PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS ON THE CARE OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

THE PRATT FOOD COMPANY OF CANADA, Limited, maintains its establishedposition of leadership, after nearly half a century of business service, because of the sustained good will of those whom it serves. 

Better products than anyone else could produce, plus expert, personal, whole-hearted service, built that good will. And retained it through allthese years. 

It was the constant aim and effort of those who founded this business, and of those who have carried out the founders' work to the present, toanticipate the needs of the industry, to co-operate with the individualsin it, to show their vital interest in the success of their customers. 

These principles of business practice won the good will that establishedthis company as the authority in its important field. 

Our future success depends upon the continuance of that good will. Ourappreciation of that fact is your best assurance that in the future theservices of this company, as well as the superiority of its products, will justify the confidence and good will of the thousands to whom thename of _Pratt_ is but another name for _Quality_ and _Service_. 

~PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK~

[Illustration: Farm Animals]

~INTRODUCTION~

Animal husbandry is the sure foundation of profitable, permanentagriculture. Where many animals are kept and their manure properly caredfor and returned to the land, the soil becomes richer andcrop-production steadily increases. And the farmer grows rich with hisland. 

Further, the keeping of live stock distributes the farm labor and thefarm income over the entire year. This is true whether meat, milk oreggs are the money crops. And certainly both factors are worthy ofconsideration from a straight business standpoint. With labor asvaluable as it is at present, lost time cuts into the profits. And whenthe income is regular, not concentrated in a short period or dependentupon the success of a single crop, the matter of farm finance is muchsimplified. 

Consider the richest and most desirable agricultural sections of ourgreat land. With very few exceptions, the best and most valuable farmsare those which are heavily stocked with domestic animals. Here, too, are found the finest farm homes, the most prosperous and contented farmfamilies. And this fact, which is so well established that it requiresno argument, plainly shows that _animal husbandry pays_. 

In the following pages you will find much valuable informationregarding the proper care--in health and sickness--of horses, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry. 

We trust, and believe that you will find it most helpful in connectionwith your work. That it will enable you to be more successful, earnbigger profits. 

Right at the start we wish to emphasize two facts which are reallyfundamental and which are recognized by the most successful stockkeepers. The first is this: It does not pay to keep scrub stock, animalswhich cannot under any conditions give the big returns. The second: Noanimal, regardless of breeding, can do its best work unless it is keptin perfect physical condition. 

The selection of your animals is up to you. Get good ones. Than _keepthem good_ and _make them better_. The Pratt line of stock and poultrypreparations, regulators, tonics, disinfectants and remedies, will helpyou greatly. Made for nearly fifty years by America's pioneer concern inthis line, each article is the best of its kind, each is backed by thissquare-deal guarantee--"Your Money Back If You Are Not Satisfied. "

 PRATT FOOD COMPANY

 Philadelphia Chicago Toronto

 ~THE PRATT GUARANTEE~

 "~Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied~"

The Pratt Food Company believes in fair play. We desire that ourmillions of customers _shall receive full value_ for every cent theyspend in purchasing our goods. And to that end we spare no expense inmaking each article in the Pratt Line just as good, just as efficient, as is humanly possible. 

More than that, we wish each customer to be _completely satisfied_. Iffor any reason any article bearing the Pratt trade-mark fails to givesuch satisfaction, the full purchase price will be refunded on demand bythe dealer who made the sale. 

You can buy and use Pratts Stock and Poultry Preparations with fullestconfidence because you are protected by

 ~The Guarantee That Has Stood For Nearly Fifty Years~

 Copyright, 1919, by Pratt Food Co. 

~PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS~

~HORSES~

While the automobile and the tractor are now doing much of the workformerly done by horses, the "horseless era" is still far off. A goodhorse will always be worth good money, will always be a desirable andprofitable member of the farm family. But the undersized no-breedspecimen will be even less valuable in the future than in the past. 

The great demand for horses for army use and the high prices paid by theGovernment, tempted horse breeders and farmers to dispose of the finespecimens which alone met the exacting requirements of army buyers. Itwill take years to make good this tremendous wastage of horse flesh. Butthis is a big opportunity for breeders of good horses and we may expectthem to make the most of it. 

Prices of really desirable horses are now high. If you have a good one, take good care of him. Protect his health, lengthen his life. If youmust buy, be sure that you get a sound animal which will serve you longand faithfully. 

See the horse in his stall. If he has a spavin he will hop on one legwhen made to "get over, " or jerk it up as he backs out if he is affectedwith chorea (St. Vitus' dance). In the latter disease the tail issuddenly raised and quivers when the animal backs out of stall. Watch tosee if the horse "cribs" and "sucks wind": also that he is not viciousin the stall. Stand him at rest on a level floor before exercise. If heis lame he will rest the sore foot. 

Examine both sides of the horse. The dealer may stand the "bad side"next to a wall. Pick up each foot in turn. Suspect something wrong if hewears bar shoes, special shape shoes, leather soles or rubber pads. Remove all such things and examine carefully before buying. 

[Illustration: ~PERCHERON HORSE~]

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Englewood, Colo. 

 I have had many dealings with rundown horses, both in the draft and hot blood classes, and Pratts goods have always brought them out on top. 

 JAS. S. KINSLEY, JR. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Reject for contracted feet, steep heels, shrunken frogs and bars, dropped soles, corns, quarter cracks and signs of founder. See that hoofdressing does not cover evidences of un-soundness. Following badattacks of founder the hoof grows out long at the toes, shows markedgrooves and ridges, is convex at the points of the frogs, and the horsetends to thrust his forefeet out in front when standing and walks andtrots on his heels. Ringbones are indicated by hard bony enlargements onthe pastern; side-bones, by similar enlargements at the quarters justabove juncture of horn and hair. Examine front of knees for scarsindicating results of stumbling and falling. Similar scars on the insideof knees and fetlocks indicate objectionable cutting and interfering. Shoulders and hips should be smooth, well covered, and free from tumorsor sores. No sores should be seen on back or top of neck under collar. 

Examine teeth for age and soundness. See that eyes are of like color, are sound, and the eyelids whole. 

The horse should allow one to examine his ears, and should neither holdthem absolutely still nor keep them constantly moving. Still ears mayindicate deafness; restless ones, poor eyesight or nervousness. 

See that the horse goes sound and does not "roar" when galloped. Givehim all the water he will drink before testing for "wind. " It will bringout the characteristic symptoms of "heaves" if he has been "doped. "Heaves is indicated by labored bellows-like action of the abdominalmuscles when breathing. Examine the nostrils, as sponges or squeezedlemons may have been inserted to hide roaring. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Madison, Wis. 

 I think every man that owns horses should have Pratts Animal Regulator on hand. I am a teamster and find it of great benefit to my horses, whether run down or not. 

 HARRY E. BURMEISTER_ -----------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: ~CLYDESDALE HORSE~]

A spavined horse starts out lame for a few steps or rods and then goessound. A lame shoulder causes dragging of the toe and rolling when inmotion. A ring-bone causes an extra long step and lameness increaseswith exercise. Stifle lameness causes walking on the heels of shoe andconsequent wearing of the iron. Hip lameness causes outward rolling ofthe leg in trotting, and wasting of the muscles of stifle and hip leadsto a characteristic drop. See that the horse's tail is sound, has notbeen joined on and is free from sores, tumors or evidences of recentdocking. Always remember to back the horse up as well as drive or ridehim and see that he is not only sound and gentle but suitable for thespecial work he will be required to do. 

[Illustration: Care of the Horse]

~Care of the Horse~

A grown work horse requires daily about one pound of grain (concentrate)for each hundred pounds of live weight. Of hay he will need a slightlylarger amount or about fourteen to eighteen pounds a day, according tosize, weight, and character of work done. The idle horse will do well onless grain and more roughage. 

For a farm horse, 10 pounds of oats, 5 pounds of corn, and 3 pounds ofbran, divided into three equal feeds, will make a suitable ration forone day. 

The corn may be fed at noon to give variety. For the evening mealcrushed oats, bran, and a few handfuls of cut hay, wetted and salted, will be relished. The bulk of the hay should be fed at night, and buttwo or three pounds of it at noon, during hot weather. Avoid dusty hay. Clover hay is apt to be moldy. It is suitable food for work horses, oridle drafters, if sound and not too liberally fed. Increase the corn incold weather. Omit it in hot weather entirely. Alfalfa is of highfeeding value, but if moldy, or fed as a well-nigh exclusive ration, isapt to affect the kidneys injuriously. It is deemed unsafe food forstallions, as it is said to induce impotence or sterility. 

Horses should drink _before_ they eat, unless they have ready access tofresh water. It is best to allow drinking water often in smallquantities, even if the horse is hot. So used it will not hurt him. Thehorse's stomach holds three and one-half gallons. Water flows throughthe stomach along seventy or more feet of small intestine, into the"waterbag. " Hay is not digested to any extent in the stomach. That organcares for the concentrated food. Theoretically, a horse should drinkfirst, then eat hay, then grain. Practically no great amount of watershould be taken just after a meal as it tends to flush undigested foodout of the stomach; nor should it be given soon after a meal. 

All stables, pens, out houses, poultry houses and yards should beregularly disinfected every week; nothing better can be used than PrattsDip and Disinfectant. 

This preparation is entirely free from all dangerous substances, arsenic, mercury, etc. , but full of medicinal qualities and propertieswhich make it most effective without the dangerous results which areexperienced with many other preparations, such as carbolic acid, etc. Itkills disease germs and prevents contagious diseases from spreading. 

Farm horses do not need blanketing in the stable under ordinarycircumstances. A thin sheet in the stable keeps off flies and dust andis necessary. Pratts Fly Chaser is a proved and safe fly repellant. Itdoes not gum the hair. Its efficiency is unequalled. 

If a horse sweats under the blanket, uncover his rear parts. Always tuckthe blanket about a horse's chest when standing on the street ininclement weather or when cooling off. Rubber loin covers, used oncarriage horses in wet weather, should be perforated. In the spring, theamount of Pratts Animal Regulator given should be somewhat increased. This will put the horse into condition in much less time, and be ofgreat assistance in helping to shed readily. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Winthrop, N. Y. 

 I have used Pratts Animal Regulator for the past three years and have found it very successful with both horses and hogs. _

 THOS. J. O'DONNELL. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~INSURE LIVE STOCK HEALTH AND VIGOR~ || ||Don't permit your hard-working, heavy-producing or fast-growing animals ||to become run-down and out of condition. It's much easier and less ||expensive to _keep_ them right than to restore them to perfect health. || ||The regular use of Pratts Animal Regulator absolutely insures health and ||vigor in live stock of all kinds. It keeps healthy animals in the pink ||of condition; it quickly puts half-sick, unprofitable stock in the ||money-making class. || ||Pratts Animal Regulator, America's original guaranteed Stock Tonic and ||Conditioner, is not a food. It is a combination of roots, herbs, spices ||and medicines which sharpen appetite and improves digestion, regulates ||the bowels, makes rich, red blood, and _naturally_ invigorates the ||organs of production. It promotes growth, improves health and strength, ||increases production. And all at very little cost. || ||Packed in handy cartons, pails and boxes. The larger sizes are more ||economical. || ||[Illustration: Pratts Animal Regulator] || || ~IF DISEASE APPEARS, CURE IT QUICK~ || ||Early treatment is most necessary. Do not let the disorder become firmly ||seated before you attack it. Keep these Pratts Remedies on hand and use ||them _at once_ if needed. Delay may mean the loss of a valuable animal. || || ||~PRATTS COLIC REMEDY~ || ||A quick certain cure for colic and acute indigestion in horses. Has a ||record of 998 cures out of 1, 000 cases. || ||Keep a bottle in each wagon and in your stable. || || ||~PRATTS DISTEMPER and PINK EYE REMEDY~ || ||It goes direct to the cause of the disease, purifies the blood, prevents ||weakening of the internal organs caused by impure blood or poisoned by ||absorbing the impure matter from the abscesses. || || ||~PRATTS HEALING OINTMENT~ || ||A splendid antiseptic ointment for man or beast. Keep a box on hand for ||cuts, burns, sores, scratches, eczema, galls, etc. || || ||~PRATTS WORM POWDER~ || ||is a special preparation for the destruction of all kinds of worms in ||horses, cows, hogs and sheep. It is purely vegetable and is ||unquestionably the quickest, surest and most thorough worm destroyer ||procurable. || || ||~PRATTS LINIMENT~ || ||For man or beast. The best thing in the world for lameness, sprains, ||bruises, thrush, kicks, shoe boils, etc. A bottle should be kept in ||every medicine chest. || || ||~PRATTS HEAVE REMEDY~ || ||A positive guaranteed remedy for heaves, coughs and colds. It cures ||coughs and colds by strengthening the digestive and respiratory organs, ||and counteracts the inflammation and irritation. || ||Try a box on your "heavy" horse. || || ||~PRATTS HEALING POWDER~ || ||A guaranteed remedy for harness galls, sores, grease heel, bleeding ||ulcers, etc. It will arrest hemorrhage and check blood flow. Dirt and ||dust cannot get into wounds, as the Powder forms a coating over them. || || ||~PRATTS FLY CHASER~ || ||Gives comfort to Horses and Cows. Insures more milk and prevents ||annoyance at milking time to both the milker and the cow. Guaranteed to ||satisfy. || || ||Sold by 60, 000 Pratts dealers. There is one near you. || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Always go to a horseshoer who thoroughly understands the anatomy ofthe horse's foot. 

[Illustration: ~MORGAN HORSE~]

The hoof is not an insensitive mass of horn, to be cut, rasped, burned, nail-pierced, and hammered without causing pain or injury. It is a thinmass of horn overlying and intimately attached to a sensitive, blood andnerve-endowed tissue called the "quick" which is capable of sufferingexcruciating agony. 

The slices should be made to fit the hoof and need to be reset once amonth. 

The permanent teeth are forty--twenty-four grinders, twelve front teethand four tusks, except in mares, which seldom have tusks. The age of ahorse can be told more or less accurately by the teeth. 

The teeth are liable to disease and should be closely watched. 

Bad teeth are often an unsuspected cause of indigestion, loss ofcondition, bad coat, slobbering and other troubles which puzzle theowner. Horses very often have decayed teeth, and suffer with toothache. These teeth should be removed. 

~Horse Diseases~

If horses and cattle were left free to roam as Nature intended, many oftheir present-day ailments would be unknown. Man has taken these animalsfrom Nature's broad garden, and confined them to the narrow limits ofstable and stall. No longer can they seek out and instinctively findjust those roots, herbs, seeds, and barks which their systems demand. 

This explains why Pratts Animal Regulator has been used by successfulhorsemen for nearly a half century, as it is largely composed of thesesame vegetable ingredients from Nature's garden. 

Merit and quality count, and while hosts of imitators have sprung up, none have ever come near equalling our product. Pratts Animal Regulatorrestores to the animals their natural constitutions and functions, supplying just that which they formerly had, but now lack. While not acure for every disease, it is a positive preventive of the most commondisorders. 

It aids digestion and insures the animal receiving full benefit of itsfood; purifies the blood and keeps the bowels free and regular. Afteryou have accomplished these three things, you need not fear disease inthe shape of colic, bloat, heaves, hide-bound, distemper, constipation, worms, and the like. 

 -----------------------------------------------------------------

 _I shall be pleased to recommend Pratts Animal Regulator always, as my horse has gained in strength and weight and is looking fine, always having a glossy coat. He works hard every day in the dray business. _

 _H. G. AMERINE. _

 -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Barb-Wire Cuts~

Clean with soap and water, and apply Pratts Healing Ointment or PrattsHealing Powder. These remedies heal naturally and leave no dangerousscar. 

~Colds~

_Symptoms. _--A dull appearance of the horse, rough coat; the body willbe hot in parts and cold in others; running of the eyes and a dischargefrom the nose. 

_Treatment. _--Keep the horse warm and free from draughts; use nose bagand give Pratts Heave, Cough and Cold Remedy according to directions. Itnever fails. Give nourishing feed and bran mashes and Pratts AnimalRegulator daily. 

~Colic~

Common causes of colic are sudden changes of food; feeding too much ortoo seldom; feeding when the horse is hot and tired; watering or workingtoo soon after a meal; feeding new oats, or new hay, or grass; or, inshort, anything that is apt to derange digestion. There are variousforms of colic. In cramp (spasmodic) colic, pains come and go and thehorse rolls violently and fearlessly. In wind (flatulent) colic there isbloating of the right flank and the horse lies down, rolls withoutviolence, breathes with difficulty, paws, looks around at his sides andfinds no relief. In bloat of the stomach, gas and fluid gush back andforth from the stomach to the throat; flanks may not show bloat; pain issteady but not violent; horse sweats; nostrils flap; pulse is fast andweak; countenance is haggard and anxious. In enteritis (inflammation ofthe bowels) pain is constant and severe; the horse makes frequentattempts to lie down but is afraid to do so; pulse and temperature runhigh; membranes of eyelids, nostrils, and mouth are red; bowels andbladder do not act; horse may walk persistently in a circle. Inimpaction of the bowels, pains are comparatively mild or fugitive; horseis restless, paws often, strains and passes no manure, or only a fewballs covered with slime and streaks of white mucus. In gut-tie, hernia, and other absolute stoppage of the bowels, symptoms of enteritis arecommon and the horse may, when down, strain and then sit on hishaunches. The latter condition, and enteritis, usually prove fatal. Windcolic may need prompt use of the trocar and cannula to puncture high upin the right flank for liberation of gas. In impaction, raw linseed oilshould be freely given in repeated doses of one pint, and rectalinjections of soapy warm water and glycerine will help. No irritantsshould be inserted in the vagina or sheath in any form of colic. Stoppage of urine is a result of pain, not the cause of colic. The urinewill come when the pain subsides. A good all-around colic remedy will befound in Pratts Veterinary Colic Remedy. It is compounded from theprescription of a qualified veterinarian and has a record of curing 998cases out of 1, 000 treated. 

~Constipation~

All horses should be given a warm bran mash weekly and Pratts AnimalRegulator daily, and constipation will be unknown. Constipation is oftenthe cause of hide bound, rough coat and loss of flesh. Give a goodphysic of linseed oil, aloes or cantor oil, and use the Regulatormentioned above. 

~Coughs~

_Cause. _--Chronic coughs are the result of distemper, sore throat, aneglected cold, catarrh or dusty hay, and frequently turn into heaves, bronchitis, etc. 

_Treatment. _--Give only the best and most nourishing foods, dampened. Keep horse warm, and blanketed in a well ventilated stable. 

If there is a swelling of the throat it should be blistered with PrattsLiniment, or Pratts Spavin Paste--A Blister. Use Pratts Heave, Cough andCold Remedy according to directions. 

~Diarrhoea~

_Symptoms. _--At first it resembles colic, and will be followed byviolent diarrhoea; the discharge soon becomes merely discolored waterand smells bad; the horse is very thirsty, the pulse thick and feeble, the heart skips its beats, the position of the horse is something likecolic, and he sweats freely. 

_Cause. _--From diseased condition of teeth, eating rich, juicy food, drinking impure water or from overdose of physic. 

