{Transcriber’s Note:

All material in parentheses () or square brackets [], including the(_sic_) notations, is from the 1865 original. Material added by thetranscriber is in braces {}. Irregularities in chapter numbering are explained at the end of theeditor’s Notes. }

 OF THE

 ORTHOGRAPHIE AND CONGRUITIE

 OF THE BRITAN TONGUE

 A Treates, noe shorter then necessarie, for the Schooles, Be

 ALEXANDER HUME. 

Edited from the Original MS. In the British Museum, by HENRY B. WHEATLEY. 

LONDON:Published for the Early English Text Society, by Trübner & Co. , 60, Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXV. 

HERTFORD:Printed by Stephen Austin. 

PREFACE. 

The following Tract is now printed for the first time from the originalManuscript in the old Royal Collection in the Library of the BritishMuseum (Bibl. Reg. 17 A. Xi). It is written on paper, and consists offorty-five leaves, the size of the pages being 5-3/4 in. By 3-3/4 in. The dedication, the titles, and the last two lines, are written with adifferent coloured ink from that employed in the body of the MS. , andappear to be in a different handwriting. It is probable that the tractwas copied for the author, but that he himself wrote the dedication tothe King. 

The Manuscript is undated, and we have no means of ascertaining theexact time when it was written; but from a passage in the dedication toJames I. Of England, it is fair to infer that it was written shortlyafter the visit of that monarch to Scotland, subsequent to his accessionto the throne of the southern kingdom, that is, in the year 1617. Thiswould make it contemporaneous with Ben Jonson’s researches on theEnglish Grammar; for we find, in 1629, James Howell (Letters, Sec. V. 27) writing to Jonson that he had procured Davies’ Welch Grammar forhim, “to add to those many you have. ” The grammar that Jonson hadprepared for the press was destroyed in the conflagration of his study;so that the posthumous work we now possess consists merely of materials, which were printed for the first time in 1640, three years after theauthor’s death. 

The Dedication of this Tract is merely signed _Alexander Hume_, andcontains no other clue to the authorship. Curiously enough there werefour Alexander Humes living about the same time, and three of them wereeducated at St. Mary’s College, St. Andrew’s; only two, however, becameauthors, the first of whom was Minister of Logie, and wrote _Hymnes orSacred Songes_. There can be little doubt, however, that the presentgrammar was written by the Alexander Hume who was at one time HeadMaster of the High School, Edinburgh, and author of _Grammatica Nova_. 

From Dr. Steven’s History of the High School, Edinburgh, and fromM’Crie’s Life of Melville, I have been enabled to extract and puttogether the following scanty particulars of our author’s life:--Thetime and place both of his birth and of his death are alike unknown;but he himself, on the title of one of his works, tells us that he wasdistantly connected with the ancient and noble family of Home, in thecounty of Berwick. He was educated at the school of Dunbar, under thecelebrated Andrew Simson, and in due time was enrolled a student in St. Mary’s College, St. Andrew’s, and then took the degree of Bachelor ofArts in 1574. He came to England, and was incorporated at Oxford January26, 1580-81, as “M. Of A. Of St. Andrew’s, in Scotland. ”[1] He spentsixteen years in England, partly engaged in studying and partly inteaching. During the latter part of this term he was a schoolmaster atBath, as appears from Dr. Hill’s answer to him, published in 1592; andthe fact of his residence in this city is corroborated at page 18 ofthe present treatise. He then returned to Scotland, having gained areputation for the excellence of his learning and for the power hepossessed of communicating it to others. On the dismissal of HerculesRollock, Rector of the High School, Edinburgh, from his office, Hume wasunanimously chosen to succeed him, and his appointment was dated 23rdApril, 1596. During his incumbency the High School underwent manychanges, and received the form which it retains to the present day. InMarch, 1606, Hume resigned his office to become principal master in thegrammar school founded a short time previously, at Prestonpans, by themunificent John Davidson, minister of the parish. The following documentgives an account of Hume’s admission to this school:--

 {Transcriber’s Note: In this passage, caret ^ means that the following single letter, or bracketed group of letters, was printed in superscript. }

 “At hadintoun y^e 25 of Junij 1606. The q^{lk} day M^r Jo^n ker minister of y^e panis producit y^e prēntat^one of M^r Alex^r hoome to be schoolm^r of y^e schoole of y^e panis foundit be M^r J^o Davedsone for instructioune of the youth in hebrew, greek and latine subscryvet be yais to quhome M^r Jo^n davedsone gave power to noiãt y^e man q^{lk} prēntat^one y^e prēbrie allowit and ordenit y^e moderator & clerk to subscrive y^e samine in y^r names q^{lk} yay ded. As also ordeanit y^t y^e said kirk of y^e panis suld be visited upon y^e eight day of Julij next to come for admissione of y^e said M^r Alex^r to y^e said office. The visitors wer appoyntit M^r Ar^d oswald M^r Robert Wallace M^r George greir M^r andro blackhall & M^r andro Maghye to teach. ”----“At Saltprestoun July 8, 1606. The haill parischoners being poisit how yay lyckit of y^e said M^r Alex^r w^t vniforme consent being particularly inqwyrit schew y^r guid lycking of him and y^r willingnes to accept and receiv him to y^e said office Q^rupon y^e said M^r Alex^r wes admittit to y^e said office & in token of y^e approba^one both of visitors & of y^e parischonēs p^rnt both y^e ane and y^e vother tuik y^e said M^r Alex^r be y^e hand & y^e haill magistratis gentlemen and remanēt parischoners p^rnt faithfullie p^rmisit to cõcurre for y^e furtherãce of y^e work y^t yit restis to be done to y^e said schoole as also to keipt y^e said M^r Alex^r and his scholleris skaithlis finallie for farther authorizing of y^e said (_sic_) it wes thought meitt y^t y^e haill visitors & parichonēs p^rnt suld enter y^e said M^r Alex^r into y^e said schoole & y^r heir him teache q^{lk} also wes doone. ” (Rec. Of Presb. Of Haddington). [2]

 [Footnote 1: Wood’s Fasti Oxonienses, by Bliss, I. , 217. ]

 [Footnote 2: M’Crie’s Life of Melville, vol. Ii. , p. 509. ]

The school rapidly rose to distinction under Hume, but in 1615 herelinquished his position, and accepted the Mastership of the GrammarSchool of Dunbar, then in high repute, and the very same school in whichhe had commenced his own education. When occupied at Dunbar, Hume hadthe honour of being the first who, in a set speech, welcomed James VI. Back to his Scottish dominions, after an absence of fourteen years. TheKing stopped on his way northward from Berwick on the 13th of May, 1617, at Dunglass Castle the residence of the Earl of Home, and Hume, as theorator of the day, delivered a Latin address. 

The date of Hume’s death is not known; but he was witness to a deed onthe 27th of November, 1627; and later still, in the records of the PrivyCouncil of Scotland, 8th and 16th July, 1630, Mr. D. Laing tells me thatthere is a memorandum of the King’s letter anent the Grammar of Mr. Alexander Hume, “schoolmaster at Dunbar. ” With regard to his privatelife, we know that he was married to Helen Rutherford, and had two sonsand a daughter born to him in Edinburgh between the years 1601 and 1606. He was the father of three more children, also two sons and a daughter, between 1608 and 1610, in the county of East Lothian. 

Hume was a master in controversy, and wrote on subjects of polemicaldivinity; but his mind was principally drawn towards language and therules of its construction. He especially gave much of his time to thestudy of Latin grammar, and feeling dissatisfied with the elementarybooks which were then in use, he drew up one himself, which he submittedto the correction of Andrew Melville and other learned friends, andpublished in 1612 under the title of _Grammatica Nova_. The object heproposed to himself was to exclude from the schools the grammar of thePriscian of the Netherlands, the celebrated John Van Pauteren, but hiswork did not give the satisfaction which he had expected. He succeeded, however, in his wishes after many reverses, by the help of AlexanderSeton, Earl of Dunfermline, Chancellor of Scotland, and by authorityboth of Parliament and of the Privy Council his grammar was enjoined tobe used in all the schools of the kingdom. But through the interest ofthe bishops, and the steady opposition of Ray, his successor at the HighSchool, the injunction was rendered of no effect. He would not, however, be beaten, and we find that in 1623 he was again actively engaged inadopting measures to secure the introduction of his grammar into everyschool in North Britain where the Latin language was taught. 

The following is a list of our author’s works:--

A Reioynder to Doctor Hil concerning the Descense of Christ into Hell. By Alexander Hume Maister of Artes. 4o. 

 No place of printing, printer’s name, or date, but apparently printed at London in 1592 or 1593. Dedicated to Robert Earl of Essex. Although this is the first work that I can find attributed to Alexander Hume, yet there is no doubt that there must have been a former one of which we have no record, and the title and contents of Dr. Hill’s book would lead us to this conclusion--“The Defence of the Article. Christ descended into Hell. With arguments obiected against the truth of the same doctrine of one Alexander Humes. By Adam Hyll, D of Divinity. London 1592. 4o. This little volume consists of two parts; 1st, the original sermon preached by Hill 28th February, 1589; 2nd, the reply to Hume. At p. 33, the end of the sermon, is this note, “This sermon ... Was answered by one Alexander Huns, Schoolemaester of Bath, whose answere wholy foloweth, with a replye of the author” ... At p. 33, “The reply of Adam Hill to the answere made by Alexander Humes to a sermon, ” etc. 

A Diduction of the true and Catholik meaning of our Sauiour his words, _this is my bodie_, in the institution of his laste Supper through the ages of the Church from Christ to our owne dayis. Whereunto is annexed a Reply to M. William Reynolds in defence of M. Robert Bruce his arguments on this subject: displaying M. John Hammilton’s ignorance and contradictions: with sundry absurdities following upon the Romane interpretation of these words. Compiled by Alexander Hume, Maister of the high Schoole of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Printed by Robert Waldegrave, Printer to the King’s Maiestie, 1602. Cum Privilegio Regis. 8o. 

Prima Elementa Grammaticæ in usum juventutis Scoticæ digesta. Edinburgi, 1612. 8o. 

Grammatica Nova in usum juventutis Scoticæ ad methodum revocata. Edinburgi, 1612. 8o. 

Bellum Grammaticale, ad exemplar Mri. Alexandri Humii. Edinburgi, excud. Gideon Lithgo, Anno Dom. 1658 8o. Several later editions. 

 This humorous Grammatical Tragi-Comedy was not written by Hume, but only revised by him. 

King James’s Progresses, collected and Published by John Adamson afterwards Principal of the University of Edinburgh, entitled-- ΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΩΝ ΕΙΣΟΔΙΑ: The Muses Welcome to the High and Mighty Prince James &c. At his Majesties happie Returne to Scotland In Anno 1617. Edinburgh 1618, folio. 

 At page 1: “His Majestie came from Bervik to Dunglas the xiij day of Maye, where was delivered this [latin] speach following by A. Hume. ”--At page 16, there is also a couple of Latin verses signed “Alexander Humius. ”

MS. In the British Museum. The present work. 

MS. In the Advocates’ Library:--

 Rerum Scoticarum Compendium, in usum Scholarum. Per Alexandrum Humium ex antiqua et nobili gente Humiorum in Scotia, a primâ stirpe quinta sobole oriundum. This work is dated October 1660, and is therefore merely a transcript. It is an epitome of Buchanan’s History, and Chr. Irvine in Histor. Scot. Nomenclatura, calls it Clavis in Buchananum, and Bishop Nicholson (Scottish Hist. Lib. ) praises its Latin style. 

The following three works are inserted by Dr. Steven in his list ofHume’s writings, and have been supposed to be his by M’Crie and others;but Mr. D. Laing believes “there can be no doubt, from internalevidence, that the true author was Alexander Hume, the poet, who becameminister of Logie, near Stirling, in 1597, and who died in December, 1609. ” In Wood’s Athenæ Oxonienses, by Bliss, i. , 624, it is stated thatall three of them “were printed in London in 1594, in October, ” but thismust, I think, be a mistake. 

Ane Treatise of Conscience, quhairin divers secreits concerning that subject are discovered. At Edinburgh, printed by Robert Walde-grave, Printer to the King’s Maiestie 1594. 8o. 

Of the Felicitie of the world to come, unsavorie to the obstinate, alluring to such as are gone astray, and to the faithfull full of consolation. Edinb. 1594. 8o. 

Four Discourses, of Praises unto God, to wit, 1 in Praise of the Mercy and Goodness of God. 2 of his justice. 3 of his Power. 4 of his Providence. Edinb. 1594. 8o. 

In conclusion, my acknowledgments are due to David Laing, Esq. , whohas kindly suggested some corrections in the list of Hume’s works, inaddition to what is noted above. 

 London, February, 1865. 

