+------------------------------------------------------------------------+|DISCLAIMER || ||The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers||Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are ||not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers ||Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is ||intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not||mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may ||have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide||applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current ||label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion ||of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut ||trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular ||time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

 Northern Nut Growers

 Association

 Incorporated

 AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

 _42nd Annual Report_

 _Annual Meeting at_

 URBANA, ILLINOIS

 August 28, 29 and 30, 1951

 * * * * *

 [Illustration: Jacobs Persian Walnut Genoa, Ohio (see pages 86-87)]

 The above picture shows a view made last winter of the original Jacobs Persian walnut in Elmore, Ohio. Member Malcolm R. Bumler of Detroit stands under the tree. The picture was made by Mr. W. G. Schmidt and the engraving is by courtesy of Gilbert Becker, our Michigan vice president and president of the Michigan Nut Growers Association. 

 The Jacobs variety, a second generation seedling of a German walnut, was brought to the attention of the NNGA by Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio, who has been regularly taking prizes with it and another seedling he found growing at Clay Center. The Jacobs was fourth in the 1950-51 NNGA contest, having a good nut with 47. 1% kernel. The tree, now over seventy years old, bears regularly, having 200 pounds of nuts in one recent year. Several members in Ohio, Michigan, and other states are propagating the Jacobs, and it appears to be one of the most promising non-Carpathian Persian varieties for the Midwest. --J. C. McDaniel

 * * * * *

 Table of Contents

 Foreword 4

 Officers and Committees, 1951-52 5

 State and Foreign Vice-Presidents 6

 Attendance at the 1951 Meeting 7

 Constitution 9

 By-Laws 9

 Proceedings of the Forty-Second Annual Meeting. Starting on 13

 Talk by George Hebden Corsan 13

 Address of Welcome--C. J. Birkeland 14

 Response--H. L. Crane 14

 President's Address--William M. Rohrbacher 15

 Control of Spittle Bugs on Nut Trees--S. C. Chandler 18

 Preliminary Results from Training Chinese Chestnut Trees to Different Heights of Head--J. W. McKay and H. L. Crane 22

 The Filbert and Persian Walnut in Indiana--W. B. Ward 29

 Nut Growing in Eastern Iowa--Ira M. Kyhl 31

 Secretary's Report--J. C. McDaniel 34

 Discussion and Resolution on Securing New Members 35

 Treasurer's Report--Sterling A. Smith 37

 Reports of Committees 38

 Announcement of Tour--R. B. Best 39

 Status of the Northern Pecan--W. W. Magill, leading discussion 39

 Pecans in Northern Virginia--J. Russell Smith 45

 Pecans in the Vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota--Carl Weschcke 47

 Preliminary Report on Growth, Flowering, and Magnesium Deficiency of Reed and Potomac Filbert Varieties--H. L. Crane and J. W. McKay 50

 Bunch Disease of Black Walnut--J. W. McKay and H. L. Crane 56 (Above paper given at the 41st Annual Meeting. See discussion on page 80 of 1950 Report. )

 A Forester Looks at the Timber Value of Nut Trees--C. S. Walters 62

 Symposium on Nut Tree Propagation--F. L. O'Rourke, leader 68

 Factors Affecting Nut Tree Propagation--F. L. O'Rourke 78

 Nut Rootstock Material in Western Michigan--H. P. Burgart 82

 Hudson Valley Experience with Nut Tree Understocks--Gilbert L. Smith 83

 Results of 1950 Carpathian Walnut Contest--Spencer B. Chase 86

 Colby, a Hardy Persian Walnut for the Central States--J. C. McDaniel 87

 Resolutions 90

 List of Members of Northern Nut Growers Association 91

 * * * * *

Foreword

This volume is going to press somewhat later than was anticipated, andin order to expedite its publication, a few papers which werecontributed in 1951 are being held over for the 1952 Report. Two ofthese will incorporate new data to be presented at the 1952 meeting, Mr. E. A. Curl's discussion on the status of the oak wilt disease and Mr. W. W. Magill's talk on top working of native pecans in southwesternKentucky. Also deferred are Mr. L. Walter Sherman's "Final Selections inthe Five-Year Ohio Black Walnut Contest", the vice-presidents' roundtable discussion led by Mr. H. F. Stoke, on "What Black Walnut VarietiesShall We Recommend for Planting?" and two short papers from the Ohiosection. 

"Bunch Disease of Black Walnut" by Drs. McKay and Crane in this volumewas read at the 1950 Pleasant Valley Meeting, and the discussion on itwill be found in last year's Report. Other "Extras" are the propagationpapers by Mr H. P. Burgart and Mr. Gilbert L. Smith, Dr. J. RussellSmith's and Mr Carl Weschcke's papers on pecans, and the reprintedarticle on Colby Persian walnut by the secretary. (The original tree hasa big crop of nuts now maturing. )

Officers of the Association 1951-1952

=President:= Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Floriculture Department, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New York

=Vice-President=: Richard B. Best, Columbiana Seed Co. , Eldred, Illinois

=Secretary:= J. C. McDaniel, University of Illinois, Dept. OfHorticulture, Urbana, Ill. 

=Treasurer:= Carl F. Prell, 825 J. M. S. Bldg. , South Bend 1, Indiana

 =Directors=: The officers and the following past presidents: Mildred Jones Langdoc, P. O. Box 136, Erie, Illinois Dr. William Rohrbacher, 811 E. College St. , Iowa City, Iowa

COMMITTEES 1951-1952

=Program Committee:=

Royal Oakes, Chairman (Ill. ); J. Ford Wilkinson (Ind. ); Spencer Chase(Tennessee); Ira M. Kyhl (Iowa); A. S. Colby (Ill. ); W. D. Armstrong(Kentucky); and J. C. McDaniel (Ill. ) ex-officio. 

=Publications--Editorial Section:=

Lewis E. Theiss, Chairman (Penn. ); W. C. Deming (Conn. ); John Davidson(Ohio), Arthur H. Graves (Conn. ); and Mrs. Herbert Negus (Md. ). 

=Publications--Printing Section=:

G. L. Slate, Chairman (N. Y. ); Carl F. Prell (Ind. ); and J. C. McDaniel(Ill. ) ex-officio. 

=Place of Meeting:=

R. P. Allaman, Chairman (Penn. ); George Salzer (N. Y. ); John Rick(Penn. ); Arthur H. Graves (Conn. ); and Elton E. Papple (Ontario, Canada). 

=Varieties and Contest--Survey=:

H. F. Stoke, Chairman (Va. ); A. G. Hirschi (Okla. ); L. W. Sherman(Mich. ); Sylvester Shessler (Ohio); F. L. O'Rourke (Mich. ). 

=Standards and Judging:=

Spencer Chase, Chairman (Tenn. ); Gilbert L. Smith (N. Y. ); Raymond E. Silvis (Ohio). 

=Research:=

H. L. Crane, Chairman (Md. ); G. F. Gravatt (Md. ); Paul E. Machovina(Ohio); George L. Slate (N. Y. ). 

=Membership:=

R. B. Best, Chairman (Ill. ); Gilbert L. Smith (N. Y. ); Sterling Smith(Ohio); Dr. Clyde Gray (Kans. ); Louis Gerardi (Ill. ); Carl F. Prell(Ind. ) ex-officio. 

=Exhibits:=

Sylvester Shessler (Ohio), Chairman; A. G. Hirschi (Okla. ); FayetteEtter (Penn. ); J. U. Gellatly (B. C. , Canada); Carl Weschcke (Minn. ). 

=Auditing:=

Sterling A. Smith (Ohio); Carl Weschcke (Minn. ). 

=Legal Adviser:=

Sargent Wellman (Mass). 

=Official Journal:=

American Fruit Grower, Willoughby, Ohio

 State and Foreign Vice-Presidents

 Alabama, Edward L. Hiles, Loxley Alberta, Canada A. L. Young, Brooks Belgium R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo British Columbia, Canada J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank California Thos. R. Haig, M. D. , 3021 Highland Ave. , Carlsbad Connecticut A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel Delaware Lewis Wilkins, Route 1 Newark Denmark Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm District of Columbia Edwin L. Ford, 3634 Austin St. , S. E. , Washington 20 Florida C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. , 10th Avenue, Miami Georgia William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave. , Fort Valley Hong Kong P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd. , Central Idaho Lynn Dryden, Peck Illinois Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County) Indiana Ford Wallick, Route 4, Peru Iowa Ira M. Kyhl, Box 236, Sabula Kansas Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton Louisiana Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport Maryland Blaine McCollum, White Hall Massachusetts S. Lathrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd. , North Grafton Michigan Gilbert Becker, Climax Minnesota R. E. Hodgson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca Mississippi James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exper Station, Stoneville Missouri Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles Nebraska Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron New Hampshire Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro New Jersey Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington New Mexico Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton New York George Salzer, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9 North Carolina Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro North Dakota Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit Ohio A. A. Bungart, Avon Oklahoma A. G. Hirschi, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City Ontario, Canada Elton E. Papple, Cainsville Oregon Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem Pennsylvania R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg Prince Edward Island, Canada Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Rt. 5, Charlottetown Rhode Island Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St. , Providence South Carolina John T. Bregger, P. O. Box 1018, Clemson South Dakota Herman Richter, Madison Tennessee W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson Texas Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan Utah Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden Vermont Joseph N. Collins, Route 3, Putney Virginia H. R. Gibbs, Linden Washington Carroll D. Bush, Grapeview West Virginia Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale Wisconsin C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Laurence, Beloit

Attendance Register

Urbana Meeting, August 28-29, 1951

 Mr. And Mrs. R. P. Allaman, 803 N. 16th St. , Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Dr. H. W. Anderson, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Professor W. D. Armstrong, Western Kentucky Exp. Substation, Princeton, Kentucky Mr. Adin Baber, Kansas, Illinois Mr. And Mrs. F. C. Baker, Troy, Kansas Mr. Richard Barcus, Massillon, Ohio Mr. Paul J. Bauer, 123 S. 29th, Lafayette, Indiana Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan Mr. W. M. Beckert, Jackson, Michigan Mr. And Mrs. Stephen Bernath, Rt. 3, Poughkeepsie, New York Mr. Charles B. Berst, Erie, Pennsylvania Mr. And Mrs. R. B. Best, Eldred, Illinois Dr. C. J. Birkeland, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Mr. A. S. Brock, 1733 N. McVicker Avenue, Chicago 30, Illinois Mr. Morrison Brown, Ickesburg, Pennsylvania Mr. S. C. Chandler, Carbondale, Illinois Mr. Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tennessee Mr. William S. Clarke, Jr. , Box 167, State College, Pennsylvania Dr. And Mrs. A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Echo Valley, Toronto 18, Canada Mrs. Lilian V. Corsan, Echo Valley, Toronto 18, Canada Mr. George E. Craig, Dundas, Ohio Dr H. L. Crane, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland Mrs. Harley L. Crane, Washington, D. C. Mr. And Mrs. John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio Mr. Roy H. Degler, Jefferson City, Missouri Dr. Oliver D. Diller, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio Mr. Kenneth A. Dooley, Rt. 2, Marion, Indiana Dr. L. L. Dowell, 529 North Avenue, N. E. , Massillon, Ohio Mr. Ralph Emerson, Detroit, Michigan Mr. A. B. Ferguson, Center Point, Iowa Mr. And Mrs. Frank H. Frey, 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago, Illinois Mr. Wilbur S. Frey, 820 W 72nd St. , Kansas City, Missouri Mr. O. H. Fuller, Joliet, Illinois Mr. Louis Gerardi, Caseyville, Illinois Mr. Charles Gerstenmaier, 13 Pond St. , S. W. , Massillon, Ohio Mr. John A. Gerstenmaier, 13 Pond St. , S. W. , Massillon, Ohio Dr. Edward A. Grad and family, 1506 Chase St. , Cincinnati 23, Ohio Mr. G. A. Gray, Bartlesville, Oklahoma Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Stark Bros. Nursery, Louisiana, Missouri Mr. H. C. Helmle, 526 South Grand Avenue, W. , Springfield, Illinois Dr. V. W. Kelley, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Mr. And Mrs. Frank M. Kintzel, 2506 Briarcliffe, Cincinnati 13, Ohio Ralph Kreider, Jr. , Rt. 1, Hammond, Illinois Mr. And Mrs. Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa Mr. Clarence F. Ladwig, Rt. 2, Beloit, Wisconsin Jeanne Ellen Langdoc, Erie, Illinois Mr. And Mrs. Wesley W. Langdoc, Erie, Illinois Mr. Michael Lee, Milford, Michigan Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, 422 Chestnut St. , Ithaca, New York Mr. P. E. Machovina, 1228 Northwest Blvd. , Columbus 12, Ohio Professor W. W. Magill, University of Kentucky, Lexington 25, Kentucky Mr. J. C. McDaniel, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois J. C. McDaniel, Jr. , Urbana, Illinois Mr. J. W. McKay, U. S. D. A. Beltsville, Maryland Mr. J. Warren McKay, 4815 Osage St. , College Park, Maryland Mr. A. J. Metzger, Toledo 6, Ohio Mr. Elwood Miller, 450 E. Chapel St. , Hazleton, Pennsylvania Mrs. Elwood Miller, 450 E. Chapel St. , Hazleton, Pennsylvania Mr. And Mrs. Herbert Negus, 5031-56th Ave. , Roger Heights, Hyattsville, Maryland Mr. And Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois Mrs. E. N. O'Rourke, Tipton, Michigan Mr. And Mrs. F. L. O'Rourke, Hidden Lake Gardens, Tipton, Michigan Mr. John H. Page, Dundas, Ohio Mr. Edward W. Pape, Rt. 2, Marion, Indiana Mr. Christ Pataky, Jr. , Mansfield, Ohio Mr. Carl F. Prell, 825 J. M. S. Bldg. , South Bend 1, Indiana Mrs. C. A. Reed, 7309 Piney Branch Road, Washington 12, D. C. Mr. John Renken, St. Charles, Missouri Mr. Ralph Richterkessing, Rt. 1, St. Charles, Missouri Mr. John Rick, Reading, Pennsylvania Dr. And Mrs. W. M. Rohrbacher, 811 E. College St. , Iowa City, Iowa Mr. E. T. Rummel, 16613 Laverne Avenue, Cleveland 11, Ohio Mr. And Mrs. George Salzer, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9, N. Y. Mr. Rodman Salzer, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9, N. Y. Mr. L. Walter Sherman, 220 Fairview Avenue, Canfield, Ohio (New address for Sherman) Mr. Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio Mr. Raymond E. Silvis, 59 First St. , S. E. , Massillon, Ohio Mr. Douglas A. Smith, 630 W. South St. , Vermilion, Ohio Mr. And Mrs. Sterling A. Smith, 630 W. South St. , Vermilion, Ohio Mr. D. C. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa Mr. And Mrs. W. F. Sonnemann, Vandalia, Illinois Miss Elizabeth Ann Sonnemann, Vandalia, Illinois Mr. Alfred Szego, 77-15a 37th Ave. , Jackson Hgts. , New York, N. Y. Mr. Ford Wallick, Peru, Indiana Prof. W. B. Ward, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Mrs. Harry R. Weber, Box 42, Miamitown, Ohio (Now Mrs. Herbert Krone of Rt. 1, Lancaster, Pa. ) Mr. A. M. Whitford, Farina, Illinois Mr. Gordon Zethmayr, Rt. 1, West Chicago, Illinois Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Rt. 1, Linglestown, Pennsylvania

CONSTITUTION

of the

NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

(As adopted September 13, 1948)

NAME

ARTICLE I. This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization. 

PURPOSES

ARTICLE II. The purposes of this Association shall be to promoteinterest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in theirbreeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; thedissemination of information concerning the above and such otherpurposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularlyin the North Temperate Zone. 

MEMBERS

ARTICLE III. Membership in this Association shall be open to all personsinterested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes ofmembers are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Lifemembers, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications formembership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or thetreasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues. 

