of the ancient amazons; the dashing whitesergeant being the only female soldier known in modern times. Nor havewe more than one authenticated instance of a female sailor, if we exceptthe heroine commemorated in the somewhat apocryphal narrative-- BillyTaylor. 

Nouns are called doubtful when declined with the article hic or hæc--whichever you please, as the showman said of the Duke of Wellington andNapoleon Bonaparte. Anguis, a snake, is a doubtful noun. At all eventshe is a doubtful customer. 

 [Illustration]

Epicene nouns are those which, though declined with one article only, represent both sexes, as hic passer, a sparrow, hæc aquila, an eagle, --cock and hen. A sparrow, however, to say nothing of an eagle, mustappear a doubtful noun with regard to gender, to a cockney sportsman. 

After all, there is no rule in the Latin language about gender socomprehensive as that observed in Hampshire, where they call every thing_he_ but a tom-cat, and that _she_. 

+DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. +

There are five declensions of substantives. As a pig is known by histail, so are declensions of substantives distinguished by the ending ofthe genitive case. Our fear of outraging the comic feelings of humanity, prevents us from saying quite so much about them as our love of learningwould otherwise induce us to do. We therefore refer the student to thatclever little book, the Eton Latin Grammar, strongly recommending him todecline the following substantives, by way of an exercise, after themanner of the examples there set down. First declension, Genitivo æ. Virga, a rod. --Second, i. Puer, a boy. Stultus, a fool. Tergum, a back. --Third, is. Vulpes, a fox. Procurator, an attorney. Cliens, a client. --Fourth, ûs-- here you may have, Risus, a laugh at. --Fifth, ei. Effigies, an effigy, image, or Guy. 

The substantive face, facies, _makes faces_, facies, in the plural. 

Although we are precluded from going through the whole of thedeclensions, we cannot refrain from proposing “for the use of schools, ”a model upon which all substantives may be declined in a mode somewhatmore agreeable, if not more instructive, than that heretofore adopted. 

 _Exempli Gratiâ. _

 Musa mus_æ_, The Gods were at tea, Musæ mus_am_. Eating raspberry jam, Musa mus_â_, Made by Cupid’s mamma, Musæ mus_arum_, Thou “Diva Dearum. ” Musis mus_as_, Said Jove to his lass, Musæ mus_is_. Can ambrosia beat this?

+DECLENSIONS OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. +

Some nouns adjective are declined with three terminations-- as a pachaof three tails would be, if he were to make a proposal to an Englishheiress-- as bonus, _good_-- tener, _tender_. Sweet epithets! howforcibly they remind us of young Love and a leg of mutton. 

 Bonus, bona, bonum, Thou little lambkin dumb, Boni, bonæ, boni, For those sweet chops I sigh, Bono, bonæ, bono, Have pity on my woe, Bonum, bonam, bonum, Thou speak’st though thou art mum, Bone, bona, bonum, “O come and eat me, come, ” Bono, bonæ, bono, The butcher lays thee low, Boni, bonæ, bona, Those chops are a picture, -- ah! Bonorum, bonarum, bonorum, To put lots of Tomata sauce o’er ’em Bonis-- Don’t, miss, Bonos, bonas, bona, Thou art sweeter than thy mamma, Boni, bonæ, bona, And fatter than thy papa. Bonis, -- What bliss!

In like manner decline tener, tenera, tenerum. 

Unus, one; solus, alone; totus, the whole; nullus, none; alter, theother; uter, whether of the two-- make the genitive case singular in_ius_ and the dative in i. 

RIDDLES. 

_Q. _ In what case will a grain of barley joined to an adjective standfor the name of an animal?

_A. _ In the dative case of unus-- uni-corn. 

 _Uni_ nimirum tibi rectè semper erunt res. 

 _Hor. Sat. Lib. Ii. _ 2. 106. 

_Q. _ Why is the above verse like all nature?

_A. _ Because it is an _uni_-verse. 

The word alius, another, is declined like the above-named adjectives, except that it makes ali_ud_, not ali_um_, in the neuter singular. 

The difference of unus from alius, say the London commentators, likethat of a humming-top from a peg-top, consists of the _’um_. 

N. B. Tu es unus alius, is not good Latin for “You’re another, ” a phrasemore elegantly expressed by “Tu quoque. ”

 [Illustration: TU QUOQUE. ]

There are some adjectives that remind us of lawyer’s clerks, and, bycourtesy, of linen-drapers’ apprentices. These may be termed _articled_adjectives; being declined with the articles hic, hæc, hoc, after thethird declension of substantives-- as tristis, sad, melior, better, felix, happy. 

It is not very easy to conceive any thing in which sadness andcomicality are united, except Tristis Amator, a sad lover. 

 [Illustration: TRISTIS AMATOR. ]

Melior is not _better_ for comic purposes. Felix affords no room for a_happy_ joke. 

Decline these three adjectives, and others of the same class, accordingto the following rules:

 If the nominative endeth in _is_ or _er_, why, sir, The ablative singular endeth in _i_, sir; The first, fourth, and fifth case, their neuter make _e_, But the same in the plural in _ia_ must be. _E_, or _i_, are the ablative’s ends, -- mark my song, While _or_ to the nominative case doth belong; For the neuter aforesaid we settle it thus: The plural is _ora_; the singular _us_. If than _is_, _er_, and _or_, it hath many more enders, The nominative serves to express the three genders; But the plural for _ia_ hath _icia_ and _itia_, As Felix, felicia-- Dives, divitia. 

+COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES. +

Comparisons are odious--

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison. This is perhaps the reasonwhy they are so disagreeable to learn. 

The first degree of comparison is the positive, which denotes thequality of a thing absolutely. Thus, the Eton Latin Grammar is lepidus, funny. 

The second is the comparative, which increases or lessens the quality, formed by adding _or_ to the first case of the positive ending in _i_. Thus the Charter House Grammar, is lepidor-- funnier, or more funny. --The third is the superlative, which increases or diminishes thesignification to the greatest degree, formed from the same case byadding thereto, _ssimus_. Thus the Comic Latin Grammar is lepidissimus, funniest, or most funny. A Londoner is acutus, sharp, or ’cute, --a Yorkshireman acutior, sharper, or more sharp, ’cuter or more ’cute--but a Yankee is acutissimus-- sharpest, or most sharp, ’cutest or most’cute, or tarnation ’cute. 

Enumerate, in the manner following, with substantives, the exceptions tothis rule, mentioned in the Eton Grammar. 

 Bonus, good. A plain pudding. 

 Melior, better. A suet pudding. 

 Optimus, best. A plum pudding. 

 Malus, bad. A caning. 

 Pejor, worse. A spatting. 

 Pessimus, worst. A flogging. &c. &c. 

Adjectives ending in _er_, form the superlative in _errimus_. The tasteof vinegar is acer, sour; that of verjuice acrior, more sour; the visageof a tee-totaller, acerrimus, sourest, or most sour. 

Agilis, docilis, gracilis, facilis, humilis, similis, change _is_ into_llimus_, in the superlative degree. 

 Agilis, nimble. -- Madlle. Taglioni. Agilior, more nimble. -- Jim Crow. Agillimus, most nimble. -- Mr. Wieland. 

 Docilis, docile. -- Learned Pig. Docilior, more docile. -- Ourang-outang. Docillimus, most docile. -- Man Friday. 

 Gracilis, slender. -- A whipping post. Gracilior, more slender. -- A fashionable waist. Gracillimus, most slender. -- A dustman’s leg. &c. &c. 

If a vowel comes before _us_ in the nominative case of an adjective, thecomparison is made by magis, _more_, and maximè, _most_. 

 Pius, pious. -- Dr. Cantwell. Magis pius, more pious. -- Mr. Maw-worm. Maximè pius, most pious. -- Mr. Stiggins. 

Sancho Panza called Don Quixote, Quixottissimus. This was not goodLatin, but it evinced a knowledge on Sancho’s part, of the nature of thesuperlative degree. 

+OF A PRONOUN. +

A pronoun is a substitute, or (as we once heard a lady of the Malapropfamily say), a _subterfuge_ for a noun. 

There are fifteen Pronouns. 

 Ego, tu, ille, I, thou, and Billy, Is, sui, ipse, Got very tipsy. Iste, hic, meus, The governor did not see us. Tuus, suus, noster, We knock’d down a coster- Vester, noster, vestras. Monger for daring to pester us. 

To these may be added, egomet, I myself; tute, thou thyself, idem thesame, qui, who or what, and cujas, of what country. 

+DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. +

Pronouns concern _ourselves_ so much, that we cannot altogether passover them; though a hint or two with regard to the mode of learningtheir declension is all that we can here afford to give. We areconstrained now and then to leave out a good deal of valuable matter, for the reason that induced the Dublin manager to omit the part ofHamlet in the play of that name-- the length of the performance. 

Pronouns may be thus agreeably declined:

 Ego, mei, mihi, Hoist the frog up sky-high. Tu, tui, tibi, In Chancery they fib ye. Ille, illa, illud, Cows chew the cud. Is, ea, id, Always do as you’re bid. Qui, quæ, quod, Or else you’ll taste the rod. 

Every donkey can decline is, ea, id. We heard one the other day onHampstead Heath, repeat distinctly

 E--o! e--a! e--o!

 [Illustration: THE FIRST LESSON IN LATIN. ]

When you decline quis quæ _quid_, beware of any temptation to indulge indirty habits. _Es_chew pig-tail instead of chewing it. Never have any_quid_ in your mouth, but a quid pro quo. 

+OF A VERB. +

A verb is the chief word in every _sentence_, as _Suspendatur_ percollum, let him be hanged by the neck. 

It expresses the action or being of a thing. Ego _sum_ sapiens, I am awise man. Tu _es_ stultus, thou art a fool. Non hic amice, _pernoctas_, you don’t lodge here, Mr. Ferguson. 

Verbs have two voices, like the gentleman who was singing, a short timesince, at the St. James’s Theatre. 

The active ending in _o_-- as amo, I love. 

The passive ending in _or_-- as amor, I am loved. 

In these two words is contained the terrestrial summum bonum-- In short, love beats everything-- cock-fighting not excepted. Amo! amor! How happyevery human being, from the peer to the pot-boy, from the duchess to thedairy-maid, would be to be able to say so. 

They would _conjugate_ immediately. Except, however, certain modernpolitical economists of the Malthusian school, who, albeit they aregreat advocates for the diffusion of learning, are violently opposed tounlimited conjugations. 

Of verbs ending in _o_ some are actives transitive. A verb is calledtransitive when the action passes on to the following noun, as Secobaculum meum, I cut my stick. 

Numerous examples of this kind of cutting, which may be called a _comicsection_, are recorded in history, both ancient and modern. Even Hectorcut his stick (with Achilles after him) at the siege of Troy. ThePersians cut their stick at Marathon. Pompey cut his stick at Pharsalia, and so did Antony at Actium. Napoleon Bonaparte cut his stick atWaterloo. 

Other verbs ending in _o_ are named neuters and intransitives. A verb iscalled intransitive, or neuter, when the action does not pass on, orrequire a following noun, as curro, I run. Pistol cucurrit, Pistol ran. But to say, “Falstaff voluit _currere eum per_, ” “Falstaff wished _torun him through_, ” would be making a neuter verb, a verb active, andwould therefore be Latin of the canine species, or Dog-Latin; so wouldMeus homo Gulielmus _cucurrit caput suum_ plenum sed contra te homo dicpax, My man William _ran his head_ full but against the mantel-piece. This, it is obvious, will not do after Cicero. 

Verbs transitive ending in _o_ become passive by changing _o_ into _or_, as Secor, I am cut. Cæsar was cut by his friend Brutus in the capitol. “This, ” as Antony very judiciously observed on the hustings, “was themost unkindest _cut_ of all, ”-- much worse, indeed, than any of thesimilar operations which are daily performed in Regent Street. 

 [Illustration: BRUTUS AND CÆSAR. ]

Verbs neuter and intransitive are never made passive. We may say, Crepo, I crack, but we cannot say, Crepor, I am cracked. 

The ancient heroes appear, from what Homer says, to have got into a wayof _cracking_ away most tremendously when they were going to engage insingle combat. 

Orestes was certainly _cracked_. 

Some verbs ending in _or_ have an active signification-- as Loquor, I speak. 

_Q. _ Why are such verbs like witnesses on oath?

_A. _ Because they are called “Deponents. ”

Of these some few are neuters, as Glorior, I boast. 

Cæsar boasted that he came, saw, and overcame. Bald-headed people (likeCæsar) do not, in general, make _conquests_ so easily. 

Neuter Verbs ending in _or_, and verbs deponent, are declined like verbspassive; but with gerunds and supines like verbs active; thus presentinga curious combination of _activity_ and _supineness_. 

There are some verbs which are called verbs personal. A verb personalresembles a mixed group of old maids and young maids, because it has_different persons_, as Ego irrideo, I quiz. Tu irrides, thou quizzest. 

A verb impersonal is like a collection of tombstone angels, or smallchildren; it has not _different persons_, as tædet, it irketh, oportet, it behoveth. 

It irketh to learn Greek and Latin, nevertheless it behoveth to do so. 

+OF MOODS. +

Moods in verbs are like moods in man, they have each of them a peculiar_expression_. Here, however, the resemblance stops. Man has many moods, verbs have but five. For instance, we observe in men the merry mood, thedoleful mood, (or dumps), the shy, timid, or sheepish mood, the bold, or_bumptious_ mood, the placid mood, the angry mood, whereto may be addedthe vindictive mood, and the sulky mood; the sober mood, ascontradistinguished from both the serious and the drunken mood; or asblended with the latter, in which case it may be called the sober-drunkmood-- the contented mood, the grumbling mood; the sympathetic mood, thesarcastic mood, the idle mood, the working mood, the communicative mood, the secretive mood, and the moods of all the phrenological organs;besides the monitory or mentorial mood, and the mendacious, or lyingmood, with the imaginative, poetical, or romantic mood, thecompassionate, or melting mood, and many other moods too tedious tomention. 

We must not however omit the flirting mood, the teazing or tantalizingmood, the giggling mood, the magging or talkative mood, and thescandalizing mood, which are peculiarly observable in the fair sex. 

The moods of verbs are the following:

1. The indicative mood, which either affirms a fact or asks a question, as Ego amo, I _do_ love. Amas tu? _Dost_ thou love?

The long and short of all courtships are contained in these twoexamples. 

 [Illustration: A LONG COURTSHIP. ]

2. The imperative mood, which commandeth, or entreateth. This two-foldcharacter of the imperative mood is often exemplified in schools, thecommand being on the part of the master, and the entreaty on that of theboy-- as thus, Veni huc! Come hither! Parce mihi! Spare me! Theimperative mood is also known by the sign _let_-- as in the well-knownverse in the song Dulce Domum--

 “Eja! nunc eamus. ”

“Hurrah! now let us be off”-- meaning for the vacation. N. B. This moodis one much in the mouth of beadles, boatswains, bashaws, majors, magistrates, slave drivers, superintendents, serjeants, andjacks-in-office of all descriptions-- monitors, especially, and præfectsof public schools, are very fond of using it on all occasions. 

 [Illustration: THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. ]

3. The potential mood signifies power or duty. The signs by which it isknown are, may, can, might, would, could, should, or ought-- as, Amem, I may love (when I leave school). Amavissem, I should have loved (if Ihad not known better, ) and the like. 

4. The subjunctive differs from the potential only in being alwaysgoverned by some conjunction or indefinite word, and in being subjoinedto some other verb going before it in the same sentence-- as Cochleareeram cum amarem, I was a _spoon_ when I loved-- Nescio qualis sim hocipso tempore, I don’t know what sort of a person I am at this very time. 

The propriety of the above expression “cochleare, ” will be explained ina Comic System of Rhetoric, which perhaps may appear hereafter. 