 * * * * *

 To the maest excellent in all princelie wisdom, learning, and heroical artes, JAMES, of Great Britan, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the faeth, grace, mercie, peace, honoure here and glorie hereafter. 

May it please your maest excellent M_ajestie_, I, your grace’s humbleservant, seeing sik uncertentie in our men’s wryting, as if a man waldindyte one letter to tuentie of our best wryteres, nae tuae of thetuentie, without conference, wald agree; and that they quhae mightperhapes agree, met rather be custom then knawlege, set my selfe, abouta yeer syne, to seek a remedie for that maladie. Quhen I had done, refyning it, I fand in Barret’s Alvearie, [3] quhilk is a dictionarieAnglico-latinum, that Sr. Thomas Smith, [4] a man of nae less worththen learning, Secretarie to Queen Elizabeth, had left a learned andjudiciouse monument on the same subject. Heer consydering my aunweaknes, and meannes of my person, began to fear quhat might betyed mysillie boat in the same seas quhaer sik a man’s ship was sunck in thegulf of oblivion. For the printeres and wryteres of this age, caring fornoe more arte then may win the pennie, wil not paen them selfes to knauwhither it be orthographie or skuiographie that doeth the turne: _and_schoolmasteres, quhae’s sillie braine will reach no farther then thecompas of their cap, content them selfes with αὐτὸς ἔφη my master saidit. Quhil I thus hovered betueen hope _and_ despare, the same Barret, in the letter E, myndes me of a star _and_ constellation to calm althe tydes of these seaes, if it wald please the supreme Majestie tocommand the universitie to censure and ratifie, and the schooles toteach the future age right and wrang, if the present will not rectiussapere. Heere my harte laggared on the hope of your M_ajesties_judgement, quhom God hath indeued with light in a sorte supernatural, ifthe way might be found to draue your eie, set on high materes of state, to take a glim of a thing of so mean contemplation, and yet necessarie. Quhiles I stack in this claye, it pleased God to bring your M_ajestie_hame to visit your aun Ida. Quher I hard that your G_race_, in thedisputes of al purposes quherwith, after the exemple of _th_e wyse informer ages, you use to season your moat, ne quid tibi temporis sinefructu fluat, fel sundrie tymes on this subject reproving yourcourteoures, quha on a new conceat of finnes sum tymes spilt (as theycal it) the king’s language. Quhilk thing it is reported that yourM_ajestie_ not onlie refuted with impregnable reasones, but alsoe felon Barret’s opinion that you wald cause the universities mak an Inglishgra_m_mar to repres the insolencies of sik green heades. This, quhen Ihard it, soe secunded my hope, that in continent I maed moien hou toconvoy this litle treates to your M_ajesties_ sight, to further (ifperhapes it may please your G_race_) that gud motion. In school materes, the least are not the least, because to erre in them is maest absurd. If the fundation be not sure, the maer gorgiouse the edifice the grosserthe falt. Neither is it the least parte of a prince’s praise, curasserem literariam, and be his auctoritie to mend the misses that ignorantcustom hath bred. Julius Cæsar was noe less diligent to eternize hisname be the pen then be the suord. Neither thought he it unworthie ofhis paines to wryte a grammar in the heat of the civil weer, quhilk wasto them as the English gram_m_ar is to us; _and_, as it seemes noe lessthen necessarie, nor our’s is now. Manie kinges since that tyme haveadvanced letteres be erecting schooles, and doting revennues to theirma_in_tenance; but few have had the knaulege them selfes to mend, orbe tuiched with, the defectes or faltes crept into the boueles oflearning, among quhom JAMES the first, ane of your M_ajesties_ worthieprogenitoures, houbeit repressed be the iniquitie of the tyme, deservednoe smal praise; and your M_ajesties_ self noe less, co_m_manding, atyour first entrie to your Roial scepter, to reform the grammar, and toteach Aristotle in his aun tongue, quhilk hes maed the greek almaest ascommon in Scotland as the latine. In this alsoe, if it please yourM_ajestie_ to put to your hand, you have al the windes of favour in yoursail; account, that al doe follow; judgement, that al doe reverence;wisdom, that al admire; learning, that stupified our scholes hearinga king borne, from tuelfe yeeres ald alwayes occupyed in materes ofstate, moderat in theological and philosophical disputationes, to theadmiration of all that hard him, and speciallie them quha had spent altheir dayes in those studies. 

 [Footnote 3: “An Alvearie or Quadruple Dictionarie, containing four sundrie tongues, namelie, English, Latine, Greeke and French ... By Jo. Baret. _London_, 1580. ” Folio. An edition was published in 1573, with three languages only, the Greek not being included. ]

 [Footnote 4: “De recta et emendata Linguæ Anglicæ Scriptione Dialogus. _Lutetiæ_, 1568. ” 4to. ]

Accept, dred Soveragne, your pover servantes myte. If it can confer aniething to the montan of your Majesties praise, and it wer but a clod, useit _and_ the auctour as your’s. Thus beseeking your grace to accep mymint, and pardon my miss, commites your grace to the king of grace, tograce your grace with al graces spiritual _and_ temporal. 

Your M_ajesties_ humble servant, Alexander Hume. 

 OF THE ORTHOGRAPHIE

 OF THE BRITAN TONGUE;

 A TREATES, NOE

 SHORTER

 THEN NECESSARIE, FOR

 THE SCHOOLES. 

OF THE GROUNDES OF ORTHOGRAPHIE. 

Cap. 1. 

1. To wryte orthographicallie ther are to be considered the symbol, thething symbolized, and their congruence. Geve me leave, gentle reader, in a new art, to borrow termes incident to the purpose, quhilk, beingdefyned, wil further understanding. 

2. The symbol, then, I cal the written letter, quhilk representes to theeie the sound that the mouth sould utter. 

3. The thing symbolized I cal the sound quhilk the mouth utteres quhenthe eie sees the symbol. 

4. The congruence between them I cal the instrument of the mouth, quhilk, when the eie sees the symbol, utteres the sound. 

5. This is the ground of al orthographie, leading the wryter from thesound to the symbol, and the reader from the symbol to the sound. As, for exemple, if I wer to wryte God, the tuich of the midle of the tongueon the roofe of the mouth befoer the voual, and the top of the tongue onthe teeth behind the voual, myndes me to wryte it g_o_d. The voual isjudged be the sound, as shal be shaued hereafter. This is the hardestlesson in this treates, and may be called the key of orthographie. 

OF THE LATINE VOUALES. 

Cap. 2. 

1. We, as almaest al Europ, borrow our symboles from the Romanes. Quherforr, to rectefie our aun, first it behoves us to knaw their’s. Thei are in nu_m_ber 23: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, x, y, and z. 

2. To omit the needless questiones of their order and formes; of them, five be vouales, ane a noat of aspiration, and all the rest consonantes. 

3. A voual is the symbol of a sound maed without the tuiches of themouth. 

4. They are distinguished the ane from the other be delating andcontracting the mouth, and are a, e, i, o, u. 

5. Quhat was the right roman sound of them is hard to judge, seeing nowwe heer nae romanes; and other nationes sound them after their aunidiomes, and the latine as they sound them. 

6. But seeing our earand is with our aun britan, we purpose to omitcuriosities, _et_ quæ nihil nostra intersunt. Our aun, hou-be itdialectes of ane tong, differing in the sound of them, differ alsoe inpronuncing the latine. Quherfoer, to make a conformitie baeth in latineand English, we man begin with the latine. 

7. A, the first of them, the south soundes as beath thei and we sound itin bare, nudus; and we, as beath thei and we sound it in bar, obex. 

8. But without partialitie (for in this earand I have set my compas tothe loadstar of reason), we pronunce it better. If I am heer deceaved, reason sall deceave me. 

9. For we geve it alwaies ane sound beath befoer and behind theconsonant: thei heer ane and ther an other. As in amabant, in the firsttuae syllabes they sound it as it soundes in bare, and in the last as itsounds in bar. Quherupon I ground this argument. That is the bettersound, not onelie of this, but alsoe of al other letteres, q_uhi_lk isalwayes ane. But we sound it alwayes ane, and therfoer better. Ad thattheir sound of it is not far unlyke the sheepes bae, q_uhi_lk the greeksymbolizes be η not α, βη not βα. See Eustat. In Homer. 

10. Of this letter the latines themselfes had tuae other soundsdiffering the ane from the other, and beath from this, quhilk theysymbolized be adding an other voual, æ and au. And these they calleddiphthonges. 

11. The diphthong they defyne to be the sound of tuae vouales coalescinginto ane sound, quhilk definition in au is plaen, in æ obscurer as nowwe pronunce it, for now we sound it generallie lyke the voual e, withoutsound of the a, q_uhi_lk, notwithstanding is the principal voual in thisdiphthong sound. Questionles at the first it semes to have had sumdiffering sound from a, sik as we pronunce in stean, or the south instain. But this corruption is caryed with a stronger tyde then reasoncan resist, and we wil not stryve with the stream. 

14. E followes, q_uhi_lk in reason sould have but ane sound, for withoutdoubt the first intent was to geve everie sound the awn symbol, andeverie symbol the awn sound. But as now we sound it in quies andquiesco, the judiciouse ear may discern tuae soundes. But becauseheer we differ not, I wil acquiess. My purpose is not to deal withimpossibilities, nor to mend al crookes, but to conform (if reason wilconform us) the south and north beath in latine and in English. 

15. Af this voual ryseth tuae diphthonges, ei and eu, quhilk beathstandes wel with the definition, sect. 11. 

16. Of the next, i, we differ farder, and the knot harder to louse, for nether syde wantes sum reason. Thei in mihi, tibi, and sik otheres, pronunce it as it soundes in bide, manere; we as it soundes in bid, jubere. 

17. Among the ancientes I fynd sum groundes for their sound. Cic. Epist. Fam. Lib. 9, epis. 22, avoues that bini, in latin, and βίνει in Greek, had ane sound. And Varro, with sundrie ancientes, wrytes domineis andserveis, for dominis and servis, quhilk is more lyke the sound of bidethen bid. If this argument reached as wel to i short as i lang, and ifwe wer sure how ει was pronunced in those dayes, this auctoritie waldover-weegh our reason; but seing i, in mihi, _et_c. , in the first isshort, and in the last co_m_mon, and the sound of ei uncertan, I standat my reason, sect. 9, q_uhi_lk is as powerful heer for i as ther for a. They pronunce not i in is and quis, id and quid, in and quin, as theypronunce it in mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, _et_c. , and therfoer not right. 

18. As for o, in latin, we differ not; u, the south pronu_n_ces quhenthe syllab beginnes or endes at it, as eu, teu for tu, and eunum meunusfor unum munus, q_uhi_lk, because it is a diphthong sound, and becausethey them selfes, quhen a consonant followes it, pronunce it otherwayes, I hoep I sal not need argumentes to prove it wrang, and not bea pure voual. 

OF THE BRITAN VOUALES. 

Cap. 3. 

1. Of a, in our tongue we have four soundes, al so differing ane from another, that they distinguish the verie signification of wordes, as, atal man, a gud tal, a horse tal. 

2. Quherfoer in this case I wald co_m_mend to our men the imitation ofthe greek and latin, quho, to mend this crook, devysed diphthongs. Letthe simplest of these four soundes, or that q_uhi_lk is now in use, stand with the voual, and supplie the rest with diphthonges; as, forexemple, I wald wryte the king’s hal with the voual a; a shour of hael, with ae; hail marie, with ai; and a heal head, as we cal it, quhilk theEnglish cales a whole head, with ea. And so, besydes the voual, we haveof this thre diphthonges, tuae with a befoer, ae and ai, and ane w_i_ththe e befoer, ea. Ad to them au, howbeit of a distinct sound; as, knaulege with us, in the south knowlege. 

3. These and al other diphthonges I wald counsel the teacheres not toname be the vouales quherof they are maed, but be the sound q_uhi_lkthey maek, for learneres wil far maer easelie take the sound from themouth of the teacher, then maek it them selves of the voualesingredient. 

4. Of e, we have tuae soundes, q_uhi_lk it is hard to judge q_uhi_lk issimplest; as, an el, ulna; and an el, anguilla; hel, infernus; and anhel, calx pedis. Heer I wald com_m_end to our men quhae confoundes thesethe imitation of the south, q_uhi_lk doth wel distinguish these soundes, wryting the el, ulna, with the voual e, and eel, anguilla, with thediphthong ee. I am not ignorant that sum symbolizes this sound w_i_th adiphthong made of ie; eie, oculus; hiel, fiel, miel, _et_c. Here I amindifferent, and onelie wishes that the ane be used; let the advysedjudge make choise of q_uhi_lk, for my awne paert I lyke the last best;1. Becaus eie, oculus, can not wel be symbolized ee; 2. Because thegreekes expresse η be εε, q_uhi_lk, as appeares be the Ioneanesand Doreanes, drawes neerar to α, than ε. 