_Treatment. _--If the diarrhoea is severe, call a veterinarian. Duringand after recovery pay attention to the food. Avoid bran mashes. Muchdepends on the care at this time, and the constant using of PrattsAnimal Regulator, with all feed, during his recovery. Feed lightly forfirst two or three days. 

~Distemper~

Distemper and Pink Eye are closely related and one is often mistaken forthe other. 

It usually affects colts between the ages of three and five years. If ahorse is once afflicted it is immune from a second attack. The featureof distemper is the swelling under the jaw, the size indicating theseverity of the case. The animal is dull; the head has a "poked-out"appearance; coughs; no appetite; feet are cold; saliva runs from itsmouth; has catarrhal symptoms and difficulty in swallowing; the name"strangles" is often applied to it. When this swelling forms on thelungs, liver, etc. , the case is aggravated and difficult to cure. 

Distemper is contagious. It may occur at any time, but is most prevalentfrom September to April. 

Pratts Distemper and Pink Eye Remedy will positively relieve the diseaseat once. Blanket the horse and keep in a well-ventilated stable, freefrom draughts. Give cold water frequently in small quantities and feedwith whatever he will eat. When an abscess forms on the outside andbecomes soft, it should be opened and the soft parts surrounding itpoulticed so that there will be no "bunch" left after it heals. Disinfect stable with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. 

~Founder or Laminitis~

_Symptoms. _--An inflammation of the entire foot which causes suchintense pain that the animal cannot stand. The pulse is strong, thickand throbbing, and the horse lies down with legs stretched out. 

_Cause. _--Over-exertion, or after-effects from chilling, inflammation ofthe lungs, bowels or mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, etc. 

 -----------------------------------------------------------------

 _Frankford, Pa. 

 I doctored a very lame horse with Pratts Liniment after trying other treatment for months. In a couple of days the lameness left and we used him every day till he died of old age. _

 ARTHUR C. SHIMEL_

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_Treatment. _--Remove the shoe, and soak the feet in warm water for sixor eight hours and repeat in two or three days. Also apply PrattsPeerless Hoof Ointment at night all over the bottom of the foot and toall parts of the frog and at top of hoof joining the hair, and cover theentire wall of the foot. The horse should stand on a deep, soft bed. Cover with blankets. Feed bran mashes, vegetables and hay; no grain. Usewide-webbed shoes two weeks after recovery. 

~Heaves~

The symptoms of this disease are chronic, spasmodic cough andsimultaneous passage of gas from the rectum; double bellowslike actionof the abdominal muscles in breathing; harsh staring coat; hide-boundskin; weakness, and ill-health in general. Over-burdening of the stomachwith coarse, bulky, dusty, or woody hay or other roughage, and workingthe horse immediately after such a meal induces heaves. The horse thathas inherited a gluttonous appetite is especially subject to thedisease. Probably the most effective remedy for this disease is PrattsHeave Remedy. In addition to using the Remedy as directed, we wouldsuggest wetting all food with lime water, feeding wet oat straw inwinter and grass in summer in preference to hay; allowing double thecustomary rest period after meals and keeping the bowels freely open byfeeding bran mashes containing raw linseed oil or flaxseed meal. 

~Itch~

This is the name given to mange, eczema and other skin diseases. It isusually prevalent in summer and from a small beginning on an animal, will rapidly spread all over the body. 

_Treatment. _--Wash the parts thoroughly with a solution of one part ofPratts Disinfectant to 20 parts water. Let it dry and then apply PrattsHealing Ointment or Healing Powder two or three times a day. 

~Lice~

Sprinkle Pratts Disinfectant on an old blanket and tie it around theanimal for two or three hours. This will quickly kill all vermin. Spraylightly upon the legs and such places that the blanket will not cover. Then spray thoroughly the stable and all poultry houses near with theDisinfectant, according to directions. Give Pratts Animal Regulator tobuild up the animals that have been affected. 

~Puncture and Wounds in the Foot~

In all cases, the opening or puncture in the hoof must be made larger, so as to give free vent for the matter which is sure to form. If this isnot done, quittor will follow. Then dress with Pratts Peerless HoofOintment. 

While working the horse, a pledget of tow, covered with Pratts PeerlessHoof Ointment, may be placed in and over the puncture and confined; butit must not be allowed to remain after the horse returns to the stable. Soak the feet for eight or ten hours a day for two or three days in a 5%solution of Pratts Disinfectant and apply the Ointment. Horse will nothave proud flesh when this remedy is used. 

~Quarter Cracks~

Cut top of hoof above the crack deep enough to draw blood. Soak foot inhot water, apply Pratts Peerless Hoof Ointment and cover with oakum. Pare out sole and open heel--blacksmith must use care in expanding. Apply Pratts Peerless Hoof Ointment daily to the coronet and frogs--thisis very important. Use bar shoe. 

~Thin Flesh~

Animal needs a good tonic. Use Pratts Animal Regulator daily with thefeed according to directions. This is a regulator, tonic and digestiveand so works upon the blood, liver, bowels and digestive organs that theanimal is quickly built up, and is given strength, health and flesh. 

~Thrush~

_Symptoms. _--Shown by a foul discharge issuing from the cleft of thefoot, and usually attended with decay of the horn and a vile odor. Thefoot is hot and hard. 

_Cause. _--In the fore feet, it is generally the result of naviculardisease or contraction of the feet. In the hind feet it is entirelycaused by filthy stables, allowing the feet to stand in decaying manure. 

_Treatment. _--Have absolute cleanliness in the stable and stalls, disinfecting with Pratts Disinfectant. Wash the foot thoroughly withsoap and water, and cut away all diseased and ragged parts as well asthe white, powdery decayed horn and substance, even if the flesh isexposed and the frog much reduced. Then pour Pratts Liniment over theaffected parts. Dress daily until cured. Another excellent remedy is towash out diseased portion of hoof with one part Pratts Disinfectant and20 parts of water three times a day. 

~Worms~

Horses take in worm eggs on pasture, in hay, and in drinking water fromcontaminated troughs or ponds. Marsh or swale hay is particularly liableto infest with worms. Avoid sources of worms. Cleanliness is imperative. 

Cut down feed one-half, mix bran with feed and dampen it. Give one doseof Pratts Specially Prepared Worm Powder with the feed twice a day forfour days. After fourth day give large, soft, well-scalded bran mash toloosen bowels freely. Repeat the bran mashes if necessary, as the bowelsmust be moved freely. Should the horse refuse to eat the bran mash, itwill be necessary to give him a dose of Glauber's salts, or some otherpurge to loosen the bowels. 

_Pin Worms. _--Sometimes pin worms remain just inside the rectum, and arevery hard and stubborn to cure. In cases of this kind, if the desiredresult is not obtained by feeding Pratts Worm Powder, dissolve one ofthe powders in a quart of water and inject in the rectum. Repeat thisonce a day in the evening, and continue for four or five days. Do notfail in this case, as in all other cases of worms, to feed bran mashesuntil the bowels are freely moved, and should the horse refuse the branmash or should it fail to move the bowels, give the horse a dose ofGlauber's salts. 

Pratts Worm Powder is a special preparation for the destruction of allkinds of worms in horses, hogs, and sheep. It is purely vegetable, has astrong tonic effect that builds up and helps the animal to regainstrength, and is the quickest and most thorough worm destroyer on themarket. 

 +-------------------------------------------------------------+ |~Every PRATT PREPARATION is sold with a positive and absolute| |GUARANTEE--"Your Money Back If You Are Not Satisfied. "~ | +-------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: Care of Cows]

~CATTLE~

Cows will bring large or small profits in proportion to the care theyreceive. If properly housed, properly fed, properly bred, and properlyprotected against disease they will fully repay the little extraattention required. Strive intelligently to secure the greatest possibleregular production. Keep a sharp lookout for unfavorable symptoms and beprompt in finding a cause for poor condition and remedying it. Cows keptin perfect health are the least expense, least trouble, and the greatestprofit-earners. 

You do not need to be a veterinarian to know that the health of a cowdepends on a good healthy appetite with complete digestion and perfectassimilation of the daily ration. 

That is just plain common sense. No cow which is not a big eater can beprofitable. But appetite is not of itself sufficient to make a cow amoney maker. There must be sound digestion. 

Once establish and maintain good digestion, food performs its naturalfunctions. Bodily waste is repaired. Strength and growth are noticed andthe cow gives the utmost possible amount of milk. See then, that yourcows have hearty, healthy appetites and good digestion. Good digestiondoes not always follow a large appetite. A cow giving only a few quartsof milk a day will often eat as much as one giving gallons. She requiresthe same amount of care and attention. 

The trouble is that she does not have good digestion to convert foodinto milk. Of course there are cows which will always be small milkers, but there are many many more cows which can be made to give substantial, paying increase of milk production if proper attention is given them. Perhaps there are such cows in your herd. Without your even realizingit, they are out of condition. A little help and they would give enoughmore milk to pay you a satisfactory profit. 

This "help" can easily be given. Your own dealer has it. We mean PrattsCow Remedy, for cows only. 

We all know how, when we are well, the sight or smell of pleasanttasting food, "makes the mouth water. " This is literally true becausethe digestive glands of the mouth and stomach pour out their secretionsand are ready to begin digesting the food. 

When, however, the nerves fail to send their messages to the glands orthe glands fail to respond, we have a diseased condition and we takemedicine to assist in recovery. 

Thus the sensation known as appetite is really at the basis of soundhealth. Without it, it is doubtful if animals would eat enough to supplytheir bodily needs. 

The mere forcing of food into the stomach would avail little. There mustbe desire for food, and restoring the appetite is the first step inbringing the health back. In other words an appetizer is often requiredto induce us to eat. Then thorough digestion builds up bodily strength. 

Pratts Cow Remedy does all this for the cow, assisting Nature inbringing up the appetite, stimulating digestion, restoring andmaintaining health. 

Cattle is generally divided into dairy, beef and dual purpose breeds. The names signify the advantages claimed for them. In the dairy breeds, the Holstein, Jersey, Guernseys, French Canadian and Ayrshire areleaders. 

Shorthorns, Herefords, Polled Durhams are the best-known beef breeds. 

While among the dual purpose breeds, Milking Shorthorns, Red Polls, Brown Swiss and Devons have many admirers. 

The indications when selecting dairy females, and important in the ordergiven, are: (1) Much length or depth in the barrel or coupling, indicating a large possible consumption and utilization of food. (2)Refinement of form, as evidenced more particularly in the head, neck, withers, thighs, and limbs. (3) Good development of udder and milkveins. (4) Constitution, as indicated by a capacious chest, much widththrough the heart, a broad loin, a full, clear eye, and an activecarriage. (5) Downward and yet outward spring and open-spaced ribs, covered with a soft, pliable and elastic skin. 

The essential indications of correct form in beef cattle are: (1) Acompact form wide and deep throughout, and but moderately long in thecoupling. (2) A good back, wide from neck to tail, well fleshed, andstraight. (3) A good front quarter, wide, deep, and full. (4) A goodhind quarter, long, wide, and deep. (5) Good handling qualities, asindicated in elastic flesh and pliant skin. 

[Illustration: ~GUERNSEY COW~]

The important indications of good form in dual females are: (1) Mediumto large size for the breed or grade. (2) Good length and depth in thecoupling. (3) Good development of udder and milk veins. (4) Goodconstitution, as indicated by good width through the heart. (5) Head andneck inclining to long and fine. (6) Ribs of medium spring, open spaced, and covered with a good handling skin. The dual types have an absence ofextreme development in the direction of either the dairy or the beefform. 

In males selected for breeding, the evidences of masculinity should bemarkedly present. These include increased strength as shown in the head, neck, breast, shoulders, back and limbs. 

The advantage of having pure blood stock over "scrubs" is apparent. Forthose, however, who want something better than scrubstock and cannot paythe high price which pure blood commands, the ownership of grade cattleoffers a satisfactory solution of the problem. 

Grading consists in mating thoroughbred sires with common females andwith the female progeny for a number of generations. Where the work iswisely done by the use of good sires, accompanied by the rejection ofall inferior animals for future breeding, the progeny of beef sires maybe brought up to the level of the pure breed for beef making from whichthe sires have been selected in four generations. To bring milkingqualities up to the level may call for one or two more generations ofsuch breeding. Not only do these grade animals answer almost equallywell, with pure breeds, but they may be bought for much less. 

If cows are to produce a maximum return in milk, they must be kept incomfort. In winter they are usually tied in the stall. The light shouldbe ample and the ventilation thorough. Lack of proper ventilation causesthe spread of tuberculosis in cattle. 

Cows must be allowed exercise, even in winter. 

They should be allowed to go out daily for an hour or more into asheltered yard, save on days when the weather is extreme; or, betterstill, be given the liberty of a closed and well-ventilated shed duringa portion of the day. It should be supplied with a fodder rack. 

In summer, cows in milk must be protected from storms, from excessivesunshine, and from flies, as far as this may be practicable. Pratts FlyChaser is unequalled as a fly repellant. It is perfectly safe to use, does not injure or gum the hair, and is economical. A light spray isboth lasting and effective. 

Cows in milk should be driven gently. The pasture should not be toodistant from the stable, and driving during the heat of the day shouldbe avoided. 

The quality of milk is easily injured by coming in direct contact withforeign substances or by imbibing odors. The milk must be drawn fromclean udders, with clean hands, into clean pails, and amid cleansurroundings. The stables must have attention. The udder and teatsshould be wiped off by using a damp cloth. Milking should be done withdry hands into metal pails, kept clean by scalding. Milking beforefeeding prevents dust particles from getting into the milk. Noxiousodors are kept down by the prompt removal of droppings and by strewingsand, plaster, rock phosphate, or dry earth in the manure gutters. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Elderton, Pa. 

 "I have used Pratts Cow Remedy with best results. I fully believe it cannot be surpassed for increasing the flow of milk. "

 JAS. YOUNG. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Unless milking is done at stated times, and by the same person, therewill be a loss in the production. When milking is delayed, a decreasedflow is noticeable the following morning. When a change of milkers ismade, some cows resent it by withholding a part of the milk. 

It is not easy to dry some dairy cows prior to the birth of the nextcalf, and yet, as a rule, it ought to be done. When they are to be driedthe process should begin by milking them once a day and putting them ondry food. The food may also be reduced somewhat in quantity. Later themilk is taken out at intervals which constantly increase in length untilthe cow is dry. The udder should be carefully watched during the laterstages of the drying process. 

Where suitable pasture may be obtained, it is usually a cheaper sourceof food for cows than soiling food or cured fodders, as the element oflabor in giving the food is largely eliminated. The best pastures, viewed from the standpoint of production, are those grown on lands thatmay be irrigated during the season of growth. These consist of cloverand certain grasses. Permanent pastures which are grown on moist land, and which contain a number of grasses, are usually satisfactory, but thenature of the pasture must, of course, be largely determined by theattendant conditions. Blue grass pastures are excellent while succulentand abundant, but in midsummer they lose their succulence for weeks insuccession. Brouer grass is a favorite pasture in northwestern areas, and Bermuda grass in the South. In the Eastern and Central States, themost suitable pastures are made up of blue grass, timothy, and orchardgrass, and of the common red, white and alsike clovers. 

There is more or less of hazard to cows when grazing onalfalfa--liability to bloating, which may result fatally. Likewisesecond growth sorghum or the second growth of the non-saccharinesorghums is full of hazard, especially in dry seasons when it has becomestunted in growth. Nor should rape and rye be grazed, save for a shorttime after the cows have been milked, lest they give a taint to themilk. 

The change from winter rations to grazing should never be suddenly made, or purging caused by the fresh grass will lead to loss in weight andloss of milk, though at first there will probably be an advance in thesame. The change may be made in outline as follows:

(1) The cows will not be turned out until after the food given in themorning has been sufficiently consumed. 

(2) They will be kept out an hour, or two the first day, and the timeincreased. 

(3) The time called for to effect the change should never be less thanone week or more than three. 

(4) As soon as the change begins, the reduction in succulent food, ensilage, and field roots should also begin. 

(5) The dry fodder should be continued morning and evening as long asthe cows will take it. 

[Illustration: ~AYRSHIRE COW~]

(6) There should be some reduction and it may be modification in thegrain for a short time. 

After turning out a full supply may be necessary. Should the pasture becomposed mainly of grasses, food rich in protein, as wheat bran, shouldbe fed, but if it is composed mainly of clover, then more carbonaceousgrain, as corn, should be fed. 

When pasture is succulent and abundant, it is a disputed point as towhether it will pay to feed meal of any kind in addition. The followingconclusion in regard to this question would seem safe:

When cows are fed grain on pastures succulent and abundant, the tendencyis to increase the yield in the milk and also to increase flesh. 

The quality of the milk is not materially influenced. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Millsboro, Del. 

 Pratts Cow Remedy was fed to the cow from the receipt of Remedy until the calf was eight weeks old and the calf weighed 234 pounds and was acknowledged unanimously to be the nicest calf that was ever shipped from this depot. 

 W. R. ATKINS. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Some saving is effected in the grazing, and the resultant fertilizerfrom the grain fed has a tangible value. It is certain, therefore, thatfull value will be obtained for a small grain ration thus fed. 

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~GET MORE MILK MONEY~ || ||Help your cows, every one, to give the largest possible amount of milk ||and to produce big, strong, husky calves each season. The _extra_ pounds||of milk, the _extra_ value of the calves are all clear profit. || ||[Illustration: Pratts Cow Remedy] || ||It costs as much to house and care for and nearly as much to feed a poor||producer as a good one. The first may be kept at a loss. The latter is a||sure profit-payer. The difference is generally merely a matter of ||physical condition. And this _you_ can control. || ||Pratts Cow Remedy makes cows healthy and productive. It is not a ||food--it is _all medicine_, preventive and curative. It is absolutely ||safe to use because free from arsenic, antimony and other dangerous ||ingredients. || || ~PRATTS COW REMEDY~ || ||is nature's able assistant. It not only improves appetite and assists ||digestion, increases milk yield and percentage of butter fat, but in ||large measure prevents and overcomes such disorders as barrenness and ||abortion, garget, milk fever, scours, indigestion, liver and kidney ||troubles. || ||The reason is plain when you know the ingredients. Here they ||are--gentian root, Epsom salts, capsicum, oxide of iron, fenugreek, nux ||vomica, ginger root, charcoal, soda, salt. All of superior quality and ||properly proportioned and combined. || ||You may _think_ your cows are doing their best when they are not. _Now ||find out_. Secure a supply of the original and genuine Pratts Cow ||Remedy. Use it and watch results. You will be astonished and delighted. ||But if for any reason you are not-- || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

As soon as the supply of pasture becomes insufficient in quantity orlacking in succulence, it should be supplemented with food cut and fedin the green form, as winter rye, oats and peas, and oats and vetchesgrown together, millet in several varieties, grasses, perennial andItalian rye, especially the latter, alfalfa, the medium red, themammoth, alsike and crimson clovers, corn of many varieties, and thesorghums. Alfalfa, where it can be freely grown, is king among soilingfoods. Peas and oats grown together are excellent, the bulk being peas. Corn is more commonly used, and in some sections sweet sorghum is givenan important place. The aim should be to grow soiling foods that will beready for feeding in that succession that will provide food through allthe summer and autumn. Soiling furnished by grains, grasses, and cloversare usually fed in the stables or feed yards, and corn and sorghum areusually strewn over the pastures, as much as is needed from day to day. 

