+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: Italicized words, phrases, etc. Are | | surrounded by _underline charcters_. Greek transliterations | | are surrounded by ~tildas~. Diacritical marks over | | characters are bracketed: [=mt] indicates a macron over the | | letters mt, [(y] indicates a breve over the y, etc. Archaic | | spellings such as Ffurther and pseudonymes have been | | retained. | +--------------------------------------------------------------+

{325}NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. 

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"When found, make a note of. "--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. 

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No. 179. ]SATURDAY, APRIL 2. 1853. [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5d. 

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CONTENTS. 

NOTES:-- Page Jack, by John Jackson 325 Mythe _versus_ Myth, by Thomas Keightley 326 Witchcraft in 1638 326 St. Augustin and Baxter, by E. Smirke 327 FOLK LORE:--Subterranean Bells--Welsh Legend of the Redbreast 328 Johnsoniana 328 MINOR NOTES:--White Roses--Fifeshire Pronunciation --Original Letter--Erroneous Forms of Speech 329

QUERIES:-- Eustache de Saint Pierre, by Henry H. Breen 329 Passage in Coleridge 330 MINOR QUERIES:--Cann Family--Landholders in Lonsdale South of the Sands--Rotation of the Earth --Nelson and Wellington--Are White Cats deaf?-- Arms in Dugdale's "Warwickshire, " &c. --Tombstone in Churchyard--Argot and Slang--Priests' Surplices--John, Brother German to David II. -- Scott, Nelson's Secretary--The Axe which beheaded Anne Boleyn--Roger Outlawe--"Berte au Grand Pied"--Lying by the Walls--Constables of France-- St. John's Church, Shoreditch 330 MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Sir John Thompson --Ring, the Marriage--Amusive--Belfry Towers separate from the Body of the Church--An Easter-day Sun 332

REPLIES:-- Hamilton Queries, by Lord Braybrooke, &c. 333 The Wood of the Cross 334 Edmund Chaloner, by T. Hughes 334 "Anywhen" and "Seldom-when:" unobserved Instances of Shakespeare's Use of the latter, S. W. Singer 335 Chichester: Lavant, by W. L. Nichols 335 Scarfs worn by Clergymen, by Rev. John Jebb, &c. 337 Inscriptions in Books, by Russell Gole, George S. Master, &c. 337 PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES:--Head-rests-- Sir W. Newton's Explanations of his Process--Talc for Collodion Pictures 338 REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Portrait of the Duke of Gloucester--Key to Dibdin's "Bibliomania"--High Spirits a Presage of Evil--Hogarth's Works--Town Plough--Shoreditch Cross and the painted Window in Shoreditch Church--Race for Canterbury--Lady High Sheriff--Burial of an unclaimed Corpse--Surname of Allan--The Patronymic Mac--Cibber's "Lives of the Poets"--Parallel Passages, No. 2. : Stars and Flowers--Schomberg's Epitaph--Pilgrimages to the Holy Land--Album--Gesmas and Desmas--"Quod fuit esse"--Straw Bail--Pearl--Sermons by Parliamentary Chaplains, &c. 338

MISCELLANEOUS:-- Notes on Books, &c. 345 Books and Odd Volumes wanted 346 Notices to Correspondents 346 Advertisements 346

 * * * * *

NOTES. 

JACK. 

I wish to note, and to suggest to students in ethnology, the Query, howit comes to pass that John Bull has a peculiar propensity to call thingsby his own name, his familiar appellative of _Jack_?

Of all the long list of abbreviations and familiar names with whichtimes past and present have supplied us, that which honest Falstafffound most pleasing to his ears, "_Jack_ with my familiars!" is thehousehold word with which ours are most conversant. Were not _Jack_ theGiant-killer, _Jack_ and the Bean-stalk, and Little _Jack_, theintimates of our earliest days? when we were lulled to sleep by dittiesthat told of _Jack_ Sprat and his accommodating wife (an instance of theharmony in which those of opposite tastes may live in the bonds ofwedlock); of _Jack_, the bachelor who lived harmoniously with hisfiddle, and had a soul above the advice of his utilitarian friend; of_Jack_ who, like Caliban, was to have a new master; of _Jack_[1] thebrother of Gill; and of the _Jack_ who was only remarkable for having abrother, whose name, as a younger son, is not thought worthy of mention. And were not our waking hours solaced by songs, celebrating the goodJack[2], little _Jack_ Horner, and holding up to obloquy the bad Jack, naughty _Jacky_ Green, and his treachery to the innocent cat? Who doesnot remember the time when he played at _jack_-straws, fished for_jack_-sharps, and delighted in a skip-_jack_, or _jack_-a-jumper, when_jack_-in-a-box came back from the fair (where we had listened notunmoved to the temptations of that eloquent vagabond cheap-_Jack_) andpopped up his nose before we could say _Jack_ {326} Robinson; and when_Jack_-in-the-green ushered in May-day? While a halo of charmedrecollections encircles the memory of _Jack_-pudding, dear to theEnglishman as Jack Pottage and Jack Sausage (Jean Potage and Hans Wurst)are to Frenchman and German. 

Our childhood past, _Jack_ still haunts us at every turn and phase ofour existence. The smoke-_jack_ and bottle-_jack_, those revolutionaryinstruments that threw the turnspit out of employment (and havewell-nigh banished him from the face of the earth), cook the _Jack_hare, which we bring in in the pocket of our shooting-_jacket_. We wear_jack_-boots, and draw them off with boot-_jacks_; prop up our houseswith _jack_-screws; wipe our hands on _jack_-towels; drink out ofblack-_jacks_, and wear them on our backs too, at least our ancestorsdid; while flap-_jacks_[3] gave a relish to their Lenten diet, _jack_-of-the-clock[4] told them the hour; _Jack_ priests held rule overthem; and gentle exercise at the _jack_, at bowls, helped them to digesttheir dinners. We ride upon _jack_-asses; _jacks_ flourish in ourfish-ponds; _jack_-a-lanterns and _jack_-snipes flit over our bogs, theone scarcely less difficult to capture than the other; _jack_-dawsmultiply in our steeples, and _jack_-herons still linger about ourbaronial halls. 

The four _jack_ knaves, _jack_-a-lents, _jack_-a-dandies, _jack_-a-nasties, and _jacks_-in-office (_jack_-an-apeses every man_jack_ of them), with that name fraught with mysterious terror, _Jack_Ketch, are the scape-graces of this numerous family; and, at every_Jack_ who would be the gentleman, at a saucy _Jack_ who attempts toplay the _jack_ with us, our indignation rises, like that of Juliet'snurse. But, on the whole, _Jack_ is an honest fellow, who does his workin this life, though he has been reproached with Tom's helping him to donothing; but let the house that Jack built vindicate him from thiscalumny. _Jack_, we repeat, is an honest fellow, and is so moreespecially, when as _Jack_-tar (Heaven protect him from _Jack_-sharksboth on sea and shore!) he has old Ocean beneath, and the union-_jack_above him. Of black and yellow _jack_, who are foreigners, we make nomention; neither of _Jack_-Spaniards, nor of _Jacko_ the monkey, whom wedetest; but, go where we will, _Jack_ meets us, and is master of alltrades, for that we hold to be the right, though, we are aware, not theusual version of the saying. In short, with Merry _Andrews_, _Jerry_Sneaks, _Tom_ Noddies, and Silly _Simons_, we may all have a casualacquaintance; but _Jack_, sweet _Jack_, kind _Jack_, honest _Jack_, _Jack_ still is our familiar. 

JOHN JACKSON. 

 [Footnote 1: Jack and Gill were measures. "Wherefore, " says Grumio, "be the Jacks fair within and the Gills fair without, " meaning the leathern jacks clean within, and the metal gills polished without. ]

 [Footnote 2: His character has suffered by antiquarian research, which tells us that the song was made on a Colonel Horner, intrusted by the last Abbot of Wells with a pie, containing the title-deeds of the abbey, which he was to deliver to Henry VIII. , and that he abstracted one for his own purposes, whereupon the abbot was hanged. ]

 [Footnote 3: The old name for pancakes. Slap-_jacks_ is their present name in America. ]

 [Footnote 4: The figure which struck the hour, as on the old clocks of St. Dunstan's, and of Carfax in Oxford. ]

 * * * * *

MYTHE VERSUS MYTH. 

When I first began to write on Mythology, I followed the Germans inusing _mythus_ for the Greek ~mythos~. I afterwards thought itwould be better to Anglicise it, and, strange to say, I actually foundthat there was a rule in the English language without an exception. Itwas this: Words formed from Greek disyllables in ~os~, whetherthe penultimate vowel be long or short, are monosyllables made long by_e_ final. Thus, not only does ~bôlos~ make _bole_, but ~polos~ _pole_, ~poros~ _pore_, ~skopos~ _scope_, ~tonos~ _tone_, &c. ; so also ~gyros~, _gyre_; ~thymos~, _thyme_; ~stylos~, _style_; ~kybos~, _cube_, &c. : Itherefore, without hesitation, made an English word _m[=y]the_. Mr. Grote, in his _History of Greece_, has done the very same thing, andprobably on the same principles, quite independently of me; for, as I aminformed, he has never condescended to read my _Mythology of Greece andItaly_, perhaps because it was not written in German. We have had nofollowers, as far as I am aware, but Miss Lynn, in her classical novels, and Mr. J. E. Taylor, in his translation of the _Pentamerone_, &c. 

Meantime the English language had got another form of ~mythos~, namely, _m[)y]th_, which I believe made its first appearance in Mr. Cooley's _Maritime and Inland Discovery_, and so has the claim ofpriority, if not of correctness. This form has been so generallyadopted, that it seems likely ere long to become a mere slang term. Itis used for every kind of fiction whatever; indeed, I have seen itemployed where the proper word would be _hoax_. Nay, to make mattersworse, it is actually used of persons. Mrs. Harris, for instance, hasbeen termed a _myth_, as also was Robin Hood, not long since, even in"N. & Q. "! I wonder how Apolodorus would have looked, if he had heardOrion or Polyphemus called a ~mythos~!

Do I then expect the people of England to surrender their gloriousprivilege of going wrong without let or hindrance, in matters of grammarand etymology? Far from me be such folly and presumption. All I ventureto expect is, that men of learning and good sense will, when they arespeaking or writing about those venerable fictions which once commandedthe assent of polished nations, use the more dignified term _m[=y]the_, and the adjective _mythic_, instead of the hybrid _mythical_, leavingthe poor unhappy little _m[)y]th_ to be bandied about at the popularwill and pleasure. 

THOS. KEIGHTLEY. 

 * * * * *

WITCHCRAFT IN 1638. 

I inclose you an extract from an old document in my possession, whichappears to be the examination of two witnesses against one Mary Shepherdfor witchcraft. The nature of the offence is not {327} specified. Perhaps it may be interesting to some of your readers. 

 _The Exa[=m] of Jone Coward of Wareham, taken upon Oath the 28 March, 1638. _

 Who sayth, y't about Midsomer last past one Mary Sheapheard of Wareham did pull of one of this Ex[=mt]'s stockings, and within 2 howers after this Ex[=nt] was taken in all her limbs that she could not stur hand or foot, where upon this Ex[=nt] considered that the fors'd Mary Sheapheard had done her that hurt, and forth w'th cryed out upon the sayd Mary Shep. (though the sayd M. Shep. Was not present), where upon this Ex[=mt]'s mother went unto the house of M. Shep. To perswaed her to come downe to this Ex[=nt]; but the sayd M. Shep. Would not. Whereupon this Ex[=nt]'s mother went unto the Mayor of the Town, who co[=m]anded the s'd M. Shep. To goe to this Exa[=nt]. At length the s'd Ma. Shep. Accordingly did (and being co[=e]), she did wring this Ex[=nt] by the hande, and p'esently this Ex[=nt] recouered. Ffurther, the Ex[=nt] sayth, y't about ye 24 of July _next followinge_, this Ex[=nt] was taken in ye like manner ye second time, w'th her hands and feet wrested about, and so sent for the s'd M. Shep. , who instantly pulled the Ex[=nt] by the hands, and p'esently the Ex[=nt] recovered again. 

 JONE COWARD. 

 Joane Coward de Warh[=a], spinster £xx, To appear and give evidence at the next assizes ag[=nt] Ma. Sheapheard. 

 * * * * *

 _The Ex[=am] of Ann Trew, single woman, of Wareham, taken upon Oath as afors'd. _

 Who sayth, y't on ye 16th of March last past she saw Mary Shep. Come into ye house of Joh. Gillingame, and likewise saw Ed. Gillingame come down bare-footed very well, without any lamnesse or sickness at all, and p'esently after ye sayd Mary Shep. Had pulled on the legginge upon the legge of ye s'd Ed. Gill. , he fell instantly both lame and sick. Further, the Ex[=nt] asked the s'd Ed. Gill. (in the time of his sickness) what Ma. Shep. Did unto him, who answered, she did put her hand upon his thigh. 

 ANN TREW. 

 Anne Trew de Warh[=a], spinster £xx, To appear and give evidence at next assizes ag[=nt] M. Shepheard. 

I should like to know if the effect of her supposed sorcery could beattributed to mesmerism. The document in my possession appears to beoriginal, as Jone Coward's signature is in a different hand to that ofthe examination. 

J. C. M. 

Spetisbury. 

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ST. AUGUSTIN AND BAXTER. 

I am not aware that any author has pointed out a remarkable coincidencein the Confessions of St. Augustin and of Baxter:

 "Divers sins I was addicted to, and oft committed against my conscience, which, for the warning of others, I will here confess to my shame. I was much addicted to the excessive and gluttonous eating of apples and pears, which, I think, laid the foundation of the imbecility and flatulency of my stomach. .. . To this end, and to concur with naughty boys that gloried in evil, I have oft gone into other men's orchards and stolen the fruit, when I had enough at home. .. . These were my sins in my childhood, as to which conscience troubled me for a great while before they were overcome. "

Sir W. Scott cites the above passages in his _Life of Dryden_, withsharp comments on the rigid scruples of the Puritans:

 "How is it possible, " he says, "to forgive Baxter for the affectation with which he records the enormities of his childhood?. .. Can any one read this confession without thinking of Tartuffe, who subjected himself to penance for killing a flea with too much anger?. .. "

It probably did not occur to the biographer, that no less illustrious asaint than Augustin, to whom Puritanism can hardly be imputed, had madea parallel confession of like early depravity many centuries before. Enlarging on his own puerile delinquencies, and indeed on the wickednessof children in general, he confesses that, in company with other"naughty boys" ("nequissimi adolescentuli"), he not only stole apples, but stole them for the mere pleasure of the thing, and when he "hadenough at home":

 "Id furatus sum quod mihi abundabat, et multo melius. Nec eâ re volebam frui quam furto appetebam; sed ipso furto et peccato. Arbor erat pirus in viciniâ vineæ nostræ pomis onusta, nec formâ nec sapore illecebrosis. Ad hanc excutiendam atque asportandam, nequissimi adolescentuli perreximus nocte intempestâ; et abstulimus inde onera ingentia, non ad nostras epulas, sed vel projicienda porcis, etiamsi aliquid inde comedimus. .. . Ecce cor meum, Deus meus, ecce cor meum, quod miseratus es in imo abyssi!"--_Confessionum_, lib. Ii. Cap. Iv. 

