The College

 [Illustration]

 Monographs

 Edited and Illustrated by EDMUND H. NEW

 TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

 W. W. ROUSE BALL. 

 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

 R. F. SCOTT. 

 KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

 C. R. FAY. 

 MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD

 THE PRESIDENT. 

 NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD

 A. O. PRICKARD. 

 MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD

 REV. H. J. WHITE. 

[Illustration: Gateway St. John's Coll. ]

[Illustration]

 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE

 CAMBRIDGE

 BY

 ROBERT FORSYTH SCOTT

 FELLOW AND SENIOR BURSAR OF THE COLLEGE

 ILLUSTRATED BY

 EDMUND H. NEW

 1907: LONDON: J. M. DENT & CO. 

 NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. 

[Illustration]

_All Rights Reserved_

 CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

 I. THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS 1

 II. SOME INTERIORS 13

 III. THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN (CIRCA 1135-1511) 35

 IV. THE FIRST CENTURY (1511-1612) 40

 V. THE SECOND CENTURY (1612-1716) 52

 VI. THE THIRD CENTURY (1716-1815) 66

 VII. THE CURRENT CENTURY 74

VIII. SOCIAL LIFE 86

INDEX 109

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

_The Entrance Gateway_ _Frontispiece_

 PAGE

_Plan of College Buildings_ x

_Bag of Flowers; detail of Carving over Entrance Gateway_ 3

_The Second and Third Courts from the Screens_ 6

_The Gatehouse from the Churchyard of All Saints_ 12

_Monument of Hugh Ashton in the Chapel_ 19

_The Hall from the Second Court_ 24

_Interior of the Library_ 34

_The Old Bridge_ 41

_The Hall and Chapel Tower from the Second Court_ 53

_The College Arms_ (_in the Third Court_) 58

_The Chapel Tower from the River_ 67

_The College Chapel from the Round Church_ 75

_The New Court from Trinity College Bridge_ 87

_The "Bridge of Sighs"_ 98

[Illustration: Plan of St John's College]

 St. John's College

 CHAPTER I

 THE COURTS AND BUILDINGS

St. John's College was founded in 1511, in pursuance of the intentionsof the Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII. 

Approaching the College from the street we enter by the Great Gate. Thegateway with its four towers is the best example of the characteristicCambridge gate, and dates from the foundation of the College. It isbuilt of red brick (the eastern counties marble), dressed with stone. The street front of the College to the right and left remains in itsoriginal state, except that after the old chapel and infirmary of theHospital of St. John (to which allusion will be made hereafter) werepulled down, the north end was completed by a block of lecture rooms in1869. 

The front of the gate is richly decorated with heraldic devices, full ofhistorical meaning and associations. The arms are those of thefoundress; the shield, France (ancient) and England quarterly, was theroyal shield of the period; the bordure, gobonny argent and azure (theargent in the upper dexter compartment), was the "difference" of theBeauforts, and is only slightly indicated. The supporters, twoantelopes, come from Henry VI. There is no crest above the shield, andheraldic rules are against its use by a lady, but on her seal the LadyMargaret used the Beaufort arms as above ensigned, with a coronet ofroses and fleur-de-lis, out of which issues an eagle, displayed or; andthis device of coat and crest is used by the College. The arms on thegate are surrounded by badges, the Portcullis of the Beauforts, theTudor, or Union, rose, each surmounted by a crown. Besides these we havedaisies (marguerites), the badge of the Lady Margaret, and some flowers, which are not so easily identified. Certain vestments and embroideries, which belonged to the Lady Margaret, of which a list has been preserved, are described as "garnishede with sophanyes and my ladyes poisy, " or, "with rede roses and syphanyes. " The sophanye was an old English namefor the Christmas rose, and there seems little doubt that these flowerson the gate are meant for Christmas roses. The carving on the right, under the portcullis, where these emblems seem to be growing out ofsomething resembling a masonic apron, is very curious. 

Above the gate are two sets of rooms. The upper set has been used fromthe beginning as the Treasury or Muniment Room of the College; the setimmediately above the arch is now an ordinary set of rooms. In this setresided, during his college career, Lord Thomas Howard, a son of thefourth Duke of Norfolk, afterwards himself first Earl of Suffolk andBaron Howard de Walden. He fought against the Armada in 1588, andcommanded the expedition to the Azores in 1591; the fame of Sir RichardGrenville of the _Revenge_ has somewhat eclipsed that of his leader inthe latter case; the reader may recall Tennyson's _Ballad of the Fleet_. 

[Illustration: BAG OF FLOWERS OVER ENTRANCE GATEWAY]

To the left of the gate it will be observed that five windows on thefirst floor are of larger size than the rest; this was the originalposition of the Library; the books were removed in 1616 to a room overthe Kitchen, and later to the present Library. According to traditionHenry Kirke White, the poet, occupied, and died in, the rooms on theground-floor next the tower; he lies buried in the old churchyard of AllSaints', across the street. 

Entering the gate the Hall and Kitchen face us, and preserve much oftheir original appearance. But right and left the changes have beengreat. The old Chapel was swept away in 1869--its foundations are markedout by cement; at this time the Hall was lengthened, and a second orielwindow added. The range of buildings on the south was raised and facedwith stone about 1775, when the craze for Italianising buildings wasfashionable; it was then intended to treat the rest of the Court in likemanner, but fortunately the scheme was not carried out. 

If we walk along the south side of the Court we may notice on theunderside of the lintel of G staircase the words, "Stag, Nov. 15, 1777. "It seems that on that date a stag, pursued by the hunt, took refuge inthe College, and on this staircase; the members of the College had justfinished dinner when the stag and his pursuers entered. On the nextstaircase, F, there is a passage leading to the lane with the KitchenOffices, this passage is sometimes known as "The Staincoat"; thepassage leading from the Screens into the Kitchen is still sometimescalled "The Staincoat, " or "The Stankard. " These curious names reallymean the same thing. It appears that in times past a pole was kept, probably for carrying casks of beer, but on which the undergraduatesseem also to have hoisted those of their number, or even servants, whohad offended against the rules and customs of the College; this pole wascalled the Stang, and the place or passage in which it was kept theStangate Hole, with the above variations or corruptions. 

Reserving the Chapel for the present we pass through the Screens, theentrance to the Hall being on the right, to the Kitchen on the left. Weenter the Second Court. This beautiful and stately Court was builtbetween 1599 and 1600 (the date 1599 may be seen on the top of one ofthe water-pipes on the north side), the cost being in great partprovided by Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, a daughter of Sir WilliamCavendish by the celebrated Bess of Hardwick, and wife of Gilbert, seventh Earl of Shrewsbury. The original drawings for the Court, and thecontract for its construction, almost unique documents of their kind, are preserved in the Library. The whole of the first floor on the northside was at first used as a gallery for the Master's Lodge; it is nowused as a Combination Room. Over the arch of the gate on the westernside of the Court is a statue of the Countess, with her shield (showingthe arms of Talbot and Cavendish impaled); these were presented to theCollege by her nephew, William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle. 

[Illustration: VIEW FROM THE SCREENS]

A pleasing view of the Court is got by standing in the south-west cornerand looking towards the Chapel Tower, with an afternoon sun thecolouring and grouping of the buildings is very effective. 

Passing through the arch we enter the Third Court; this was built atvarious times during the seventeenth century. On the north we have theLibrary, the cost of which was chiefly provided by John Williams, aFellow of the College, successively Dean of Westminster, Bishop ofLincoln, and Archbishop of York; he was also Lord Keeper of the GreatSeal to James I. As originally built the Library occupied the upperfloor only, the ground-floor being fitted up as rooms for theaccommodation of the Fellows and scholars, on a special foundation ofBishop Williams, but this lower part is now all absorbed into theLibrary. The southern and western sides of the Court were built between1669 and 1674, some part of the cost being provided from College funds, the rest by donations from members of the College. On the last orsouthern pier of the arcade, on the west side of the Court, there arethe two inscriptions: "Flood, Oct. 27, 1762, " "Flood, Feb. 10, 1795, "recording what must have been highly inconvenient events at the time. 

The central arch on the western side of the Court has some prominence, and was probably intended from the first as the approach to a bridge. Towards the end of the seventeenth century Sir Christopher Wren wasconsulted on the subject, and a letter from him to the then Master, Dr. Gower, has been preserved. Sir Christopher's proposal was a curious one:he suggested that the course of the river Cam should be diverted andcarried in a straight line from the point where it bends near theLibrary of Trinity College. A new channel was to be dug, and a bridgebuilt over this; the water was then to be sent down the new channel, andthe old one filled up. He pointed out that this would give "a parterreto the river, a better access to the walks, and a more beautifuldisposal of the whole ground. " This scheme was, however, not carriedout, but a stone bridge was built outside the range of the buildings onthe site of an old wooden bridge, which then gave access to the grounds. This is the bridge which still exists; it was built, apparently fromWren's designs, under the superintendence of his pupil, NicholasHawksmoor. More than a century now passed before further buildingoperations were undertaken. In 1825 the College employed Mr. ThomasRickman and his partner, Mr. H. Hutchinson, to prepare designs for a newCourt, with from 100 to 120 sets of rooms. This work was started in1827, and completed in 1831. The covered bridge connecting the old andnew parts of the College was designed by Mr. Hutchinson; it is popularlyknown as the "Bridge of Sighs. " The style of this Court is PerpendicularGothic. The site was unsuited for building operations, consisting mostlyof washed and peaty soil; it had been known for generations as "thefishponds close. " The modern concrete foundations were then unknown, and the plan adopted was to remove the peaty soil and to lay timber onthe underlying gravel. On this an enormous mass of brickwork, formingvaulted cellars, was placed; this rises above the river level, and therooms are perfectly dry. The total cost of the building was £78, 000, most of which was provided by borrowing. The repayment, extending over anumber of years, involved considerable self-denial on the Fellows of theCollege, their incomes being materially reduced for many years. Crossingthe covered bridge and passing down the cloisters of the New Court, weenter the grounds by the centre gate; these extend right and left, beingbounded on the east by the Cam, and separated from the grounds ofTrinity by a ditch. 

From the old, or Wren's, bridge over the Cam two parallel walks extendalong the front of the Court; according to tradition the broader andhigher was reserved for members of the College, the lower for Collegeservants. At one time an avenue of trees extended from the bridge to theback gate, but the ravages of time have removed all but a few trees. 

At the western end of the walk we have on the left the (private)Fellows' garden, known as "The Wilderness, " an old-world pleasance, leftas nearly as may be in a state of nature. Towards the end of theeighteenth century the College employed the celebrated Mr. Lancelot("capability") Brown to lay out the grounds and Wilderness. Theplantation in the latter was arranged so as to form a cathedral, withnave, aisles, and transept, but here also old age and storms havebrought down many of the trees. On the right, opposite to theWilderness, there is an orchard, the subject of much legend. One popularstory is that this orchard formed the subject of a bequest to "St. John's College, " and that the testator, being an Oxford man, was held bythe Courts to have intended to benefit the College in his ownUniversity. As a matter of prosaic fact, the orchard originally belongedto Merton College, Oxford, being part of the original gift of theirfounder, Walter de Merton, and it was acquired by St. John's College byexchange in the early years of the nineteenth century. 

The long walk terminates in a massive gate with stone pillars, surmounted by eagles. Outside and across the road is the Eagle Close, used as the College cricket and football field. 

The visitor in returning should cross the old bridge, thus getting aview of the Bridge of Sighs, and re-enter the College by the archway onthe left. 

[Illustration: The Gatehouse: St John's College]

 CHAPTER II

 SOME INTERIORS

The visitor has been conducted through the College without pausing toenter any of the buildings. We now retrace our steps to describe theseparts of the College open to inspection. It must be understood thatduring a great part of the year the inspection of these interiors issubject to the needs of a large resident Society, and as a rule it isbest to inquire at the gate for information as to the hours when theseparts of the College are open. 

_The Chapel. _

The present Chapel was built between the years 1863 and 1869, from thedesigns of Sir George Gilbert Scott; it was consecrated by the Bishop ofEly, 12th May 1869. As we approach it we see on the right the outline ofthe old Chapel, which had served the College and the Hospital whichpreceded it for something like six hundred years. This former Chapel wasa building quite uniform and simple in appearance, filling the whole ofthe north side of the Court. Originally built to serve the needs of theHospital of St. John, it was considerably altered when the College wasfounded. Side Chantries were then, or shortly afterwards, added. Inearly times a good deal of the life of the College centred in theChapel, in addition to its uses for worship. It was regarded as a placein which the Society was formally gathered together. In it the statutes, or rules for the government of the Society, were read at stated times, so that all might become aware of the rule under which they lived. Thenames of those who had not discharged their College bills were publiclyread out by the Master. The elections of the Master and of the Fellowsand Scholars were held within it; of this practice the sole part thatremains is the election of a Master, which by the present statutes mustbe held in the Chapel. The scholastic exercises of Acts and Opponencies, in which certain doctrines were maintained and opposed, took placethere. The seal of the College was kept in the vestry, and the sealingof documents took place in the Ante-Chapel. Though documents are nowsealed elsewhere, the stock of wafers for the College seal is kept bythe Chapel Clerk. 