5. The infinitive mood is like a gentleman’s cab, because it has nonumber. 

We have not made up our minds exactly, whether to compare it to the“picture of nobody” mentioned in the Tempest, or to the “picture ofugliness, ” which young ladies generally call their successful rivals. Itmay be like one, or the other, or both, because it has no _person_. 

Neither has it a nominative case before it; nor, indeed, has it any morebusiness with one than a toad has with a side pocket. 

It is commonly known by the sign _to_. As, for example-- Amare, to love;Desipere, to be a fool; Nubere, to marry; Pœnitere, to repent. 

+OF GERUNDS AND SUPINES. +

Ever anxious to encourage the expansion of youthful minds, by as generala cultivation as possible of the various faculties, we beg to inviteattention to the following combination of Grammar, Poetry, and Music. 

 _Air. _-- Believe me if all those endearing young charms. --_Moore. _

 The gerunds of verbs end in di, do, and dum, But the supines of verbs are but two; For instance, the active, which endeth in _um_, And the passive which endeth in _u_. 

 Amandi, of loving, kind reader, beware; Amando, in loving, be brief; Amandum, to love, if you ’re doom’d, have a care, In the goblet to drown all your grief. 

 Amatum, Amatu, to love and be loved, Should it be your felicitous (?) lot, May the fuel so needful be never removed Which serves to keep boiling the pot. 

+OF TENSES. +

In verbs there are five tenses, or times, expressing an action, oraffirmation. 

1. The present tense, or time. There is no time (or tense) like thepresent. It expresses an action now taking place. Examples-- _Act. _ Ilove, or am loving. Amo, I am loving. --_Pass. _ I am made drunk, or amdrunk. Inebrior, I am drunk. 

2. The preterimperfect tense denotes something, or a state of things, partly, but not entirely past. --Examp. I did love or was loving. Amabam, I was loving. I was made drunk an hour ago. Inebriabar, I wasmade drunk. 

3. The preterperfect tense expresses a thing lately done, but now ended. --Examp. I have loved, or I loved. Amavi, I loved. I have been madedrunk, or have been drunk. Inebriatus sum, I have been drunk. 

4. The preterpluperfect tense refers to a thing done at some time past, but now ended. --Examp. Amaveram, I had loved. Inebriatus eram, I hadbeen drunk. 

5. The future tense relates to a thing to be done hereafter, as, Amabo, I shall or will love. Inebriabor, I shall get drunk-- say to-morrow. 

+OF NUMBERS AND PERSONS. +

Verbs have two numbers. No. 1, Singular, No.  2, Plural. 

In most matters it is usual to pay exclusive attention to number one. Inlearning the verbs, however, it is necessary to regard equally numbertwo. -- The _persons_ of verbs are generally considered verydisagreeable. Verbs have three persons in each number. Thus, forinstance, at a dancing academy--

 Sing. Ego salto, I dance, Tu saltas, Thou dancest, Ille saltat, He danceth. 

 Plur. Nos saltamus, We dance, Vos saltatis, Ye dance, Illi saltant, They dance. 

At an academy on _Free-knowledge-ical_ principles-- or a Comic Academy. 

 Ego rideo, I laugh, Tu rides, Thou laughest, Ille ridet, He laugheth. 

 Nos ridemus, We laugh, Vos ridetis. Ye laugh, Illi rident, They laugh. 

Laughter, too, is very common at other academies, but generally occurson the wrong side of the mouth. The right sort of laughter (which may bepresumed to be on the _right_ side of the mouth), is most frequent aboutthe time of the holidays. What does the song say?

 “Ridet annus, prata rident Nosque rideamus. ”

 “The year laughs, the meadows laugh, -- suppose we have a laugh as well. ”

_Note_-- That all nouns are of the third person except Ego, Nos, Tu, andVos. Hence we see how absurdly the man who drew a couple of donkeysacted in endeavouring to prevail upon _us_ to call the picture “_We_Three”-- _Ille_, _he_, -- may, perhaps, have been qualified to make a_third person_ in the group, and have “written himself down an ass” withsome correctness. _Ego_, _I_, and _Nos_, _we_, have certainly nothing incommon with that animal, and it is to be hoped that neither Tu, thou, nor Vos, ye, can be said to partake of his nature. 

_Note_ also. That all nouns of the vocative case are of the secondperson. So that if we should say, O asine, O thou donkey; or O asini, O ye donkeys, we should have grammar at least on our side. 

Be it your care to prevent us from having justice also. 

 OF THE VERB ESSE, TO BE. 

Before other verbs are declined, it is necessary to learn the verb Esse, to be. And before we teach the verb Esse, to be, it is necessary to makea few remarks on verbs in general. 

In the first place we have to observe, that they are rather difficult;and in the next, that if any one expects that we are going to considerthem in detail, he is very much mistaken. 

But our skipping a very considerable portion of the verbs, is no reasonwhy boys should do the same. Were we all to follow the examples of ourteachers, instead of attending to their precepts, where would be theworld by this time?

Whirling away, no doubt, far from the respectable society of theneighbouring planets, and blundering about right and left, pell-mell, helter-skelter among the fixed stars-- itself, “and all which itinherit” in that glorious state of confusion so admirably described bythe poet Ovid--

 “Quem dixere Chaos, ”

which men have called Shaos. It would indeed be little better than abroken down _Shay_-horse. 

But “revenons à nos moutons, ” that is, let us get back to our verbs. Werecommend the most attentive and diligent study of all of them as setforth in the Eton Grammar, assisted by that kind of association ofideas, of which we shall now proceed to give a few specimens. 

Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus, to be, -- or not to be-- that is thequestion. 

_Rule_ 1. To each person of a verb, singular and plural, join a noun, according to your taste or comic talent. Should you be deficient in theinventive faculty, apply for assistance to one of the senior boys, which, in consideration of your fagging for him, he will readily giveyou. If yourself a senior boy, apply to the master. 

 _Examples. _

 INDICATIVE MOOD. 

 Present Tense. Am. 

 _Sing. _ Sum, I am, Vir, a man, Es, Thou art, Stultus, a fool, Est, He is, Latro, a thief. 

 _Plu. _ Sumus, We are, Patricii, gentlemen, Estis, Ye are, Plebeii, snobs, Sunt, They are, Errones, vagabonds. 

We would proceed in this way with Sum, but that we are afraid of beingtire-_sum_. 

 VERBS REGULAR. 

 First Conjugation. Amo. 

 _Sing. _ Amo, I love, Puellam, a lass, Amas, Thou lovest, Fartum, a pudding, Amat, He loveth, Carnem porcinam, pork. 

 _Plu. _ Amamus, We love, Doctrinam, learning, Amatis, Ye love, Leporem, comicality, Amant, They love, Poesin, poetry. 

The consideration of which three things leads us to

_Rule_ 2. In repeating the different tenses of verbs, be careful to beprovided with a short English verse, contrived so as to rhyme with thethird person singular, and another to rhyme with the third personplural. In this way your powers of composition as well as of memory willbe profitably exercised. 

 _Example. _

 Second Conjugation. Moneo. 

 _Sing. _ Moneo, mones, monet, Reid & Co. ’s _heavy wet_. 

 _Plu. _ Monemus, monetis, monent, Beats that from the firmament. 

 Third Conjugation. Rego. 

 _Sing. _ Rego, regis, regit, A statesman for office unfit. 

 _Plu. _ Regimus, regitis, re_gunt_, Is much like a bear in a punt. 

_Rule_ 3. Should you be desired to give the English of each person inthe tense which you are repeating, you may (we mean a class of you), follow a plan adopted with great success and striking effect in thatkind of dramatic representation entitled “A Grand Opera, ” that of_singing_ what you have to _say_. Hold up your head, turn out your toes, clear your voices, and begin. A-hem!

 [Plate: GOING THROUGH THE VERBS. AUDIO--I HEAR. ]

 Fourth Conjugation. Audio. 

 _Trio. _

 _Sing. _ Audio, I hear the Tartar drum! Audis, Thou hearest the Tartar drum! Audit, He hears the Tartar drum!-- the Tartar drum! the Tartar drum!

 _Chorus. _ He hears! He hears!

 He h - - e - - - a - - rs the Tar - tar drum! _Plu. _ Audimus, We hear the Tartar drum,  &c. 

 VERBS IRREGULAR--

Are _regular_ bores. The above Rules are equally applicable to them, andalso to the

 DEFECTIVE VERBS;

Concerning which it may be asserted, that though almost all of them havetenses more or less imperfect, there are some which have not a single_Imperfect Tense_. 

 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Such as delectat, it delighteth; decet, it becometh, &c. , answer to suchEnglish verbs as take the word _it_ before them. When we consider that_it_ is a term of endearment used in speaking to babies, as “it’s apretty dear, ” we cannot help thinking that Verbs Impersonal ought to be_pet_ verbs. Such however, is not, as far as we know, the fact. 

 [Illustration: PRETTY DEAR. ]

+OF A PARTICIPLE. +

A participle is a hybrid part of speech; a kind of mongrel-cross, between a noun and a verb. It is two parts verbs, and four parts noun;wherefore its composition may be likened unto the milk sold in and aboutLondon, which is usually watered in the proportion of four to two. Theproperties of the noun belonging to it, are, number, gender, case, anddeclension; those of the verb, tense, and signification. 

As a horse hath four legs, so hath a verb four participles. 

 _Air. _-- Bonnets of Blue. 

 There ’s one of the present, -- and then, There ’s one of the future in _rus_; Of the tense preterperfect a third, -- and again, A fourth of the future in _dus_. 

Participles are declined like nouns adjective, as-- but no! how can weask our fair (blue) readers to decline _a-man’s_ (amans) loving. 

Now here we feel called upon to say a few words on the differencebetween a man’s loving and a woman’s loving. It has often been aquestion, whether do men or women love most _dearly_? To us the matterdoes not appear to admit of a doubt. We defy any of our male readers tobe in love (when they are old and silly enough) for six months withoutfinding themselves most grievously out of pocket. We have a friend whowas in that unfortunate condition for about a month, and it cost him atleast seven and sixpence a week in fees to the maid servant, and thatwithout once being enabled to exchange a word with the object of hisaffections. At last he began to think that he was paying rather too dearfor his whistle; so he gave it up. What girl would have held on so long, and laid out so much money without a return-- not of soft affection, butof hard cash? Women, indeed, instead of loving dearly, love, accordingto our own experience, particularly cheaply. Think of what they save, bytaking their admirers “shopping” with them, in ribands, bracelets, andthe like, to say nothing of coach-hire, pastry-cooks, and the price ofadmission, when they go with them to the play. And we should like tohear of the young lady who in these days would dispose of her hand atany thing less than a good round sum if she could help it-- no, no. Tolove _dearly_ is the precious prerogative of the lords of the creationalone. 

But we are forgetting our participles. 

The participle of the present tense ends in _ans_, or _ens_; asFlagellans, whipping; Lædens, hurting. 

That of the future in _rus_, signifies a likelihood, or design of doingsomething, as Flagellaturus, about to whip; Læsurus, about to hurt. 

That of the preterperfect tense has generally a passive signification, and ends in _us_, as Flagellatus, whipped; Læsus, hurt. 

That of the future in _dus_ has also a passive signification, asFlagellandus, to be whipped; Lædendus, to be hurt. 

_Note_ 1. All participles are declined like nouns adjective. Werecommend the above participles to be declined like _winking_. 

2. There are three things that are not hurt by whipping-- a top, a syllabub, and a cream. 

+OF AN ADVERB. +

Convex and concave spectacles are contrivances used to increase ordiminish the magnitude of objects. 

Adverbs are parts of speech used to increase or diminish thesignification of words. 

Spectacles are joined to the bridge of the nose. 

Adverbs are joined to nouns adjective, and verbs. Benè, well; multùm, much; malè, ill, &c. Are adverbs. 

 Cæsar _multûm_ conturbavit indigenas:

 Cæsar much astonished the natives. 

 [Illustration: CÆSAR ASTONISHING THE NATIVES. ]

+OF A CONJUNCTION. +

A conjunction is a part of speech that joineth together; wherefore itmay be likened unto many things; for instance--

To glue, to paste, to gum arabic, to mortar, (for it joins words andsentences together _like bricks_), to Roman cement, (_Latin_conjunctions more especially), to white of egg, to isinglass, to putty, to adhesive plaster, to matrimony. 

Conjunctions are thus used. 

Ova _et_ lardum, eggs and bacon. Dimidium dimidium_que_, half-and-half. Amor _et_ dementia, love and madness. 

 [Illustration: HALF-AND-HALF. ]

+OF A PREPOSITION. +

A Preposition is a part of speech commonly _set before_ another word. Words, however, do not eat each other, though men have been known to eatwords. Ab, ad, ante, &c. Prepositions. 

Sometimes a preposition is joined in composition with another word, as_pro_stratus, knocked down-- floored. 

 Tullius ab aquario _pro_stratus est:

 Tully was knocked down by a waterman. 

+OF AN INTERJECTION. +

An interjection is a word expressing a sudden emotion or feeling, asHei! Oh dear!-- Heu! Lack-a-day!-- Hem! Brute, Hollo! Brutus. -- Euge!Tite, Bravo! Titus. 

We here find ourselves approaching the delightful subject of the threeConcords, with which we shall make short work, first, for fear offurther _Accidence_, and, secondly, because we are no fonder than boysare of _repetitions_, which, were we to follow the Eton Grammar in theConcords, we should be obliged to make in the Syntax. 

However, there are just one or two points to be mentioned. 

_Rule. _ (Text-hand copy-books. ) “Ask no questions. ”

_Exception. _ When you want to find where the concord should be, ask thefollowing--

Who? or what?-- to find the nominative case to the verb. 

Whom? or what? with the verb, for the accusative after it. 

Who? or what? with the adjective, for the substantive to the adjective. 

Who? or what? with the verb, for the antecedent to the relative. 

But remember, that the use of the interrogatives who? and what? howeverjustifiable in grammar, is very impertinent in conversation. What, forexample, can be more ill-bred than to say, Who are you? Indeed, mostquestions are ill mannered. We do not speak of such expressions as, Hasyour mother sold her mangle? and the like, used only by persons who havenever asked themselves where they expect to go to? but of allunnecessary demands whatever. “Sir, ” said the great Dr. Johnson, “it isuncivil to be continually asking, Why is a dog’s tail short, or why is acow’s tail long. ”

+OF THE GENDERS OF NOUNS, +

 Commonly known by the name of

 _“Propria Quæ Maribus. ”_

As the “Propria Quæ Maribus” is no joke, and the “As in Præsenti” is toomuch of a joke, we must do with them as we did with the verbs. Singing asong is always esteemed a valid substitute for telling a story; and theindulgence which we would have extended to us in this respect, is thatuniversally granted to civilized society. 

Let the “Propria Quæ Maribus” be turned into a series of exercises, thus, or in like manner--

 _Air. _-- “Here ’s to the maiden of bashful fifteen. ”

 All names of the male kind you masculine call, Ut sunt (for example), Divorum, Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, the deities all, And Cato, Virgilius, virorum. Latin ’s a bore, and bothers me sore, Oh how I wish that my lesson was o’er. 

 Fluviorum, ut Tibris, Orontes likewise, Fine rivers in ocean that lost are, And Mensium-- October an instance supplies; Ventorum, ut Libs, Notus, Auster. Latin ’s a bore, &c. 

We do not pretend that the mode of study here recommended, is perfectlyoriginal. The genuine Propria Quæ Maribus, and As in Præsenti, like thewritings of the most remote antiquity, consist of certain useful truthsrecorded in harmonious numbers. It has been a question amongcommentators, whether these interesting compositions were originallyintended to be said or sung. Analogy (we mean that derived from theworks of Homer and Virgil) would incline us to the latter opinion, whichhowever does not appear to have been generally entertained in theschools. We shall give one more specimen in the above style; and we begit may be remembered, that in so doing, we have no wish to detract inany way from the merit of the illustrious poet in the Eton Grammar; allwe think is, that he might have introduced a little more _comicality_into his work, while he was about it. 