In comparing the two cases, the balance of juvenile depravity is verymuch against the great Doctor of Grace. He does not seem to have hadeven a fondness for fruit to plead in extenuation of his larceny. Herobbed orchards by wholesale of apples, which, by his own admission, hadno attractions either of form or flavour to tempt him. Yet the twoanecdotes are so much alike, that one would be inclined to suspect onestory of being a mere recoction of the other if it were possible todoubt the veracity of Richard Baxter. 

{328}The incident, however, is one too familiar in schoolboy life to make therepetition of the story a matter of surprise. The property in an applegrowing within the reach of a boy's hand has from time immemorial beenin peril, and the law itself has not always regarded it as an object ofscrupulous protection. The old laws of the Rheingau, and (if I mistakenot) of some other states, warranted a wayfaring man in picking applesfrom any tree, provided he did not exceed the number of three. 

E. SMIRKE. 

 * * * * *

FOLK LORE. 

_Subterranean Bells_ (Vol. Vii. , pp. 128. 200. ). --In answer to J. J. S. 's inquiry, I beg to state, that at Crosmere, near Ellesmere, Shropshire, where there is one of a number of pretty lakes scatteredthroughout that district, there is a tradition of a chapel havingformerly stood on the banks of the lake. And it is said that the beliefonce was, that whenever the waters were ruffled by wind, the chapelbells might be heard as singing beneath the surface. This, thoughbearing on the subject of "submarine" or "subaqueous, " rather than"subterranean" bells, illustrates, I think, the tradition to which J. J. S. Refers. 

J. W. M. 

Hordley, Ellesmere. 

_Welsh Legend of the Redbreast. _--According to my old nurse (aCarmarthenshire woman), the redbreast, like Prometheus, is the victim~philanthrôpou tropou~. Not only the babes in the wood, butmankind at large, are indebted to these deserving favourites. How couldany child help regarding with grateful veneration the little bird withbosom red, when assured--

 "That far, far, far away is a land of woe, darkness, spirits of evil, and _fire_. Day by day does the little bird bear in his bill a drop of water to quench the flame. So near to the burning stream does he fly, that his dear little feathers are _scorched_: and hence he is named Bron-_rhuddyn_. [5] To serve little children, the robin dares approach the Infernal Pit. No good child will hurt the devoted benefactor of man. The robin returns from the land of _fire_, and therefore he feels the _cold_ of winter far more than his brother birds. He shivers in the brumal blast; hungry, he chirps before your door. Oh! my child, then, in gratitude throw a few crumbs to poor red-breast. "

Why, a Pythagorean would have eaten a peacock sooner than one of uswould have injured a robin. 

R. P. 

 [Footnote 5: Bron-rhuddyn = "breast-burnt, " or "breast-scorched. "]

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JOHNSONIANA. 

I inclose you a transcript of a letter of Boswell's which I think worthyof being permanently recorded, and am not aware of its having beenbefore in print. 

 Edinburgh, 11th April, 1774. 

 Dear Sir, When Mr. Johnson and I arrived at Inveraray after our expedition to the Hebrides, and there for the first time _after many days_ renewed our enjoyment of the luxuries of civilised life, one of the most elegant that I could wish to find was lying for me, a letter from Mr. Garrick. It was a pineapple of the finest flavour, which had a high zest indeed amongst the heath-covered mountains of Scotia. That I have not thanked you for it long ere now is one of those strange facts for which it is so difficult to account, that I shall not attempt it. The _Idler_ has strongly expressed many of the wonderful effects of the _vis inertiæ_ of the human mind. But it is hardly credible that a man should have the warmest regard for his friend, a constant desire to show it, and a keen ambition for a frequent epistolary intercourse with him, and yet should let months roll on without having resolution, or activity, or power, or whatever it be, to write a few lines. A man in such a situation is somewhat like Tantalus reversed. He recedes, he knows not how, from what he loves, which is full as provoking as when what he loves recedes from him. That my complaint is not a peculiar fancy, but deep in human nature, I appeal to the authority of St. Paul, who though he had not been exalted to the dignity of an apostle, would have stood high in fame as a philosopher and orator, "_What I would that do I not. _" You need be under no concern as to your debt to me for the book which I purchased for you. It was long ago discharged; for believe me, I intended the book as a present. Or if you rather chuse that it should be held as an exchange with the epitaphs which you sent me, I have no objection. Dr. Goldsmith's death would affect all the club much. I have not been so much affected with any event that has happened of a long time. I wish you would give me, who am at a distance, and who cannot get to London this spring, some particulars with regards to his last appearances. Dr. Young has a fine thought to this purpose, that every friend who goes before us to the other side of the river of death, makes the passage to us the easier. Were our club all removed to a future world but one or two, _they_, one should think, would incline to follow. By all means let me be on your list of subscribers to Mr. Morrell's _Prometheus_. You have enlivened the town, I see, with a musical piece. The prologue is admirably fancied _arripere populum tributim_; though, to be sure, Foote's remark applies to it, that your prologues {329} have a culinary turn, and that therefore the motto to your collection of them should be, _Animus jamdudum in Patinis_. A player upon words might answer him, "Any Patinis rather than your Piety in Pattens. " I wonder the wags have not been quoting upon you, "Whose erudition is a _Christmas tale_. " But Mr. Johnson is ready to bruise any one who calls in question your classical knowledge and your happy application of it. I hope Mr. Johnson has given you an entertaining account of his Northern Tour. He is certainly to favour the world with some of his remarks. Pray do not fail to quicken him by word as I do by letter. Posterity will be the more obliged to his friends the more that they can prevail with him to write. With best compliments to Mrs. Garrick, and hoping that you will not punish me by being long silent, I remain faithfully yours, JAMES BOSWELL. 

 To David Garrick, Esq. , Adelphi, London. 

W. P. 

 * * * * *

MINOR NOTES. 

_White Roses. _--In an old newspaper, _The Weekly Journal, or BritishGazetteer_, of Saturday, June 15, 1723, I find the following paragraph:

 "Monday being the anniversary of the White Roses, some persons who had a mind to boast that they had bid defiance to the government, put them on early in the morning; but the mob not liking such doings, gathered about them, and demolished the wearers; which so terrified the crew, that not one of them afterwards would touch a white rose. "

Can you, or any of your correspondents, explain this curious allusion?Is it to the emblem of the House of York, or the badge of the Pretender?

E. G. B. 

_Fifeshire Pronunciation. _--I have observed, in various parts ofFifeshire, a singular peculiarity in the pronunciation of certain words, of which the following are specimens:

 Pronounced

 Wrong, Vrang. Wright, Vricht (_gut. _). Wretch, Vretch. Write, _v. A. _ Vrite. Write, or writing, _s. _ Vreat. 

This strange mode is not altogether confined to the most illiterateportion of the people. My query is, Does this peculiarity obtain in anyother portion of Scotland?

A. R. X. 

Paisley. 

_Original Letter. _--The following letter, written by the French generalat Guadaloupe, when it was taken in 1810, to his conqueror, is anexquisite specimen of something more than that national politeness whichdoes not desert a Frenchman even in misfortune. I possess the original:

 Au quartier général du Parc, le 6 Février, 1810. 

 A son Excellence

 Le Général Beckwith, Commandant en chef les forces de sa Majesté Britannique aux isles du Vent. 

 Monsieur le Général, J'ai été prévenu que Votre Excellence se proposait de venir au Parc demain dans la matinée. J'ose espérer qu'elle voudra bien me faire l'honneur d'accepter le diner que lui offre un Général malheureux et vaincu, mais qu'il présente de tout coeur. 

 Daignez, Monsieur le Général, agréer l'assurance de la haute considération avec laquelle

 J'ai l'honneur d'être, de votre Excellence, Le très-obéissant serviteur, EMOUF. 

EDWARD FOSS. 

_Erroneous Forms of Speech. _--Since you allow your correspondents tocorrect such words as _teetotal_, I hope you will allow me to call theattention of your agricultural readers to the corruption in the word_mangold_, as they now write it. The word is in German _mangel wurzel_, root of scarcity. It is wrong to use even such a name as this, in myopinion, while we have the English name _beet_, which has the additionaladvantage of being derived from the botanical name _Beta_. But if a newname must be used, let it, at any rate, be the pure German _mangel_, andnot the mongrel _mangold_. Indeed, those who spell the word in thelatter way, ought in common consistency to write _reddishes_, _sparrowgrass_, and _cowcumbers_ for radishes, asparagus, and cucumbers. 

E. G. R. 

 * * * * *

QUERIES. 

EUSTACHE DE SAINT PIERRE. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 10. )

MR. KING'S inquiry reminds me of two Queries on the same subject which Isent you as far back as the end of 1851, or beginning of 1852. ThoseQueries have not appeared in "N. & Q. , " and I was led to suppose, eitherthat you had laid them aside for some future occasion, or had foundsomething objectionable in the form in which they were presented. Thefollowing is a literal copy. 

 "There are two circumstances connected with this event (the surrender of Calais), respecting which I am desirous of obtaining information. The first has reference to the individuals who offered themselves as victims to appease the exasperation of Edward III. , after the obstinate siege of {330} that town in 1347. They are represented as _six_ of the principal citizens; Eustache de Saint Pierre was at their head, and the names of three others have come down to us, as Jean d'Aire, Jacques de Wissant, and Pierre de Wissant. Who were the other two?

 "The second point relates to the character of that occurrence. Some historians are of opinion that the devotedness of Saint Pierre and his associates was prompted by the most exalted sentiments of patriotism; while others assert that it was all a 'sham, ' that Saint-Pierre was secretly attached to the cause of the English monarch, and that he was subsequently employed by him in some confidential negociations. To which of these opinions should the historical inquirer give his assent?"

I may add, in reply to MR. KING, that "the light thrown on thesubject, through M. De Bréquigny's labours, " has been noticed in the_Biographie Universelle_, sub voce _Saint-Pierre (Eustache de)_; and itwas the remarks in that work that first drew my attention to it. Thecircumstances disclosed by Bréquigny are also commented upon by Lévesquein his _La France sous les Valois_. 

HENRY H. BREEN. 

St. Lucia. 

 * * * * *

PASSAGE IN COLERIDGE. 

De Quincy, in his "Suspiria de Profundis, " Blackwood's _Magazine_, June, 1845, p. 748. , speaking of the spectre of the Brocken, and of theconditions under which that striking phenomenon is manifested, observesthat

 "Coleridge ascended the Brocken on the Whitsunday of 1799 with a party of English students from Goettingen, but failed to see the phantom; afterwards in England (and under the same three conditions) he saw a much rarer phenomenon, which he described in the following eight lines. I give them from a corrected copy. The apostrophe in the beginning must be understood as addressed to an ideal conception:

 "'And art thou nothing? Such thou art as when The woodman winding westward up the glen At wintry dawn, when o'er the sheep-track's maze The viewless snow-mist weaves a glist'ning haze, Sees full before him, gliding without tread, An image with a glory round its head: This shade he worships for its golden hues, And makes (not knowing) that which he pursues. '"

These lines are from "Constancy to an ideal Object;" but in the usualeditions of Coleridge's _Poems_, the last two lines are printed thus:

 "The enamour'd rustic worships its fair hues, Nor knows he makes the shadow he pursues. " Coleridge's _Poetical Works_, vol. Ii. P. 91. , 1840. 

Query: Which reading is the correct one? Coleridge refers to the_Manchester Philosophical Transactions_ for a description of thisphenomenon; but, as the earlier volumes of these are scarce, perhapssome of your correspondents would copy the description from the volumewhich contains it, or furnish one from some authentic source. 

J. M. B. 

 * * * * *

MINOR QUERIES. 

_Cann Family. _--Can any of your correspondents enlighten me as to theorigin of this family name; and if of foreign extraction, as I suspect, in what county of England they first settled? There is a village inDorsetshire called Cann St. Rumbold. Possibly this may afford some clue. Burke informs us that William Cann, Esq. , was Mayor of Bristol in 1648, and that his son, Sir Robert Cann, also Mayor, and afterwards M. P. Forthat city, was knighted by Charles II. In 1662, and created a Baronet, September 13th in the same year. The title became extinct in 1765, bythe death of Sir Robert Cann, the sixth Baronet. The first Baronet hadseveral brothers, some of whom most probably left issue, as I find arespectable family of that name now, and for many years past, located inDevonshire; but I am not aware if they are descended from the samestock. 

DOMINI-CANN. 

Canada. 

_Landholders in Lonsdale South of the Sands. _--In his _History ofLancashire_, Baines states (vol. I. Chap. Iv. ) that a return of theprincipal landholders in Lonsdale South of the Sands, in the time ofJames I. , has been kept; but he does not state where the return isregistered, nor whether it was in a private or public form. In fact, itis impossible to make any reference to the return, from the briefmention made of it by Baines. 

Perhaps some one of your Lancashire correspondents may be acquaintedwith the sources of the learned historian's information. If so, it wouldmuch oblige your correspondent to be directed to them, as also to any ofthe Lancashire genealogical authorities referring to the district ofLonsdale South of the Sands. 

OBSERVER. 

_Rotation of the Earth. _--Has the experiment which about two years agowas much talked of, for demonstrating the rotation of the earth by meansof a pendulum, been satisfactorily carried out and proved? And if so, where is the best place for finding an account of it? The diagram by Mr. Little in the _Illustrated London News_ does not seem to explain thematter very fully. 

[?]

_Nelson and Wellington. _--The following statement has been going theround of the American newspapers since the death of the Duke ofWellington. Is it true?--"Lord Nelson was the eighteenth in descent fromKing Edward I. , and {331} the Duke of Wellington was descended from thesame monarch. "

UNEDA. 

_Are White Cats deaf?_--White cats are reputed to be "hard of hearing. "I have known many instances, and in all stupidity seemed to accompanythe deafness. Can any instances be given of white cats possessing thefunction of hearing in anything like perfection?