The erection of a new Chapel for the College was contemplated for about200 years before it was carried out. Dr. Gunning, who was Master from1661 to 1670, afterwards successively Bishop of Chichester and of Ely, left by his will the sum of £300 "to St. John's College, towards thebeginning for the building for themselves a new Chapel. " Gunning died in1684, and in 1687 the College paid to Robert Grumbold the sum of £3 for"a new ground plott modell of the old and new designed Chappell. "Nothing, however, came of the proposal at that time, though the ideaseems always to have been before the Society. 

Preaching on Commemoration Day (May 6), 1861, Dr. William Selwyn, LadyMargaret Professor of Divinity, and a former Fellow, pointing out thatthe College was celebrating "its seventh jubilee, " just 350 years havingpassed since the charter was granted, pleaded earnestly for the erectionof a larger Chapel. The matter was taken up, and in January 1862 Sir(then Mr. ) George Gilbert Scott was requested "to advise us as to thebest plans, in his opinion, for a new Chapel. " The scheme grew, and inaddition to the Chapel it was determined by the end of that year to havealso a new Master's Lodge, and to enlarge the Dining Hall. It was thenintended that the scheme should not involve a greater charge on thecorporate funds of the College than £40, 000. As a matter of fact, beforethe whole was carried out and paid for, the cost had risen to £97, 641;of this £17, 172 was provided for by donations from members of theCollege, the rest was met, partly out of capital, partly by a charge onthe College revenues, which ran for many years. 

The Chapel was built on a site to the north of the old Chapel, andthrough this site ran a lane from St. John's Street to the river. An Actof Parliament had to be obtained before this lane could be closed, andthe consent of the borough was only given on condition that St. John'sStreet should be widened by pulling down a row of houses on its westernside, and throwing their site into the street. 

The foundation-stone of the new Chapel was laid on 6th May 1864 by Mr. Henry Hoare, a member of the College, and of the well-known bankingfirm. As originally designed the Chapel was to have had a slender_flčche_ instead of a tower. This had been criticised, and Mr. Scott, the architect, designed the present tower; the additional cost beingestimated at £5000. This Mr. Hoare offered to provide in yearlyinstalments of £1000, but had only paid two instalments when he diedfrom injuries received in a railway accident. The finial on the lastpinnacle of the tower was fixed on 13th December 1867 by Mr. (now SirFrancis) Powell, M. P. For the borough of Cambridge, and a former Fellowof the College; Mr. Powell was accompanied on that occasion by ProfessorJohn Couch Adams and the Rev. G. F. Reyner, the Senior Bursar of theCollege. 

The new Chapel was, as we have said, opened in 1869, and the old Chapelthen cleared away. The woodwork of the stalls had been transferred tothe new Chapel, but most of the internal fittings were scattered. Theancient rood-screen stands in the church of Whissendine, inRutlandshire, and the old organ-case in Bilton Church, near Rugby, andother parts of the fabric were dispersed; it was perhaps inevitable. SirGilbert Scott's idea was that the new Chapel should be of the sameperiod of architecture as the old, but it is absolutely different indesign; in the lover of things old there must always be a feeling ofregret for what has gone. The mural tablets in the old Chapel wereremoved to the new Ante-Chapel, the slabs in the floor were left. It isworth noting that Eleazar Knox, a Fellow of the College, and one of thesons of John Knox, the famous Scotch Reformer, was buried in the Chapelin 1591. His elder brother, Nathanael Knox, was also a Fellow. To thenorth of the old Chapel, and bordering on the lane which has beenmentioned, stood the Infirmary of the Hospital which preceded theCollege. This was originally a single long room, of which the easternend formed an oratory. In this the poor and sick, for whose benefit theHospital was founded, were received, and Mass said for them, and intheir sight, as they lay in their beds. This Infirmary, after thefoundation of the College, was devoted to secular uses. For some timeit was used as a stable and storehouse for the Master. Then later it wasfitted up with floors and turned into chambers. It was approached by atortuous passage at the eastern end of the Chapel, and was popularlyknown as the Labyrinth. When the Infirmary was taken down a verybeautiful double piscina was found covered up on the walls; this ispreserved in the new Chapel. 

The new Chapel is built of Ancaster stone, and is in the style ofarchitecture known as Early Decorated, which prevailed about 1280, theprobable date of the Chapel of the Hospital. Sir Gilbert Scott veryskilfully made the most of the site, and by the device of the transeptalAnte-Chapel made full use of the space at his disposal. 

At the springs of the outer arch of the great door are heads of KingHenry VIII. And of Queen Victoria, indicating the date of the foundationof the College and of the erection of the Chapel. On the north side ofthe porch is a statue of the Lady Margaret, and on the south one of JohnFisher, Bishop of Rochester. 

The statues on the buttresses are those of famous members of theCollege, or of its benefactors. Those facing the Court are WilliamCecil, Lord Burghley; Lucius Carey, Viscount Falkland; John Williams, Lord Keeper to James I. ; Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford; WilliamGilbert, author of _De Magnete_, in which the theory of the magnetismof the earth was first developed, and physician to Queen Elizabeth;Roger Ascham, and the Countess of Shrewsbury. 

[Illustration: MONUMENT OF HUGH ASHTON]

We enter the Ante-Chapel. This has a stone-vaulted roof; over thecentral bay the tower is placed. On the south wall are placed the archesfrom Bishop Fisher's Chantry in the old Chapel. The monument with therecumbent figure is that of Hugh Ashton, comptroller of the householdto the Lady Margaret, a prebendary and Archdeacon of York. He was buriedin the old Chapel, and this tomb originally stood in a chantry attachedthereto. He founded four fellowships and four scholarships in theCollege, the Fellows being bound to sing Mass for the repose of hissoul. The carving on the tomb and on the finials of the railing aroundit include a rebus on his name, an ash-tree growing out of a barrel(ash-tun). On the north wall is a bust of Dr. Isaac Todhunter, thewell-known mathematical writer; on the western wall a tablet byChantrey, to the memory of Kirke White, the poet, who died in College. He was buried in the chancel of the old Church of All Saints, whichstood opposite to the College; when the church was pulled down thetablet was transferred to the College Chapel. The statue is that ofJames Wood, sometime Master of the College, part of whose bequests wenttowards building the Chapel. On the east wall is an old brass to thememory of Nicholas Metcalfe, third Master of the College, the words"_vestras . .. Preces vehementer expetit_" have been partly obliterated, probably during the Commonwealth. The roof of the Choir is of highpitch, of quadripartite vaulting in oak, and is decorated with acontinuous line of full-length figures. In the central bay at the eastend is our Lord in Majesty, the other bays contain figures illustratingthe Christian centuries. Owing to the deep colour of the glass in thewindows, it is only on a very sunny day that the figures can be clearlydiscerned. The windows in the Choir have been given by various donors, the subjects being scenes from Scripture at which St. John was present;his figure robed in ruby and green will be seen in each. The fivewindows in the apse, the gift of the Earl of Powis, High Steward of theUniversity, depict scenes from the Passion, Crucifixion, andResurrection of Christ. In the apse is preserved the double piscinawhich was found covered up in the walls of the Infirmary, and removed bySir G. G. Scott, with such repairs as were absolutely necessary. It isprobably one of the oldest specimens of carved stonework in Cambridge. 

The steps leading up to the Altar are paved with Purbeck, Sicilian, andblack Derbyshire marbles. The spaces between the steps are decoratedwith a series of scriptural subjects in inlaid work in black and whitemarble, with distinctive inscriptions. The Altar is of oak, with asingle slab of Belgian marble for its top. On the sides of the Altar aredeeply carved panels; that in the centre represents the Lamb with theBanner, the other panels contain the emblems of the four Evangelists. 

The organ stands in a special chamber on the north side; the carvedfront was not put in place till 1890. It was designed by Mr. J. OldridScott, a son of Sir Gilbert Scott. In 1635 the famous Robert Dallam ofWestminster built a "paire of new orgaines" for the College. The organhas been repeatedly enlarged, altered, and improved; it may be that someof Dallam's work still remains, though this is uncertain. The presentorgan is one of the best in Cambridge; its tone throughout is uniformlybeautiful. 

The brass reading-desk was given to the old Chapel by the Rev. ThomasWhytehead, a Fellow of the College; the pedestal is copied from thewooden lectern in Ramsay Church, Huntingdonshire; the finials, which arethere wanting, having been restored, and the wooden desk replaced by aneagle. 

As we return to the Ante-Chapel we may note the great west window, representing the Last Judgment; this was given by the Bachelors andUndergraduates of the College. There are also windows in the Ante-Chapelto the memory of Dr. Ralph Tatham, Master of the College, and to theRev. J. J. Blunt, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity. 

The oil-painting which hangs on the south wall of the Ante-Chapel nearthe door--a Descent from the Cross--is by Anthony Raphael Mengs. It wasgiven to the College in 1841 by the Right Hon. Robert Henry Clive, M. P. For Shropshire. 

_The Hall. _

We enter the Hall from the Screens, between the First and Second Courts. The southern end is part of the original building of the College. It wasat first about seventy feet long, with one oriel only, the oldCombination Room being beyond it. When the new Chapel was built the Hallwas lengthened, and the second oriel window added. The oak panelling isof the old "linen" pattern, and dates from the sixteenth century; thatlining the north wall, beyond the High Table, is very elaboratelycarved, being the finest example of such work in Cambridge. Withinliving memory all this oak work was painted green. The fine timberedroof has a lantern turret, beneath which, until 1865, stood an opencharcoal brazier. From allusions in early documents it would appear thatmembers of the Society gathered round the brazier for conversation aftermeals. In addition to its use as a dining-room, the Hall also served asa lecture-room, and for the production of stage plays. On these latteroccasions it seems to have been specially decorated, for Roger Ascham, writing 1st October 1550, from Antwerp, to his brother Fellow, EdwardRaven, tried to picture to him the magnificence of the city by sayingthat it surpassed all others which he had visited, as much as the Hallat St. John's, when decorated for a play at Christmas, surpassed itsappearance at ordinary times. 

[Illustration: The Hall, St. John's College]

Many of the College examinations are held in the Hall, and in the daysof the brazier, examinees were warned by their Tutors not to sit toonear the brazier; the comfort from the heat being dearly purchased bythe drowsiness caused by the fumes of the charcoal. 

Many interesting portraits hang on the walls. That of the foundress inthe centre of the north wall is painted on wooden panel, and is veryold. She is flanked by Lord Keeper Williams, and by Sir Ralph Hare, K. C. B. , both benefactors to the College. Other noteworthy portraits arethose of Sir Noah Thomas, physician to King George III. , by Romney;William Wordsworth, poet-laureate, by Pickersgill; Professor John E. B. Mayor, by Herkomer; Professor B. H. Kennedy, long headmaster ofShrewsbury School, by Ouless; Professor E. H. Palmer, Lord Almoner'sReader of Arabic in the University, and a famous oriental scholar, bythe Hon. John Collier; and Professor G. D. Liveing, by Sir George Reid. 

The shields in the windows are those of distinguished members of theCollege, or benefactors. The further oriel window has busts of Sir JohnF. W. Herschel and Professor John Couch Adams. 

_The Combination Room. _

We enter by the staircase at the north end of the Hall. This wasoriginally about 187 feet long, extending the whole length of the SecondCourt, and was used as a gallery in connection with the old Master'sLodge. The ceiling dates from 1600, and the panelling from 1603. In 1624about 42 feet were sacrificed to obtain a staircase and vestibule forthe Library; the ceiling can be traced right through. In the eighteenthcentury partitions were put up, dividing up the gallery into rooms. When the new Master's Lodge was built these partitions were removed, andthe whole now forms two Combination Rooms. 

In the oriel window on the south side is an old stained-glass portraitof Henrietta Maria, Queen of King Charles I. The tradition runs that themarriage articles between Prince Charles and Henrietta Maria were signedin this room; King James I. Was at that time holding his Court inTrinity College. 

A number of interesting portraits hang on the walls: George AugustusSelwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, afterwards of Lichfield, by GeorgeRichmond, R. A. ; a chalk drawing (also by Richmond) of William Tyrrell, Bishop of Newcastle, New South Wales; of Sir John Herschel and ProfessorJ. C. Adams; of William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, the opponentsof the slave-trade. There is also a very beautiful sketch of the head ofWilliam Wordsworth; this study was made by Pickersgill to save the poetthe tedium of long sittings for the portrait in the Hall. It waspresented to the College by Miss Arundale, a descendant of the painter. The smaller Combination Room contains many engraved portraits ofdistinguished members of the College. 

The institution of the Combination Room seems gradually to have grown upin colleges as a place where the Fellows might meet together, partlyabout business, partly for the sake of society. In early times, as theFellows shared their chambers with their pupils, there could have beenno privacy. The room seems to have been called the Parlour for sometime; the name Combination Room is now universal at Cambridge, and mayhave arisen from the fact that the cost of running the room was met bythe Fellows combining together for the purpose. At the present time theCombination Room is used for College meetings, as a room where theFellows meet for a short time after dinner and for dessert on thosenights when there is a dinner in Hall to which guests are invited. 