5. Of i, also, our idiom receaves tuae soundes, as in a man’s wil, andthe wil of a fox. Heer, also, I wald have our men learne of the south, for these soundes they wel distinguish, wryting wil, fil, mil, stil, with i; and wyl, fyl, myl, styl, with y. 

6. Heer I see be Barrat, in his Alvearie, that sum wald be atsymbolizing these soundes, the ane with the greek diphthong ει, andthe other with ᴉ inverted; as, rειd, equitare; bειd, manere;rᴉd, legere; hᴉd, cavere. In this opinion I se an eye of judgement, and therfoer wil not censure it, except I saw the auctour’s whole drift. Onelie for my awn parte I will avoid al novelties, and content my selfwith the letteres q_uhi_lk we have in use. And seeing we have no otheruse of y distinguished from i, condiscend to the opinion of the southusing i for ane, and y for the other. 

7. O, we sound al alyk. But of it we have sundrie diphthonges: oa, asto roar, a boar, a boat, a coat; oi, as coin, join, foil, soil; oo, asfood, good, blood; ou, as house, mouse, &c. Thus, we com_m_onlie wrytmountan, fountan, q_uhi_lk it wer more etymological to wryt montan, fontan, according to the original. 

8. In this diphthong we co_m_mit a grosse errour, saving betterjudgement, spelling how, now, and siklyk with w, for if w be (as it salappear, quhen we cum to the awn place of it) a consonant, it can noewayes coalesse into a diphthong sound, sik as this out of controversieis. 

9. U, the last of this rank, the south, as I have said in the latinsound of it, pronu_n_ces eu, we ou, both, in my simple judgement, wrang, for these be diphthong soundes, and the sound of a voual sould besimple. If I sould judge, the frensh sound is neerest the voual soundas we pronu_n_ce it in mule and muse. 

10. Of it we have a diphthong not yet, to my knawlege, observed of anie;and, for my awn parte, I am not wel resolved neither how to spel it, norname it. Onelie I see it in this, to bou, a bow. I wait not quhither Isould spel the first buu, or the last boau. As, for exemple, if RobenHud wer nou leving, he wer not able to buu his aun bou, or to bou hisaun boau. And therfoer this with al the rest, hou be it in other I havemore for me, I leave to the censure of better judgement. 

OF CONSONANTES. 

Cap. 4. 

1. This for the vouales, and diphthonges made of them without thetuiches of the mouth. Now followe the consonantes. 

2. A consonant is a letter symbolizing a sound articulat that is broakenwith the tuiches of the mouth. 

3. The instrumentes of the mouth, quherbe the vocal soundes be broaken, be in number seven. The nether lip, the upper lip, the outward teeth, the inward teeth, the top of the tongue, the midle tong, and roof of themouth. Of these, thre be, as it were, ha_m_meres stryking, and the reststiddies, kepping the strakes of the ha_m_meres. 

4. The ham_m_eres are the nether lip, the top of the tongue, and themidle tongue. The stiddies the overlip, the outward teeth, the inwardteeth, and the roofe of the mouth. 

5. The nether lip stryking on the overlip makes b, m, p, and on theteeth it makes f and v. 

6. The top of the tongue stryking on the inward teeth formes d, l, n, r, s, t, and z. 

7. The midle tongue stryking on the rouf of the mouth formes the rest, c, g, k, j, q, and x, and so we have 18 consonantes borrowed of thelatines. 

8. These they borrow al from the greekes, saving j and v, quhilk our agesoundes other wayes then it seemes the romanes did; for Plutarch, morethen 100 yeeres after Christ, expressing the sound q_uhi_lk they had inhis tyme, symbolizes them neerar the sound of the vouales quherof theyare maed then now we sound them in latin, for in Galba he symbolizesjunius vindex, ἰόυνιος ὀύινδεξ, q_uhi_lk, if then it had sounded asnow we sound it, he sould rather have written it with _gamma_ and_beta_, γόυνιος βίνδεξ. 

9. We have in our use the sam soundes q_uhi_lk it seemes theseconsonantes had in Plutarch’s dayes, as in yallou, winter. Quhilk, seeing now they are worn out of the latin use, my counsel is that weleave the sound of them q_uhi_lk now is in the latin use to the latines, and take as our’s the sound q_uhi_lk they have left, and geve to thesound, q_uhi_lk now we use in latin, the latin symbol; as, jolie jhon;vertue is not vain; and to the soundes quhilk they have left thesymboles q_uhi_lk we have usurped to that end; as, yallou, youk;water, wyne. 

10. And heer, to put our men af their errour quho had wont to symbolizyallou with an ȝ, and to put noe difference betueen v and w, ȝ isa dental consonant, broaken betueen the top of the tongue and root ofthe teeth; yal, a guttural sound, made be a mynt of the tongue to theroofe of the mouth, and therfoer the organes being so far distant, andthe tuich so diverse, this symbol can be no reason serve that sound, nornane of that kynd. 

11. As for v and w, seeing we have in our idiom, besyd the latin sound, an other never hard in latin, as now it is pronu_n_ced, I can not butcom_m_end the wisdom of the south, q_uhi_lk gave the latin sound theirawn symbol, and took to our sound a symbol quhilk they use not. Lyke wastheir wisdom in j and y; for as the latines usurped the voual i for aconsonant in their use, q_uhi_lk the greekes had not, so they usurped y, a voual not mikle different from i, for the correspondent sound, notused in the latin as now it is pronu_n_ced. 

12. Heerfoer, for distinctiones of both sound and symbol, I wald commendthe symbol and name of i and u to the voual sound; as, indifferent, unthankful; the symbols of j and v to the latin consonantes, and theirnames to be jod and vau; as, vain jestes; and the symboles y and w toour English soundes, and their names to be ye and we, or yod and wau;as, yonder, wel, yallou, wool. 

13. Now remaineth h, q_uhi_lk we have called a noat of aspiration, cap. 2, sect. 2, and is, in deed, noe voual, because with a consonant itmakes noe sound; as, ch; nor consonant, because it is pronu_n_cedwithout the tuich of the mouth; as, ha. 

14. It may affect al vouales _and_ diphthonges; as, hand, hen, hind, hose, hurt, hail, hautie, health, heel, heifer, _etc. _ But behind thevoual in our tong (so far as yet I can fynd) it hath no use. Ofconsonantes, it affecteth g beyond the voual; as, laugh; p befoer thevoual; as, phason; s and t also befoer the voual; as, think, shame. With c we spil the aspiration, tur_n_ing it into an Italian chirt; as, charitie, cherrie, of quhilk hereafter. 

OF OUR ABUSING SUM CONSONANTES. 

Cap. 5. 

1. Now I am cum to a knot that I have noe wedg to cleave, and wald beglaed if I cold hoep for help. Ther sould be for everie sound that canoccur one symbol, and of everie symbol but one onlie sound. This reasonand nature craveth; and I can not but trow but that the worthieinventoures of this divyne facultie shot at this mark. 

2. But, contrarie to this sure ground, I waet not be quhat corruption, we see, not onelie in our idiom, but in the latin alsoe, one symbol tohave sundrie soundes, ye, and that in one word; as, lego, legis. 

3. First, to begin with c, it appeeres be the greekes, quho ever hadoccasion to use anie latin word, quharein now we sound c as s, in theirtymes it sounded k; for Cicero, thei wryt Kikero; for Cæsar, Kaisar; andPlut. , in Galba, symbolizes principia, πρινκιπια. 

4. This sound of it we, as the latines, also keepe befoer a, o, and u;as, canker, conduit, cumber. But, befoer e and i, sum tymes we sound it, with the latin, lyke an s; as, cellar, certan, cease, citie, circle, _et_c. 

5. Behind the voual, if a consonant kep it, we sound it alwayes as a k;as, occur, accuse, succumb, acquyre. If it end the syllab, we ad e, andsound it as an s; as, peace, vice, solace, temperance; but nether forthe idle e, nor the sound of the s, have we anie reason; nether daer I, with al the oares of reason, row against so strang a tyde. I hald itbetter to erre with al, then to stryve with al and mend none. 

6. This consonant, evin quher in the original it hes the awne sound, weturn into the chirt we spak of, cap. 4, sect. 14, quhilk, indeed, can besymbolized with none, neither greek nor latin letteres; as, from cano, chant; from canon, chanon; from castus, chast; from κυριακὴ, a church, of q_uhi_lk I hard doctour Laurence, the greek professour in Oxfoord, aman bothe of great learni_n_g and judgement, utter his opinion to thissense, and (excep my memorie fael me) in these wordes: κυριακὴ utβασιλικὴ suppresso substantivo ὀικία domus domini est. Unde nostrumderivatur, quod Scoti et Angli boreales recte, pronu_n_ciant a kyrk, noscorrupte a church. 

7. Yet, notwithstanding that it is barbarouse, seing it is more usual inour tongue then can be mended befoer the voual, as chance, and behindthe voual, as such, let it be symbolized, as it is symbolized with ch, hou beit nether the c nor the h hath anie affinitie with that sound;1, because it hath bene lang soe used; and 2, because we have no othermean to symbolize it, except it wer with a new symbol, q_uhi_lk it willbe hard to bring in use. 

8. Now, quheras ch in nature is c asperat, as it soundes in charus andchorus; and seing we have that sound also in use, as licht, micht; if Ihad bene at the first counsel, my vote wald have bene to have geven chthe awn sound. But as now the case standes, ne quid novandum sit, quodnon sit necesse, I not onlie consent, but also com_m_end the wisdom ofthe south, quho, for distinction, wrytes light, might, with gh andreferres ch to the other sound, how be it improperlie, and thisdistinction I com_m_end to our men, quho yet hes not satis attenteobserved it. 

9. Next cumes g, howbe it not so deformed as c; for, althogh we see itevin in latin, and that, in one word (as is said cap. 5, sect. 2), distorted to tuo sonndes, yet both may stand with the nature of thesymbol and differ not in the instrumentes of the mouth, but in the formof the tuich, as the judiciouse ear may mark in ago, agis; agam, ages. 

10. This consonant, in latin, never followes the voual; befoer a, o, u, it keepes alwayes the awn sound, and befoer e and i breakes it. 

11. But with us it may both begin and end the syllab; as, gang; it may, both behind and befoer, have either sound; as, get, gist, gin, giant. 

12. These the south hath providentlie minted to distinguish tuo wayes, but hes in deed distinguished noe way, for the first sum hath used tuogg; as, egg, legg, bigg, bagg; for the other dg; as, hedge, edge, bridge; but these ar not κατὰ πάντος. Gyles, nomen viri, can not bewritten dgiles; nor giles doli, ggiles; nether behind the voual ar theygeneral; age, rage, suage, are never wrytten with dg. Quherfoer Iconclud that, seeing nether the sound nor the symbol hath anie reason tobe sundrie, without greater auctoritie, nor the reach of a privat wit, this falt is incorrigible. 

13. Here I am not ignorant quhat a doe the learned make about thesymboles of c, g, k and q, that they be al symboles, but of one sound;but I wil not medle in that question, being besyde my purpose, q_uhi_lkis not to correct the latin symboles, but to fynd the best use of themin our idiom. 

14. T, the last of these misused souldioures, keepes alwayes it’s aunnature, excep it be befoer tio; as, oration, declamation, narration; forwe pronunce not tia and tiu as it is in latin. Onelie let it be heerobserved that if an s preceed tio, the t keepes the awn nature, as inquestion, suggestion, _et_c. 

15. Thus have I breeflie handled the letteres and their soundes, quhilk, to end this parte, I wald wish the printeres, in their a, b, c, toexpresse thus:--a, ae, ai, au, ea, b, c, d, e, ee, ei, eu, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, oa, oo, ou, p, q, r, s, t, u, ui, v, w, x, y, z, andthe masteres teaching their puples to sound the diphthonges, not be thevouales quharof they be made, but be the sound quhilk they mak inspeaking; lykwayes I wald have them name w, not duble u nor v, singl u, as now they doe; but the last, vau or ve, and the first, wau or we; andj, for difference of the voual i, written with a long tail, I wald wishto to be called jod or je. 

OF THE SYLLAB. 

Cap. 6. 

1. Now followes the syllab, quhilk is a ful sound symbolized withconvenient letteres, and consistes of ane or moe. 

2. A syllab of ane letter is symbolized with a voual onelie; as, a inable, e in ever, i in idle, o in over, u in unitie, for a consonant canmake no syllab alane. 

3. A syllab of moe letteres is made of vouales onelie, or els of voualesand consonantes. Of onlie vouales the syllab is called a diphthong, ofquhilk we have spoaken in the vouales quherof they ar composed. 