OFFICERS

ARTICLE IV. The elected officers of this Association shall consist of aPresident, a Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combinedSecretary-treasurer as the Association may designate. 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of theAssociation who shall be the officers of the Association and the twopreceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurerare combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board ofDirectors. 

There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, orcountry represented in the membership of the Association, who shall beappointed by the President. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE VI. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of themembers present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment havingbeen read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposedamendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to eachmember thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. 

BY-LAWS

(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)

SECTION I. --MEMBERSHIP

Classes of membership are defined as follows:

ARTICLE I. ANNUAL MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes ofthe Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3. 00). 

ARTICLE II. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in thepurposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10. 00)or more. 

ARTICLE III. LIFE MEMBERS. Persons who are interested in the purposes ofthe Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75. 00) to itssupport and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues. 

ARTICLE IV. HONORARY MEMBERS. Those whom the Association has elected ashonorary members in recognition of their achievements in the specialfields of the Association and who shall pay no dues. 

ARTICLE V. PERPETUAL MEMBERS. "Perpetual" membership is eligible to anyone who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and suchmembership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle thename of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds receivedtherefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearingsecurities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only theinterest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are inthe treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the eventthe Association becomes defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, theTreasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purposefor such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate atthe time he makes the bequest of the donation. 

SECTION II. --DUTIES OF OFFICERS

ARTICLE I. The President shall preside at all meetings of theAssociation and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Boardof Directors when he believes it to be the best interests of theAssociation. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standingcommittees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committeesas the Association may authorize. 

ARTICLE II. Vice-president. In the absence of the President, theVice-president shall perform the duties of the President. 

ARTICLE III. Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executiveofficer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relatingto the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships andotherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and reportto the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board ofDirectors as they may request. 

ARTICLE IV. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and recordmemberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association andshall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. He shallgive such security as the Board of Directors may require or may legallybe required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as the Boardof Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and in accordancewith the law, and shall submit a verified account of receipts anddisbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as theBoard of Directors may from time to time require. Before the finalbusiness session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accountsof the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the AuditingCommittee appointed by the President at the opening session of theAnnual Meeting. 

ARTICLE V. The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of theassociation between meetings. Four members, including at least twoelected officers, shall be considered a quorum. 

SECTION III. --ELECTIONS

ARTICLE I. The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and holdoffice for one year beginning immediately following the close of theAnnual Meeting. 

ARTICLE II. The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officerson the first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall takeplace at the closing session. Nominations for any office may bepresented from the floor at the time the slate is presented orimmediately preceding the election. 

ARTICLE III. For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949and thereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually atthe preceding Annual Meeting. 

ARTICLE IV. A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall befifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the electedofficers. 

ARTICLE V. All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligibleto vote and hold office. 

SECTION IV. --FINANCIAL MATTERS

ARTICLE I. The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shallbegin October 1st. 

ARTICLE II. The names of all members whose dues have not been paid byJanuary 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices ofnon-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or aboutDecember 1st. 

ARTICLE III. The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members whohave paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have notbeen paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will notbe entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of theAssociation until dues are paid. 

SECTION V. --MEETINGS

ARTICLE I. The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected bythe membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made atthis time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time forthe holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seemdesirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors. 

SECTION VI. --PUBLICATIONS

ARTICLE I. The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year andsuch other publications as may be authorized by the Association. 

ARTICLE II. The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility ofthe Committee on Publications. 

SECTION VII. --AWARDS

ARTICLE I. The Association may provide suitable awards for outstandingcontributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitablerecognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate. 

SECTION VIII. --STANDING COMMITTEES

As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, thePresident shall appoint the following standing committees:

 1. Membership 2. Auditing 3. Publications 4. Survey 5. Program 6. Research 7. Exhibit 8. Varieties and Contests

SECTION IX. --REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

ARTICLE I. The Association shall encourage the formation of regionalgroups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organizetheir own local field days and other programs. They may publish theirproceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent societysubject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications. 

ARTICLE II. Any independent regional association of nut growers mayaffiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourthof its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3. 00to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at themeetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings ofthe parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee onPublications. 

SECTION X. --AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS

ARTICLE I. These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by atwo-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shallhave been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty daysprior to that meeting. 

 * * * * *

 Forty-Second Annual Meeting Northern Nut Growers Association, Inc. August 28, 29 and 30, 1951 Urbana, Illinois

At the evening session on August 27, Dr. William Rohrbacher presentedDr. Arthur S. Colby, of the University of Illinois, who informallywelcomed the gathering and set forth in detail the plans for theconvention, with directions for finding different buildings, andsuggestions concerning the several scheduled events. Dr. Colby concludedhis talk by calling for a few remarks from one of our Canadian members, George H. Corsan, of Toronto, who is probably (with Dr. Deming) one oftwo nonagenarians in the association. 

Mr. Corsan spoke as follows:

MR. CORSAN: My neck is still stiff. On the 27th of May I was up lookingat a budding and I was coming down a 40-foot ladder, and when I was 22feet from the ground the ladder had a bad rung and I took a head-firstdive for the earth. I believe my tissues were made out of nuts, fruit, honey, and grain and I was able to survive. I looked exactly like a manin the gallows. They said, "You will be in the hospital for eight weeksor more. " In two weeks and two days I was hoeing corn. 

On the way here I dropped into various places that were of interest. Jack Miners. The place is really better than when their father wasalive. I came over across the river and dropped into Battle Creek. 

I spent a good time hunting for Kellogg and I couldn't find him. Oneperson told me he was dead. He was quite peppy over the telephone and Iwas amazed because he had been ill and well, then ill and then well. Hesays, "Come on over. I am ready and looking for you. " He wrote me aletter scolding me. He asked where I was going and I told him. I askedhim, "Do you know you are a life member of that association?"

He has a monster dog descended from Rin-Tin-Tin and that dog is clean, intelligent and looks like a human being. He is on the shore of GullLake, a seven-mile-long, one-mile-wide lake. Marvelous looking. He hadabandoned his big house and he gave that to soldiers and sailors andsick men. I had asked for him and they have never heard of him. That'show he hides himself. He is back on the lake again. So I hunted andfound a house so unique that no one but he could have a house like thatbuilt. There he was and he was peppy as ever. He has a new man on thebird sanctuary. He was fully alive. 

I don't want to take up any more of your time. I have had call on me anenormous number of people who are more interested in nut growing thanever. I can't blame them, with the price of meat so high, and so manydoctors advising the displacement of animal foodstuff by the eating ofnuts. 

It was on my 94th birthday that I got a plaster cast and was in it twoweeks and two days. I will tell you a little secret. I was supposed tohave a diet. They had a dietician and I said I didn't need to eatanything. I drank orange juice and pineapple juice and apple juice andgrapefruit juice. I ate some European black bread with carroway seeds;it tasted bitter. I don't eat so much as I did before the accident. I amtrying to be careful of myself. 

I want to have a talk with Wilkinson on the black walnut. I have fourbig trees of Stabler, and hardly a nut grows on them. Down there theybehave themselves and have big crops. How do they have such big crops? Ilike them. I don't believe there is a tastier nut in the world. Even myhybrid Asiatic butternut cross. I have got quite a lot of them here toshow you and the biggest filberts in the world and they are allseedlings. 

Not a hickory nut, butternut or black walnut. I had a ton of blackwalnuts. There is a good crop of hybrids, filberts, English walnuts, andthere are some other nuts. I am north of Lake Ontario. When any of youare going across, drop in and see me. 

TUESDAY MORNING SESSION

DR. ROHRBACHER: Will you please come to order. My gavel is in Iowa City, so I will use my pocket knife. We have to make a little change in ourprogram. Our leader, Mr. Magill, is not yet here. 

First on our program this morning will be Dr. C. J. Birkeland, head ofthe Department of Horticulture at the University of Illinois. It'swonderful to have such a splendid response so early in the morning. 

DR. BIRKELAND: It is certainly nice to see such a big turnout and wecertainly welcome you to Illinois. We have been interested in nuts for along time and probably will be more interested in the future. We haveone man on our staff who has for years been interested. Now that we havetwo, we will be twice as interested. In the past, years ago, theEndicotts probably pioneered in a new variety of nuts. Later on, theCaspers and Gerardis and Whitfords and now the Oakes and Best familiesare doing a lot of work in the propagation of new and better varieties. We have a lot of areas in Illinois suitable for nut propagation, withthe Wabash, Illinois, and Mississippi rivers, and we have been workingwith farm advisers and other groups to increase nut production and nowwe have a new horticultural experimental station in the southern part ofthe state. There is a lot of land suitable for that type of production. 

Out on the horticultural farm we have, I guess, several hundredseedlings and varieties of nuts which you will probably see. I hope yourstay here will be a lot of fun as well as profitable. 

DR. CRANE: It is a great pleasure for me, and I know from the expressionthat I have had from those with whom I have talked, also for the membersof the Northern Nut Growers Association who are here to be able to meetin Urbana as guests of the University of Illinois. As a matter of fact, we have tried and wanted to come out here for quite a long while, butwe didn't have a good invitation and we are glad to accept--here we are!

The members of the Northern Nut Growers Association are all good peopleand they are very much interested in nut growing, not so much from thestandpoint of making a fabulous income and being able to retire on anunlimited bank account on ten acres of land in nut trees, but they get alot of pleasure out of fooling with them as a hobby, and in order thatthey might more or less through their trees respond under God's lovingcare. 

This is the 42nd annual meeting of the Northern Nut Growers Association, so it is no longer a baby. It is growing up. I don't know what themembership is at the present time. The secretary is going to tell uswhat the membership is this afternoon. It has gotten to be quite asizable organization. We welcome the opportunity of coming out here toIllinois to see some of the nut orchards and nut trees in this greatstate, particularly pecans, although we do see quite a lot of hickoriesand also walnuts. 

We certainly thank you, Dr. Birkeland, for your welcome and I know thatour pleasure here is going to be unlimited. We thank you. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Thank you, Dr. Crane. We had them bring up some water totake care of our whistles. 

At this time I'd like to present our address. 

President's Address

I want to say it is a real privilege and pleasure for me to visit withyou today and to have the honor of serving as your president for thepast year. I have always been impressed with the enthusiasm and optimismof this group. You know enthusiasm and optimism are highly contagious, and I look forward each year with great anticipation to my regularinoculation. 

It is particularly fitting that we assemble here with a common goal andpurpose and also with the common knowledge that there is much work to bedone. This society, which was formed 42 years ago, has enjoyed greatprogress and I wish to commend the men who had the vision to conceivethis association and nurture it to manhood. Their accomplishments wereindeed fruitful. However, there is still room and need for a program ofexpansion. It is our responsibility and obligation to see that thisgrowth continues. The rings of growth on a tree trunk push outward andcontinually expand and grow--so must our association. Sometimes webecome so deeply engrossed in what we are doing or trying to do that itis advisable to back up and take a broadside view of our objectives andpurpose. In other words, we sometimes cannot see the forest for thetrees. 

I should like at this time to review the real intent and purpose of theNorthern Nutgrowers Association. The defined purpose of thisassociation, as stated in the Constitution, is to promote: (1) Interestin nut bearing plants; (2) Scientific research in their breeding andculture; (3) Standardization of varietal names; (4) The dissemination ofinformation concerning the above and such other purposes as may advancethe culture of nut bearing plants. 

We are very happy that the 1951 convention has come to Illinois, whichrepresents the western rim of this group. Only one meeting was heldfarther west, and that was held in Iowa in 1915, when my good friend andfellow Iowan, D. C. Snyder's brother, was active and contributed so muchto nut culture in this country. The late Sam Snyder's, as well as D. C. 's untiring efforts, did much to originate and develop some of thefinest named walnut and hickory nuts in Iowa. Through the years manyother good nuts of the black walnut, hickory, pecan, Persian walnut andchestnut have been added to the ever-growing list. It is my consideredopinion that one of the real questions that must be answered andanswered intelligently, based on actual experience, is what nut treesshall I plant now?

It is only natural that the list of different varieties has grown solong in nearly every variety that we should concern ourselvesparticularly with point three of our objectives, which I have reviewedwith you--that being the standardization and selection of varietalnames. In order that nut culture be extended and expanded for profit, aswell as satisfaction, I feel this is a real problem. It is my consideredjudgment that a definite culling must be done. Those of us who find ourfavorite nut tree meeting the axe may propagate it on a personal basis. The fact remains however that a definite list of approved varieties, based on actual experience and performance, is needed. We will save manya heartache, much time, work, and money by knowing more definitely whatto plant. This would enable the nurseryman or the propagator of nuttrees to reduce the number of varieties it has been necessary to carryin the past. It is imperative that any growing business have a broadcommercial base. The nurseryman is seeking information on the mostdesirable varieties because it is unprofitable for him to carry a hugeinventory of varieties he feels are most desirable, yet are called forthe least. It has been my experience that the nurserymen in Iowa arelimiting the number of species for propagating purposes. They are makinga selection of varieties based on their own judgment, which may be goodor perhaps could be better. If more standardization and selection couldbe obtained, the nurseryman could and would propagate more of thevarieties that are recommended for their particular localities. In myopinion, it is our responsibility to help furnish this information. 

With this in mind, we have named a committee to work on this importantproblem during the past year. The very capable and efficient Mr. H. F. Stoke has been working with the vice-presidents of our organization tosurvey the black walnut through the black walnut belt. I am sure we allare anxious to learn about their findings and accomplishments later inthis conference. It is my sincere hope that this report and the forumround table discussion will give all of us a better understanding ofwhich black walnut to plant in each respective locality. If we canaccomplish this one problem at this meeting, I feel this conferencewould be most worthwhile and be a contributing factor to anever-expanding production of good black walnuts in this country. 

If we can make real progress on the black walnut, and I am confident wecan, the other varieties such as the hickory, Persian walnut, chestnut, and the lesser grown nuts, can be dealt with in the future. 

This matter of selecting the best variety of black walnuts for aparticular locality has been of interest to me ever since I becameinterested in the fascinating subject and practice of growing nut trees. Furthermore, I have become increasingly interested in this during eachsucceeding year. If you will pardon a personal reference, we started outby planting some of each variety that appealed to me that was beingpropagated or sold by nurserymen. In the beginning years we experienceddifficulty with two factors: namely, cattle and flood waters. We stillhave a number of varieties but have discarded many for a number ofreasons. However, in the next few years the trees will be ready to bearand will furnish many of the answers concerning production in our ownlocality. This single project may save future planters of nut trees manyheartaches and, more important, loss of time--because they will knowwhat to plant. 

That sentence in essence is my main thought for the day--and year. Andas a final example we could read the parable from the book of Matthew ofthe man who sowed seed but an enemy sowed tares and the servants askedif they should pull the tares. But Jesus said, "No, because in so doingthey might uproot the wheat. Rather, " said He, "wait until the harvest, then separate the tares from the wheat. "

Earlier it was mentioned that we all like to be identified with agrowing or expanding business or project. It is my firm conviction thatwe all should do more to promote more and better nut trees. We need moreplanters of a few nut trees as well as a few planters with many trees. 

We have recently seen a tremendous rebirth of interest in grasslandfarming in this country. This is constructive and sound for the longpull. Livestock and proper land use are natural companions. Another allyand companion in this whole movement should be good walnut trees inevery pasture, a few nut trees in every farm lot, in the fence row andcorner of the farm. I am sure that our educational agencies would bevery receptive to putting more emphasis on this sound and fundamentalpractice. Good pasture lands, clear streams, plenty of trees for shadeare all important and real assets to any farm. Shade produced by a treeis incomparable to any man-made structure. Instead of compromising withany shade tree let us all accept it as our mission to educate the peopleto know that nut trees are the most economical and useful. Then, after asummer of furnishing the finest shade from the summer heat, fall wouldbring an abundant harvest of highly desirable edible nuts for thehousehold and perhaps a few more for a city neighbor who may not havebeen so fortunate. 