_The Library. _

The Library is only open to visitors by leave of the Librarian, or tothose accompanied by a Fellow of the College. The usual access is bystaircase E in the Second Court, but leaving the Combination Room by thewest door we find ourselves in front of the Library door. The visitormay note that the moulded ceiling of the Combination Room extendsoverhead. This portion, as we have already seen, originally forming partof the long gallery. 

The door of the Library is surmounted by the arms of John Williams, impaled with those of the see of Lincoln. The original position of theLibrary, as has been already stated, was in the First Court, next thestreet, and to the south of the entrance gate. In 1616 the books weremoved out of this Library to a room over the Kitchen, and in thesucceeding year the Master and Fellows wrote to the Countess ofShrewsbury to intimate their intention of building a Library, andhinting at the possibility of her aid in the scheme. The answer of theCountess, if there was one, has not been preserved. In the year 1623, Valentine Carey, Bishop of Exeter, and a former Fellow, wrote announcingthat an unnamed person had promised £1200 towards a Library. After somelittle time Lord Keeper Williams disclosed himself as the donor, andsome further advances were promised. The Library was commenced in 1623, and the books finally placed in it in 1628. The style of the building isJacobean Gothic, and its interior, with the whitewashed walls and darkoak roof and bookcases, is singularly striking. John Evelyn visited itwhile at Cambridge in 1654, and describes it as "the fairest of thatUniversity"; after 250 years the description still holds good. 

The upper part of the Library has been little altered since it wasbuilt. The intermediate (or lower) cases were heightened to the extentof one shelf for folios when Thomas Baker left his books to the College;but two, one on either hand next the door, retain their originaldimensions, with the sloping tops to be used as reading-desks. 

At the end of each of the taller cases, in small compartments withdoors, are class catalogues written about 1685. These catalogues havebeen pasted over original catalogues written about 1640; small portionsof the earlier catalogues are yet to be seen in some of the cases. Ofthe treasures in manuscript and print only a slight account can be givenhere. One of the most interesting to members of the College is thefollowing note by John Couch Adams:--

 "1841 July 3. Formed a design, in the beginning of this week, of investigating, as soon as possible after taking my degree, the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, wh. Are yet unaccounted for; in order to find whether they may be attributed to the action of an undiscovered planet beyond it; and if possible thence to determine the elements of its orbit, &c. Approximately, wh. Wd. Probably lead to its discovery. "

The original memorandum is bound up in a volume containing themathematical calculations by which Adams carried out his design anddiscovered the planet Neptune. 

Lord Keeper Williams, who was instrumental in building the Library, presented to it many books; amongst others, the Bible known asCromwell's Bible. Thomas Cromwell employed Miles Coverdale to reviseexisting translations, and this Bible was printed partly in Paris andpartly in London, "and finished in Aprill, A. D. 1539. " Two copies wereprinted on vellum--one for King Henry VIII. , the other for Thomas, LordCromwell, his Vicar-General. This College copy is believed to be thatpresented to Cromwell, and is now unique, the other copy havingdisappeared from the Royal Library; the volume is beautifullyillustrated, and has been described as "the finest book in vellum thatexists. "

One of the show-cases in the centre contains the service-book which KingCharles I. Held in his hand at his coronation, and the book used by Laudon the same occasion, with a note in Laud's handwriting: "The daye wasverye faire, and ye ceremony was performed wthout any Interruption, and in verye good order. " The same case contains the mortuary roll ofAmphelissa, Prioress of Lillechurch in Kent, who died in 1299. The nunsof the priory announce her death, commemorate her virtues, and ask thebenefit of the prayers of the faithful for her soul. The roll consistsof nineteen sheets of parchment stitched together; its length is 39 ft. 3 in. , and its average width is about 7 in. There are in all 372 entriesof the ecclesiastical houses visited by the roll-bearer for the purposeof gaining prayers for the soul of Amphelissa. The roll-bearer visitednearly all parts of England: there are entries by houses at Bodmin andLaunceston in Cornwall; at Dunfermline and St. Andrews in Scotland; eachhouse granting the benefit of its prayers, and concluding in each casewith the formula, "_Oravimus pro vestris: orate pro nostris. _" As acollection of contemporary handwritings, such a document has greatvalue; and it is interesting to note that in 600 years the roll has hadonly two owners, the Priory of Lillechurch and the College, whichsucceeded to its possession. 

In this case there is also an IOU of King Charles II. : "I do acknowledgeto have received the summe of one hundred pounds, by the direction ofMr. B. , Brusselles the first of April 1660. CHARLES R. " The "Mr. B. " wasJohn Barwick, a Fellow of the College, afterwards Dean of St. Paul's. The date seems to indicate that the money was advanced to enable Charlesto return to England for the Restoration. 

In the other show-case there is a very curious Irish Psalter of theeighth century, with crude drawings. Its value is much increased by thefact that the Latin text is interlined throughout with glosses in theIrish dialect. 

Of printed books one of the choicest is a very fine Caxton, "The Boke ofTulle of old age; Tullius his book of Friendship. " The volume containsthe autograph of Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentary General, who enteredthe College in 1626. It was presented to the College by Dr. Newcome, Master from 1735 to 1765. To Dr. Newcome the College owes a very finecollection of early printed classics; among these is a copy of Ovid, printed by Jacobus Rubaeus at Venice in 1474; this was formerly in thepossession of Lorenzo de Medicis. 

Dr. Newcome and Thomas Baker share between them the distinction ofhaving added many of the chief glories of the Library. Matthew Prior, the poet, a Fellow of the College, presented his own works and manyinteresting French and Italian works on history. There is also apresentation copy from Wordsworth of his poems. 

_The Kitchen. _

The Kitchen (opposite to the Hall) may sometimes be visited when thedaily routine permits. The whole has been recently modernised, and apicturesque open fire with rotating spits done away with. To gain moreair-space it was necessary to incorporate in the Kitchen some rooms inthe floor above. One of these was the set occupied during his Collegelife by the poet Wordsworth, and the fact is commemorated by astained-glass window. 

[Illustration: The Library: St. John's Coll:]

 CHAPTER III

 THE HOSPITAL OF ST. JOHN

 CIRCA 1135-1511

St. John's College, as we know it, was founded in 1511, and opened in1516. But at the time of its foundation it took over the buildings andproperty, and many of the duties, of an earlier and then a venerablefoundation, that of the Hospital of St. John the Evangelist inCambridge. The origin of the old house is obscure, and its earlierhistory lost, but it seems to have been founded about 1135 by HenryFrost, a burgess of Cambridge. It consisted of a small community ofAugustinian canons; its site was described about 140 years later as "avery poor and waste place of the commonalty of Cambridge. "

Whatever its early history and endowments may have been, it formed anucleus for further gifts; and its chartulary, still in the possessionof St. John's College, shows a continuous series of benefactions to theold house. 

Founded before the University existed, the brethren were occupied withtheir religious duties, and with the care of the poor and sick whosought their help. An Infirmary, part of which was adapted for worship, was built. In the thirteenth century a chapel was added, afterwardsadapted as the College Chapel, and used as such down to 1869. 

Of the domestic buildings practically nothing is known. When some yearsago trenches were dug to lay the electric cables for the lighting of theHall, some traces of a pavement of red tiles were found near theentrance gate of the College. 

The Hospital had the opportunity of becoming the earliest College inCambridge. Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, obtained in 1280 a licencefrom King Edward I. To introduce a certain number of scholars of theUniversity into the Hospital, to be governed according to the rules ofthe scholars of Merton. The regular canons and the scholars were to formone body and one College. The Bishop gave additional endowments toprovide for the scholars, but the scheme was a failure. Thomas Baker, the historian of the College, suggests that "the scholars were overwiseand the brethren over good. " All we do know is that both were eager topart company. The Bishop accordingly removed the scholars in 1284 to hisCollege of Peterhouse, now known as the oldest College in Cambridge. Hisendowments were transferred with the scholars, and perhaps somethingbesides, for shortly afterwards the brethren complained of their losses. It was then decreed that Peterhouse should pay twenty shillingsannually to the Hospital, an acknowledgment of seniority still made byPeterhouse to St. John's College. 

For another two hundred years the Hospital went on, not howeverforgetting its temporary dignity, and occasionally describing itself, inleases of its property, as the College of St. John. 

Towards the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century, the old house seems to have fallen into bad ways. The brethren wereaccused of having squandered its belongings, of having grantedimprovident leases, of having even sold the holy vessels of theirChapel. 

At this juncture the Lady Margaret came to the rescue. She had alreadyfounded Christ's College in Cambridge, and intended to still furtherendow the wealthy Abbey of Westminster. Her religious adviser, JohnFisher, sometime Master of Michael-House and President of Queens'College in Cambridge, then Bishop of Rochester and Chancellor of theUniversity, persuaded her to bestow further gifts on Cambridge, suggesting the Hospital of St. John as the basis for the new College. The then Bishop of Ely, James Stanley, was her stepson, and in 1507 anagreement was entered into with him for the suppression of the Hospitaland the foundation of the College, the Lady Margaret undertaking toobtain the requisite Bull from the Pope, and the licence of the King. Before this could be carried out King Henry VII. Died, 21st April 1509, and the Lady Margaret on the 29th June following. 

By her will she had set aside lands to the annual value of £400 for thenew College; but innumerable difficulties sprang up. King Henry VIII. Was not sympathetic; the Bishop of Ely raised difficulties; the LadyMargaret's own household claimed part of her goods. Fisher has left aquaintly worded and touching memorandum of the difficulties heexperienced, but he never despaired. He ultimately got the licence ofthe King, the requisite Papal Bull, and the consent of the Bishop ofEly. From a letter to Fisher, still preserved in the College, it appearsthat the "Brethren, late of St. John's House, departed from Cambridgetoward Ely the 12th day of March (1510-11) at four of the clokke atafternone, by water. "

All facts which have been preserved show Fisher to have been the realmoving spirit--to have been the founder in effect, if not in name, andthe College from the first has always linked his name with that of thefoundress. Of the foundress' estates only one small farm, at Fordham, inCambridgeshire, came to the College, and that because it was chargedwith the payment of her debts. What did come was part of what would nowbe called her personal estate--moneys she had out on loan, and whatcould be realised from the sale of her plate and jewels, the furnitureand hangings of her various mansions. Rough priced-lists of these, probably handed over by Fisher, are preserved in College. 

One personal relic, a manuscript Book of Hours, which belonged to her, was in 1902 presented to the Library by Dr. Alexander Peckover, Lord-Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire. 

 CHAPTER IV

 THE FIRST CENTURY

 1511-1612

The Hospital being closed, the way was cleared for the new College. TheCharter, signed by the Executors of the Lady Margaret, is dated 9thApril 1511; in this Robert Shorton is named as Master. He held officeuntil on 29th July 1516 the College was opened, when Alan Percy, of theNorthumberland House, succeeded. He again was succeeded in 1518 byNicholas Metcalfe, a member of the Metcalfe family of Nappa Hall, inWensleydale. Metcalfe had been Archdeacon of Rochester, and was no doubtwell known to Fisher as Bishop of that Diocese. 

The building of the College commenced under Shorton, but was notfinished until about 1520. 

It must be remembered that the College was founded before theReformation, and that these three Masters were priests of the Church ofRome. 

[Illustration: THE OLD BRIDGE]

Metcalfe was more of an administrator than a student, and his energieswere chiefly devoted to the material side of the College interests. Fresh endowments were obtained in place of those which had been lost. King Henry VIII. Was persuaded to hand over to the College the estatesof three decayed religious houses--the Maison Dieu at Ospringe, theNunnery of Lillechurch in Higham, both in Kent, and the Nunnery ofBroomhall in Berkshire. As these houses, as well as the Hospital, hadallowed their affairs to fall into disorder, it is probable that theidentification of their lands, and the reduction of these to effectivepossession, was a matter of some difficulty. Metcalfe was much absentfrom College; the accounts of his private expenditure on these journeyshave survived, and letters to him from the College during his absencesshow that his skill and wisdom were much relied on. 

Fisher also gave largely to the College, and through his example andinfluence others were induced to endow fellowships and scholarships. Hegave three successive codes of statutes for the government of theCollege in 1516, 1524, and 1530. These present no novel features, beingfor the most part based on existing statutes of Colleges at Oxford orCambridge. They are long, and, as the fashion then was, lay down manyrules with regard to minor matters. A few of the leading provisions maybe given. One scholar was to be Chapel clerk, to assist the sacrist atMass; another was to ring the great bell at 4 A. M. , as was done beforethe College was founded, and again at 8 P. M. , when the gates wereclosed; another was to be clock-keeper. These three scholars were to beexempt from all other domestic duties, except that of reading the Biblein time of plague. Seven scholars were told off to serve as waiters inHall, to bring in and remove the food and dishes; an eighth was to readthe Bible in Hall while the Society were at dinner. When in honour ofGod, or the Saints, a fire was made up in Hall, the Fellows, scholars, and servants might stay to amuse themselves with singing and repeatingpoetry and tales. The Master, Fellows, and scholars were to wearclerical dress; red, white, green, or parti-coloured boots wereforbidden. 