SHIRLEY HIBBERD. 

_Arms in Dugdale's "Warwickshire, " &c. _--In Dugdale's _Warwickshire_(1656), p. 733. Fig. 21. , is a coat of arms from the Prior's Lodgings atMaxstoke, viz. Or, fretty of ten pieces sa. With a canton gu. And inShaw's _Hist. Of Staffordshire_, vol. I. P. *210. , is the notice of asimilar coat from Armitage Church, near Rugeley, extracted out of_Church Notes_, by Wyrley the herald, taken about 1597: viz. "Rugeley asbefore, impaling O. Fretty of . .. S. With a canton G. Query if . .. "

Dugdale gives another coat, p. 111. Fig. 12. , from the windows ofTrinity Church, Coventry; viz. Arg. On a chev. Sa. Three _stars_ of thefirst. There is a mitre over this coat. 

Can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q. " assign the family names tothese arms? Does the mitre necessarily imply a bishop or mitred abbot;and, if not, does it belong to John de Ruggeley, who was Abbot ofMerevale (not far from Coventry) temp. Hen. VI. , one branch of whosefamily bore--Arg. On a chev. Sa. Three _mullets_ of the first. I mayobserve that this John was perhaps otherwise connected with Coventry;for Edith, widow of Nicholas de Ruggeley, his brother, left a legacy, says Dugd. , p. 129. , to an anchorite mured up at Stivichall Church, amember of St. Michael's Church, Coventry. 

The same coat (_i. E. _ with the mullets) is assigned by Dugd. , p. 661. Fig. 12. , to the name of Knell. 

J. W. S. R. 

_Tombstone in Churchyard. _--Does any one know of a legible inscriptionolder than 1601?

A. C. 

_Argot and Slang. _--I shall be much obliged by learning from anycorrespondent the etymons of _argot_ (French) and _slang_, as applied tolanguage; and when did the latter term first come into use?

THOS. LAWRENCE. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch. 

_Priests' Surplices. _--Will some of the readers of "N. & Q. " favour mewith a decision or authority on the following point? Does a priest'ssurplice differ from that worn by a lay vicar, or vicar choral? I havebeen an old choir-boy; and some few years since, as a boy, used toremark that the priests' surplices worn at St. Paul's, the Chapel Royal, and Westminster Abbey, were, as a sempstress would term it, _gaged_, orstitched down in rows over the shoulders some seven or eight times atthe distance of about half an inch from each other. In the cathedralchurches of Durham, York, Hereford, Worcester, Gloucester, and Oxford, Ihave remarked their almost universal adoption; but, to the best of mybelief, I have never seen such a description of vestment in use amongparochial clergymen, above half-a-dozen times, and I am desirous ofknowing if the _gaged_ surplice is peculiar to cathedrals and collegiatechurches (I have even seen canons residentiary in them, habited in thelay vicar's surplice), or is the surplice used by choristers, undergraduates, and vicars choral, which, according to my earlyexperience, is one without needlework, the correct officiating garment;the latter is almost universally used at funerals, where the officiatingpriest seldom wears either his scarf or hood, and presents anything buta dignified appearance when he crowns this _négligée_ with one of ourgrotesque chimney-pot hats, to the exclusion of the more appropriatecollege cap. 

AMANUENSIS. 

_John, Brother German to David II. _--Can any of your readers solve theproblem in Scotch history, who was John, brother german to King DavidII. , son of Robert Bruce? David II. , in a charter to the Priory ofRostinoth, uses these words: "Pro salute animæ nostræ, etc. , ac obbenevolentiam et affectionem specialem quam erga dictum prioratum devotegerimus eo quod ossa celebris memoriæ Johannis fratris nostri germaniibidem (the Priory) humata quiescunt dedimus, etc. , viginti marcassterlingorum, etc. " Dated at Scone, "in pleno parliamento nostro tentoibidem decimo die Junii anno regni sexto decimo. "

The expression "celebris memoriæ" might almost be held to indicate thatJohn had lived to manhood, but is perhaps only a style of royalty;nevertheless, the passage altogether seems to lead to the inference, that the person had at least survived the age of infancy. King Robert'sbastard son, Sir Robert Bruce, had a grant of the lands of Finhaven, inthe neighbourhood of Rostinoth. [6]

DE CAMERA. 

 [Footnote 6: Dr. Jamieson has a note on King David II. , brother, in his edition, of Barbour's Bruce; but does not quote the words of the charter so fully as they are here given. --_The Bruce and Wallace_, 4to. , Edin. 1820, vol. I. P. 485. ]

_Scott, Nelson's Secretary. _--Can any of your readers give meinformation as to the pedigree and family of John Scott, Esq. , publicsecretary to Lord Nelson? He was killed at Trafalgar on board theVictory; and dying while his sons were yet very young, his descendantspossess little knowledge on the subject to which I have alluded. He was, I _think_, born at Fochabers, near Gordon Castle, where his mother isknown to have died. 

A SUBSCRIBER. 

{332}_The Axe which beheaded Anne Boleyn. _--A friend of mine has excited mycuriosity by stating, that in his school-boy readings of the history ofEngland, he learned that the axe which deprived Henry VIII. 's secondwife (Anne Boleyn) of her head was preserved as a relic in the NorthgateStreet of Kent's ancient citie, Canterbury. I have written to friendsliving in that locality for a confirmation of such a strange fact; butthey plead ignorance. Can any of your numerous readers throw any lightrelative to this subject upon the benighted mind of

PHILIP WEST. 

_Roger Outlawe. _--A friend of mine in Germany has met with some ancientrolls, said to have been from the Irish Court of Common Pleas, chieflyof the time of Edward III. , and headed thus:

 "Communia placita apud Dublin coram fratre Rogero Outlawe priore hospitii sancti Johannis de Jerusalem in hibernia tenens locum Johannis Darcy le Cosyn Justiciarii hiberniæ apud Dublin die pasche in viiij mense anno B. Etii post ultimum conquestum hiberniæ quarto. "

Can any person state who this _Roger Outlawe_ was? And is it notsingular that a prior of a religious and military establishment shouldbe qualified to sit as _locum tenens_ of a judge in a law court?

H. T. ELLACOMBE. 

Clyst St. George. 

"_Berte au Grand Pied. _"--I should be glad to know what is the historyor legend of the goose-footed queen, whose figure Mr. Laing, in his_Norway_, p. 70. 8vo. Edition, says is on the portals of four Frenchcathedrals. 

THOS. LAWRENCE. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch. 

_Lying by the Walls. _--What is the origin of the phrase "Lying by thewalls, " an euphemism for _dead_? It was very commonly used in thiscounty some years ago. Instead of saying "Poor M. Or N. Is _dead_, " theyalways said "Poor M. Or N. _lies by the walls_. "

R. P. 

St. Ives, Hunts. 

_Constables of France_ (Vol. Vi. , pp. 128. 254. ). --Has no person beenappointed to fill that high office since the death of the Duc de Luynes, in 1621?

A. S. A. 

Wuzzeerabad. 

_St. John's Church, Shoreditch. _--The church of St. John, within thepriory of Holywell, Shoreditch, and the chapel adjoining it, built bySir Thomas Lovel, treasurer of the household to King Henry VII. , knightof the most noble Order of the Garter, &c. 

Is there any better or other account of this priory, church, and chapelthan that given in the _Monasticon_? Judging by the statement copied byMr. Lysons from the original entry in the books of the College of Arms, the chapel must have been a splendid building. Sir Thomas Lovel wasburied there on the 8th June, 1525, "in a tombe of whyte marbell whichboth hit and the chappell were founded by hym, and it stondeth on thesouthe syde of the quyre of the saide churche. " At his funeral therewere present the Bishop of London, Lord St. John, Sir Richard Wyngfield, and many others, nobles and gentlemen. The Abbot of Waltham, the Priorof St. Mary Spital, four orders of friars, the Mayor and all thealdermen of London, the gentlemen of the Inns of Court, the LordSteward, and all the clerks of London, &c. , also attended. What acontrast to the present condition of the place, now a scavenger's yard, once the apparently last resting-place of the councillor of a mightysovereign! "They that did feed delicately, that were brought up inscarlet, embrace dunghills. The holy house where our fathers worshippedis laid waste. "

WARDEN S. HENDRY. 

P. S. --Part of the chapel is now to be found under the floor of the "OldKing John, " Holywell Lane. The stone doorway into the porter's lodge ofthe priory still exists; but, from the accumulation of earth, the crownof the arch is six feet below the ground. I took a sketch of it, andsome other remains of the priory, also under ground, about ten yearsago. 

W. S. H. 

 * * * * *

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS. 

_Sir John Thompson. _--What are the crest, arms, motto, and supporters ofSir John Thompson, Bart. , created Baron Haversham, of Haversham andNewport Pagnel, about the eighth year of William III. ?

R. P. D. 

 [Or, on a fesse indented az. Three etoiles ar. ; on a canton of the second, a sun in his glory, ppr. --Crest, an arm, erect, vested gu. Cuff ar. Holding in the hand ppr. Five ears of wheat or. Motto, "In lumine luce. "--Robson's _British Herald_, vol. Ii. _s. V. _; and for the plate, vol. Iii. Pl. 50. ]

_Ring, the Marriage. _--When and how did the use of the ring, in themarriage ceremony, originate? Is it of Christian origin; or is itderived from the Jews, or from the Greeks or Romans?

JONATHAN PIM. 

 [Brand quotes Vallancey and Leo Modena for the use of the marriage ring among the Jews (_Popular Antiq. _, vol. Ii. P. 103. Edit. 1849). Wheatly, however, has given the most detailed account of its origin:--"The reason, " he says, "why a ring was pitched upon for the pledge rather than anything else was, because anciently the ring was a _seal_, by which all orders were signed, and things of value secured (Gen. Xxxviii. 18. , Esther iii. 10. 12. , 1 Maccab. Vi. 15. ); and therefore the delivery of it was a sign that the person to whom {333} it was given was admitted into the highest friendship and trust (Gen. Xli. 42. ). For which reason it was adopted as a ceremony in marriage to denote that the wife, in consideration of her being espoused to the man, was admitted as a sharer in her husband's counsels, and a joint-partner in his honour and estate: and therefore we find that not only the _ring_, but the _keys_ also were in former times delivered to her at the marriage. That the ring was in use among the old Romans, we have several undoubted testimonies (Juvenal, _Sat. _ vi. Ver. 26, 27. ; Plin. _Hist. Nat. _, lib. Iii. C. I. ; Tertull. _Apol. _, c. Vi. P. 7. A. ). Pliny, indeed, tells us, that in his time the Romans used an iron ring without any jewel; but Tertullian hints, that in the former ages it was a ring of gold. "--_Rational Illustration of the Common Prayer_, p. 390. Edit. 1759. ]

_Amusive. _--Is this word peculiar to Thomson, or is it made use of byother poets? Its meaning does not appear to be very definite. In the_Spring_ it is applied to the rooks, with their "ceaseless cawsamusive;" in the _Summer_ to the thistledown, which "amusive floats;"and in the _Autumn_, the theory of the supposed cause of mountainsprings is called an "amusive dream. " Thomson seems to have been partialto these kind of adjectives, "effusive, " "diffusive, " "prelusive, " &c. 

CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A. 

 [A reference to Richardson's _Dictionary_ will show that, however fond Thomson may have been of this word, it is not one peculiar to him. Whitehead says:

 "To me 'twas given to wake _th' amusive_ reed, "

 and Chandler, in his _Travels in Greece_, speaks of the wind "murmuring _amusively_ among the pines. "]

_Belfry Towers separate from the Body of the Church. _--At Mylor, nearFalmouth, there is an old tower for the bells (where they are rung everySunday), separate from the church itself, which has a very low tower. Are there many other instances of this? I do not remember to have seenany. 

J. S. A. 

 [If our correspondent will refer to the last edition of the _Glossary of Architecture_, s. V. _Campanile_, he will learn that though bell towers are generally attached to the church, they are sometimes unconnected with it, as at Chichester cathedral, and are sometimes united merely by a covered passage, as at Lapworth, Warwickshire. There are several examples of detached bell-towers still remaining, as at Evesham, Worcestershire; Berkeley, Gloucestershire; Walton, Norfolk; Ledbury, Herefordshire; and a very curious one entirely of timber, with the frame for the bells springing from the ground, at Pembridge, Herefordshire. At Salisbury a fine early English detached campanile, 200 feet in height, surmounted by a timber turret and spire, stood near the north-west corner of the cathedral, but was destroyed by Wyatt. ]

_An Easter-day Sun. _--In that verse of Sir John Suckling's famous_Ballad upon a Wedding_, wherein occurs the simile of the "little mice, "what is the meaning of the allusion to the Easter-day sun?--

 "But oh! she dances such a way, No sun upon an Easter-day Is half so fine a sight!"

CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A. 

 [It was formerly a common belief that the sun danced on Easter-day: see Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, vol. I. P. 161. _et seq. _ So general was it, that Sir Thomas Browne treats on it in his _Vulgar Errors_, vol. Ii. P. 87. Ed. Bohn. ]

 * * * * *

Replies. 

HAMILTON QUERIES. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 285. )

On reference to the Peerages of Sir Harris Nicolas and Wood, I feel nodoubt that the father of Lord Spencer Hamilton, as TEE BEE remarks, wasthe fifth Duke of Hamilton, and not the third, as Collins (editionBrydges) states, who misled me. Perhaps the perplexity, if any, arosefrom Anne Duchess of Hamilton, the inheritress of the ducalhonours by virtue of the patent of 1643, after the deaths of her fatherand uncle _s. P. M. _, having obtained a _life dukedom_ for her husband, William Earl of Selkirk, and, subsequently to his decease, havingsurrendered all her titles in favour of their eldest son, James Earl ofArran, who was in 1698 made Duke of Hamilton, with the same precedencyof the original creation of 1643, as if he had succeeded thereto. 

Sir William Hamilton, the ambassador, married first, Jan. 25, 1752, theonly child of Hugh Barlow, Esq. , of Lawrenny in Pembrokeshire, with whomhe got a large estate: she died at Naples, Aug. 25, 1782, and was buriedin Wales. His second lady was Emma Harte, a native of Hawarden inFlintshire; where her brother, then a bricklayer working for the lateSir Stephen Glynne, was pointed out to me forty years ago. In Wood's_Peerage_ it is stated that Sir W. Hamilton's second marriage took placeat London, Sept. 6, 1794: he died in April, 1803, and was buried inSlebech Church. 