+OF THE PRETERPERFECT TENSE, &c. OF VERBS. +

 _Otherwise the “As in Præsenti. ”_

 As in Præsenti-- Preterperfect-- avi, Oh! send me well done, lean, and lots of gravy, Save lavo, lavi, nexo, nexui. Ah! me-- how sweet is cream with apple-pie, Juvi from juvo, secui from seco, Could n’t I lie and tipple, more Græco! From neco, necui, and mico, word Which micui makes, Oh! roast goose, lovely bird! Plico which plicui gives. Delightful grub! And frico, fricas, fricui, to rub-- So domo, tono, domui, tonui make. And sono, sonui. -- Lead me to the stake, I mean the beef-_stake_-- crepo, crepui too, Which means to _crack_ (as roasted chestnuts do, ) Then veto, vetui makes-- _forbidding_ sound, Cubo, to lie along (these verbs confound Ye gods) makes cubui, do gives rightly dedi; What viler object than a coat that ’s seedy?-- Sto to form steti has a predilection; Well-- let it if it likes, I’ve no objection. &c. &c. &c. 

+SYNTAXIS, +

 _or the Construction of Grammar. _

_Q. _ What part of the grammar resembles the indulgences sold in themiddle ages?

_A. _ _Sin_-tax. 

 THE FIRST CONCORD; THE NOMINATIVE CASE AND THE VERB. 

Where there is much _personality_, there is generally little concord. 

However, a verb personal agrees with its nominative case in number andperson, as Sera nunquam est ad bonos mores via, The way to good mannersis never too late. Mind that, brother Jonathan. 

 [Illustration: AMERICAN GENTLEMEN. ]

_Note_-- The above maxim is especially worthy of the attention ofneophytes in law and medicine; of the gods in the gallery, and ofMembers of the _House_. 

The nominative case of pronouns is rarely expressed, except for the sakeof distinction or emphasis, as--

 _Tu_ es exquisitus, _tu_ es, _You_ ’re a nice man, _you_ are. 

 [Illustration]

Sometimes a sentence is the nominative case to the verb, as

 Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes, Mollitos mores non sinit esse viri. 

 The faithful study of the fistic art From mawkish softness guards a Briton’s heart. 

 [Plate: INGENUAS PUGNI DIDICISSE FIDELITER ARTES MOLLITOS MORES NON SINIT ESSE VIRI. ]

Who can doubt it? But, besides, we have much to say in praise of boxing. In the first place, it is a _classical_ accomplishment. To say nothingof the Olympic and Isthmian Games, which are of themselves sufficientproof of the elegant and _fanciful_ tastes of the ancients; we need onlyallude to the fact, that the _Corinthians_ are universally celebratedfor their proficiency in this science. Then, of its eminently _social_tendency, there can be no doubt. What can be more conducive to goodfellowship, and conviviality than the frequent _tapping of claret_, attendant both on its study and practice? Nor can its beneficialinfluence on the fine arts be called in question, seeing that itsimmediate object is to teach us the _use of our hands_. And (whichperhaps is the most pursuasive argument of all), it is particularlypleasing to the fair sex, who besides their well known admiration of_bravery_, are, to a woman, devotedly attached to the _ring_. 

Sometimes an adverb with a genitive case stands in the place of thenominative, as--

 Partim astutorum mordebantur, Part of the knowing ones were bit. 

We must contend that the above is a _racy_ observation. 

 EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE. 

Verbs of the infinitive mood-- but hold. Remember that there is scarcelyany rule without an exception; and this axiom particularly applies tothe Syntax. We used to wish it did not; because then we should not havehad so much to learn-- to resume however--

Verbs of the infinitive mood often have set before them an accusativecase instead of a nominative; the conjunction quod, or ut, being leftout, as

 Annam reginam aiunt occubuisse:

 They say that Queen Anne’s dead. 

A verb placed between two nominative cases of different numbers, is notlike a donkey between two stacks of hay, it makes choice of one or theother, and agrees with it, as

 Amygdalæ amaræ venenum _est_, Bitter almonds _is_ poison. 

We have written the English beneath the Latin. Perhaps it may beimagined that we think good English _beneath_ us. 

A singular noun of multitude is sometimes joined to a plural verb; as

 Pars puerorum philosophum secuti sunt, Part of the boys followed the philosopher. 

 [Illustration]

And so they would now, particularly if they saw one in costume. 

Verbs impersonal have no nominative case before them, as

 Tædet me Grammatices, I am weary of Grammar. 

 Pertæsum est Syntaxeos, I am quite sick of Syntax. 

 Mirificum visum est Socratem in gyrum saltantem videre, It seemed wonderful to behold Socrates jumping Jim Crow. 

 [Illustration]

 SECOND CONCORD. THE SUBSTANTIVE AND THE ADJECTIVE. 

Adjectives, participles, and pronouns agree with the substantive ingender, number, and case, as

 Vir exiguo conventui, sobrioque idoneus:

 A nice man for a small tea-party. 

 [Illustration: A TEA SPOON. ]

The Spartans, probably, were men of this kind; their aversion todrunkenness being well known. 

Observe how close the concord is between substantive and adjective. Theties of wedlock are nothing to it; for, besides that in that happy statethere is very often not a little discord, it is quite impossible thatman and wife should ever agree in _gender_. 

Sometimes a sentence supplies the place of a substantive; the adjectivebeing placed in the neuter gender, as

 Audito reginam leones cœnantes visisse:

 It being heard that Her Majesty had gone to see the lions at supper. 

 THIRD CONCORD. THE RELATIVE AND THE ANTECEDENT. 

The relative and antecedent hit it off very well together; they agreeone with the other in gender, number, and person, as

 Qui plenos haurit cyathos, madidusque quiescit, Ille bonam degit vitam, moriturque facetus. 

 “He who drinks plenty, and goes to bed mellow, Lives as he ought to do, and dies a jolly fellow. ”

 [Illustration]

Horace was the fellow for this kind of thing. Cato must have been aregular wet blanket. 

Sometimes a sentence is placed for an antecedent, as

 Heliogabalus, spiritu contento, viginti quatuor ostrearum demersit in alvum, quod Dandoni etiam longé antecellit. 

 Heliogabalus, at one breath, swallowed two dozen of oysters, which beats even Dando out and out. 

 [Illustration: HELIOGABALUS. ]

Many of the ancients could swallow a good deal. 

A relative placed between two substantives of different genders andnumbers, sometimes agrees with the latter, as

 Pueri tuentur illum librum quæ Latina Grammatices et Comica dicitur. 

 Boys regard that book which is called the Comic Latin Grammar. 

Sometimes a relative agrees with the primitive, which is understood inthe possessive, as

 Mirabantur impudentiam suam qui ad reginam literas misit. 

 They wondered at his impudence, who wrote a letter to the queen. 

If a nominative case be interposed between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word which isplaced in the sentence with the verb, as

 Luciferi quos Prometheus surripuit, ad Jovem cujus numen contempsit, pertinebant. 

 The Lucifers which Prometheus shirked, belonged to Jupiter, whose authority he despised. 

In fact, Prometheus _made light_ of Jupiter’s _lightning_. 

We now take leave of the Concords, observing only how pleasant it is tosee _relatives agree_. 

 [Illustration: IT ’S PLEASANT TO SEE RELATIVES AGREE. ]

 [Plate: PROMETHEUS VINCTUS. ]

Our next subject is the

 CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 

Which is not quite so amusing as the construction of small boats, paperkites, pinwheels, crackers, or any other mode of displaying the facultyof “constructiveness”-- though in one sense the construction of nounssubstantive, is not unlike the construction of _puzzles_. 

When two substantives of a different signification meet together, thelatter is put in the genitive case, as

 Ulysses lumen Cyclopis extinxit:

 Ulysses doused the glim of the Cyclops. 

This genitive case is sometimes changed into a dative, as

 Urbi pater est, urbique maritus. --Gram. Eton. 

 He is the father of the city, and the husband of the city. 

He must have been a pretty fellow, whoever he was. 

An adjective of the neuter gender, put without a substantive, sometimesrequires a genitive case, as

 Paululùm honestatis sartori sufficit:

 A very little honesty is enough for a tailor. 

A genitive case is sometimes placed alone; the preceding substantivebeing understood by the figure ellipsis, as

 Ubi ad magistri veneris, cave verbum de porco:

 When you are come to the master’s (house), not a word about the pig. 

The word pig is a very general term, and is used to signify not only theanimal so called, and such of the human race as resemble him in habits, appearance, or feelings; but also to denote a variety of little things, which it is sometimes necessary to keep secret. A pedagogue now and thendiscovers a _pig-tail_ appended to his coat collar-- this, or rather theway in which it got there, is one of the little _pigs_ in question. Robbing the larder or the garden is another; so is insinuatinghorse-hairs into the cane, or putting cobbler’s wax on the seat oflearning -- we mean the master’s stool. A sort of _pig_ (or rather a_rat_) is sometimes _smelt_ by the master on taking his nightly walkthough the dormitories, when roast fowl, mince pies, bread and cheese, shrub, punch, &c. Have been slyly smuggled into those places of repose. Shirking down town is always a _pig_, and the consequences thereof, incase of discovery, a great _bore_. 

Considering that a secret is a _pig_, it is singular that betraying oneshould be called letting the _cat_ out of the bag. 

 [Plate: SMELLING A PIG. ]

Two substantives respecting the same thing are put in the same case, as

 Telemachum, juvenem bonæ indolis, Calypso existimavit. 

 Calypso thought Telemachus a nice young man. 

By the way, what a nice young man Virgil makes out Marcellus to havebeen!

Praise, dispraise, or the quality of a thing is placed in the ablative, and also in the genitive case-- as

 Vir paucorum verborum et magni appetitûs:

 A man of few words and large appetite. 

 Paterfamilias. Vir multis miseriis:

 A father of a family. A man of many woes. 

 [Illustration]

The man of most _woes_, however, is a hackney-coachman. 

Opus, need, and usus, need, require an ablative case, as

 Didoni marito opus erat;

 Dido had need of a husband. 

 Æneæ cœnâ usus erat;

 Æneas had need of a dinner. 

But opus appears to be sometimes placed like an adjective fornecessarius, necessary, as

 Regi Anthropophagorum coquus opus est:

 The King of the Cannibal Islands wants a cook. 

Which would serve his purpose best-- a valet-de-chambre who _dresses_men, or a wit, who _roasts_ them?

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. 

 THE GENITIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. 

Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, memory, fear, and thecontrary to these, require a genitive case, as

 Est natura vetularum obtrectationis avida:

 The nature of old women is fond of scandal. 

This particularly applies to old maids. As those delightful creaturesnow-a-days, not content with being _grey_ aspire to be actually _blue_;we cannot help recommending to them a kind of study, for which theirpropensity to _cutting up_ renders them peculiarly adapted; we mean_Anatomy_. And since it is on the foulest and most odious points ofcharacter that they chiefly delight to dwell, we more especially suggestto them the pursuit of _Morbid Anatomy_, as one which is likely to beattended both with gratification and success. 

 Mens tempestatum præscia:

 A mind foreknowing the weather. 

A piece of _sea-weed_ has often, heretofore, been used as a barometer;but it is only of late that this purpose has been answered by a_murphy_. 

 Immemor beneficii:

 Unmindful of a kindness. 

The sort of kindness one is least likely to forget is that which ourmaster used to say he conferred upon us, when he was inculcatinglearning by means of the rod. We cannot help thinking, however, that hebegan _at the wrong end_. 

 Imperitus rerum:

 Unacquainted with the world, i. E. Not ‘up to snuff’. 

Much controversy has been wasted in attempts to determine the origin ofthe phrase “up to snuff”. Some have contended that it was suggested bythe well-known quality possessed by snuff, of _clearing the head_; butthis idea is far fetched, not to say absurd. Others will have that theexpression was derived from Snofe, or Snoffe, the name of a cunningrogue who flourished about the time of the first crusade; so that “up toSnoffe” signified as clever, or knowing, as Snoffe; and was in processof time converted into “up to snuff. ” This opinion is deserving ofnotice; though the only argument in its favour is, that the phrase inquestion was in vogue long before the discovery of tobacco. Probably thesoundest view is that which connects it with the proper name Znoufe, which in ancient High-Dutch is equivalent to Mercury, whose reputationfor astuteness among the ancients was exceedingly great. Conf. Hookey-Walk, ii.  13. Hok. Pok. Wonk-Fum. Viii.  24. Cheek. Marin. Passim, with a host of commentators, ancient and modern. 

 Roscius timidus Deorum fuit:

 _Roscius_ was afraid of the _Gods_. 

Adjectives ending in _ax_, derived from verbs, also require a genitivecase, as

 Tempus edax rerum:

 Time is the consumer of all things. 

Hence Time is sometimes figured as an alderman. 

Nouns partitive, nouns of number, nouns comparative and superlative, andcertain adjectives put partitively, require a genitive case, from whichalso they take their gender; as

 Utrum horum mavis accipe:

 Take which of those two things you had rather. 

So Queen Eleanor gave Fair Rosamond her choice between the dagger andthe bowl of poison. This, to our mind, would have been like choosing atree to be hanged on. 

 Primus fidicinum fuit Orpheus:

 Orpheus was the first of fiddlers. 

He is said to have charmed the hearts of broomsticks. 

 Momus lepidissimus erat Deorum:

 Momus was the funniest of the Gods. 

Other deities may have made Jupiter shake his head. Momus used to makehim shake his sides. 

 Sequimur te, sancte deorum:

 We follow thee, O sacred deity. 

Namely, the aforesaid Momus. He is the only heathen god that we shouldhave had much reverence for, and certainly the only one that we shouldever have sacrificed to at all. The offering most commonly made to thegod of laughter was, probably, _a sacrifice of propriety_. 

But the above nouns are also used with these prepositions, a, ab, de, e, ex, inter, ante; as, Primus inter philosophos Democritus est:

 Democritus is the first amongst philosophers. 

And why? Because he alone was wise enough to find out that laughing isbetter than crying. He it was who first proved to the world thatphilosophy and comicality are, in fact, one science; and that the morewe learn the more we laugh. We forget whether it was he or Aristotle whomade the remark, that man is the only laughing animal except the hyæna. 

_Secundus_ sometimes requires a dative case, as

 Haud ulli veterum virtute secundus:

 Inferior to none of the ancients in valour. 

 [Illustration]

Surely Virgil in saying this, had an eye to a hero, whose fame has beenperpetuated in the verses of a later poet. 

 “Some talk of Alexander, and some of Pericles, Of Conon and Lysander, and Alcibiades; But of all the gallant heroes, there ’s none for to compare, With my ri-fol-de-riddle-iddle-lol to the British grenadier!”

An interrogative, and the word which answers to it, shall be of the samecase and tense, except words of a different construction be made use of;as

 Quarum rerum nulla est satietas? Pomorum. 

 Of what things is there no fulness? Of fruit. 

Dr. Johnson used to say that he never got as much wall fruit as he couldeat. 

 [Illustration]

 THE DATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. 

Adjectives by which advantage, disadvantage, likeness, unlikeness, pleasure, submission, or relation to any thing is signified, require adative case; as

 Astaci incocti patriæ idonei sunt in pace; cocti autem in bello. 

 Raw lobsters are serviceable to their country in peace; but boiled ones in war. 

Lobster’s _claws_ are nasty things to get into. 

The Corporation of London seemed very much afraid of the _Policeclause_. 

One of the reasons why a soldier is sometimes called a lobster, probablyis, that the latter is a _marine_ animal. 

 Balænæ persimile:

 Very like a whale. 

 Qui color albus erat nunc est contrarius albo:

 The colour which was white is now contrary to white. 

Some people will swear white is black to gain their ends; and a man whowill do this, though he may not always be--

 Jucundus amicis:

 Pleasant to his friends;

is nevertheless frequently so to his _constituents_. 

Hither are referred nouns compounded of the preposition _con_, ascontubernalis, a comrade; commilito, a fellow soldier, &c. You must_con_ all such words attentively before you can _con_strue well, or the_con_sequence will be, that you will be _con_siderably blown up, if not_con_foundedly flogged. 