One-fourth part of the Fellows were always to be engaged in preaching tothe people in English; Bachelors of Divinity, preaching at Paul's Cross, were to be allowed ten days of absence for each sermon. No arms were tobe borne, though archery was allowed as a recreation. No Fellow orscholar was allowed to keep hounds, ferrets, hawks, or singing-birds inCollege. The weekly allowance for commons was 1s. For the Master andeach Fellow, 7d. For each scholar. The President or Bursar was toreceive a stipend of 40s. A year, a Dean 26s. 8d. No one under thestanding of a Doctor of Divinity was to have a separate room; Fellowsand scholars were to sleep singly, or not more than two in a bed. Eachroom was to have two beds--the higher for the Fellow, the lower ortruckle-bed for the scholar; the truckle-bed being tucked under theother during the day. 

The College made an excellent start, and was soon full of earnest andsuccessful students. It is sufficient to mention the names of Sir JohnCheke, the famous Greek scholar; of Roger Ascham, the tutor of QueenElizabeth; and, in another sphere, William Cecil, first Lord Burghley, to give an idea of the influence the College was spreading through hersons. 

In all this Metcalfe had his share. He is the "Good Master of a College"in Fuller's _Holy State_, where we read: "Grant that Metcalfe withThemistocles could not fiddle, yet he could make a little city a greatone. " And Ascham in _The Scholemaster_ writes of him: "His goodnes stoodnot still in one or two, but flowed aboundantlie over all that Colledge, and brake out also to norishe good wittes in every part of thatuniversitie; whereby at his departing thence, he left soch a companie offellowes and scholers in S. Johnes Colledge as can scarce be found nowin som whole universitie: which either for divinitie on the one side orother, or for civill service to their Prince and contrie, have bene, andare yet to this day, notable ornaments to this whole Realme. Yea S. Johnes did then so florish, as Trinitie College, that princely housenow, at the first erection was but _Colonia deducta_ out of S. Johnes, not onelie for their Master, fellowes and scholers, but also, which ismore, for their whole both order of learning, and discipline of maners;and yet to this day it never tooke Master but such as was bred up beforein S. Johnes; doing the dewtie of a good _colonia_ to her _metropolis_, as the auncient cities in Greice, and some yet in Italie at this timeare accustomed to do. "

But troubles were in store both for Fisher and Metcalfe. TheReformation, the divorce of Henry VIII. From Queen Catherine, the Act ofSuccession, and the sovereign's views on the royal supremacy, were thestumbling-blocks. Fisher went to the Tower, and on 22nd June 1535, tothe scaffold; Metcalfe was compelled to resign in 1537. 

Fisher had by deed of gift presented his library to the College, butretained its use for his lifetime--the greatest loan of books on record, as has been said. This magnificent collection was now lost, a loss morelamentable than that of the foundress' estates. Endowments might bereplaced, but "the notablest library of bookes in all England" was gonefor ever. It is to the credit of the Fellows of the College that, nodoubt at some risk to themselves, they stood by Fisher. They visited himin his prison, and in a nobly worded letter stated that as they owedeverything to his bounty, so they offered themselves and all they weremasters of to his service. 

In 1545 King Henry VIII. Gave new statutes to the College, adapted tothe reformed religion; but all mention of Fisher and his endowments iscut out; the College even had to pay 3d. For removing his armorialbearings from the Chapel. 

During the reign of King Edward VI. The outspoken and eloquent ThomasLeaver was Master; on the accession of Queen Mary he, with many of theFellows, had to fly to Switzerland. In Ascham's words: "mo perfitescholers were dispersed from thence in one moneth, than many years canreare up againe. "

The reign of Queen Mary did not extend over much more than five years, but while it lasted a resolute and unflinching effort was made tore-establish the Roman Catholic faith. 

The accession of Queen Elizabeth resulted in an equally rapid andfundamental revolution of opinion on the most vital points which caninterest mankind. A few selected extracts from the College Account Booksfor this period bring before us, with almost dramatic effect, thechanges which occurred. (Queen Mary succeeded in 1553, Queen Elizabethon 17th November 1558. )

"1555, To the joyner for setting up the rood, 2_d. _; A new graellprinted in parchment 40_s. _;--1556, In Spanish money given to thegoldsmyth by Mr Willan to make a pixe to the highe Aultar, 24_s. _11_d. _; A redde purple velvet cope, with the border of imagrie, havingthe assumption of our Ladie behinde and three little angels about herand the greater being full of floure de luces, 46_s. _ 8_d. _;--1557, ToWilliam Allom for two antiphoners, one masse book and hymnal andprocessioners, £6 13_s. _ 4_d. _"

"1558, To John Waller and his man for a dayes working pulling down thehye Altar and carrying it away 20_d. _; For pulling down the aulter in MrAshton's Chapel 6_d. _; 1563, Received for certain old Albes and otherpopishe Trashe, sold out of the Revystry the last yere, 26_s. _ 10_d. _;Paid to Mr Baxter for ten Geneva psalters and six service psalters, bought at Christmas last, 22_s. _"

This last entry gives us the key to the troubles at St. John's; theMarian exiles had returned with strong Calvinistic leanings. The unrestwas, of course, not confined to St. John's, but was general throughoutthe University. But for the greater part of the reign of Elizabeth therewas a strong leaning toward Puritanism in the College. There was a rapidsuccession of Masters, most of whom were thrust on the College by Courtinfluence; and about this time the Fellows of St. John's acquired thereputation of being "cunning practitioners" in the art of getting rid ofunpopular Masters. 

Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge in August 1564, and was received withall honour. She rode into the Hall of St. John's on her palfrey andlistened to a speech from Mr. Humphrey Bohun, one of the Fellows, inwhich for the last time the restitution of the Lady Margaret's estateswas hinted at, without result. 

Richard Longworth, a man of Presbyterian sympathies, was at this timeMaster. In 1565 he, with the Fellows and scholars, appeared in Chapelwithout the surplice. Lord Burghley, as Chancellor of the University, wrote a sharply worded letter to Longworth, expressing his grief thatsuch a thing should happen in "my dear College of St. John's"; adding, "truly no mishap in all my service did ever plunge me more grievously. "

Fortunately affairs were in strong and capable hands. With the authorityand in the name of Queen Elizabeth, Whitgift, at this time Master ofTrinity, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cecil provided newstatutes for the University in 1570, and for St. John's in 1580. Bythese much more power was put in the hands of the Master, and governmentrendered easier to a resolute man. 

Matters improved, if not at once, at least gradually, and the Anglicanrule became firmly established. But during the mastership of WilliamWhitaker (1586-1595) we still hear of troubles with "Papists. " Whitakerwas a learned scholar and an acute theologian, but he does not seem tohave been a ruler of men or a judge of character. He got involved in anunfortunate dispute with Everard Digby, one of the Fellows, a man ofconsiderable literary reputation, but of a turbulent disposition. Whitaker, who clearly wanted to get rid of Digby, seized upon thepretext that his bill for a month's commons, amounting to 8s. 7¼d. , wasleft unpaid, and deprived Digby of his fellowship. An appeal was lodgedwith Whitgift and Cecil, who ordered Whitaker to reinstate Digby. Whitaker replied that Digby was a Papist, was wont to blow a horn in theCourts and to holloa after it, and that he had threatened to put thePresident in the stocks! He seems to have succeeded in getting rid ofDigby for good. 

On the death of Whitaker in 1595, Richard Clayton became Master. If nota brilliant scholar, he commanded respect, and the tenor of many letterswhich have come down from that time shows that the Fellows in residencewere on good terms with each other, and with those of the Society whohad gone out into the world. The College was prosperous, and thebuilding of the Second Court was the visible sign of returnedefficiency. Clayton lived on into the reign of King James I. , dying 2ndMay 1612; besides being Master of St. John's, he was also Dean ofPeterborough and a Prebendary of Lincoln. 

During this period the College enjoyed a considerable reputation as atraining ground for medical men. Thomas Linacre, physician to HenryVIII. , founded in 1534 a medical lectureship in the College, endowing itwith some property in London. The stipend of the lecturer was to be £12a year, no mean sum in these days--being, in fact, the same as thestatutable stipend of the Master. In the Elizabethan statutes specialand detailed provisions are made for the continuance of the lectureship. These lay down that the lecturer must be versed in the works ofAristotle, and that he should lecture on the works of Galen, whichLinacre had translated. The effect of the foundation was to attract anumber of medical students to the College, many of whom seem to haveobtained fellowships, for we find the Fellows petitioning QueenElizabeth, while her code of statutes was under consideration, thatDivines should be preferred to Physicians in the election of SeniorFellows; otherwise, they submitted, an undue proportion of Physicianswould get on the seniority and rule the College. Further, they askedthat the medical Fellows, as some return for their privileges, shouldattend on poor students free of charge. That the College school ofmedicine was a noted one is confirmed by the fact that three successivePresidents of the Royal College of Physicians were Fellows of St. John's: Richard Smith (1585-1589), William Baronsdale (1589-1600), andWilliam Gilbert (1600-1601). Smith and Gilbert were physicians to QueenElizabeth; Baronsdale and Gilbert had been Senior Bursars of theCollege. Of these Gilbert is the most celebrated; his treatise, _DeMagnete_, is a scientific classic. Galileo spoke of Gilbert as "great toa degree which might be envied. " Francis Bacon mentions the book withapplause, and Hallam describes Gilbert as "at once the father ofexperimental philosophy in this island, and by a singular felicity andacuteness of genius, the founder of theories which have been revivedafter the lapse of ages, and are almost universally received into thecreed of science. " Gilbert, who always signs his name Gilberd or Gylberdin the College books, was Senior Bursar of the College in 1569, andPresident in the succeeding year. 

Amongst others who have held the Linacre lectureship, and attained toscientific distinction, was Henry Briggs, who was appointed lecturer in1592. He afterwards became Gresham Professor of Geometry and SavilianProfessor at Oxford. He took up Napier's discovery of logarithms; theidea of tables of logarithms having 10 for their base, and thecalculation of the first table of the kind, is due to him. 

 CHAPTER V

 THE SECOND CENTURY

 1612-1716

The second century of the College history opened quietly. Owen Gwyn waselected Master by the choice of the Fellows; John Williams, then aFellow, afterwards Lord Keeper, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York, exerting himself on Gwyn's behalf. It appearsthat Williams in after years repented of the choice, and Thomas Baker, the historian of the College, speaks slightingly of Gwyn. Still, underhis rule the College flourished, and Williams himself marked the periodby providing the greater part of the funds for the new Library. 

King James I. And Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I. ) frequentlyvisited the University; James holding his Court at Trinity, but beingentertained at St. John's. On one of these occasions, comparing thegreat Court of Trinity with the two then existing Courts of St. John's, he is said to have remarked that there was no greater difference betweenthe two Societies than between a shilling and two sixpences. 

[Illustration: _HALL, AND CHAPEL TOWER_]

With the advent of the Stuart kings the practice arose of sendingmandatory letters to Colleges, directing the election of named personsto fellowships. In theory it may have been correct enough; the statutesas enacted by Queen Elizabeth reserved to herself and her successors thepower of rescinding or altering them. To direct that the statutoryprovisions as to elections should be dispensed with in favour of anindividual was thus within the sovereign's power, however inconvenientit might prove in practice. One of the special grievances at St. John'swas that King James directed the College to elect a Scotchman, GeorgeSeaton, M. A. , to a fellowship, though there was none then actuallyvacant. The College obeyed, informing his Majesty that they had madetheir statutes wink to fulfil his bidding, and maintained an extraFellow for a time. The practice was, however, followed by others; andGwyn seems to have been deluged with letters from persons in highplaces, begging for his favour at elections. At some Colleges the deviceof "pre-elections" seems to have been resorted to; a promising man beingelected to the next fellowship which should be vacant. Thus, when thevacancy became known, the College could, with a clear conscience, saythat it had been already filled up; there is, however, no trace of thispractice at St. John's. 

On Gwyn's death in 1633 there was a disputed election to the mastership, which Charles I. Settled by nominating William Beale. Beale wasoriginally a Trinity man, but had been for about a year Master of Jesus. He was a supporter of Laud; he embellished the Chapel, and introduced amore ornate ritual; under his influence St. John's seems to have beenthe only College at Cambridge which fully complied with Laud'sinstructions. Thus when the Puritans got the upper hand, Beale and hisCollege were the subject of their displeasure. 

In 1642 King Charles applied to the University for supplies. Thecontribution of St. John's was £150 in money and 2065 ounces "grocersweight" of silver plate. The list of the pieces of plate and of thedonors' names is but melancholy reading; suffice it to say that amongthose sent were pieces bearing the names of Thomas Wentworth, LordStrafford, and of Thomas Fairfax. The fact that this plate actuallyreached the King did not endear the College to the parliamentary party. Oliver Cromwell surrounded the College, took Dr. Beale a prisoner, and, to equalise matters, confiscated the communion plate and othervaluables. 