I well remember Single-speech Hamilton, who was a fried of the family, dining with my father when I was a little boy; and I still retain theimpression of his having been a tall and thin old gentleman, very muchout of health. He left a treatise called _Parliamentary Logick_, published in 1808. The brief memoir of the author prefixed to the work, makes no mention of him as a member of the House of Hamilton; but it issaid that he derived his name of Gerard from his god-mother Elizabeth, daughter of Digby, Lord Gerard of Bromley, widow of James, fourth Dukeof Hamilton, who fell in the duel with Lord Mohun, which looks as ifsome affinity was recognised. {334} The same authority tells us thatWilliam Gerard Hamilton was the only child of a Scotch advocate, WilliamHamilton, by Hannah Hay, one of the sisters of David Bruce, theAbyssinian traveller; and that he removed to London, and practised withsome reputation at the English bar. Mr. W. G. Hamilton died, unmarried, in July, 1796, æt. Sixty-eight. 

BRAYBROOKE. 

TEE BEE has, by his Queries about Sir W. Hamilton, recalled some mostpainful reminiscences connected with our great naval hero. According tothe statement in the _New General Biographical Dictionary_, Sir WilliamHamilton was married to _his first wife_ in the year 1755; but althoughit is asserted that she brought her husband 5000l. A-year, her name isnot given. She died in 1782, and in 1791 "he married Emma Harte, thefascinating, mischievous, and worthless Lady Hamilton. " Pettigrew, inhis _Memoirs of Nelson_, says, that this marriage took place at St. George's, Hanover Square, _on the 6th of September_, 1791. TEE BEE willfind a full account of Lady H. In the above-mentioned work of Pettigrew. 

F. S. B. 

 * * * * *

THE WOOD OF THE CROSS. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 177. )

I never heard of our Lord's cross having been made of _elder_ wood. Thecommon idea, legend, or tradition, that prevailed formerly was, that theupright beam of the cross was made of _cedar_, the cross-beam of_cypress_, the piece on which the inscription was written of _olive_, and the piece for the feet of palm. 

The legend concerning the wood of the cross is very curious, and may beanalysed as follows:--When Adam fell sick, he sent his son Seth to thegate of the garden of Eden to beg of the angel some drops of the oil ofmercy that distilled from the tree of life. The angel replied that nonecould receive this favour till five thousand years had passed away. Hegave him, however, a cutting from the tree, and it was planted uponAdam's grave. It grew into a tree with three branches. The rod of Moseswas afterwards cut from this tree. Solomon had it cut down to make of ita pillar for his palace. The Queen of Sheba, when she went to visitSolomon, would not pass by it, as she said it would one day cause thedestruction of the Jews. Solomon then ordered it to be removed andburied. The spot where it was buried was afterwards dug for the pool ofBethsaida, and the mysterious tree communicated the power of healing tothe waters. As the time of the Passion of Christ approached, the woodfloated on the surface of the water, and was taken for the upright beamof the cross. See this curious legend at greater length in the _Gospelof Nicodemus_; the _Legenda Aurea_ at the feasts of the Discovery andExaltation of the Cross; Curzon's _Monasteries of the Levant_, p. 163. ;and Didron's _Iconography_, p. 367. , Bohn's edition. 

I think, however, that I can explain the origin of the question put toRUBI by his poor parishioner as to the cross having been made of _elder_wood. His question may have sprung from a corruption of an old traditionor legend regarding not our Saviour, but Judas his betrayer. Judas issaid to have hanged himself on an _elder_ tree. Sir John Maundeville, inhis description of Jerusalem, after speaking of the Pool of Siloe, adds, "And fast by is still the elder tree on which Judas hanged himself for despair, when he sold and betrayed our Lord. "--P. 175. , Bohn's edit. 

To return to the wood of the cross. In Sir John Maundeville's time aspot was pointed out at Jerusalem as the spot where the tree grew:

 "To the west of Jerusalem is a fair church, where the tree of the cross grew. "--P. 175. 

and he speaks of the wood of this tree as having once been used as abridge over the brook Cedron (p. 176. ). Henry Maundrell describes aGreek convent that he visited, about half an hour's distance fromJerusalem:

 "That which most deserves to be noted in it, is the reason of its name and foundation. It is because there is the earth that nourished the root, that bore the tree, that yielded the timber, that made the cross. Under the high altar you are shown a hole in the ground where the stump of the tree stood. "--P. 462. 

These are some of the legendary traditions regarding the history andsite of the wood of the cross, up to the time of the Passion of Christ. 

CEYREP. 

 * * * * *

EDMUND CHALONER. 

(Vol. Vi. , p. 292. )

I have been waiting for several months in expectation of seeing somesatisfactory reply to URSULA'S Query. It seems, however, that, in commonwith myself, your numerous correspondents are quite at a nonplus. Wood, in his _Athenæ Oxoniensis_, vol. Ii. P. 163. , mentions this EdmundChaloner as being about nineteen (URSULA says twenty-one) years old atthe death of his father, James Chaloner, in 1660. Wood, Granger, as alsoBurke in his _Extinct Baronetage_, represent James as being the fourthson of Sir Thomas Chaloner of Gisborough, in the county of York, andthis appears to be the general impression as to his parentage. In a_History of Cheshire_, however, written, I believe, by Cowdray, andpublished in 1791, the author claims him as a native of that county, andmakes him to be of much {335} humbler birth and descent than any of hisother biographers. Hear him in his own words:

 "Our succeeding (Cheshire) collectors form a family harmonic trio, a father, son, and grandson, of the surname of Chaloner, and of the several Christian names, Thomas, Jacob, and _James_. Thomas was an arms-painter in Chester about 1594; he knew the value of learning sufficiently to give his son a better education than he received himself. And this son followed the same occupation in Chester, and made collections, about the year 1620. But it was _James_, the grandson, who reflected the greatest credit upon his family, by a very concise, accurate, and sensible account of the Isle of Man, printed at the end of King's _Vale Royal_, in 1656. He laid the foundation of a learned education in our much honoured college (Brazennoze); and when the parliament invested Lord Fairfax with the Seignory of Man, he was one of his lordship's three commissioners for settling the affairs of that island. The antiquarian collections of all the three Chaloners are valuable. "

Without specially binding myself to either one of these conflictingtestimonies, I may be allowed to suggest that, apart from any proof tothe contrary, the inference that he was a native of Chester is aperfectly fair and legitimate one. His _Short Treatise of the Isle ofMan_, which was the only work he ever sent to press, was printed at theend of that famous Cheshire work, the _Vale Royal of England_, in 1656, and was illustrated with engravings by Daniel King, the editor of thatwork, himself a Cheshire man. Independent of this, his biographer Woodinforms us that he was "a singular lover of antiquities, " and that he"made collections of arms, monuments, &c. , in Staffordshire, Salop, and_Chester_, " the which collections are now, I believe, in the BritishMuseum. * He made no collections for Yorkshire, nor yet for London, wherehe is stated by Wood to have been born. One thing is certain, JamesChaloner of Chester was living at the time this treatise was written, and was, moreover, a famous antiquary, and a collector for this, hisnative county; but whether he was, _de facto_, the regicide, or merelyhis cotemporary, I leave it to older and wiser heads to determine. 

T. HUGHES. 

Chester. 

 *[In the _Harleian Collection_, No. 1927. , will be found "A paper Book in 8vo. , wherein are contained, Poems, Impreses, and other Collections in Prose and Verse; written by Thomas Chaloner and Randle Holme, senior, both Armes-Painters in Chester, with other Notes of less value. "--ED. ]

 * * * * *

"ANYWHEN" AND "SELDOM-WHEN:" UNOBSERVED INSTANCES OF SHAKSPEARE'S USE OFTHE LATTER. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 38. )

MR. FRASER'S remark about the word _anywhen_ has brought to my mind twopassages in Shakspeare which have been always hitherto rendered obscureby wrong printing and wrong pointing. The first occurs in _Measure forMeasure_, Act IV. Sc. 2. , where the Duke says:

 "This is a gentle provost: _seldom-when_ The steeled gaoler is the friend of men. "

Here the compound word, signifying _rarely_, _not often_, has beenalways printed as two words; and MR. COLLIER, following others, has even placed a comma between _seldom_ and _when_. 

The other passage occurs in the Second Part of _King Henry IV. _, Act IV. Sc. 4. ; where Worcester endeavours to persuade the king that PrinceHenry will leave his wild courses. King Henry replies:

 "'Tis _seldom-when_ the bee doth leave her comb In the dead carrion. "

Here also the editors have always printed it as two words; and, asbefore, MR. COLLIER here repeats the comma. 

That the word was current with our ancestors, is certain; and I have nodoubt that other instances of it may be found. We have a similarcompound in Chaucer's _Knight's Tale_, v. 7958. :

 "I me rejoyced of my lyberté, That _selden-tyme_ is founde in mariage. "

Palsgrave, too, in his _Eclaircissement de la Langue Françoise_, 1530, has--

 "_Seldom-what_, Gueres souvent. "

_Seldom-when_, as far as my experience goes, seems to have passed out ofuse where archaisms still linger; but _anywhen_ may be heard any day andevery day in Surrey and Sussex. Those who would learn the _rationale_ ofthese words will do well to consult Dr. Richardson's most excellent_Dictionary_, under the words AN, ANY, WHEN, and SELDOM. 

This is at least a step towards MR. FRASER'S wish of seeing _anywhen_legitimatised; for what superior claim had _seldom-when_ to be enshrinedand immortalised in the pages of the poet of the world?

S. W. SINGER. 

Manor Place, South Lambeth. 

 * * * * *

CHICHESTER: LAVANT. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 269. )

Your correspondent C. Affirms, as a mark of the Roman origin ofChichester, that "the little stream that runs through it is called theLavant, _evidently from lavando_!" Now nobody, as old Camden says, "hasdoubted the _Romanity_ of Chichester;" but I am quite sure that themembers of the Archæological Institute (who meet next summer upon thebanks of this same _Lavant_) would decidedly demur to so singular aproof of it. 

{336}C. Is informed that, in the fourth volume of the _Archæologia_, p. 27. , there is a paper by the Hon. Daines Barrington, on the term _Lavant_, which, it appears, is commonly applied in Sussex to all brooks which aredry at some seasons, as is the case with the Chichester river. 

 "From the same circumstance, " it is added, "the sands between Conway and Beaumaris in Anglesey, are called the _Lavant sands_, because they are dry when the tide ebbs; as are also the sands which are passed at low water between Cartmell and Lancaster, for the same reason. "

To trace the origin of the term _Lavant_, we must, I conceive, go backto a period more remote than the Roman occupation; for that remarkablepeople, who conquered the inhabitants of Britain, and partiallysucceeded in imposing Roman appellations upon the greater towns andcities, never could change the aboriginal names of the rivers andmountains of the country. "Our hills, forests, and rivers, " says BishopPercy, "have generally retained their old Celtic names. " I venture, therefore, to suggest, that the British word for river, _Av_, or _Avon_, which seems to form the root of the word _Lavant_, may possibly bemodified in some way by the prefix, or postfix, so as to give, to thecompound word, the signification of an _intermittent_ stream. 

The fact that, amidst all the changes which have passed over the face ofour country, the primitive names of the grander features of nature stillremain unaltered, is beautifully expressed by a great poet recently lostto us:

 "Mark! how all things swerve From their known course, or vanish like a dream; Another language spreads from coast to coast; Only, perchance, some melancholy stream, And some indignant hills old names preserve, When laws, and creeds, and people all are lost!" Wordsworth's _Eccles. Sonnets_, xii. 

W. L. NICHOLS. 

Bath. 

 * * * * *

SCARFS WORN BY CLERGYMEN. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 269. )

The mention of the distinction between the broad and narrow scarf, alluded to by me (Vol. Vii. , p. 215. ), was made above thirty years ago, and in Ireland. I have a distinct recollection of the statement as towhat _had_ been the practice, then going out of use. I am sorry that Icannot, in answer to C. 's inquiry, recollect who the person was who madeit. Nor am I able to specify instances of the partial observance of thedistinction, as I had not till long after learned the wisdom of "makinga note:" but I had occasion to remark that dignitaries, &c. Frequentlywore wider scarfs than other clergymen (not however that the narrowerone was ever that slender strip so improperly and servilely adopted oflate from the corrupt custom of Rome, which has curtailed allecclesiastical vestments); so that when the discussion upon this subjectwas revived by others some years ago, it was one to which my mind hadbeen long familiar, independently of any ritual authority. 

I hope C. Will understand my real object in interfering in this subject. It is solely that I may do a little (what others, I hope, can do moreeffectually) towards correcting the very injurious, and, I repeat, inadequate statement of the _Quart. Review_ for June, 1851, p. 222. However trifling the matter may be in itself, it is no trifling matterto involve a considerable portion of the clergy, and among them many whoare most desirous to uphold both the letter and the spirit of the Churchof England, and to resist all real innovation, in a charge oflawlessness. Before the episcopal authority, there so confidentlyinvoked, be interposed, let it be _proved_ that this is not a badge ofthe clerical order, common to all the churches of Christendom, andactually recognised by the rules, in every respect so truly Catholic, ofour own Church. The matter does not, I apprehend, admit of demonstrationone way or the other, at least till we have fresh evidence. But to me, as to many others, analogies seem all in favour of the scarf being sucha badge; and not only this, but the very regulation of our royalecclesiastical authorities. The injunctions of Queen Elizabeth, in 1564, seem to mark the tippet as a distinction between clergymen and laymen, who otherwise, in colleges and choirs at least, would have none. I alsoam strongly of opinion that the tippets mentioned in the 58th and 74thEnglish canons are the two scarfs referred to: the silken tippet (orbroad scarf) being for such priests or deacons as hold certain offices, or are M. A. , LL. B. , or of superior degree; the plain tippet (or narrowscarf) being for all ministers who are non-graduates (Bachelors of Artswere not anciently considered as graduates, but rather as candidates fora degree, as they are still styled in many places abroad); so that _all_in orders may have tippets. This notion is confirmed by the fact, thatthe scarf was frequently called a _tippet_ in Ireland within memory. Andin a letter, discussing this very subject, in the _Gentleman's Mag. _(for 1818, part ii. P. 218. [7]), the testimony of one is given who hadfor upwards of fifty years considered the two words as identical, andhad heard them in his youth used indiscriminately by aged clergymen. Itis notorious that in Ireland, time out of mind, _tippets_ have been moregenerally worn than _hoods_ in parish churches there. I am not sure(though I lay no stress on the conjecture) whether this may not havebeen in {337} consequence of the option apparently given by the Canonsof wearing _either_ hood or tippet. 