Thus, in closing, may I again emphasize that it is my sincere hope thatthe survey, which has been completed by Mr. Stoke through the goodcooperation of the vice presidents, will result in a more intelligentselection of the best black walnuts for the respective communities andlocalities. This will enable the beginner, as well as others, topurchase black walnut trees with a reasonable assurance that the returnswill be a source of satisfaction rather than a disappointment. 

It is a real pleasure to come to Urbana and partake of the gracioushospitality of people like Dr. Colby, J. C. McDaniel, and others whohave contributed so much to the success of this association. This is agreat fraternity and it is my sincere hope that we continue from here toa most successful meeting. This common bond and mutual objective ofbetter nut culture gives us pleasure, profit, pleasant association, healthful enjoyment, and at the same time renders a genuine service toour community and country. 

At this time, we have to make a change in our program, due to the factthat our leader W. W. Magill, of the University of Kentucky, is not herewith us. We have asked that S. C. Chandler, of Carbondale, Illinois, speak on the Control of Spittle Bugs on Nut Trees. 

Control of Spittle Bugs on Nut Trees

S. C. CHANDLER, _Illinois Natural History Survey, Carbondale, Ill. _

When Dr. Crane spoke about the fact that so many of you grow nuts forpleasure rather than for profit, I thought that probably explained why Ijust knew about this pecan spittle bug June 27 of this year. I nevereven heard of it before, although it has been quite serious in andaround Union County, 200 miles south of here. The firm which owns theorchard where these tests were conducted, Conrad Casper and Son, has 75magnificent pecan trees besides an apple and a peach orchard. Mr. Casperdidn't say anything about the trouble until then. He lays much of theloss of his crop to the pecan spittle bug. I want you to know what it islike. It is a little out of season. The meadow spittle bug works ongrasses and weeds. This is, we have found, a different species. This oneI brought up doesn't show as much as it would if I had collected itthree weeks ago. There is a little nymph of a sucking insect which spitsas it feeds. It doesn't chew tobacco fortunately. I got it from downhere in the bottoms of the Little Wabash River. 

I first want to tell you a little of what the grower, Mr. Conrad Casper, considers the importance of it. Now, as I say, I don't pretend to be aspecialist on nut insects. My work has been mostly with fruit insects. Whatever I know about this insect I have learned this year, and I amjust passing on that information to you. 

Mr. Casper says that in the year represented by this growth here thespittle bug worked right into the base, and that is the one that wouldhave produced buds. So, instead of bearing nuts, it acts as if you havepruned it. It didn't stop the growth, but it stopped the bearing ofnuts. That was attacked by spittle bugs, but at any rate it didn'tproduce nuts. That has gone on four or five years and his neighbors allsay the same thing. Here is one year, two, three, in the twig growth. This year it did make some nuts, in that particular branch. I am notprepared to back everything he says. Here is a growth here, thenanother, and finally had a few nuts all over the tree. So much then forthe importance of it. 

My problem was three-fold. I wanted to find out what species wasinvolved. I found out it was not the same species that works on thegrasses, and I sent in some adults for identification. They told me theright genus, but couldn't tell me the species. They are either in theprocess of determining it or on vacation. It is a different thing fromthe Meadow spittle bug and has two broods instead of one. I wanted tolearn something about the life history. All of you know that it is veryimportant to get the life history of the insect, because then you knowthe stages in which they are most likely to be most easily killed. Weknow something of the stages and when it would be of use to spray or dosomething for them. In order to learn the species, I had to rear it outand to attempt some control measures when it was first called to myattention by the farm advisers. This first brood was about over, and Ithought our work was about over. The spittle was drying up. It isinteresting to note that unless it is actually feeding, you can carry itaround in a car for only a short time. The insect seems to stop workingand you can't get a very good sample. 

MR. McDANIEL: We have some out there on our pecan trees and on thewalnuts also. 

MR. CHANDLER: Down there we found where walnut was interplanted withpecan, it would be very light on a walnut then. So I thought that maybeour observations and tests were over before they ever started, but byJuly 8 or 10, a new brood had started. Dr. G. C. Decker could hardlybelieve it. There is only one brood of the Meadow spittle bug with whichhe was familiar, but this was a different species. It was very much morenumerous than the first brood. Ninety-five per cent of the terminalswere infested. If that does anything to nut production it is bound toreduce the bearing. Now that brood lasted until late August. The adultscontinued to emerge for about a month, starting August third, and as faras I know they were still emerging on Sunday afternoon, August 26. 

Now, just before telling about that and showing some of the pictures andspraying test, I might wind up this part of it by saying something aboutthe distribution. I wondered if it is in Gallatin County. I found itabundant there. Mac already says we have some in Urbana. I was wonderingif it was down in the so-called pecan orchards. These orchards arereally just seedling groves. Immense things. I went down there on my wayand they do have it. The first man I met said I think we haven't beengetting pecans because of that spittle bug. It did seem funny to stumbleon the thing. Mr. Casper was really an apple grower. It took him fouryears to suffer enough to complain about his pecan insects. 

I want to show you some slides. Dr. Kelly will start showing thepictures. 

I tried to take a picture of one of the worst infested branches. Really, later I found I had taken it a little too soon. This thing actuallyhangs down in bags. 

This was my attempt to show some of these previous year's growth thatwas killed, and there it was. You can see some of this whitish materialhere. This was taken after we had sprayed. The new growth is comingthrough here. 

I must have gotten my finger in the way here. This is the dead part andthe new growth and something working on it. 

Another thing that Mr. Casper says is that sometimes it gets bad enoughso that some of these nuts are caused to drop off. They seem to bepretty well established. 

Now there are small things I am attempting to show here. I think ourofficial photographer is on vacation. He has some that are larger than Iwas able to take. I tried to take a picture when the spittle was driedup, but I don't know whether you can see them. 

I wanted to show you some of the cages. They were emergence cages thatcover a branch. The nymphs would develop into the adults inside that. 

Here again I wished for my official photographer. These are the adults, darkish up here and light in the other end. They are about three-eighthsof an inch long and they are a hopper. They have wings with which theycan fly, but mostly you see them jumping about. They look like your treehoppers. 

I just wanted you to take a look down this magnificent orchard of Mr. Casper's. He has 75 of those trees. They are 31 years old, planted 55feet apart. They are 75 feet high. I am going to have to use some of myboy scout ability and measure by proportion. He claims to have sprayedat least the lower three-fourths of the tree. 

MEMBER: He uses a speed sprayer, doesn't he?

MR. CHANDLER: No, it's another kind. With all the pressure on one gun, he can get a long way up. One of the materials we used was too strongand we got a crinkling on the leaves. After that he cut it down to whatI told him. 

My data slide. I want to tell you about this. He sprayed first on July16 in the orchard which I showed you. He sprayed the whole thing withparathion. He had been using it with his apples and he thought of thatas being such a deadly poison that that must be the thing to do. Wethought so the first day afterward. He sprayed in the evening. At ninethe next morning we could find practically none of those terminals thatseemed to have live spittle bugs, but in about two days we could seesome were surviving that treatment so we came in again. That spray wasapplied July 23. At any rate, we sprayed one row with lindane, 1-1/4 lb. Per 100 gallons. When I went through the original parathion sprayed plotthere was well over half that had some live nymphs. 

We started our tests over again. On July 30 we sprayed with lindane (25%wettable powder) with one pound to one hundred gallons of water. Onlythree terminals with any live nymphs out of a hundred were left in thelindane. The parathion has 38 per cent alive. TEPP which is teta ethylpyrophosphate is a very quick acting material but doesn't last. Whateverit does, it has to do in an hour or two's time. It has lost itsefficiency after that. But we know it might kill everything in a bighurry. There was still ten per cent. We could rule out parathion. Wewent back to this one row and sprayed on July 23 and on August 2 and 3. That would be nine days. There still were only four infested terminals. That lindane is a refined BHC, which is that material that stinks. Ithas been known to produce an off flavor in peaches, and it could veryeasily make an off flavor in pecans. In tests before this on Meadowspittle bugs on crops which might be used for food they did not use BHC, which would be cheaper. There are four or five different forms of themolecule that are important in making that and this gamma is the mostimportant. We used a pound of this 25% gamma lindane and that apparentlywas the most successful. I didn't get this idea out of a clear sky. Italked to Dr. G. C. Decker and read one or two articles showing wherethey had been using dieldrin and lindane with the most success. 

I guess that is all the slides now. 

MEMBER: Do you get away from the bad effects of BHC by using lindane?

MR. CHANDLER: Yes. Now we feel that at any rate in the very short timein which we have known anything about the thing we have at least learnedsomething about the pest and the distribution and the species andapparently we have got a lead on control. Mr. Casper thinks there is noreason why he shouldn't start in the first brood, although he has hadabout four years build up of the thing and no wonder it is bad. If weshould try that another year, I would say we should start about themiddle of June, because when he looked on the 27th of June the show wasabout over. 

MEMBER: Your lattitude is about the same as Evansville?

MR. CHANDLER: Yes, Carbondale is almost on the due west line withHenderson, Kentucky, and Anna is 20 miles south of Carbondale. 

MEMBER: One hundred miles north would be about two weeks later. 

MR. CHANDLER: Yes, I wouldn't be surprised if it wouldn't be later. Wethought maybe you might have to spray when the adults were out. Wedidn't know whether any material would go through that spittle. Wethought you might have to spray and envelop the tree when the adultswere around. 

MEMBER: I saw some spittle bugs in Northern Michigan on wild hazel, andI am wondering if they are a pest on filberts. 

MEMBER: We have no damage on filberts and I think we have spittle bugsin St. Louis. Our first brood comes between the first of June and thetenth, and in the last eight years they have been very serious. 

MEMBER: Did you say Northern Peninsula of Michigan?

MEMBER: We have reports from Illinois and Missouri and Mr. Armstrongfound it over at Princeton, Kentucky, and I know it is in Indiana. 

MR. McDANIEL: I have seen some on pecans in Tennessee, but not asabundant as in Union County. 

MEMBER: English walnuts in Ohio. 

H. F. STOKE: I am in southwestern Virginia. I can say that we havespittle bug in the South. I am not sure it is the same species. When Iget it determined, I will let you know. 

DR. CHASE: That occurs in all the southern states. It is quite bad inGeorgia and Florida and Alabama and in fact all the southern states. 

MR. McKAY: It is very bad on weeds and grass in our orchards. 

MR. CHANDLER: That's another species. 

MR. McKAY: I have never seen any on our nut trees. 

MEMBER: Just before this attack on the nut trees it was real bad onclover and grasses in our area. 

MEMBER: That comes a little earlier. We ought to be sure that we getthat determined. Dr. Milton W. Sanderson has had to send some specimensto a specialist in this group in Lawrence, Kansas. [1]

MEMBER: Are there just two broods?

MR. CHANDLER: There might possibly be three. I have another cage in mycheck block in which I collected the live ones, and I am going to findout whether they produce or don't. 

MEMBER: There are two broods in Iowa. 

MEMBER: Do I understand the common spittle bug is an enemy to nut trees?

MEMBER: That is for young nursery seedlings. 

MR. CHANDLER: Did you see these big trees where I told you about havingthe crop? I explained for several minutes that there must be twovarieties. 

MR. FERGUSON: There is a spittle bug that bothers the June berries. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: We have a spittle bug we had a year or two in Iowa onthe elm trees. 

At this time Dr. Colby would like to make a few announcements. 

DR. COLBY: I just had a call from Tubby Magill. He is over in Danvilleand he has burned out a bearing and he is going to get over here forthis afternoon. We will have to pinch-hit the rest of the morning. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: We will now have a presentation by Dr McKay on thePreliminary Results of the Training of Chinese Chestnut Trees. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Dr. Kathleen G. Doering, at the University of Kansasidentified the spittle bug from the Illinois pecans as _Clastopteraachatina_, a species not hitherto recognized as an important pecan pest. Spittle bugs from southeastern pecans have been referred to a differentspecies. --Ed. ]

Preliminary Results from Training Chinese Chestnut Trees to DifferentHeights of Head

J. W. MCKAY AND H. L. CRANE[2]

Introduction

Many growers of Chinese chestnut (_Castanea mollissima_) want to knowhow soon their young trees may be expected to bear their first crops ofnuts. This is determined by several factors, but perhaps one of the mostimportant is the amount and kind of pruning the trees receive during thefirst four or five years they are in the orchard. One reason for theimportance of type of pruning is the characteristic habit of the speciesto form branches low on the trunk, so that low-headed and spreading topsresult if trees are left unpruned. 

It has long been accepted by most horticulturists that any kind ofpruning of fruit trees tends to be a dwarfing process. Hence, prunedtrees would be smaller than similar unpruned trees. Pruning of youngfruit trees, though reducing the size of the top and the number ofgrowing points, tends to stimulate the growth of the remaining shoots. This has a marked tendency to delay the formation of fruit buds. Hence, unpruned trees come into bearing earlier than even lightly pruned trees. Tufts (2)[3] reported that lightly pruned deciduous fruit trees, such asapple, pear, apricot, and peach, came into bearing one to three yearsearlier than similar trees that had been heavily pruned. Crane (1) foundthat height of head in apple trees had little effect on yield for thefirst nine years in the orchard, but at the time the experiment wasterminated the trees were still too young for him to expect much fruitproduction. He found, however, that the low-headed trees made more shootgrowth and a larger gain in trunk diameter than the high-headed ones, and thus the bearing area was larger. Because the tree form of thehorticultural varieties of Chinese chestnut is somewhat comparable tothat of apple varieties, it would be expected that the two might givesimilar growth and yield responses to pruning or training procedures. The experiment described in this paper was initiated for the purpose ofdetermining the response made by trees of Chinese chestnut varietiespruned and trained to three heights of head. 

Experimental Procedure

The three varieties used in the experiment are Meiling, Nanking, and anunnamed variety carried under the accession number 7916. The lastvariety is characterized by dwarf, heavy-bearing trees that mature theircrops very early in the fall, whereas Meiling and Nanking are vigorous, fast-growing varieties that mature their nuts in midseason. In the earlyspring of 1948 thirty-six two-year-old grafted trees were planted 25feet apart in the orchard in four short rows of nine trees each. Thethree treatments consisted of (1) no pruning; (2) pruning to a 2-foothead; and (3) pruning to a 4-foot head. Three trees, one of eachvariety, were included in a plot or treatment. Thus, the experiment wasarranged in a randomized block design with the three treatmentsrandomized in each row and the four rows serving as replications. Eachspring the trees received a liberal application of a 10-6-5 fertilizer. Strips six to eight feet wide on each side of the contoured rowsreceived frequent cultivation each growing season, while strips oforchard grass sod were left between the rows to prevent erosion. Thesoil is Riverdale (tentative series) sandy loam that had been in orchardgrass sod for ten years before the experiment was begun. It has beennecessary to spray the trees each year with DDT, parathion, or both tocontrol Japanese beetles and mites. 

Pruning of the trees was begun during the first winter following theplanting in the orchard, but only a few of the lower limbs were removedin order not to dwarf the pruned trees severely. The second winter a fewmore lower limbs were removed and at this time the two-foot-headtreatments were complete. A third pruning was necessary before the headsof the trees in treatment three could be raised to four feet. Detailedrecords and measurements were made of the diameter of each tree trunkone foot above the ground, and of the weight and number of nuts produced(yield). 