Beale, after some imprisonment and wandering, escaped from England andbecame chaplain to Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde (afterwards LordClarendon) in their embassy to Spain; he died at Madrid, and was theresecretly buried. A number of the Fellows were also ejected, and forsome time the College was used as a prison. The Chapel was stripped ofthe obnoxious ornaments, and other damage done. A little bundle ofpapers labelled "Receipts for Army taxes during the Commonwealth" stillreposes, as a memento of these days, in the Muniment Room. 

St. John's, which dabbled in Presbyterian doctrines during the days ofElizabeth, now had these imposed upon it by superior authority. The twoCommonwealth Masters, John Arrowsmith (1644-1653) and Anthony Tuckney(1653-1661), were able men of Puritan austerity, the rule of the latterbeing the more strict; judging from the after careers of its members, the College was certainly capably directed. A well-authenticated Collegetradition relates that when, at an election, the President called uponthe Master to have regard to the "godly, " Tuckney replied that no oneshowed greater regard for the truly godly than himself, but that he wasdetermined to choose none but scholars; adding, with practical wisdom, "They may deceive me in their godliness; they cannot in theirscholarship. "

On the Restoration, Dr. Peter Gunning, afterwards Bishop of Ely, wasmade Master; and the Earl of Manchester, who, as an officer of theParliament, was the means of ejecting many of the Fellows, now directedthat some of them should be restored to their places. An interestingCollege custom dates from this period: on the 29th of May in each yearthe College butler decorates the Hall and Kitchen with fresh oak boughs;there is no order to that effect, but--"it has always been done. "

[Illustration: THE COLLEGE ARMS]

The rest of this century of the College existence, with the exception ofone exciting event, passed quietly enough. Such troubles as there werein College were but eddies of the storms in the world outside. Of the"seven Bishops" sent to the Tower by King James II. In 1688, three wereof St. John's: Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely (who had been Master of theCollege from 1670 to 1679); John Lake, Bishop of Chichester; and ThomasWhite, Bishop of Peterborough. 

The event of College interest was the fate of the nonjuring Fellows. TheNonjurors were those who, on various grounds, honourable enough, declined to take the oath of allegiance to King William and Queen Mary. Under the law they were liable to be deprived of their places andemoluments. At St. John's twenty Fellows and eight scholars took up thenonjuring position. In the rest of the University there were butfourteen in all, and the same number at the University of Oxford. Noexplanation seems to be forthcoming as to why there was thispreponderance of opinion at St. John's. It is difficult to believe thatit was enthusiasm for the cause of James II. ; for when in 1687 that Kingdirected the University to admit Father Alban Francis, a Benedictinemonk, to the degree of M. A. Without making the subscription or takingthe oaths required for a degree, Thomas Smoult and John Billers, membersof the College (the latter afterwards a Nonjuror), maintained the rightof the University to refuse the degree before the notorious JudgeJeffreys, after the Vice-Chancellor and Isaac Newton had been silenced. 

Humphrey Gower was at this time Master of the College; he was of Puritanorigin, and entered the College during the Commonwealth. After theRestoration he joined the Church of England, and though his sympathieswere with the Nonjurors, he took the oaths and retained his mastershipafter the flight of King James. He had been for less than six monthsMaster of Jesus before becoming Master of St. John's. Abraham de laPryme, a member of St. John's, has handed down an irreverent jest on hisappointment. "Our master, they say, is a mighty, high, proud man. .. . Hecame from Jesus College to be master here, and he was so sevear that hewas commonly called the divel of Jesus; and when he was made master heresome unlucky scholars broke this jest upon him--that now the divel wasentered into the heard of swine; for us Johnians are abusively calledhoggs. "

In 1693 the Court of King's Bench issued a _mandamus_ calling upon Gowerto remove those Fellows who had not taken the oath. Defence upon themerits of the case there was none; but Gower or his legal advisersopposed the mandate with great skill on technical points, and after muchlitigation the Court had to admit that its procedure was irregular, andthe matter dropped for some twenty-four years. During this period someof the Fellows in question died, others ceded their fellowships owing tothe combined action of the general law and the College statutes. Underthe latter Fellows were bound, when of proper standing, to proceed tothe B. D. Degree, but the oath of allegiance was required of those whotook the degree, and so fellowships were forfeited. Thomas Baker, thehistorian, who was one of the Nonjurors, had taken the B. D. Degreebefore 1688, so this cause did not operate in his case. But on theaccession of King George I. , an abjuration oath was required, and themeshes of the net being now smaller, the then Master, Dr. Jenkin, had noother course but to eject Baker and others. The College did all it couldto soften the blow, and allowed Baker to reside in College until hisdeath in 1740. He worked unweariedly at his manuscript collections andat the history of the College. The latter was first published in 1869, under the editorship of Professor John E. B. Mayor; with the editor'sadditions it forms a record of a College such as almost no otherfoundation can show. Baker's learning and accuracy are undoubted; but itmay be permitted (even to a member of his College) to hint that Baker'sjudgments are a little severe, and his views somewhat narrow. 

One notable improvement in the College records dates from this century. In early days no record was made of the names of those who joined theCollege. The statutes of King Henry VIII. Enjoined that a registershould be kept of all those admitted to scholarships and fellowships orCollege offices. This was begun in 1545, and has been continued to thepresent time. The entries of scholars and Fellows are in the autographof those admitted, and if they possessed no other interest, have thatof providing numerous examples of contemporary handwriting. But of thosenot admitted on the foundation, or of those admitted prior to 1545, there is no official College record. 

Dr. Owen Gwyn and the seniors of his day passed a rule that "theregister of the College should have a book provided him wherein heshould from time to time write and register the names, parents, county, school, age, and tutor of every one to be admitted to the College. " Thiswas commenced in January 1629-30, and has been continued, with varyingcare and exactness, ever since. It seems probable that the initiative inthis matter was due to Gwyn, as few Masters have so carefully preservedtheir official correspondence. 

Just before this general register commenced, three notable men joinedthe College: Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford; ThomasFairfax, afterwards Lord Fairfax, the victor at Naseby; and Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, who fell in Newbury fight in September 1643. Complimentary letters to the first and last of these, with the replies, have been preserved. Falkland, in his reply, complains that of thetitles given to him by the College "that which I shold most willinglyhave acknowledged and mought with most justice clayme you were notpleased to vouchsafe me, that of a St. John's man. "

Of others who entered we may name: Sir Ingram Hopton, son of Ralph, first Baron Hopton, who entered as a Fellow Commoner 12th May 1631. SirIngram fell at the battle of Winceby, 11th October 1643. He thereunhorsed Oliver Cromwell in a charge, and knocked him down again as herose, but was himself killed. 

Titus Oates, "the infamous, " first entered at Caius 29th June 1667, migrating to St. John's, where he entered 2nd February 1668-69. ThomasBaker for once abandons his decorous reticence and states of Oates: "Hewas a lyar from the beginning, he stole and cheated his taylor of agown, which he denied with horrid imprecations, and afterwards at acommunion, being admonisht and advised by his Tutor, confest the fact. "

Matthew Prior, the poet, was both scholar and Fellow of the College, holding his fellowship until his death. Robert Herrick, though hegraduated at Trinity Hall, was sometime a Fellow Commoner here. ThomasForster of Adderstone, general to the "Old Pretender, " and commander ofthe Jacobite army in 1715, entered the College as a Fellow Commoner 3rdJuly 1700. Brook Taylor, well known to mathematicians as the discovererof "Taylor's theorem, " entered as a Fellow Commoner 3rd April 1701. While David Mossom of Greenwich, who entered the College as a sizar 5thJune 1705, after being ordained, emigrated to America, and becamerector of St. Peter's Church, New Kent County, Virginia. He was theofficiating clergyman at the marriage of George Washington in St. Peter's Church. 

We get an amusing glimpse of the importance of the Master of a Collegein the following anecdote: "In the year 1712 my old friend, MatthewPrior, who was then Fellow of St. John's, and who not long before hadbeen employed by the Queen as her Plenipotentiary at the Court ofFrance, came to Cambridge; and the next morning paid a visit to theMaster of his own College. The Master (Dr. Jenkin) loved Mr. Prior'sprinciples, had a great opinion of his abilities, and a respect for hischaracter in the world; but then he had much greater respect forhimself. He knew his own dignity too well to suffer a Fellow of hisCollege to sit down in his presence. He kept his seat himself, and letthe Queen's Ambassador stand. Such was the temper, not of aVice-Chancellor, but of a simple Master of a College. I remember, by theway, an extempore epigram of Matt's on the reception he had there metwith. We did not reckon in those days that he had a very happy turn foran epigram; but the occasion was tempting; and he struck it off as hewas walking from St. John's College to the Rose, where we dinedtogether. It was addressed to the Master:--

 "'I _stood_, Sir, patient at your feet, Before your elbow chair; But make a bishop's throne your seat, I'll _kneel_ before you there. One only thing can keep you down, For your great soul too mean; You'd not, to mount a bishop's throne, Pay _homage_ to the Queen. '"

 CHAPTER VI

 THE THIRD CENTURY

 1716-1815

The third century of the College history coincides roughly with theeighteenth century. It was not a period of very high ideals, and"privilege" was in full force. For the first time in the Collegeregisters men are entered as "Noblemen. " These were allowed to proceedto the M. A. Degree direct in two years without passing through theintermediate stage of B. A. The College was also full of FellowCommoners, who sat with the Fellows at the High Table in Hall; until theclose of the century these do not seem to have proceeded to any degree. The other two classes were the pensioners, who paid their way, and thesizars. A sizar was definitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner, and in return for duties of a somewhat menial character passed throughhis College course on reduced terms. Among other duties, a sizar had, with some of the scholars, to wait at table, a service not abolisheduntil 6th May 1786. 

[Illustration: THE CHAPEL TOWER FROM THE RIVER. ]

Speaking in general terms, the College seems gradually to haveacquired the reputation of being the Tory College in the WhigUniversity; it became exceedingly fashionable, and towards the end ofthe century had more students in residence than any other College. Atthe same time its reputation for efficiency was very high. This was dueto the policy of Dr. William Samuel Powell, Master from 1765 to 1775. Heintroduced various administrative changes on the financial side ofCollege management, and also started annual examinations in the College, then a novelty in the University. These examinations were not verysevere, and to the somewhat overtaxed undergraduate of the present daymight seem almost trivial. They were not competitive, there was no orderof merit, but no one seems to have been exempt; their object was simplyto test the knowledge of the students. The success of the plan attractedmuch attention; it was proposed to institute similar examinations forthe University at large, but Powell opposed this on the ground thatcandidates ought to be examined by those who taught them. From this dateit would appear that Fellow Commoners, at St. John's at least, began totake degrees in the University. 

During Powell's mastership an observatory was established on the top ofthe western gateway of the Second Court, and regular astronomicalobservations taken. Two sets of observations there made by Fellows ofthe College have been published; one set made by William Ludlam in 1767and 1768, the other by Thomas Catton between 1796 and 1826, the latterbeing published by the Royal Astronomical Society in 1854. 

We find members of the College taking part in all the movements of thetime. In the rebellion of 1745, James Dawson, a captain in theManchester Regiment, was taken prisoner at Carlisle, and executed inJuly 1746 on Kennington Common; while Robert Ganton, afterwards aclergyman, was excused one term's residence in the University, duringwhich, as one of "his majesty's Royal Hunters, " he was fighting therebels. 

Charles Churchill, satirist, was for a short time a member of theCollege in 1748. William Wordsworth, afterwards Poet Laureate, enteredthe College as a sizar, and was admitted a foundress' scholar 6thNovember 1787. Many adopted military careers; of these we may mentionGeorge, first Marquis Townshend, who joined the College in 1741, afterwards entered the army, and was present at Fontenoy and Culloden;he went with Wolfe to Canada, and took over the command when Wolfe fell. Daniel Hoghton entered in 1787, he also became a soldier, and was one ofWellington's men in the Peninsular War; he was killed at the battle ofAlbuera, being then a major-general. 

Of another type were William Wilberforce (entered 1776) and ThomasClarkson (1779), whose names will always be associated in connectionwith the abolition of slavery. The saintly Henry Martyn, Senior Wranglerin 1801 and Fellow of the College, went out as a missionary to India in1805, and died at Tokat in Persia in 1812. There have been manymissionary sons of the College since his day, but his self-denialgreatly impressed his contemporaries, and Sir James Stephen speaks ofhim as "the one heroic name which adorns the annals of the Church ofEngland from the days of Elizabeth to our own. " With Martyn curiouslyenough is associated in College annals another name, that of Henry JohnTemple, third Viscount Palmerston, sometime Prime Minister of England;for Martyn and Temple appear as officers of the College company ofvolunteers in the year 1803. 