It is not correct to restrict the _customary_ use of the scarf todoctors, prebendaries, and chaplains. In some cathedrals the immemorialcustom has been to assign it to minor canons and clerical vicars also. At Canterbury, indeed, the minor canons, except otherwise qualified, donot wear it. (But is not this an exception? Was it always so? And, bythe way, can any cathedral member of old standing testify as to thecustomary distinction in his church between the two scarfs, either as tosize or materials?) The very general use of it in towns cannot bedenied. 

I may add, that Bishop Jebb used to disapprove of its disuse by countryclergymen. In his Charge he requests that "all beneficed clergymen" ofhis diocese "who are _Masters of Arts_, or of any superior degree, andwho by chaplaincies or otherwise are entitled to the distinction, maywith their surplices wear scarfs or _tippets_. " This apparently was hisconstruction of the Canons. 

JOHN JEBB. 

 [Footnote 7: See also p. 315. ; and 1819, part i. P. 593. ]

The narrow scarf, called the stole or orarium, is one of the mostancient vestments used by the Christian clergy, representing in itsmystical signification the yoke of Christ. Though it may be true thatits use is not enjoined by any modern rubric or canon, custom, I think, fully warrants the clergy in wearing it. What other sanction than customis there for the use of bands?

E. H. A. 

A great deal of very interesting matter bearing upon this question, bothin an ecclesiastical and antiquarian point of view, though no definiteconclusion is arrived at, will be found in a pamphlet by G. A. French, entitled _The Tippets of the Canons Ecclesiastical_. 

AN OXFORD B. C. L. 

 * * * * *

INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 127. )

The following were lines much used when I was at school, and I believeare still so now:

 "This book is mine By right divine; And if it go astray, I'll call you kind My desk to find And put it safe away. "

Another inscription of a menacing kind was, --

 "This book is one thing, My fist is another; Touch this one thing, You'll sure feel the other. "

A friend was telling me of one of these morsels, which, considering thecircumstances, might be said to have been "insult added to injury;" forhappening one day in church to have a book alight on his head from thegallery above, on opening it to discover its owner, he found thefollowing positive sentence:

 "This book doant blong to you, So puttem doon. "

RUSSELL GOLE. 

The following salutary advice to book-borrowers might suitably take itsposition in the collection already alluded to in "N. & Q. ":

 "Neither blemish this book, or the leaves double down, Nor lend it to each idle friend in the town; Return it when read; or if lost, please supply Another as good, to the mind and the eye. With right and with reason you need but be friends, And each book in my study your pleasure attends. "

O. P. 

Birmingham. 

Is not this curious warning worthy of preservation in your columns? Itis copied from a black-letter label pasted to the inside of an old bookcover:

 "Steal not this booke, my honest friende, For fear ye gallows be ye ende; For if you doe, the Lord will say, 'Where is that booke you stole away?'"

J. C. 

To the collection of inscriptions in books commenced byBALLIOLENSIS, allow me to add the following:

 "Hic liber est meus, Testis et est Deus; Si quis me quærit, Hic nomen erit. "

In French books I have seen more than once, --

 "Ne me prend pas; On te pendra. "

An on the fly-leaf of a Bible, --

 "Could we with ink the ocean fill, Were ev'ry stalk on earth a quill, And were the skies of parchment made, And ev'ry man a scribe by trade, To tell the love of God alone Would drain the ocean dry. Nor could the scroll contain the whole, Though stretch'd from sky to sky. "

GEORGE S. MASTER. 

Welsh-Hampton, Salop. 

I beg to subjoin a few I have met with. Some monastic library had thefollowing in or over its books:

 "Tolle, aperi, recita, ne lædas, claude, repone. "

The learned Grotius put in all his books, --

 "Hugonis Grotii et amicorum. "

{338}In an old volume I found the following:

 "Hujus si quæris dominum cognoscere libri, Nomen subscriptum perlege quæso meum. "

PHILOBIBLION. 

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. 

_Head-rests. _--The difficulty I have experienced in getting my childrento sit for their portraits in a steady position, with the ordinaryhead-rests, has led me to design one which I think may serve others aswell as myself; and I therefore will describe it as well as I canwithout diagrams, for the benefit of the readers of "N. & Q. " It isfixed to the ordinary shifting upright piece of wood which in theordinary rest carries the semicircular brass against which the headrests. It is simply a large oval ring of brass, about an inch and a halfbroad, and sloping inwards, which of the following size I find fits theback of the head of all persons from young children upwards:--fiveinches in the highest part in front, and about four inches at the back. It must be lined with velvet, or thin vulcanised India rubber, which ismuch better, repelling grease, and fitting quite close to the ring. Thisis carried forward by a piece of semicircular brass, like the usualrest, and fixes with a screw as usual. About half the height of the ringis a steel clip at each side, like those on spectacles, but muchstronger, about half an inch broad, which moving on a screw or rivet, after the sitter's head is placed in the ring, are drawn down, so as toclip the head just above the ears. A diagram would explain the whole, which has, at any rate, simplicity in its favour. I find it admirable. Ladies' hair passing through the ring does not prevent steadiness, andwith children the steel clips are perfect. I shall be happy to send arough diagram to any one, manufacturers or amateurs. 

J. L. SISSON. 

Edingthorpe Rectory. 

_Sir W. Newton's Explanations of his Process. _--In reply to MR. JOHNSTEWART'S Queries, I beg to state, First, That I have hitherto used a paper made by Whatman in 1847, ofwhich I have a large quantity; it is not, however, to be procured now, so that I do not know what paper to recommend; but I get a very goodpaper at Woolley's, Holborn, opposite to Southampton Street, forpositives, at two shillings a quire, and, indeed, it might do fornegatives. 

Secondly, I prefer making the iodide of silver in the way which I havedescribed. 

Thirdly, Soft water is better for washing the iodized paper; if, however, spring water be made use of, _warm_ water should be added, toraise it to a temperature of sixty degrees. I think that sulphate orbicarbonate of lime would be injurious, but I cannot speak with anycertainty in this respect, or to muriate of soda. 

Fourthly, The iodized paper should keep good for a year, or longer; butit is always safer not to make more than is likely to be used during theseason. 

Fifthly, If I am going out for a day, I generally excite the papereither the last thing the night before, or early the following morning, and develope them the same night; but with care the paper will keep fortwo or three days (if the weather is not hot) before exposure, but ofcourse it is always better to use it during the same day. 

WM. J. NEWTON. 

6. Argyle Street. 

_Talc for Collodion Pictures. _--Should any of your photographic friendswish to transmit collodion pictures through the post, I would suggestthat thin plates of talc be used instead of glass for supporting thefilm; I find this substance well suited to the purpose. One of the manyadvantages of its use (though I fear not to be appreciated by yourarchæological and antiquarian section) is, that portraits, &c. , takenupon talc can be cut to any shape with the greatest ease, shall I saysuitable for a locket or brooch?

W. P. 

Headingley, Leeds. 

 * * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES. 

_Portrait of the Duke of Gloucester_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 258. ). --I beg toinform MR. WAY that he will find an engraving of "The most hopefull andhighborn Prince, Henry Duke of Gloucester, who was borne at Oatlandesthe eight of July, anno 1640: sould by Thos. Jenner at the South entryof the Exchange, " in a very rare pamphlet, entitled:

 "The Trve Effigies of our most Illustrious Soveraigne Lord, King Charles, Queene Mary, with the rest of the Royall Progenie: also a Compendium or Abstract of their most famous Genealogies and Pedegrees expressed in Prose and Verse: with the Times and Places of their Births. Printed at London for John Sweeting, at the Signe of the Angell, in Pope's Head Alley, 1641, 4to. "

For Henry Duke of Gloucester, see p. 16. :

 "What doth Kingdomes happifie But a blesst Posteritie? This, this Realme, Earth's Goshen faire, Europe's Garden, makes most rare, Whose most royall Princely stemme (To adorne theire Diadem) Two sweet May-flowers did produce, Sprung from Rose and Flower-de-Luce. "

[Greek: Phi]. 

Richmond, Surrey. 

_Key to Dibdin's "Bibliomania_" (Vol. Vii. , p. 151. ). --There are someinaccuracies in the list of names {339} furnished by W. P. , which maybe corrected on the best authority, namely, that of Dr. Dibdin himself, as put forth in his "new and improved edition" of the _Bibliomania_, with a supplement, "including a key to the assumed characters in thedrama, " 8vo. , 1842. According to this supplement we are to interpret asfollows:

 Alfonso Mr. Morell. Gonzalo Mr. Jessop. Narcottus William Templeman, Esq. , of Hare Hatch, Berkshire. Nicas Mr. Shaclewell. Philemon Mr. Jacobs? Pontevallo John Dent, Esq. 

A complete "key" is not furnished; but there is reason, I think, todoubt a few of the other names in W. P. 's list. Moreover, in the editionof 1842, several other pseudonymes are introduced, which do not appearin the list; namely, that of Florizel, for Joseph Haslewood; Antigonus;Baptista; Camillo; Dion; Ferdinand; Gonsalvo; Marcus; and Philander;respecting whom some of your readers may possibly enlighten us further. As to the more obvious characters of Atticus, Prospero, &c. , see the_Literary Reminiscences_, vol. I. P. 294. 

[Greek: Mu]. 

_High Spirits a Presage of Evil_ ("N. & Q. " _passim_). --In a case latelydetailed in the newspapers, a circumstance is mentioned which appears tome to come under the above heading. 

In the inquiry at the coroner's inquest, on Feb. 10, 1853, concerningthe death of Eliza Lee, who was supposed to have been murdered by beingthrown into the Regent's Canal, on the evening of the 31st of January, by her paramour, Thomas Mackett, --one of the witnesses, Sarah Hermitage, having deposed that the deceased left her house in company with theaccused at a quarter-past ten o'clock in the evening of the 31st, saidas follows:

 "Deceased appeared in particularly good spirits, and wanted to sing. Witness's husband objected; but she would insist upon having her way, and she sang 'I've wander'd by the Brook-side. '"

The deceased met with her death within half an hour after this. 

CUTHBERT BEDE. 

_Hogarth's Works. _--Observing an inquiry made in Vol. Vii. , p. 181. Of"N. & Q. " about a picture described in Mrs. Hogarth's sale catalogue ofher husband's effects in 1790, made by Mr. Haggard, I am induced to askwhether a copy of the catalogue, as far as it relates to the pictures, would not be a valuable article for your curious miscellany? It appearsfrom all the lives of Hogarth, that he early in life painted smallfamily portraits, which were then well esteemed. Are any of them known, and where are they to be seen? Were they mere portraits, or full-length?Are any of them engraved? I had once a picture, of about that date, which represented a large house with a court-yard, and a long gardenwall, with a road and iron gate, something like the old wall and road ofKensington Gardens, with the master, mistress, and dog walking in frontof the house, and evidently portraits. I always suspected it might be byHogarth; but I am very sorry to say I parted with it at auction for afew shillings. It was (say) two feet square: the figures were about fourinches in height, and dressed in the then fashion. I would further askif any oil painting or sketches are known of the minor engravings, suchas "The Laughing Audience, " "The Lecture, " "The Doctors, " &c. ?

AN AMATEUR. 

_Town Plough_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 462. ; Vol. Vii. , p. 129. ). --In Vol vi. , p. 462. , GASTRON notices the Town Plough; and it is again noticed by S. S. S. (Vol. Vii. , p. 129. ) as never having been seen by him mentioned inancient churchwardens' accounts. 

Not ten years since there was in the belfry of Caston Church, Northamptonshire, a large clumsy-looking instrument, the use of whichwas not apparent at first sight, being a number of rough pieces oftimber, put together as roughly. On nearer inspection, however, itturned out to be a plough, worm-eaten and decayed, I should think atleast three times as large and heavy as the common ploughs of the timewhen I saw the one in question. I have often wondered at the rudenessand apparent antiquity of that plough, and whether on "Plough Monday" ithad ever made the circuit of the village to assist in levyingcontributions. 

I have only for a week or two been in the possession of "N. & Q. " whenhaving accidentally, and for the first time, met with the Number forthat week, I could not resist the temptation of becoming the owner ofthe complete series. Under these circumstances, you will excuse me if Iam asking a question which may have been answered long since. What isthe origin of Plough Monday? May there not be some connexion with theTown Plough? and that the custom, which was common when I was a boy, ofgoing round for contributions on that day, may not have originated incollecting funds for the keeping in order, and purchasing, if necessary, the Town Plough?

BRICK. 

_Shoreditch Cross and the painted Window in Shoreditch Church_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 38. ). --I beg to acquaint your correspondent J. W. B. Thatalthough I had long searched for an engraving of Shoreditch Cross, mylabour was lost. The nearest approach to it will be found in a moderncopy of a plan of London, taken in the time of Elizabeth, in which itsposition is denoted to be on the west side of Kingsland Road; but, fromrecords to {340} which I have access, I believe that the cross stood onthe opposite side, between the pump and the house of Dr. Burchell. Mostlikely its remains were demolished when the two redoubts were erected atthe London ends of Kingsland and Hackney Roads, to fortify the entranceto the City, in the year 1642. 

The best accounts that I have seen of the painted window are in Dr. Denne's _Register of Benefactions_ to the parish, compiled in 1745, andprinted in 1778; and Dr. Hughson's _History of London_, vol. Iv. Pp. 436, 437. 

HENRY EDWARDS. 

_Race for Canterbury_ (Vol. Vii. , pp. 219. 268. ). --It is probable thatthe lines

 "The man whose place they thought to take, Is still alive, and still _a Wake_, "

are erroneously _written_ on the print referred to; but I have no doubtof having seen a print of which (with the variation of "ye think" for"they thought") is the genuine engraved motto. 