Where much soiling food is wanted from year to year, it would seem safeto say that it can be most cheaply supplied in the form of silage. Evenwhen grass is abundant, cows will eat with avidity more or less ofensilage well made. They should not be fed in winter more than 25 poundsper animal per day, but the quantity needed is determined largely by thecondition of the pastures. Because of the less quantity of the silagecalled for in summer, the silo that contains the silage should be ofless diameter than the silo that holds food for winter use, otherwisethe exposed silage will dry out too much between the times of feedingit. 

In autumn soiling foods may be fed with profit that are possessed ofless succulence than would suffice at an earlier period, as in theautumn the pastures are usually more succulent than in the summer. Cornmay be fed at such a time with much advantage from the shock, andsorghum that has been harvested may likewise be fed from the shock orfrom the cocks. Pumpkins may be thrown into the pasture and broken whenfed. 

Viewed from the standpoint of milk production, the legumes (clover, cowpeas, soy beans, etc. ) must be assigned first rank. After these comegrain fodders, corn and sorghum fodders, and fodders from grasses, suitable in the order named. Lowest of all is straw furnished by thesmall cereals. Fodders when fed are not restricted in quantity asconcentrates are. 

Among legumes, hay furnished by alfalfa, any of the clovers, cow peas, soy beans and vetches, is excellent for producing milk when these arecut at the proper stage and properly cured. Alfalfa should be cut forsuch feeding when only a small per cent. Of blooms have been formed, clovers when in full bloom, and cow peas, soy beans, and vetches whenthe first forward pods are filling. Proper curing means by the aid ofwind stirring through the mass rather than sun bleaching it. 

When good leguminous fodders are fed, from 33 to 50 per cent. Less grainwill suffice than would be called for when non-leguminous fodders onlyare fed. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Leavenworth, Kansas. 

 When two veterinarians had given up a cow to die, I gave her Pratts Animal Regulator with the result that she was on her feed in about a week. I am a constant user of Pratt Products. 

 J. D. WATSON. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Fodder may usually be cheaply furnished from corn and sorghum, whengrown so that the stalks are fine and leafy, and if cut when nearingcompleted maturity and well cured. Such food is excellent for milkproduction when fed with suitable adjuncts, even though the fodder isgrown so thickly that nubbins do not form. The aim should be to feed thesorghums in the autumn and early winter and the corn so that it may besupplemented by other hay when the winter is past, as later than thetime specified these foods deteriorate. 

[Illustration: ~JERSEY COW~]

Rye and wheat straw are of little use in making milk, oat straw isbetter, and good bright pea straw is still more valuable. When fodder isscarce, these may be fed to advantage if run through a cutting box andmixed with cut hay. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Thomaston, Ga. 

 Since I started feeding her Pratts Cow Remedy, my cow has shown an increase in her daily flow of milk of over one gallon and is now in better condition than she has ever been. I give all the credit for this remarkable improvement to Pratts Cow remedy. 

 O. W. JONES. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

The necessity for feeding succulent food in some form where maximum milkyields are to be attained has come to be recognized by all dairy-men. The plants that furnish succulence in winter are corn in all itsvarieties, field roots of certain kinds, and the sorghums. Corn andsorghum to furnish the necessary succulence must be ensiled. Cornensilage is without a rival in providing winter succulence for cows. Field roots furnish succulence that, pound for pound, is more valuablethan corn, because of the more favorable influence which it exerts onthe digestion. But roots cost more to grow than corn. Rutabagas andturnips will give the milk an offensive taint if fed freely at any othertime than just after the milk has been withdrawn, but that is not trueof mangel wurtzel, sugar beets, or carrots. 

The necessity for giving grain feed containing high percentage ofdigestible matter (known as concentrates) to dairy cows is based on theinability of the cow to consume and digest enough coarse fodders toresult in maximum production, even though the fodders should be inbalance as to their constituents. 

Concentrates are purchased or home grown. It matters not from whichsource they are obtained, but the values of those purchased are becomingso high as to force upon dairy-men the necessity of growing them at homeas far as this may be practicable, and of insuring sound digestion bygiving some such tonic and appetizer as Pratts Cow Remedy. This splendidprescription should be kept on hand the year round, and should be givenwith every feeding, especially in winter. Its value in keeping up milkproduction and for maintaining health is unequalled. 

The method of furnishing concentrates by growing certain of the smallgrains in combination is growing in favor. These combinations mayinclude wheat, barley, outs, peas, and flax. Frequently but twovarieties are grown together. They are grown thus, in the first place, to secure better yields, and, in the second, to furnish concentrates inapproximate balance. Such a food, for instance, is obtained fromgrowing wheat and oats together, and if some flax is grown in themixture it will be further improved. 

When choosing concentrates for feeding cows, the aim should be to selectthem so that when fed along with the roughage on hand, they will be inapproximate balance, that is, the elements in them will best meet theneeds of the cows. 

If a flesh and milk-making food, like clover, is the source of thefodder, then a fat and heat-producing food, like corn, should furnish alarge proportion of the grain fed. But it is not more profitable in allinstances to feed foods in exact balance. Some of the factors may be sohigh priced and others so cheap that it will pay better to feed themmore or less out of balance. 

When good clover hay or alfalfa is being fed to cows in milk, any one ofthe following grain supplements will give satisfactory results. 

(1) Corn meal and wheat bran, equal parts by weight. 

(2) Corn meal, wheat bran, and ground oats in the proportions of 2, 1, and 1 parts. 

(3) Corn meal, wheat bran, and cottonseed meal in the proportion of 2, 1, and 1 parts. Whether corn meal or corn and cob meals is fed is notvery material. Barley meal may be fed instead of corn. 

Should corn ensilage be fed to the extent of, say, 40 pounds per dayalong with clover or alfalfa, any one of the following grain supplementsshould suffice:

(1) Corn or barley meal, wheat bran, and ground oats, fed in equal partsby weight. 

(2) Corn or barley meal and wheat bran, fed in the proportions of 1 and2 parts. 

(3) Corn or barley meal, cottonseed meal, and wheat or rice bran, fed inequal proportions. 

(4) Ground peas and oats, also fed in equal proportions. The succotashmixture may be fed alone or in conjunction with other meal added to makethe food still more in balance. 

It is preferable to feed meal admixed with cut fodders. The masticationthat follows will then be more thorough and the digestion more complete. When ensilage is fed, admixture will result sufficiently if the meal isthrown over the ensilage where it has been put into the mangers. 

In order to insure the animal obtaining full benefit of all its feed, itwill be found highly profitable to include Pratts Cow Remedy with thedaily ration. It acts as a digestive and at the same time insures ahealthy and natural action of the bowels. 

Bulls should be fed and managed with a view to secure good, large androbust physical development and the retention of begetting powersunimpaired to a good old age. The aim should be to avoid tying bulls inthe stall continuously for any prolonged period, but to give themopportunity to take exercise in box stalls, paddocks, and pastures tothe greatest extent that may be practicable. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Jacksonville, Fla. 

 Have used Pratts Cow Remedy with good success as a general tonic and for increasing milk. Omitting it at intervals as a test showed a falling off of about a pint for each cow, which was always made up when the remedy was added. 

 T. C. JOHNSTON. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

A ring should be inserted in the nose when not yet one year old. Ringsmost commonly used are two and one-half to three inches in diameter. When inserting them the head of the animal should be drawn tightly up toa post or other firm objects, so that the muzzle points upward at asuitable angle. A hole is then made with a suitable implement throughthe cartilage between the nasal passages, and forward rather thanbackward in the cartilage. The ring is then inserted, the two parts arebrought together again, and they are held in place by a small screw. When ringed, a strap or rope with a spring attached will suffice for atime when leading them, but later they should be led with a lead, whichis a strong, tough circular piece of wood, four to five feet long, witha snap attached to one end. 

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~SELL THE MILK BUT GROW THE CALVES~ || ||Whole milk is too valuable to use as calf feed, even if calves--both ||veals and those kept for dairy purposes--are selling at such high ||prices. Sell the milk, get all the cash out of it, but grow the calves||just the same. Merely feed the perfect milk substitute-- || || ~PRATTS CALF MEAL || "BABY FOOD FOR BABY CALVES"~ || ||When prepared and fed in accordance with the simple directions, Pratts||Calf Meal will grow calves _equal to those grown on whole or skim-milk||and at less cost_. || ||This truly wonderful calf feed has practically the same chemical ||composition as the solids of whole milk. It is made of superior ||materials, carefully selected and especially adapted to calf feeding. ||These are milled separately and bolted to remove hulls and coarse ||particles, which insures perfect digestion. Finally, the mixture is ||thoroughly steam-cooked, in a sense pre-digested. || ||Calves fed Pratts way thrive and grow rapidly and are not subject to ||scours and other calf disorders. Just make a test. Feed some calves ||_your_ way and some _Pratts_ way. Let your eye and the scales tell the||story. Learn how easy it is to grow the best of calves at less cost. || || "YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED" |+----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

Avoid using in service bulls under one year. During the one-year formthey should not be allowed to serve more than a score of cows; afterthey have reached the age of 24 to 30 months they may be used with muchfreedom in service until the vital forces begin to weaken with age. Whenproperly managed, waning should not begin before the age of 7 or 8years. It has been found that the bull's service can be made more sureby the use of Pratts Cow Remedy, because of its mild and safe tonicproperties. Bulls should he able to serve from 75 to 300 cows a yearwithout injury when the times of service spread over much of the year. 

Calves reared to be made into meat at a later period are very frequentlyallowed to nurse from their dams. This should never be done in thedairy. Such a method of raising them is adverse to maximum milk giving, as the calves when young cannot take all the milk the cows are capableof giving; hence the stimulus is absent that would lead her to givemore. 

At no time in the life of a dairy cow should she be allowed to suckleher calf longer than the third day of its existence. 

In certain parts of the country, especially where whole milk is sold forconsumption in the cities, dairy-men frequently kill calves at birthbecause of lack of milk for feeding them. This practice is wrong andunnecessary. All strong calves should be grown, either for milkinganimals or veal. And this can now be done, easily and cheaply, byfeeding Pratts Calf Meal, the perfect milk substitute, the guaranteed"baby food for baby calves. " When this scientific food is used, calvesof really superior quality, big, sturdy, vigorous, are grown practicallywithout milk. 

Pratts Calf Meal must not be confused with coarse mixtures of millby-products sometimes sold as "calf meal" or "calf food. " Pratts is ascarefully made as the baby foods which are so widely used for children. It appeals to the calf's appetite, is easily and quickly digested, produces rapid growth and even development. It does not cause scours andother digestive troubles. And it is easy to prepare and feed. 

[Illustration: ~SHORT HORN COW~]

In chemical composition, Pratts Calf Meal is practically identical withthe solids of whole milk. It is made exclusively of materials especiallysuited to calf feeding and these are always of the highest qualityobtainable. This is one secret of the great success of this trulyremarkable feed. 

The various materials are ground very fine, milled separately, and arethen bolted to remove any coarse particles. They are then combined inexact proportions and thoroughly mixed. 

Finally, the mixture is steam-cooked, which makes the feed easy todigest and assimilate. This expensive, but most necessary process, prevents indigestion and bowel troubles which accompany the use ofunbolted, uncooked meals. 

Where milk is available for calf feeding the following plan may be used:

The young calf should take milk from its dam for, say, three days. During that period the milk is only fit for feeding purposes. It is veryimportant that the calf shall be started right, and in no way can thisbe done so well as by Nature's method, that is, by allowing it to takemilk from the dam at will. At the end of that time it should be taughtto drink. This can usually be accomplished without difficulty byallowing the calf to become hungry before its first lesson in drinking. It should be given all whole milk, for say, two weeks. This given inthree feeds per day, and not more in quantity, as a rule, than twoquarts at a feed. 

The change from whole to skim-milk should be made gradually. A smallamount of skim-milk should be added to the whole milk the first day, anda corresponding amount of whole milk withheld. The amount of skim-milkincreased from day to day, and the whole milk fed decreasedcorrespondingly. The time covered in making the change from all whole toall skim-milk should be from one to two weeks. Any skim-milk that issweet will answer, but it should not be fed to young calves at a lowertemperature than about 98 degrees in winter. Milk obtained by creamseparators, soon after drawn from the cow, is particularly suitable. 

[Illustration: ~HOLSTEIN COW~]

As soon as the change from whole to skim-milk is begun, some substituteshould be added to replace the fat withheld by reducing the amount ofwhole milk fed. Ground flax or oil-meal is the best. It is generally fedin the latter form. In some instances the oil-meal is put directly intothe milk beginning with a heaping teaspoonful and gradually increasingthe quantity. A too lax condition of the digestion would indicate thatan excessive amount was being fed. Later the meal may be moreconveniently fed when mixed with other meal. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Riverdale, Md. 

 Very much pleased with results of Pratts Animal Regulator during the present period of my cows breeding. An extraordinary strong calf and the mother in fine condition. 

 WM. C. GRAY. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

As soon as the calves will eat meal it should be given to them. No mealis more suitable at the first than ground oats and wheat bran. A littlelater whole oats will answer quite well. To calves grown for dairy usesthey may form the sole grain food. If the calves are to be grown forbeef, some more fattening food, as ground corn, or ground barley, shouldbe added to the meal. For such calves, equal parts of bran, oats wholeor ground, and ground corn, barley, rye, or speltz are excellent. Untilthree months old they may be allowed to take all the grain that theywill eat. Later it may be necessary to restrict the quantity fed. Calvesfor the dairy must be kept in a good growing condition, but without anexcess of fat. The meal should be kept in a box at all times accessibleto the calves and should be frequently renewed. Grain feeding may ceasewhen the calves are put upon pasture. 

As soon as the calves will eat fodder it should be given to them. Foddergives the necessary distention to the digestive organs, which makes theanimals capable of taking a sufficient quantity of food to result inhigh production. Alfalfa, clover-hay, and pea and oat hay are excellent, provided they are of fine growth and cut before they are too advanced ingrowth. If field roots can be added to the fodder the result indevelopment and good digestion will be excellent. Any kind of fieldroots are good, but mangels, sugar beets, and rutabagas are the mostsuitable because of their good keeping qualities. They should be fedsliced, preferably with a root slicer, and the calves may be given allthat they will eat without harm resulting. 

The duration of the milk period more commonly covers three to fourmonths with calves that are hand fed, but it may be extendedindefinitely providing skim-milk may be spared for such a use. Suchfeeding is costly. Calves reared on their dams are seldom allowed milkfor more than six or seven months, save when they are reared for showpurposes. 

(1) The amount should be determined by the observed capacity of the calfto take milk and by the relative cost of the skim-milk and the adjunctsfed along with it. 

(2) During the first weeks until it begins to eat other food freely, itshould be given all the milk that it will take without disturbing thedigestion. 

(3) Usually it would be safe to begin with six pounds of milk per day, giving eight pounds at the end of the first week, and to add one poundeach week subsequently until the age of 10 to 12 weeks. Any excess ofmilk given at one time usually disturbs the digestion and is followed bytoo lax a condition of the bowels. 

When milk has been the chief food, and the weaning is sudden, usuallygrowth will be more or less arrested. When sustained largely on otherfoods, the change may be made without any check to the growth, even inthe case of calves that suck their dams. When hand raised, the quantityof milk is gradually reduced until none is given. In the case of suckingcalves they should be allowed to take milk once a day for a time beforebeing shut entirely away from the dams. The supplementary food should bestrengthened as the milk is withheld. 

Calves should have constant access to good water, even during the milkperiod, and also to salt. 

Where many are fed simultaneously, the milk should be given in pailskept scrupulously clean. The pails should be set in a manger, but notuntil the calves have been secured by the neck in suitable stanchions. As soon as they have taken the milk, a little meal should be thrown intoeach pail. Eating the dry meal takes away the desire to suck oneanother. 

Calves of the dairy, dual purpose, and beef breeds may be reared by handalong the same lines, but with the following points of difference:

(1) The dual types want to carry more flesh than the dairy types, andthe beef types more than either. 

(2) To secure this end, more and richer milk must be given to calves ofthe beef type, especially during the first weeks of growth. Forcingcalves of the beef type would be against the highest developmentattainable. Until the milking period is reached, the food and generaltreatment for the three classes is the same. They should be in fairflesh until they begin to furnish milk. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Coshocton, Ohio. 

 With good care and Pratts Animal Regulator (which I have used for two years) this Jersey calf grew like a weed. I can prove what it has done for my cow and calves. 

 MRS. ELLEN BUTZ. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

When calves come in the autumn, the heifers enter the first winterstrong and vigorous. They should be so fed that growth will becontinuous right through the winter, but on cheap foods. It is differentwith animals for the block, which should have grain every winter untilsold, when reared on the arable farm, unless roots are freely fed, whenthey may be carried through the winter in fine form on straw andcornstalks, feeding some hay toward spring. They may be fed in an openor a closed shed, and without being tied when dehorned as they ought tobe when not purely bred. It is a good time to dehorn them when about oneyear old, as they will be more peaceful subsequently than if the hornshad never been allowed to grow. The bedding should be plentiful and theyshould have free access to water and salt. 

[Illustration: ~HEREFORD BULL~]

To carry growing animals through the winter so that they make noincrease and in some instances lose weight, to be made up the followingsummer, is short-sighted policy and wasteful of food. If a stuntedcondition is allowed at any time, increase is not only retarded, but thecapacity for future increase is also lessened. 

The pastures for heifers should be abundant, or supplemented by soilingfood where they are short. This is specially necessary because theheifers will then be pregnant, and because of the burden thus put uponthem in addition to that of growth, certain evils will follow. 

In some instances calves are grown on whole milk and adjuncts, and aresold at the age of 6 to 9 months. This is practicable when two or threecalves are reared on one cow. The meal adjuncts to accompany suchfeeding may consist of ground corn, oats, bran, and oil meal, fed in theproportions of, say 4, 2, 1, and 1 parts by weight. In some instancesthey are kept two or three months longer, and when sold such calves wellfattened bring high prices. 

The growing of baby beef is coming into much favor. Baby beef means beefput upon the market when it can no longer be called veal and whenconsiderably short of maturity, usually under the age of 24 months. Togrow such beef properly animals must be given a good healthy start, growth must not be interrupted and must be reasonably rapid, and thecondition of flesh in which they are kept must be higher than forbreeding uses. The process is in a sense a forcing one through feedingof relatively large amounts of grain. Though kept in good flesh all thewhile, the highest condition of flesh should be sought during the latterstages of feeding. 

When stall feeding begins, cattle are led up gradually duringpreliminary feeding to full feeding. Full feeding means consumption ofall grain and other food the animal can take without injuring digestion. A lean animal cannot be fattened quickly. Before rapid deposits of fatcan occur the lean animal must be brought into a well-nourishedcondition. Preliminary feeding should cover a period of four to eightweeks in ordinary fattening. 

When cattle are to be finished on grass, they are usually fed a moderateamount of grain daily the previous winter. The amount will be influencedby the character of the fodders and by the season when the cattle are tobe sold. Usually it is not less than three pounds per animal, daily, normore than six pounds. Steers will fatten in much shorter time whenPratts Cow Remedy is used. It causes them to quickly put on solid flesh, due to its action on the blood, bowels, and digestive organs. 