Thomas Denman, afterwards Lord Chief Justice, entered the College in1796; he resided in the Second Court, staircase G, at the top. When hebrought up his son, the Hon. George Denman, to Trinity he pointed therooms out to him, and the latter pointed them out to the present writer, "in order that the oral tradition might be preserved. "

Alexander John Scott, who, as private secretary and interpreter to LordNelson, was present on the _Victory_ at Trafalgar, entered the Collegein 1786, and became a scholar of the College 3rd November 1789. FletcherNorton, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780, and firstLord Grantley, entered the College in 1734. With him, in a way, wasconnected John Horne (afterwards Horne Tooke), who entered in 1754; forHorne, for purposes of his own, libelled Fletcher Norton when Speaker. Horne Tooke's stormy career belongs rather to political than Collegehistory; but it is worth noting that when he presented himself atCambridge for the M. A. Degree, and the granting of this was opposed inthe senate on the ground that he had traduced the clergy in hiswritings, the members of St. John's, headed by Dr. Richard Beadon, thenPublic Orator, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, carried the gracefor the degree. Horne and Beadon entered the College in the same year. 

We have already mentioned Charles Churchill. Another Johnian poet ofthis period was William Mason, who entered the College in 1742. Masonafterwards became a Fellow of Pembroke, where he was the intimate friendof Thomas Gray. As the biographer of Gray he is perhaps betterremembered than for his own poetry, though during his lifetime heenjoyed considerable fame. 

A somewhat unusual career was that of William Smith, who entered theCollege from Eton in 1747, but left without taking a degree. He isreported to have snapped an unloaded pistol at one of the Proctors, andrather than submit to the punishment which the College authoritiesthought proper to inflict, left the University. He became an actor, andwas very popular in his day, being known as "Gentleman Smith. " He wasassociated with David Garrick, and Smith's admirers held that he felllittle short of his master in the art. 

The reputation of the College as a medical school was maintained by Dr. William Heberden, who entered in 1724. Heberden attended Samuel Johnsonin his last illness, and Johnson described him as "_ultimus Romanorum_, the last of our learned physicians. " A description which may beamplified by saying that Heberden was in a way the first of the modernphysicians. 

 CHAPTER VII

 THE CURRENT CENTURY

The time has probably not yet come when a satisfactory account ofCollege and University development during the nineteenth century can bewritten. The changes have been fundamental, involving perhaps a changeof ideal as well as of method. In early days the College was filled withmen saturated with the spirit of the Renaissance; casting aside thestudies of the Middle Ages, they returned to the literature of Greeceand Rome. The ideals of the present day are not less high, but morecomplex and less easy to state briefly; the aim is perhaps rather to addto knowledge than to acquire it for its own sake alone. 

[Illustration: The College Chapel]

For the first half of the century College life was still regulated bythe statutes of Elizabeth. These were characterised by over-cautious andminute legislation. Now that they are superseded, the chief feeling isone of surprise that a system of laws, intended to be unchangeable, should have endured so long in presence of the changing character of thewants and habits of mankind. 

It must be remembered that each member of the corporate body, Master, Fellow, or Scholar, on admission, each officer on his appointment, boundhimself by oaths of great solemnity to observe these statutes and toseek no dispensation from their provisions. To a more logical race thedifficulties must have proved intolerable--the practical Englishmanfound his own solution. 

The forms were observed _juramenti gratia_, but much practical work wassupplemental to the statutes. This could be illustrated in more than oneway--the most interesting is the development of the educational side andthe tutorial system. 

The statutes prescribed the appointment of certain lecturers--even thesubjects of their lectures. Space need not be occupied in showing thatsuch provisions soon became obsolete. The working solution was found inthe tutorial system. In early days it was contemplated and prescribedthat each Fellow should have the care of two or three students, livingwith them, teaching them daily; the exact date when this system passedaway has not been traced with any certainty, but gradually the number ofFellows taking individual charge of the undergraduates diminished untilit became reduced to two or three. Those in charge became known asTutors, and with each Tutor was associated one or two others calledAssistant Tutors or Lecturers. A charge was made to the undergraduatesfor tuition, and the sum so received was shared by the Tutors and theirassistants. But the Tutor was not a College officer in the eye of thestatutes, nor the money received for tuition treated as part of theCollege revenues. The system worked, because it was meant to work, andas it was not subject to obsolete rules could be modified and adapted tochanging conditions. So long as the chief subjects of study were few innumber, practically restricted to classics and mathematics, Collegeprovision for teaching was possible and simple. The multiplication ofstudies, the needs of the studies generally known as the NaturalSciences, with their expensive laboratories and equipment, are entailingfurther changes, and the tendency, more especially in the newersubjects, is to centralise teaching under the control of Universityprofessors and teachers. The subject is one of great interest, butcannot be further touched upon here. To return to the history of St. John's. 

Dr. James Wood became Master in 1815. He was a man of humble origin, anative of Holcombe, in the parish of Bury, Lancashire. According to awell-authenticated tradition he "kept, " as an undergraduate, in a garretin staircase O in the Second Court, and studied in the evening by thelight of the rush candle which lit the staircase, with his feet instraw, not being able to afford fire or light. He became a successfuland popular College Tutor, and his mathematical writings were long thestandard text-books in the University. At the time of his death in 1839he held, with his mastership, the Deanery of Ely and the Rectory ofFreshwater in the Isle of Wight. He made the College his residuarylegatee, but during his life had handed over large sums for Collegepurposes, and the total of his gifts cannot have been less than £60, 000. 

In Wood's time we find the first movement in favour of change taken bythe College itself. St. John's then suffered under a specially awkwardrestriction arising from the joint effect of the general statutes andthe trusts of private foundations. By the statutes not more than twoFellows could come from any one county in England, or more than one fromeach diocese in Wales. 

There were thirty-two foundation Fellows, and twenty-one founded byprivate benefactors, the latter having all the privileges and advantagesof the former. Each of these private foundations had its own specialrestriction; the holders were to be perhaps of founder's name or kin, orto come from certain specified counties, parishes, or schools. Theeffect of these special restrictions was that many fellowships had to befilled by men possessing the special qualification without, perhaps, anygreat intellectual distinction. But once a county was "full" no Fellowcould be elected who had been born in that county; and even if a vacancyoccurred a promising man might be again cut out by some specialrestriction. Dr. Wood and the Fellows addressed themselves to this pointand obtained in 1820 the Royal consent to a statute throwing open thefoundress' fellowships without restriction as to county; the privatefoundations were left untouched, but the College was empowered totransfer a Fellow on the foundress' foundation to one of the specialfoundations, if qualified. 

Dr. Wood was succeeded as Master by Dr. Ralph Tatham, whose father andgrandfather (of the same names) had been members of the College. He wasPublic Orator of the University from 1809 to 1836, an office for whichhe was well qualified by a singular dignity of person and courtesy ofmanner. "He brought forth butter, " said the wags, "in a lordly dish. " Inthe year 1837 the Earl of Radnor and others raised the question ofUniversity reform, and tried to induce the House of Lords to pass a billfor the appointment of a University Commission. In the end the matterwas shelved, the friends of the University undertaking that theColleges, with the approval of their Visitors, should prepare newstatutes for the assent of the Crown. The change in St. John's wasopposed by some ultra-conservative Fellows, who urged that as they werebound by oath to observe and uphold the statutes, and to seek nodispensation from them, they were precluded from asking for any change. The Bishop of Ely, however, gently put this objection on one side, andthe statutes then prepared were approved by Queen Victoria in 1849. Themore ardent reformers have described this code as merely legalising thecustoms and "abuses" which had grown up around the Elizabethan statuteswithout introducing any effective change. 

On the death of Dr. Tatham (19th January 1857), Dr. William HenryBateson was elected Master; he had been Senior Bursar of the Collegefrom 1846, and Public Orator of the University from 1848. Dr. Batesonwas a man of scholarly tastes, but he was above all a practical man ofaffairs and of broad views. He served on more than one UniversityCommission appointed to examine into and report upon the University andColleges. The College statutes were twice revised during his mastership;the first code becoming law in 1860, the second was prepared during hislifetime, though it did not become law till a year after his death. These statutes are much less interesting reading than the earlystatutes, though undoubtedly more useful. While aiming at precision inthe matter of rights and duties, they leave great freedom in matters ofstudy, discipline, and administration. All local restrictions onscholarships and fellowships have been abolished. The government of theCollege is entrusted to a Council of twelve, elected by the Fellows, and presided over by the Master; a simple method has been provided ofaltering them if necessary. Independently of the changes thus introducedthe College, on its own initiative, was providing for the newer studies. In 1853 a chemical laboratory was built, and a lecturer in chemistryappointed, and other lecturers appointed from time to time as the scopeof University teaching was widened. St. John's at an early date began toelect men to scholarships and fellowships for Natural Science. In allthis we may trace the influence of Dr. Bateson, one of whose guidingprinciples was to widen and increase the teaching power of the College, and to reward intellectual distinction of any kind. Dr. Bateson died27th March 1881, and was succeeded by Dr. Charles Taylor, the presentMaster. 

Of men who have added lustre to the College roll of worthies we maymention Sir John F. W. Herschel, the astronomer, who was Senior Wranglerin 1813, and died in 1871, laden with all the honours which scientificand learned bodies could bestow upon him; he lies buried in WestminsterAbbey close to the tomb of Newton. John Couch Adams, Senior Wrangler in1843, in July 1841, while yet an undergraduate, resolved to investigatethe irregularities in the motion of the planet Uranus, with the view ofdetermining whether they might be attributed to an undiscovered planet. The memorandum he made of his resolve is, as has been stated, now inthe College Library. It is a matter of history how Adams carried out hispurpose, and how through a series of unlucky accidents he did not getthe sole credit for his discovery of the planet Neptune. Adams became aFellow of the College in 1843, but had to vacate his fellowship in 1852as he was not in orders. The College tried to induce a Mr. Blakeney, whothen held one of the very few fellowships tenable by a layman, to resignhis fellowship and make way for Adams; offering to pay him for the restof his life an income equal to that of his fellowship. Mr. Blakeney, however, refused, and a fellowship was found for Mr. Adams at PembrokeCollege, which he held till his death. 

It is perhaps a delicate matter to allude to those still living, but twomay perhaps be mentioned. The Hon. Charles A. Parsons by his developmentof the steam turbine has revolutionised certain departments ofengineering. Dairoku Kikuchi, the first Japanese student to come toCambridge, after graduating in 1877, in the same year as Mr. Parsons, returned to Japan, and has held many offices, including that of Ministerof Education, in his native country. 

We may say that the changes introduced in the nineteenth century haverestored to the College its national character, admitting to the fullprivileges of a University career certain classes of students who hadbeen gradually excluded. During the reigns of Henry VIII. , Edward VI. , Mary, and Elizabeth, there was always a part of the nation, Protestantor Roman Catholic, which found the entry barred to it. The establishmentof the Anglican rule in the reign of Elizabeth led to the exclusion ofRoman Catholics, and for three hundred years the doors of the Universitywere closed to them. 

The Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration produced religiousdifficulties of another kind; the wholesale ejections in 1644 and 1660testify to the troubles men had to face for conscience' sake. After theRestoration the Puritan, the Protestant Dissenter, was excluded with theRomanist. 

In the eighteenth century a certain variety was introduced by the entryof students from the West Indies, sons of planters; one or twoindividuals came from the American colonies. The constant wars drew offmen to military careers, and the religious movements towards the closeof the century attracted men, after leaving College, to Unitarianism orWesleyanism. The celebrated Rowland Hill was a member of the College;Francis Okeley, after leaving, became a Moravian or a Mystic. Suchdissenters as entered the College, and they were very few, were obligedto leave without graduating. 

The removal of all religious tests has thus restored to the ancientUniversities a national character they had not possessed since the earlydays of Henry VIII. , when all could come, as all were practically of thesame faith. 

Thus a wider field is open to the College to draw on, not only in theBritish Islands, but in all its colonies and dependencies. On the otherhand, it is no less true that her sons are to be found more widelyscattered. A hundred and fifty years ago one could say of a selectedgroup of men that the majority would become clergymen or schoolmasters, a few would become barristers, others would return to their countryestates, one or two might enter the army; with that we should haveexhausted the probabilities. Now there is probably not a career open toeducated men in which members of the College are not to be found; theState in every department, civil, ecclesiastical, or military, enlistsher sons in its service. The rise of scientific industries has openednew careers to trained men. We talk of the spacious days of Elizabeth;if space itself has not increased it is at least more permeated with menwho owe their early training to the foundation of the Lady Margaret. 

 CHAPTER VIII

 SOCIAL LIFE

Hitherto we have confined ourselves to an outline of the College historyon what may be called its official side. In what follows we deal brieflywith some features of the life of the place. 