Experimental Results

=Table 1. Effects of training to different heights of head on the averagediameter of tree trunk and yield of nuts of three varieties of Chinesechestnuts at the end of the third season (1950) after transplanting=

 ===========+=============================+==============================+ | | | | Average diameter of tree | | | trunk (millimeters) | Yield of nuts (pounds) | Treatment +-----------------------------+------------------------------+ | | | | Meiling No. Nanking Tree | Meiling No. Nanking Tree | | 7916 average| 7916 average | ------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+ | | | No pruning | 43 43[1] 47 45 | . 19 . 43[1] . 05 . 16 | 2-foot heads| 25 19 21 22 | 0 . 12 0 . 04 | 4-foot heads| 27 22 25 25 | 0 . 03 0 . 01 | ------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+

 =============+==============================+ | | | | | Number of Nuts | Treatment +------------------------------+ | | | Meiling No. Nanking Tree | | 7916 average | -------------+------------------------------+ | | No pruning | 11 22[1] 2 10 | 2-foot heads | 0 7 0 2 | 4-foot heads | 1 4 0 2 | -------------+------------------------------+

 [1] 2 trees missing. 

Data on the diameters of the tree trunks and yields of nuts at the endof the third year in the orchard are given in table 1. It should bepointed out first that these grafted trees produced some nuts the thirdgrowing season they were in the orchard. This is very much earlier thanseedling trees ordinarily could be expected to bear nuts. It will benoted that trees of Number 7916 developed a somewhat smaller trunk onthe average than the other varieties did, but Number 7916 outyieldedthem about two to one, both in weight and in number of nuts produced. The tendency of Number 7916 to bear nuts earlier and on smaller treesthan other varieties may prove to be a valuable characteristic that willjustify naming and releasing this clone as a new variety. The fact thatit matures its nuts early may also make it suitable for growing in morenortherly areas than other varieties, because the length of seasonrequired for maturing the crop presumably is shorter than for othervarieties. However, this cannot be determined without extensive tests inthe North, which are now being made by a number of growers. 

It will be noted also in table 1 that the trunk diameters of theunpruned trees were about twice as great as were those of trees trainedto two-and four-foot heads; and furthermore, the yield of nuts was morethan four times as great. This means that cutting off the limbs thatformed below the 2-foot level checked growth so that the bearing surfaceof the tops was greatly reduced as compared with that of unpruned trees. Also, growth of the tops of these trees was etiolated and spindly, andthe shoots produced few or no catkins as compared with the abundantcatkins produced by the unpruned trees. Several of the trees withfour-foot heads became so top-heavy that staking was necessary, andnearly all the pruned trees leaned to some extent. At the end of thethird year in the orchard, the unpruned trees were much taller thantrees headed at two and four feet, and the spread of branches was alsomuch greater. Preliminary results from this experiment indicate thatearly pruning of young Chinese chestnut trees causes severe dwarfing andconsequent delay in the formation of catkins and the bearing of nuts. All pruning operations should, therefore, be delayed until the treesreach bearing age, and from that time on low limbs may be removedgradually from year to year until the trees are trained to the properheight. 

Literature Cited

 (1) Crane, H. L. The effect of height of head on young apple tree growth and yield West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 214. 1928

 (2) Tufts, Warren P. Pruning young deciduous fruit trees California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 313: 111-153. 1919

Discussion

MR. McDANIEL: What age and height were these trees when planted?

DR. McKAY: These trees were grafted on two year old stock and allowed togrow a year. They were three years old. They have grown in the orchardthree years, so they are now six years old and about five feet high. 

They were grafted about a foot from the ground and they grew three feetor so. They were a good size grafted tree. 

MEMBER: May I ask the time of the year when you pruned?

DR. McKAY: In the dormant season. 

MR. SHERMAN: I have been pruning some Persian walnuts. Just as the sidebranch starts I rub that bud off and I can't see that I am dwarfing itany. 

MEMBER: Maybe you aren't pruning enough to do any dwarfing. We haveremoved whole limbs. 

MEMBER: I have taken it off and allowed the center to go up. 

DR. McKAY: It may have different effects. We actually removed wood fromthe tree. 

MEMBER: Is that 7916 a pretty good sized nut?

DR. McKAY: It is a smaller nut. The 7916 is a potentially high bearer. It bears quickly after it is planted and that is one of the things a lotof us are interested in. 

MEMBER: How about eating quality?

DR. McKAY: It is just as good. 

Our preliminary conclusion is that early pruning in this species causessevere dwarfing and delay in the fruiting of Chinese chestnuts. Just letthem alone. Plant them and forget about pruning them until they comeinto bearing. Let them alone and you will get nuts two or three yearssooner than if you start taking those lower limbs off. Once you get itinto bearing then start in and take off a few limbs on the bottom. Youcould still over-do the thing. The point is to wait at least three orfour years. We will have some recommendations in another year when weshall know more ourselves. 

MEMBER: What do you disinfect those cuts with?

DR. McKAY: We don't figure it is necessary to be too particular aboutpainting the wounds. Those wounds heal over very quickly. Use an asphalttree wound compound. 

MR. SILVIS: Personally it appears to me that Walter Sherman's method ofrubbing off the buds or very young shoots just as they start growth isto be preferred. Your method of cutting off limbs is destructivepruning. Though you say pruning dwarfs the tree, actually the root isstill there and given enough time will not the tree recover?

DR. CRANE: I carried on pruning experiments for many, many years, withapples, peaches, pears and cherries. Since then I have been working onnut trees. As for this debudding, the reason he doesn't know he wasinjuring, was that he didn't have checks and experiments. When you have, you will see that debudding or even pinching the terminals will actuallydwarf the tree, although not as badly if it is not done in the summertime. If you do it in the springtime, and if you keep on debudding alongin June and July, you are dwarfing your trees. 

MR. McDANIEL: In the University orchard you will see some Chinesechestnuts which have been pruned heavily, and the results aren't good. 

MR. CORSAN: I visited a sweet chestnut orchard in Michigan, and thegrower told me that there were two types of Chinese chestnut trees, onethat grew tall and the other squatty. The one that grew shorter was muchlater than the tall one. Then I would like to tell you about anexperience I had years ago. I imported from this state of Illinois fromMiss Amelia Riehl, and I also planted about a bushel of seed of Chinesechestnut trees grown in the Niagara district. These Niagara seedlingsare quite large and the amazing thing is they didn't grow any nuts. So Icame across another orchard in the Niagara district where they weregrowing that large pointed type of nut and I got some grafts from thatand I put them on these non-bearing trees and they all took at once. Abunch of them would all grow up without any failure. That was easy andnow they are growing fine. I just thought I would tell you that peculiarexperience, and that knocked me cold. The trees from Illinois and thetrees from the seeds of the large good sized nuts were equally good. 

MEMBER: Did they bear after you grafted them?

MR. CORSAN: They sent out sprouts that far. [Indicating. ] The trees wereall right. 

MR. STOKE: I think you are both wrong. I think you will take the treeand plant it without pruning and then it starts and then in the summerafter it is in full leaf pinch off the leader in the lower branches. That will retain the value of those lower leaves. By doing that andsuppressing the lower you will get better results than either of theother ways. Nature will remove and make unfruitful the lower ones. Youcan help nature in forcing the upper growth and removing the lower. 

DR. McKAY: That is one way of doing it. A lot of people want to getahead of nature. If you wait for those lower limbs to die, the tree willhave to be pretty large. Lots of people want to get under their treesbefore that. You sometimes want to get there after three or four years. I think it would take ten years for the shade to do it. 

MR. STOKE: I didn't mean to let the shade do it. We after three or fouryears can remove the limbs ourselves with less shock and much betterresults. That will work on any tree. 

DR. McKAY: I don't see how you can remove. 

MEMBER: You force stronger leaders at the top and hasten the growth ofthe top. 

MEMBER. You will get a delay of fruiting. 

MEMBER: I think you make up for it. 

DR. CRANE: That may be true. We have seen very conclusively that whenyou prune even a little you are going to destroy fruiting. 

MR. STOKE: You will have a larger tree in five years by my method thanby yours. 

MR. A. M. WHITFORD: I have trees of that very spreading type of Chinesechestnut, that are lying on the ground and I should have removed thoselimbs five or eight years ago. You should remove them in not more thanfive years after planting. 

DR. McKAY: I want to make a comment. Some grafted trees are not bearing. This to us shows the importance of varieties. This difference between7916 and the two others is so striking it means in the future we have topay more attention to the varieties. There is no question that somevarieties will bear sooner than others. We have to talk about graftedtrees because that is the only thing that can be developed. Everygrafted tree is potentially like every other of the same variety. 

MEMBER: What factors suppress them? In pinching back, do you mean thatthe actual growth rate is changed, or that debudding will suppress theentire tree?

DR. McKAY: We mean the amount of the top itself. Usually it is thespread and the height together. When you prune, you tend to hold backthe total amount of the fruiting area of the tree. If you allow it todevelop untouched you have a greater fruiting area. 

MEMBER: The chestnut tree often will sprout from the trunk. What are theprocesses to check that?

DR. CRANE: It is very largely root pressure. When you have a tree thatis uninjured, all of your water and soluble minerals are going up to thetop. When you have the tree trunk killed or cut off you still have waterin your root system. In some trees you have a lot of adventitious budsthat are still there and never forced out. Nitrogen will force thosedormant buds into growth. At each walnut node or leaf we have as many asseven buds, all of which are capable of producing growth. Normally it isonly the major bud that grows, but propagators sometimes get a patch budback to life even though the primary bud dries up. Keep on forcing itand you are bound to get a sprout out of that bud. That is just the wayit is with a lot of dormant buds. There are so many that when we cut offthe top these dormant buds are forced into growth. Some trees don't havethem. Tung does not form dormant buds, but will form those adventitiousbuds. They will form numerous buds even in a very small area of callus. It is just a safeguard that some plants have developed to keep theindividuals alive. 

MR. McDANIEL: I think what Mr. Craig had in mind was the tendency thereis in Chinese chestnut to form multiple trunks. 

DR. CRANE: That is due to these dormant buds and the ability to producecallus. Chestnut is one of the species that produces abundant callusvery readily. That is one of the reasons this Chinese chestnut is soblight resistant. When it has an injury it will form callus at the pointof the injury. 

MEMBER: Would you tell me how you would start a blind bud growing. Itwill not break. It doesn't form. When I come to a wood which is blind Icut it off. 

MR. CHASE: We have had such buds and find if that bud is blind you canforce all you want to but you won't get any new buds to grow from thatbud patch. 

DR. McKAY: It does on two-year wood. Perhaps on one-year wood you haveno adventitious buds. When the bud dies, that patch is through. Ontwo-year wood frequently small adventitious buds will grow. 

MEMBER: If you rub the main bud off, it will start on the side. 

MEMBER: Do you recommend two year wood for budding?

DR. McKAY: We recommend one year if it is large and vigorous. If youhave to use chestnut wood smaller than a pencil the results will beindifferent. 

MEMBER: What time do you recommend budding?

DR. McKAY: We graft in spring, the first week in May, using dormant woodthe size of your little finger. We wait until the first leaves are open, usually in May. 

MEMBER: Do I understand that most any place along that tree trunk thereare adventitious buds?

DR. McKAY: Particularly next to the root. 

MEMBER: Have you had any success in bench grafting of the chestnuts?

DR. McKAY: We have had some success and other times failures. We can'trecommend bench grafting. Perhaps you can do it, but we haven't yetworked out a satisfactory method. 

MEMBER: Wouldn't it do better if you dipped the top in paraffin orsomething?

DR. McKAY: Ask Mr. Bernath. He is the authority. 

MR. BERNATH: No, none whatever. No, it wouldn't help. 

MR. CORSAN: In New York they had weevils. That is the most terriblething I ever saw. Has the weevil disappeared entirely?

MEMBER: No, indeed, we have weevils over a large area. It is a veryimportant pest in the East and in the Ozark Chinkapin range aroundchestnut plantings. There is a very satisfactory and easy way ofcontrol. DDT, two pounds per 100 gallons of spray solution or a dust ofone per cent. The trees are sprayed once or twice or three times fromabout the last of August on until shortly before harvest. 

MR. McDANIEL: That is discussed in last year's annual report. 

MR. CORSAN: I fumigated my seed nuts for the weevils and killed them alleffectively, and we have no weevils of hickory or chestnuts now. Thatis, as far as southern Canada is concerned. It would matter terribly ifwe had any weevils of any kind. Anyone hear about the hickory andchestnut weevil?

MEMBER: Standard directions are available for the control of weevilsboth in chestnut and hickories. 

MEMBER: There are practically no weevils in New York. The boundary linewould be about southern New Jersey. It doesn't make much progressfarther north. It's also absent toward the Southeastern and Gulf coasts. 

MEMBER: That is an interesting discussion, but it is off the currentsubject. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: I am sure your project is interesting, manifested by thequestions you have been asked. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 2: Horticulturist and Principal Horticulturist, respectively. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Plant Industry, Soils andAgricultural Engineering, Beltsville, Md. ]

[Footnote 3: Number in parenthesis refer to literature cited, p. 25. ]

The Filbert and Persian Walnut in Indiana

W. B. WARD, _Department of Horticulture, Purdue University_

The soils and climatic conditions in Indiana are, for the most part, favorable to the growing of nut trees. There are various types of soils, ranging from light sand to heavy clay, soils high and low in organicmaterial and natural fertility. The annual rainfall, 35 to 40 inches, isfairly well distributed throughout the year. The length of the growingseason is about 150 frost-free days and, oftentimes, another 20 to 30days of non-killing temperature. The summer and winter temperatures areaverage, thus providing good conditions for the development of fruit andgrowth to the trees. 

There are always exceptions to the normal conditions, and a good testseason broadens the experience of those who want to go to the extreme inplanting nut trees. This past year, 1950-51 season, was a good testyear. The temperature early in November was as high as 85°, tomatoes, peppers, beans, and sweet corn were growing in the gardens. Duringmid-November the temperature quickly dropped to near zero. The coldlater went down to -20° and even -35°, as recorded at Greensburg. Thiscold weather, not only killed much of the tender short growth andpistillate flower possibilities, but destroyed many of the catkins. Thefilbert and Persian (including Carpathian) walnuts, suffered and in someinstances the plants were killed to ground level. All of the damagedplants have survived, and where the top of the tree was killed, newgrowth came up from the root. As only seedling Persian walnut trees wereunder observation and included in the Purdue plantation, their suckergrowth will be used to form new tops. 

The native walnut, hazelnut, hickory, and butternut had little or nowinter injury and many trees are very fruitful all over Indiana. Theimproved strains of filberts and the Persian walnuts have only a fewfruits this year. Seedling Persians grafted or budded on native blackwalnut survived, but there was some damage to the top growth due toimmaturity of the wood and bud last fall. Before general plantingrecommendations can be made, other than for the hobbyist or home-ownerwith a few trees, further testing will be required. 

Filbert and Hazelnut

The native hazelnut thickets are not as common now as in years past. Most of the nuts were small and of little commercial value. Whenhybridizers and other nut enthusiasts started improving the size andquality of the native hazelnut and bringing in filberts from othercountries, some impetus was added to the filbert planting program. Onlya few took advantage of these new and promising seedlings, and asidefrom a few small plantings throughout the state the filbert is placed inthe ornamental grouping of plants. Several areas in Indiana are suitablefor more extensive plantings. The Jones hybrids have proven satisfactoryand are found growing from the northern part to the Ohio River. 

Several crosses were made four years ago using pollen from the Rush andlarge fruited seedlings on the native hazel. There are 35 or 40 suchplants, two years old, now growing in the Purdue plot. They came throughthe winter in excellent condition. Many of the catkins on the olderplants were killed during the early cold spell, and the nut crop thisyear is very spotty. The filbert does have a place around the home as anornamental, as a fruit tree, or when used as a hedge for screening. 

The Carpathian Persian Walnut

The Carpathian Persian walnuts in Indiana are practically all seedlings. Many of these seedling trees show great promise, while others underobservation for the past few years are being discarded because of lackof hardiness and production. Some few seedlings made vigorous growth andproduced fair to good yields for the past 10 years, but some weaknesswas evident after the 1950-51 winter. It appears now that those treesthat have survived and are in production this year are worthy of furtherstudy and propagation. 