4. A syllab of vouales and consonantes either begin_n_es at thevoual, as al, il, el; or at one consona_n_t, as tal man; or at tuoconsona_n_tes, as stand, sleep; or els at thre at the maest, as strand, stryp. It endes either at a voual, as fa, fo; or at one consonant, asar, er; or at tuo, as best, dart; or at thre at the maest, as durst, worst. 

5. Heer is to be noated, that in divyding syllabes, the consonantes, oneor moe, that may begin a syllab anie way in the middes of a word belongto the voual following, as in que-stion, qua-rel, fi-shar, sa-fron, ba-stard, de-scrib, re-scue. 

6. It is alsoe heer to be observed in printing and wryting, that quhen aword fales to be divyded at the end of a lyne, that the partition mustbe made at the end of a syllab, soe that the one lyne end at the end ofthe whol syllab, and the other begin the next lyne. As, for exemple, ifthis word magistrat fel to be divided at the first syllab, it behoved tobe ma-gistrat; if at the second, it behoved to be magi-strat; but nowayes to parte the m from the a, nor the g from the i, nor the s from t, nor the t from r. 

OF THE RULES TO SYMBOLIZE. 

Cap. 7. 

1. To symboliz right, the sound of the voual is first to be observed, quhither it be a simple voual or a compound, and quhilk of them is to bechosen, for quhilk no rule can be geven but the judgeme_n_t of the ear. 

2. Next the consonantes are to be marked; and first, quhither they breakthe voual befoer or behind; then quhither they be one or moe; andlastlie, w_i_th quhat organes of the mouth they be broaken. 

3. For be the organes of the mouth, quherwith the syllab is broaken, theconsonantes are discerned be quhilk the syllab must be symbolized, quhilk we have said, cap 1, sect. 5. 

4. The consonantes may differ in hammar (as we called it, cap. 4, sect3) and stiddie, as b and d. Or they may agre in ham_m_er and differ instiddie, as b and v. Or they may agre in both and differ in the tuich, as f and v, m and p, t and g. 

5. The tuich befoer the voual is be lifting the ham_m_er af the stiddie;as da, la, pa; and behind, be stryking the hammer on the stiddie; as ad, al, ap. And quhen the hammer and the stiddie are ane, the difference isin the hardnes and softnes of the tuich; as may be seen in ca and ga, taand da. But w and y maekes sae soft a mynt that it is hard to perceave, and therfoer did the latines symboliz them with the symbol of thevouales. They are never used but befoer the voual; as we, ye, wil, you;behynd the voual thei mak noe consonant sound, nor sould be written, andtherfore now and vow, with sik otheres, are not [to] be written w_i_thw, as is said befoer. 

6. Of this q_uhi_lk now is said may be gathered that general, q_uhi_lk Icalled the keie of orthographie, cap. 1 sect. 5, that is the congruenceof the symbol and sound symbolized; that is, that bathe must belang tothe same organes and be tuiched after the same form. 

7. And, be the contrarie, here it is clere that soundes pronu_n_ced withthis organ can not be written with symboles of that; as, for exemple, alabiel symbol can not serve a dental nor a guttural sound; nor aguttural symbol a dental nor a labiel sound. 

8. To clere this point, and alsoe to reform an errour bred in the south, and now usurped be our ignorant printeres, I wil tel quhat befel my selfquhen I was in the south with a special gud frende of myne. Ther rease, upon sum accident, quhither quho, quhen, quhat, _et_c. , sould besymbolized with q or w, a hoat disputation betuene him and me. Aftermanie conflictes (for we ofte encountered), we met be chance, in thecitie of Baeth, w_i_th a Doctour of divinitie of both our acquentance. He invited us to denner. At table my antagonist, to bring the questionon foot ama_n_gs his awn condisciples, began that I was becum anheretik, and the doctour spering how, ansuered that I denyed quho to bespelled with a w, but with qu. Be quhat reason? quod the D_octour_. Here, I beginni_n_g to lay my gru_n_des of labial, dental, and gutturalsoundes and symboles, he snapped me on this hand and he on that, thatthe d_octour_ had mikle a doe to win me room for a syllogisme. Then(said I) a labial letter can not symboliz a guttural syllab. But w is alabial letter, quho a guttural sound. And therfoer w can not symbolizquho, nor noe syllab of that nature. Here the d_octour_ staying themagain (for al barked at ones), the proposition, said he, I understand;the assumption is Scottish, and the conclusion false. Quherat allaughed, as if I had bene dryven from al replye, and I fretted to see afrivolouse jest goe for a solid ansuer. My proposition is grounded onthe 7 sectio of this same cap. , q_uhi_lk noe man, I trow, can denye thatever suked the paepes of reason. And soe the question must rest on theassumption quhither w be a labial letter and quho a guttural syllab. Asfor w, let the exemples of wil, wel, wyne, juge quhilk are soundedbefoer the voual with a mint of the lippes, as is said the same cap. , sect. 5. As for quho, besydes that it differres from quo onelie beaspiration, and that w, being noe perfect consonant, can not beaspirated, I appele to al judiciouse eares, to q_uhi_lk Ciceroattributed mikle, quhither the aspiration in quho be not ex imo gutture, and therfoer not labial. 

OF RULES FROM THE LATIN. 

Cap. 7. (_sic. _)

1. Heer, seeing we borrow mikle from the latin, it is reason that weeither follow them in symbolizing their’s, or deduce from them thegroundes of our orthographie. 

2. Imprimis, then, quhatever we derive from them written with c we souldalsoe wryte with c, howbeit it sound as an s to the ignorant; asconceave, receave, perceave, from concipio, recipio, percipio; concern, discern, from concerno, discerno; accesse, successe, recesse, fromaccedo, succedo, recedo, w_i_th manie moe, q_uhi_lk I com_m_end to theattention of the wryter. 

3. Also quhat they wryte w_i_th s we sould alsoe wryte with s; asservant, from servus; sense, from sensus; session from sessio; passion, from passio. 

4. Neither is the c joined w_i_th s here to be omitted; as science andconscience, from scientia, conscientia; ascend and descend, fromascendo, descendo; rescind and abscind, from rescindo and abscindo. 

4 (_sic_). This difference of c and s is the more attentivelie to bemarked for that wordes of one sound and diverse signification are manytymes distinguished be these symboles; as, the kinges secrete council, and the faithful counsil of a frende; concent in musik, and consent ofmyndes; to duel in a cel, and to sel a horse; a decent weed, and descentof a noble house. These tuo last differres alsoe in accent. 

5. Lykwayes, that we derive from latin verbales in tio, sould also bewrytten with t; as oration, visitation, education, vocation, proclamation, admonition, _et_c. 

6. Wordes deryved from the latin in tia and tium we wryte with ce; asjustice, from justitia; intelligence, from intelligentia; vice, fromvitium; service, from servitium. In al q_uhi_lk, houbeit the e behindthe c be idle, yet use hes made it tollerable to noat the breaking ofthe c, for al tongues bear with sum slippes that can not abyde the tuichstone of true orthographie. 

7. C is alsoe written in our wordes deryved from x in latin; as peace, from pax; fornace, from fornax; matrice, from matrix; nurice, fromnutrix, q_uhi_lk the south calles nurse, not without a falt both insound and symbol; be this we wryte felicitie, audacitie, tenacitie, _et_c. 

8. Lykwayes we sould keep the vouales of the original, quherin the northwarres the south; from retineo, the north retine, the south retain; fromforas, the north foran, the south forain; from regnu_m_, the northregne, the south raigne; from cor, the north corage, the south courage;from devoro, the north devore, the south devour; from vox, the northvoce, the south voice; from devoveo, the north devote, the southdevoute; from guerrum, the north were, the south war; from gigas, gigantis, the north gyant, the south giaunt; from mons, montis, thenorth mont, the south mount. Of this I cold reckon armies, but wil notpresume to judge farther then the compasse of my awn cap, for howbeit wekeep nearar the original, yet al tongues have their idiom in borrowingfrom the latin, or other foran tongues. 

OF SUM IDIOMES IN OUR ORTHOGRAPHIE. 

Cap. 8. 

1. In our tongue we have some particles q_uhi_lk can not be symbolizedwith roman symboles, nor rightlie pronunced but be our awn, for we inmanye places soe absorb l and n behynd a consonant, quher they can notmove without a voual intervening, that the ear can hardlie judgequhither their intervenes a voual or noe. 

2. In this case sum, to avoid the pronu_n_ciation of the voual befoerthe l and n, wrytes it behind; as litle, mikle, muttne, eatne. Quhilkhoubeit it incurres in an other inconvenience of pronu_n_cing the voualbehind the l or n, yet I dar not presume to reprove, because it passethmy wit how to avoid both inconveniences, and therfoer this I leave tothe wil of the wryter. 

3. Sum of our men hes taken up sum unusual formes of symbolizing, q_uhi_lk I wald wish to be reformed, yet if I bring not reason, let noman change for my phantasie. 

4. First, for peple they wryte people, I trow because it cumes frompopulus; but if that be a reason, I wald understand a reason quhy theyspeak not soe alsoe. Or gif they speak not soe, I wald understand quhythey wryte not as they speak. I knawe they have the exemple of France tospeak ane way and wryte an other; but that exemple is as gud to absorbthe s in the end of everie word. Al exemples are not imitable. 

5. They use alsoe to wryte logicque, musicque, rhetoricque, and other ofthat sorte, with cque. If this be doon to make the c in logica, _et_c. , subsist, quhy wer it not better to supply a k in the place of it, thento hedge it in with a whol idle syllab; it wer both more orthographicaland easier for the learner, for c and k are sa sib, _tha_t the ane is agreek and the other a latin symbol of one sound. In this art it is alykeabsurd to wryte that thou reades not, as to read that thou wrytes not. 

6. We use alsoe, almost at the end of everie word, to wryte an idle e. This sum defend not to be idle, because it affectes the voual before theconsonant, the sound quherof many tymes alteres the signification; as, hop is altero tantu_m_ pede saltare, hope is sperare; fir, abies, fyre, ignis; a fin, pinna, fine, probatus; bid, jubere, bide, manere; withmany moe. It is true that the sound of the voual befoer the consonantmany tymes doth change the signification; but it is as untrue that thevoual e behind the consonant doth change the sound of the voual beforeit. A voual devyded from a voual be a consonant can be noe possiblemeans return thorough the consonant into the former voual. Consonantesbetuene vouales are lyke partition walles betuen roomes. Nothing canchange the sound of a voual but an other voual coalescing with it intoone sound, of q_uhi_lk we have spoaken sufficientlie, cap. 3, toillustrat this be the same exemples, saltare is to hop; sperare to hoep;abies is fir; ignis, fyr, or, if you wil, fier; jubere is bid; manere, byd or bied. 

7. Yet in sum case we are forced to tolerat this idle e; 1. In wordesending in c, to break the sound of it; as peace, face, lace, justice, _et_c. ; 2. Behind s, in wordes wryten with this s; as false, ise, case, muse, use, _et_c. ; 3. Behind a broaken g; as knawlege, savage, suage, ald age. Ther may be moe, and these I yeld because I ken noe other wayeto help this necessitie, rather then that I can think anye idle symboltolerable in just orthographie. 

OF THE ACCENTES OF OUR TONGUE. 

Cap. 9. 

1. Seing that we fynd not onelie the south and north to differ more inaccent then symbol, but alsoe one word with a sundrie accent to have adiverse signification, I com_m_end this to him quho hes auctoritie, tocom_m_and al printeres and wryteres to noat the accented syllab ineverie word with noe lesse diligence then we see the grecianes to noattheir’s. 

2. Cicero, in his buik de Oratore ad Brutum, makes it a natural harmoniethat everie word pronunced be the mouth of man have one acute syllab, and that never farther from the end then the third syllab, quhilk thegrammareanes cales to the same end the antepenult. Quhilk observation ofso noble a wit is most true in tongues q_uhi_lk he understud, the greekand latin. But if Cicero had understud our tongue, he sould have hardthe accent in the fourth syllab from the end; as in mátrimonie, pátrimonie, vádimonie, intóllerable, intélligences, and whole garrisonesof lyke liverie. This anie eare may if he accent the antepenultmatrímonie, or the penult matrimónie, or the last as matrimoníe. 

3. Then to the purpose we have the same accentes q_uhi_lk the latin andthe greek hath, acute, circu_m_flex, and grave. 

4. The acute raiseth the syllab quheron it sittes; as profésse, prófit, ímpudent. 

5. It may possesse the last syllab: as supprést, preténce, sincére; thepenult: as súbject, cándle, cráftie; the antepenult: as diffícultie, mínister, fínallie; and the fourth also from the end, as is said sect. 2; as spéciallie, insátiable, díligentlie. In al q_uhi_lk, if a manchange the acce_n_t, he sall spill the sound of the word. 

6. The grave accent is never noated, but onelie understood in alsyllabes quherin the acute and circumflex is not. Onlie, for difference, sum wordes ar marked with it, thus `, leaning contrarie to the acute. 