B. C. 

_Lady High Sheriff_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 236. ). --There is a passage inWarton's _History of English Poetry_ (Vol. I. P. 194. , Tegg's edition)which will in part answer the Query of your correspondent W. M. It is inthe form of a note, appended to the following lines from the metricalromance of _Ipomydon_:

 "They come to the castelle yate The porter was redy there at, The porter to theyme they gan calle, And prayd hym go in to the halle, And say thy lady gent and fre, That comen ar men of ferre contrè, And if it plese hyr, we wolle hyr pray, That we myght ete with hyr to-day. "

On this passage Warton remarks:

 "She was lady, by inheritance, of the signory. The female feudatories exercised all the duties and honours of their feudal jurisdiction in person. In Spenser, where we read of the _Lady of the Castle_, we are to understand such a character. See a story of a _Comtesse_, who entertains a knight in her castle with much gallantry. (_Mém. Sur l'Anc. Chev. _, ii. 69. ) It is well known that anciently in England ladies were sheriffs of counties. "

To this note of Warton's, Park adds another, which I also give as beingmore conclusive on the subject. It is as follow:

 ["Margaret, Countess of Richmond, was a justice of peace. Sir W. Dugdale tells us that Ela, widow of William, Earl of Salisbury, executed the sheriff's office for the county of Wilts, in different parts of the reign of Henry III. (See _Baronage_, vol. I. P. 177. ) From Fuller's _Worthies_ we find that Elizabeth, widow of Thomas Lord Clifford, was sheriffess of Westmoreland for many years; and from Pennant's _Scottish Tour_ we learn that for the same county Anne, the celebrated Countess of Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery, often sat in person as sheriffess. Yet Riston doubted of facts to substantiate Mr. Warton's assertion. See his Obs. P. 10. , and reply in the _Gent. Mag. 1782_, p. 573. --PARK. "]

T. C. S. 

I can answer part of W. M. 's Query, by a reference to a personage whocould not have been very far from being the first instance of the kind(Query, was she?). 

 "About this time (1202) Gerard de Camville, his old and faithful adherent, was restored by John to the possession of the honours of which he had been deprived by King Richard; and it is a remarkable circumstance that, on the death of the said Gerard, in the eighteenth year of the king's reign, his widow, Nichola Camville (who is described by an ancient historian as being 'a martial woman of great courage and address') had the sheriffalty of the county of Lincoln committed to her; which honourable and important trust was continued to her by a grant of Henry III. , " &c. 

The above quotation is taken from Bailey's _Annals of Nottinghamshire_, now publishing in Numbers (Part III. P. 107. ). Should I be wrong inasking correspondents to contribute towards a list of ladies holding theabove honorable post?

FURVUS. 

St. James's. 

_Burial of an unclaimed Corpse_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 262. ). --E. G. R. 'squestion is easily answered. The parish of Keswick proved that someyears before they had buried a body found on a piece of land. This wasevidence of reputation that at the time of the burial the land was inKeswick, otherwise the parishioners would not have taken on themselvesthis work of uncalled-for benevolence. The fact of their having incurredan expense, which, unless the land was in their parish, would have beenthe burden of Markshall, satisfied the commissioner that the land musthave belonged to Keswick. I have no doubt this was the reason, though Inever heard of the question in connexion with Keswick and Markshall. Battersea Rise, I heard when a boy, had formerly belonged to Clapham, and been given to Battersea for the same reason as E. G. R. States tohave been the cause of Markshall losing its territory to Keswick. 

J. H. L. 

_Surname of Allan_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 205. ). --I think A. S. A. Will findthat this name was introduced into Britain from Normandy. It occurs inearly Norman times as a personal name, and afterwards as a patronymic. Thus Alan, the son of Flathald, who had the castle of Oswestry grantedhim by the Conqueror, had a son, William Fitz-Alan, ancestor of thegreat baronial house of Arundel. In the _Hundred Rolls_, temp. EdwardI. , it is very common under the orthographies of _fil. Alan_, {341}_fil. Alain_, _Alayn_, _Aleyn_, _Aleyne_, _Aleynes_, _Aleynys_, &c. Allen has always remained a baptismal name, and hence it is probablethat there is no more affinity between the numerous families now bearingit as a surname, than between the various Thompsons, Williamses, andothers of this class. The MacAllans of Scotland may have a separateCeltic source, though it is far likelier that this name (like MacEdward, MacGeorge, and numerous others) is the English appellative with thepatronymic Mac prefixed. 

MARK ANTONY LOWER. 

Lewes. 

_The Patronymic Mac_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 202. ). --The present Earl of Stairhas collected and printed, under the title of _Almacks Extraordinary_, alist of seven hundred Scotch and Irish surnames with the prefix "Mac;"and a highly esteemed correspondent promises me a _supplementary_ listof "a few hundreds" of such appellatives, which must therefore be in theaggregate upwards of a thousand in number. I hope to include all thesein my forthcoming _Dictionary of British Surnames_. 

MARK ANTONY LOWER. 

Lewes. 

_Cibber's "Lives of the Poets_" (Vol. V. , p. 25. ). --When MR. CROSSLEYinserted in your pages, at great length, the _original_prospectus of Cibber's _Lives_, he was not aware that it had been_reprinted_ before. Such, however, is the case, as may be seen byturning to the sixth volume of Sir Egerton Brydges' _Censura Literaria_, ed. 1808, p. 352. It was communicated to the columns of that work bythat diligent antiquary in literary matters, Joseph Haslewood. MR. CROSSLEY says, "It is rather extraordinary that none of Dr. Johnson's biographers appear to have been aware that the prospectus ofCibber's _Lives_ was furnished by Johnson. " Where is there the slightest_proof_ that Johnson wrote one line of it? Haslewood believed it to havebeen the production of Messrs. Cibber and Shiels. Does MR. CROSSLEYground his claim for Johnson merely upon a fanciedresemblance in _style_?

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. 

_Parallel Passages, No. 2. --Stars and Flowers_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 151. ). --Other parallels on this subject are given in "N. & Q. " (Vol. Iv. , p. 22. ), to which may be added the following:

 "Silently, one by one, on the infinite meadows of heaven, Blossom'd the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels. " Longfellow's _Evangeline_, Part I. Iii. P. 187. Of the Liverpool edition. 

ZEUS. 

_Schomberg's Epitaph_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 13. ). --I find this entry in mynote-book:--The following inscription is written on a black slab ofmarble, affixed to the wall of the choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Theremains of the duke were removed to this cathedral immediately after thebattle of the Boyne; and on the 10th July, 1690, they were depositedunder the altar. The relatives of this great man having neglected toraise any monument to his memory, Dean Swift undertook and caused theabove slab to be erected, having first vainly applied to the connexionsof the deceased. His sword is in the possession of the society of the"Friendly Brothers, " Dublin. 

The following is the inscription on the slab:

 "Hic infra situm est corpus Frederici Ducis de Schonberg ad Bubindam occisi A. D. 1690. Decanus et Capitulum maximopere etiam atque etiam petierunt, ut hæredes Ducis, monumentum in memoriam parentis erigendum curarent. Sed postquam per epistolas, per amicos, diu ac sæpe orando nil profecere, hunc demum lapidem statuerunt; saltem ut scias hospes ubinam terrarum Schonbergenses cineres delitescunt. 

 "Plus potuit fama virtutis apud alienos quam sanguinis proximitas apud suos, A. D. 1731. "

CLERICUS (D. )

Dublin. 

_Pilgrimages to the Holy Land_ (Vol. V. , p. 289. ). --There is stillanother book to be added to the curious list of old pilgrimages to theHoly Land, furnished by your correspondent PEREGRINE A. I derive myknowledge of it from Brunet's _Manuel_, sub voce CAPODILISTA (GABRIELE), where it is described as follows:

 "Itinerario di Terra Santa, e del Monte Sinai. " (Without date or printer) 4to. 

It is a journal of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, made in the year 1458by a Padua nobleman, accompanied by a relative, Antonio Capodilista, acanon of the same place, and several other noble personages. It is oneof the earliest productions of the press at Perugia, and the dateassigned to it by M. Brunet is 1472, but by Vermiglioli 1473 or 1474. The latter authority, in his _Principi della Stampa in Perugia_, callsit "Veramente un prezioso cimelio di tipografia e bibliografia. " I amanxious to know where a copy of this very rare work is deposited, as Ihave been told that there is none at the British Museum. 

W. M. R. E. 

_Album_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 235. ). --The origin and the earliest notice ofthis kind of friendly memorial book is to be traced to the registers ofthe deceased that were formerly kept in every church and monastery. Sucha book was called the _album_, _i. E. _ the blank book, in which thenames of the friends and benefactors to the church or monastery wererecorded, that they might be prayed for at their decease, and on theiranniversaries. The earliest writer belonging to this country who usesthe word is the Venerable Beda, who in his {342} preface to his proselife of St. Cuthbert, written previous to the year 721, reminds BishopEadfrith that his name was registered in the album at Lindisfarne, "inalbo vestræ sanctæ congregationis. " (_Bedæ Opera Minora_, p. 47. , ed. Stevenson. ) Elsewhere Beda calls this book "the annal" (_Hist. Eccles. _, lib. Iv. C. 14. ). At a later period it was called, both in England andabroad, the _Liber Vitæ, or Book of Life_, a name borrowed from St. Paul(Philippians, iv. 3. ). 

The earliest specimen of an English album, and perhaps the most elegantone that this or any other country ever produced, may be seen in theBritish Museum (_Cotton MSS. _, Domitian VII. ). It is the Album, or Bookof Life, of the monastery of Durham. Nor need we add that this albumaffords a relief to the eye wearied with looking over the pages of amodern album, and to the mind sick of the endless but monotonousrepetition of imaginary ruins, love sonnets, and moss roses. 

CEYREP. 

_Gesmas and Desmas_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 238. ). --For the information of yourcorrespondent A. B. R. , I copy the passage referred to by you in thedisputed Gospel of Nicodemus, formerly called the Acts of PontiusPilate. The extract is from an English version, printed for WilliamHone, Ludgate Hill, 1820:

 "But one of the two thieves who were crucified with Jesus, whose name was _Gestas_, said to Jesus, If thou art the Christ, deliver thyself and us. "--vii. 10. 

 "But the thief who was crucified on his right hand, whose name was _Dimas_, answering, rebuked him, and said, Dost not thou fear God, who art condemned to this punishment? We indeed receive rightly and justly the demerit of our actions; but this Jesus, what evil hath he done?"--vi. 11. 

 "After this, groaning, he said to Jesus, Lord, remember me when Thou comest into Thy kingdom. "--vi. 12. 

It thus appears the names have been differently received: here theyappear GESTAS the _im_penitent, and DIMAS the penitent. 

I have a fine old engraving, nineteen inches by fourteen, bearing date"Greg. Huret, Lugd. Inv. Et sculp. 1664;" published in Paris, _cum priv. Regis_. 

The three crosses, with their inscriptions (each in Hebrew, Greek, andLatin), appear. 

The Latin on the cross of the thief on the right hand of our Lord (and, from the expression of countenance, confessed the penitent) is_DISMAS_ LATRO: the other is _GESTAS_ LATRO. 

W. C. H. 

Chelsea. 

"_Quod fuit esse_" (Vol. Vii. , p. 235. ). --Allow me to suggest thefollowing meaning of the epitaph in Lavenham churchyard, which is thesubject of A. B. R. 's Query. The word _est_ has evidently been omittedin the third line: with this restored, the lines will read as a coupleof hexameters:

 "Quod fuit esse, quod est; quod non fuit esse, quod esse; Esse quod (est), non esse; quod est, non est, erit, esse. "

And the literal meaning, will be: "What was existence, is that whichlies here; that which was not existence, is that which is existence; tobe what is now, is not to be; that which is now, is not existence, butwill be hereafter. "

This, perhaps, is as enigmatical as the original: but the followinglines will render the meaning plainer, though it is difficult topreserve the brevity of the Latin in an English version:

 All that I really was lies here in dust; That which was death before is life, I trust. To be what _is_, is not, I ween, to _be_; _Is_ not, but _will be_ in eternity. 

H. C. K. 

---- Rectory, Hereford. 

I think your correspondent A. B. R. Is not quite correct in his versionof the epitaph of which he inquires the sense. It is evidently intendedfor two hexameter verses, and, as I have heard it, runs thus:

 "Quod fuit esse, quod est; quod non fuit esse, quod esse; Esse quod est, non esse; quod est, non est, erit, esse. "

I inclose a similar epitaph in another churchyard (the _locale_ of whichI do not know), which may serve to elucidate its meaning:

 "That which a Being was, what is it? show: That being which it was, it is not now. To be what 'tis is not to be, you see; That which now is not shall a Being be. "

Q. S. 

_Straw Bail_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 85. ). --In connexion with, though not as areply to, MR. CURTIS'S Query touching the origin of the expression "Aman of straw, " I beg to bring under notice a phrase I heard for thefirst time a few days ago, but which may nevertheless be well known toothers. A seaman, talking to me of a strike for wages among the crew ofa ship, said that the captain, as the rate of wages had not been raised, had manned his ship with a "lot of straw-yarders. " On my asking themeaning of the expression, I was told that a "straw-yarder" was a manabout the docks who had never been to sea, and knew little or nothing ofthe duties of a seaman. 

BRUTONIENSIS. 

_Pearl_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 578. ; Vol. Vii. , pp. 18. 166. ). --In the OldGerman, _merikrioz_ is pearl; and in the Ang. -Sax. It is_meregreot_, --the latter from _mere_, sea, and _greot_, grit, sand, or_grot_, an {343} atom. These are so similar to the Greek _margaritas_, and the _margarita_ of the sister language (Latin), that we may beexcused believing they have a common origin; more especially as we findthe first syllable (at least?) in almost all the cognate Indo-Germanicor Indo-European languages: Latin, _mare_; Celt. , _mor_; Gothic, _marei_; Sax. , _mære_ or _mere_; Old Germ. , _meri_; Slavon. , _more_ and_morze_; Swed. , _mar_; Iceland, _mar_; Esthon. , _merri_; Lett. , _marrios_. 

Among modern languages, we have, --Span. , _margarita_; Ital. , _margarita_and _maugherita_; Fr. , _marguerite_, but used only in the proverb, "Ilne faut pas jeter les marguerites devant les pourceaux. " Johnson, Webster, and Halliwell give _margarite_ as an English word. Probably allderived from the Latin. 

At the same time, although not occurring (as far as I am aware) ineither Greek or Latin, the word _pearl_ is found in some shape in mostof the same Indo-Germanic languages: thus, Ital. And Span. , _perla_;Low. Lat. , _perla_; French, _perle_; Eng. , _pearl_; Dan. , _paarl_;Swed. , _perla_ or _p[)a]rla_; Bohem. , _perle_; Ang. -Sax. , _pearl_ and_pærl_; Low. Sax. , _berel_. Webster says the word _pearl_ may beradically the same as _beryl_. In the Celtic we find, Irish, _pearla_, and Welsh _perlyn_. 

The Germans derive _pearl_ from _beer_, a berry, making thus _berle_ or_beerlein_; as in Latin _bacca_ also means a pearl. 

Some of your correspondents can, no doubt, inform us whether anyanalogous words to _pearl_ and _margarita_ exist in the Sanscrit?

A. C. M. 

Exeter. 

_Sermons by Parliamentary Chaplains_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 34. ). --On the day ofThanksgiving, 19th July, 1648, Mr. Obadiah Sedgwick was ordered topreach before the House, and his sermon to be printed. Where can a copyof it be seen?