[Illustration: THE NEW COURT]

The original, and perhaps the chief, purpose of the College in the eyesof those who founded it was practically that it should form a trainingground for the clergy. The statutes of King Henry VIII. Distinctly laydown that theology is the goal to which philosophy and all other studieslead, and that none were to be elected Fellows who did not propose tostudy theology. The statutes of Elizabeth provided a certain elasticityby prescribing that those Fellows who did not enter priests' orderswithin six years should vacate their fellowships; but that two Fellowsmight be allowed, by the Master and a majority of the Senior Fellows, todevote themselves to the study of medicine. King Charles I. In 1635allowed a like privilege to be granted from thenceforth to two Fellowswho were to study law. These privileges were not always popular, and weoccasionally find the clerical Fellows complaining that while theduties of teaching and catechising were laid on them, a man who had heldone of the law or medical fellowships sometimes took orders late in lifeand then claimed presentation to a College benefice in virtue of hisseniority as a Fellow, having in the meantime escaped the drudgery towhich the Fellow in orders had been subject. 

The emoluments of members of the Society in early times were verymodest, and as prices rose became quite inadequate; the amounts beingnamed in the College statutes were incapable of alteration, and indirectmeans were taken to provide relief. In Bishop Fisher's time it wasconsidered that an endowment of £6 a year sufficed to found afellowship, and £3 a year to found a scholarship. The statutable stipendof the Master was only £12 a year, though he had some other allowances, the total amount of which was equally trivial. James Pilkington, Masterfrom 1559 to 1561, when he became Bishop of Durham, wrote to LordBurghley on the subject of his successor, stating that whoever becameMaster must have some benefice besides to enable him to live. RichardLongworth, Master from 1564 to 1569, made a similar complaint, puttingthe weekly expenses of his office at £3. We accordingly find that manyof the Masters held country benefices, prebends, or deaneries with theirCollege office. Lord Keeper Williams, who gave to the College theadvowsons of Soulderne in Oxfordshire, Freshwater in the Isle of Wight, and the sinecure rectories of St. Florence and Aberdaron in Wales, madeit part of the conditions of his gift that the Master should always beentitled to take one of these livings if a vacancy occurred. Many of theFellows also held benefices or curacies near Cambridge. In theeighteenth century the business of holding ecclesiastical preferment inplurality became almost a fine art; thus Sir Isaac Pennington, who wasPresident of the College and Regius Professor of Physic, left to theCollege by his will a fund to provide the sum of £200 a year for theMaster "if he be rector of Freshwater and not otherwise, " a direct andcurious incentive to holding in plurality. A Fellow was entitled to hiscommons, and, in addition, to allowances of 13s. 4d. Under each of thethree heads of "corn, " "livery, " and "stipend, " or, as we may say, food, clothes, and pocket-money. The College officers received but smallsalaries, the most highly paid being the President and Senior Bursar, who each received £2. 

An effort was made by the Statutes of the Realm to improve the conditionof members of colleges. It seems to have been assumed that the rent of acollege farm, like its statutes, could not be altered; but by an Act ofParliament passed in the eighteenth year of Elizabeth, known as SirThomas Smith's Act, it was enacted that from thenceforth one-third ofthe rents were to be paid in wheat and malt; the price of wheat for thepurposes of the Act being assumed to be 6s. 8d. A quarter, and of malt5s. A quarter. Thus if before the Act the rent of a farm was £6 a year, after it became law the tenant had to pay £4 in money, three-quarters ofwheat, and four quarters of malt, these two latter items coming to £1each. But the tenant now paid a rent varying according to the prices ofthe day--namely, the money rent plus the cash value of the wheat andmalt according to the best prices of these commodities in Cambridge onthe market-day preceding quarter-day. Thus as the prices of wheat andmalt rose the College benefited. By the Act this variable one-third, or"corn-money, " went to increase the allowance for commons. As time wenton the amount of the corn-money was more than sufficient to pay for thecommons, and a further modest allowance out of the surplus was made toall who participated in the College revenues, whether as Master, Fellow, scholar, or sizar, under the name of _pręter_. 

In process of time another source of revenue arose. Leases of Collegeestates were usually granted for a term of forty years, and there was ageneral custom that the tenant might surrender his lease at the end offourteen years and receive a new one for forty years. As prices rosetenants were willing to pay a consideration for the renewal known as a"fine"--this was calculated on the full letting value of the estate atthe time of the renewal, the rent reserved remaining at its traditionalamount. At first this fine-money was regarded as a species of surplus, and grants were made from it to Fellows or scholars who were ill or inspecial need of temporary assistance. The cost of entertaining royaltiesor other distinguished visitors, and part of the cost of new buildings, were defrayed from this source. In the year 1629 the practice arose ofdividing this fine-money up among the Master and Fellows in certainshares, and the money so paid became known as the "dividend. " At thepresent time the College property is managed like any other landedestate, and after the necessary expenses of management and maintenancehave been met, and certain fixed sums paid to the scholars andexhibitioners, and to the University, the remainder is by the statutesdivided up into shares called dividends, each Fellow getting onedividend, the Master and the members of the College Council receivingcertain additions calculated in dividends; there is a generalrestriction that the dividend shall not exceed £250 a year. The fall inthe value of land at present automatically provides that this limit isnot exceeded; if the revenues become more than sufficient for thepurpose, additional fellowships and scholarships must be established. 

The reader will gather that the chief endowment of the College arisesfrom land. The College estates lie scattered over most of the easternside of England, from Yorkshire to Kent. There is no large block ofproperty anywhere. The estates in past times, when means ofcommunication were poor, must have been difficult to visit. In theleases of the more distant farms it was usual to stipulate that thetenant should provide "horse meat and man's meat" for the Master andBursar and their servants while on a tour of inspection. That some carewas bestowed on the management is clear from the regular entries, in thebooks of accounts, of the expenses of those "riding on Collegebusiness. " Probably the estates were visited when leases came to berenewed, and an effort made to discover the actual letting value of theproperty. Land agents seem to have been first employed to make formalvaluations towards the end of the eighteenth century, and about the sametime plans of the estates were obtained, some of these, made before theenclosures, showing the land scattered in many minute pieces, are verycurious and interesting. 

The actual life within the College walls is not so easy to describe withany certainty. At first, as we have seen, the undergraduates actuallylived with Fellows of the College, and overcrowding must have been aconstant feature of College life. On 15th December 1565 a return wasmade to Lord Burghley of all students, "whether tutors or pupils, "residing in the College, with notes as to whether they had come intoChapel in their surplices or not. The return concludes with thissummary: "The whole number is 287, whereof there came into the Chappellwith surplesses upon the last Saturdaie and Sondaie 147; and abrode inthe country 33. And of thother 107 whiche cumme not in as yet, there bemany cumme to the Colledge of late and be not yet provided ofsurplesses. " At this time we have to remember that the buildings of theCollege consisted only of the First Court, the Infirmary or Labyrinth, and a small block of buildings in a corner of the ground now occupied bythe Second Court, swept away when that was built. The arrangement seemsto have been as follows. The ground-floor rooms were occupied by juniorFellows, each with a few pupils. The rooms on the first floor, known inthe College books as the "middle chambers, " were in greater request;with these went the rooms on the second floor, with sometimes _excelses_or garrets over them--these could accommodate a senior Fellow withseveral pupils. In the older parts of the College the rooms occupied thewhole depth of the building, and so were lighted from both sides; in thecorners, when light could be obtained, cubicles or studies werepartitioned off. From a sanitary point of view, life under suchconditions must have left much to be desired, and the burial registersof All Saints' parish (in which the older part of the College issituated) leave the impression of frequent and almost epidemic illnessin the College during the sixteenth and early part of the seventeenthcentury. 

The undergraduates in early times were much younger than the men of thepresent day. The statutes prescribed that the oath should not berequired from scholars who were under sixteen years of age; the frequentoccurrence of _non juratus_ in the admission entry of a scholar showsthat many came to the College before that age. Probably the average agewas about sixteen; the idea being that after the seven years' residencerequired for the M. A. Degree they would be of the proper age to presentthemselves for ordination. Those under eighteen years of age might bepublicly whipped in the Hall for breaches of discipline. 

Students from distant parts of England probably resided continuously inCollege from the time they entered it until they took their degrees. Thestatutes of King Henry VIII. Contemplate a period of some relaxation atChristmas; providing that each Fellow in turn should be "Lord" atChristmas, and prepare dialogues and plays to be acted by members of theCollege between Epiphany and Lent. The brazier in the Hall seems to havebeen kept burning in the evening about Christmas time; of this practicea curious relic survived until comparatively lately, it being the customto leave a few gas-jets burning in the Hall until midnight from St. John's Day (December 27) until Twelfth Night. 

There were three classes of students. The Fellow Commoners, sons ofnoblemen or wealthy land-owners, who sat at the High Table, or, as itwas phrased, were in Fellows' commons. Some came in considerable state. In 1624 the Earl of Arundel and Surrey sent his two sons, LordMaltravers and Mr. William Howard, to the College. The Earl's chaplain, or secretary, in making arrangements for their coming, wrote to requestthat they should have one chamber in the College, with a "pallett forthe gromes of their chamber"; the rest of "his lordships company, beingtwo gentlemen, a grome of his stable and a footman, may be lodged in thetowne near the College. " At this period the Second Court had been built, and the accommodation for residence thus somewhat greater than inElizabethan times. The Fellow Commoner wore a gown ornamented with goldlace, and a cap with a gold tassel. The last Fellow Commoner at St. John's to wear this dress was the present Admiral Sir Wilmot HawksworthFawkes. 

The next class in order of status were the Pensioners--men who paidtheir expenses without assistance from the College, sons of middle-classparents. In times of which we have any definite record this was the mostnumerous class in College. Lastly, we have the sizars. A sizar wasdefinitely attached to a Fellow or Fellow Commoner; he was not exactly aservant, but made himself generally useful. For example, those membersof the College who absented themselves from the University sermon werein the eighteenth century fined sixpence, and the sizars were expectedto mark the absentees. The sizar at Cambridge had, however, always abetter status than the servitor at Oxford, and in the days whenscholarships were strictly limited as to locality, a sizarship wassomething of the nature of what at the present day we should describe asan entrance scholarship or exhibition, the assistance given consistingin a reduction of expenses rather than in actual direct emolument. Atthe present time there is no difference in status among members of theCollege; the foundation scholars, however, having special seats inChapel and a separate table in Hall if they choose to make use of it. 

Until 1882 the condition of celibacy attached to all fellowships in theCollege; Queen Elizabeth held strong views on the matter, evendiscouraging the marriage of Masters. The necessity of taking orders wassomewhat relaxed in 1860. The system had its advantages--it tended toproduce promotion; for the natural inclination of mankind to marry, vacated fellowships; the disadvantage was that men with a real taste forstudy or teaching had no certain career before them. The question ofallowing Fellows to marry was raised in the eighteenth century, but metwith little support and much opposition. Even in the middle of thenineteenth century a University Commission inclined to the view thatcelibacy was inseparable from the collegiate system. 

[Illustration: THE "BRIDGE OF SIGHS"]

The clerical restriction had the effect of chiefly confining selectionto College offices to those who were in orders. These in due coursewent off to benefices in the gift of the College, these acting as aspecies of pension. One form of benefaction frequently bestowed by pastmembers was the gift of an advowson; one or two benefactors leftestates, the revenues from which were to accumulate, and with the sumsso raised advowsons were to be purchased. Presentation to livings wentby seniority of standing, and this practice, with the restriction onmarriage, gave rise to the belief, still prevalent in many parisheswhere the College is patron, that the College on a vacancy alwayschooses for the next incumbent "the oldest bachelor. " It seems probable, without any minute statistical inquiry, that most of the Fellows leftthe College before the age of forty. A few remained on for life. 

It is difficult now to reconstruct a picture of the High Table, made upas it was for many years of a group of middle-aged or elderly men, witha considerable admixture of youthful Fellow Commoners. During theeighteenth century the proportion of Fellow Commoners was probably fromone-fourth to one-third of those dining together, and constraint on bothsides must have been almost inevitable. The terms "don" and"donnishness" seem to have acquired their uncomplimentary meaning aboutthis period. The precise significance of "don" is not easy to expressconcisely; the most felicitous is perhaps that of the Oxford _ShotoverPapers_, where we read that don means, in Spain, a gentleman; inEngland, a Fellow. The abolition of the Fellow Commoner was perhapschiefly due to the rise of the democratic spirit and a general dislikeof privilege, but there are other grounds for welcoming it. 

Of the individuals who make up the stream of youthful life which hasebbed and flowed through the College gate there is but little officialrecord. An Admonition Book exists, in which more than a century agothose who were punished for graver offences against discipline signedthe record of their sentence and promised amendment. One youth admitsover a trembling signature that he was "admonished by the Master, beforethe Seniors, for keeping strangers in my chamber till twelve o' theclock, and disturbing the Master by knocking at his gate in anirreverent manner at that hour for the keys of the gate. " When theCollege gate was closed it may be explained that the keys were placed inthe Master's keeping. We are, however, left in ignorance of what passedin that chamber until the midnight hour. Yet no doubt the student inpast days had his amusements as well as his successor of the presentday--rougher perhaps, but not less agreeable to him. 