7. The circumflex accent both liftes and felles the syllab that itpossesseth, and combynes the markes of other tuae, thus ˆ. Of this we, as the latines, hes almost no use. But the south hath great use of it, and in that their dialect differes more from our’s then in other soundesor symboles. 

8. The use of the accent wil be of good importance for the rightpronu_n_ciation of our tongue, quhilk now we doe forte, non arte, andconforming of the dialectes, q_uhi_lk, as I have said, differes most inthis. 

OF THE APOSTROPHUS AND HYPHEN. 

Cap. 10. 

1. The learned printeres uses to symboliz apostrophus and hyphen as welas a, b, c. 

2. Apostrophus is the ejecting of a letter or a syllab out of one wordor out betuene tuae, and is alwayes marked above the lyne, as it wer acom_m_a, thus ’. 

3. Out of one word the apostrophus is most usual in poesie; as Ps. 73, v. 3, for quhen I sau such foolish men, I grug’d, and did disdain; andv. 19, They are destroy’d, dispatch’d, consum’d. 

4. Betuene tuae wordes we abate either from the end of the former or thebeginni_n_g of the later. 

5. We abate from the end of the former quhen it endes in a voual and thenext beginnes at a voual; as, th’ ingrate; th’ one parte; I s’ it, for Isee it. 

6. In abating from the word following, we, in the north, use amervelouse libertie; as, he’s a wyse man, for he is a wyse man; I’l meetwith him, for I wil meet with him; a ship ’l of fooles, for a ship fulof fooles; and this we use in our com_m_on language. And q_uhil_k isstranger, we manie tymes cut of the end of the word; as, he’s tel the, for he sal tel the. 

7. This for apostrophus. Hyphen is, as it wer, a band uniting wholwordes joined in composition; as, a hand-maed, a heard-man, tongue-tyed, out-rage, foer-warned, mis-reported, fals-deemed. 

 OF THE CONGRUITIE

 OF OUR BRITAN

 TONGUE. 

 LIB. 2. 

OF THE PERSON. 

Cap. 1. 

1. Al wordes q_uhi_lk we use to expresse our mynde are personal orimpersonal. 

2. A personal word is q_uhi_lk admittes diversitie of person. 

3. Person is the face of a word, quhilk in diverse formes of speach itdiverselie putes on; as, I, Peter, say that thou art the son of God. Thou, Peter, sayes that I am the son of God. Peter said that I am theson of God. 

4. Quherupon person is first, second, and third. 

5. The first person is of him that speakes; as, I wryte. 

6. The second person is of him that is spoaken to; as, thou wrytes. 

7. The third person is of him that is spoaken of; as, Peter wrytes. 

OF NU_M_BER. 

Cap. 2. 

1. Number is distinction of person be one and moe; and soe is singularand plural. 

2. The singular speakes of one; as, a hand, a tree, a sheep, a horse, aman. 

3. The plural speakes of moe then one; as, handes, trees, sheep, horses, men, tuo, three, foure, or moe, or how manie soever. 

4. This difference is com_m_onlie noted with es at the end of the wordsingular; as, a house, houses; a windoe, windoes; a doore, tuo doores. 

5. Sum tymes it is noated be changing a letter; as, a man, men; a woman, wemen; a goose, geese. 

6. Sum tyme be changing noe thing; as, a sheep, a thousand sheep; ahorse, an hundred horse; a noute, ten noute. 

OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON. 

Cap. 3. 

1. A personal word is a noun or a verb. A noun is a word of one personw_i_th gender and case; as, I is onelie of the first person; thou isonelie of the second; and al other nounes are onelie the third person;as, thou, Thomas, head, hand, stone, blok, except they be joined with Ior thou. 

2. The person of a noun singular is determined or undetermined. 

3. The determined person is noated with the, and it is determined eitherbe an other substantive; as, the king of Britan; or be an adjective; as, the best king in Europ; or be a relative; as, God preserve the kingquhom he hath geven us. 

4. The undetermined noun is noated with an befoer a voual; as, an aldman sould be wyse; and with a befoer a consonant; as, a father souldcom_m_and his son. 

OF THE GENDER OF A NOUN. 

Cap. 4. 

1. Gender is the affection of a noun for distinction of sex. 

2. Sex is a distinction of a noun be male and female, and these aredistinguished the one from the other, or both from thinges without sex. 

3. The one is distinguished from the other be he and she. 

4. He is the noat of the male; as, he is a gud judge; he is a wyse man;he is a speedie horse; he is a crouse cock; he is a fat wether. 

5. She is the noate of the femal sex; as, she is a chast matron; she isa stud meer; she is a fat hen; she is a milk cowe. 

6. Nounes that want sex are noated with it; as, it is a tale tree; it isa sueet aple; it is a hard flint; it is a faer day; it is a foul way. 

7. In the plural number they are not distinguished; as, they are honestmen; they are vertueouse ladies; they are highe montanes. 

OF THE CASE OF THE NOUN. 

Cap. 5. 

1. Case is an affection of a noun for distinction of person; as, thecorner stone fel on me; stone is the nominative case. The corner of astone hurt me; stone is the genitive case. Quhat can you doe to a stone;stone is the dative case. He brak the stones; it is the accusative case. Quhy standes thou stone; it is the vocative. And he hurt me with astone; it is the ablative case. 

2. This difference we declyne, not as doth the latines and greekes, beterminationes, but with noates, after the maner of the hebrues, quhilkthey cal particles. 

3. The nominative hath no other noat but the particle of determination;as, the peple is a beast with manie heades; a horse serves man to manieuses; men in auctoritie sould be lanternes of light. 

4. Our genitive is alwayes joyned with an other noun, and is noated withof, or s. 

5. With of, it followes the noun quhar w_i_th it is joined; as, thehouse of a good man is wel governed. 

6. With s it preceedes the word quherof it is governed, and s is devydedfrom it with an apostrophus; as, a gud man’s house is wel governed. 

7. This s sum haldes to be a segment of his, and therfoer now almost alwrytes his for it, as if it wer a corruption. But it is not a segment ofhis; 1. Because his is the masculin gender, and this may be fœminin;as, a mother’s love is tender; 2. Because his is onelie singular, andthis may be plural; as, al men’s vertues are not knawen. 

8. The dative is noated w_i_th to, and for; as, geve libertie evin tothe best youth and it wil luxuriat. Al men doeth for them selves; fewfor a frende. 

9. The accusative hath noe other noat then the nominative; as, the headgovernes the bodie. 

10. The vocative is the person to quhom the speach is directed; as, quhence cumes thou Æneas. 

11. The ablative is noated w_i_th prepositiones in, with, be, and siklyke; as, be god al thinges wer made; God w_i_th his word his warkesbegan; in my father’s house are manie mansiones. 

OF THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON. 

Cap. 6. 

1. Al nounes that wil join with a substantive ar called adjectives; as, gud, high, hard, sueet, sour. 

2. These, and al that wil admit mare and mast, are compared be degrees;as, sueet, more sueet, most sueet. 

3. Of comparison ther be thre degrees: the positive, comparative, andsuperlative, if the first may be called a degre. 

4. The positive is the first position of the noun; as, soft, hard;quhyte, blak; hoat, cald. 

5. The comparative excedes the positive be more, and is formed of thepositive be adding er; as, softer, harder; quhiter, blaker; hoater, calder. 

6. The superlative excedes the positive be most, and is formed of thepositive be adding est; as, softest, hardest; quhytest, blakest;hoatest, caldest. 

OF THE VERB’S PERSON AND NUMBER. 

Cap. 7. 

1. This for the noun. The verb is a word of al persones declyned withmood and tyme; as, I wryte, thou wrytes, he wrytes. 

2. We declyne not the persones and nu_m_beres of the verb, as doth thelatine, but noat them be the person of the noun. 

3. They are noated w_i_th I, thou, and he in the singular number; we, ye, and they in the plural. 

4. The nu_m_ber is noated with I and we; thou and ye; he and they. 

OF THE MOOD OF THE VERB. 

Cap. 8. 

1. The mood is an affection of the verb serving the varietie ofutterance. 

2. We utter the being of thinges or our awn wil. 

3. The being of thinges is uttered be inquyring or avouing. 

4. We inquyre of that we wald knaw; as, made God man w_i_thout synne;and in this the supposit of the verb followes the verb. 

5. We avoue that q_uhi_lk we knaw; as, God made man without sinne; andin this the supposit preceedes the verb. 

6. We utter our wil be verbes signifying the form of our wil, orpostposing the supposit. 

7. We wish be wald god, god grant, and god nor; as, wald god I knew thesecretes of nature. 

8. We permit the will of otheres be letting; as, let God aryse; leteverie man have his awn wyfe. 

9. We bid our inferioures, and pray our superioures, be postponing thesupposit to the verb; as, goe ye and teach al nationes; here me, my God. 

OF THE TYME OF THE VERB. 

Cap. 9. 

1. Tyme is an affection of the verb noating the differences of tyme, andis either present, past, or to cum. 

2. Tyme present is that q_uhi_lk now is; as, I wryte, or am wryting. 

3. Tyme past is that q_uhi_lk was, and it is passing befoer, past els, or past befoer. 

4. Tyme passing befoer, q_uhi_lk we cal imperfectlie past, is of a thingthat was doeing but not done; as, at four hoores I was wryting; Quhenyou spak to me I was wryting, or did wryte, as Lillie expoundes it. 

5. Tyme past els is of a thing now past, q_uhi_lk we cal perfectliepast; as, I have written. 

6. Tyme past befoer is of a thing befoer done and ended; as, at fourhoores, or quhen you spak to me, I had written. 

7. Tyme to cum is of that q_uhi_lk is not yet begun; as, at four houresI wil wryte. 

OF THE POWER OF THE VERB. 

Cap. 10. 

1. A verb signifies being or doeing. Of being ther is onelie one, I am, and is thus varyed. 

2. In the present tyme, I am, thou art, he is; we are, ye are, they are. 

3. In tyme passing befoer, I was, thou was, he was; we wer, ye wer, theywer. 

4. In tyme past els, I have bene, thou hes bene, he hes bene; we havebene, ye have bene, they have bene. 

5. In tyme past befoer, I had bene, thou had bene, he had bene; we hadbene, ye had bene, they had bene. 

6. In tyme to cum, I wil be, thou wilt be, he wil be; we wil be, ye wilbe, they wil be. 

7. Verbes of doing are actives or passives. 

8. The active verb adheres to the person of the agent; as, Christ hathconquered hel and death. 

9. The passive verb adheres to the person of the patient; as, hel anddeath are conquered be Christ. 

10. These our idiom conjugates onelie in tuo tymes, the tyme present andtym past; as, I wryte, I wrote; I speak, I spak; I here, I hard; I se, Isaw; I fele, I felt. 

11. The other differences of tyme ar expressed be the notes of the verbof being, or be the verb of being it self, and a participle; as, I waswryting; I have written; I had written; I wil wryte. 

OF THE ADVERB. 

Cap. 11. 

1. A word impersonal is q_uhi_lk in al formes of speach keepes one face, and this is adverb or conjunction. 

2. An adverb is a word adhering mast com_m_onlie w_i_th a verb with oneface in al moodes, tymes, nu_m_beres and persones; as, I leve hardlie, thou leves hardlie; I did leve hardlie; I have leved hardlie; I hadleved hardlie; I wil leave hardlie; leve he hardlie; God forbid he levehardlie. 

3. Our men confoundes adverbes of place, q_uhi_lk the southdistinguishes as wel as the latin, and therfoer let us not shame tolearne. 

4. They use quher, heer, ther, for the place in q_uhi_lk; quhence, hence, thence, for the place from quhilk; quhither, hither, thither, forthe place to q_uhi_lk; as, quher dwel you? quhence cum you? quhither goeyou?

5. They also distinguish wel in, into, and unto: in, they use with theplace quher; into, with the thing quhither; and unto, for how far; as, our father, q_uhi_lk art in heavin, admit us into heavin, and lift usfrom the earth unto heavin. 

6. Heer, becaus sum nounes incurre into adverbes, let us alsoe noattheir differences. 

7. First no and not. Noe is a noun, nullus in latin, and in our tonguealwayes precedes the substantive quhilk it nulleth; as, noe man, noeangle, noe god. 

8. Not is an adverb, non in latin, and in our tong followes the verbthat it nulleth; as, heer not, grant not; I heer not, I grant not; I wilnot heer, I wil not grant. 

9. Ane, in our idiom, and an. Ane is a noun of nu_m_ber, in latin unus;an a particule of determination preceding a voual, as we have said cap. 3, sect. 4. 

10. Thee and the. Thee is the accusative of thou; as, thou loves God, and God loves thee. The is the determined not of a noun, of q_uhi_lk wespak cap. 3, sect. 3. 