~COMMON DISEASES OF CATTLE~

The cow is generally healthy and if fed, stabled and cared for properlyshe will seldom be ill. 

When a cow is sick, provide clean, comfortable quarters, with plenty ofbedding and let her lie down. If weather is cold, cover her with ablanket. A healthy cow has a good appetite, the muzzle is moist, the eyebright, coat is smooth, the horns are warm, breathing is regular, themilk is given in good quantities and the process of rumination isconstant soon after eating. The sick cow has more or less fever, themuzzle is dry and hot, the breathing is rapid, no appetite, an increasein the pulse, dull eye, rough coat, a suspension of rumination, and thecow will stand alone with head down. Usually all that is needed isPratts Cow Remedy with bran mashes and good digestible feed. Give pure, clean water, and careful attention. 

~Preventing Milk Fever~

Many excellent cows have been lost through milk fever within a day ortwo of the birth of the calf. The preventive measures include:

(1) Reducing the quantity of the food fed. 

(2) Feeding food that is not unduly succulent, lest the milk flow shouldbe overstimulated. 

(3) Giving a mild purgative a day or two before the calf is born, orwithin a few hours after its birth. The purgative most commonly used isEpsom salts, and the dose is three-quarters of a pound to one pound. 

(4) Removing only a small portion of the milk at a time for the firsttwo or three days. Only moderate amounts of food are necessary until thedanger of milk fever is past. Where Pratts Cow Remedy has been given, there is little, if any, danger of milk fever. The value of thissplendid prescription during the calving season has been tested time andtime again. 

~Abortion~

A germ disease highly contagious and one of the most injurious of thosewhich affect dairy cattle. The money-making value of a herd in which thegerms of contagious abortion are permitted to exist will be completelydestroyed. 

A cow which has once aborted will do so again unless carefully treated. So contagious is the disease that the germs introduced into a perfectlyhealthy cow will cause her to abort, and it is no uncommon thing for theinfection to spread through an entire herd in a single season. The herdbull readily becomes a source of herd infection, and service from abull, where there are aborting cows should be refused. 

_Cause. _--By infection, the herding together of a large number of cows, high feeding, smutty corn and ergotty pastures. In a small number ofcows abortion may result from accidental injuries. Such cases are pureaccidents and are not to be considered along with contagious abortion. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Bradford, Ohio. 

 Abortion had got a hold on my herd and I was expecting to have to dispose of them, when Pratts Cow Remedy came to my rescue. Calves are all coming now at the right time. 

 BENJ. LOXLEY, JR. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

_Treatment. _--As in all contagious diseases, treatment should be giventhe infected animals and sanitary measures with treatment should beadopted to prevent its spread to healthy cows. For increasing thedisease resistance of cows as well as for building up the vitality ofinfected and suspected animals, Pratts Cow Remedy is most effective. Itis a true remedy and tonic, which restores to health and upbuilds thecow's constitution. It is all medicine, free from harmful ingredients ormineral poisons. 

Give one level tablespoonful of Pratts Cow Remedy three times a day toeach cow, either with the grain or separately. 

Pratts Cow Remedy should be given before and after service, and whenContagious Abortion is only suspected, should be continued during theperiod when the cow is in calf. 

An excellent preventive practice is to douche the vagina of all pregnantcows and to wash the tails and hind quarters of the entire herd with onepart Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 100 parts warm water. 

As a certain number of the cows will harbor the germ in the womb whentreatment is started, it is not to be expected that abortion will ceaseat once, but by keeping up the treatment the trouble will probablydisappear the following year. 

When the small cost of Pratts Cow Remedy and Pratts Dip and Disinfectantand their wonderful effectiveness in ridding the cow of the disease areconsidered, there is no question but that it ought always to be given toall cows to keep them well. 

To prevent the spread of Contagious Abortion, the entire premises shouldbe disinfected regularly with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. 

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~COMFORT FOR COW AND MILKER~ || ||Milking is a twice-a-day job. And if the cow has a sore, feverish and ||inflamed udder, cut, cracked or sore teats, milking time is most ||uncomfortable for both the cow and the one who does the milking. || ||Whenever a cow gives any indication of tenderness or soreness of udder ||or teats, apply || || ~PRATTS BAG OINTMENT~ || ||and speedy improvement will follow. It quickly penetrates to the seat of||the trouble, softens and soothes the feverish parts, and heals up the ||sores. || ||Use it for caked bags, or garget, for cuts, cracks, scratches or sores ||on udder or teats. It works wonders. Better keep a package on hand for ||quick use. || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

~Retained After-Birth~

_Causes. _--The cow, the most of all our domestic animals, is especiallysubject to this accident. It is most likely to occur after abortion. Again, in low conditions of health and an imperfect power ofcontraction, we have causes for retention. The condition is common whenthe cow is given food insufficient in quantity or in nutriment. 

_Treatment. _--Blanket the cow in a warm stable, and three times a daygive hot drinks and hot mashes of wheat bran to which twotablespoonfuls of Pratts Cow Remedy have been added. When theafter-birth comes away, continue treatment giving one tablespoonful ofPratts Cow Remedy until full recovery. The vagina and womb should besyringed with a solution of one ounce of Pratts Dip and Disinfectant toa gallon of warm water. Repeat daily until all discharge hasdisappeared. 

_Prevention. _--If the cow has been given Pratts Cow Remedy duringpregnancy or from two to four weeks before calving, there will be veryfew cases of this trouble. 

~Barrenness and Sterility~

When a cow persistently fails to breed and bear young, she is said to bebarren. That a barren cow cannot be a profit maker, goes without saying. 

_Causes. _--Barrenness in many cases is due to malformation of thegenerative organs, tumors or other diseased conditions. Very frequentlyit is a result of Contagious Abortion, and this should always besuspected. Cows bred at too early an age frequently produce calves whichprove to be barren, due to constitutional weakness. 

_Treatment. _--The true preventive of such conditions is to be found insound hygiene. Use Pratts Dip and Disinfectant freely about thepremises. 

The breeding animal should be of adult age neither overfed nor underfed, but well fed and moderately exercised. 

In proof of the beneficial results of exercise, it is of record that acow pronounced barren, when driven to a new owner, living several milesdistant, became fertile and for years thereafter produced healthycalves. 

Vigorous health must be sought, not only that a strong race may bepropagated but that the cow may breed with certainty. 

For toning up the generative organs, so that they can perform theirnatural functions, Pratts Cow Remedy is safe and positive. 

The usual dose is a level tablespoonful twice a day in the feed. 

Thus for less than a cent a day, you can make sure of the cow enjoyinghealth and being productive. 

~Aphtha, Sores on the Lips and Tongue~

_Symptoms. _--Painful blisters which become sores on the lips and tongue. Occurs often in sucking calves. 

_Treatment. _--Wash the mouth twice a day with one ounce of borax and onefluid ounce of myrrh mixed in one quart of water or a mild solution ofPratts Dip and Disinfectant. Give Pratts Cow Remedy daily. If the mouthis very sore give the remedies in gruel form. Feed animal on regulargruel feed. If it occurs in calves, give Pratts Cow Remedy with milk anduse borax as mentioned above. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Pittsfield, Ill. 

 Am using Pratts Bag Ointment on young heifer with a very sore bag and she is doing fine. I would not do without it. 

 F. E. STORCK. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Bloat~

_Symptoms_. --While eating, or shortly afterward, a swelling appears onthe left side, and as the swelling increases the animal appears to be ingreat distress, pants, strikes belly with its hind feet, the belching ofgas is noticed and the animal does not chew its cud. Later thebreathing becomes difficult, the animal moans, its back is arched, eyesprotrude, the tongue hangs out and saliva runs from the mouth. 

_Cause. _--Eating damp grass, succulent grass of early spring and secondcrop clover in autumn when wet with dew or rain. Also caused by a changeof food or over filling the paunch of animal with indigestible food. 

_Treatment. _--At this stage mix one ounce aromatic spirits of ammonia inone pint of water and give the mixture as a drench. Repeat in twentyminutes if necessary. In extreme cases a mechanical treatment can besuccessfully employed by the use of Pratts Cattle Trocar. 

~Caked Udder, or Garget~

Apply Pratts Bag Ointment according to directions. It is verypenetrating, and has great softening and cooling properties. Use alsofor chafing and inflammation. 

~Cold~

_Symptoms. _--Heated forehead, sneezing, coughing, may have diarrhoea orbe constipated, fever and loss of appetite. Urine deficient. 

_Treatment. _--Give large doses of Pratts Cow Remedy in gruel form andgradually reduce quantity. Keep animal warm, bandage legs and rub throatand lungs with Pratts Liniment. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _McDonoghville, La. 

 Pratts Animal Regulator can't be beat for sick calves--this is from actual experience. 

 E. M. HUBERT. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Colic~

Animal will be uneasy, gets up and lies down, and suffers much pain. 

Walk the animal for a few minutes, then give one pint of Glauber Saltsdissolved in a pint of warm water, and inject a quart of warm water, with two fluid ounces of laudanum, into the bowels. Give regularlyPratts Cow Remedy mixed with warm water as gruel until animal isrelieved, then mix with the feed. In extreme cases give four drams ofcarbonate of ammonia, two drams of belladonna, mixed with one pint ofwater. Blankets wrung out of hot water and applied will help to relievethe pain. Another remedy is one ounce of sulphuric ether and one ouncetincture of opium in a pint of warm water. A pint of whiskey in a pintof warm water is also good. 

~Constipation~

_Cause. _--From eating dry, coarse food, lack of exercise and not enoughwater. 

_Treatment. _--Give Epsom salts or a pint of raw linseed oil and plentyof green food, linseed meal, bran mashes, roots and Pratts Cow Remedydaily. Exercise is necessary. 

~Cow Pox~

(Variola)

_Symptoms. _--Round inflamed spots appear upon the teats. They enlargeand form large scabs. The milk yield is always diminished. It is verycontagious. This is the vaccine-virus used as a preventive for smallpox. 

_Treatment. _--Separate the cows affected. Do not break the pox. ApplyPratts Healing Ointment to the sores and give Pratts Cow Remedy to allthe cows, whether affected or not. 

~Closing of the Milk Duct~

Use Pratts Self-Retaining Milking Tube. Never use a solid probe orneedle. 

~Cut, Cracked, Injured or Sore Teats~

Apply Pratts Bag Ointment according to directions on box. 

~Diarrhoea~

(Scours)

_Treatment. _--Give large doses of Pratts Cow Remedy at first, thenreduce to regular quantity. Give starch gruel or flour and water. Another remedy is two fluid drams of tincture of kino three times daily. 

~Foot and Mouth Disease~

_Symptoms. _--Sore feet and blisters form in and about the mouth and onudder. Animal shivers, has fever, becomes lame and teeth become loose. It is very contagious. 

_Treatment. _--Separate all sick animals and wash mouths with one partPratts Disinfectant to 100 parts water, or one-half teaspoonful oftincture of aloes and myrrh. Stand animals in a trough containing onepart Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 20 parts water. Repeat in five days. Disinfect all stables, litter, etc. Give daily Pratts Cow Remedy withthe regular feed. Use Pratts Bag Ointment on teats and udder. Whenrecovered, sponge all over with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to20 parts water. 

~Foot Rot~

_Treatment. _--Clean stalls and disinfect with one part Pratts Dip andDisinfectant to 100 parts water. Pare away all ragged portions of thefoot and keep animal on clean floor until cured. Make a poultice of onepart Disinfectant to five parts water and stir in a little flour to theproper constituency and apply to the foot. 

~Lice~

Lousy stock cannot grow fat for the nourishment given is absorbed by thelice. 

_Treatment. _--Clean stable thoroughly and spray Pratts Dip andDisinfectant everywhere. Sprinkle a small quantity on an old blanket andtie it around the animal for two or three hours. Spray the legs and suchplaces the blanket does not cover. Repeat if necessary. 

If Pratts Powdered Lice Killer is used, dust the animals thoroughly withthe powder, rubbing the hair the wrong way, then rub it thoroughly intothe skin. 

~Lump Jaw~

_Cause. _--A vegetable parasite. It is contagious. 

_Treatment. _--Remove the tumor by surgical means or paint daily withtincture of iodine. Give daily two drams of iodide of potash. Givenourishing feed with Pratts Cow Remedy daily. Disinfect stable withPratts Dip and Disinfectant. 

~Milk--Bloody or Stringy~

_Cause. _--By rupture of minute vessels in the udder due to injury, irritation or inflammation and derangement of the system. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _East Point, Ga. 

 Please send me a box of Pratts Cow Remedy and some Pratts Bag Ointment. I sure do need it. I found no other that will do the work. It brings in calves easy. 

 MRS. MATTIE BROWN. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

_Treatment. _--Change the food and pasture. Give large doses of PrattsCow Remedy at first, and gradually reduce to regular quantity. Give goodnutritious feed with bran mashes and clean fresh, water. Rub udder twicedaily with Pratts Bag Ointment. Four drams of hyposulphite of soda infeed twice a day has produced good results. 

~Milk--Blue and Watery~

_Treatment. _--Keep stable perfectly clean, disinfect thoroughly withPratts Disinfectant and treat same as for bloody milk. Sometimes bluemilk is the sign of tuberculosis. If so, have the cow killed and burnedor buried deep. 

~Milk Fever~

_Symptoms. _--There is a feverish condition and inflammation of thebrain; a complete stoppage of milk, weakness in hind quarters, animalstaggers and when down is unable to rise, throws head to one side andgoes into a state of stupor. 

_Cause. _--By trouble peculiar to calving or running into rich pastureduring hot weather; by lack of exercise and from costiveness. Usuallyattacks fat cows. 

_Treatment. _--(From Circular 45, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. ) "Of all known methods of treating milkfever, the injection of sterile atmospheric air into the udder is by farthe most simple and practicable as well as the most efficacious andharmless one at our disposal. " Pratts Milk Fever Outfit for airtreatment should always be kept on hand. The price is $3. This treatmenthas cured 97 per cent. Of cases treated. 

_Prevention. _--Feed pregnant cows with nutritious and laxative feed, give plenty of water and Pratts Cow Remedy daily. Keep stable clean, well ventilated and disinfected with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. 

~Milk--To Increase the Flow of~

_Treatment. _--To increase flow of milk give Pratts Cow Remedy daily witha good nutritious ration and plenty of water. These supply just what acow needs to make her food appetizing, to regulate the blood, bowels anddigestive organs, to turn all the nutriment of the feed given into fleshand milk without waste. Pratts Cow Remedy has been used for over 40years by successful and conservative feeders, and wherever used, according to directions, has produced wonderful results. 

~Ophthalmia--Sore Eyes~

_Treatment. _--Separate affected animals at once and put them in clean, well ventilated but dark stalls as this is contagious. Disinfect entireplace with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 75 parts of water. Give physic of a pound and a half of Epsom salts, dissolve in a pint ofwarm water, to which add two ounces of powdered ginger. Give sloppy feedwith one dram of powdered nitrate of potassia added and Pratts CowRemedy daily. 

Fasten a cloth over the eyes and keep it wet with a lotion of chlorideof zinc, one dram; carbolic acid, two drams; water, one gallon. Apply tothe cheek below each eye, to the space of about two inches, a smallportion composed of Spanish fly, 2 drams; lard, two tablespoonfuls. Apply in the morning and wash off with soap suds and a sponge, six hourslater. Apply lard. Keep separated from herd for a month after recovery. 

~Rheumatism~

_Symptoms. _--Hot, painful swellings at the joints, stiffness in walkingand difficulty in rising. 

_Cause. _--By exposure, badly ventilated and wet stables, damp, marshypasture and impure food. 

_Treatment. _--Bathe joints with Pratts Liniment. Give a physic of apound of Epsom salts in warm water. Give two drams of salicylate of sodaevery three hours for two days. Keep animal warm and dry. Givenutritious feed of a laxative nature with Pratts Cow Remedy daily. 

~Sore Throat~

_Symptoms. _--Difficulty in swallowing, pain and difficult breathing. 

_Treatment. _--Place in dry, clean, well ventilated stable. Use nose bag. Rub throat with Pratts Liniment. Give physic of one pound of Epsom saltsin warm water. Give one-half ounce of tincture of belladonna every sixhours. Syringe throat three times a day with an ounce of followingsolution: one and one-half drams nitrate of silver and one pint ofdistilled water. 

~Sprains~

Use Pratts Liniment, nothing better. 

~Teats--Obstructed~

_Treatment. _--Wash off with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant and 50parts of water. Use Pratts Teat Opener. Pratts Self-Retaining MilkingTube can then be inserted until teat is better. Rub teats with PrattsBag Ointment. 

~Ticks~

_Treatment. _--All cattle infected with ticks should be sponged or dippedat once with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 20 parts water. Repeat in ten days. This will not only kill the ticks but cure mange, soften the hair and make the skin healthy. 

~Tuberculosis--Consumption~

_Symptoms. _--Not well marked in early stages. Disease develops slowly. There is a loss of flesh, a short dry cough, irregular appetite, rapidbreathing, weakness, bloating, diarrhoea, the milk is lessened and iswatery and blue in color. The coat is rough and back arched. Whenever ananimal is suspected of having tuberculosis, have a competent person givethe "Tuberculosis Test" at once. 

_Cause. _--Poor feed and water, badly ventilated stables, dirty stables, from over-feeding and inoculation. It is hereditary. May also followabortion and catarrhal trouble of the genital organs. 

_Treatment. _--Disease is incurable. Kill and burn all animals affectedat once and disinfect thoroughly stables, yards, etc. , with one partPratts Dip and Disinfectant to 50 parts of water. Disinfect every weekuntil every germ is destroyed. Use Pratts Dip and Disinfectant in allwhitewash and sponge or dip all the cattle in a solution of one partDisinfectant to 100 parts water. 

~Wire Cuts, Wounds, Bites, Etc. ~

_Treatment. _--Wash with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant and 50parts water and apply Pratts Healing Ointment or Healing Powder threetimes a day. 

~Worms~

Give Pratts Specially Prepared Worm Powder according to directions. Itis quick in its action and has a strong tonic effect. 

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

~SHEEP~

Many years ago the sheep industry of America flourished. Then came aperiod of depression in this line accompanied by a steady decrease inthe number of sheep kept. But the tide turned again about 1914 and thesheep are rapidly coming back to American farms and ranges. 

This change is doubtless due to the steadily increasing cost of grainand labor accompanied by correspondingly high prices of lamb, mutton andwool. Also to a general recognition of the economic value of sheep--bothof the mutton and wool breeds--as quick producers of income, no littlepart of which should be profit. The latter point is due to the fact thatsheep are inexpensive to maintain as they thrive upon the roughest ofpastures and coarse feeds which will not sell to advantage, and theircare consumes but little time. Low production costs--feed and labor--andhigh prices for the products make a most satisfactory combination. 

Methods of successful sheep management vary in different sections of thecountry. The beginner may well consult the successful sheep-growers inhis section and adopt the methods which give good results under theconditions existing in his locality. At the same time he should neglectno opportunity to secure more information from all sources, in order toknow and use the most advanced methods and so make the maximum profits. 