The oldest known Persian walnut in our state is the Haderle seedling. Afew nuts, from a friend in California, were planted in 1924 and 10 yearslater fruited. This tree has produced as many as 350 pounds of nuts in asingle year and has survived all test winters since planting. The nutfrom the Haderle tree averages 32 nuts per pound, medium shell, goodquality and 44. 6 per cent of the total weight is edible. The nut crackswell. Several other such Persian seedlings have been classified asexisting prior to the general distribution of Carpathian nuts from theWisconsin Horticultural Society in 1936 to 1938 and later. 

Several individuals in Indiana took advantage of the nut sale andimportation from Poland during the years mentioned and about 10 per centof the original seedlings are now alive. Many of the trees planted 10 to15 years ago are fruiting and classified. Outstanding groups ofseedlings, which are referred to by name, such as Bolten, Fateley, Eagles, Barnhart, Kraning, Behr, Zollman, and others are found from theextreme northern area to the Ohio River, and are distributed over nearlyone-half of the 92 counties in Indiana. 

The use of eastern black walnut as understock has been practised byseveral orchardists and nurserymen, and a few will have trees for salein the near future. The fruits from these trees compare with the best. 

The largest nut is in the Fateley #1. , with some fruits two inches indiameter, and averaging 23 nuts per pound. The nut is high in quality, has an appealing taste, and a well formed kernel. It cracks easily andhas a very thin shell for such a large nut. This tree has borne 50pounds of nuts or more annually for the past few years and has a nicecrop this year after the severe test winter. The Fateley #1 seedling aswell as the #2, #3 and #4 seedlings, are grown on a city lot, undercrowded conditions and provided with only moderate care. 

Several crosses have been made at Purdue with the Persian walnut, andapproximately 100 seedlings have been distributed to various personsthroughout a large area of the state. The trees do not seem assusceptible to insect and disease damage as the native black walnut, andgrowing well in sod should make good lawn trees. Some of the nut treeswere sprayed with "Nu Green"--five pounds per 100 gallons of spraymaterial was used on the orchard crops, and great growth response wasnoted for the sprayed over unsprayed trees. As the home owner is foreverlooking for new trees to plant, and trees with clean habits, the Persianand particularly the Carpathian selections may be the answer. 

 * * * * *

The speaker exhibited photographs to illustrate his talk. They picturedseveral of the different trees he had mentioned. The photographs showedthe conditions under which the trees grew, the effects of fertilizing, and the injuries resulting from the winter cold. The reading of thepaper was followed by a short discussion, after which Dr. Rohrbachercalled upon Mr. Ira Kyhl, of Sabula, Iowa, who talked on the subject"Nut Growing in Eastern Iowa. "

Nut Growing in Eastern Iowa

IRA KYHL, _Sabula, Iowa_

About five years ago, I became very much interested in nut trees andhaving hundreds of wild black walnuts and hickories I attempted tograft, or rather top work, the black walnuts to Persian walnuts andheartnuts, and the hickories to pecans and hicans. 

My favorite, of course, is the Persian walnut, and in addition to topworking them on blacks I planted several grafted trees and severalhundred seed nuts. To my surprise and pleasure, nearly every seed grewand the seedlings are still doing very well. I now have 35 to 40varieties. 

I have had very little winter injury, except with the Broadview variety. The tops froze back a little and I had a little trouble with the barksplitting on the larger trees. I covered the splits with tree wounddressing and they are all doing well now. I consider the Schafer aboutthe best and most promising variety I have and the grafts take verywell. Most of the Carpathian varieties are also growing nicely andespecially the Illinois number 10, [4] which is a very rapid grower. 

In top working, I use the bark slot method, usually setting two to threegrafts on a three inch stock, as at least one scion is almost sure tostart. These scions are fitted and nailed in place with a seven-eighthor one inch nail and then well wrapped with one-inch industrial adhesivetape. This seems to break or deteriorate with the growth of the graft. I then thoroughly wax the taped part as well as all of the scion, covering the buds rather lightly. After the scion has started to growwell, a one by one strip is nailed to the stock. This extends from twoto three feet above the top of the stock. The growth is then tied to thestick with soft cord. If growths are not tied this way, most of them arebroken off by the wind. After the grafts are set, I cover with a papermilk bottle, or rather, container, and cut four small holes in it forventilation. It sheds the rain well. I use a small tack on two sides. The containers usually stay there until removed when the graft starts. This method works much better than paper bags, as they are easilywater-soaked and the wind blows them against the scion, which is easilyloosened and therefore fails to start. 

I am also well pleased with the results I have had with heartnuts onblack walnuts. I consider them the most rapid-growing of any of the nuttrees. I have had grafts bear a few nuts the next year after being set. I now have seven or eight varieties, of which I consider Fodermaier, Aloka, Rival, Mitchell, and Wright as the most promising, along withGoettler. Squirrels seem to prefer heartnuts to all other sorts. I haveeliminated this trouble by tacking a length or two of stove pipe aroundthe trees. 

Last summer my attention was called to a tree about 30 miles from myhome, which bore a very large crop of heartnuts. The man that owned thetree called them filberts. The tree is about 40 feet tall with a spreadof 40 or 50 feet and is 18 inches in diameter. It is perhaps 20 to 25years old and bears from three to four bushels a year, I am told. I haveheard that the tree grew from a seed brought over from Germany. I havenamed the tree Goettler, in honor of the man bringing it to myattention. The nut seems to resemble the Wright and is one of the bestcracking nuts I have found. I received permission to get scion wood fromthe tree and have a few grafts growing well. 

Hickories are, of course, a native of this section as is pecan, whichgrows wild on the Mississippi River bottoms about as far north as themouth of the Maquoketa River. The pecan grafts take off nicely onhickory stocks but the graft seems to outgrow the stock. I have found, however, that hican, being half hickory and half pecan, works muchbetter on a hickory stock. My pecan grafts which seem the most promisingare Major, Indiana and Greenriver, and of the hican grafts theBurlington and Wapello. 

Chestnuts seem to do very well here, as well as filberts and nativehazels. Of the chestnut varieties I have growing I prefer the Nanking, Kuling and Meiling. Most of my Persian walnut plantings I haveinterplanted with dwarf fruit trees and have clover and alfalfa growingbetween the rows. This is cut twice a year and used for mulch. Thefollowing spring it is spaded in and a small amount of high testnitrogen applied at the same time and the trees all seem to respond tothis treatment very well. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Any questions or remarks?

MEMBER: Mr. Kyhl mentioned the Schafer. That is the one for the boys andgirls in a hurry to get nuts. In three years you get nuts. I haveexperimented with it and that is the only tree that will do it. 

MR. CORSAN: I would like to ask the convention if they have had theexperience with the black walnut and the Persian. Down the valley wouldcome a good strong wind and break off the tops. I had one that grew 20feet from a little graft. When I put this on, it had three buds. One budthrew six feet and 20 feet of wood from that one seeding. I barricadedit so the ice wouldn't break it. The ice broke through my barricade andI have one that is growing as high as I can reach. Black walnut brokeoff with the wind. Sometime, the whole tree broke down. Not a twig wasbroken off the English walnut. The black walnuts worry me to pieces. 

MR. DAVIDSON: In connection with this rapid growth, is there anydifference in the quality of the wood? We have some that grow so muchmore rapidly. When the wood matures, will it have the same value forfurniture and so on as the slower growing ones? Would they be more likethe softwood?

MR. CRANE: Our highest grade native woods are those which grow moreslowly. We haven't made any studies on the wood in black walnut, inrelation to the growth rate. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The strength and value of the wood depends on theproportion of large and small cells. In a very slow-growing tree youhave a large proportion of the big cells. In rapid-growing wood you alsohave an undesirable result. It is between the very slow and very rapidthat you get the best. If you get a rapid growth the cells are thin, even though they may be small. It is the in-between condition that makesfor good timber. That is based on actual strength tests and evaluation. 

MEMBER: Mr. Corsan wrote me about the wind damage. I never had thatexperience. I saw the cyclone in southeastern Iowa. Elms were up-rootedand torn to pieces and I didn't see any black walnut damage. Even thehickories were damaged and some snapped off. I have never seen anywalnut give away. 

MR. McDANIEL: We have wind damage in Urbana, and we can show you someplaces where black walnut trees were removed. 

MR. CORSAN: Many years ago I was in a train going from Toronto toMontreal, and this is a section that is full of hickory trees. TheIndians must have planted them. That is the only nut except butternut. Ilooked out the window and we had a six-inch ice storm and the oaks werestripped. Most of the other soft trees were down to the ground. Therewasn't even a twig killed on the hickories. The shagbark hickory. Theywere just as sound. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: The ladies who want to take a little walk and end up atMrs. Colby's home where she is going to serve hot coffee meet at 1. 30 inthe main lobby. This is the regular time on which you are eating andsleeping now. The remainder of the group will meet here at one o'clock. If we go down to the cafeteria and get in before 11:40 we have a betterchance. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 4: Now named Colby, this variety is a seedling of Crath No. 10. --ED. ]

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

(meeting called to order at 1:00)

DR. ROHRBACHER: We will have the secretary's report. 

MR. McDANIEL: By count last Saturday, we had 568 paid members plus 21subscribers--a total of 589, compared with 575 members and a total listof 596 a year ago and 653 in 1949. Maybe you need a new secretary who isa more successful salesman, to push the membership higher. Actually westill have more members than at any time before the late 1940's, but weneed more salesmanship to double or triple the present number. Theplanting of hardy named nut trees is going up by leaps and bounds (askany nut nurseryman) but membership in the leading organization topromote their culture is lagging. We need more members among the new nutplanters, and I think we have plenty to offer them for their $3. 00, butwe are not getting the point over to enough of them. There are thousandsthat we helped to get started. If anyone has some new ideas on thesubject, let him speak up in the discussion period, and we will try toput the ideas into operation if they don't cost too much--in money ortime of the organization's officers. 

Ohio still has the most members, and I think we can say the Ohio groupis the most closely knit and active one in any state at present. Thereare 82 members in Ohio now. Several of them are new ones. Ohio iskeeping up its membership percentage and it is always well representedat the meeting. How many here from Ohio today? Not _quite_ half thegroup. 

It is nip and tuck between New York and Pennsylvania for membership downthrough the years. This year Pennsylvania is one man ahead of New York, unless George Salzer has brought another new member's name with him. Pennsylvania is 58, New York 57. Two years ago it was New York 62, Pennsylvania 57. Then we had the meeting in New York state last year. Maybe some of the New Yorkers took a good look at us and decided itwasn't the crowd they wanted to be associated with! We haven't met inPennsylvania recently, so the membership there is very steady. Dr. Colwell moved back home from Ecuador, so Pennsylvania moves from 57 to58 members. 

Will the members from these two states rise briefly? Pennsylvaniafirst--at least three from Pennsylvania; then New York--three from NewYork State. 

I might say the decline in New York members is _not_ in the Rochesterarea. Mr. Salzer is seeing to it that they don't drop out in Western NewYork. A lady in his county won our $25. 00 first prize for her Persianwalnut, and George relieved her of $3. 00 of it for 1952 dues. We needmore members like Mr. Salzer, and Mrs. Metcalfe, too. 

Illinois is fourth now with 38 members. I don't know what it'll drop toafter this meeting. One member changed his address from Chicago toIndiana, but we are still seven up from the 31 of two years ago. MaybeIllinois is going to become a nut growing state after all, in spite ofoak wilt, walnut bunch, spittle bugs, and the 1950 Thanksgiving freeze. 

Will the Illinois people rise, both members and visitors? Not quite afourth of the group is from Illinois. 

Michigan is still fifth--32 members now, 30 in 1949. Take a bow, all youMichiganders--five or six from Michigan. We could afford to take achance on a meeting there again before long. 

Indiana is going up slowly in membership. It is now sixth with 27, supplanting Tennessee. It had 18 members in 1947 and 25 in 1949. Howmany Hoosiers here? Six or seven from Indiana. 

Canada has 26 members listed now, putting it seventh. (There were 26 in1949 also). Who's here from Canada--at least two. 

Iowa is one of only two other states with more than 20 members, having22 in the book now, compared with 26 two years ago and 30 in 1947. Howmany Iowans here?--three besides our President. 

New Jersey has 21, Massachusetts has 17, Tennessee has 16, Virginia andWashington 14 each, Missouri, 13, California and Maryland 12 each, Connecticut and Oklahoma, 11 each, Kentucky and Kansas 10 each, WestVirginia 8 and Georgia 5. There are fewer than five each in all theother states, except seven states with no members. Arkansas is a goodnut producing state, but membership dropped from four to none. There areno members and seldom have been in Arizona, Colorado, [5] Maine, Montana, Nevada, and Wyoming. I believe we never had one in either Arizona orNevada, but the others have occasionally had one. 

Hong Kong is a new territory on our list of foreign members, though Mr. Wang, who now lives there, joined the NNGA from China around 30 yearsago. 

We are a _little_ better off on the annual report now than we were ayear ago. It is printed and members who are here can take their copies. The story is the same as usual with the printers, although they are newones this time. Our job got behind some others which moved slowly andthen was put aside for work on school annuals in which this company doesa lot of business. With some more volunteer editorial assistants andproof readers maybe we can get the copy to the printers earlier, so asreally to get the book printed in the winter I agree with all themembers who said that a year between the meeting and the publication istoo long. 

Looking toward this the November 1 cut-off for accepting papers shouldstill apply, with the suggested addition that no long ones will beaccepted which were not read at the meeting. Composition is tooexpensive to permit publication of a book with unnecessary wordage, so Ihope we can avoid as much as possible the duplication of material whichappeared in recent reports. Boil it down, and please, for the sake ofthe editor's eyesight, don't try to put too much on a page. The editorsappreciate some space between the lines. But if you have something newto report, don't hesitate to send it in. 

The 1950 report is here. I think it's a good one. In the hope of havinga still better one for this meeting, I'll stop now. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Thank you for your report. Any discussion and criticismboth destructive and constructive?

MEMBER: I thought this 1951 circular of information was a handy thing tohave. I was wondering if more are available. 

MR. McDANIEL: Yes, we run off a surplus each year and any member mayhave more upon request. 

MEMBER: If you were to mail two instead of one to each member, thatmember could give the extra copy to a prospective member. 

MEMBER: I would like to make a suggestion on that card business. Why notfollow the system of the _National Geographic's_ recommendationcard--you can't become a Geographic Society member any other way. 

MR. McDANIEL: We will put a card or blank for nominations of members inthe next issue of the _Nutshell_. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: This is the time the secretary would like to havecomments on this to give him help if he gets his job back. 

MEMBER: It seems to me it would be a help in not only attracting newmembers but a help in stimulating attendance in our meetings if theannual report of the preceeding meeting could be gotten out somethinglike two months ahead of the following meeting. 

MR. McDANIEL: I believe we can do better than that this year. 

MR. DAVIDSON: I do think it has quite an influence in stimulatinginterest not only on the part of our members but stimulating attendanceat our meeting. I do think also that the suggestion of following theexample of the _National Geographic_ should be put in the form of amotion and the Secretary instructed to remind each member to pleasenominate his or her friends for membership in the Association. I wouldbe glad to make that motion. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Do I hear it seconded? (Motion seconded). It has beenmoved by Mr. Davidson and seconded by Mr. Wallick from Indiana that wecarry through this new project of securing membership. Any furtherdiscussion?

MEMBER: Please repeat the motion. 

MR. DAVIDSON: I would move then that the secretary be instructed to sendto each member a reminder of his duty to nominate friends for membershipin this Association. 

MEMBER: What do you mean by membership--members or officers?

MR. McDANIEL: Members first, officers later. If you stay a member longenough you probably get to be an officer. 

MEMBER: I'd like to amend that resolution that the secretary send a cardto each member in which he can nominate a new member. With the secretaryjust reminding the members nothing ever happens. I think the card has togo with the reminder. 

MR. DAVIDSON: I accept that amendment. 