OF THE CONJUNCTION. 

Cap. 12. 

1. Conjunction is a word impersonal serving to cople diverse senses. Andof it ther be tuoe sortes, the one enu_n_ciative, and the otherratiocinative. 

2. The conjunction enunciative copies the partes of a period, and arecopulative, as and; connexive, as if; disjunctive, as or; or discretive, as howbe it. 

3. The ratiocinative coples the partes of a ratiocination, and it eitherinferres the conclusion or the reason. 

4. Therfoer inferres the conclusion; as, noe man can keep the law inthought, word, and deed: and therfoer noe man befoer the judg of thehart, word, and deed, can be justifyed be the law. 

5. Because inferres the reason; as, I wil spew the out, because thou artnether hoat nor cald. 

OF DISTINCTIONES. 

Cap. 13. 

1. A distinction is quherbe sentences are distinguished in wryting andreading. And this is perfect or imperfect. 

2. A perfect distinction closes a perfect sense, and is marked with around punct, thus . Or a tailed punct, thus ?

3. The round punct concludes an assertion; as, if Abraham was justifyedbe workes, he had quherof to glorie. 

4. The tailed punct concludes an interrogation; as, sal we, quha aredead to syn, leve to it?

5. The imperfect distinction divydes the partes of a period, and ismarked with tuoe punctes, the one under the other, thus : and is redwith half the pause of a perfect punct; as, al have synned, and fallenfrom the glorie of god: but are justifyed frelie be his grace. 

6. The com_m_a divydes the least partes of the period, and is pronuncedin reading with a short sob. 

7. The parenthesis divydes in the period a sentence interlaced on sumoccurrences q_uhi_lk coheres be noe syntax w_i_th that q_uhi_lkpreceedes and followes; as, for exemple of beath, and to conclud thistreatesse:

 Bless, guyd, advance, preserve, prolong Lord (if thy pleasur be) Our King _and_ Queen, and keep their seed thy name to magnifie. 

 * * * * *

NOTES. 

The foregoing Tract is one of great interest, not only on account of itsintrinsic merit, but also for the racy style of writing adopted by itsauthor. We find him continually garnishing his language with suchidiomatic and colloquial expressions as the following:--“Quhae’s silliebraine will reache no farther then the compas of their cap” (page 2);and again, “but will not presume to judge farther then the compasse ofmy awn cap” (p. 20). He observes of the printers and writers of his agethat they care “for noe more arte then may win the pennie” (p. 2), andon the same page he says, “quhiles I stack in this claye, ” which appearsto be equivalent to our term “stuck in the mud. ” At p. 3 he says, “andit wer but a clod;” at p. 14, “neither daer I, with al the oares ofreason, row against so strang a tyde;” and again, on p. 18, we findreason under another aspect, thus, “noe man I trow can denye that eversuked the paepes of reason. ”

It seems that the expression, _Queen’s English_, is by no means ofmodern date, as we have it as the _king’s language_ at p. 2. 

Hume laments, in his Dedication, the uncertainty of the orthographyprevailing at the time he writes, and yet we find him spelling wordsseveral different ways, even within the compass of a single sentence, without being able to lay the blame upon the printers; thus we find himwriting ju_d_gement on p. 11, ju_d_ge p. 8, and ju_d_g p. 33, but jugep. 18; and there are numberless other instances that it would be tediousto enumerate. Again, the author uses a mixture of Scotch and English, sowe have sometimes ane and sometimes one; nae on page 1 and noe on p. 2;mare and mast, and more and most, even in the same sentence (p. 30); andtwo is spelt in three different ways, tuae, tuo, and tuoe. 

Our author’s stay in England appears to have drawn his attention to thedifferences between the two languages of Scotland and England, which hedistinguishes as North and South. He certainly shows, in some instances, the greater correctness of the Scotch with regard to the spelling ofwords derived from the Latin; as, retine instead of retain, corageinstead of courage, etc. (p. 20), in which words the redundant lettersthat we Southerners have introduced are thrown out. He is, however, byno means partial, and gives us praise when he thinks we deserve it. 

 Page 9. The arguments in favour of the sound given by the English Universities to the Latin _i_ are curious: it is stated to have its value in the Greek ει; but the author seems to have been in error as to the English sounding mihi and tibi alike, or our pronunciation must have changed since his time. 

 P. 10. The author speaks of the letter _y_ as being used by the South for the sound now symbolized by _i_ with a final _e_ following the succeeding consonant, as _will_ with an _i_, and _wile_ with a _y_ in place of the _i_ and final _e_; thus in the same way he spells write, _wryt_. 

 P. 11 (7). He gives food, good, blood, as examples of the same sound, thus inferring that the English pronounced the two latter so as to rhyme with food. 

 P. 11 (8). He objects to the use of _w_ for _u_ in the diphthongal sound of _ou_, and therefore spells _how_, _now_, etc. , _hou_, _nou_. 

 P. 11 (10). It is difficult here to see what the pronunciation of _buu_ would be, which the author gives as the sound of bow (to bow). Probably the sound he meant would be better represented by _boo_. 

 P. 13 (12). The author here recommends the distinction both of sound and symbol of _j_ and _v_ as consonants, and _i_ and _u_ as vowels, and proposes that we should call _j_ _jod_ or _je_, and _v_ _vau_ or _ve_, and not single _u_, “as now they doe” (p. 16), and _w_ he would call _wau_ or _we_, and moreover he places them in his alphabet on the same page. If this proposal was originally his own, it is curious that the name _ve_ should have been adopted, though not the _we_ for _w_. Ben Jonson points out the double power of _i_ and _v_ as both consonant and vowel, but he does not attempt to make them into separate letters as Hume does. 

 P. 15 (12). He gives as an anomaly of the South that while the _d_ is inserted before _g_ in hedge, bridge, etc. , it is omitted in age, suage, etc. He does not see that the short vowel requires a double consonant to prevent it from being pronounced long. 

 P. 21 (6). He disputes the possibility of a final _e_, separated from a preceding vowel by a consonant, having any effect whatever in altering the sound of the preceding vowel, and recommends the use of a diphthong to express the sound required; as, hoep for hope, fier for fire, bied for bide, befoer for before, maed for made, etc. He uniformly throughout follows this rule. 

 P. 22 (5). Hume here accents difficultie on the antepenultimate instead of the first syllable. 

 P. 23 (7). He puts down outrage as an instance of two distinct words joined by a hyphen, which is the derivation given by Ash in his dictionary, in strange obliviousness of the French word _outrage_. 

 P. 27 (1, 6). _T_ is omitted after _s_ in the second person singular of the verb, and so no distinction is made between the second and the third persons; thus, thou wrytes, and at p. 32 thou was, and thou hes. 

 P. 29 (7). The supposition that the apostrophe ’s as a mark of the possessive case is a segment of his, a question which has been lately revived, is here denied. 

 P. 34. In this last chapter on Punctuation, which the author styles “of Distinctiones, ” no mention whatever is made of the “semicolon, ” though it occurs frequently in the MS. , as, for instance, p. 30, cap. 6. This stop, according to Herbert, was first used by Richard Grafton in _The Byble_ printed in 1537: it occurs in the Dedication. Henry Denham, an English printer who flourished towards the close of the sixteenth century, was the first to use it with propriety. 

 P. 34 (6). The explanation of the mode of pronouncing the comma “with a short _sob_” is odd. [5]

 [Footnote 5: It will be here as well to mention that as the punctuation in the MS. Is extremely unsystematic, it has been dispensed with whenever the meaning was confused by it. ]

The author continually uses a singular verb to a plural noun; forinstance, “of this we, as the latines, hes almost no use” (p. 22), though on p. 20 he writes, “in our tongue we have some particles. ”

With regard to the Manuscript, there are two corrections in it worthnoting. At p. 10 (6), in the phrase, “the auctours _whole_ drift, ” theword had been originally written _hael_, but is marked through, and_whole_ substituted for it in the same handwriting. At p. 21 (4), theword _frensh_ has been inserted before _exemples_, but has beenafterwards struck through. 

The numbering is wrong in three places, but it has not been corrected. At p. 8 there are no sections 12 and 13, at pp. 17, 19, there are twocap. 7, and at p. 19 there are two sections 4. 

GLOSSARIAL INDEX. 

[The words in the present Tract that really required to be glossed arebut few; I have, however, inserted in the following list most of thevariations from ordinary modern usage, in order that it may serve as anIndex. ]

Af = of, p. 9. Af = off, p. 12. Ald = old, pp. 3, 21, 28. Amangs = amongst, p. 18. Ane = a, one. Angle = angel, p. 33. Auctoritie = authority, pp. 22, 29. Aun = own, pp. 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 15. Awn = own, pp. 11, 18, 20, 30, 31. Awn = proper, pp. 9, 11, 13, 15. Awne = proper, p. 14. Awne = own, p. 10. 

Baeth = both, pp. 8, 34. Bathe = both, p. 17. Be = by. Britan = British. 

Cald = cold, pp. 30, 33; caldest, p. 30. Cales = calls, pp. 10, 22. Chirt = a squirt, or a squeeze through the teeth, pp. 13, 14. See Ruddiman’s Glossary to G. Douglas (_chirtand_). Cold = could, p. 20. Coples = couples, p. 33. Corage = courage, p. 20. Crouse = brisk, p. 28. Cum = come, pp. 11, 31; cumes = comes, p. 29. 

Devore = devour, p. 20. Devote = devout, p. 20. Distinctiones = punctuation, p. 34. Doon = done, p. 21. Doting = giving, p. 3. 

Earand = errand, p. 8. Evin = even, p. 29. 

Faer = fair, p. 28. Falt = fault, pp. 15, 20. Fand = found, p. 1. Fele = feel, p. 32. Felles = lowers, p. 22. Finnes = fineness, p. 2. Fontan = fountain, p. 11. Foran = foreign, p. 20. Frelie = freely, p. 34. 

Geve = give, pp. 7, 8, 9, 12, 28, 29. Gif = if, p. 21. Glim = glimpse, p. 2. Gud = good, pp. 2, 18, 21, 28, 29. 

Hael = hail, p. 10. Hald = hold, p. 14; haldes, p. 29. Hame = home, p. 2. Hard = heard, pp. 2, 3, 13, 14, 22, 32. Hart = heart, p. 33. Heal = whole, p. 10. Heer = hear, p. 33. Here = hear, pp. 31, 32. Hes = has, pp. 3, 14, 15, 19, 22, 32. Hes = hast, p. 32. Hes = have, pp. 20, 22. Hoat = hot, pp. 18, 30, 33; hoater, p. 30. Hoores = hours, p. 31. 

Ida, Scotland or Edinburgh, p. 2. Incurre, _v. _ = to run into. Lat. _incurro_, pp. 20, 33. 

Ken = know, p. 21. Kep, _v. _ = to intercept, p. 14. Kepping = receiving in the act of falling, p. 12. _Jamieson. _Knau = know, p. 2. Knaulege = knowledge, pp. 3, 10; knawlege, pp. 11, 21. Knaw = know, pp. 7, 30; knawe, p. 21; knawen = known, p. 29. 

Laggared = loitered or rested, p. 2. Lang = long, pp. 9, 14. Leave = live, p. 32. Leve = live, pp. 32, 34. Leving = living, p. 11. Louse = loose, p. 9. Lykwayes = likewise, p. 19. 

Maer = more, pp. 2, 10. Maest = most, pp. 1, 2, 16. Man = must, p. 8. Mare = more, p. 30. Mast = most, pp. 30, 32. Meer = mare, p. 28. Middes = middle, p. 16. Mikle = much, pp. 13, 18, 19, 20. Mint = aim, pressure, p. 18. Minted = attempted, p. 15. Moat, probably _moot_, discussion, chat, etc. , p. 2. A. S. _mót_. Moe = more, pp. 16, 19, 21, 27. Moien = means for attaining an end, p. 2. _Jamieson. _ Fr. _moyen_. Mont = mount, p. 24. Montan = mountain, pp. 3, 11, 28. Mynt = aim, pp. 12, 17. 

Nae = no, pp. 1, 8. Nane = none, p. 13. Noat, _v. _ = note, pp. 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33. Noat = note, pp. 7, 13, 28, 29; noate, p. 28; noates = notes, p. 29. Nor = than, p. 3. Nor, God nor, p. 31. This most probably means God comfort or nourish us, connected with _norice_, a nurse, and _norie_, a foster-child. There is also a substantive _nore_ in Chaucer, meaning comfort. _Norne_ is to entreat, ask (see _Alliterative Poems_ Glossary), and may have something to do with this expression, but it is hardly so probable as the above. Noute = black cattle, p. 27; connected with _neat_, as in neat-cattle, neat-herd. Nulleth = negatives, p. 33. Nurice = nurse, p. 19. 

Of = off, p. 23. Ones, at ones = at once, p. 18. 