Here are a few basic facts:

Sheep raising requires careful attention, but does not demand a greatamount of heavy labor or expensive equipment. 

The best time to make a start is in the early fall when good breedingstock may be selected. 

While pure-bred breeders are best, a pure-bred ram and ewes of goodgrade will prove very satisfactory. 

A start may be made in a small way, but it is best to have at leasttwenty to forty breeders for economy of time, labor and other expenses. 

As a rule it is most profitable to push the lambs for growth and marketthem when they weigh 65 to 75 pounds. 

This weight can be secured in about four months. 

If a very large pasture is available the flock will thrive on this. Otherwise fields must be fenced off and forage crops provided. 

Breeding ewes must be exercised in the winter to insure strong lambs. But protect them from rain or wet snow as soaked fleeces cause colds andpneumonia. 

[Illustration: ~SHROPSHIRE SHEEP~]

Thrifty condition and vigorous health must be maintained at all costs. Otherwise the lambs will be small and weak and fleeces of inferiorquality. The regular use of Pratts Animal Regulator will improvecondition, insure health and vigor, increase number and quality oflambs, promote growth of flesh and wool. And in large measure, it keepscommon diseases away because Pratt-fed sheep are in condition to_resist_ disease. 

Shearing should be done after lambing, usually in late spring or earlysummer. If lambing time is late, the shearing may be done before thelambs arrive. Tie up the fleeces separately, first sorting out dunglocks and tags. 

After lambing, the individual ewes should be carefully watched to seethat they have plenty of milk and are in good condition. They should bekept in pens for about three days, when they may be permitted to runwith the flock. Feed lightly for two or three days, then heavily tostimulate the milk flow so lambs will be well-nourished. They mayprofitably receive one to two pounds of grain per day during the nursingperiod. 

Inferior ewes should be marketed as rapidly as they are identified. Getrid of the barren ones, producers of poor lambs, poor milkers, lightshearers. 

Sheep must be protected against blood-thirsty dogs and external andinternal parasites. In many sections sheep growers have united to fightsheep-killing dogs and good results have been secured. United actionagainst a common enemy is best, as public sentiment may thus be aroused. 

Because of their thick fleeces and helplessness, sheep suffer greatlyfrom the attacks of ticks, lice and other parasites. Ticks areparticularly injurious. They annoy and weaken the adult animals, torturethe lambs and check their growth. The result is always a money loss tothe sheep owner. 

Fortunately it is a simple matter to exterminate the ticks and lice andovercome the ordinary skin diseases of sheep. Merely dip the sheep in asolution of Pratts Disinfectant. It is non-poisonous, inexpensive--doesthe work!

[Illustration: ~MERINO RAM~]

July and August is the popular time for dipping, but the work can bedone as soon after shearing as the shear cuts heal. Two dippings arenecessary, about twenty-four days apart. The first treatment may notkill all the eggs, but the second will kill the young ticks, thuscompleting the job. For successful results, it is necessary to use adipping tank or vat large enough to hold sufficient of the solution toimmerse and thoroughly saturate each animal. 

Intestinal parasites, of which the stomach worm is perhaps the mostdreaded, cause great loss to sheep owners. These worms live in thefourth stomach. They are easily identified, being from one-half to oneand a quarter inches long, marked with a red stripe. Their eggs arefound in the droppings of the sheep, so infection is secured in thepasture. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Augusta, Me. 

 As a constant user of Pratts Animal Regulator, for sheep, I find that it not only helps them to put on flesh but keeps their system in fine condition. I take great pleasure in recommending it, knowing its benefit to Cloverdale Shropshires. 

 H. J. O'HEAR, Samoset Farm. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: Care of Swine]

~SWINE~

No other class of animals kept upon the farm brings returns so quicklyas swine, with the exception of fowls. Swine are specially valuable forutilizing food that would otherwise go to waste. They are an invaluableadjunct to the dairy, particularly when the whole milk is separated onthe farm. 

You can grow big, healthy, profit-paying hogs, if you will merely meetcertain clearly defined hog requirements. If you do this, and it's easy, you need never worry about profits. You are _sure_ to succeed. 

The world needs and will pay you well for all the hogs you can produce. Aside from the pork products required for consumption in America, thehog growers of the United States must for years export to Europe morepork in various forms, and more lard, than ever before. 

The European herds of hogs have been sadly depleted. Dr. Vernon Kellogg, of the United States Food Administration, has personally investigatedthe situation. He reports decreases in hogs in leading countries asfollows: France, 49 per cent. ; Great Britain, 25 per cent. ; Italy, 12 1/2 per cent. And, of course, conditions are even worse in Germany, Austria and the Balkan Nations, all of which are big producers in normaltimes. 

Properly handled, kept healthy and vigorous, the American hog is amoney-maker. Many farmers know this from experience: others fail torealize how useful and profitable the hog really is. 

The experts connected with the United States Department of Agriculturemake the following assertions in Farmers' Bulletin 874:

"No branch of live-stock farming gives better results than the raisingof well-bred swine when conducted with a reasonable amount ofintelligence. The hog is one of the most important animals to raise onthe farm, either for meat or for profit, and no farm is complete unlesssome hogs are kept to aid in the modern method of farming. The farmersof the South and West, awakening to the merits of the hog, are rapidlyincreasing their output of pork and their bank accounts. The hogrequires less labor, less equipment, less capital, and makes greatergains per hundred pounds of concentrates than any other farm animal, andreproduces himself faster and in greater numbers; and returns the moneyinvested more quickly than any other farm animal except poultry. "

The University of Minnesota, in Extension Bulletin 7, sums up the matteras follows:

"From a business point of view, the hog is described as a great nationalresource, a farm mortgage lifter and debt-payer, and the most generallyprofitable domesticated animal in American agriculture. "

And this summarizes the general opinion of progressive hog growers andthe experts connected with the United States Department of Agricultureand the various State Agricultural Experiment Stations and Colleges. 

Breeds of hogs are divided into two general classes--bacon type and lardtype. Where milk is plentiful, and especially where such foods as barleyand peas are grown, the bacon type will be the most profitable, as theyfurnish the largest litters and also make pork that brings the bestprice in the market. The lard type of swine are usually kept where cornis the cereal that is most grown. 

The large Yorkshire and Tamworth are the leading bacon breeds. ThePoland China, the Duroc Jersey, and the Chester White are leading lardtypes. The Berkshires, Cheshires, and Hampshires are intermediatebetween the bacon and lard types. When bacon sires are crossed upon sowsof any of the other breeds, the progeny are excellent for pork. 

The farmer who is about to adopt a breed should be sure to select one ofthe standard and common breeds of his own neighborhood. Many men makethe mistake of introducing a breed new to the section, and when the timecomes that a new boar must be secured much difficulty and expense areincurred before a satisfactory one can be found. 

The bulletin quoted above further says: "To the production of pork, then, in _the largest amount_, in _the shortest time_, and with _theminimum of money and labor_, all the details of the hog-raising industryare directed. " Here is the whole secret--pork in largest amount, inshortest time, at lowest production costs. And the very foundation isperfect health and vigorous condition of the hogs, both breeding animalsand market stock. 

Health and vigor are necessary in the breeding animals if they are toproduce big litters of sturdy pigs--in the market animals if they are toconsume large amounts of food and economically and quickly convert itinto fat and muscle. Weak, sickly, run-down hogs are a constant sourceof trouble and are never profitable under any conditions. Disease is oneof the greatest drawbacks in the hog industry. 

[Illustration: ~POLAND CHINA PIG~]

When selecting brood sows of any breed, the preference should be givento those which have reasonably long sides and limbs of medium length. When selecting boars make sure that vigor is present in a marked degreeand also strong limbs. Any weakness in the back of male or female is tobe carefully shunned. 

During pregnancy two facts must be borne in mind. The first is that thesow is doing double duty. She is keeping up her own bodily functions, aswell as developing her fetal litter. Therefore, feeding should beliberal. The mistakes in feeding breeding animals are more frequentlythose which keep such stock thin. The importance of ample feeding atthis time is a demonstrated fact, as well as one which appeals to commonsense. 

In the second place the sow is building new tissue. Hence the kind offeed is important. Bran, peas, oats and barley and such forage plants asclover, alfalfa, vetches and the like. Ordinary pasture grasses are ofmuch value. 

All breeders lay great emphasis on the condition of the bowels duringpregnancy, and particularly at farrowing. The special danger to beavoided is constipation. It is right here that Pratts Hog Tonic showsits great worth to hog raiser. It puts the digestion organs into healthycondition and the result is safe farrowing and a healthy litter whichis not apt to suffer from scours or thumps. 

[Illustration: ~DUROC-JERSEY BOAR~]

Good health is inherited from vigorous, healthy ancestors. It isintensified and preserved by proper management. "The time to beginfitting pigs for market is before they are farrowed. For this reason itis advisable to pay particular attention to the feed and care of thebrood sow from breeding to farrowing time. " And "It must be understoodthat it is much easier to continue an animal (hog) in a thrifty, hardycondition than to bring the animal back to his normal appetite and rateof growth, once he is out of order. " (Circular 90, New Jersey Agr. Exp. Station. )

These common-sense statements must appeal to the reason of everythinking hog producer. And they make plain the wisdom of regularlysupplying Pratts Hog Tonic to the entire herd, to breeding stock, growing pigs, fattening hogs. 

This remarkable natural tonic and conditioners _is not_ a specific forany single disease. It is a health-builder and health-preserver. In thisconnection we wish to particularly mention that most dreaded anddestructive of all hog diseases--hog cholera. We do not claim thatPratts Hog Tonic will entirely prevent or cure this scourge. But it willput and keep your herd in such fine condition that the individuals willbe more resistant and will not as readily contract cholera or other germdiseases. It will prevent and control such troubles as indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation and the like, which are such a source of troublein the average herd. 

You may not appreciate the value of using such a conditioner, but theKentucky Agr. Exp. Station, in Bulletin 181, contains the followingstatement which deserves the careful consideration of every thoughtfulhog raiser: _"General conditioners have been found to be advantageous inthe maintenance of healthy conditions in hogs_. "

Brood sows should not produce their first litter under twelve months. Whether they should produce one or two litters a year will dependlargely upon the conditions, especially of climate. Sows should be keptfor breeding as long as they will produce good, even litters. Well-chosen sows should rear an average of eight to the litter. 

Brood sows should have ample exercise. They get it in good form whenthey are allowed to turn over litter in the barnyard on which a littlegrain, as corn, has previously been sprinkled. Two-thirds of the winterrations may consist of mangels or alfalfa hay--the other third beinggrain or swill. Alfalfa for hogs should be cut before blossoming. 

When sows farrow they should be fed lightly for the first three days. Later give all they will eat of milk-making foods. A combination ofground oats, wheat shorts, and some corn is excellent. And Pratts HogTonic will be found especially valuable during the nursing period. Mealis fed ground and soaked. As soon as young pigs will take skim-milk theyshould get it in a trough apart from the sow. They are weaned at sevenor eight weeks where two litters are grown in a year, and at twelveweeks where but one is grown. 

When pigs are weaned, and previously, there is nothing better thanshorts and skim milk. They should be grown subsequently to weaning onpasture, with one to two pounds of grain added daily. In season, winteror spring rye, clover, alfalfa, barley, and rape all make excellentpasture. 

The fattening period with swine covers from six to eight weeks. Ungroundcorn and water will fatten swine in good form. The same is true ofbarley and rye, ground and soaked. They may be fattened nicely whilegrazing on field peas. They may also be similarly fattened by hoggingoff corn or gathering it from the excrement of cattle that are beingfattened on it. Swine well grown should make an average gain of a pounda day. Bacon swine may be best sold at 175 to 200 pounds in weight. Lardtypes are usually grown to greater weights. 

Swine breeders have long recognized the value of Pratts Hog Tonic as adisease preventive and fattener. Progressive breeders now consider it anecessity in profitable hog raising. 

If a second litter is wanted during a year the sows should be put to theboar during the first heat after weaning. Many breeders do not like topass periods of heat for fear that the sows may become "shy, " and thereis little reason why a sow should not have two litters a year. In anycase, the sows should be carried on comparatively light feed until timeto breed again, gaining a little in weight; and their treatment afterbreeding should be as already detailed for pregnant sows. 

When the boar arrives at the farm he should be dipped in a solution ofPratts Dip and Disinfectant, as a matter of ordinary precaution againstthe introduction of vermin. As an additional precaution, a quarantinepen should be ready for him, especially if epizootics are prevalent. Hisfeed before change of owners should be known, and either adhered to orchanged gradually to suit the new conditions. If he has come from a longdistance it will be well to feed lightly until he is well acclimated. 

[Illustration: ~TAMWORTH PIG~]

Breeders generally advocate the practice of keeping a boar to himselfduring the entire year--out of sight and hearing of the sows. However, aboar is often allowed to run with the sows after they are safe in pig;but during the breeding season it is by far the best policy to keep himby himself, admitting a sow to his yard for mating, and allowing but oneservice. The litters will generally be larger and the pigs stronger. 

The boar should not serve more than two sows daily, preferably one inthe morning and one in the afternoon, and can serve 50 to 60 in a seasonwithout difficulty. 

In order to keep the boar in vigorous physical condition, he should begiven Pratts Hog Tonic regularly. The beneficial results will be seen inthe way of larger litters and stronger pigs. 

The greatest drawback to the hog industry which breeders in this countryhave to contend against is found in the losses which may be experiencedthrough the infestation of the animals, especially young pigs, byparasites, through outbreaks of hog cholera or swine plague, or throughthe contraction of tuberculosis. 

[Illustration: ~CHESTER WHITE BOAR~]

In dealing with the diseases of hogs, preventive measures must be mostrelied upon. The animals must be given dry and well-ventilated quarters, which must be kept clean. Contrary to common belief, hogs have somehabits which raise them above other domestic animals from thestandpoint of cleanliness. For example, unless compelled to do so, ahog will not sleep in its own filth. If part of the floor of the pen israised and kept well bedded with straw, while the rest is not, allexcrement will be left on the unbedded portion of the floor, and the beditself will be always clean. 

In addition to cleanliness, close attention should be given to the feedwhich is supplied, that nothing may be fed which will convey the germsof disease, especially tuberculosis, to the herd. If the hogs are fedmilk in any form obtained from cows kept upon the same farm, the cowsshould be subjected to the tuberculin test, as by this means alltuberculous milk may be kept from the hogs. If they run with the cattleof the farm a tuberculin test of all the cattle is none the lessdesirable. Animals dead from any disease should not be fed to the hogsuntil the meat has been made safe by cooking. Skim milk or refuse from apublic creamery should not be fed to hogs until it has been thoroughlysterilized. 

Feeding and drinking places should be clean and the water supply pure. Unless the origin is known to be uncontaminated and there has been nopossibility of infection during its course, hogs should not be allowedaccess to any stream. Wallows should be drained out or kept filled up asmuch as possible. At least once a month the quarters should bedisinfected with a solution of Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. Theseprecautions will be found valuable aids in the destruction of thevarious animal parasites, as well as a protection from some more serioustroubles. 

The methods of feeding and management outlined above have beensuccessfully followed by hog growers for many years. They areconservative and safe. But during recent years a new method of feedinghas been developed and is being generally adopted, especially byspecialists who make hog growing a real business. This is known as the"self-fed" plan, under which system feed is kept before the hogs at alltimes and they are permitted to eat at will. In poultry feeding this iscalled "the dry mash system. "

Just who deserves credit for originating or developing this plan cannotbe stated. That it is a good one is evidenced by the fact that it hasreceived the endorsement of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture; of many Agricultural Experiment Stations; ofthe specialty swine journals; of practical hog breeders in all sectionsof the country. 

For this self-feed plan it is claimed that both feed and labor aresaved, thus reducing production costs. That a 250-pound hog can be grownin thirty days less time than is possible where slop-feeding ispracticed, thus getting the hogs to market earlier and avoiding dangerof loss during this time. That it produces pork of highest quality, themeat being fine in flavor, firm, and with lean and fat well distributed. 

Advocates of the self-feeding plan make the following comparison withthe old-time slop-feeding method:

When dry food is supplied in automatic feeders, the attendant may fillthe feeders at any convenient time of day and that at intervals ofseveral days. In slop feeding, the meals must be prepared and fed twicedaily, usually when other duties are pressing and time especiallyvaluable. 

When dry, ground grains are kept before the hogs at all times, they eatwhen they feel the need of food and are not liable to overeat at anytime. Because of the dry character of the feed, they eat slowly, masticating the food thoroughly and mixing it with saliva. This meansmore thorough digestion and an absence of indigestion and boweltroubles. And, of course, quicker growth. 

Slop-fed hogs, on the other hand, get very hungry between meals. Atfeeding time they pile up around the troughs, the stronger rushing andpushing away the weaker ones, those that really need the feed the most. Then they bolt the food without chewing it, taking all they can hold andleaving little for those that cannot find a place at the "first table. "

The quality of the dry-fed pork has been mentioned. Equally important, from the standpoint of the butcher, is the loss in dressing of hogs. Tests have shown that slop-fed stock loses six to eight pounds more perhundredweight than does the dry-fed. 

[Illustration: ~BERKSHIRE BOAR~]

Another big advantage of dry-feeding lies in the fact that large numbersof swine, including those of various ages and sizes, can be safely keptin one herd. The writer has seen over two hundred head of swine, rangingin size from pigs just weaned to 250-pound porkers ready for market, living in peace and contentment in one building, eating and sleeping andsharing the forage pastures together. Of course this means a big savingin buildings and fencing and a great reduction in the amount ofnecessary labor. 

The self-feeder may be used all through the life of the hog, beginningwhen the pigs are still nursing and continuing until they reach marketweight. During all this time the ration should contain Pratts Hog Tonic, the guaranteed hog conditioner, in order that at all times the herd maybe maintained in vigorous condition, be kept free from disease, mayavoid wasting feed through imperfect or sluggish digestion, may earn forthe farmer the maximum amount of profit. We suggest that you make a testof this results-insuring, profit-producing tonic. Watch results. If_you_ are not satisfied the dealer from whom you purchased the goodswill refund the full amount you paid for them. 

The self-feeding plan of growing hogs gives best results when theanimals are given access to growing forage crops. The feeders may beplaced under cover out in the fields or kept in the hog house if thelatter is reasonably near the pasture lots. An unlimited supply of freshwater must be available at all times because dry-fed stock drinks manytimes the amount of water that slop-fed hogs do. The reason is plain. 

There are many different systems of handling hogs under this plan, varying according to local conditions. We will give in detail the methodused most successfully for many years on a Pennsylvania farm which eachseason markets several hundred hogs of a quality which commands apremium above current quotations. 

On this farm, particular attention is paid to keeping the hog housesclean and sanitary, light, sunny and dry. Dampness is always a fertilesource of loss. Further, the houses are never crowded. Each animal isgiven plenty of room. 

The brood sows are placed in separate pens at farrowing time and watchedcarefully when giving birth to the pigs. They are fed a rich slop, asmall quantity at first, but in gradually increasing amount until theyare receiving enough to insure a big flow of milk. 