MEMBER: I think this whole thing clarifies itself if you bear in mindthat the application form and the nomination are one and the same thing. A card which says in effect "I apply for membership in the NNGA" and theblank for his name, occupation and address. The card says thatremittance of the annual dues is made herewith and this applicant hasbeen nominated by the current member of the Association. It is one card. I receive a couple of these from the secretary and write my name for anominee. His name and address and that is sent in to the treasurertogether with his dues and an application of someone who has beennominated. It is a good screening because you have people interesteddefinitely in the work of this organization. 

MEMBER: I would fear that too many barriers put in the way of it mighttend to decrease the number of new members. It is hard enough to getpeople interested. 

MEMBER: Mr. President, I don't see how that can be a barrier since onedoesn't know unless a member tells him. One doesn't become a memberuntil a member said "Look, you should belong, let me nominate you formembership. "

DR. ROHRBACHER: If I want to become a member, this is just anothersource. 

MEMBER: The _National Geographic_ psychology is good. They have acirculation of one million, seven hundred thousand. If you want the_National Geographic_, some member has to sign a card. The psychology ofthat is that it makes it a little hard to get in and it works. 

MR. RUMMEL: If there is a motion on the floor, I will second theamendment. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: All in favor say "aye"--opposed "no". Motion carried. 

Is there anything further to take up under the heading of helping oursecretary? If not, we will go on and have a report from our treasurer. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 5: A Colorado walnut grower joined later. --Ed. ]

Treasurer's Report

MR. SMITH: Ladies and gentlemen of the NNGA, our good secretary awhileago made the remark that perhaps he wasn't a very good salesman. Perhapsit is more the treasurer's fault for not being a good collector. Thetreasurer's report for August 26, 1940 to August 25, 1941. Annualmembership dues--$1655. 00. Among these there are two contributingmembers, Arp Nursery and Mr. Howard Thompson. I have two sustainingmembers, Mrs. Herbert Negus and Mr. Alfred Szego. Sale ofReports--$240. 51; Interest on U. S. Bonds--$37. 50; contributions towardthe rental of the hall--$47. 25; contributions for the Persian walnutcontest $35. I had hoped that some other states would come forward, butthey didn't. Total receipts--$2, 015. 26. 

Disbursements: Rich Printing Company for the 1949 annual report, $1, 529. 26, including the mailing and envelope charges and also the costof printing. _American Fruit Grower_ subscriptions--$221. 20;supplies--$65. 38; Secretary's 50 cent per member--$270. 00; secretary'sexpenses--$37. 49; treasurer's expense--$96. 37. My expenses rose due tothe fact I sent out two notices that dues were due. The two yearspreviously I had depended upon The Nutshell to let the members know anda lot of the members don't read the notice. The editor had it up therein the front lines, but it didn't bring them in too well. That made thepostage bill $37 more than it was the year before. Prizes for thePersian walnut contest--$75. 00; rent of hall, $60. 00. You will noticeabove the rent was more of a donation. They gave us strong hints that iswhat they wanted. G. R. Grubb and Company $47. 25 for cuts for the annualreport you just got. We owe $19. 00 on the cut that appears on the frontcover. 1000 copies of Ford Times--$10. 00. This is their March, 1951issue with Dr. J. Russell Smith's color-illustrated article. 

MR. McDANIEL: I told you about it in _The Nutshell_ and I have ten ormore requests. I still have a large stack and will try to bring someover. [Still available for 3¢ stamp at the secretary's office. ]

MR. SMITH: Membership affiliation with American HorticulturalSociety--$5. 00; Bank service charges--$1. 72; Miscellaneous--$16. 50;Total--$4, 320. 93. Cash on deposit as of the present time--$1, 730. 99. There are still a couple of checks outstanding. One was for a walnutprize winner. He probably just framed his check. He has had it over amonth. We have $1. 97 in petty cash on hand. Disbursements of $2, 587. 97. Total on hand--$4, 320. 93. On hand August 26, 1950--$2, 305. 67; thereceipts this year to August 25, 1951--$2, 015. 26 which makes the totalof $4, 320. 93. U. S. Bonds--$3, 000. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Thank you, Mr. Treasurer. 

MEMBER: I'd like to speak about the pamphlet from the Ford people, anarticle by Smith, very interesting. I believe the secretary said he hasa number of copies in his possession. It is well worth having. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: I think the treasurer will welcome a vote of thanks forhis report and work. I move his report be accepted with thanks for hiswork. It has been moved and seconded that we offer a vote of acceptanceand thanks for this report. So passed. 

MEMBER: Mr. O'Rourke has a report and he has a pamphlet. He would likeeach of you to have a copy to read and study, so when he comes on theprogram it will save a lot of time if you read this pamphlet which hehas provided. 

MR. SILVIS: As chairman of the auditing committee, I find twodiscrepancies in the report issued by Sterling Smith. The checks thatare uncashed of course I don't believe are found, and while the cashseems to be going down, in the face of mounting printing costs andmailing costs, this committee in auditing the books believe they are ingood shape. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Thank you. Shall we have a motion?

(Motion made, seconded and passed)

I have appointed Dr. Crane on the Resolutions Committee. At this time wewill go along with our program. 

MEMBER: Mr. Chairman, I believe that a report on our constitution andby-laws provide that the nominating committee must make a report on thefirst day of the meetings. Now, I am not sure about that. 

MR. McDANIEL: The nominating committee doesn't have the legal number ofmembers. We overlooked a careful reading of the constitution and itshould have five instead of three. I think the constitution says it hasto report on the first day. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Is the committee ready to report?

MR. CRANE: I think the nominating committee makes its report as to theslate of officers that they suggest for the next year. However, theelection of the officers takes place at the closing sessions. That is inorder to give the membership the opportunity to study therecommendations. Nominations for any office may be presented from thefloor now or immediately preceding the election, if you disagree withthe choice, so you have an opportunity to present additional nominationsjust before the election takes place. 

Mr. President, the nominating committee desires to nominate our Dr. L. H. MacDaniels to be our president for the coming year. And for vicepresident, Mr. Richard Best of Eldred, Illinois. Our very loyal, faithful, hardworking secretary has agreed to fill the post for anotheryear again, so we will nominate J. C. McDaniel to that position. I amsorry to say our present treasurer has asked and insisted upon beingrelieved from his duties, so the nominating committee has reluctantlyagreed to that, feeling that we should not work an officer too long andtoo hard. We ought to pass these things around, and we now take Carl F. Prell of South Bend, who has kindly agreed to serve. This, Mr. President, is the report of the nominating committee. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: Thank you, Mr. Crane. This board looks very good. Understand that it is open for any further nominations from the floor atany time, either now or preceding the election. If you wish to presentany other names to this list, you may do so at our meeting tomorrowevening. 

Mr. Best, we haven't heard about your problem, about your project. Before we make this trip I think we should have a little response. 

MR. BEST: You want me to tell you what the trip consists of at Eldred. After getting through with the Persian walnuts at Royal's, we willproceed down the Illinois River about 30 miles to our place at Eldred. We are along the Illinois River. We have a large planting of all thenuts we can think of, but what we are particularly interested in showingyou folks is our pecan trees, 5, 000 pecan trees. Those are graftedvarieties. We have 47 varieties. We are doing some work with seedlings. We have taken Mr. Wilkinson's Major and Greenriver and then a few of thehickory-pecan hybrids and we have planted nuts with the idea we willgrow those nuts and let them bear. We will exhaust all thepossibilities. This year we have treated a number of seedlings withcolchicine. We don't plan to show you very much of anything but pecans. We do have some Persian walnuts. 

We should have some notice for reservations. Everyone who has written tous we have taken care of in the best possible way. If any more of youwant to come, be sure and let us know so we can handle that. 

Status of the Northern Pecan

W. W. MAGILL, _University of Kentucky, Leader of Discussion_

MR. MAGILL: I offer no apologies for being late. My car broke down. Mr. Armstrong is with the car and will be up here most any time. Since threeo'clock this morning I have been trying to get here by bus. I wasstranded over in Danville. 

This is the first round table discussion I ever tried to lead withoutpreviously talking to some members of the panel. Mr. Best, Mr. Crane, Mr. Gerardi, Mr. Weschcke, Mr. Snyder, Mr. Wilkinson. 

In leading a discussion on northern pecans, I don't know how well thisgroup of nut enthusiasts agree. I think we should have an understandingof what a northern variety is. About all I picked up I got from FordWilkinson, introducer of many of our leading varieties. He knows whereevery one of them is standing. I don't know how many times he has beenup there. We owned two of the most valuable. During the floods of '37when water was over Louisville, Paducah and the original Major andGreenriver trees the farm hands were sent out to clean up the debris sothey worked it out and ended those two trees. Now this Niblack, that isfrom up here around Vincennes, the Posey originated in Gibson County, Indiana, the Busseron is from southern Indiana. The Goforth is from NewHaven, near Shawneetown, Illinois. The Tissue (Tissue Paper), the Gilesand Johnson are from Kansas. Gerardi has a few from Southwest Illinois. We can't say north of the Mason-Dixon line; we say "close to the MasonDixon. "--Is that north or south out there in Kansas?

MEMBER: It's Republican. 

MR. MAGILL: I'm not counting that. West of the Mason-Dixon line. 

I assume that this group would be interested in certain factors andmaybe we can get it out to the crowd in a more interesting way by askingquestions. What factors would you take into consideration in trying tomake a decision? We recognize the southern varieties would be moreeasily killed by certain temperatures. You're from Illinois. Read offyour contribution. What is your observation on these northern pecans?

MR. GERARDI: The varieties that we introduced around our particular areaI could give as much for as any. These others have all been tried andwith close observation there is not so much difference in the varietiesI can see. I will name three or four of those varieties. The Gildigpecan is a little longer than the Indiana, but the same shape. Thisvariety I tasted. I think the flavor is better in the Gildig. Soilvariations will make a difference and it is a little longer. That is theone variety I like very well. A little slow in bearing, the trees in thenursery have no nuts before five years. After that time, it began tobuild up, until we had spittle bug infestation and that has been abattle. It suddenly appeared. The first I noticed was the nativeseedlings with spittle bug and then it moved into these plantings ofthese better varieties and it is very bad. In the last four years it isnoticeable on the amount of nuts taken off. Because of killing thatlatter twig growth, it destroyed the crop of the future years. We havehad the trees bear at four years old. They have a wonderful set untilthe spittle bug gets hold of them. From the first to the tenth of June, it's around until the 25th of July. And the second brood was active andof course it doesn't take the nut off. Most of the damage is on thetwig. The first brood insect gets right around where the cluster of nutsset and it drops off. It seems to girdle the tree. The insect bores intoit. I had a little difficulty telling just what quantity was on thisGildig pecan. 

The next variety is the Fisher pecan, very much like the Major. The factis I think it is a little more elongated. The youngness of bearing isthe same. The Major started at three years old. The three-year tree hadseveral sets of nuts. It keeps building on and the bearing isn't gettingless. 

MR. MAGILL: Do you find your bearing earlier? In top working a seedlingtree?

MR. GERARDI: Top working will gain at least two years. Then againdepending on the size of your root stock. You will gain at least twoyears. Under adverse soil conditions at least five years. 

MR. MAGILL: Do you plant seedlings where you want them to grow and thenlater top work?

MR. GERARDI: I haven't because I have been producing them in a nursery. I don't think we have time for pre-planting these pecan seeds where youwant the tree to grow. I think it is advisable in many areas. If you canplant a nut tree you can go right ahead and there is no further care tobe given it. After the Fisher and the Gildig is one called the QueensLake. (This was called Gildig number 2. ) It is a little more round. Itis stubby and heavy in diameter something like the Money-maker among thesouthern varieties only not as large. It is a little smaller. 

Another variety is the Duis. He had named two or three, including theSwagler and Duis variety. I noticed two years ago after he had died, theground had changed hands. I saw the tree but it had very few nuts. Thetree was apparently ten years old. I don't believe there are more than adozen nuts. It was in a creek bottom, growing very rapidly. The Duispecan is a nice size. It is a little larger than any of the commercialnorthern varieties. As for the bearing, I am a little skeptical. TheSwagler variety I have practically abandoned. It is very much like theNorton. Clarksville I like very well. The Norton (parent of Clarksville)does not bear at all for me. I have ruled that one out. The Swaglergives a little trouble with late growth and winter trouble, winterdamage, from the late growth in the fall. Consequently I haven't had anyfruit until the present time. 

MR. MAGILL: We'll come back to you later. I want to present some pointsin a letter from Dr. Frank B. Cross, of Oklahoma A. &M. College. Theyspent a lot of time on pecans in Oklahoma. They don't all have oilwells. He makes two or three statements I hadn't thought of. I will justthrow these in to carry this discussion along. 

"In comparing the two groups of nuts, namely, northern and southern, wefind that practically all northern nuts require a longer rest period, than do the southern nuts. This means that the northern nuts for themost part begin growth later in the spring and begin to mature leavesand shed leaves and drop nuts before the southern varieties. The Majorand the Greenriver are perhaps somewhat different from others of thenorthern varieties in that their maturity date usually falls with theearlier southern varieties. 

"In order of production, I would rate the northern varieties as followsfrom highest to lowest: Major, Greenriver, Busseron, Indiana, Niblack, Kentucky, Warwick, Posey, Coy, Tissue, Johnson. Perhaps a little broaderclassification and grouping should be made. In my judgment, the Major, Greenriver, Busseron, Indiana, and Niblack compose one group which maybe depended upon for fairly satisfactory production. The Kentucky, Warwick, Posey, Coy, Tissue, and Johnson have consistently been muchlighter producers than those named in the first group. 

"In order of desirability for planting I would make a list about asfollows: Niblack, Major, Greenriver, Busseron, Indiana. I list theNiblack as first choice because it seems to be about as productive asany of the other varieties, and because of its excellence as a crackingnut and the quality of the kernel. The Niblack is really a verydesirable nut for cracking, when it is cracked by such devices as theSquirrel cracker which applies pressure to both ends. The kernel comesfree from the shell. In a good many varieties, such as the Indiana andBusseron the kernel and shell do not drop free, but the kernelfrequently is wedged in furrows in the shell so that the two must bepulled apart. This is not true of the Niblack. When they are cracked byend to end crackers, the shell and kernel drop free. I list Major assecond choice because of its good production. It is a little bit late inmaturing for a variety of the northern group, and will sometimes getcaught by frosts in many northern localities. The nut is not a desirableone for cracking because of its shape. A good cracking nut must be oval. The Major is comparatively round and many of the kernels will be crushedwhen they are cracked. The Greenriver is a good producer but it is alittle bit late. The Indiana and Busseron are both proved to be goodproducers. 

"Comparing the general production of the northern varieties and thesouthern varieties, as groups, the northern varieties seem never to beso productive in Oklahoma as are the southern varieties. Much moredependable production may be obtained from the southern varieties. 

"Some data on cracking percentage of nuts and size of nuts might bedesirable. This list is not complete, but contains several differentvarieties. 

 Variety No. Nuts per Pound Kernel Percentage Busseron 62 47 Greenriver 80 49 Major 57 45 Posey 53 54 Warrick 63 48

"Of the nuts mentioned, the Posey is definitely larger than any of theothers. It is a very fine type of nut, having a high kernel percentage. It is rather flat in shape, but is attractive in appearance. Were it notfor the fact that the trees are consistently light producers, it wouldbe a very desirable nut. "

MR. BEST: They bear all right up here. 

MEMBER: Where would it rank in the ability to bear?

MR. GERARDI: I would say third or fourth. Gildig, Major, Greenriver andPosey. 

MR. BEST: I'd want to put Indiana and Busseron pretty close to the top. Major as one, probably Busseron and Indiana as second. Then I'd comealong with probably Posey as third or fourth because, while Posey maynot be the best bearer in our section, it does make a wonderful qualityof nut which always matures. This matter of maturity in pecans isimportant. 

MEMBER: How about Niblack?