In Bishop Fisher's statutes archery was encouraged as a pastime, and weknow from Ascham's writings that he indulged in it. In the sixteenthcentury the College built a tennis-court for the use of its members. John Hall, who entered the College in 1646, recommended "shittlecock" asfit for students--"it requires a nimble arme with quick and waking eye. "We hear of horse matches and cock-fighting, but in terms of disapproval. Football is mentioned in 1574, when the Vice-Chancellor directed thatscholars should only play upon their own College ground. In 1595 "thehurtful and unscholarly exercise of football" was forbidden, exceptwithin each College and between members of the same College. Certaingeneral orders for the discipline of the undergraduates, which gave riseto much controversy about 1750, forbade cricket between the hours ofnine and twelve in the morning. In 1763 the Vice-Chancellor requiredthat no scholar, of whatever rank, should be present at bull-baiting. Weread in the eighteenth century of "schemes" or water-parties on theriver, but these appear to have been more of the nature of picnics thanexercises of skill. Riding was probably very common, the studentarriving on his nag, perhaps selling it and using the proceeds as astart in his new life. The phrase "Hobson's choice" took its rise fromthe rule in the livery stables of Hobson the carrier that a man whohired a hack had to take the one that stood nearest to the stable door. In later days stage-coaches supplied a more regular means ofconveyance. Students leaving Cambridge for the North betook themselvesto Huntingdon, and were housed at the George Inn there till places couldbe found for them in the coaches. The landlord of the George sendingover to Cambridge to let it be known that one batch were gone and thatanother might come over. 

Traditions linger in parishes round Cambridge that the University"gentlemen" used certain fields or commons for the purpose of ridingraces; the Cottenham steeplechases are presumably a survival of thispractice. Shooting and coursing, with a little hunting, came into vogueat the end of the eighteenth century. 

The rise and organisation of athletic sports as an essential element ofCollege life would require a bulky history in itself. The first to takedefinite form was rowing. The historic boat club of the college is theLady Margaret Boat Club; this was founded in the October term of 1825. The actual founder of the club seems to have been the Hon. Richard JohnLe Poer Trench, a son of the second Earl of Clancarty. Trench afterwardsbecame a captain in the 52nd Regiment, and died 12th August 1841. Theclub was the first to start an eight-oared boat on the Cam, though someTrinity men had a four-oar on the river a short time before the LadyMargaret was started. Among the first members of the club were WilliamSnow and Charles Merivale, afterwards Dean of Ely. Trench acted asstroke of the original first boat crew in the Lent Term of 1826. Therewere at first no regular races, but impromptu trials of speed with othercrews frequently took place. In 1827 the University Boat Club wasstarted, and regular bumping races begun. The first challenge to Oxfordwas determined on at a meeting of the University Boat Club held 20thFebruary 1829, when it was resolved: "That Mr. Snow, of St. John's, berequested to write immediately to Mr. Staniforth, Christ Church, Oxford, proposing to make up a University Match. " The match was made up, and therace rowed at Henley on 10th June 1829, and from this the annualboat-race between Oxford and Cambridge takes its rise. Snow acted asstroke of the Cambridge boat, George Augustus Selwyn, successivelyBishop of New Zealand and Lichfield, rowed "seven, " and Charles Merivale"four. " Snow (afterwards Strahan) became a banker, and died at Florence4th July 1886. In after years when, from 1861 to 1869 inclusive, Oxfordhad uniformly beaten Cambridge, the Lady Margaret supplied the late JohnH. D. Goldie to break the spell and restore hope and confidence toCambridge crews. Thus the College club has taken an important part inthe establishment and maintenance of Cambridge rowing. Two verses of theCollege boat song run as follows:--

 "Mater regum Margareta Piscatori dixit laeta 'Audi quod propositum; Est remigium decorum Suavis strepitus remorum Ergo sit Collegium. '

 * * * * *

 Sic Collegium fundatum Et Johannis nomen datum Margareta domina, Ergo remiges gaudendum Triumphandum et canendum In saeclorum secula. "

So that, if we can trust the historic insight of the author (Mr. T. R. Glover), the intentions of the foundress have been duly carried out. 

The uniform of the club was at first much what it is now, a white jerseywith pink stripes; with this was worn a jacket of scarlet flannel, popularly known as a "blazer"--a name which has passed into the Englishlanguage as descriptive of the coloured jackets of all clubs. It is saidthat some one, whose feeling for analogy was stronger than for decorum, described the surplice as "the blazer of the Church of England. "Organised cricket clubs, athletic clubs, and football clubs grew up, andin process of time clubs for the pursuit of every kind of athleticexercise have been started. Originally each club in College had asubscription, paid by its members, towards the expenses of the specialgame. About twenty years ago all the clubs in St. John's were unitedinto one club--"The Amalgamation. " The subscription to this entitles amember to join in any of the recognised games. The funds areadministered by a committee consisting of the representatives of thoseinterested in the different games, and grants made from the general fundtowards the expenses of each game. The presence of a few senior membersof the College on the committee provides the continuity so difficult tomaintain with the short-lived generations of undergraduate life. TheCollege provides the ground for the cricket, football, and lawn-tennisclubs, while through the generosity of members of the College of allstandings a handsome boat-house has recently been built on the river. The College also possesses flourishing musical and debating societies, and from time to time clubs arise for literary and social purposes, dying out and being refounded with great persistence. 

In another sphere of work the College has taken a leading part. St. John's was the first College in Cambridge to start a mission inLondon--the Lady Margaret Mission in Walworth. Preaching in the CollegeChapel on 28th January 1883, the Rev. William Allen Whitworth, a Fellowof the College, then Vicar of St. John's, Hammersmith, afterwardsIncumbent of All Saints', Margaret Street, suggested that the Collegeshould support a mission in some neglected district of London. Thematter took form a little later in the year, and since then the CollegeMission has been a College institution. Members of the College visitingthe mission district, and visitors from Walworth coming for an annualouting, including a cricket match, in August. 

Another flourishing institution is the College magazine, _The Eagle_. Founded in the year 1858, it has maintained its existence for nearlyfifty years, being now the oldest of College magazines. It has numberedamong its contributors many who have subsequently found a wider fieldand audience: some of the earliest efforts of Samuel Butler, author of_Erewhon_, are to be found in its pages. 

 * * * * *

I now bring my sketch of the College history to a close. I haveendeavoured, within the prescribed limits, to give an outline of thecorporate life of an ancient and famous foundation. In writing it twoclasses of readers have been borne in mind: the visitor who, within ashort compass, may wish to learn something more than can be picked up byan inspection of the buildings; members of the College who feel a livelyinterest in the habits and pursuits of those who have preceded them. Ihave, perhaps, thought more of the latter than of the former class. 

Members of the College have always been distinguished for a certainindependence of thought and adherence to principle, not always guidedby motives of mere worldly prudence; they have always been noted forthat strong corporate feeling which finds expression in the words ofViscount Falkland's letter, before alluded to: "I still carry about withme an indelible character of affection and duty to that Society, and anextraordinary longing for some occasion of expressing that affection andthat duty. "

To one who has spent much of his life in the service of the institutionto which he owes so much, the words of the Psalmist (a Scot naturallyquotes the version endeared to him by early association) seem to put thematter concisely--

 "For in her rubbish and her stones thy servants pleasure take; Yea, they the very dust thereof do favour for her sake. "

INDEX

Adams, J. C. , 16, 25, 26, 29, 82

Admonition Book, 100

Armorial Bearings, 2

Arrowsmith, J. , 57

Ascham, R. , 19, 23, 44

Ashton, H. , 19

Baker, T. , 28, 32, 61

Balsham, Hugo de, 36

Baronsdale, W. , 50

Barwick, J. , 31

Bateson, W. H. , 81

Beale, W. , 56

"Blazer, " 104

Blunt, J. J. , 22

Boat Club, 102

Bohun, H. , 47

"Bridge of Sighs, " 8, 10

Briggs, H. , 51

Brown, "Capability, " 10

Bull-baiting, 101

Burghley, Lord, 18, 48

Carey, V. , 28

Catton, T. , 70

Caxton, 31

Celibacy, 97

Chapel, New, 13-17

Chapel, Old, 4, 13

Charles I. , 26, 30, 52, 56, 86

Charles II. , 31

Cheke, Sir J. , 44

Churchill, C. , 70, 72

Clarkson, T. , 26

Clayton, R. , 49

Clive, R. H. , 22

College Leases, 91

Combination Room, 5, 23, 25, 27

Commons, 43, 90

Corn Rents, 91

Cricket, 101

Cromwell, O. , 56, 63

Cromwell, T. , 29, 30

Dallam, R. , 22

Dawson, J. , 70

Denman, T. , 71

Digby, E. , 48

Dividend, 92

_Eagle, The_, 106

Eagle Close, 10

Edward VI. , 45

Elizabeth, Queen, 46, 47

Estates, 93

Examinations, 24, 69

Fairfax, T. , 31, 56, 62

Falkland, Viscount, 18, 62, 107

Fawkes, Sir W. H. , 96

Fellow Commoners, 66, 96, 97, 99

Fisher, John, 37

Floods, 7

Football, 101

Forster, T. , 63

Frost, H. , 35

Ganton, R. , 70

Gilbert, W. , 18, 50, 51

Glover, T. R. , 104

Goldie, J. H. D. , 103

Gower, H. , 7, 59, 60

Gunning, P. , 57

Gwyn, O. , 52, 62

Hall, The, 23

Hare, Sir R. , 25

Hawksmoor, N. , 8

Heberden, W. , 73

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 26

Henry VII. , 38

Henry VIII. , 18, 38, 41, 45, 86

Herrick, R. , 63

Herschel, Sir J. F. W. , 25, 26, 82

High Altar, 46

Hill, R. , 84

Hoare, H. , 16

Hoghton, General, 70

Hopton, Sir I. , 63

Horne Tooke, 72

Hospital of St. John, 14, 35

Howard, Lord Thomas, 3

Hutchinson, H. , 8

Infirmary, 17

James I. , 26, 49, 52

James II. , 58

Jenkin, R. , 61, 64

Kennedy, B. H. , 25

Kikuchi, D. , 83

Kirke White, H. , 4, 20

Kitchen, 32

Knox, E. , 17

Knox, John, 17

Knox, N. , 17

Labyrinth, 17, 18, 94

Lady Margaret, 1, 2, 37

Laud, 30

Leases, 92

Library, 25, 27, 28

Lillechurch, 30, 41

Linacre, T. , 49

Liveing, G. D. , 25

Longworth, R. , 47, 89

Ludlam, W. , 70

Martyn, H. , 71

Mary, Queen, 46

Mason, W. , 72

Master's Lodge, 15, 25

Mayor, J. E. B. , 25, 61

Mengs, R. A. , 22

Merivale, C. , 102, 103

Metcalfe, N. , 20, 40, 42

Mission, Walworth, 105

Mortuary Roll, 30

Mossom, D. , 63

Newcome, J. , 31

Nonjurors, 59

Norton, F. , 72

Oates, Titus, 63

Okeley, F. , 84

Organ, 22

Ospringe, 41

Palmer, E. H. , 25

Palmerston, Viscount, 71

Parsons, Hon. C. A. , 83

Paul's Cross, 43

Peckover, Dr. A. , 39

Pennington, Sir I. , 90

Percy, A. , 40

Peterhouse, 36, 37

Pilkington, J. , 89

Powell, Sir F. S. , 16

Powell, W. S. , 69

Powis, Earl, 21

_Pręter_, 91

Prior, M. , 32, 63

Reform, University, 80

Registers, 61, 62

Reyner, G. F. , 16

Rickman, T. , 8

Rowing, 102

St. John's Street, 16

Scott, A. J. , 71, 72

Scott, Sir G. G. , 15, 17

Scott, J. O. , 22

Seaton, G. , 55

Selwyn, G. A. , 26, 103

Selwyn, W. , 15

Seven Bishops, 58

Shittlecock, 101

Shorton, R. , 40

Shrewsbury, Countess of, 5, 19, 28

Sizar, 97

Smith, R. , 50

Smith, W. , 73

Snow, W. , 102, 103

Stag Staircase, 4

Stage Plays, 23, 95

Staincoat, 5

Stankard, 5

Statues, 18

Statutes, 42, 43, 61, 74, 79, 81

Strafford, Lord, 18, 56, 62

Tatham, R. , 22, 80

Taylor, B. , 63

Taylor, C. , 82

Thomas, Sir N. , 25

Townshend, Marquis, 70

Trench, R. J. Le P. , 102

Trinity College, 44

Tuckney, A. , 57

Tutorial System, 77

Tyrrell, W. , 26

Victoria, Queen, 18

Washington, Geo. , 64

Whitaker, W. , 48

Whitgift, J. , 48

Whitworth, W. A. , 105

Whytehead, T. , 22

Wilberforce, W. , 26

Wilderness, The, 9, 10

Williams, John, 7, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29, 52

Wood, J. , 20, 78

Wordsworth, W. , 25, 26, 32

Wren, Sir C. , 7

Wren's Bridge, 8, 9

 THE END

 Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London

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TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES

General: Spelling of words in quotations has been preserved. 

General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individuallydocumented. 

Page 51: logarithims corrected to logarithms (second occurrence)