When the pigs are eight to ten days of age they are permitted to go atwill to the self-feeder containing a mixture of ground grains. As arule, several sows farrow at about the same time and the pens are soarranged that the pigs from several litters may all use one feeder. 

This arrangement results in the pigs taking more exercise, eating morefood and making more rapid growth. It reduces the danger of thumps andgives the youngsters a wonderfully strong start in life. 

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~MORE PIGS PER HOG--MORE HOG PER PIG~ || ||Big litters of strong-boned, growthy pigs, and rapid growth of pigs from||birth to maturity are the natural result of health and vigor of breeding||stock and youngsters. Weak, run-down boars and sows produce inferior ||pigs and usually small litters. And such pigs are not money-makers. || || ~PRATTS HOG TONIC~ || ||the guaranteed conditioner for swine, overcomes most hog diseases, makes||the breeders healthy and vigorous, insures big litters of big pigs, ||makes the youngsters grow steadily and rapidly from birth to maturity ||and fatten quickly and economically. || ||Many of the most successful hog-growers will tell you that one secret of||their success is the regular use of Pratts Hog Tonic. You should at ||least test it. No risk on your part because || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: Care of Swine]

The feed mixture used at this time varies somewhat according toavailable supplies and current prices. A sample pig ration is made up asfollows:

 RATION FOR YOUNG PIGS

 Winter wheat middlings 40 lbs. Hominy meal 40 lbs. Oil meal 3 lbs. Whole oats (heavy) 5 lbs. 60 per cent. Digester tankage 12 lbs. Fine salt 1/2 lb. 

Mix thoroughly. 

When the pigs are weaned they are placed with the herd, a safe practicebecause of the general contentment and quietness and the entire absenceof meal-time stampedes. They quickly adjust themselves to their newsurroundings, and, because accustomed to the use of self-feeders, atonce begin eating the regular hog ration with the rest of the herd. 

In the hog house, enough self-feeders are provided to permit all animalsto eat at will without being crowded. One feeder to each twenty-fivehogs is the rule. 

The hog ration, like the pig ration, varies according to conditions. Butat all times it is palatable and contains feeds which build bone, muscleand fat. A favorite formula is this:

 RATION FOR GROWING HOGS

 Winter wheat middlings 50 lbs. Wheat bran 50 lbs. Corn chop 50 lbs. Whole oats 10 lbs. 50 per cent. Digester tankage 20 lbs. 

Soft coal and salt are kept before the herd at all times. The hogs eatthese at will. 

The grazing system is used on this farm. Many different forage crops areplanted, in order to insure a regular succession of succulent feeds. Aseach field reaches proper condition for grazing, a hog fence is thrownaround it and the herd admitted. The hogs do all the work of harvesting, thus securing valuable exercise and at the same time saving man labor. Under this system the fields have steadily improved in fertility, due tothe turning under of the uneaten green stuff and the direct applicationof the valuable hog manure. 

Forage crops vary in different sections of the country. On the farm inquestion the earliest forage is rye, followed in rotation by the variousclovers and mixtures of oats, Canada field peas, vetch, soy beans, etc. Dwarf Essex rape is a favorite crop and one that furnishes a tremendousamount of forage per acre. 

When the corn crop matures, the larger individuals are given the libertyof the corn fields and the crop is "hogged down. " This again saves agreat amount of hand labor, a big item under existing conditions. 

In the winter, when grazing is out of the question, the herd receivesonce daily a liberal feed of second crop alfalfa or clover hay. 

Understand, the feeders containing the dry mixture of ground grains, areavailable to the hogs _at all times_. They help themselves at will, dayand night. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _La Fontaine, Ind. 

 We have been trying to produce the largest hog in the world and we have done it! We have a Big Type Poland China hog, that has been fed 123 days, making a gain of 450 pounds and at this time weighs over 1200 pounds. We fed him on Pratts Animal Regulator. 

 H. E. HENRY. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

When keeping hogs in large herds like this, it is of primary importancethat the most careful attention be paid to sanitation. Pratts Dip andDisinfectant should be used regularly and thoroughly to protect againstdisease germs and vermin. And Pratts Hog Tonic used to keep the hogs inperfect condition _inside_. 

If sickness appears in the herd the unaffected hogs should at once beremoved to clean, disinfected quarters, preferably without much range, for by running over pastures they may come in contact with contagion. Their feed should be carefully regulated, and, if they have previouslybeen on pasture, should include some green feed, roots, or an abundanceof skim milk. 

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~BANISH HOG VERMIN AND DISEASES~ || ||To make a success of hog raising, dipping is almost as essential as ||feeding. At least it is second only to proper feeding. || ||Lice and vermin, the comfort-destroyers and profit-reducers, and the ||germs which cause cholera and tuberculosis, are exterminated by the ||regular use of || || ~PRATTS DIP AND DISINFECTANT~ || ||Put the hogs and pigs through the dipping vat and spray the quarters and||feed receptacles occasionally with a strong solution of the original ||Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. Result--comfortable, vermin-free and ||disease-free hogs, less loss, more pork, more money. || ||[Illustration: Pratts Animal Dip] || ||There are other dips that look like the original Pratts, but they are ||not the same in efficiency. Refuse the substitutes. Use Pratts, the dip ||you can depend upon. It costs no more but it's worth more! You be the ||judge-- || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

The quarters in which the sickness first appeared should be thoroughlycleaned, all bedding and rubbish burned, and loose boards and oldpartitions torn out and burned. If the pen is old, knock it to piecesand burn it. Disinfect pens and sleeping places using Pratts Dip andDisinfectant on the floors, walls and ceilings. Whitewash everything. Ifa hog dies from any cause, the carcass should never be exposed where itmay be devoured by the other hogs or by passing birds or beasts, butshould be burned at once or buried deeply and the pens thoroughlydisinfected immediately. If possible, do not move the carcass from theplace where it falls; but if this cannot be done the ground over whichit is dragged should be disinfected. Hog-cholera bacilli can live in theground for at least three months. Care must be taken to maintain anabsolute quarantine between the sick and well hogs. The same attendantshould not care for both lots unless he disinfects himself thoroughlyafter each visit to the infected hogs. Dogs should be confined until thedisease is stamped out. 

Treatment of hogs suffering from cholera or swine plague is not alwayssatisfactory. The disease runs its course so rapidly that curativemeasures are more or less ineffectual, and prevention of an outbreakshould be relied upon rather than the cure of sick animals. Pratts HogTonic has been successful in less virulent outbreaks when administeredas soon as signs of sickness are shown. 

Pratts Hog Tonic should be thoroughly mixed with the feed, which shouldbe soft, made of bran and middlings, corn meal and middlings, corn mealand ground and sifted oats, or crushed wheat, mixed with hot water. Ifthe hogs are too sick to come to the feed, the tonic should be given asa drench. Pull the cheek away from the teeth and pour the mixture inslowly. Care should be exercised, as hogs are easily suffocated bydrenching. Do not turn a hog on its back to drench it. 

Hogs often suffer very much from vermin. Lice are introduced fromneighboring herds, and the losses in feeding are often severe, especially among young pigs, when death is sometimes a secondary if notan immediate result. When very numerous, lice are a very serious drainon vitality, fattening is prevented, and in case of exposure to diseasethe lousy hogs are much more liable to contract and succumb to it. 

Newly purchased hogs should be carefully examined for vermin, and theyshould not be turned out with the herd until they are known to be freefrom these pests. 

When the herd is found to be badly infested with lice all bedding shouldbe burned and loose boards and partitions torn out. Old boards andrubbish should be burned. The quarters should then be thoroughlydisinfected by spraying with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. 

Vermin are most common around the ears, inside the legs, and in thefolds of the skin on the jowl sides and flanks. In light and isolatedcases they may be destroyed by washing the hogs with Pratts Dip andDisinfectant, properly diluted, applied with a broom. 

In severe cases, however, especially where the whole herd is affected, thorough spraying or dipping should be resorted to. In this case adipping tank will be a great convenience. 

Whenever any animals are brought to the farm, or when animals arebrought home from shows or from neighboring farms, they should be keptapart from the rest of the herd for at least three weeks. If they havebeen exposed to hog cholera or swine plague the diseases will bemanifested within this time, and the sick animals can be treated orkilled and disposed of at once. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Galway, N. Y. 

 I bought two spring pigs the 15th of April and began feeding them Pratts Animal Regulator until the 15th of December when I butchered them. One weighed 415 pounds, the other 420 pounds. I know this Regulator does what you claim it to do. 

 BALDWIN O'BREY. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

If cholera breaks out in the neighborhood the farmer should maintain astrict quarantine against the infected herds. He should refrain fromvisits to farms where they are located, and should insist on requiringthat his neighbors stay out of his hog lots. Visiting of all kinds atthis time should be carefully restricted. Dogs, cats, crows, andbuzzards are very active carriers of infection from farm to farm, andshould be guarded against as far as possible. 

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

~COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE~

(Symptoms and Treatment)

~Diarrhoea or Scours~

_Cause. _--By milk of the dam being affected by feeding of food taintedwith the elements of decay; by making a sudden change in the food; bysome disordered condition in the health of the sow, and by excess ofmilk furnished by the dam. 

Usually occurs before the weaning stage, as a rule in swine not yet tendays old. 

_Symptoms. _--Very soft condition of the voidings which are sometimesalmost watery. 

_Treatment. _--Being highly contagious, spray the floor thoroughly withPratts Disinfectant. Keep the young swine comfortable and remove thevoidings carefully two or three times a day. Correct the food given thedam, mixing Pratts Hog Tonic with her feed. Also give a smalltablespoonful of sulphur daily to the sow. 

~Hog Cholera and Swine Plague~

Hog Cholera and Swine Plague are very much alike. Both are characterizedby inflammation of stomach and intestines, enlarged and inflamedlymphatic glands and sloughing of portions of the skin. The treatmentand preventive measures are alike in many respects. 

They are germ diseases, contracted in purchasing swine which maycontract the germs when in transit on cars; by exhibiting at fairs;through persons who have visited infected herds; through the feet ofdogs and birds to which the germs may have adhered; through the water ofan infected pond or stream. 

The most dangerous source of infection by far is coming in touch withdiseased animals. 

Reduced stamina and filthy quarters favor the spread of these diseases. 

~Hog Cholera~

_Symptoms. _--Dullness, loss of appetite or depraved appetite and adisposition to lie down; constipation or diarrhoea; stiff gait; redspots or blotches discernible about the ears and under the neck andbelly; in some instances there is difficulty in breathing. 

_Treatment. _--Authorities agree that there is no known cure for real hogcholera. Preventive measures, therefore, are of vital importance. PrattsDisinfectant should be used frequently and to build up the generalhealth of the hog, giving it full disease-resisting power, Pratts HogTonic should be added to the ration. Besides, it is a valuable tonic andfattener. 

~Swine Plague~

_Symptoms. _--Extensive inflammation of the lungs, by which it can bedistinguished from hog cholera. There is coughing and labored, painfuland oppressed breathing. 

It frequently comes as a pneumonia or an inflammation of the lungs andpleural membrane. The animal is in a sleepy and even comatose conditionmuch of the time. If it walks it staggers. The skin reddens in a markeddegree and the bowels become constipated. This disease, though notnearly so common as hog cholera is usually very fatal. Preventivemeasures, as indicated for hog cholera, are all important. Use PrattsHog Tonic as directed and disinfect with Pratts Disinfectant. 

~Thumps~

_Cause. _--Too liberal feeding and lack of exercise, resulting in poordigestion. The diaphragm contracts suddenly at irregular intervals, thusgiving the name to the disease. The pig becomes unthrifty and stunted. If the sow is a liberal milker, nursing pigs may be affected. Treatmentis usually preventive, consisting of exercise and careful feeding, Pratts Hog Tonic being added to the feed. 

~Tuberculosis in Swine~

The losses from this disease are beginning to assume enormousproportions. It results largely from swine drinking the milk oftuberculous cattle. 

_Symptoms. _--Digestive disorders, such as diarrhoea and vomiting; astunted condition and a staring coat and breathing more or less labored. 

_Treatment. _--There is no positive cure for this severe disease, butgood sanitation is the best preventive. Use Pratts Disinfectant freelyand maintain health and vigor by regularly using Pratts Hog Tonic. 

The importance of testing heads of cattle that may be affected withtuberculosis is thus further emphasized. 

~Worms~

There is perhaps no other animal troubled to so great an extent or withso many varieties of worms, as the hog. Indeed it is almost a rule withsome growers when a hog is sick and it cannot be told exactly what isthe matter that they doctor for worms. 

There are four species of worms that live in the intestines of swine, resulting in more or less harm. The Common Round Worm, Pin Worm and WhipWorm develop from eggs taken in in food and water. The Thornheaded Wormdevelops from a white grub which swine eat. To a great extent these arekept in check by Pratts Hog Tonic. 

As preventive measures, drain stagnant pools and wet places where theseeggs may be found; plough up yards and pastures; do not feed on floorsnot properly cleaned, or on ground that may have been much used for suchfeeding; do not give water from a deep well, do not allow the swine towallow in the drinking trough. 

_Symptoms. _--Frequently a gluttonous appetite without correspondingimprovement in flesh. Again a much impaired appetite is found; diarrhoeaor constipation; excessive itching, causing the animal to rub, especially the hind parts. These symptoms will only exist when worms arepresent in large numbers. 

_Treatment. _--Give each adult hog one heaping tablespoonful of PrattsWorm Powder with the feed once a day for four days. After the last dosegive a bran mash to loosen bowels. 

Repeat this treatment two weeks after the first to insure killing anyworms which may have hatched in the meantime. 

Even if you are not sure that your hogs have worms--as they _probably_have--you should use Pratts Worm Powder as above as a matter ofprecaution. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Woodsboro, Md. 

 I bought four pigs, four months' old, weighing about 16 pounds each, and, in bad condition. Began to feed Pratts Animal Regulator and at 5 months' old they averaged a gain of one pound a day per pig. 

 CHARLES W. HOLBRUNER. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: Care of Poultry]

~POULTRY~

"One hundred hens on every farm" was the small number set by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture in its great war drive for increasedproduction of foods. And certainly this number of fowls, and many more, can be easily and profitably maintained on the average farm. Easily, because under free range conditions, which are possible on the farm theyrequire but little attention. Profitably, because under theseconditions, where they pick up much of their living, the cost ofproduction is comparatively low, while eggs and flesh sell at goodprices. Further, these delicious and nutritious foods add variety to thefarm table. 

[Illustration: ~BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS~]

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _South Easton, Mass. 

 I have used Pratts Poultry Regulator regularly. 

 The egg record for 900 fowls for five months the past winter was as follows: Dec. , 50%; Jan. , 43%; Feb. , 55%; March, 69%; April, 69%. The lower record of January was caused by some pullets moulting. 

 Would say that fertility of eggs averaged 87% in December to over 90% later in the spring. 

 J. H. RANKIN. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Many a farmer's wife finds her poultry flock a never-failing source ofpin money. Many a farm girl and boy have secured their education fromfaithfully saving the "egg-money. " And the opportunities for profit inthis line are now greater than ever before. 

~Helps for Poultrymen~

In a short chapter in a general publication of this kind it isimpossible to go into the finer details of modern methods of poultryhusbandry. For those who desire more information on this subject we havea big 160-page book, pages 6x9 inches in size, fully illustrated with150 photos and drawings. The title is "The Poultryman's CompleteHandbook. " It's worth a dollar, but we will send you a copy, prepaid, for only ten cents in stamps or silver. Address your request to PrattFood Co. , Philadelphia. 

[Illustration: ~WHITE WYANDOTTES~]

Pratts Poultry Service Department is maintained to give expertinformation and advice on poultry topics. There is no charge for thisservice. Whenever you get puzzled, write Pratts experts. They will sendyou a prompt personal reply containing the information you desire. Nocharge, no obligation. Address such letters to Poultry ServiceDepartment, Pratt Food Co. , Philadelphia. 

[Illustration: ~S. C. WHITE LEGHORNS~]

~Breeds of Poultry~

Regardless of breeding and appearance, a heavy layer is a good hen toown. And laying ability is not confined to any one breed or class offowls. There are exceptional layers, dependable profit-payers, inpractically every fair-sized flock, whether made up of standard-bredstock or mongrels. 

As a general rule, however, standard-bred birds are best. By that termwe mean those which have been bred to meet the typical breed and varietydescriptions as appearing in the official Standard of Perfection whichis published by the American Poultry Association. Such a flock is boundto be uniform in size, appearance and general characteristics, is easierto manage properly because of its uniformity, and its products, botheggs and table poultry, will also be uniform. Further the income fromsuch a flock may be increased through the sale of eggs for hatching andof breeding stock at prices many times greater than those of table eggsand poultry. 

No matter what breed you select, the most important matter, the veryfoundation of success, is the securing of _individual birds which arestrong, sturdy, vigorous and healthy_. Only stock of high vitality canbe depended upon to give continuously good results. It is time and moneywasted to keep fowls which are weak, sickly or "run-down, " the resultof improper breeding or management. 

As a rule, it is best to select that breed which is most popularlocally, because such popularity indicates that the breed in questionthrives under local conditions and meets the requirements of the localmarkets. Further, one has greater opportunities of securing good birdsand a larger market for hatching eggs and stock. 

[Illustration: ~RHODE ISLAND REDS~]

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Clemson College, S. C. 

 We have been using Pratts Baby Chick Food and are very well pleased with it. I think that it is the best baby chick mash on the market today. 

 FRANK C. HARE, Prof. Of Poultry Husbandry. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

Among the farmers whose markets demand white-shelled eggs, the S. C. White Leghorn is the most popular fowl. The Black Minorca is anotherfavorite. It produces the largest white eggs. 

[Illustration: TOLMAN TYPE HOUSE]

Where brown-shelled eggs are wanted, the Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte, RhodeIsland Red and Orpington lead. And for the production of the largesttable carcasses the Light Brahma, either pure or crossed with a moreactive breed, is a favorite. The live weights of adult birds of thesebreeds are as follows:

 Breed. Cock. Hen. 

 Leghorns 5 1/2 lbs. 4 lbs. Black Minorcas 9 lbs. 7 1/2 lbs. Plymouth Rocks 9 1/2 lbs. 7 1/2 lbs. Wyandottes 8 1/2 lbs. 6 1/2 lbs. Rhode Island Reds 8 1/2 lbs. 6 1/2 lbs. Orpingtons 10 lbs. 8 lbs. Light Brahmas 12 lbs. 9 1/2 lbs. 

Most of these breeds have varieties, determined by color of plumage orshape of comb. Select that one which best pleases you. 

[Illustration: UNEVEN SPAN ROOF HOUSE]

~Poultry Houses~

When locating the poultry house remember that it is a great advantage tohave soil which is light and naturally well drained, since such soildries off quickly after a rain and is "much warmer, " as poultrymenexpress it. Heavy soil, even stiff clay, may be made to serve thepurpose admirably if provision is made to drain off all surface water. But avoid a site on which water settles in pools, as the surface soonbecomes filthy and is a menace to the health of the flock. 