Paen = trouble, p. 2. Paert = part, p. 10. Peple = people, pp. 20, 29. Phason = pheasant (?), p. 13. Pover = poor, p. 3. Punct = stop, p. 34. 

Qu. At p. 18 the author gives his reasons for making use of the guttural _qu_ in the place of the labial _w_. The following are the words in which it is thus used:--Quha = who, pp. 2, 3, 34. Quhae = who, pp. 1, 10; quhae’s = whose, p. 2. Quhaer = where, p. 2. Quhar = where, p. 29. Quharein = wherein, p. 14. Quharof = whereof, p. 16. Quhat = what, pp. 2, 8, 15, 17, 18, 28. Quhatever = whatever, p. 19. Quhen = when, pp. 2, 9, 11, 23, 31. Quhence = whence, pp. 29, 32. Quher = where, pp. 2, 14, 20, 32. Quheras = whereas, p. 14. Quherat = whereat, p. 18. Quherbe = whereby, pp. 11, 34. Quherfoer, quherforr = wherefore, pp. 7, 8, 10, 15. Quherin = wherein, pp. 20, 22. Quherof = whereof, pp. 29, 34. Quheron = whereon, p. 22. Quherupon = whereupon, pp. 8, 27. Quherwith = wherewith, p. 2. Quhil, quhiles = while, p. 2. Quhilk = which. Quhither = whether, pp. 11, 17, 18, 20, 32. Quho = who, pp. 12, 14, 15, 18, 22. Quhom = whom. Quhy = why, pp. 20, 21, 29. Quhyte = white, p. 30; quhiter, p. 30; quhytest, p. 30. Quod = quoth, p. 18. 

Rease = rose, p. 18. Red = read, p. 34. Regne = reign, p. 20. Retine = retain, p. 20. Ryseth = ariseth, p. 9. 

Sa = so, p. 21; sae = so, p. 17. Sal = shall, pp. 9, 11, 23, 34. Sall = shall, pp. 8, 22. Shaued = showed, p. 7. Shour = shower, p. 10. Sib = related, p. 21. Sik = such, pp. 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 17, 29. Sillie = wretched, poor, p. 2. Skuiographie, probably an invented word, the intention of the author being to oppose skew or askew to ορθος, straight. It has been suggested that it may be intended for sciagraphy, σκιαγραφία, also spelt sciography; but this is improbable, as the meaning of that word, viz. , the art of shadows, including dialling, is so inappropriate in this passage, p. 2. Sould = should, pp. 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22, 28, 29. Spering = inquiring, p. 18. Spil = destroy, spoil(?), p. 13; spill, p. 22. Spilt = corrupted, spoilt(?), p. 2. Stack = stuck, p. 2. Stean = stone, p. 8. Stiddie = anvil, pp. 12, 17. “And my imaginations are as foul As Vulcan’s stithy. ” _Hamlet_, Act iii. , sc. 2. 

Strang = strong, p. 14. Sum = some, pp. 8, 9, 10, 21, 34. Supposit = subject, pp. 30, 31. Syllab = syllable, pp. 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; syllabes, p. 8. Ben Jonson spells this word _syllabe_ in his English Grammar. Syne = since, p. 1. 

Tal = tale, p. 9. Tal = tail, p. 9. Tale = tall, p. 28. Trow = believe, pp. 13, 18. Tuae = two, pp. 1, 8, 9, 10, 22, 23. Tuelfe = twelve, p. 3. Tuich = touch, pp. 7, 13, 15, 17; tuiches, p. 11. Tuiched = touched, pp. 3, 17. Tuich stone = touchstone, p. 19. Tyme passing befoer = imperfect tense, pp. 31, 32. Tyme past befoer = pluperfect tense, pp. 31, 32. Tyme past els = perfect tense, pp. 31, 32. 

Vadimonie = recognisance, p. 22. Lat. _Vadimonium. _Voce = voice, p. 20. 

Waet = know, p. 14. Wait = know, p. 11. Wald = would, pp. 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 30, 31. Warkes = works, p. 29. Weer = war, p. 3. Were = war, p. 20. Whither = whether, p. 2. The author in this place uses the letter _w_ instead of _qu_, although at p. 18 he is so strenuous against its use. Wrang = wrong, pp. 2, 9, 11. 

Ye = yea, p. 14. Yeld = yield, p. 21. 

Early English Text Society. 

_Report of the Committee, January, 1865. _

The close of the first year of the Society’s operations affords theCommittee the welcome opportunity of congratulating the members on theSociety’s success. Instead of two Texts, which the first Circular to theSociety suggested might perhaps be issued, the Committee have beenenabled to publish four, and these four such as will bear comparison, asto rareness and intrinsic value, with the publications of any of thelongest established societies of the kingdom. The _Arthur_ was editedfor the first time from a unique MS. , wholly unknown to even the latestwriters on the subject, and exhibits our national hero’s life in asimpler form than even Geoffrey of Monmouth, or Layamon. The _EarlyEnglish Alliterative Poems_, though noticed long ago by Dr. Guest andSir F. Madden, for their great philological and poetical value, had beeninaccessible to all but students of the difficult and faded MS. In theBritish Museum: they have been now made public by the Society’s edition, with their large additions to our vocabulary, and their interestingdialectal formations. The _Sir Gawayne_, from the same MS. , could onlyhave been had before in Sir Frederick Madden’s rare and costly edition, printed by the Bannatyne Club. And the _Lauder_ has restored, as itwere, to Scotland, a Poet whose name had found no place in the standardHistory of Scottish Poetry, and the Biographical Dictionaries. 

Though the Society started late in the past year, these four Texts werepublished within a fortnight of its close; and before that time thefirst Text for the second year was in the printer’s hands. The Committeepledge themselves to continue their exertions to render the Texts issuedworthy of the Society, and to complete the issue of each set within theyear assigned to it. They rely with confidence on the Subscribers to usetheir best endeavours to increase the list of Members, in order thatfunds may not be wanting to print the material that editors place attheir service. The aim of the Committee is, on the one hand, to printall that is most valuable of the yet unprinted MSS. In English, and, onthe other, to re-edit and reprint all that is most valuable in printedEnglish books, which from their scarcity or price are not within thereach of the student of moderate means. [6] Those relating to KING ARTHURwill be the Committee’s first care; those relating to our Language andits Dialects the second; while in due proportion with these, will bemixed others of general interest, though with no one special commondesign. The Committee hope that no year will pass without the issue ofone Text in the Northern dialect, as well in acknowledgment of thesupport that the Society has received in Scotland, as to obviate thehitherto limited circulation of the works of the early Scotch writersamong students south of the Humber. 

 [Footnote 6: “A vast mass of our early literature is still unprinted, and much that has been printed has, as the late Herbert Coleridge remarked, ‘been brought out by Printing Clubs of exclusive constitution, or for private circulation only, and might, for all that the public in general is the better for them, just as well have remained in manuscript, being, of course, utterly unprocurable, except in great libraries, and not always there. ’ It is well known that the Hon. G. P. Marsh, the author of ‘The Origin and History of the English Language, ’ could not procure for use in his work a copy of ‘Havelok’ for love or money; and the usual catalogue-price of ‘William and the Werwolf, ’ or ‘The Early English Gesta Romanorum, ’ etc. , etc. , is six guineas, when the book should be obtainable for less than a pound. Notwithstanding the efforts of the Percy, Camden, and other Societies and Printing Clubs, more than half our early printed literature--including the Romances relating to our national hero, Arthur--is still inaccessible to the student of moderate means; and it is a scandal that this state of things should be allowed to continue.... Those who would raise any objection to these re-editions--as a few have raised them--are asked to consider the absurdity and injustice of debarring a large number of readers from the enjoyment of an old author, because a living editor has once printed his works, when the feeling of the editor himself is well expressed in the words of one of the class, ‘You are heartily welcome to all I have ever done. I should rejoice to see my books in the hands of a hundred, where they are now on the shelves of one. ’”--_Extract from the first Prospectus. _]

The publications for 1864 are:--

1. Early English Alliterative Poems in the West Midland Dialect of the fourteenth century (ab. 1320-30 A. D. ). Edited for the first time from a unique MS. In the British Museum, with Notes and Glossarial Index, by Richard Morris, Esq. 16_s. _

2. Arthur. Edited for the first time from the Marquis of Bath’s MS. (ab. 1440 A. D. ), by F. J. Furnivall, Esq. , M. A. 4_s. _

3. Ane compendious and breve Tractate, concernyng ye office and dewtie of Kyngis, Spirituall Pastoris, and temporall Jugis; laitlie compylit be William Lauder. Reprinted from the edition of 1556, and edited by Prof. Fitz-Edward Hall, D. C. L. 4_s. _

4. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. Edited by R. Morris, Esq. , from the Cottonian MS. , Nero, A x. (ab. 1320-30 A. D. ) 10_s. _

The publications for the present year (1865) will comprise Texts from atleast four unique MSS. , two of which will be edited for the first time. 

5. Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue, a treates noe shorter then necessarie, be Alexander Hume. Edited for the first time from the MS. In the British Museum (ab. 1617 A. D. ), by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq. 4_s. _

6. Syr Lancelot du Lak. Edited from the MS. In the Cambridge University Library (15th century), by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, M. A. [_In the Press. _

7. Morte Arthure: the Alliterative Version. Edited from Robert Thorntone’s MS. (ab. 1440 A. D. ) at Lincoln, by the Rev. F. C. Massingberd, M. A. 

8. Various Poems relating to Sir Gawayne. Edited from the MSS. By Richard Morris, Esq. 

9. Merlin, or the Early History of Arthur. Edited for the first time from the MS. In the Cambridge University Library (ab. 1450 A. D. ), by F. J. Furnivall, Esq. Part I. 

Also, the following, if the amount of subscriptions will justify theCommittee in issuing them:--

Animadversions uppon the Annotacions and Corrections of some imperfections of Impressiones of Chaucer’s Workes reprinted in 1598, by Francis Thynne. Edited from the MS. In the Bridgewater Library, by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq. 

The Story of Genesis and Exodus in English verse of about 1300 A. D. To be edited for the first time from the unique MS. In the Library of Corpus Christi Coll. , Cambridge, by F. J. Furnivall and R. Morris, Esqrs. 

The Harrowing of Hell. To be edited from the MS. In the Bodleian Library, by R. F. Weymouth, Esq. 

The following is a list of Texts, which it is proposed to print (amongothers) in future years:--

The Romance of Arthour and Merlin. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS. (ab. 1320-30 A. D. )

Mirk’s Duties of a Parish Priest. To be edited for the first time from the MSS. In the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries (ab. 1420 A. D. ), by E. Peacock, Esq. 

The Romance of William and the Werwolf. To be edited from the unique MS. In the Library of King’s Coll. , Cambridge. 

The Gospel of Nicodemus in the Northumbrian Dialect. To be edited for the first time from Harl. MS. 4196, &c. , Cotton-Galba E ix. , by R. Morris, Esq. 

The Romance of Melusine. To be edited for the first time from the unique MS. In the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. 

Syr Thomas Maleor’s Mort d’Arthur. To be edited from Caxton’s edition (1485 A. D. ) with a new Preface, Notes, and a Glossary. 

The Arthur Ballads. 

The Romance of Sir Tristrem. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS. 

The English Charlemagne Romances. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS. 

The Early English Version of the Gesta Romanorum. To be edited from the MSS. In the British Museum and other Libraries. 

The two different Versions of Piers Plowman, in parallel columns. 

Gawain Douglas’s Æneis. To be edited from the Cambridge MS. By Professor Fitz-Edward Hall, D. C. L. 

The Romance of Kyng Horn. To be edited from the MS. In the Library of the University of Cambridge. 

Roberd of Brunne’s Handlyng Synne, a treatise on the sins, and sketches of the manners, of English men and women in A. D. 1303. To be re-edited from the MSS. In the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries by F. J. Furnivall, Esq. , M. A. 

Cursor Mundi, the best dialectal version. To be edited from the MS. By Richard Morris, Esq. 

The History of the Saint Graal or Sank Ryal. By Henry Lonelich, Skynner (ab. 1440 A. D. ). To be re-edited from the unique MS. In the Library of Corpus Christi Coll. , Cambridge, by F. J. Furnivall, Esq. , M. A. 

Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt, the most valuable specimen of the Kentish dialect, 1340 A. D. To be edited from the MS. In the British Museum by Richard Morris, Esq. 

Froissart’s Chronicles translated out of Frenche into our maternall Englyshe Tonge, by Johan Bourchier Knight, Lord Berners. To be edited by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq. 

Skelton’s Translation of Diodorus Siculus, oute of freshe Latin, that is of Poggius Florentinus, containing six books. To be edited for the first time from the unique MS. In the Library of Corpus Christi Coll. , Cambridge. 