Some of these which signify similitude, are also joined to a genitivecase, as

 Par uncti fulminis:

 Like greased lightning. 

The familiarity of our transatlantic friends with the nature of theelectric fluid, is no doubt owing to the discoveries of their countrymanFranklin. _Q. _ Was the lightning which that philosopher drew down fromthe clouds, of the kind mentioned in the example?

Communis, common; alienus, strange; immunis, free, are joined to agenitive, dative, and also to an ablative case, with a preposition, as

 Aures longæ communes asinorum sunt:

 Long ears are common to asses. 

Though _musical_ ears are not. We even doubt whether they would have theslightest admiration for _Bray_-ham. 

 Non sunt communes caudæ hominibus:

 Tails are not common to men. 

Except coat-tails, shirt-tails, pig-tails, and rats’-tails-- to whichen-_tails_ may perhaps also be added, though these last are often cutoff. 

 Non alienus a poculo cerevisiæ:

 Not averse to a pot of beer. 

We should think we were not; and should as soon think of engaging in anunnatural quarrel with our bread and butter. 

Natus, born; commodus, convenient; incommodus, inconvenient; utilis, useful; inutilis, useless; vehemens, earnest; aptus, fit, are sometimesalso joined to an accusative case with a preposition, as

 Natus ad laqueum:

 Born to a halter. 

 [Illustration]

Those who are reserved for this exalted destiny, are said to enjoy apeculiar immunity from drowning. Is this the reason why _watermen_ aresuch a set of rogues?

To prevent mistakes, it should be mentioned, that the _watermen_ heremeant are those who, by their own account, are so called from theiroffice being _to shut the doors of hackney coaches_. 

Verbal adjectives ending in _bilis_, taken passively, and participlesmade adjectives ending in _dus_, require a dative case; as

 Nulli penetrabilis astro;

 Penetrable by no _star_--

not fond of _acting_?

 O venerande mihi Liston! te luget Olympus:

 O Liston, to be venerated by me the _Olympic_ bewails thee. 

 THE ACCUSATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. 

The measure of quantity is put after adjectives, in the accusative, theablative, and the genitive case, as

 Anguis centum pedes longus:

 A snake a hundred feet long. 

 Arbor gummifera, alta mille et quingentis passibus. 

 A gum-tree a mile and a half high. 

 Aranea, lata pedum denum:

 A spider ten feet broad. 

An accusative case is sometimes put after adjectives and participles, where the preposition secundum, appears to be understood, as

 Os humerosque asello similis:

 Like to a cod-fish as to his head and shoulders. 

Some men _are_ exceedingly like a cod-fish, as to their head andshoulders, and they often endeavour to increase this natural resemblanceas much as possible, by wearing _gills_. 

 THE ABLATIVE CASE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. 

Adjectives which relate to plenty or want, sometimes require anablative, sometimes a genitive case, as

 Amor et melle et felle est fœcundissimus:

 Love is very full both of honey and gall. 

The _honey_ of love is-- we do not know exactly what. Honey, however, isLatin for love, as the Irishman said. 

The gall of love consists in

First. Tight boots, in which it is often necessary to do penance before_our Lady’s_ window. This is at all events very _galling_. 

 [Illustration: A TIGHT BOOT. ]

Secondly. In lover’s sighs, to which it communicates their peculiar_bitterness_. 

Thirdly. Another very _galling_ thing in love is being cut out. 

Fourthly. Love is one of the passions treated of by _Gall_ andSpurzheim. 

Adjectives and substantives govern an ablative case, signifying thecause and the form, or the manner of a thing, as

 Demosthenes vociferatione raucus erat:

 Demosthenes was hoarse with bawling. 

 Nomine grammaticus, re barbarus:

 A grammarian in name; in reality a barbarian. 

Like many of the old masters-- we do not mean painters-- though wecertainly allude to _brothers of the brush_-- perhaps it would be betterto call them _brothers of the angle_, on account of their partiality tothe _rod_. Does the reader _twig_? If so, it is unnecessary to _branch_out into a discussion with regard to the nature of the barbarity hintedat-- a kind of barbarity which, though it may proclaim its perpetratorsto be by no means allied to the _feline_ race, connects them mostdecidedly with the _canine_ species. 

Dignus, worthy; indignus, unworthy; præditus, endued; captus, disabled;contentus, content; extorris, banished; fretus, relying upon; liber, free; with adjectives signifying price, require an ablative case, as

 Leander dignus erat meliore fato:

 Leander was worthy of a better fate. 

Poor fellow! first to be head over ears in love, and then over head andears in the sea! Shocking! What an _hero_ic young man he must havebeen. -- What _a duck_, too, the fair Hero must have thought him as shewatched him from her lonely tower, nearing her every moment, as he cleftwith lusty arm the foaming herring-pond. We mean the Hellespont-- but nomatter. What a _goose_ he must have been considered by any one else whohappened to know of his nightly exploits! How miserably he was _gulled_at last! Never mind. If Leander went to the _fishes_ for love, many abetter man than he, has, before and since, gone, from the same cause, tothe _dogs_. 

 Conscientia procuratoris solidis sex, denariis octo, venale est;

 A lawyer’s conscience is to be sold for six and eightpence. 

Some of these, sometimes admit a genitive case, as

 Carmina digna deæ:

 Verses worthy of a goddess. 

Whether the following verses are worthy of a goddess or not, we shallnot attempt to decide; they were addressed to one at all events-- atleast to a being who, if _idolizing_ constitutes a goddess, may, perhaps, be termed one. We met with them in turning over the pages of analbum. 

 LINES BY A FOND LOVER. 

 Lovely maid, with rapture swelling, Should these pages meet thine eye, Clouds of absence soft dispelling; Vacant memory heaves a sigh. 

 As the rose, with fragrance weeping, Trembles to the tuneful wave, So my heart shall twine unsleeping, Till it canopies the grave!

 Though another’s smiles requited, Envious fate my doom should be: Joy for ever disunited, Think, ah! think, at times on me!

 Oft amid the spicy gloaming, Where the brakes their songs instil, Fond affection silent roaming, Loves to linger by the rill--

 There when echo’s voice consoling, Hears the nightingale complain, Gentle sighs my lips controlling, Bind my soul in beauty’s chain. 

 Oft in slumber’s deep recesses, I thy mirror’d image see; Fancy mocks the vain caresses I would lavish like a bee!

 But how vain is glittering sadness! Hark, I hear distraction’s knell! Torture gilds my heart with madness! Now for ever fare thee well!

 [Illustration: AN ALBUM AUTHOR. ]

It would be interesting as well as instructive to settle the differencebetween love verses and nonsense verses, if this were the proper placefor doing so. But we are not yet come to the Prosody; nor shall wearrive there very soon unless we get on with the Syntax. 

Comparatives, when they may be explained by the word quam, than, requirean ablative case, as

 Achilles Agamemnone velocior erat:

 Achilles was a faster man than Agamemnon. 

_Fast men_ in modern times are very apt to _outrun the constable_. 

Tanto, by so much, quanto, by how much, hoc, by this, eo, by this, andquo, by which; with some other words which signify the measure ofexceeding; likewise ætate, by age, and natu, by birth, are often joinedto comparatives and superlatives, as

 Tanto deformissimus, quanto sapientissimus philosophorum. 

 By so much the ugliest, by how much the wisest of philosophers. 

Such an one was Socrates. It is all very well to have a contemplativedisposition; but it need not be accompanied by a _contemplative nose_. 

 Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt:

 The more they have the more they want. 

This is a curious fact in the natural history of school-boys, consideredin relation to roast beef and plum pudding. 

 Maximum ætate virum in totâ Kentuckiâ contudi:

 I whopped the oldest man in all Kentucky. 

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRONOUNS. 

All those who would understand the construction of pronouns, should takecare to be well versed in the distinction between _meum_ and _tuum_, ignorance of which often gives rise to the disagreeable necessity ofbecoming too intimately acquainted with _quod_. 

Mei, of me, tui, of thee, sui, of himself, nostri, of us, vestri, ofyou, (the genitive cases of their primitives ego, tu, &c. ) are used whena person is signified, as

 Languet desiderio tui:

 He languishes for want of you. 

You cannot give a more acceptable piece of information than the above, to any young lady. The fairer and more amiable sex always like to havesomething-- if not to love, at least to pity. 

 Parsque tui lateat corpore clausa meo. --_Eton Gram. _

 And a part of you may lie shut up in my body. 

Or rather _may_ it so lie! How forcibly a sucking pig hanging up outsidea pork-butcher’s shop always recals this beautiful line of Ovid’s to themind!

Meus, mine, tuus, thine, suus, his own (Cocknicè his’n), noster, ours, vester, yours, are used when action, or the possession of a thing issignified; as

 Qui bona quæ non sunt sua furtim subripit, ille Tempore quo capitur, carcere clausus erit:

 Him as prigs wot isn ’t his’n, Ven he’s cotch’d ’ll go to pris’n. 

 [Illustration]

These possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester, takeafter them these genitive cases, -- ipsius, of himself, solius, of himalone, unius, of one, duorum, of two, trium, of three,  &c. , omnium, ofall, plurium, of more, paucorum, of few, cujusque, of every one, andalso the genitive cases of participles, which are referred to theprimitive word understood; as

 Meis unius impensis pocula sex exhausi:

 I drank six pots to my own cheek. 

We wonder that any one should have the _face_ to say so. 

Sui and suus are reciprocal pronouns, that is, they have always relationto that which went before, and was most to be noted in the sentence, as--

 Jonathanus nimium admiratur se:

 Jonathan admires himself too much. 

 Parcit erroribus suis, He spares his own errors. 

 Magnoperè Jonathanus rogat ne se derideas, Jonathan earnestly begs that you would not laugh at him. 

If you _do_, take care that he does not _blow you up_ one of these finedays. 

These demonstrative pronouns, hic, iste, and ille are thusdistinguished: hic points out the nearest to me; iste him who is by you;ille him who is at a distance from both of us. 

In making _game_ of the Syntax, we regard them as _pointers_. 

When hic and ille are referred to two things or persons going before, hic generally relates to the latter, ille to the former, as

 Richardus Thomasque suum de more bibebant, Ebrius hic vappis, ebrius ille mero:

 Both Dick and Tom caroused away like swine, Tom drunk with swipes, and Dicky drunk with wine. 

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS. 

 THE NOMINATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. 

Verbs substantive, as sum, I am, forem, I might be, fio, I am made, existo, I am; verbs passive of calling, as nominor, I am named, appellor, I am called, dicor, I am said, vocor, I am called, nuncupor, Iam named, and the like to them, as videor, I am seen, habeor, I amaccounted, existimor, I am thought, have the same cases before and afterthem, as

 Adeps viridis est summum bonum:

 Green fat is the chief good. 

Even among the ancients, _turtles_ were the emblems of love; which, nextto eating and drinking, has always been the first object of humanpursuit. This fact proves, very satisfactorily, two things, first, theirproficiency in the science of gastronomy; and, secondly, their extremesusceptibility of the tender passion. 

 Pileus vocatur tegula:

 A hat is called a tile. 

 [Illustration: TILED IN. ]

Likewise all verbs in a manner admit after them an adjective, whichagrees with the nominative case of the verb, in case, gender, andnumber, as

 Pii orant taciti. --_Eton Gram. _

 The pious pray silently. 

Is this a sly rap at the Quakers?

 THE GENITIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. 

Sum requires a genitive case as often as it signifies possession, duty, sign, or that which relates to any thing; as

 Quod rapidam trahit Ætatem pecus est Melibœi, The cattle _wot_ drags the _Age_, fast coach, is Melibœus’s. 

Alas! that such an Age should be banished by the Age of rail-roads!--let us hear the

 COACHMAN’S LAMENT. 

 _Air. _-- “Oh give me but my Arab steed. ”

 Farewell my ribbons, and, alack! Farewell my tidy drag; Mail-coach-men now have got the _sack_, And engineers the _bag_. 

 My heart and whip alike are broke-- I’ve lost my varmint team That used to cut away like _smoke_, But could n’t go like _steam_. 

 It is, indeed, a bitter _cup_, Thus to be sent to _pot_; My bosom boils at boiling up A gallop or a trot. 

 My very brain with _fury_ ’s rack’d, That railways are the _rage_; I’m sure you’ll never find them _act_, Like our old English _stage_. 

 A man whose _passion_ ’s crost, is sore, Then pray excuse my _pet_; I ne’er was _overturn’d_ before, But now am quite _upset_. 

 [Illustration]

These nominative cases are excepted from the above rule, meum, mine, tuum, thine, suum, his, noster, our, vester, your, humanum, human, belluinum brutal, and the like, as

 Non est tuum aviam instruere:

 Don’t teach your grandmother-- to suck eggs. 

 Humanum est inebriari. 

 It is a human frailty-- or an amiable weakness-- to get drunk. 

Lord Byron proves it to be a _human_ frailty. 

 “_Man_ being _reasonable_, _must_ get drunk. ”

 [Illustration: A REASONABLE CREATURE. ]

Another poet (anon. ) proves it to be an _amiable_ one, by establishingthe analogy which exists between it and an intoxication of anotherkind--

 “Love is like a dizziness, Never lets a poor man go about his business. ”

Verbs of accusing, condemning, advising, acquitting, and the like, require a genitive case which signifies the charge; as

 Qui alterum accusat probri, eum ipsum se intueri oportet. 

 It is fit that he who accuses another of dishonesty should look into himself. 

If this maxim were acted up to, what attorney could we ever get to framean indictment?

 Furti damnatus, “tres menses” adeptus est:

 Being condemned of theft, he had “three months. ”

We do not see much _fun_ in that. We cannot help thinking, however, that “Three Months at Brixton, ” would form a taking (at least a_thief_-taking) title for a novel. 

 Admoneto magistrum squalidarum vestium:

 Put the master in mind of his seedy clothes. 

That is if you want a _good dressing_. 

This genitive case is sometimes changed into an ablative, either with orwithout a preposition, as

 Putavi de calendis Aprilibus te esse admonendum:

 I thought that you ought to be reminded of the first of April. 

Young reader! were you ever, on the above anniversary, sent to thecobbler’s for pigeons’ milk, and dismissed with _strap-oil_ for your_pains_? Were your domestic and alimentive affections ever sported withby the false intelligence that a letter from home and a large cake werewaiting for you below! Or worse, did some waggish, but inconsideratefriend ever send you a fool’s-cap and a hamper of stones?

Reader, of a more advanced age, were you ever?-- but we cannot go on--Oh! Matilda-- we might have been your _slave_-- but it was cruel of youto _sell_ us in such a manner. 

Uterque, both, nullus, none, alter, the other, neuter, neither of thetwo, alius, another, ambo, both, and the superlative degree, are joinedto verbs of that kind only in the ablative case, as

 Fratris, an asini, trucidationis accusas me? Utroque, sed sceleris unius:

 Do you accuse me of killing my brother or my donkey? Of both; but of one crime. 

Satago, to be busy about a thing, misereor and miseresco, to pity, require a genitive case, as

 Qui ducit uxorem rerum satagit:

 He who marries a wife has his hands full of business. 

We hear frequently of lovers being _distracted_. Husbands are much moreso. 

 O! tergi miserere mei non digna ferentis:

 Oh! have pity on my back, suffering things undeserved. 

Reminiscor, to remember, obliviscor, to forget, memini, to remember, recorder, to call to mind, admit a genitive or accusative case, as

 Reminiscere nonarum Novembrium:

 Remember the fifth of November. 

No wonder that so many _squibs_ are let off on that day; considering thepolitical feeling connected with it. 

 Hoc te spectantem me meminisse precor:

 When this you see remember me. 

How particularly anxious all young men and women who are lovers, and allwaiters and chambermaids, whether they are lovers or no, besidescoachmen and porters of all kinds, seem to be _remembered_. A coachmanin one respect especially resembles a lover; he always wishes to beremembered by his _fare_. 