[Illustration: NEW JERSEY MULTIPLE UNIT HOUSE Two units combined tohouse two hundred fowls]

The birds should have the benefit of several hours of sunshine each day. So locate the poultry house where the sun can strike it freely. Theshelter of tall buildings on the north, or even on the east or west, isfrequently an advantage during the winter months, but the south sideshould be open if conditions permit. Shade trees and large shrubs aboutthe house are a source of comfort to the fowls during hot weather andmay be used to screen or partially hide the poultry plant. 

The poultry house must be dry, well-ventilated, free from draughts, light, sunny and cheerful. And if it is planned with reference to theconvenience of the poultryman, so much the better. The most simple andinexpensive form of construction should be used. In all sections of thecountry, excepting the extreme north, a single wall of matched boards ona light frame is perfectly satisfactory. Unmatched boards with battensnailed over the cracks or a layer of lightweight roofing paper over allare equally good. In fact, in case of necessity, one may use theroughest of lumber, and by covering the entire structure with roofingpaper make a building which is tight and comfortable and acceptable inappearance. 

The rear and end walls and roof must be _tight_ to insure dryness andprevent all draughts. Windows and doors may be placed in end walls, butthese should usually be located forward of the center of the buildingand made to fit snugly. The rear part of the house, where the roosts arelocated, must at all costs be protected against cross-currents of air. 

[Illustration: ROOST]

The south or front walls, on the other hand, should have ample openingsto admit air and sunshine. The open-front or fresh-air type of house ismuch superior to the old tightly closed type. Plenty of fresh air meanscomfort, health, vitality and increased production. 

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| "~PRATTS MAKES HENS LAY~" || ||~What is Pratts Poultry Regulator?~ A positive tonic and conditioner for||poultry of all kinds and ages. _A health-builder and health-preserver. _ ||Not a food. || ||~What does it contain?~ Roots, herbs, spices, mineral substances, etc. ||Each ingredient performs a certain duty. The combination spells "health ||insurance. " || ||~What does it do?~ Pratts Poultry Regulator makes and keeps poultry ||healthy, vigorous and productive. It shortens the molt, sharpens the ||appetite, improves digestion and circulation, hastens growth and ||increases egg-production. _It saves feed_ by preventing waste due to ||poor digestion. _It prevents disease by_ keeping the birds in condition ||to resist the common ailments. || ||~Has it been fully tested?~ Yes! In general use for nearly fifty years. ||The _original_ poultry conditioner. Imitated, but unequalled. || ||~Does it give general satisfaction?~ Positively! _Satisfaction ||guaranteed or money refunded. _ Test it at our risk. Increased egg ||production will prove that "Pratts makes hens lay. " || ||~How is it best used?~ Daily in small quantities. For adults, ||tablespoonful daily for 10 birds. Younger stock in proportion. Mix with ||dry or moist mash. || ||~What does it cost?~ Nothing, because _it pays big profits_. About a ||cent a month per hen is the investment required. || ||~Where can I get it?~ From 60, 000 Pratt dealers. There is one near you. ||Direct from the Pratt Food Co. , prepaid, if your dealer can't supply ||you. || ||[Illustration: PRATTS EGG PRODUCER] ||[Illustration: PRATTS POULTRY REGULATOR] || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Cincinnati, O. 

 I have been using your poultry foods and remedies with the best of satisfaction and results for the last ten years. 

 FRED O. FLAHERTY. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: SIMPLE A-SHAPED HOUSE]

From a quarter to a third of the front wall should be left open. Coverthe openings with one-inch mesh wire netting to keep the fowls in andrepel all enemies and food-seeking sparrows. Cloth-covered frames shouldbe provided to close these openings and keep out driving storms. Thecloth, should be open in texture, as coarse cotton or heavy cheesecloth, not "boardy" and air-tight. Frames may be left loose to hook orbutton on inside or outside, or hinged to the top of the openings andswung up against the roof when not in use. In some cases, as in theTolman house, these openings are never closed, day or night, summer orwinter. 

It is advisable to provide one or more glass windows in addition to theopenings referred to above in order to admit light when thecloth-covered frames are closed. The windows may be placed in either thefront wall or the side walls. In the latter case the sun is admitted tothe building more hours each day, which is a big advantage during thefall and winter months. 

Poultry house floors may be of cement, boards or earth. Cement is bestfor large, permanent structures. Board floors are excellent in houses ofany size and are almost a necessity in small ones which may be movedfrequently. Earth floors seem to be favored by the fowls, but if usedthe earth should be filled in to bring the floor level several inchesabove the surrounding ground. This to insure dryness. 

The accompanying cuts show typical designs of satisfactory poultryhouses. When building, just bear the above principles in mind and theresults will be satisfactory. 

The Tolman type is a strictly "fresh air" or "open front" house. For aflock of thirty to forty birds this house should be ten feet wide, sixteen feet front to back, seven feet to peak of roof, front wall fourfeet and rear wall five feet high. The highest point of roof is fivefeet from the rear wall. 

The entire south side is a wire-covered opening, save for boards placedas shown in the cut. A full-sized door is located in the east wallopposite the window in the west side. Roosts are placed near the northwall, level with or slightly above the front opening. 

[Illustration: V-SHAPED FEED TROUGH]

[Illustration: NEST BOX]

[Illustration: DRY MASH HOPPER]

[Illustration: GRIT OR SHELL HOPPER]

[Illustration: WATER BUCKET]

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Port Dover, Canada. 

 After a long experience I find Pratts Poultry Regulator to be absolutely the best tonic to keep a flock of poultry in condition. Just as soon as I find a pen is not doing well, I use the Regulator in their mash. Almost immediately I notice their appetites improve, their combs redden and they lay better. I have also made trial of your other remedies and I find them all absolutely reliable. 

 JOHN S. MARTIN_ -----------------------------------------------------------------

For a flock of one hundred or more birds the New Jersey Multiple UnitLaying House is to be recommended. Each unit is twenty feet square, accommodating a hundred fowls. Similar units may be added for eachhundred additional birds. The drawing on page 48 shows two units. 

In this house the front studs are nine feet high, rear studs are fourand a half feet high. 

Simple, inexpensive furnishings are best. The cuts show home-madeequipment which will meet all practical requirements. 

~Getting the Eggs~

Early-hatched, well-matured pullets are the most dependable layersduring the fall and early winter months. Some few yearling hens maycontinue to lay fairly well during their molting period, but, as a rule, egg production drops with the feathers and does not begin until the newcoat of plumage is completed and the system readjusted. So yearlings, taken as a whole, do little toward filling the egg-basket until Januaryor later. 

Get the early-hatched pullets into winter quarters by late September orearly October before they begin to lay. But be sure the house is fullyprepared in advance. Clean house! Disinfect thoroughly with a strongsolution of Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Kill every germ. Avoid possibleloss. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Cherokee, Iowa. 

 I have used Pratts Poultry Regulator for the last twenty years and always had the best of results. It is a great egg producer and the best feed to keep little chicks strong and guard off that terrible disease, bowel complaint. In fact, I cannot do without it. 

 GEO. WM. LYON. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Get Fall and Winter Eggs~

It is most desirable that the flock begin egg production before theweather becomes severe. Get the laying habit established while theseason is favorable, and it is comparatively easy to maintain it. And, as production will not commence until the layers are fully matured, thepullets must be hatched early to give ample time for them to make theneeded growth. 

As a rule, it takes about seven months to mature pullets of the generalpurpose breeds and six months for the egg breeds. Therefore, March andApril chicks of the former, and April and May chicks of the latter, aremost valuable. This is a general rule. Some poultrymen are experts inthis matter of growing chicks and can bring them to laying maturity inless time. 

If disease appears take instant action to check it. Delay of a day ortwo may permit an epidemic to get well started. In order to enable youto give proper treatment without delay you may well keep a stock ofPratts Poultry Remedies on hand. 

[Illustration: APPLYING LICE POWDER]

Give every bird a thorough treatment for lice. Work Pratts Powdered LiceKiller all through the plumage. This will fix the lice, but will notkill the eggs. In anticipation of the latter hatching, rub Pratts LiceSalve in the small feathers about the vent and beneath the wings. Thatmeans death to the young lice as they appear, but to make sure, applythe salve at intervals of a few weeks. 

Don't overcrowd the house. Better have a hundred hens comfortable andlaying than double the number crowded and loafing. 

Leave all ventilating openings wide open. Keep them open until winterstorms make more protection necessary. During the summer months thepullets have had plenty of fresh air. To bring them into a warm, tightlyclosed house is to invite general debility and an epidemic of colds, catarrh, roup and other allied diseases. (Pratts Roup Remedy dissolvedin the drinking water every few days, especially during changes ofweather, will help to prevent such troubles. )

Keep the house clean. Remove the litter from the floor as soon as itbecomes damp or soiled and replace with new, fresh material. Clean thedroppings boards at frequent intervals. Wash with Pratts PoultryDisinfectant or scald the food and water dishes. Disinfect the wholehouse every few weeks, taking advantage of sunny weather so quick dryingwill follow. Disease causes loss--disinfection prevents disease. Therefore, DISINFECT whether you see need of it or not. 

~Poultry Feeding~

The more food the birds eat beyond bodily requirements the greater theamount of the salable products they create. Any hen that is a naturallayer will turn the surplus food into eggs. If she is naturally a meatproducer she will build flesh or take on fat. And the sooner the fatproducers are identified and removed from the laying flock, the betterfor all concerned. Your birds will not "get too fat to lay"--they willget fat if they don't lay. And _the big problem is to induce the layersto eat as much food as they can digest_ in order that they may layheavily and steadily. 

To overcome all possible danger of overfeeding, Pratts Poultry Regulatorshould be regularly added to the mash. This natural tonic andconditioner contains appetizers, to stimulate the desire forfood--digestives, to insure complete digestion and assimilation of thefood consumed--laxatives, to regulate the bowels--internal antiseptics, to keep the entire digestive tract in a condition of perfecthealth--worm destroyers, to expel irritating and dangerous intestinalparasites. 

Regularly used, Pratts Poultry Regulator insures freedom from the morecommon poultry disorders, reduces feed bills by preventing feed wastedue to sluggish digestion, hastens growth, improves the egg-yield, shortens the molt, makes the entire flock more efficient, swells theprofits. 

Pratts Poultry Regulator should be added to the mash at the rate of oneand three-quarters pound to each hundred pounds of mash. Mix thoroughlyso each layer will get her share. The ideal poultry ration is a variedone. It contains mineral matter, green food, animal food and grains. Theabsence of any one of these groups of foodstuffs means a reduced eggyield. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _I am both selling and feeding Pratts Poultry Regulator, and make a specialty of high-bred Buff Orpingtons. Twelve cockerels, worth from $20 to $75 each, were all placed in healthy condition by use of Pratts Poultry Regulator and their quarters disinfected with Pratts Disinfectant. 

 W. H. TOPP, Westgate, Iowa. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

The staple grain feeds are corn, oats, wheat, barley and buckwheat. Thegrain by-products, bran, middlings and gluten feed, to which may beadded corn meal, ground oats and ground barley. 

Animal food of some kind is an essential to growth and egg-production. Skim milk and butter milk, fish scrap made from oil-free fish, beefscrap, fresh cut green bone and good grades of digester tankage are allexcellent. But use only feeds of this character which are of primequality. Oily fish, poor beef scrap and mouldy green bone will surelycause trouble. 

Fowls on range during the growing season will pick up all needed greenfood. In the winter one may feed cabbages, mangel wurtzels, beets, carrots, etc. Or, if fresh stuff is not available, heavy oats may besprouted and fed when the sprouts are two or three inches long. Driedbeet pulp, a dairy food made at beet sugar factories, is a convenientgreen food. It must be well soaked before feeding. 

One saves much time, and not infrequently some money, by buyingready-mixed feeds, especially dry mash. In, making such purchases, beguided by _quality_ rather than price. Adopt some brand made by areputable concern and give it a fair trial. But do not hesitate tochange if a better brand becomes available. Just try Pratts Milk EggMash. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Kingston, R. I. 

 I have used your Baby Chick Food with the best success and would gladly recommend it to anyone wanting such food. I do not only use it for baby chicks, but for those 5-7 weeks' of age. 

 C. E. BRETT, Rhode Island State College Dept. Of Poultry Service. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Feeding Dry Mash~

The most simple and generally satisfactory feeding method is the drymash system. Feed a certain amount of the scratch mixture--whole andcracked grains--each day and permit the fowls to complete the dailyration by eating dry mash--ground grains--at will. Keep mash before themin open hoppers and let them help themselves. 

The mash, because of its high protein content, is the real egg-maker. And during recent years there has been a tendency toward restricting thescratch feed and inducing the layers to eat more mash. Results seem toindicate that this plan is best, increasing the yield and reducing feedcosts. 

The laying ration now recommended by the New Jersey AgriculturalExperiment Station is simple and efficient. This ration is made asfollows:

 ~Dry Mash~ lbs. 

 Wheat Bran 100 Wheat Middlings 100 Ground Oats (heavy) 100 Corn Meal 100

 ~High-grade Fish Scrap or Meat~

 Scrap 100

 ~Scratch Grain~ lbs. 

 Cracked Corn 200 Wheat 100 Oats (heavy) 100 Barley 100

The same institution has perfected the following feeding table showingwhat amount of scratch feed should be given the layers daily each monthin the year. This is a most valuable guide, especially to theinexperienced poultryman. When the birds are fed scratch grain, asindicated, they will naturally eat enough mash from the open hoppers tomeet their requirements. 

 ~Amount of Grain to Feed Layers Each Month in the Year~

 Months Amount Per Day Per Pounds For Each 100 Birds Feeding A. M. P. M. November 12 lbs. 4 lbs. 8 lbs. December 12 " 4 " 8 " January 12 " 4 " 8 " February 12 " 4 " 8 " March 12 " 4 " 8 " April 12 " 4 " 8 " May 10 " 4 " 6 " June 10 " 4 " 6 " July 8 " 3 " 5 " August 6 " 2 " 4 " September 5 " 2 " 3 " October 5 " 2 " 3 "

Study this question of mash and grain consumption, for if your birds arenot getting enough protein mash, they cannot lay eggs in larger numbers. 

 * * * * *

~Hatching the Chicks~

For layers or broilers, hatch chicks early. For late markets and homeuse, you may bring off hatches at intervals throughout the entiresummer. 

The incubator and brooder are big helps where many chicks are hatched. Pratts Poultry Service Department will gladly advise you regarding makesof such machines which are giving general satisfaction. 

Just a word of caution. Operate incubators and brooders in accordancewith the directions furnished by the maker. Go slow in making changes. 

Sitting hens are very satisfactory if properly handled. Use only quiet, motherly sitters and place them where they will not be troubled by therest of the flock. Feed whole grain and a little green food and supplyplenty of water. 

Dust the sitting hens occasionally with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer sothey won't hatch a brood of lice with the chicks. And paint the nestboxes with Pratts Red Mite Special to keep the blood-thirsty mites away. 

~Growing the Chicks~

Little chicks must be attended to no matter what else is done, becauselack of intelligent care in early life will be reflected in poorperformance when the chicks reach maturity. One can seldom, if ever, offset the mistakes of brooding time by the best of attention later on. 

Protect your chicks against the weather, against their various enemies, against diseases, against lice and mites. Keep them comfortable andhappy. Start them right, keep them growing steadily until they attaintheir full size. 

Protection against unfavorable weather conditions--rain, cold winds, blazing sun--is secured by providing well-built coops and natural orartificial shade. Coops should be weather-proof, but well ventilated, and so located that surface water from sudden showers cannot flood theirfloors. They should also be sufficiently roomy to keep the flock happyduring long hours of confinement in periods of stormy weather. 

Chick enemies include those that do their work in the coops, usually atnight, as rats, weasels and skunks, and those that prey upon the flockwhen it is at liberty, as cats, dogs, crows and hawks. 

Protection against the former is found in proper construction of thecoops, which should have tight floors and fine wire netting overopenings left open at night. A good dog will discourage these nightprowlers and steel traps placed at strategic points will often put aquick end to their activities. 

Protection against ordinary diseases lies in keeping the little birdsstrong and vigorous through proper feeding, exercise, etc. , and by closeattention to sanitation. Keep the quarters and food and water dishes_clean_. Use Pratts Poultry Disinfectant at frequent intervals. 

[Illustration: A-SHAPED COOP]

Aim to _prevent_ rather than _cure_ disease. Should there be anyevidence of bowel trouble, give Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy in thedrinking water. Don't let the condition become chronic or general. In"sour weather, " when colds may be expected to appear, use Pratts RoupRemedy in the drinking water. 

Lice and mites work practically unseen, but they are the source of heavyloss, both directly and indirectly. In extreme cases they actually killmany chicks. 

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+| "~BABY FOOD FOR BABY CHICKS~" || ||~Pratts~ Buttermilk Baby Chick Food raises every good chick. It won't ||prevent losses from accidents, but it does prevent death from digestive||troubles and the more common chick disorders which are so often due to ||improper feeding. || ||The original Baby Chick Food--PRATTS--contains all the food elements ||required to build muscle, bone and feather, to nourish the whole body, ||to give that strong start in life which assures rapid growth, even ||development and profitable maturity. || ||Feed the original Pratts for the first three weeks--the critical ||period--at least; it may profitably be used much longer. Refuse ||substitutes and imitations. These may be slightly less in _first cost_, ||but in _results_, as measured by _number_ and _quality_ of chicks ||_reared_, Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Food is || || ~The Cheapest Food on Earth~ || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Illustration: PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS]

~POULTRY~

Early in life, when two to four days old, all chicks should be treatedwith Pratts Head Lice Ointment. Rub a little of the mild preparation ontop of the head, under the throat and beneath the wings. At the sametime dust with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer. Treat the mother hens mostthoroughly, substituting Pratts Lice Salve for the ointment. When theyoungsters are ten days old, treat them again, this time using thesalve. And repeat the treatment at reasonably frequent intervals toinsure complete freedom from the trouble makers. 

The deadly blood-sucking mites do not live on the bodies of the birds, but make their homes in cracks and crevices of walls and floors of thecoops. Attack them there. Clean coops carefully, then spray or washwalls and floors with Pratts Red Mite Special. Repeat as necessary. Thatwill fix 'em. But you had best do the work on a bright, sunny day whenthe flock can be kept outside until the coop dries. 

~Feeding the Chicks~

Do not feed chicks for forty-eight hours after hatching. In fact, youmay safely wait until they are seventy-two hours old before giving themtheir first meal. Nature has provided for nourishment during this periodand it is best not to upset things. 

If possible, start the youngsters off on their life's journey with adrink of _sour milk_. Let them have sour milk to drink exclusively forthe first ten days at least, and give it to them all through life, ifthis excellent food drink is available. 

The principal feed for the first three weeks and profitably for a muchlonger time should be Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Food, a real "babyfood for baby chicks, " a mixture which is properly balanced incomposition and in the right mechanical condition to insure quickdigestion. As chicks eat so little during this period, as measured bypounds, one is fully justified in paying a relatively high price perpound for this special feed which will give them a strong, vigorousstart and put their digestive organs in proper condition to efficientlyuse less expensive foods when food consumption becomes heavy. 

The ideal baby chick food, Pratts, is made of a variety of foodstuffs soblended as to supply, in proper proportion, the nutrients required tobuild flesh, bone and feather. It is ground exceedingly fine so it maybe consumed freely and yet not tax the digestive organs. Obviously sucha feed cannot satisfactorily be prepared at home, which explains therapidly growing demand which has arisen for Pratts Buttermilk Baby ChickFood during recent years. 