MR. BEST: We haven't had too many trees that produce too many nuts. Itis a high quality nut. It would be somewhere near the top. You wouldn'tcall it a relatively heavy producer. It hasn't fruited as early as therest. We have had trees as old as 15 years. There is another good pecan. That is the Stevens. 

MR. MAGILL: You and I will have to have Ford Wilkinson do our climbing. You find that to be a good producer. It's early. Getting back to ourfirst consideration, we are pretty close to the north line. We havethese Cass County pecans. We are just getting our first nuts. Close toCass County--Champaign-Urbana still is the United States--not allRepublicans. 

MEMBER: How does that compare in Missouri?

MR. GUENGERICH: What little observation I have had about west centralMissouri, it has been satisfactory. I would pick out Major from myobservations. Then probably the Indiana, Greenriver. Beyond that thereis some question. 

MR. MAGILL: I have an idea about that Major I have been a crank ofpollination on apples. We had many orchards planted in Kentucky. TheMajor for pollination is what Jonathans are to apples. 

A week ago we had a couple hundred people at a field day down inKentucky. We were going around over the ground and we got five pecantrees and a lot of the records were lost. I don't know how old thesepecans are. I think they were planted in '17 I don't know what varietythey are. We think there is one Greenriver. We really don't know whatthey are. There is many a pecan planting in Kentucky that was a failurebecause there wasn't anything to pollinate. If you were to judge thevalue of the tree, two and a half feet in diameter, big enough to make aworld of pecans, you would have to remember that just because we didn'thave something to pollinate we didn't have any pecans. I got a few tograft in Greenriver and they do fine bearing. So things like that leadme to believe there is something in pollination. We plant them out thereon the bank of the west fork of the Kentucky River. We got the Major, Greenriver, the Busseron, and one other, and the Major had more cropevery year. The Greenriver is about two years later. I don't know whichare the best pollinaters. 

MR. SNYDER: I better tell you where the Iowa trees are. They areapproximately 300 miles from here. We are 150 miles north. We are also180 miles west. We have temperatures up there too that we have to figureon. The temperature in most years gets to minus 20 and the coldest weever had was minus 42, but that was only for an hour, but temperature isonly one factor. An old professor of the University of Iowa, regardedwind as more important than temperature. The more I see of wind killing, the more I believe he is right. Wind is more important than temperature. If you have your trees surrounded, you don't get wind injury. The treesI am reporting on were planted from 1920 to 1930. Some of them now are16 to 18 inches in diameter and 30 feet high and the varieties are suchas we got from Mr. Wilkinson. Indiana, Busseron, and one other which Mr. White--he is a wholesale druggist interested in horticulture--selectedand he knows the nut trees probably better than any other one man. Hekept in contact with these river rats and they would always bringanything to him they thought was of interest. We have a bunch ofseedling trees about the same age and size which never bloom at all andof course they are ready for cutting out. I don't know why there wouldbe a number of seedling trees that would never bloom. 

DR. CRANE: In extensive breeding work, Mr. Clarence A. Reed started inat Albany, Georgia, with 4, 000 seedlings and out of 4, 000 about halfthat many came into production and bore fruit enough so we could tellwhat the fruit was like in about 15 years. The other half just never didbear. Those trees had grown and made large trees and in a lot of casesthey carried large leaves but there was no way we could predict anythingabout fruiting. It was discouraging for that reason. We quit, in ourbreeding work, growing the seedlings beyond one year. We make ourcrosses now and grow them one year in the nursery. We plant nuts atharvest and grow them until they form leaf buds and graft from theseedlings on old trees cut back. We can save anywhere from one to three, four, or five years. There are a great per cent that will not bear. 

MR. MAGILL: In Iowa, out there, what varieties are making good?

MR. SNYDER: There aren't any. As nut producers they aren't worthanything. Why not plant the hicans? They ripen better but don't bear. The hicans make one of the prettiest trees but they don't bear. 

We make no plans for pecans unless we have a season with no freezinguntil the middle of November. So that is where the pecans are that farnorth, except as shade trees. 

MR. H. W. GUENGERICH: I feel that I am out of my territory in talkingabout nut growing to this Association, but I have had a few thingsforced on my attention that may be of interest. 

When I first joined Stark Brothers Nursery, Paul Stark asked me to lookinto the possibilities of locating a pecan variety that would besatisfactory north of the southern pecan belt. I talked to our Missouriextension horticulturist, Bill Martin, and he informed me that a lot ofpecans are being grown around Brunswick, Missouri, on the MissouriRiver. The Missouri flows northeast from Kansas City for about 75 milesand then swings toward the south again. Brunswick is located at thenorthernmost point on the river, between Kansas City and St. Louis. Itis about 150 miles west of Louisiana, and in general the weather becomesmore severe as you travel West. So pecans that thrive and mature atBrunswick are pretty rugged. 

I went over to Brunswick to see a friend who introduced me to some pecangrowers. One of these men has an interesting story and I wish he werehere. I tried to bring him along but he could not get away from hisfarming operations. He operates several hundred acres of farm land inthe Missouri River bottoms and his house stands in a grove of nativepecans. When he went into his house he pointed to a hook on the doorpost where he tied his boat the previous spring when he moved his familyout because of high water. That year, 1947, all his grain crops weredestroyed by the flood but that fall he harvested 50, 000 lbs. Of pecans. They sold for 25¢ a pound and the total expense was for picking them, off the ground. In a year like that, $12, 000. 00 would come in handy. Itrained again in Kansas this year and I called him and asked about theflood. He said he had a couple of inches of land that wasn't coveredwith water, but he expects to gather 40, 000 lbs. Of pecans this fall. That is interesting because there are thousands of acres in the middlewest where crops have been destroyed by floods. Yet here is a crop thatgrows on native trees with very little care, that will pay off despitehigh water. 

I asked my friend what effect the high water would have on the pecanfoliage and he replied that the leaves would fall, but that the treeswill produce new leaves and the nuts will mature. He has been throughthis before and knows what he is talking about. 

Reference was made a short while ago to the pecan as a shade tree. Ithink this is one of the big opportunities in pecan growing. Recently Idrove from Louisiana, Missouri, to central Ohio and saw a string of deadelms along the entire route. Now the oaks are threatened in the sameway. We don't know what to do about shade trees. Some scientists fromHolland visited us several weeks ago and they weren't very enthusiasticabout their disease resistant elm selections. We had hoped that theseselections might provide the answer to the elm tree problem. 

Now pecans make very attractive shade trees. I used to live near KansasCity on a place where someone had planted 18 or 20 pecans right alongthe side of a golf course. When the trees were about 20 years old afairway was laid out through this pecan grove and now blue grass growsright up to the tree trunks. A lot of other shade trees are shallowrooted and lawns do not grow well under them. I think there is atremendous opportunity to plant pecans as shade trees. 

There is just one other point I want to make. Undoubtedly we need bettervarieties. The nurseryman realizes this better than anyone else. Butwhen my friend from Brunswick sold his native pecans he got just aboutas much for them per pound as the southern growers got for their muchlarger southern seedlings. Several commercial pecan crackers that Iasked about this stated that the northern nuts have a better flavor andthey produce more kernels per pound. So the size of the kernel doesn'tmake too much difference, although we all prefer the larger nuts. 

Pecans in Northern Virginia

J. RUSSELL SMITH, _Swarthmore, Pennsylvania_

(Extracts from a letter to the NNGA secretary, November 26, 1951)

Having sold my Virginia cabin and the nursery business [Sunny Ridge] Ihave been down to the nursery for the last month getting rid of trees. Ajob of digging is one thing and that of packing and shipping is another. The man I had could do one but not both, and competent persons to pickup for either job are not available, so I have been standing in the gap, getting calluses on my hands and getting rid of $16, 000 worth of trees. 

Now as to facts on northern pecans:

I find the Busseron bears with regularity at Round Hill, Virginia, in atight bluegrass sod. This pasture is not of high fertility and has had asmall amount of commercial fertilizer. It is on a hillside that hasprobably lost all of its topsoil once or twice in the last hundredyears, though not for the last twenty because it has been in grass. 

My neighbor, Henry B. Taylor, Hamilton, Virginia, has Busseron, Butterick, Greenriver, Indiana, and Major, all bearing well to heavily. 

Unfortunately this year the Greenriver hulls did not open, although thenuts were well filled. Ordinarily I believe they have been droppingtheir nuts, but not all at once. 

Twenty-five years ago I planted some Butterick and Busseron along astream on a dairy farm on which I was born. There was no regular recordof their performance, but I have observed that the Buttericks have had agood crop in 1950 and also in 1951. [6]

I had previously concluded that the Butterick was almost a non-fruiter, and quit propagating it years ago. These especially productiveButtericks are on alluvium near the barn in a permanent pasture wherethe cattle congregate while waiting for the gate to open to let theminto the barn. It is therefore fertilized over and over again with cowdrippings. 

Mr. Taylor's excellent yields are also produced on trees that are onunusually fertile soil. 

My conclusion is that the pecan is a very active feeder, and what itneeds is about three times as much fertilizer as is required for anyordinary crop. 

It is time somebody better placed than I am made a systematic experimentas follows:

 1. Feed pecan trees at least five times as much plant food as the nuts and leaves use. 

 2. Injure the trees by hacking the bark to make them bear, and see how much they can be made to produce by this means. 

A Busseron tree in the town of Round Hill stands in a backyard of afriend of mine and they use it, I think, to tie clotheslines to andmaybe the boys have had a little fun driving nails into it and it bearsevery year. [7]

The real find of my observations is a pecan known as All State, whichhas been wonderfully advertised by one of your fellows. [8] On a catalogit produces a nut two inches long--wonderful. On Mr. Henry Taylor's treein Hamilton, Virginia, it produces a tiny, symmetrical, pointed nut toosmall to be contemptible, except for squirrel feed. They might have timeto handle the crop. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 6: In the NNGA Report for 1935, Mr. C. A. Reed told of studiesof blossoming habits of pecan varieties at Rockport, Indiana, conductedfor four seasons in co-operation with Mr. J. F. Wilkinson. There theBusseron was found to be a protandrous variety, shedding most of itspollen, and in some years all of it, before the period of receptivity ofits pistillate flowers. "With Butterick . .. The order was reversed, asthe period of receptivity began first, " and it was classified, therefore, as regularly protogynous. ". .. Furthermore, upon closeobservation it has been found, " he said, that trees of the Butterickvariety "develop very few pistillate flowers, and that many of thesewither up and drop off, apparently because of inherent weakness. Fromthis, it would appear that light bearing is not necessarily due to lackof suitable or adequate pollen. " The Butterick had a record ofpractically non-bearing performances during the four years (1931, 1932, 1934 and 1935) at Rockport, which is duplicated by its performancerecords at other locations and other years, so it is generally on thediscard list. But when it does bear and mature its nuts it is a goodpecan. Mr. P. W. Wang rated it his first choice of northern pecansfruited in China. 

Mr. Reed listed as protandrous Busseron, Kentucky, Major, and Niblackvarieties, whereas Butterick, Indiana, and Posey were protogynous. Hedid not specify in which class the Greenriver fell. Major during each ofthe four years, had an interval of 1 to 3 days between the last sheddingof pollen and the first pistil receptivity; Warrick, an obsoletevariety, had some overlap each year as did Indiana and Posey. TheKentucky, a discarded variety, had overlaps the three years it wasobserved. In two years it was observed, Niblack had staminate andpistillate flowering together one season, and staminate overlapping fourdays into the period of pistillate receptivity the next. Busseron, Butterick, and Greenriver sometimes had overlaps and sometimesintervals. Reed's conclusion, that "northern varieties of pecan . .. Appear to be partly or completely dependent upon other varieties forpollen, " still holds good, as does his second observation, that "allvarieties tend to vary, from year to year with respect to periods ofpollen shedding and pistil receptivity. " But more records are needed, and any members who have two or more varieties flowering in 1952 canmake valuable contributions by taking accurate notes on theirhabits. There are now newer varieties for which such data arecompletely lacking, and until more is known, no reliable basis canbe had for matching them with the best combinations for adequatecross-pollination. --J. C. McD. ]

[Footnote 7: I think the first phase of the suggested experiment hasmore to recommend it than the second. Perhaps the Round Hill tree getsneeded zinc from clotheslines and roofing nails. A more scientific wayto apply zinc is to use zinc sulfate in sprays or ground applications, and these are to be used on some trees at Urbana which Dr. Cranediagnosed as zinc-deficient. --J. C. McD. ]

[Footnote 8: The Bradley Brothers, who do not court anonymity, are nofellows of the Association or of the University of Illinois. They havebeen known to sell some kind of grafted pecan trees in recent years, possibly the Stuart or some other variety available from southernwholesale propagators. Mr. Taylor was lucky enough to have his orderfilled with a southern Illinois seedling which at least is good for thesquirrels. We haven't yet seen any All State nuts from Maine or Montana. The Bradley variety is an obsolete southern pecan. --J. C. McD. ]

Pecans in the Vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota

CARL WESCHCKE

About 25 years ago pecan seeds from the most northern natural habitat inIowa were planted in garden soil here in St. Paul. Most of them werelater transplanted in nursery rows at my farm seven miles east of RiverFalls, Wisconsin. Out of approximately 300 trees, about 40 are stillliving, of which 25 have grown well. The remainder probably have notfound soil conditions to accommodate their natural vigorous growth. Where the trees are in deep soil with sufficient plant food, they havedone well, the largest tree being about 10 inches in diameter, andseveral of these have been bearing nuts for five years. The nuts wereimmature, however, but in the fall of 1949 about 70 of the best oneswere planted in a seed bed and today about 15 living trees of pure pecanparentage represent the second generation. 

This evidence is very important, for although the pecan has been almostas hardy as any native tree (such as the bitternut hickory, thebutternut and the black walnut), yet the length of season required forthe maturing of nuts is a primary factor which would have to beconsidered in recommending pecans for planting this far north. However, it has been my observation that these pecans have slowly cycled theirway into our season, and it is gratifying to notice that this springmany leafed out at nearly the same time that the black walnut vegetated, which of course is much slower than the local butternut. This shows thetremendous adaptability of the pecan, and it is hoped that this abilityto adapt itself to soil and climatic conditions will eventually cause itto produce small but edible pecans here in the north. 

It is my hope, also, that I can use our locally raised pecan seedlingson which to graft our many successful varieties of hickories, whichheretofore have been limited to some extent in their usefulness becausewe had only the local bitternut stocks on which to graft. Whereas thebitternut is an excellent stock for some varieties of shagbark hickoryand even for shellbark, as well as pecans and hicans, there would nodoubt be an increase in the scope of hickory planting if we had hardypecan seedlings as understocks. At first, when comparing the growth ofthe native bitternut seedlings with that of pecans, locally raised inthe same soil, it appeared that the pecan was a much more vigorousgrower; but experiments with different types of soil and fertilizersindicate that we can get seedlings of certain bitternut hickories toproduce from two to three feet of growth in the first year. I have evenfound several of these same hickory seedlings of two seasons' growthwhich, when transplanted last fall, are large enough to graft thisspring. However, experiments have not proceeded far enough to verify thepractical side of this new idea of hickory propagation. 

Only one variety of pecan which was among the original seedlings, andwhich existed as a lawn tree for more than twenty years in St. Paul, wascompatible with the bitternut hickory root systems; but enough of thisvariety of pecan has been grafted on local hickories to demonstrate thatthis is perfectly feasible as far as the union is concerned. In fact, several of these larger grafted trees have been bearing staminate bloomfor two or more years. No nuts have been produced of this Hope varietyas yet, and although it has been distributed on the market, it hasalways been classed as an ornamental rather than a fruiting variety. Ofcourse, the pecan part over-grows the stock. In other words, there is alarger diameter above the union than in the stock below the union. Sofar, this has not interfered with good growth and hardiness, whereas theblack walnut grafted on butternut (which is a similar combination as faras results go) more than thirty years ago in experimental work, indicates that this is a wrong procedure. Very few nuts were evergathered from grafts of black walnut on butternut, although in mostinstances they continue to live and thrive. 