Potior, to gain, is joined either to a genitive or to an ablative case, as

 Xantippe, marito subacto, femoralium potita fuit. 

 Xantippe, her husband being overcome, gained the breeches. 

 Terentius Thrace potitus est:

 Terence got a Tartar. 

At least he said he did, when he took the prisoner who would n’t let himcome. 

 THE DATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. 

All verbs govern a dative case of that thing to or for which any thingis gotten or taken away, as

 Diminuam tibi caput:

 I will break your head. 

 Eheu! mihi circulum ademit!

 Oh dear, he has taken away my hoop!

What a thing it is to be a junior boy!

Verbs of various kinds belong to the above rule. In the first placeverbs signifying advantage or disadvantage govern a dative case, as

 Judæi ad commodandum nobis vivunt:

 The Jews live to accommodate us. 

Or accommodate us to live-- which?

Of these juvo, lædo, delecto, and some others, require an accusativecase, as

 Maritum quies plurimum juvat:

 Rest very much delighteth a married man-- when he can get it. 

 [Illustration]

Verbs of comparing govern a dative case, as

 Ajacem “Surdo” componere sæpe solebam:

 I was often accustomed to compare Ajax to the “Deaf un, ”-- not because he was hard of hearing, but hard in hitting. 

Sometimes, however, they require an ablative case with the prepositioncum; sometimes an accusative case with the prepositions ad and inter, as

 Comparo _Pompeium_ cum _globo nivali_:

 I compare _Pompey_ with a _snow-ball_. 

Pompey is called in the schools a proper name. Whether it is a _propername_ for a nigger or not, may be questioned. It may also be doubtedwhether a negro can ever rightly be called “snow-ball, ” except he be _anice_ man; in which case even though he should be the knave of _clubs_, it is obvious that he ought never to be _black balled_. 

 Si ad pensum verberatio comparetur nihil est:

 If a flogging be compared to an imposition, it is nothing. 

A flogging is a fly-blow, or at least a _flea_-blow to the boy, and atask only to the master; whereas an imposition is a task to the boy, andvery often a _verse_ task. 

Verbs of giving and of restoring govern a dative case, as

 Learius unicuique filiarum dimidium coronæ dedit:

 Lear gave his daughters half-a-crown a-piece. 

Hence we are enabled to gain some notion of the great value of money inthe time of the Ancient Britons. 

Verbs of promising and of paying govern a dative case; as

 Menelaus Paridi fustuarium promisit:

 Menelaus promised Paris a drubbing. 

 [Illustration]

 “Gubernatoris” est pendere sartoribus pecuniam:

 It is the place of “the governor” to pay tailors. 

Hence young men may learn how desirable it is to be “in statupupillari. ” True, in that state of felicity, they are somewhat undercontrol, but the above example, and many others of a like nature, sufficiently prove, that such restriction, compared to theresponsibilities of manhood, is but a _minor_ inconvenience. 

Verbs of commanding and telling govern a dative case, as

 Alexander, vinosus, animis imperare non potuit:

 Alexander, when drunk, could not command his temper. 

Thus, in a state of beer, he committed manslaughter at least, by killingand slaying his friend Clitus. We could not resist the temptation tomention this fact, since, as we have so often laughed at its narrationin those interesting compositions called themes, we thought there mustneeds be something very funny about it. Alexander the Great, be itremarked, for the special behoof of schoolboys, furnishes an example ofany virtue or vice descanted on in any prose task or poem under the sun. 

 Antonio dixit Augustus Lepidum veteratorem fuisse. 

 Augustus told Antony that Lepidus was a humbug. 

We don’t know exactly where this historical fact is mentioned. _Lepidus_is a _funny_ name. 

Except, from the foregoing rule, rego, to rule, guberno, to govern, which have an accusative case; tempero and moderor, to rule, which havesometimes a dative, sometimes an accusative case; as

 Luna regit ministros:

 The moon rules the ministers. 

That is to say, when it is at the full, and resembles a great O. 

 Præco pauperes gubernat:

 The beadle governs the paupers. 

 Non semper temperat ipse sibi:

 He does not always govern himself. 

 Non animos mollit proprios, nec temperat iras:

 He neither softens his own mind, nor tempers his anger. 

 Ecce, Ducrow moderatur equos:

 Lo, Ducrow manages the horses. 

_Q. _ Why is a general officer like a writing-master?

_A. _ Because he is a _ruler of lines_. 

Verbs of trusting govern a dative case, as

 Credite, fœmineæ, juvenes, committere menti, Nil nisi lene decet. 

 Believe me, young men, it is fit to entrust nothing to a female mind but what is _soft_. 

In fact, _soft nothings_ are fittest for the ear of a lady. 

 Pomarius poetæ non credit:

 The costermonger trusts not the poet. 

How wrong, therefore, it is to call him a _green_ grocer. 

Verbs of complying with and of opposing govern a dative case, as

 Nunquam obtemperat tiro hodiernus magistro:

 A modern apprentice never obeys his master. 

Verbs of threatening and of being angry govern a dative case, as

 Utrique latronum mortem est minitatus:

 He threatened death to both of the robbers, --

By presenting a pistol right and left at each of them. This when done bysome well-disposed sailor in a melodrame, constitutes a situation ofthrilling interest. 

 [Illustration]

Sum with its compounds, except possum, governs a dative case, as

 Oculi nigri non semper sunt faciei ornamentum:

 Black eyes are not always an ornament to the face. 

 [Illustration]

Verbs compounded with these adverbs, bene, well, satis, enough, male, ill, and with these prepositions, præ, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, inter, for the most part govern a dative case, as

 Saginatio multis hominibus benefacit:

 Cramming does good to many men. 

For instance, it does good to aldermen, especially in these days ofreform, _by enlarging the Corporation_. Cramming, or rather the effectof it, benefits medical men, who again do good to their patients by_cramming_ them in another way. There is also a species of crammingwhich is found very serviceable at the Universities, by enabling certainstudents to _pass in a crowd. _

 [Illustration: OH! HERE ’S A COMPLIMENT. ]

In this respect however it differs essentially from aldermanic cramming, which enhances the difficulty of such a feat in a very remarkablemanner. 

 Puellæ, aliæ aliis prælucere student:

 Girls endeavour to outshine one another. 

And yet they _make light_, as much as they can, of each other’s charmsand accomplishments. 

 Intempestive parum longe prospicienti Doctori adlusit. 

 He joked unseasonably on the short-sighted Doctor. 

Johnson was not so short-sighted as to be blind to a joke. 

Not a few of the verbs mentioned in the last rule, sometimes change thedative into another case; as

 Præstat ingenio alius alium:

 One exceeds another in ability. 

 [Illustration]

Thus one boy learns Latin and Greek better than the rest; another learnsslang. One is a good hand at construing, another at climbing. Some boysare peculiarly skilled at casting accounts, others in casting stones. Here we have a boy of a small appetite and many words, there one of alarge appetite and few words. Sometimes precocious talent is evinced forplaying the fiddle, sometimes for playing a _stick_; sometimes, again, a strong propensity is discovered for playing the fool. This boy makesverses, as it were, by inspiration; that boy shows an equal capacity inmaking mouths. The most peculiar talent, however, and the one mostexclusive of all others, is that of riding. Those who are destined toattain great proficiency in this science, can seldom do any thing else;and usually begin their career by being _horsed_ at school. 

Est, for habeo to have, governs a dative case, as

 Est mihi qui vestes custodit avunculus omnes:

 I have an uncle who takes care of all my clothes. 

Suppetit, it sufficeth, is like to this, as

 Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus:

 For he is not poor, to whom the use of things suffices. 

The two last examples must suggest a rather alarming idea to those whoare accustomed to propitiate the relation to whom we have just alluded, by relinquishing _their habits_. Is it possible that he can ever _use_one’s _things_? We recommend this query to the serious consideration oftheatrical persons, and all others who are addicted to _spouting_. 

_Sum_ with many _others_ admits a double dative case, as

 Exitio est avidis alvus pueris:

 The belly is the destruction of greedy boys. 

Particularly those of _Eton_ College. 

Sometimes this dative case tibi, or sibi, or also mihi, is added for thesake of elegance in expression, as

 Cato suam sibi uxorem Hortensio vendidit:

 Cato sold his own wife to Hortensius. 

 [Illustration]

Some say he only lent her. The fact most probably is, that the lady, being tired of her husband, wished to be a-_loan_. 

 THE ACCUSATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. 

Verbs transitive, of what kind soever, whether active, deponent, orcommon, require an accusative case, as

 Procuratorem fugito, nam subdolus idem est:

 Avoid an attorney, for the same is a cunning rogue. 

Yet the legal profession are always boasting of their _deeds_. 

Verbs neuter have an accusative case of a like signification tothemselves, as

 Pomarii asinus duram servit servitutem:

 A coster-monger’s donkey serves a hard servitude. 

Poor animal! A _Sterne_ heart was once melted by thy sufferings-- howthen must they affect that of the _gentle_ reader?

There are some verbs which have an accusative case by a figure, as

 Nec vox hominem sonat;

 Nor does your voice sound like a human creature’s. 

This may be said of boys of various kinds-- as pot-boys, butcher’s boys, baker’s boys, and other boys who are in the habit of bawling down areas;also of several descriptions of men, as cab-men, coach-men, watch-men, and dust-men. The same may likewise be asserted of some women, such asapple-women, oyster-women, fish-women, and match-women. Here also thesinging of charity children of both sexes, and the voices ofparish-clerks, may be specified, and, lastly, of many foreigners whosenames terminate in ini. 

 [Illustration]

Verbs of asking, of teaching, of clothing, and of concealing, commonlygovern two accusative cases, as

 Ego docebo te, adolescentule, lectiones tuas:

 _I’ll_ teach you your lessons, young man. 

This speech is usually the prelude to something which elicits thatexemplification of the vocative case which has been given in the firstpart of the Grammar. 

Some verbs of this kind have an accusative case even in the passivevoice, as

 Bis denos posceris versus de scoparum manubrio:

 You are required to make twenty verses on a broomstick. 

Why should not a broomstick form the subject of a poetical effusion, when the material of the broom itself is so often used in schools tostimulate inventive genius?

Nouns appellative are commonly added with a preposition to verbs whichdenote motion, as

 Interea ad templum non æquæ Palladis ibant Crinibus Iliades passis. _Virgil. _

 In the mean time the Trojan woman went to the temple of unfriendly Pallas with their hair about their ears. 

How odd they must have looked. Here we take occasion to remindschoolboys never to lose an opportunity of giving a comic rendering toany word or phrase susceptible thereof, which they may meet with in thecourse of their reading. To say “crinibus passis”, -- “with dishevelledhair” would be to give a very feeble and spiritless translation. Vir isliterally construed _man_; some school-masters will have it called_hero_, -- we propose to translate it _cove_. So dapes may be rendered_grub_, or perhaps _prog_; aspera Juno, _crusty Juno_; animam efflare, to _kick the bucket_; capere fugam, to _cut one’s stick_, or _lucky_;confectus, _knocked up_; fraudatus, _choused_; contundere, _to whop_, &c.  &c. 

 THE ABLATIVE CASE AFTER THE VERB. 

Every verb admits an ablative case, signifying the instrument, or thecause, or the manner of an action, as

 Pulvere nitrato Catilina senatum subruere voluit:

 Catiline wished to blow up the Parliament. Catiline was a regular Guy. 

A noun of price is put after some words in the ablative case, as

 Ovidius solidis duobus fibulas siphonem ascendere fecit:

 Ovid pawned his buckles for two shillings. 

The _sipho_ was a tube, pipe, or spout, projecting from the shops ofpawnbrokers, of whom there is every reason to believe that there were agreat many in ancient Rome. Into this _sipho_ the pledges were placed inorder to be conveyed to the _adytum_ or secret recess of the dwelling. _Vide_ Casaubon de Avunc: Roman. 

Vili, at a low rate, paulo, for little, minimo, for very little, magno, for much, nimio, for too much, plurimo, for very much, dimidio, forhalf, duplo, for twice as much, are often put by themselves, the word, pretio, price, being understood, as

 Vili venit cibus caninus:

 Dog’s meat is sold at a low rate. 

These genitive cases put without substantives are excepted, tanti, forso much, quanti, for how much, pluris, for more, minoris, for less, quantivis, for as much as you please, tantidem, for just so much, quantilibet, for what you will, quanticunque for how much soever, as

 Non es tanti: You’re no great shakes. 

Flocci, of a lock of wool, nauci, of a nut-shell, nihili, of nothing, assis, of a penny, pili, of a hair, hujus, of this, teruncii, of afarthing, are added very properly to verbs of esteeming, as

 Nec verberationem flocci pendo, nec ferulâ percussionem pili æstimo:

 I don’t value a flogging a straw, nor do I regard a spatting a hair. 

A boy who can say this, must have a brazen front, and an iron back, andbe altogether a lad of _mettle_. 

Verbs of abounding, of filling, of loading, and their contraries, arejoined to an ablative case, as

 Tauris abundat Hibernia:

 Ireland aboundeth in bulls. 

This circumstance it most probably was which gave rise to the _Tales_ ofthe O’Hara family. 

We once heard a son of Erin, while undergoing the operation of bleedingfrom the arm, remark that that would be an easy way of _cutting one’sthroat_. 

Some of these sometimes govern a genitive case, as

 Optime ostrearum implebantur:

 They had a capital blow out of oysters. 

We are sorry to remark that these are the only _native_ productionspatronized by great people. 

Fungor, to discharge, fruor, to enjoy, utor, to use, vescor, to liveupon, dignor, to think one’s self worthy, muto, to change, communico, tocommunicate, supersedeo, to pass by, are joined to an ablative case, as

 Qui adipisci cœnas optimas volet, leonis fungatur officiis. 

 He who shall desire to obtain excellent dinners, should discharge the office of a lion. 

 [Illustration]

In which case he will come in for the “lion’s share. ”

_Q. _ Why is the lion of a party like one of the grand sources ofprejudice mentioned by Lord Bacon?

_A. _ Because he is the _Idol_ of the _den_. 

Mereor, to deserve, with these adverbs, bene, well, satis, enough, male, ill, melius, better, pejus, worse, optime, very well, pessime, very ill, is joined to an ablative case with the preposition de, as

 De libitinario medicus bene meretur:

 The doctor deserves well of the undertaker. 

Notwithstanding it might at first sight appear, that the doctor, in_furnishing funerals_, invades the undertaker’s province. 

Some verbs of receiving, of being distant, and of taking away, aresometimes joined to a dative case, as

 Augustus eripuit mihi nitorem:

 Augustus has taken the shine out of me. 

 _Last Dying Speech of M. Antony. _

An ablative case, taken absolutely, is added to some verbs, as

 Porcis volentibus lætissime epulabimur:

 Please the pigs we’ll have a jolly good dinner. 

The pig had divine honours paid to it by the ancient Greeks. --Jos. Scalig. De Myst. Eleusin. 

An ablative case of the part affected, and by the poets an accusativecase, is added to some verbs, as

 Qui animo ægrotat, eum aera risum moventem ducere oportet. 

 He who is sick in mind should breathe the laughing gas. 

Much learned controversy has been expended in endeavouring to determinewhether this gas was the exhalation by which it is supposed that theancient Pythonesses were affected. 

 Rubet nasum:

 His nose is red. 

 Candet genas:

 His cheeks are pale. 

Some of these words are used also with the genitive case, as

 Angitur animi juvenis iste, et mundum indignatur. 

 That young man is grieved in mind and disgusted with the world. 

Such a man is called by the ladies an interesting young man. 

 VERBS PASSIVE. 

An ablative case of the doer (but with the preposition a or ab goingbefore), and sometimes also a dative case, is added to verbs passive, as

 Darius eleganter ab Alexandro victus est:

 Darius was elegantly licked by Alexander. 

The other cases continue to belong to verbs passive which belonged tothem as verbs active, as

 Titanes læsæ majestatis accusati sunt:

 The Titans were indicted for high treason. 