JOSEPH RIX. 

St. Neot's. 

_Etymological Traces of the Social Position of our Ancestors_ (Vol. Vii. , pp. 13, 14. ). --Your correspondent may find the passage to which hewishes to refer again, in one of the back volumes of Dickens's_Household Words_, in an article with the title of "History in Words. "

Another correspondent, in the succeeding page of the same Number, willobtain the information he requires by consulting Dunlop's _History ofFiction_. 

W. L. N. 

_Tuebeuf_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 207. ). --J. E. J. Will find Tuboeuf is a townin France, in the department of Mayenne. On May 9, 1194, Richard I. Sailed from England on his expedition against Philip II. Of France; andhe was accompanied by Master Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, for the purposeof his conducting such business of the Great Seal as might be necessarywhile the king remained abroad. The Doncaster Charter appears to havebeen sealed on the 22nd of the same month of May, and I shall feelobliged if J. E. J. Will give me a copy of Eustace's title, and the dateand place, as they appear on the document. The addition to his name inother charters is "tunc gerentis vices cancellarii. " He himself becameChancellor and Bishop of Ely on the death of Longchamp. 

EDWARD FOSS. 

Street-End House, near Canterbury. 

"_Goe, soule, the bodies guest_" (Vol. Vii. , p. 175. ). --Yourcorrespondent is mistaken in thinking that his "additions" are a newdiscovery. Both stanzas were printed, with slight variations from thiscopy, by Sir H. Nicolas, at the end of his edition of Davison's_Poetical Rhapsody_, 1826, pp. 413--415. ; and both are mentioned by Mr. Hannah, when he says (p. 103. ):

 "In E (the mark by which Mr. H. Designates that copy in Nicolas), one stanza is interpolated after line 36, and a second at the end. "

As I entirely agree with Sir H. Nicolas that the lines in question are"a wanton interpolation, " I think Mr. Hannah was perfectly justifiedin contenting himself with this acknowledgment of their existence. 

R. 

_Bells versus Storms_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 508. ). --While returning myacknowledgments to your correspondents the REV. H. T. ELLACOMBE and W. S. G. , I would briefly refer to the subject again, which may be ofinterest to some of our readers. 

Dr. Fuller says:

 "That bells are no effectual charm against lightning. The frequent firing of abbey churches by lightning confuteth the proud motto commonly written on the bells in their steeples, wherein each intitled itself to a six-fold efficacy. 

 'Men's death I tell, by doleful knell, Lightning and thunder, I break asunder, On Sabbath all, to church I call, The sleepy head, I raise from bed, The winds so fierce, I do disperse, Men's cruel rage, I do assuage. '"

 "It has anciently been reported, " observes Lord Bacon, "and is still received, that extreme applauses and shouting of people assembled in multitudes, have so rarefied and broken the air, that birds flying over have fallen down, the air not being able to support them; and it is believed by some that great ringing of bells in populous cities hath chased away thunder, and also dissipated pestilent air. All which may be also from the concussion of the air, and not from the sound. "

W. W. 

Malta. 

The following note in connexion with the baptism of bells may beinteresting, as it shows the manner of working, at that time. 

{344}Among the _Centum Gravamina_ offered to Pope Adrian in 1521 by the Princesof Germany, as given in Herbert's _Henry VIII. _, p. 139. , this is the51st:

 "That suffragans used to baptize bels under pretence of driving away divels and tempests; and for this purpose did invite many rich godfathers, who were to touch the rope while the bell was exorcised, and its name invoked (unto which all the people must answer). And that a banquet was used to be made thereupon, at the cost of the layicks, amounting in little towns to a hundred florins, whither the godfathers were to come, and bring great gifts, &c. , whereas they desired that the said bels might be baptized not onely by suffragans, but by any priest, with holy water, salt, herbs, without such costs. "

H. T. ELLACOMBE. 

Clyst St. George. 

Will MR. GOLE oblige me and your readers with a reference to the _GoldenLegend_, from which he has sent a quotation bearing on bells and storms. 

H. T. ELLACOMBE. 

Clyst St. George. 

_Exercise Day_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 205. ). --The extract from the boroughchamberlain's accounts, referred to by your correspondentLEICESTRIENSIS, relates rather to a religious assembly or meetingestablished by authority in the reign of Elizabeth, and designed as acheck on the growing tendency towards Puritanism, which marked thatperiod. In this diocese (at that time the diocese of Chester) BishopDownham instituted a "monthly exercise, " which was confirmed by hissuccessor Dr. Chadderton, in an injunction bearing date Sept. 1, 1585. (See Appendix to Strype's _Annals_, vol. I. ) It is there decreed thatall parsons, vicars, curates, and schoolmasters shall resort to thisexercise, there either to speak or write; and certain penalties areenforced on any neglect of its observance. In the churchwardens'accounts of this parish is an entry of similar import to that quoted byLEICESTRIENSIS: "1656, Pd. For minister diner at the exercise day, 00. 00. 06, " the only perceptible difference being in the degree ofhospitality extended to the clergy by their entertainers. 

JOHN BOOKER. 

Prestwich. 

_The Iron Mask_ (Vol. V. , p. 474. ; Vol. Vii. , p. 234. ). --Yourcorrespondent A. S. A. Asks with much complacency, "What authority MR. JAMES CORNISH has for asserting (Vol. V. , p. 474. ) that the mysterioussecret of the _Masque de fer_ has ever been satisfactorily explained?"MR. JAMES CORNISH does not make statements of historical facts withoutauthority: he therefore begs to refer A. S. A. To Delort, _Histoire del'Homme au Masque de fer_, Paris, 1825; and to _The True History of theState Prisoner, commonly called "The Iron Mask, " &c. _, by the Hon. George Agar Ellis: London, 1826. 

I repeat "my sanguine" expectations that "Junius" will yet be"unearthed. " "Matthias" made an equal boast with the "mighty shade, "that he would be for ever unknown. 

Your Journal "N. & Q. " has left no doubt about the author of _ThePursuits of Literature_. 

JAMES CORNISH. 

_Shakspeare's Use of the Word "Delighted"_ (Vol. Ii. , pp. 113. 139. 200. &c. ). --The following passage from Douce's _Illustrations_ has not beenreferred to by any of your contributors on this point; to some it may beunknown:

 "With respect to the much contested and obscure expression of _bathing the delighted spirit in fiery floods_, Milton appears to have felt less difficulty in its consideration than we do at present; for he certainly remembered it when he made Comus say:

 "' . .. One sip of this Will _bathe_ the drooping _spirits in delight_ Beyond the bliss of dreams. '"

W. T. M. 

Hong Kong. 

_Samuel Daniel_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 603. ). --A copy of an original letter ofSamuel Daniel, sent to Lord Keeper Egerton with a present of his _Worksnewly augmented_, 1601, is printed in _Censura Literaria_, ed. 1808, vol. Vi. P. 391. 

John Daniel, who published _Songs for the Lute, Viol, and Voice_, 1606, is supposed to have been the brother of the poet, and the publisher ofhis works in 1623. He was of Christ Church, Oxford; and took his degreeof Bachelor of Music in 1604. At the commencement of the reign ofCharles I. , he was one of the court musicians, and his name occurs amongthe "Musicians for the Lutes and Voices, " in a privy seal, dated Dec. 20, 1625, exempting the musicians belonging to the court from thepayment of subsidies. 

John Daniel's _Songs_ were "printed by T. E. For Thomas Adams, at theSigne of the White Lyon, Paule's Church Yard, folio, 1606. " They arededicated, in rhyme, to "Mrs. Anne Greene, the worthy Daughter to SirWilliam Greene, of Milton, Knight. "

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. 

_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_, 1559 (Vol. Vi. , pp. 100. 203. ; Vol. Vii. , p. 260. ). --I regret that I am unable to furnish A. S. A. With any additional information respecting the Marian bishops. Noneof the authorities I used give the dates he requires. Possibly, Mr. Charles Butler's _Historical Memoires of the English, Irish, andScottish Catholics_, 4 vols. 8vo. , 1822, might answer his Queries. 

I have ascertained from Calamy's _Life and Times_ (vol. I. P. 409. ), that Thomas White, the {345} deprived Bishop of Peterborough, died inLondon, May 30, 1698; and that Robert Frampton, the deprived Bishop ofGloucester, died May 25, 1708 (vol. Ii. P. 119. ). 

JOHN I. DREDGE. 

"_Jenny's Bawbee_" (Vol. Vii. , p. 207. ). --This is a very old song, afragment of which (all we have) appeared in David Herd's _Collection ofAncient and Modern Scottish Songs_, 2 vols. 12mo. , Edinb. 1776. As it isvery short, I quote it:

 "An' a' that e'er my Jenny had, My Jenny had, my Jenny had, A' that e'er my Jenny had, Was ae bawbee. 

 "There's your plack, and my plack, An' your plack, an' my plack, An' my plack, an' your plack, An' Jenny's bawbee. 

 "We'll put it a' in the pint-stoup, The pint-stoup, the pint-stoup, We'll put it in the pint-stoup, And birle't a' three. "

There is a capital song founded upon this rude fragment, by the late SirAlexander Boswell. It was published anonymously in 1803, and commencesthus:

 "I met four chaps yon birks amang, Wi hinging lugs and faces lang; I spier'd at neebour Bauldy Strang, Wha's they I see?

 "Quo' he, Ilk cream-fac'd pawky chiel Thought he was cunning as the diel, And here they cam' awa to steal Jenny's bawbee. "

Copies of this latter song may be seen in Johnson's _Scottish MusicalMuseum_, edit. 1839, vol. V. P. 435. ; and in Graham's _Songs ofScotland_, 1848, vol. Ii. P. 48. 

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. 

The old Scotch ballad with the above title, on which Sir AlexanderBoswell, Bart. , founded his humorous song, with the same name, may befound in _The Book of Scottish Songs_, recently published in _TheIllustrated London Library_, p. 229. 

J. K. R. W. 

_Irish Convocation_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 317. ). --I am unable to answer W. FRASER'S Queries as to when the Irish Convocation last met, andwhere their deliberations are recorded; but that gentleman will findsome account of its nature and constitution in a recently publishedpamphlet, entitled _The Jerusalem Chamber_, by the Rev. H. Caswall, M. A. , pp. 39, 40. 

J. C. B. 

_Spontaneous Combustion_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 286. ). --Is there such a thing;meaning, I presume, of the _human body_? One of the latest and bestauthenticated cases is given in _The Abstainer's Journal_ (Glasgow), No. III. , March, 1853, p. 54. In the narrative is included the officialmedical report from the _Journal of Medical Science_, Dec. 1852. 

W. C. TREVELYAN. 

_Do the Sun's Rays put out the Fire?_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 285. ). --

 "Why does the sun, shining, on a fire, make it dull, and often put it out?

 "1st. Because the air (being rarefied by the sunshine) flows more slowly to the fire; and

 "2ndly. The chemical action of the sun's rays is detrimental to combustion. 

 "The sun's rays are composed of three parts; lighting, heating, and actinic or chemical rays. These latter interfere with the process of combustion. "

The above is an extract from Rev. Dr. Brewer's _Guide to the ScientificKnowledge of Things Familiar_, 6th edition, p. 50. , which may perhapsprove interesting to C. W. B. At p. 58. Of the same book, H. A. B. Willfind, I think, an answer in the affirmative to his Query (Vol. Vii. , p. 286. ): "Is there such a thing as spontaneous combustion?"

C---- S. T. P. 

W---- Rectory. 

_Dover Castle_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 254. ). --The "j cenovectorum cum j rotaferro ligata" was a wheel-barrow. In the _Promptorum Parvulorum_ occurs(p. 25. ) "barowe cenovectorum. "

E. G. R. 

_Quotations wanted_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 40. ). --"And if he read little, he hadneed have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not. " From LordBacon. --_Bacon's Essays: Of Studies_, p. 218. 12mo. , 1819. 

[Greek: Omega]. 

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MISCELLANEOUS. 

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. 

If any of the readers of Mr. Hudson Turner's volume on DomesticArchitecture have been under the apprehension that the death of thatable antiquary would necessarily lead, if not to the abandonment of thatwork, to its being completed in a more imperfect manner than Mr. Turnerwould have completed it, we can assure them that such apprehension isentirely groundless. We have now before us the second part, entitled_Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England from Edward I. ToRichard II. , with Notices of Foreign Examples, and numerousIllustrations of existing Remains from original Drawings. By the Editorof the Glossary of Architecture. _ The editing of the work is indeed mostcreditable to Mr. Parker, who, though he modestly confesses that if hehad not known that he could safely calculate upon much valuableassistance from others more competent than himself, he would never haveventured to undertake it at all, had already given proof of his fitnessfor the task by the _Glossary of Architecture_ with which his name hasbeen so long and so honourably connected. The work, which supplies adeficiency which the architectural student has {346} long felt, isproduced in the same handsome style, and with the same profuseness ofillustration, as its predecessor, and will be found valuable not only toarchæologists who study history in brick and stone, but also to thosewho search in the memorials of bygone ages for illustrations of mannersand customs, and of that greater subject than all, the history of oursocial progress. 

BOOKS RECEIVED. --_History of England from the Peace of Utrechtto the Peace of Versailles_, 1713--1783, by Lord Mahon, vol. Ii. 1720--1740. This second volume of the new and cheaper edition of LordMahon's work extends from the accession of Walpole and Townshend tooffice in 1720, to the Declaration of War against Spain in 1739, andcontains a valuable appendix of original papers. --_The Annals of Rogerde Hoveden, from_ A. D. 732 _to_ A. D. 1201, _translated from the Latin, with Notes and Illustrations_, by Henry T. Riley. Vol. I. A. D. 732 toA. D. 1180, is a new volume of the valuable series of Translations ofEarly English Chronicles, which is to give so important a character toBohn's _Antiquarian Library_. --_Thomas à Becket and other Poems_, byPatrick Scott. Notices of new poems scarcely fall within our vocation, but Mr. Scott is a true poet, and we cannot refuse to praise the presentvolume, and more especially the little poem which owes its origin to thenotice of the opening of the coffin of Lady Audrey Leigh in our 156thNumber. --_The Family Shakspeare, &c. _, by Thomas Bowdler, Vol. V. Thisfifth volume contains Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus, Julius Cæsar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Cymbeline. 

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_We hope next week, in addition to many other interesting articles, tolay before our readers a copy of a remarkable and inedited Proclamationof Henry VIII. On the subject of the Translation of the Scriptures; andsome specimens of the_ Rigby Correspondence. 