Sir David Lyndesay’s Monarche. Edited by Prof. Fitz-Edward Hall, D. C. L. , from the first edition by Jhone Skott. 

Some of the earliest English Dictionaries, as-- Abecedarium Anglico-latinum, by Richard Huloet (1552); and Baret’s Alvearie or Quadruple Dictionarie, to be edited from the editions of 1573 and 1580 by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq. 

The Subscription is £1 1_s. _ a year, due in advance on the 1st ofJanuary, and should be paid either to the Society’s Account at the UnionBank of London, 14, Argyll Place, W. , or by Post Office Order to theHon. Secretary, 53, Berners Street, London, W. ; to whom Subscribers’names and addresses should be sent. 

The Committee wish to draw the attention of the Subscribers to the factthat the Society’s Account has been transferred from the London andBirmingham Bank to the Regent Street Branch of the Union Bank of London. 

The Committee invite offers of voluntary assistance from those who maybe willing to edit or copy Texts, or to lend them books for reprintingor for re-reading with the original MSS. 

The Honorary Secretary’s Cash Account is annexed. 

_Abstract of the Income and Expenditure of the_ EARLY ENGLISH TEXTSOCIETY _for the Year ending December 31st, 1864. _

RECEIPTS. 

1864. £ _s. _ _d. _One hundred Subscriptions, at 1_l. _ 1_s. _ 105 0 0Forty-five ditto (through Agents), at 1_l. _ 45 0 01865. Two Subscriptions, at 1_l. _ 1_s. _ 2 2 0

 £152 2 0 =============

PAYMENTS. 

1864. £ _s. _ _d. _Printing Account (Austin)-- Alliterative Poems 62 7 6 Arthur 8 14 0 Lauder’s Tractate 15 14 0 Sir Gawayne 35 16 0 3, 500 Prospectuses 5 5 0 Packing, Postage, &c. , of Alliterative Poems and Arthur 1 16 6 ------------- 129 13 0 Less Discount 6 9 0 ------------- 123 4 0Petty Expenses-- Purchase of Books for Re-editing 5 18 0 Stationery, &c. 0 18 6 Postages (Circulars, &c. ) 4 4 6 Deduction on Country Cheque 0 0 7 Balance in the hands of the Hon. Secretary 0 13 0 Balance at the Bankers 17 3 5 ------------- £152 2 0 =============

We have examined this Account with the Books and Vouchers, and certifythat it is correct. 

Wm. CUNNINGHAM GLEN, REGINALD HANSON, B. A. , Auditors. 

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT:

DANBY P. FRY, ESQ. FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. Professor FITZ-EDWARD HALL. RICHARD MORRIS, ESQ. H. T. PARKER, ESQ. 

(_With power to add Workers to their number. _)

HONORARY SECRETARY:

HENRY B. WHEATLEY, ESQ. , 53, Berners Street, London. W. 

BANKERS:

THE UNION BANK OF LONDON, REGENT STREET BRANCH, 14, Argyll Place, W. 

THE ROYAL LIBRARY, Windsor Castle. 

ADAMS, Dr. Ernest, Victoria Park, Manchester. ALEXANDER, George Russell, Esq. , Glasgow. ALEXANDER, John, Esq. , 43, Campbell Street, Glasgow. AMHURST, Wm. A. Tyssen, Esq. , Didlington Park, Brandon, Norfolk. ASHER & CO. , Messrs. , 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W. C. (10 sets. )ATKINSON, Rev. J. C. , Danby Parsonage, Grosmont, York. AUFRECHT, Professor, 12, Cumin Place, Grange, Edinburgh. AUSTIN, Stephen, Hertford. 

BACKHOUSE, John G. , Esq. , Blackwell, Darlington. BAIN, J. , Esq. , Haymarket. BAKER, Charles, Esq. , 11, Sackville Street, W. BEARD, James, Esq. , The Grange, Burnage Lane, near ManchesterBLACKMAN, Frederick, Esq. , 4, York Road. S. BLADON, James, Esq. , Albion House, Pont y Pool. BOHN, Henry G. , Esq. , York Street, Covent Garden, W. C. BOSWORTH, Rev. Professor, D. D. , 20, Beaumont Street, Oxford. BRADSHAW, Henry, Esq. , King’s College, Cambridge. BUXTON, Charles, Esq. , M. P. , 7, Grosvenor Crescent, S. W. 

CHAPPELL, William, Esq. , 30, Upper Harley Street. W. CHEETHAM, Rev. S. , King’s College, London. W. C. CLARK, Rev. Samuel, The Vicarage, Bredwardine, Hereford. CLARK, E. C. , Esq. , Trinity College, Cambridge. COHEN, A. , Esq. , 6, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E. C. COLERIDGE, Miss Edith, Hanwell Rectory, Middlesex. COLERIDGE, J. Duke, Esq. , Q. C. , 1, Brick Court, Temple, E. C. COSENS, Frederick, Esq. , Larkbere Lodge, Clapham Park. COWPER, J. Meadows, Esq. , Davington, Faversham. CRAIK, Professor George L. , 2, Chlorina Place, Belfast. CRAIK, George L. , Esq. , Glasgow. 

DAVIES, Rev. John, Walsoken Rectory, near Wisbeach. DE LA RUE, Warren, Esq. , Bunhill Row. DE LA RUE, Wm. Frederick, Esq. , 110, Bunhill Road, E. C. DICKINSON, F. H. , Esq. , Kingweston House, Somerton, Somerset. DODDS, Rev. James, St. Stephen’s, Glasgow. DONALDSON, David, Esq. , Free Normal Seminary, Glasgow. D’ORSEY, Rev. A. J. , B. D. , 8, Lancaster Terrace, Regent’s Park. N. W. DOWDEN, Edward, Esq. , 8, Montenotte, Cork. DUBLIN, Right Rev. Richard C. Trench, Archbishop of, Dublin. DYKES, Rev. J. Oswald, Free St. George’s Church, Edinburgh. 

EARLE, Rev. J. , Swanswick Rectory, Bath. EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. EISDELL, Miss S. L. , Colchester. EUING, William, Esq. , 209, West George Street, Glasgow. 

FIELD, Hamilton, Esq. , New Park Road, Brixton Hill. FREETHY, Mr. Frederick, Working Men’s College, London. FRY, Danby P. , Esq. , Poor Law Board, Whitehall. FRY, Frederick, Esq. , Wellington Street, Islington. FURNIVALL, F. J. , Esq. , 3, Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn. , W. C. 

GEE, William, Esq. , High Street, Boston. GIBBS, Captain Charles, 2nd Regiment, Devonport. GIBBS, H. H. , Esq. , St. Dunstan’s, Regent’s Park. GLEN, W. Cunningham, Esq. , Poor Law Board, Whitehall. GOLDSTÜCKER, Professor, 14, St. George’s Square. N. W. GORDON, Rev. Robert, 14, Northumberland St. , Edinburgh. GUILD, J. Uylie, Esq. , Glasgow. 

HALES, J. W. , Esq. , Christ’s College, Cambridge. HALKETT, Samuel, Esq. , Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh. HALL, Professor Fitz-Edward, D. C. L. , 18, Provost Road, Haverstock Hill. N. W. HAMLEN, Charles, Esq. , 27, Virginia Street, Glasgow. HANSON, Reginald, Esq. , 43, Upper Harley Street. W. HEATH, N. , Esq. , Rector, The Academy, Alloa. HODGSON, Shadworth H. , Esq. , 45, Conduit Street, Regent’s Street. W. HOOPER, Rev. Richard, Aston Upthorpe. HORWOOD, Alfred S. , Esq. , New Court, Middle Temple. E. C. HOWARD, Hon. Richard E. , D. C. L. , Stamp Office, Manchester. 

INDIA OFFICE LIBRARY, Cannon Row. 

JACKSON, E. Steane, Esq. , Walthamstow House, Essex. JOHNSON, W. , Esq. , Eton College, Windsor. JONES, C. W. , Esq. , Gateacre, near Liverpool. JONES, E. B. , Esq. , 62, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury. JONES, Thomas, Esq. , Chetham Library, Manchester. 

KING, W. Warwick, Esq. , 29, Queen Street, Cannon Street West. E. C. 

LAING, David, Esq. , Signet Library, Edinburgh. LAMONT, Colin D. , Esq. , Union Bank of Scotland, Greenock. LECKIE, Thomas, Esq. , M. D. , 60, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park. W. LEIGH, John, Esq. , 26, St. John’s Street, Manchester. LODGE, Rev. Barton, Colchester. LONDON LIBRARY, St. James’s Square. S. W. LUARD, Rev. Henry Richard, 4, St. Peter’s Terrace, Cambridge. LUSHINGTON, E. L. , Esq. , Park House, Maidstone. 

MACDONALD, George, Esq. , 12, Earles Terrace, Kensington. W. MACDOUALL, Professor Charles, LL. D. , Queen’s College, Belfast. MACKENZIE, John Whitefoord, Esq. , 16, Royal Circus, Edinburgh. MACMILLAN, A. , Esq. , Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W. C. MADDEN, Sir Frederick, K. H. , British Museum. W. C. MANCHESTER, The Duke of. MELBOURNE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Victoria. MORRIS, Richard, Esq. , Christ Church School, St. George’s East. E. MUIR, John, Esq. , 16, Regent’s Terrace, Edinburgh. MULLER, Professor Max, 64, High Street, Oxford. MURDOCH, James Barclay, Esq. , 33, Lyndoch Street, Glasgow. 

NAPIER, George W. , Esq. , Alderley Edge, near Manchester. NASH, D. M. , Esq. , 21, Bentinck Street, Manchester Square. W. NEAVES, Lord, 7, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. NICHOL, Professor, University, Glasgow. NICHOLS, John Gough, Esq. , 25, Parliament Street, Westminster. NORRIS, Edwin, Esq. , 6, Michael’s Grove, Brompton. S. W. 

OGLE, Messrs. Maurice & Co. , Glasgow. OWEN’S COLLEGE LIBRARY, Manchester. 

PAINE, Cornelius, Jun. , Esq. , Surbiton Hill, Surrey. PANTON, Rev. George A. , Crown Circus, Dowanhill, Glasgow. (2 sets. )PARKER, H. T. , Esq. , 3, Ladbroke Gardens. W. (10 sets). PEILE, John, Esq. , Christ’s College, Cambridge. PERCEVAL, Charles Spencer, Esq. , 64, Eccleston Square. S. W. PRIAULX, Osw. De Beauvoir, Esq. , 8, Cavendish Square. W. 

RAINE, Rev. James, York. REGENT’S PARK COLLEGE. N. W. REILLY, Francis S. , Esq. , 22, Old Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn. W. C. RICHARDSON, Sir John, Lancrigg, Grasmere. ROSSETTI, Wm. , Esq. , 160, Albany Street. N. W. RUSKIN, John, Esq. , Denmark Hill, Camberwell (10 sets). 

ST. DAVID’S, Right Rev. Connop Thirlwall, Bishop of, Abergwili Palace, Carmarthen. SION COLLEGE, President and Fellows of, London Wall. SKEAT, Rev. Walter W. , Christ’s College, Cambridge. SLATTER, Rev. John, Streatley Vicarage, Reading. SMITH, Charles, Esq. , Faversham. SMITH, J. Guthrie, Esq. , Glasgow. SPRANGE, A. D. , Esq. , 12, Princes Street, Bayswater. W. STEPHENS, Professor George, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. STEVENSON, Rev. Prof. , D. D. , 37, Royal Terrace, Edinburgh. STEWART, Alexander B. , Esq. , Glasgow. STRATHEARN, Sheriff, County Buildings, Glasgow. 

TENNYSON, Alfred, Esq. , D. C. L. , Faringford, Isle of Wight. TRÜBNER, Nicholas, Esq. , 60, Paternoster Row (19 sets). TUCKER, Stephen, Esq. , 11, St. Petersburgh Place. W. TYSSEN, John R. D. , Esq. , Didlington Park, Brandon, Norfolk. 

WARD, Harry, Esq. , British Museum. W. C. WATTS, Thomas, Esq. , British Museum. W. C. WEDGWOOD, Hensleigh, Esq. , 1, Cumberland Place, Regent’s Park. WEYMOUTH, R. F. , Esq. , Portland Grammar School, Plymouth. WHEATLEY, Henry B. , Esq. , 53, Berners Street. W. --_Hon. Sec. _WILLIAMS, Sydney, Esq. , 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W. C. (2 sets. )WILLIAMSON, Stephen, Esq. , 13, Virginia Street, Glasgow. WILSON, Edward J. , Esq. , 6, Whitefriars Gate, Hull. WRIGHT, W. Aldis, Esq. , Trinity College, Cambridge. 

YOUNG, Alexander, Esq. , 38, Elm Bank Crescent, Glasgow. 

STEPHEN AUSTIN, Printer, Hertford.