And being found guilty were _quartered_ in a very uncomfortable manner, as well as _drawn_ by various artists, whose skill in _execution_ hasbeen much commended. 

Vapulo, to be beaten, veneo, to be sold, liceo, to be prized, exulo, tobe banished, fio, to be made, neuter passives, have a passiveconstruction, as

 A præceptore vapulabis. _Eton Gram. _

 You will be beaten by the master. 

It appears to us that vapulo, to be beaten, is here at all events moresusceptible of a passive construction than a funny one. 

 Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire. _Eton Gram. _

 I had rather be stripped by a citizen than sold by an enemy. 

The Romans were regularly _sold_ by the enemy for once, when they had togo under the yoke. 

 VERBS OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Verbs of the infinitive mood are put after some verbs, participles, andadjectives, and substantives also by the poets, as

 Timotheus ursos saltare fecit:

 Timotheus made the bears dance. 

This was done in ancient as it is in modern times, by playing thePandean pipes. 

 Inconcinnus erat cerni Telamonius Ajax; Ajax (ut referunt) vir bonus ire minor:

 The Telamonian Ajax was a rum un to look at; The lesser Ajax (as they say) a good un to go. 

The Grecians used to call Ajax senior, the _fighting cock_, and Ajaxjunior, the _running cock_. 

Verbs of the infinitive mood are sometimes placed alone by the figureellipsis, as

 Siphonum de more oculis demittere fluctus Dardanidæ:

 The Trojans (began understood) to pipe their eyes. 

As for Æneas he might have been a town _crier_. 

 GERUNDS AND SUPINES

govern the cases of their own verbs, as

 Efferor studio pulices industrios videndi:

 I am transported with the desire of seeing the industrious fleas. 

 [Illustration]

 GERUNDS. 

 “When Dido found Æneas would not come, She mourned in silence, and was Di-do-dum. ”

Gerunds in di have the same construction as genitive cases, and dependboth on certain substantives and adjectives, as

 Londinensem innatus amor civem urget edendi:

 An innate love of eating excites the London citizen. 

People are accustomed to utter a great deal of cant about theintellectual poverty of civic magistrates, and common councilmen ingeneral; but it must be allowed that those respectable individuals haveoften _a great deal in them_. 

 [Illustration: TURTUR ALDERMANICUS. ]

Gerunds in do have the same construction with ablative, and gerunds indum with accusative cases, as

 Scribendi ratio conjuncta cum loquendo est:

 The means of writing are joined with speaking. 

Some things are written precisely after the writer’s way of speaking. Weonce, for example, saw the following notice posted in a gentleman’spreserve. 

 Whear ’as Gins and Engens are Set on Thes Grouns for the Destruction Of Varmint, Any trespussing Will be prossy- Cuted a-cordin Too Law. 

 Locus ad agendum amplissimus:

 A place very honourable to plead in. 

It may be questioned whether Cicero would have said this of the OldBailey. 

When necessity is signified, the gerund in dum is used without apreposition, the verb est being added. 

 Cavendum est ne deprênsus sis:

 You must take care you ’re not caught out. 

 [Illustration]

A piece of advice of special importance to schoolboys on many occasions, such as the following: shirking down town; making devils, or letting offgunpowder behind the school, or in the yard; conducting a foray orpredatory excursion in gardens and orchards; emulating Jupiter, à laSalmoneus, -- in his attribute of Cloud-Compelling-- by blowing a cloud, or to speak in the vernacular, indulging in a cigar; hoisting a frog;tailing a dog or cat, or in any other way acting contrary to theprecepts of the Animals’ Friend Society; learning to construe on theHamiltonian system; furtively denuding the birch-rods of their “buddinghonours. ” Cum multis aliis quæ nunc perscribere longum est. 

Gerunds are also changed into nouns adjective, as

 Ad faciendos versus molestum est:

 It is a bore to make verses. 

This being a self-evident proposition, we shall not enlarge upon it. 

The supine in um signifies actively, and follows a verb expressingmotion to a place, as

 Spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsæ:

 They come to see, they come that they themselves may be seen. 

So said, or sung the poet Ovid. Was there an opera at Rome in his time?

The supine in u signifies passively, and follows nouns adjective, as

 Quod olfactu fœdum est, idem est et esu turpe:

 That which is foul to be smelled, is also nasty to be eaten. 

Except venison, onions, and cheese. 

 NOUNS OF TIME AND PLACE. 

 TIME. 

Tempus-- time. There is a story, mentioned (we quote from memory) by thelearned Joe Miller; of a fellow who seeing “Tempus Fugit” inscribed upona clock, took it for the name of the artificer. 

Persons who have lived a long _time_ in the world, are generallyaccounted _sage_; and are sometimes considered to have had a good_seasoning_. 

Nouns which signify a part of time are put more commonly in the ablativecase, as

 Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit:

 No mortal man is wise at all hours. 

The excuse of a philosopher for getting married. 

But nouns which signify the duration of time are commonly put in theaccusative case, as

 Pugna inter juvenem Curtium et Titum Sabinum tres horas perduravit. 

 The fight between young Curtius and Sabine Titus lasted three hours. 

It is an error to suppose that Roman mills were only water-mills andwind-mills. The above mill must have been rather a “winder” though, andmust have cost the combatants much _pains_. 

We say also: in paucis diebus, in a few days: de die, by day, de nocte, by night,  &c. 

A jest upon the nouns of _Time_ would, perhaps, be somewhat ill timed:we hope, however, to have _Space_ for one presently. 

 THE SPACE OF A PLACE. 

The space of a place is put in the accusative, and sometimes also in theablative, as

 Cæsar jam mille passus processerat, summâ diligentiâ. 

 Cæsar had now advanced a mile with the greatest diligence--

not on the top of the vehicle so named, as a young gentleman wasonce flogged for saying. 

 Qui non abest a scholâ centenis millibus passuum, balatronem novi. 

 I know a blackguard who is not absent a hundred miles from the school. 

“Cantare et apponere” to sing and apply, is the maxim we would hereinculcate on our youthful readers. 

Every verb admits a genitive case of the name of a city or town in whichany thing takes place, so that it be of the first or second declension, and of the singular number, as

 Quid Romæ faciam? mentiri nescio:

 What shall I do at Rome? I know not how to lie. 

What a bare-faced perversion of the truth that cock and bull story is ofCurtius jumping into the hole in the forum. How the Romans managed toget _credit_ from any body but the tailors is to us a mystery. 

These genitive cases, humi, on the ground, domi, at home, militiæ, inwar, belli, in war, follow the construction of proper names, as

 Parvi sunt foris arma nisi est consilium domi:

 Arms are of little worth abroad unless there be wisdom at home. 

Cicero must have said this with a prospective eye to Canada. 

But if the name of a city or town shall be of the plural number only, orof the third declension, it is put in the ablative case, as

 Aiunt centum portas Thebis fuisse:

 They say there were an hundred gates at Thebes. 

You needn’t believe it unless you like. 

 Egregia Tibure facta videnda sunt:

 Fine doings are to be seen at Tivoli. 

The name of a place is often put after verbs signifying motion to aplace in the accusative case without a preposition, as

 Concessi Cantabrigiam ad capiendum ingenii cultum:

 I went to Cambridge to become a fast man. 

After this manner we use domus, a house, and rus, the country, as Rusire jussus sum, I was rusticated. Domum missus eram, I was sent home. 

Going _too fast_ at Cambridge sometimes necessitates, in two senses, a dose of country air. 

The name of a place is sometimes added to verbs signifying motion from aplace, in the ablative case without a proposition, as

 Arbitror te Virginiâ veteri venisse:

 I reckon you’ve come from old Virginny. 

 VERBS IMPERSONAL. 

Verbs impersonal have no nominative case, as

 Scenas post tragicas multum juvat ire sub umbras:

 After a tragedy it is very pleasant to go under the _Shades_. 

The worst of these “Shades” is, that people are now and then apt to getrather “too much in the sun” there. 

These impersonals, interest, it concerns, and refert, it concerns, arejoined to any genitive cases, except these ablative cases feminine, meâ, tuâ, suâ, nostrâ, vestrâ, and cujâ, as

 Interest magistratûs tueri insulsos, animadvertere in acres. 

 It concerns the magistrate to defend the flats; to punish the sharps. 

These genitive cases also, are added, tanti, of so much, quanti, of howmuch, magni, of much, parvi, of little, quanticunque, of how muchsoever, tantidem, of just so much; as

 Tanti refert honesta agere;

 Of such consequence is it to do honest things. 

By this course of conduct, you certainly render yourself worthy of theprotection of the magistrate; although whether you thereby constituteyourself a flat or not, is perhaps a doubtful question. Much may be saidon both sides. Dishonesty, it is true, may lead to being taken up; butthen honesty often leads to being taken _in_. Yet honesty is said to bethe best policy. Policy is a branch of wisdom, and “wisdom” they say “isin the _wig_. ” Certain _wigs_ are retained at the _head_-- of affairs, by a good deal of _policy_; perhaps the _best_ they could adopt-- a factthat throws considerable doubt on the truth of the old maxim. 

 [Illustration]

Impersonal verbs which are put acquisitively, require a dative case; butthose which are put transitively an accusative, as--

 A ministris nobis benefit:

 We enjoy blessings from Ministers. 

For instance-- No-- We cannot think of any just at present. 

 Me juvat per lunam errare, et “Isabellam” cantare:

 I like to wander by moonlight, and sing “Isabelle. ”

The connexion between love and moonlight is as interesting as it iscertain. We shrewdly suspect that the said planet has more to do withthe tender passion than lovers are aware of. 

But the preposition _ad_ is peculiarly _ad_ded to these verbs-- attinet, it belongs, pertinet, it pertains, spectat, it concerns, as

 Spectat ad omnes bene vivere:

 It concerns all to live well--

When they can afford it. 

An accusative case with a genitive is put after these verbs impersonal--pœnitet, it repents, tædet, it wearies, miseret, miserescit, it pities, pudet, it shames, piget, it grieves, as--

 “Nihil me pœnitet hujus nasi”-- Trist: Shand:

 “My nose has been the making of me. ”

A verb impersonal of the passive voice may be elegantly taken for eachperson of both numbers; that is to say, by virtue of a case added to it. 

Thus statur is used for sto, stas, stat, stamus, statis, stant. Statur ame; it is stood by me, that is, I stand; statur ab illis: it is stood bythem, or they stand. 

King George the Fourth’s statue at King’s Cross is a _standing joke_. 

 [Illustration {King’s Cross / WINKLES’s / _Steel and Copper Plate Manufactory_}]

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES. 

Participles govern the cases of the verbs from which they are derived, as--

 Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas, Talia voce refert:

 Stretching forth his hands to heaven, he utters _such_ things. 

 [Illustration]

This reminds us of the Italian opera. 

A dative case is sometimes added to participles of the passive voice, especially when they end in dus, as--

 Sollicito nasus rutilans metuendus amanti est:

 A fiery nose is to be feared by an anxious lover. 

Participles, when they become nouns, require a genitive case, as--

 Vectigalis appetens, linguæ profusus:

 Greedy of _rint_, lavish of blarney. 

Exosus, hating, perosus, utterly hating, pertæsus, weary of, signifyingactively, require an accusative case, as--

 Philosophus exosus ad unam mulieres:

 A philosopher hating women in general, _i. E. _ a Malthusian. 

Exosus, hated, and perosus, hated to death, signifying passively, areread with a dative case, as

 Comœdi sanctis exosi sunt:

 The comedians are hated by the saints. 

We mean the spiritual Quixotes, or Knights of the Rueful Countenance. We“calculate” that they will be the greatest patrons of rail roads, considering their dislike to the _stage_. 

Natus, born, prognatus, born, satus, sprung, cretus, descended, creatus, produced, ortus, risen, editus, brought forth, require an ablative case, and often with a preposition, as--

 Taffius, bonis prognatus parentibus, cerevisiam haud tenuem de sese existimat:

 Taffy, sprung of good parents, thinks no small beer of himself. 

 De Britannis Antiquis se jactat editum:

 He boasts of being descended from the Ancient Britons. 

_Q. _ Why is the eldest son of a King of England like a Leviathan?

_A. _ Because he is the Prince of _Wales_. 

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. 

En and ecce, adverbs of showing, are joined most commonly to anominative case, to an accusative case but seldom, as

 En Romanus: See the Roman (q. Rum-un. )

 Ecce Corinthium: Behold the Corinthian. 

Modern Corinthians, we fear, know but little Greek, except that of theÆgidiac, or St. Giles’s dialect. 

En and ecce, adverbs of upbraiding, are joined most commonly to anaccusative case only, as--

 En togam squamosam!

 Look at his scaly toga!

 Ecce caudam! Twig his tail!

 [Illustration]

 [Plate: DOMESTIC ELOCUTION “MY NAME IS NORVAL ON THE GRAMPIAN HILLS”]

Certain adverbs of time, place, and quantity, admit a genitive case, as

 Ubi gentium est Quadra Russelliana?

 Where in the world is Russell Square?

We must confess that this question is _exquisitely_ absurd. 

 Nihil tunc temporis amplius quam flere poteram:

 I could do nothing more at that time than weep. 

Talking of weeping-- how odd it is that an affectionate wife should crywhen her husband is _transported_ for life. 

 Satis eloquentiæ, sapientiæ parum:

 Eloquence enough, wisdom little enough. 

This quotation applies very forcibly to domestic oratory as practised bysmall boys at the instigation of their mamma, for the _amusement_ ofvisitors. Those on whom “little bird with boothom wed, ” “deep _in_ thewindingths _of_ a whale, ” or “my name is Nawval, ” and the likerecitations are inflicted, have “satis eloquentiæ”-- enough ofeloquence, in all conscience; and we cannot but think that “sapientiæparum, ” “wisdom little enough” is displayed by all the other partiesconcerned. 

Some adverbs admit the cases of the nouns from which they are derived, as

 Juvenis benevolus sibi inutiliter vivit:

 The good-natured young man lives unprofitably to himself--

Especially if he have a large circle of female acquaintance. 

These adverbs of diversity, aliter, otherwise, and secus, otherwise; andthese two, ante, before, and post, after, are often joined to anablative case, as--

 Plure aliter. More t’other. 

 Multo ante. Much before. 

 Paulo post. Little behind. 

 [Illustration]

Those who are much _before_, are guilty of a great _waste_-- of time;and those who are little behind should make it up by a _bustle_. 

Instar, like or equal to, and ergo, for the sake of, being taken asadverbs, have a genitive case after them, as--

 Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte Ædificant:

 By the divine assistance of Pallas they build a horse as big as a mountain. 

This may appear incredible; yet the learned Munchausenius relatesprodigies much more astonishing. 

 Mentitur Virgilius leporis ergo:

 Virgil tells lies for fun. 

As may be sufficiently seen in the example before the last, and also inthe sixth book of the Æneid, passim. 

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions copulative and disjunctive, couple like cases, moods, andtenses, as

 Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platonem geographiam, astronomiam, et rationem globorum:

 Socrates taught Xenophon and Plato geography, astronomy, and the use of the globes. 

_Q. _ How may a waterman answer the polite interrogation “Who are you?”correctly, and designate at the same time, an educational institution. 

_A. _ By saying A-cad-am-I. 

The foregoing rule (not riddle) holds good, unless the reason of adifferent construction requires it should be otherwise, as

 Emi librum centussi et pluris:

 I bought a book for a hundred pence, and more, “100d. Are 8s. 4d. ” --Walkinghame. 

The conjunction, quam, than, is often understood after amplius, more, plus, more, and minus, less, as

 Amplius sunt sex menses:

 There are more than six months. 

For this interesting piece of information we are indebted to Cicero. Theauthor to whom reference has just been made, has somewhere, if wemistake not, a similar observation. In thus _ushering_ the _Tutor’s_Assistant into notice, we feel that we are citing a work of which it isimpossible to make too comical mention. 

Thank goodness there are not more than six months in a half year!