HERCULES. _The custom (which we hope does not very generally obtain) ofsending green ribbons, called willows, tied round bridal cards, torejected suitors of the bride, is no doubt derived from that alluded toby Shakspeare and Herrick, and especially Fuller, who tell us the willow"is a sad tree, whereof such as have lost their love make their mourninggarments. "_

ROBIN HOOD. _A Subscriber would be obliged by_ H. K. (Vol. Vi. , p. 597. )_giving a precise reference to the Act of the Scotch Parliamentprohibiting "the plays and personages of Robin Hood. " &c. _

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY _will find the proverb "When Our Lord falls in OurLady's lap, " &c. , in our Number for the_ 12th Feb. , p. 157. 

VIATOR. _The imprecatory Epitaph referred to has already appeared in ourcolumns. _

W. A. C. _is thanked. The rhymes have, however, been already frequentlyprinted by Brockett, Brand, &c. _

B. L. (Manchester). _The ordinary use of arms by the English nobility issupposed to date from about the year 1146. The arms on the shield ofGeoffrey de Mandeville in the Temple Church have been considered amongthe earliest examples of heraldic bearings in England. He died in 1144. _

HY. CE. _Our Correspondent is probably correct. The lines are not in thereprint of the_ Musarum Deliciæ: _so we amend our reply to_ DAVID BROWN_in_ No. 177. , _by stating that the lines_

 "That same man, that runneth awaie, May again fight, an other daie"--

_are from Udall's translation of the Apothegms of Erasmus. _

Does a Corpse passing make a Right of Way? A. S. _will find an elaborateanswer to this Query in our_ 3rd Vol. , p. 519. _He is also referred to_pp. 477. _and_ 507. _of the same volume, and_ pp. 124. 240. , Vol. Iv. 

A. B. Mosaic _is so named from the tesselated pavements of the Romans, which being worked in a regular and mechanical manner, were called_ Opusmusivum, opera quæ ad amussim facta sunt. _Hence the Italian_ musaico, _the French_ mosaique, _and our English_ mosaic. _See_ "N. & Q. , " Vol. Iii. , pp. 389. 469. 521. 

C. GONVILLE. _How can we forward a letter to this Correspondent?_

M. C. _The answer to Mr. Canning's famous riddle is "Cares--Caress. "_

BROOKTHORPE. _The epitaph, _

 "If Heaven is pleased, " _&c. , _

_is sometimes said to have been written on Burnet, and at others onColeman the Jesuit. See our_ 5th Vol. , pp. 58. 137. , _&c. _

PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES. _Several articles are necessarilypostponed until next week, when we will also give Replies to severalCorrespondents. We hope by that time to be able to report upon the newCamera. _

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_Errata. _--P. 284. Col. 1. Lines 27. 28. For "built a new house on apinnacle, on which, " read "built a new house, on a pinnacle _of_ which. "Line 31. , dele full-stop after "yreret, " and insert colon. P. 288. Col. 2. L. 28. For "trull" read "hull, " _i. E. _ "hurl. "

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 Age £ s. D. 17 1 14 4 22 1 18 8 27 2 4 5 32 2 10 8 37 2 18 6 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A. , F. R. A. S. , Actuary. 

Now ready, price 10s. 6d. , Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFITBUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and LifeAssurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A. , Actuary to the Western LifeAssurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. 

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BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. ClassX. , in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to allClimates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. SuperiorGold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in SilverCases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. SuperiorLever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett'sPocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watchskilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l. , 3l. , and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. Each. 

BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, theBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen. 

65. CHEAPSIDE. 

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PHOTOGRAPHY. --HORNE & CO. 'S Iodized Collodion, for obtainingInstantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. 

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival thechoicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at theirEstablishment. 

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. Used in thisbeautiful Art. --123. And 121. Newgate Street. 

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PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES. --A Selection of the above beautiful Productionsmay be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also beprocured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for thepractice of Photography in all its Branches. 

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. 

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical InstrumentMakers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. 

 * * * * *

Just published, price 1s. , free by Post 1s. 4d. , The WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. Translated from the French. 

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebratedLenses for Portraits and Views. 

General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, andother Talbotype Papers. 

Pure Photographic Chemicals. 

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. 

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS. , Foster Lane, London. 

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PHOTOGRAPHY. --Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver)--J. B. HOCKIN & CO. , Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England whopublished the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. Per oz. ) retains its extraordinarysensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months: it may beexported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. Manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with thelatest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotypeprocesses. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHSadapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and IodizedPapers, &c. 

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PHOTOGRAPHY--The AMMONIO-IODIDE OF SILVER in Collodion, prepared byMESSRS. DELATOUCHE & CO. , Operative Chemists, 147. Oxford Street, is nowgenerally used by Photographers, and cannot be surpassed in thebeautiful results it produces. Specimens may be seen on application. MESSRS. DELATOUCHE & CO. Supply Apparatus with the most recentImprovements, Pure Chemicals, English and Foreign Papers, and everyArticle connected with Photography on Paper or Glass. Instruction givenin the Art. 

See HENNAH'S new work on the Collodion Process, giving the mostpractical directions yet published, price 1s. , or free by post 1s. 6d. 

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TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. 

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY)

Of Saturday, March 26, contains Articles on

 Agricultural statistics Beet, sugar, by Mr. Sinclair ---- large and small, by Prof. Sullivan Bignonia Tweediana Boiler incrustations Boronia serrulata Calceolaria pavonia Calendar, horticultural ---- agricultural Cloches, by Mr. Gilbert Cyclamens, to increase Drainage, suburban, by Mr. Marshall ---- deep and shallow, by Mr. Hunt ---- Nene Valley Farm practice Fruit, changing names of Heating public buildings Ireland, Locke on, rev. Irrigation, Mr. Mechi's Larch, treatment of Level, bottle, by Mr. Lucas (with engraving) Major's Landscape Gardening Manure, Stothert's Mint, bottled Nitrate of soda, by Dr. Pusey Oaks, Mexican Onion maggot Pampas grass, by Mr. Gorrie Peaches, select Pears, select Plum, Huling's superb, by Mr. Rivers Potatoes in Cornwall ---- in tan Rain gauges, large and small Schools, union Sewage of Milan, by Captain Smith Societies, proceedings of the Linnean, Entomological, National, Floricultural, Royal Dublin Steam culture Temperature, ground Trade memoranda Trees, to transplant Trout, artificial breeding of Vegetable lists, by Mr. Fry Vines, stem-roots of, by Mr. Harris Vine mildew Warner's (Mrs. ) Garden Winter in South Devon

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in additionto the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpoolprices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and _a complete Newspaper, with a condensedaccount of all the transactions of the week_. 

ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper WellingtonStreet, Covent Garden, London. 

 * * * * *

J. T. GODDARD, Astronomical Telescope Maker, 2. Jesse Cottage, Whitton, near Isleworth, Middlesex: of whom Photographical View and PortraitCombinations may be obtained as follows:

 £ s. D. The lenses, 2-1/4 diameter, for portraits and views 2 17 6 Ditto, for views only 1 17 6 Ditto, 3-1/4 diameter, for portraits and views 6 0 0 Ditto, 3-1/4 diameter, for views only 3 17 6

The above are mounted with rack and pinnion, and two stops; where rackand pinnion is not required, deduct 8s. 6d. To 10s. 

Achromatic Lenses of long focus to order. 

 * * * * *

ELGIN MARBLES. --Arundel Society, established 1849, for promoting theKnowledge of Art. Casts from MR. CHEVERTON'S reductions of the Theseusand Ilissus in the Elgin Collection, may be had by application atMESSRS. COLNAGHI'S, 14. Pall Mall East, price 1l. 1s. (to Members12s. 6d. ) each. 

Electro-Bronze Copies of the Theseus may be had at MESSRS. ELKINGTON'S, 22. Regent Street, price 10l. 10s. (to Members 9l. 9s. )

MR. CHEVERTON obtained a Prize Medal for the Theseus at the GreatExhibition, 1851. 

Annual Subscription to the Society 1l. 1s. , entitling Members to allEngravings and Books published. Payable at Coutts' Bank, or 14. PallMall East. 

G. AUBREY BEZZI, Hon. Sec. 

 * * * * * {348}

MURRAY'SRAILWAY READING. 

Immediately, fcap. 8vo. 

WELLINGTON--HIS CHARACTER, --HIS ACTIONS, --AND HIS WRITINGS. By JULESMAUREL. 

 "I am much mistaken in my estimate of M. Maurel's work, if it do not take rank now and hereafter among the most accurate, discriminating, and felicitous tributes which have emanated from any country in any language to the memory of the Duke of Wellington. "--_Lord Ellesmere's Preface_. 

To be followed by

LOCKHART'S ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS. 

LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL. 

Volumes already published--

FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN. 

STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON. 

HALLAM'S LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. 

LIFE of THEODORE HOOK. 

THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD. 

LORD ELLESMERE'S DISCOURSE ON WELLINGTON. 

MUSIC AND DRESS. By a Lady. 

LAYARD'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 

BEES AND FLOWERS. 

LORD MAHON'S "FORTY-FIVE. "

ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES. "

GIFFARD'S DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. 

THE ART OF DINING. 

OLIPHANT'S JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. 

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street;

And to be obtained at all Booksellers, and Railway Stations. 

 * * * * *

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXIV. , is just published. 

 CONTENTS:

 APSLEY HOUSE. SCROPE'S HISTORY OF CASTLE COMBE. HUMAN HAIR. THE OLD COUNTESS OF DESMOND. HUNGARIAN CAMPAIGNS--KOSSUTH AND GÖRGEY. BUCKINGHAM PAPERS. SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. THE TWO SYSTEMS AT PENTONVILLE. MAUREL ON THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON. 

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 

 * * * * *

BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR APRIL. 

MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT. Vol. III. THE HOME, and STRIFE ANDPEACE. Post 8vo. 3s. 6d. 

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. 

 * * * * *

BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR APRIL. 

ARISTOTLE'S POLITICS and ECONOMICS, translated by E. WALFORD, M. A. , withNotes, Analyses, Life, Introduction, and Index. Post 8vo. 5s. 

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. 

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BOHN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY FOR APRIL. 

BECHSTEIN'S CAGE AND CHAMBER BIRDS, including SWEET'S "WARBLERS. " NewEdition, greatly enlarged, numerous plates. Post 8vo. 5s. ; (or, coloured, 7s. 6d. )

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. 

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BOHN'S ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY FOR APRIL. 

HENRY OF HUNTINGDON'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Roman Invasion toHenry II. ; with THE ACTS OF KING STEPHEN, &c. Translated and edited byT. FORESTER, Esq. , M. A. Post 8vo. 5s. 

HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street, Covent Garden. 

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Third Edition, cloth, 1s. ; by post, 1s. 6d. 

WELSH SKETCHES. FIRST SERIES. By the Author of "Proposals for ChristianUnion. "

 "It is rarely that a shilling will purchase so much information of a high and interesting kind. "--_Leeds Intelligencer_. 

By the same, Second Edition, cloth, 1s. ; by post, 1s. 6d. 

WELSH SKETCHES. SECOND SERIES. 

 "It is written in a plain attractive style, which, in conjunction with the impartial feeling and the great research it evinces, is sure to make it a favourite. "--_Archæologia Cambrensis_. 

London: JAMES DARLING, 81. Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-Inn Fields. 

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Just published, in 8vo. , price 15s. Cloth, GOETHE'S FAUST: With Copious English Notes, Grammatical, Philological, and Exegetical, for Students of the German Language. By FALK LEBAHN, Ph. D. , Author of "German in One Volume, " &c. 

*** The Grammatical Notes contain the whole of the Text, in German andEnglish, classified according to rules of grammar. "Faust" is thusbrought within the reach of the merest beginner. In the ExegeticalNotes, the Editor has endeavoured to render Goethe's own meaningstrictly: and where his interpretation differs from those of hispredecessors, Goethe himself is adduced as authority, the supportingpassages from his other works being given in German. Copious extractsfrom other German authors are also given in the original. 

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS. 

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Just published, royal 12mo. , 7s. 6d. , ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOLOGY. Part I. By J. D. MORELL, A. M. , Author of "AnHistorical and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe inthe Nineteenth Century, " &c. &c. 

WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly. 

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Just published, one vol. 8vo. , 7s. 6d. , RESEARCHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION; with an Appendixupon the Roman Knights. By W. IHNE, Ph. D. 

WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly. 

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On April 1st, Part IV. , price 1s. , with a beautiful engraving, REYNARD THE FOX; after the German Version of GOETHE. With Illustrationsby J. WOLF. To be continued Monthly, and completed in Twelve Parts. 

WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly; and may be had of all Booksellers. 

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Just published, imp. 8vo. , containing Thirty-seven Plates, clothlettered, price 16s. , THE HANDBOOK OF MEDIÆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. By HENRY SHAW, F. S. A. , Author of "Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages, " &c. &. C. 

This work contains twenty-six complete alphabets, and from seventy toeighty initial letters of a larger and more elaborate character, thewhole forming a series of specimens of almost every type to be foundfrom the beginning of the tenth to the end of the seventeenth century. To these have been added examples of the various forms of Arabicnumerals in use from their first introduction in this country, and alsoa series of labels, monograms, heraldic devices, and other matters ofdetail, calculated to render it most useful as a work of reference. 

WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly. 

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WORDSWORTH ON THE CHURCH OF ROME IN THE THIRD CENTURY. 

In 8vo. , price 8s. 6d. 

ST. HIPPOLYTUS AND THE CHURCH OF ROME, in the EARLIER PART of the THIRDCENTURY; from the newly-discovered "Philosophumena;" or, the Greek Textof those Portions which relate to that subject; with an ENGLISH VERSIONand NOTES; and an Introductory Inquiry into the Authorship of theTreatise, and on the Life and Works of the Writer. By CHR. WORDSWORTH, D. D. , Canon of Westminster, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 

RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. 

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Just published, pp. 720, plates 24, price 21s. 

A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, living and fossil, withDescriptions of all the Species, and Abstracts of the Systems ofEhrenberg, Dujardin, Kützing, Siebold, &c. By ANDREW PRITCHARD, ESQ. , M. R. I. 

Also, price 5s. , A GENERAL HISTORY OF ANIMALCULES, with 500 Engravings. 

Also, price 8s. 6d. , MICROGRAPHIA, or Practical Essays on Microscopes. 

London: WHITTAKER & CO. , Ave Maria Lane. 

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Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 15. Stonefield Street, inthe Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in theParish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGEBELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in theWest, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Streetaforesaid. --Saturday, April 2. 1853.