For the first day or two, feed Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Foodexclusively at intervals of two to three hours. At first, spread it upona shingle or piece of board. Later place it in little troughs or shallowdishes. Let the chicks eat a reasonable amount, what they will take intwenty to thirty minutes, then remove it. Supply a bit of fine, brightgrit during this time. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Rohrerstown, Pa. 

 I have used the Baby Chick Food this season and have had excellent results. I find it to meet all requirements. It makes rapid growth and at the same time maintains vigor. 

 L. B. SPRECHER, Director, Penna. State Poultry Association. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

The second or third day after feeding has begun, cut out a meal or twoof the baby chick food and instead sprinkle a little regulation chickfeed (scratch feed) in the litter. There are many good brands of suchfeed on the market. If preferred, one may be made as follows:

 ~Scratch Feed for Chicks~

 Cracked Wheat 15 lbs. Fine Cracked Corn 15 lbs. Pinhead Oats 10 lbs. Broken Rice 3 lbs. Charcoal 2 lbs. 

At the beginning of the second week the scratch feed may be given threetimes daily, just the quantity they will clean up and hunt for more, andthe baby chick food left in open hoppers or dishes to which the chicksmay run at will. By this time, too, grit may safely be left in openhoppers before the flock. And if milk is not given freely it is well tosupply some additional animal food each day. Fine fish scrap or beefscrap--always of high quality--may be fed sparingly in troughs or onpieces of board. Do not feed too much of this material. If bowel troubledevelops, reduce the quantity of animal food. The amount given may beincreased progressively as the youngsters gain in size. 

While Pratts Baby Chick Food need not be fed longer than the first threeweeks, it is good practice to continue its use for two to three weekslonger. But at any time after the critical twenty-one day period one maysafely begin to substitute a somewhat coarser and heavier developing orgrowing mash for the baby chick food. We advise the use of PrattsButtermilk Growing Mash. Here is a good home-made mixture:

 ~Growing or Developing Mash~

 Cornmeal 10 lbs. Wheat Bran 20 lbs. Feeding Flour 10 lbs. Fine Ground Oats, Sifted 10 lbs. Fine Fish or Beef Scrap 10 lbs. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _"The regular use of Pratts Poultry Regulator in the ration for growing chicks prevents deaths from common disease, increases the appetite and hastens growth. This means less loss, earlier laying or market maturity, bigger profits. 

 P. G. PLATT, Sec. Delaware Co. Poultry Assn. , Wallingford, Pa. _" -----------------------------------------------------------------

At six to eight weeks of age, or as soon as the youngsters cancomfortably eat coarser grains, the fine scratch feed may be replaced bya coarser mixture. Equal parts, by weight, of cracked corn and wheat, form the basis of this, with barley, heavy oats, kafir corn andbuckwheat added for variety if available at reasonable prices. When theflock is weaned and well feathered, the regular laying mash may besubstituted for the growing mash, though the latter may well becontinued for a much longer period. 

Above all things, see to it that nothing but feed of superior quality issupplied. Moldy, chaffy, grains and weed seeds may be _cheaper to buy_than sweet, sound materials, but the latter are _cheaper to feed_. 

Begin giving green food when the chicks are three or four days old, cutting it up finely so they can eat it. And continue to feed greensliberally at all times. It's good for the health and cuts feed bills, too. 

~Care of the Growing Chicks~

As the chicks grow, provide larger quarters if the original coops are atall crowded. And teach the youngsters to roost early, especially wherebrooders are used, so they will not "pile up" in corners when the heatis removed. When the brood is five to six weeks of age place low roosts, lath tacked on six to eight-inch boards, in the coops. The sturdierindividuals will soon learn to use them and educate the rest of theflock. 

Pay special attention to the water supply. Have clean water availableat all times. And do not leave the water dishes in the sun, which willquickly make the water so warm that it is unfit to drink. 

Give the growing pullets as much space, indoors and out, as you possiblycan. Feed them liberally. Keep them clean and comfortable. In every wayhelp them gain the health, strength and vigor which they must have inorder to do full duty in the laying and breeding pens. 

Finally, cull your flock without mercy, beginning at hatching time andcontinuing to the end. If any baby chicks are crippled or weak, disposeof them at once. As the flock grows, mark--by toe punching orotherwise--all individuals which show evidence of being lacking invigor, which are stunted or do not make rapid growth, which fail tofeather properly, which are ever noticeably sick. Then rush them tomarket as soon as they reach the proper weight. Thus you will save foryour own use only those which are physically right, which have thehealth and stamina that will enable them to stand up under the strain ofcontinuous egg-production. And such a flock, after it has undergone thefurther culling of a year in the laying pen, will give you breedingbirds capable of producing worthwhile chicks. 

~Poultry Diseases~

Prevention of disease is most essential. And the first step consists ofcarefully selecting the birds which will he given a place in the flock, retaining only those which are healthy and vigorous, and rejecting theweaklings and physically unfit. The next step is to keep the birds in ahigh state of vitality through proper management and keep contagious andinfectious diseases away by adopting the necessary sanitary measures. 

Fresh air, wholesome food and clean water are essential. Equallynecessary is the use of Pratts Poultry Regulator, which keeps the birdsin perfect condition internally and so prevents such self-developeddisorders as indigestion, constipation, and the like. 

Most of the serious diseases which take heavy toll of carelessly managedflocks are due to germs of various kinds. These may be introduced inmany different ways, and when present in the flock they multiply andspread with great rapidity. Cleanliness and sanitation will largelyovercome them, and as each fowl is worth so much money under presentconditions, it is really economical to prevent loss even at the expenseof some time and of germ-killing preparations. 

Pratts Poultry Disinfectant costs but a trifle. A gallon, diluted withwater, makes fifty gallons of a powerful disinfectant, one that ishighly efficient, but both safe and pleasant to use. Spray the house andfurnishings and wash feed and water containers at frequent intervalswith this economical germ-killer. Results will surely be seen inhealthier, more productive birds, less trouble and less loss fromdisease. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Staunton, Va. 

 I would not have tried to raise expensive poultry without Pratts products in my house. While I was a boy at home we always had a supply of Pratts on hand. 

 I find that my success is due to the use of the Pratts products kept constantly on the shelf. 

 H. L. CAMPBELL. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

In this condensed book we can discuss only the more general disorders. The subject is covered thoroughly in Chapter IX, The Poultryman'sComplete Handbook, including directions for equipping a hospital, administering medicine, symptom and treatment chart, diagrams of thefowl's digestive system and skeleton, control of poultry vices, etc. Send a dime, in silver or stamps, for a copy, to Pratt Food Co. , Philadelphia. 

If necessary, do not hesitate to consult the poultry experts connectedwith Pratts Poultry Service Dept. They will give you personal helpwithout charge. In writing, give all symptoms and necessary facts. Address such letters to our Philadelphia office. 

It is important that diseases of all kinds be recognized as early aspossible, and equally so that immediate treatment be given. 

Watch your birds! If any show signs of being out of condition, examinethem carefully to determine the trouble. Then give them the care whichis demanded in each case. Quick treatment will often effect a speedycure of a valuable bird that might be lost if the disease became firmlyestablished. 

Pratts Poultry Remedies include dependable preparations for most commonpoultry diseases. They are guaranteed to give satisfaction and areinexpensive. Keep a supply on hand. Use promptly as occasion demands. The saving of a single good laying or breeding fowl by instant treatmentwill more than pay the cost of a well-stocked poultry medicine shelf. 

~POULTRY LICE AND MITES~

~Body Lice~--There are many different kinds of these parasites and allare serious trouble makers. They cause endless annoyance, check growthand egg production. Lice-free fowls are healthier and more comfortable, therefore more productive and profitable. 

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+| ~GUARANTEED POULTRY REMEDIES~ || ||~Pratts~ line of Guaranteed Poultry Remedies is the result of fifty ||years of experience. Each preparation is positively the best of its ||kind. Keep a supply on hand for instant use. || ||~PRATTS ROUP REMEDY (Tablets or Powder)~ || ||A sure preventive and cure for roup, colds, canker, catarrh and similar ||diseases. || ||~PRATTS GAPE REMEDY~ || ||Guaranteed to bring prompt relief. Use as a preventive the first four ||weeks and your chicks will not be troubled with gape-worms. || ||~PRATTS SORE-HEAD CHICKEN-POX REMEDY~ || ||A guaranteed cure for this highly contagious disease. Don't risk having ||your entire flock ruined. Keep it on hand for quick use when the ailment||is first noticed. || ||~PRATTS BRONCHITIS REMEDY~ || ||A quick and effective remedy. Fully guaranteed for a disease that is ||generally fatal unless promptly checked. || ||~PRATTS WHITE DIARRHOEA REMEDY~ || ||Will save the chicks and cure completely when used promptly. Valuable in||preventing the heavy chick losses usually experienced. || ||~PRATTS CHOLERA REMEDY~ || ||A sure remedy for cholera, indigestion, sour crop, dysentery, and bowel ||trouble. Guaranteed to satisfy or money refunded. || ||~PRATTS SCALY LEG REMEDY~ || ||This disease impairs the vitality of the birds and ruins their ||appearance. Pratts remedy will keep the legs clean and healthy. || ||~PRATTS CONDITION TABLETS~ || ||An effective remedy for "run-down" birds. Keeps show birds in condition ||and prevents colds, roup and liver trouble. || || "~YOUR MONEY BACK IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED~" || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

_Treatment_--If all poultrymen would use Pratts Powdered Lice Killer ontheir poultry, lice would be unknown. It is different and better thanmany like preparations, being stronger, non-poisonous, has greatdisinfecting qualities, and positively kills all kinds of chicken lice. If you want to make money from your poultry you can't afford to bewithout it. Pratts Poultry Disinfectant, or the more powerful Pratts RedMite Special, should also be used in the poultry houses. Lice seekcrevices, cracks, openings, etc. , that can only be reached by theliquid. This should be sprayed or sprinkled on perches, nest boxes, dropboards, floors and inside walls of all poultry houses. It not only killslice, but has great disinfecting value. Do not accept a substitute. 

Pratts Lice Salve is a sure-fire lice killer in another form. Apply tothe feathers beneath the wings and around the vent and quick resultswill be noticed. A single application will be effective for aconsiderable time. 

~Head Lice~--The big grey lice commonly found on heads of little chicks, causing great mortality. 

_Treatment_--Keep on hand all the time a box of Pratts Head LiceOintment, and use it on your little chicks, and save their lives. Two orthree days before the brood should hatch, sprinkle the sitting henthoroughly with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer. 

~Poultry Mites (Red Mites)~--These tiny parasites are poultry killers. They do not live on the bodies of the birds, but in cracks and crevicesof the building, coming out for their food. They suck the blood from thefowls, weakening and often killing them. 

_Treatment_--Look around roosts and in cracks in warm weather and youare apt to see hundreds of mites. Every week spray perches, droppingboards, sides of houses, and roof near perches with Pratts Red MiteSpecial; powder birds with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer, and also addthis to the dust bath. 

~Depluming Mites~--Parasites that attack the roots or base of featherswhich break off leaving bare spots. Will quickly spread through anentire flock. Usually found in spring and summer. 

_Treatment_--Separate all affected birds from the rest of flock. RubPratts Head Lice Ointment on and around the bare spots every few days, until the mites have all been destroyed. Spray houses, roofs, runs, etc. , with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Persistent treatment isnecessary to get rid of these pests. 

~THE MORE COMMON POULTRY DISEASES~

~Symptoms and Treatment~

~Apoplexy~--_Cause:_ Fowls too fat, general poor condition. _Symptoms:_Paralysis, sudden death. Birds frequently found dead under roosts. _Treatment:_ Affected birds will not usually respond to treatment. Flocks should be treated to prevent further loss. Reduce the amount offeed, give less corn, supply Pratts Poultry Regulator to improve generalcondition. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Reading, Pa. 

 Have been using your poultry remedies for many years. Have used your Baby Chick Food and had wonderful results. I think it is great. I also use your Disinfectant, Lice Powder and Roup Remedy. 

 WM. FAUST_ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Aspergilosis~--_Cause:_ Growth of mould in air passages. _Symptoms:_Rapid breathing, rattling in throat, loss of weight, dragging wings, weakness, exhaustion. In chicks, sleepiness, diarrhoea, yellowish growthon lungs. _Treatment:_ Avoid mouldy grain and litter to keep flock freefrom infection. Disinfect with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Put flock incondition with Pratts Poultry Regulator. 

~Bacillary White Diarrhoea~--_Cause:_ Bacteria. The disease may beinherited from hens having infected ovaries, or pass from chick tochick. _Symptoms:_ Chicks have diarrhoea, usually white or creamy. Sleepy, chilly, thin, rough plumage, drooping wings. Heaviest mortalityunder three weeks of age. _Treatment:_ Badly infected chicks should bekilled. Prevent epidemics by disinfecting everything with Pratts PoultryDisinfectant. Give Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy in drinking water. Givechicks strong start by feeding Pratts Baby Chick Food. 

~Bronchitis~--_Cause:_ Development of common cold, breathing in dust. _Symptoms:_ Cough, rapid breathing, whistling, rattling and bubbling inthroat. _Treatment:_ Keep patient dry, give laxative, treat with PrattsBronchitis Remedy. 

~Canker~--_Cause:_ Development of pus germs following injury ordigestive troubles. _Symptoms:_ Cheesy growths in mouth and throat. _Treatment:_ Scrape off canker and swab with full strength PrattsPoultry Disinfectant. Improve general condition with Pratts PoultryRegulator. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Summerville, S. C. 

 I have used Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy, and I wish to say that I have had some chicks that started with the white diarrhoea and I have given them the tablets in their drinking water, and have not had any trouble since. They are growing fine. 

 R. C. FOSTER. _ -----------------------------------------------------------------

~Catarrh~--_Cause:_ Draughts, dampness, exposure. _Symptoms:_ Thindischarge from eyes and nostrils, sneezing, difficult breathing, dullness. _Treatment:_ Pratts Condition Tablets to quickly tone up thesystem and Pratts Roup Remedy to overcome the disease. 

~Chicken Pox or Sore Head~--_Cause:_ Bacteria. _Symptoms:_ Eruption onunfeathered areas of head. At first small and gray in color, increasinguntil head is covered with scabs. Eyes frequently closed. _Treatment:_Disinfect most thoroughly with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Treat withPratts Sore Head (Chicken Pox) Remedy. 

~Cholera~--_Cause:_ Bacteria. _Symptoms:_ Weakness, thirst, head drawndown, drooping wings, intense thirst, frequently full crops, yellow orgreen diarrhoea. _Treatment:_ Give Pratts Chicken Cholera Remedy towhole flock as remedy and preventive. Improve general health with PrattsPoultry Regulator. Disinfect most carefully and frequently. Burn alldead birds and everything taken from poultry house. A most difficultdisease to control if it gets established. 

~Gapes~--_Cause:_ Small Y-shaped worm, about one-half inch long. May beeither pale or red in color. Attaches itself to interior walls ofwindpipe, weakening the chick by sucking the blood, and also causingstrangulation. This apparently double-headed worm is really two worms, one of each sex, joined together. _Symptoms:_ Usually afflicts youngchicks. Frequent gasping; gaping; coughing; discharge of mucus and wormsfrom throat. _Treatment:_ Use Pratts Gape Remedy. Disinfect floors ofcoops and runs with Pratts Disinfectant. Move to new ground and keepchicks off wet grass. 

~Intestinal Parasites (Worms)~--_Symptoms:_ Dullness, poor condition. Worms found in droppings. _Treatment:_ Fowls regularly receiving PrattsPoultry Regulator are almost invariably free from this trouble. Seedetails of individual treatment in The Poultryman's Complete Handbook. 

~Leg Weakness (Chicks)~--_Cause:_ Feed lacking in bone and animalmatter; close confinement; lack of exercise; over-heating in brooders. _Symptoms:_ Chicks walk in a wobbly, weak-kneed fashion, often restingor hobbling along on the joints. _Treatment:_ Feed young chicks onPratts Baby Chick Food. Give fair amount of beef or fish scrap and bonemeal. Afford opportunity for exercise, especially on the ground. Avoidbottom heat in brooders. Feed liberally on green food. Add smallquantity Pratts Poultry Regulator to the ration. 

~Liver Disease~--_Cause:_ Improper food, as overfeeding of corn oranimal food, lack of exercise, general inactivity of intestinal tract. _Symptoms:_ No prominent ones. If flock is not doing well and birds arelazy and sluggish, kill one or more and examine the livers. If founddiseased, treat the flock. _Treatment:_ Use Pratts Poultry Regulator toimprove general condition. Feed plenty of green food. Disinfect thebuildings, and admit a big volume of fresh air. Induce the birds toexercise. 

~Rheumatism~--_Cause:_ Exposure to dampness, and cold. _Symptoms:_Swelling of joints, stiffness, lameness. _Treatment:_ Make house dry andsunny. Use Pratts Poultry Regulator to improve general condition. Rubaffected parts with Pratts Liniment. (This fine liniment should be inevery household. It has a hundred uses. )

~Roup~--_Symptoms:_ Bad-smelling discharge from the nostrils; stickydischarge from the eyes; feathers under wings and on back smeared andsticky, where bird has wiped its head; sometimes coughing and sneezing;eyes stuck shut; eyes closed and swollen out; mouth forced open bycheesy growth; patches of canker in mouth and throat. _Treatment:_ Thedisease is very contagious. Remove all birds showing symptoms. Clean upand disinfect the quarters, using Pratts Disinfectant liberally. Givesick and well birds Pratts Roup Remedy. Give the healthy flock PrattsPoultry Regulator. Treat the sick with Pratts Condition Tablets inaddition to the Roup remedy. Burn all dead birds and all materialremoved from the hospital. 

~Scaly Leg~--_Cause:_ A tiny mite which burrows under the scales andinto the tissues of the leg. _Symptoms:_ Scaly, rough, crusty appearanceof feet and shanks. _Treatment:_ Apply Pratts Scaly Leg Ointment. 

~Tuberculosis~--_Cause:_ A minute germ. _Symptoms:_ Steady loss inweight; paleness of comb, wattles and face; general weakness; lameness, ruffling of feathers; frequently diarrhoea. Eye bright; ravenousappetite. _Treatment:_ The disease is contagious and will spread throughthe flock unless proper precautions are taken. Remove affected birds. Disinfect the poultry plant and surroundings with Pratts Disinfectant. Kill birds in advanced stages. Give the whole flock a nourishing ration, and include Pratts Poultry Regulator. Use lime freely. If diseasecontinues to spread, dispose of entire flock, disinfect with greatestcare, start anew with healthy stock. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------- _Pleasant Valley, N. Y. 

 I gave Pratts Roup Remedy a careful test on a flock of 50 growing white Wyandotte chicks in October which were infected with bad colds, and after treating one week with your roup remedy nearly every one was well. 

 EDGAR BRIGGS_ -----------------------------------------------------------------

 Pratts PRACTICAL POINTERS on the care of LIVESTOCK and POULTRY

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