 TO WHAT MOODS OF VERBS CERTAIN ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS DO AGREE. 

Ne, an, num, whether put doubtfully or indefinitely, are joined to asubjunctive mood, as--

 Nihil refert fecerisne an persuaseris:

 It matters nothing whether you have done it or persuaded to it--

as the school-master said when he got hold of the wrong end of the cane. 

Here it may be remarked-- First, that the young gentlemen who playtricks with _tallow_ are likely to get more _whacks_ than they like ontheir fingers. Secondly-- That a master whose hand is in _Grease_ cannotbe expected to be at the same time in _A-merry-key_. 

Dum, for dummodo, so that, and quousque, until, requires a subjunctivemood, as--

 Dum felix sis, quid refert?

 What’s the odds, so long as you’re happy. 

Qui, signifying the cause, requires a subjunctive mood, as

 Stultus es qui Ovidio credas:

 You are a fool for believing Ovid. 

Ut, for, postquam, after that, sicut, as, and quomodo, how, is joined toan indicative mood; but when it signifies quanquam, although, utpote, forasmuch as, or the final cause, to a subjunctive mood, as

 Ut sumus in Ponto ter frigore constitit Ister:

 Since that we are in Pontus the Danube has stood frozen three times. 

Were skating and sliding classical accomplishments? Ambition, we know, led many of the Romans to tread on _slippery_ ground: many of themstruck out new paths, but none (that we have heard of) ever struck out aslide. Imagine Cato or Seneca “coming the cobbler’s knock. ”

 Te oro, domine, ut exeam:

 Please, sir, let me go out. 

Lastly, all words put indefinitely, such as are these, quis, who, quantus, how great, quotus, how many, require a subjunctive mood, as

 Cave cui incurras, inepte:

 Mind who you run against, stupid. 

 [Illustration]

Such may have been the speech of a Roman cabman. A very curious specimenof the _tessera_, or badge, worn on the breast by this description ofpersons, has lately been discovered at Herculaneum. 

 [Illustration]

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF PREPOSITIONS. 

A preposition being understood, sometimes causes an ablative case to beadded, as

 Habeo pigneratorem loco avunculi; _i. E. _ in loco:

 I esteem a pawnbroker in the place of an uncle: that is, _in loco_. 

A preposition in composition sometimes governs the same case which italso governed out of composition, as

 Jupiter Olympo Vulcanum calce exegit:

 Jupiter kicked Vulcan out of Olympus. 

This was not only an ungentlemanly, but also an _ungodly_ act onJupiter’s part. Reasoning à posteriori, one would think it must havebeen very unpleasant to Vulcan. 

 Præteriit me in Quadrante insalutatum:

 He cut me in the Quadrant. 

Verbs compounded with a, ab, de, e, ex, in, sometimes repeat the sameprepositions with their case out of composition, and that elegantly, as

 Abstinuerunt a vino:

 They abstained from wine. 

This properly is an allusion to the Tiber-totallers. It should beremembered that tea was unknown in Rome, except as the accusative caseof a pronoun. 

In, for, erga, towards, contra, against, ad, to, and supra, above, requires an accusative case, as

 Quietum Accipit in pueros animum mentemque benignam:

 He admits kind thoughts and inclinations towards the boys. 

The master does-- when he gives them a half holiday or a blow out. Mr. Squeers (vide Nicholas Nick: illustriss. Boz. ) was in the habit of_making much_ of the young gentlemen intrusted to his care. 

Sub, when it relates to time, is commonly joined to an accusative case, as

 Sub idem tempus-- Isaaculus trans maria deportatus est:

 About the same time-- Ikey was transported beyond the seas. 

We say _beyond the seas_, lest it should be questioned whether Mr.  I. Was _transported_ as a necessary or contingent consequence of cheating. 

Super, for, ultra, beyond, is put with an accusative case, for de, concerning, with an ablative case, as

 Super et Garamantas et Indos Proferet imperium:

 He will extend the empire both beyond the Africans and the Indians. 

A wide _rule_ expressed in poetical _measure_. 

 Quid de domesticis Peruviorum rebus censeas?

 What may be your opinion concerning the domestic economy of the Peruvians?

Tenus, as far as, is joined to an ablative case, both in the singularand plural number, as

 Cervice, auribusque tenus Marius in luto inveniebatur:

 Marius was found up to his neck and ears in mud. 

What a lark! or rather a mud lark. But tenus is joined to a genitiveonly in the plural, and it always follows its case, as

 Crurum tenus: up to the _legs_. 

Which it is very necessary to be at Epsom and Ascot. 

 THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERJECTIONS. 

Interjections are often put without a case, as

 Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudâ connixa reliquit:

 Having yearned, she left the hope of the flock, alas! upon the bare flint stones. 

And exposed to the _steely_-hearted world, which, as an Irishmanremarked, was a dangerous situation for _tinder_ infancy. It must havebeen, to say the least, a most uncomfortable _berth_. 

O! of one exclaiming, is joined to a nominative, accusative, andvocative case, as

 O lex! Oh law! O alaudas! Oh larks! Oh meum! Oh my! O care! Oh dear!

We cannot find out what is Latin for oh Crikey!

Heu! and proh! alas! are joined, sometimes to a nominative, sometimes toan accusative, and occasionally to a vocative case, as-- Heu bellis!Lack-a-_daisy_. Heu diem! Lack-a-_day_. Proh Clamor! Oh _cry_! Proh deospisciculosque! Oh, ye gods and little fishes!

 Heu miserande puer!

 Oh, boy, to be pitied!

What boy is more to be pitied than a junior boy? The _Fagin_ systemdescribed in Oliver Twist is nothing compared to that adopted in publicschools. People may say what they will of the beneficial effect which itproduces on the minds of those who are subjected to it-- we contend thatto breed a gentleman’s son up like a _tiger_ is the readiest way to makea _beast_ of him. 

Hei! and væ! alas, are joined to a dative case, as

 Hei mihi quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis:

 Woe is me that love is curable by no herbs. 

 [Plate: HEU! MISERANDE PUER!]

Ovid never would have said that, if he had smoked a cigar or chewedtobacco. The ancients believed that love might be excited by certainarticles taken from the vegetable kingdom. Why then should it beconsidered impossible to allay the same feeling in a similar manner?Every bane has its corresponding antidote; if so, there may be physiceven for a philter. And for the pangs which a _virgin_ has inflicted, what remedy could be prescribed more reasonable than the _Virginian_weed;-- besides, love generally ends in smoke. 

 [Illustration: A CURE FOR THE HEARTACHE. ]

 Væ misero capiti, madefacto, sæpe fenestræ Imbribus immundis, Lydia cara, tuæ:

 Woe to my wretched head, often wetted, dear Lydia, by the unclean showers of your window. 

This would be a proper place for introducing a few remarks on theancient mode of serenading; which we are prevented from doing by thevery imperfect state of our present information on this interestingpoint. It is, however, pretty generally admitted that the Romans alwaystook care to provide themselves with an umbrella on these occasions, and this for a reason which the above distich will have renderedsufficiently obvious. It appears to us that so salutary a precaution iswell worthy of being sometimes adopted in these modern days-- and withthis hint we conclude the Syntax. 

+PROSODY. +

 All you that bards of note would be, Must study well your Prosody. 

As Comparative Anatomy teaches what the sound of a cod-fish is; soProsody teaches what is the sound of syllables. 

Sound and quantity mean the same thing; though how that fact is to bereconciled with the proverb, “great _cry_ and little _wool_, ” we do notknow. 

Prosody is divided into three parts. Tone, Breathing, and Time. As totone-- boys are usually required to repeat it in a loud one, withoutstammering or drawling; and with as little breathing and time, orbreathing-time, as possible. 

We shall leave tone to the consideration of pianoforte andfiddle-makers; and breathing to doctors and chemists, who can _analyze_it a great deal better than we can. In this place we think proper totreat only of Time. 

Now of Time a very great deal may be said, taking the word in all thesenses in which it is capable of being used. 

In the first place, Time flies-- but this we have had occasion toobserve before; as also that Time is a very great eater. 

In the second, Time is a very ill-used personage; he is spent, wasted, lost, kicked down, and killed-- the last as often as an Irishman is--but for all that he never complains. 

It is a question whether keeping Time, or losing Time, is the essentialcharacteristic of dancing. 

Then we might expatiate largely about the value of Time, and of thepropriety of taking him by the forelock-- but for two reasons. 

One of them is, that all this has been said long ago; the other, that itis nothing at all to the purpose. 

We might also quote extensively from Dr. Culpeper’s Herbal, and fromLinnæus and Jussieu; but the _time_ we speak of, (although we hope itwill be _twigged_ by the reader, ) is no _plant_; nevertheless it is anecessary ingredient in grammatical _stuffing_. 

Time in prosody is the measure of the pronouncing of a syllable. 

Like whist, it is divided into Long and Short. A long time is markedthus, as sūmēns, taking: a short time thus; as pĭlŭlă, a pill. 

A foot is the placing together of two or more syllables, according tothe certain observation of their _time_, the organ of which should bewell developed for that purpose. 

Ordinary feet are long feet, short feet, broad feet, splay feet, clubfeet, and bumble feet, to which may be added cloven feet in the case ofcertain animals, and an “old gentleman. ”

There are several kinds of Latin feet; here, however, we shall onlynotice spondees and dactyls. 

A spondee is a foot of two syllables, as īnfāns, an infant. 

A dactyl is a foot of three syllables, as āngĕlŭs, an angel, pōrcŭlŭs, a little pig. 

Scanning is measuring a verse as you are measured by your tailor-- bythe _foot_, according to _rule_. To scanning there belong the figurescalled Synalœpha, Ecthlipsis, Synæresis, Diæresis, and Cæsura. 

Synalœpha is the cutting off a vowel at the end of a word, beforeanother at the beginning of the next; as

 Ōcclūsīs ēvāsi ŏcŭlīs nāsōquĕ cruēntō:

 I came off with my eyes bunged up and a bloody nose. 

We have here _knocked out an i_ in evasi, on the strength of asynalœpha. 

But heu and o are never cut off-- at least there are no cases on recordin which this operation has been performed. 

Ecthlipsis is as often as the letter m is cut off with its vowel; thenext word beginning with a vowel, as

 Mōnstrum hōrrēndum īnfōrme īngēns-- spectāvĭmŭs hōrtīs:

 We saw a horrible, ugly, great monster in the gardens. 

If every _bear_ and _boar_ were kept in a den-- what a fine world thiswould be. 

Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one, as in alvearia, pronounced alvaria. 

 Strāvĭt hŭmī dēmēns cōnfērta ālveārĭă Jūnō:

 Mad Juno threw the crowded beehives on the ground. 

Hydrophobia occurring in a queen bee from the bite of a dog would be aninteresting case to the faculty. 

Diæresis is the separation of one syllable into two, as evoluisse forevolvisse. Thus Ovid says, alluding probably to the _padding_ systemadopted by dandies and theatrical artists, Dēbŭĕrant fūsōs ēvŏlŭīssĕ sŭōs:

 They ought to have unwound their _spindles_. 

Cæsura is when after a perfect foot (though not one like Taglioni’s), a short syllable is made long at the end of a word, as

 Pēctŏrĭbūs ĭnhĭāns-- mōllēs, ēn, dēsĕrĭt ālās:

 Intent upon the breasts (of the fowls) lo! he deserts the tender wings. 

 OF THE KINDS OF VERSES. 

Should any one seek here for an account of every kind of verse used bythe Latin poets, all we can say is-- we wish he may get it. As itbehoveth no one to be wiser than the law, so it behoveth not us to bewiser than the Eton Grammar. 

The verses which boys are commonly taught to make are hexameters andpentameters. 

An hexameter verse consists of six feet. As the ancient heroes were atleast six feet high, this is probably the reason why it is also calledan _heroic_ verse. 

The fifth foot in this kind of verse should be a dactyl, the sixth aspondee; the other feet may be either dactyls or spondees; as

 Ōbstāntī plŭvĭīs vēnīt cūm tēgmĭnĕ Sāmbō:

 Sambo came with his Macintosh. 

The fifth foot also is sometimes a spondee, as

 Clāvĭgĕr Ālcīdēs, māgnūm Jŏvĭs īncrēmēntūm. 

 Hercules, king of clubs, great offspring of Jupiter. 

The last syllable of every verse is a _common_ affair. 

An elegiac, lack-a-daisical, or pentameter verse, consists of four feetand two long syllables, one of which is placed between the second andthird foot, and the other at the end of the verse. The two first feetmay be dactyls, spondees, or both; the two last are always dactyls, as

 Rēs ēst īnfēlīx, plēnăquĕ frāudĭs ămōr:

 Love is an unlucky affair, and full of humbug. 

We feel compelled, notwithstanding what has been before said, to make afew additions to what is contained in the Eton Grammar with respect toverses. 

The rhythm of Latin verses may be easily learned by practising (out ofschool), exercises on the principle of the examples following--

 Dūm dĭdlĕ, dī dūm, dūm dūm, dēedlĕdy, dēēdlĕ dĕ, dūm dum; Dūm dĭdlĕ, dūm dum, dē, dēedlĕdy̆, dēedlĕdy̆, dūm. 

N. B. The following familiar piece of poetry would not have been admittedinto the Comic Latin Grammar, but that there being many various readingsof it, we wished to transmit the right one to posterity. 

 Patres conscripti-- took a boat and went to Philippi. Trumpeter unus erat qui coatum scarlet habebat, Stormum surgebat, et boatum overset-ebat, Omnes drownerunt, quia swimaway non potuerunt, Excipe John Periwig tied up to the tail of a dead pig. 

Here, also, this poetical curiosity may perhaps be properly introduced. 

 Conturbabantur Constantinopolitani, Innumerabilibus sollicitudinibus. 

 OF THE QUANTITY OF THE FIRST SYLLABLE. 

There is a river in Macedon and a river in Monmouth: in like mannerthere are positions in dancing and positions in Prosody. 

The following vowels are long by position. 

1. A vowel before two consonants, or before a double consonant in thesame word-- as pīnguis, fat, īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero. 

2. A vowel coming before one consonant at the end of a word, and anotherat the beginning of the next, as

 Majōr sūm quām cui possīt tua virga nocere:

 I’m a bigger boy than your rod is able to hurt. 

The syllables _jor_, _sum_, _quam_, and _sit_, are long by position. 

 [Plate: PATRES CONSCRIPTI TOOK A BOAT AND WENT TO PHILIPPI TRUMPETER UNUS ERAT QUI COATUM SCARLET HABEBAT. ]

3. Sometimes, but seldom, a short vowel at the end of a word placedbefore two consonants at the beginning of the next; as

 Occultā spolia hi Croceo de Colle ferebant:

 These persons brought the secret spoils from Saffron Hill. 

A _short_ vowel before a mute, a liquid following, is rendered common, as in the word _patris_. 

 Sunt quibus ornatur Jenkins femoralia pātris:

 The breeches that Jenkins is rigged out in are his father’s. 

A vowel before another is always short, as tŭa, thy, memorĭa, memory. 

Except the genitive cases of pronouns in ius, where the i is a common i, although alterĭus has always a short _i_ and alīus a long _i_. 

Except, likewise, those genitive and dative cases of the fifthdeclension where the vowel _e_, like Punch’s nose, is made long betweentwo _i_’s, as faciēi, of a face. 

 [Illustration]

The syllable _fi_ also in fīo is long, except e and r follow together, as fĭerem, fĭeri. 

 Fīent quæ “Fĭeri Facias” mandata vocantur:

 The writ which is called “Fieri Facias” will be made. 

Fi. Fa. Is a legal instrument that deprives a poor man of his mattressthat a rich one may lounge on his ottoman. Ca. Sa. Is a similarbenevolent contrivance for punishing misfortune as felony. 

Dīus, heavenly, has the first syllable long;-- Diana, common: and so hasthe interjection Ohe!

 Thus there’s a common medium of connexion, Between a goddess and an interjection. 

A vowel before another in Greek words is sometimes long, as

 Cærula, Pīerides, sunt vobis tegmina crurum:

 Oh, Muses, your stockings are blue. 

Also in Greek possessives, as

 Somniculosa fuit, pinguisque Ænēia nutrix:

 Æneas’s nurse was sleepy and fat. 

Æneas has often enough been represented in _arms_. 

 In Latin mark, that every dipthong ’S as long as any stage-coach whip-thong; Except before a vowel it goes, When ’tis as short as Elsler’s clothes. 

Words derived from others are tarred with the same stick, that is, areassigned the same quantity as those which they are derived from, withsome few exceptions, which we must trouble the student to fish for. 

Compounds follow the quantity of their simple words, as from lĕgo lĕgis, to read, comes perlĕgo, to read through. 

By the way, _reading_ does not always induce _reading through_; thoughwe hope it may in the case of the C.  L.  G. 

 If to a preterperfect tense belong Two only syllables, the first is long; As vēni, vīdi, vīci, speech so cool. Which Cæsar made to illustrate our rule; To which we need not cite exceptions small. Look in your Gradus and you’ll find them all. 

Consult also the Eton Grammar, and works of the poets, passim, as wellfor exceptions to the above as to the two following rules:

1. Words that double the first syllable of the preterperfect tense havethe first syllable short-- as cĕcĭdī from cădŏ,  &c. 

 Fortis Higinbottom cĕcidit terramque mŏmordit:

 Brave Higinbottom fell and bit the ground. 

2. A supine of two syllables has the first syllable long--

 As vīsum lātum lōtum mōtum:

 And many more if we could quote ’em. 

 OF THE QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE. 

We have had a poetical fit gradually growing upon us for some time--’tis of no use to resist-- so here goes--

 Oh! Muse, thine aid afford to me, Inspire my Ideality; Thou who, benign, in days of yore, Didst heavenly inspiration pour On him, who luckily for us Sang Propria Quæ Maribus; Teach me to sound on quiv’ring lyre, Prosodial strains in notes of fire; Words’ ends shall be my theme sublime, Now first descanted on in rhyme. Come, little boys, attention lend, All words are long in a that end: (In proof of which I’ll bet a quart, ) Excepting those which must be short-- As pută, ită, posteă, quiă, Ejă, and every case in iă; Or _a_, save such as we must class With Grecian vocatives in as, And ablatives of first declension-- Besides the aforesaid, we may mention Nouns numeral that end in ginta, Which common, as a bit of flint are. Some terminate in _b_, _d_, _t_; All these are short; but those in _c_ Form toes-- I mean, form ends of feet As long-- as long as Oxford Street. Though nĕc and donĕc every bard Hath written short as Hanway yard, Fac, hic, and hoc are common, though Th’ ablative hōc is long you know. Now “_e_ finita” short are reckon’d, Like to a jiffey or a second, Though we must call the _Gradus_ wrong, Or these, of fifth declension, long. As also particles that come In mode derivative therefrom. Long second persons singular Of second conjugation are, And monosyllables in _e_. Take, for example, mē, tē, sē, Then, too, adverbial adjectives Are long as rich old women’s lives-- If from the second declination Of adjectives they’ve derivation: Pulchrē and doctē, are the kind Of adverbs that I have in mind. Fermē is long, and ferē also-- Benĕ, and malĕ, not at all so. Lastly, each final _eta_ Greek, Is long on all days of the week-- To wit-- (for thus we render nempe) Lethē, Anchisē, cetē, Tempē. Those words as long we classify Which end, like _egotists_, in _i_, Rememb’ring mihi, tibi, sibi Are common, so are ubi, ibi; Nisĭ is always short, and quasĭ’s Short also, so are certain cases In i-- Greek vocatives and datives (At least if we may trust the natives;) Making their genitives in os, For instance-- Phyllis, Phyllidos. (A name oft utter’d with a sigh, ) Whereof the dative ends in ĭ. Words in _l_ ending short are all, Save nīl for nihil, sāl, and sōl, And some few Hebrew words t’were well To cite; as Michaēl, Raphaēl. Your n’s are long, save forsităn Ĭn, tamĕn, attamĕn, and ăn Veruntamĕn and forsăn, which Are short as any tailor’s stitch; These, therefore, we except, and then Contractions “per apocopen”-- As vidĕn’? mĕn’? and audĭn?-- so in Exĭn’ and subĭn’, deĭn’, proĭn’. _An_, from a nominative in _a_ Ending a word is short, they say, But every _an_ for long must pass Derived from nominative in as. Nouns, too, in en are short whose finis Doth in the genitive make _inis_. And so are n’s that do delight ĭn An _i_ and _y_-- Alexĭn, Ity̆n. Greek words are short I’d have you know, That end in _on_ with little _o_, Common are terminating o’s, Cases oblique except from those, Adverbial adjectives as falsō Are long, -- take tantō, -- quantō also; Save mutuo, sedulo, and crebro. Common as vestment vending Hebrew. Modŏ and quomodŏ among Short o’s we rank-- nor to be long. Nor citŏ, egŏ, duŏ; no nor Ambŏ and Homŏ ever prone are; But monosyllables in _o_, Are counted long. Example-- stō. And omega, the whole world over, ’S as long as ’tis from here to Dover. If _r_ should chance a word to wind up, ’Tis short in general, make your mind up; But fār, lār, nār, and vīr, and fūr Pār, compār, impār, dispār, cūr, As long must needs be cited here, With words from Greek that end in er; Though ’mong the Latins from this fate are These two exempted-- patĕr, matĕr; Short in the final _er_ we state ’em, Namely, “auctoritate vatum. ” Now, s, the Eton Grammar says, Ends words in just as many ways As there are vowels-- five-- as thus In order, _as_, _es_, _is_, _os_, _us_. As, in a general way appears Long unto all but asses’ ears, But some Greek words take care to mark as Short, -- for example-- Pallăs, Arcăs-- And nouns increasing plural sport An _as_ accusative that’s short. Es in the main’s a long affair, Anchisēs, such, and patrēs are, Though of the third declension you As short such substantives must view, The genitives of which increase, Derived from nominatives in es, And have an accent short upon The syllable that’s last but one. As milĕs, segĕs, divĕs, (which Means what a Poet is n’t, )-- rich: But pēs is long, with bipēs, tripēs, Like to a hermit munching dry pease. To these add Cerēs, Saturn’s cub, (Name of a goddess, and for grub The figure Metonymy through, ) And ariēs, abiēs, pariēs, too. Sum with its compounds forming ĕs, } Are short, join penĕs, if you please, } Item Cyclopĕs Naiadĕs. } Greek nominatives and plural neuters, For lists of which consult your tutors. Is, we call short, as Parĭs, tristĭs, Save all such words as mensīs, istīs. Plurals oblique that end in _is_, Adding thereto for quibus quīs. The _is_ in Samnīs long by right is Because its genitive’s Samnītis, Where you observe a lengthened state Of syllable penultimate. The same to all such words applies, And īs contracted, meaning _eis_, Long too, -- and pray remember this Are monosyllables in _is_. Save ĭs the nominative pronoun, And quĭs, and bĭs, which last is no noun. When verbs by _is_ concluded are, In second person singular; But in the plural _itis_ make, The _is_ is long, and no mistake-- Provided always that the pe- Nultimate plural long shall be. Os, saving compŏs, impŏs, ŏs Is long-- as honōs dominōs. The Greek omicron ’s short, and that in All conscience must be so in Latin. Words should be short in _us_, unless Authority has laid a stress On the penultimate of any Word that increases in the geni- Tive case when us is long, the same Pronunciation nouns may claim-- Declined like gradūs or like manūs Though here exceptions still detain us. The first case and the fifth are those Singular; short as monkey’s nose. Long are mūs, crūs, and thūs and sūs All monosyllables in ūs, And Grecian nouns by diphthong _ous_, Translated _us_ by men of _nous_. Lastly, all words in _u_ are long, And so we end our classic song. 

And not our song only, but our work-- the companion of our solitude--the object of our cares-- for which alone we live, for which we consumedour midnight oil; and not only that, but also burnt a great deal ofdaylight. -- Our work, we say, is ended-- and such as it is we commit itto the world. Horace says Carm. Lib. Iii, Ode XXX. (an ode which by somestrange association of ideas, is always connected in our mind with thevisionary image of a jug of ale, ) “Exegi monumentum ære perennius, ”I have perfected a work more durable than brass. Whether our productionis characterized by the _durability_ of that metal or not, is a questionwhich we leave to the decision of posterity; we cannot, however, helpthinking that, considering the boldness of our attempt, it possessesfiguratively at least, something in common with the substance inquestion-- and we would fain hope that that something does not consistin _hardness_. 

And now farewell to the reader-- farewell, “a word that must be and hathbeen”-- said a great many times when once would have been quitesufficient. We need not, therefore, repeat it; nor need we say how muchwe hope that we have amused, instructed him, and so forth; that being asmuch an understood thing to put at the end of a book, as “Love to papa, mamma, brothers and sisters, ” in a holiday letter. 

Nothing, then, remains for us now to do, but to kick up our hat and cry

“ALL OVER. ”

 FINIS

LIST OF ETCHINGS. 

1. Vocative case (schoolmaster spatting a boy) _to face page_ 2. 

2. Schoolmaster beating a drum, and boys singing in chorus, textdamaged, 22

3. Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes (fight) 52

4. Prometheus Vinctus (vagabond in the stocks) 72

5. Smelling a Pig (boys at supper in the bed room) 74

6. Domestic Oratory (small boy spouting in a chair) 135

7. Heu miserande Puer (boy tossed in a blanket) 144

8. Patres conscripti 152

Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. Paul’s. 

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Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber):

_General Notes and Non-Errors:_

The _Eton Grammar_ began in the first half of the 16th century as the_Brevissima Institutio_, later _Rudimenta Grammatices_, by William Lily, Lilly or Lilye (d. 1522). A 1758 revision acquired the name _Eton LatinGrammar_. The headers _Propria quae maribus_ and _As in Præsenti_ arefrom this book, as is the line “Cum multis aliis quæ nunc perscriberelongum est”. 

 If than _is_, _er_, and _or_, it hath many more enders [_i. E. “many more than. .. ”_] qui, who or what, and cujas, of what country. [_uncommon word: not a misprint for “cujus”_] always recals this beautiful line of Ovid’s [_archaic spelling_] some well-disposed sailor in a melodrame [_archaic spelling_] Malo a cive spoliari quam ab hoste venire. [_that is, “vēnire” with long “e”_] Having yeaned, she left the hope of the flock [_archaic word_] OF THE QUANTITY OF THE FIRST SYLLABLE. [_“first” = non-final_]

 īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero [_Both syllables in “Ajax” are long. Here, the “j” is to be pronounced as a “double letter” (technically an affricate) as in English. _] alterĭus has always a short _i_ and alīus a long _i_ [_The “i” in “alterius” is conventionally shortened in poetry to accommodate the metre. _]

_Introduction_

 it shall be candid. [is shall] writing in conformity with [comformity] And more especially is praise due [epecially]

_Grammar_

 . .. Venenum, poison; are examples of substantives [posion] The butcher lays thee low, [the] Thus the Comic Latin Grammar is lepidissimus, funniest [lipidissimus] it has not _different persons_, as tædet, it irketh [tædat] the magging or talkative mood [_probably error for “nagging”_] Amavissem, I should have loved [Amivissem] Amandum, to love, if you ’re doom’d, have a care. [you ’r] Ab, ad, ante, &c. Prepositions. [_printed as shown: missing “are”?_] From neco, necui, and mico, word [_printed as shown: missing “a” (“a word”)?_] And (which perhaps is the most pursuasive argument of all) [_spelling unchanged_] illum librum quæ Latina Grammatices et Comica dicitur [_printed as shown: superfluous “et”?_] THE CONSTRUCTION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. [ADJECTVE] it was suggested by the well-known quality [well-know] the discoveries of their countryman Franklin [countrymen] Arbor gummifera, alta mille et quingentis passibus [gumnifera] Adjectives and substantives govern an ablative case [subsantives] Oft in slumber’s deep recesses, [slumbers] By so much the ugliest, by how much the wisest [must] whereas an imposition is a task [as imposition] each other’s charms and accomplishments [others] the pledges were placed [where] Instar montis equum divina Palladis arte [Paladis] they build a horse as big as a mountain. [house]

 nāsōquĕ cruēntō [nāsōqŭe] Clāvĭgĕr Ālcīdēs, māgnūm Jŏvĭs īncrēmēntūm. [Clāvigĕr] Rēs ēst īnfēlīx, plēnăquĕ frāudĭs ămōr [īnfelīx] In Latin mark, that every dipthong [_normally spelled “diphthong”, but may be intentional for rhyme with “whip-thong”_] And so are n’s that do delight ĭn [dĕlight in] Short in the final _er_ we state ’em, [state em, ] Long unto all but asses’ ears, [asses ears, ] And quĭs, and bĭs, which last is no noun [qŭis]

_List of Etchings_

Here and in the Advertising section, a facing pair of pages was damaged. Missing text was supplied from elsewhere in the book. The missing partsare shown in {braces}. 

 2. Schoolmaster beating a drum, and boys singing in ch{orus 22} 3. Ingenuas pugni didicisse fideliter artes (fight) {52}

 Coe, Printer, 27, Old Change, St. {Paul’s. }

_Advertising_

 {MAR}MION; {A TALE OF FL}ODDEN FIELD. {En}gravings. 

 . .. FUGITIVE POETRY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. [NINETEETH] By Sir E. LYTTON BULWER [_text unchanged_] to grasp with new and gr{eater} generalisations [_damaged text reconstructed_]

_Minor Errors: Punctuation, Mechanics_

 the laughter-loving spirit of his age. [age, ] the question, whose, or whereof; as, Whose breeches? [as Whose] --Third, is. Vulpes, a fox. [is, Vulpes] or tarnation ’cute [tarnation’ cute] Docillimus, most docile. -- Man Friday. [docile. Man] magis, _more_, and maximè, _most_. [_most_, ] Amabo, I shall or will love. Inebriabor [will love Inebriabor] . .. Thou dancest, [Thou dancest. ] . .. Patricii, gentlemen, [gentlemen. ] . .. Doctrinam, learning, [learning. ] Moneo, mones, monet, [monet. ] _Plu. _ Regimus, regitis, re_gunt_ [_italicized as shown: error for reg_unt_?_] Heu! Lack-a-day!-- Hem! Brute, Hollo! Brutus. [Lack-a-day! Hem!] “Sir, ” said the great Dr. Johnson [_invisible . After “Dr”_] October an instance supplies [_e in “supplies” invisible_] +SYNTAXIS, + _or the Construction of Grammar. _ [+SYNTAXIS. +] quod, or ut, being left out, as [out as, ] the natural history of school-boys [_anomalous hyphen unchanged_] suus, his own (Cocknicè his’n), [_close parenthesis missing_] trium, of three,  &c. , [&c. ] Of these juvo, lædo, delecto, and some others [lædo delecto] Puellæ, aliæ aliis prælucere student [_comma in original_] the verb est being added. [added, ] “wisdom” they say “is in the _wig_. ” [_final ” missing_] “deep _in_ the windingths _of_ a whale, ” [_open quote missing_] guilty of a great _waste_-- of time; [of time;”] Ut, for, postquam, after that [postquam after that] quanquam, although, utpote, forasmuch as [although utpote] Isaaculus trans maria deportatus est: [_final : missing_] O alaudas! Oh larks! [O alaudas, Oh larks!] in a similar manner? [manner. ] Synalœpha, Ecthlipsis, Synæresis, Diæresis [Ecthlipsis Synæresis] dandies and theatrical artists, [artists. ] īngens, great, Ājax, the name of a hero [great Ājax] Ĭn, tamĕn, attamĕn, and ăn [In̆, tamĕn attamĕn] Exĭn’ and subĭn’, deĭn’, proĭn’ [proĭ’n] Because its genitive’s Samnītis, [Samnītis. ]