The pecan here is subject to much the same insect pests as the blackwalnut, but suffers less from hickory borers and types of insects whichseem to be like oak pruners. This might be useful later on inmaintaining healthy pecan trunks with hickory tops. Probably the earlyformation of rough bark, for which the pecan is noted, may beresponsible for this. The nuts that have been produced so far have beenextremely small, but here again the writer has observed an increase insize over the original nuts that were produced. In some seasons, atleast one tree has produced nuts of sufficient size to be good enoughfor home purposes. They are nothing, however, to compare with any namednorthern pecans, such as the Major and the Indiana varieties. Practically all of these northern pecans have been tried in ourenvironment, and some have lived for several years. Most of them havedied because there was no congenial union of the pecan grafted on ourlocal bitternut stocks. We do, however, have congenial grafts and goodliving specimens of the Norton and the Burton, which are no doubt someform of hybrid. [9] Hicans that graft well on local bitternut stocks arethe Rockville, first in hardiness and for bearing nuts of the usual sizefor Rockville. They do not mature yet, but it is expected that favorableyears will mature these nuts. 

Next in hardiness is the Green Bay, and next are Burlington, Des Moines, Bixby, and McCallister. Although making good growth, these have seemedto be too tender for our climate, although we have good living specimensof them and believe that some have begun to bear, particularly theBixby, unless names of grafts have been mixed up. These latter trees aremostly in the deep woods, and it is hard to get close data on theirbehavior and bearing. 

A Marquardt (which is supposed to be a lost variety of hican) I believeexists on my place, and I have taken it out of the deep woods, where itwas grafted nearly thirty years ago from scions direct from J. F. Jones, and have placed scions on stocks in the vicinity of the nursery, wherethey can be watched. The differences between the scions freshly graftedlast spring and the known varieties of Rockville, Green Bay, andBurlington are distinctive. Also the Marquardt (if it is a trueMarquardt) last winter indicated much greater hardiness than did graftsmade at the same time with Rockville and Burlington varieties. However, it is too early to say for sure whether the Marquardt is representedamong my varieties of hicans. The Marquardt grafted on local stocks usedby Jones and purchased as individual trees, did not survive. It isassumed in this paper that this discussion would naturally lead to pecanhybrids, rather than staying with the pure blooded pecan this far north, for some of the varieties come very close to being pure pecans, butstill, like Norton and Burton, probably are distinct hybrids. 

When some of the original seedlings from Iowa were transplanted from thenursery row they were already quite large trees and we did not get allthe roots. The portions that were cut off were left in the soil. One ofthese roots sprouted three trees; one was subsequently moved into theorchard and marked because of its vegetative nature, and a variety ofhickory known as the Weschcke was grafted on it. It makes a very goodgrowth, but in most instances our native bitternut stock produces anequally good growth in unions with this particular variety. Thisparticular performance is indicative of things to be expected for thiscombination in the future. 

In conclusion I would say that the pecan is far from being a practicalnut tree for our vicinity, and is only a very hopeful dream. But so, also, were the best hickory varieties 30 years ago when I first began myexperiments. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 9: The Norton name seems to be shared by a pecan and a hican. The Burton hican from Owensboro, Ky. , is presumably a pecan-shagbarkcross with an excellent nut, fruitful farther south. --Ed. ]

Preliminary Report on Growth, Flowering, and Magnesium Deficiency ofReed and Potomac Filbert Varieties

H. L. CRANE AND J. W. MCKAY[10]

During the course of filbert breeding investigations at the PlantIndustry Station, Beltsville, Md. , covering a period of approximately 18years, the leaves of certain seedlings scorched badly in mid or latesummer. Certain other trees showed little or no evidence of thisdisorder. It was thought that, because filberts thrive best undermaritime climatic conditions of cool summers and mild winters, thisscorch was probably due to high temperatures accompanied by deficientsoil moisture. 

This breeding work resulted in the introduction in 1951 of the Reed andPotomac varieties, which were produced as a result of crosses betweenthe American filbert, _Corylus americana_, and the European filbert, _C. Avellana_. The original trees of these varieties had been underobservation for more than 10 years, and their performance had been suchas to indicate their suitability for home plantings under easternconditions. Furthermore, these varieties had shown little or no evidenceof scorch and had held their leaves well. 

In early spring of 1948, an experimental orchard, consisting of 36layered trees each of Reed and Potomac, was planted at Beltsville, forthe purpose of testing them more fully than had been possible before asto their suitability for eastern conditions. The orchard was designedalso for study of their response in tree growth and fruiting todifferential fertilizer treatments. Although this experiment has beenunderway now for only three years, certain of the findings are thoughtto be of such importance that a preliminary report should be made atthis time. 

Experimental Plan

The site selected for the orchard is a gentle slope varying from five to15 percent and providing good air drainage. The soil is a Riverdale(tentative series) sandy loam that had been in orchard grass sod for 10years before the experiment was begun. Much of the land on the PlantIndustry Station farm is now known to be low in available magnesium andpotassium. Tree crops, including peaches, pears, and apples, have showndeficiencies of one or both of these elements. The trees were planted 20feet apart on the contour in pairs, one of each variety in a plot, withsix plots in a row. The 36 two-tree plots were in six rows. Thus, theexperiment was arranged in a 6 by 6 Latin square and six fertilizertreatments were used. After planting, the trees received frequentcultivation and a uniform application of one pound of 10-6-4 fertilizer. The following spring differential fertilizer treatments were applied:Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, complete, nitrogen and potassium, andcheck. The amounts applied per tree in fractions of a pound wereelemental nitrogen 0. 2, phosphoric acid, 0. 4, and potash 0. 2. In thespring of 1950, the amounts applied per tree were doubled; and thesesame amounts were applied in the spring of 1951. Nitrogen was applied inthe form of nitrate of soda, phosphorus as 20 percent superphosphate, and potassium as 50 percent muriate of potash. Strips about six to eightfeet wide on each side of the tree rows have been cultivated frequently, but strips of orchard grass sod have been left in the tree row middlesto prevent soil erosion. The trees have been sprayed with DDT orparathion or both to control Japanese beetles and mites. 

Growth Responses

To determine the growth responses made by the two varieties to thedifferential fertilizer treatments, diameters of the tree trunks onefoot above the soil were measured each spring before growth started. These data are not given here because in 1949 and 1950 there were nosignificant differences in the growth of the trees as a result of thedifferential fertilizer treatments. However, trees of the Potomacvariety made more growth than those of the Reed variety. At the end ofthe 1949 and 1950 growing seasons, the average diameters of the treetrunks of the Potomac variety were 16. 3 and 25. 7 millimeters, respectively; those of the Reed variety were 13. 6 and 22. 4 millimeters, respectively. The differences 2. 7 and 3. 3 millimeters, are highlysignificant. Under the conditions of this experiment, the trees of thePotomac variety are much more vigorous than those of the Reed. Thegreater vigor of the Potomac trees may account for the fact that theyproduce suckers much more freely than do trees of the Reed variety. Thehabit of producing abundant suckers is an advantage in propagating bylayering, but it is a disadvantage in orchard trees because the suckersmust be removed for optimum nut production. Whether the differences invigor and suckering habit of the two varieties shown thus far willaffect their performance as orchard trees will have to be determined byfuture observations. 

Flowering Response

Each year at the height of the flowering period, each tree in theexperiment was rated on the catkins it carried. So far, there has beenno effect of the differential fertilizer treatments on the production ofcatkins. However, there have been very highly significant differencesbetween the Potomac and the Reed. In 1950, only four of the 36 Reedtrees produced catkins, whereas 32 of the 36 Potomac trees flowered, andapproximately half of them were heavily loaded. In 1951, the number ofReed trees producing catkins was 12 of the 36, whereas 35 Potomac treesflowered. The amount of pistillate flowering during the two years wassmall on both varieties and not greatly different; this indicates thattheir nut-bearing potentialities may be about the same. The amount ofpollen produced by the Reed variety has always been considered ample forcross-pollinating the Potomac, even though the former has been a lightproducer of catkins. 

Records of dates of flowering of the two original trees over a 10-yearperiod, and of these young orchard trees over a 3-year period, show thatthere is great variability in time of flowering, depending upon thesequence of weather events each season. Fertilizer treatments have hadno measureable effect. The trees have shed pollen as early as Januaryand as late as April, and stigma receptivity sometimes has continuedintermittently for two months. The average period of flowering atBeltsville is the last week of February to the first week in March. Bothvarieties have flowered at the same time under all seasonal conditionsobserved. This means that additional pollinators will not be necessarywhen the varieties are planted together in an orchard. 

Symptoms of Scorch

The visible symptoms of scorch do not begin to appear under conditionsat Beltsville until about the middle of July or later. The first symptomis fading of the green color, especially around the margins of the leafblade. Sometimes this chlorosis results in blotches, which may extendfor a considerable distance from the margin towards the mid-rib. Thisstage is of short duration, as the tissues of marginal chlorotic areasor those of the blotches soon die, roll up, and turn brown. Some leavesshow yellow blotchiness over most, if not all, of the surface and thismay develop into brown patches of dead tissue or the yellow leaves mayfall before the tissues die. The older leaves, those at the base of ashoot, are generally the first to show chlorosis and scorch, and theterminal leaves are the last to show such symptoms. On severely affectedtrees all the leaves on a shoot may be scorched at the time scorching isobserved. Severely affected trees drop part or all of their leavesprematurely. The leaves dropped are those that are scorched or that showyellow blotches. Such trees do not make satisfactory growth, they setfew nuts, and the nuts are usually poorly filled at harvest. Thesymptoms of scorch on filbert leaves are similar in many respects tomagnesium-deficiency symptoms on apple (1, 5, 6)[11] and tung leaves(3). 

Leaf Analyses[12]

No differences in appearance of the trees as regards leaf scorch werenoticed the first year after the differential fertilizer treatments wereapplied. However, in late July and early August of the second season, severe leaf scorch developed on the trees that had received potassiumalone or nitrogen plus potassium, and scorch developed to some extent onthe check trees. On August 15, 1950, leaf samples for chemical analyseswere taken from each tree in all replications and composited bytreatments into six samples. The data on the chemical composition of theleaves as affected by the differential fertilizer treatments are givenin table 1. 

These data show that the fertilizers applied to the trees were taken upby them and that the composition of the leaves was significantlyaffected. The trees in treatments 2, 3, and 6, which did not receivenitrogen in the fertilizer, had lower percentages of nitrogen in theleaves than those from the other plots. Their light green colorindicated that in the middle of August they were deficient in nitrogenwhen its concentration was 2. 3 percent or less. 

=Table 1. Chemical composition (oven-dry basis) of filbert leavescollected August 15, 1950, from fertilizer experiment, Beltsville, Md. =

 _____________________________________________________________________ | | Treatment | Composition of leaves | Mg (percent) ________________|__________________________________| Ratio ____________ | | K (percent) | Ash N P K Ca Mg | ________________|__________________________________| | % % % % % % | 1. Nitrogen | 6. 68 2. 52 . 129 . 945 1. 30 . 143| . 151 2. Phosphorus | 8. 56 2. 29 . 160 . 885 1. 60 . 186| . 210 3. Potassium | 9. 39 2. 31 . 150 1. 650 1. 93 . 155| . 094 4. Complete | 7. 18 2. 43 . 133 1. 175 1. 63 . 132| . 112 5. Nitrogen and | | potassium | 7. 62 2. 49 . 119 1. 480 1. 33 . 110| . 073 6. Check | 7. 38 2. 32 . 188 . 890 1. 70 . 149| . 167

Potassium applications produced the greatest effect on leaf composition, as they increased the concentration of that element in the leaves by0. 285 to 0. 760 percentage unit over that in the leaves from the checktrees. In addition, it seems likely that this great increase in thepotassium content of the leaves was accompanied by a decrease in theirmagnesium content, since this usually has been found to result. Whenthe ratios of the percentage of magnesium to the percentage ofpotassium in the leaves were calculated, it was found that they wererather low for the trees that had been fertilized with potassium. Themagnesium-potassium ratio was highest in the leaves from the treesfertilized with phosphorus only, followed in order by the check andnitrogen treatments. 

Relation of Magnesium Deficiency to Leaf Scorch, Winter Injury, andFungus Infection

On August 15, 1950, at the time the leaf samples were taken, each treein the experiment was scored as to the degree of leaf scorch present. Inthe winter of 1950-51 soil samples were taken from each plot receivingpotassium alone and the lime requirement was determined by the Divisionof Soil and Management and Irrigation, of this Bureau. The limerequirement was found to vary greatly, ranging from 1500 to 6700 poundsper acre. In early spring of 1951, high-magnesium dolomitic lime wasapplied uniformly at the rate of 1500 pounds per acre and in additioneach tree received 5 pounds of Epsom salt. 

Each tree in the experiment was scored for degree of winter injury onMay 10, 1951. By August 3, leaf scorch was evident on trees in certaintreatments and the trees were scored for leaf scorch. At this time itwas found in certain treatments that the trees that had not shown anyappreciable amount of scorch heretofore had some severely necroticleaves on them. Careful examination revealed many fruiting bodies of oneor more fungi in these necrotic areas. Each tree was, therefore, scoredfor the presence of this disease, which has been tentatively identifiedby Paul L. Lentz, of this Bureau, as being caused by _Labrella coryli_. The data on leaf scorch, winter injury, and the fungus disease are givenin table 2. 

Table 2. Relation of magnesium deficiency in filbert leaves to leafscorch, winter injury, and disease caused by _Labrella coryli_

 ______________________________________________________________________

 Ratio Scorch[1] Winter[2] Scorch[1] Disease[1] Treatment Mg (percent) score injury score score score K (percent) (1950) (spring, 1951) (1951) (1951) ______________________________________________________________________ 1. Nitrogen . 151 1 4 7 9 2. Phosphorus . 210 1 3 1 11 3. Potassium . 094 21 22 24 3 4. Complete . 112 2 5 8 11 5. Nitrogen and potassium . 073 13 19 9 5 6. Check . 167 14 6 6 8

 Note 1: Total plot score for 12 trees; highest possible score 36. The scale for scoring was 0, none; 1, light; 3, severe. 

 Note 2: Total plot score for 12 trees; highest possible score 48. The scale for scoring winter injury was 0, full leaf, no injury; 1, few dead twigs; 2, half of buds not growing; 3, very large amount of dead twigs; 4, only a few buds growing. 

Trees that had received potassium alone had the most severely scorchedleaves and more of them on August 15, 1950, followed by those that hadreceived nitrogen plus potassium. The trees that had received nitrogenor phosphorus alone showed practically no scorch, each having a totalscore of 1; and the complete fertilizer trees a total score of only 2, while those in the check had a total score of 6. These scores indicatethat scorch is related to magnesium deficiency or unbalance. There was aclose relation between the amount of leaf scorch in August, 1950, andthe amount of winter injury, the coefficient of correlation being 0. 97, which is very highly significant. This coefficient means that 94 percentof the winter injury sustained could be accounted for by the leaf scorchpresent the preceding summer and early fall. 

The scorch scores of August, 1951, show that there had been noconsistent improvement from the magnesium-deficiency condition as aresult of the dolomite and Epsom salt applications. The scores for thedisease caused by _Labrella_ show that applications of phosphorus aloneincreased the incidence of the disease and those of potassium alone orpotassium plus nitrogen decreased it. 

In all cases, the incidence of leaf scorch, winter injury, and diseasewere strikingly different on the Reed and Potomac varieties. In thesummer of 1950, the total scorch score of the Reed variety was 26 andthat of the Potomac 18, and in August, 1951, the scores were 36 and 19, respectively. The total winter injury scores were 46 for the Reedvariety and 21 for the Potomac. Thus, it is clearly evident that underthe conditions of this experiment the Reed variety was much moresusceptible to leaf scorch and to the winter injury resulting frommagnesium deficiency or unbalance between magnesium and calcium pluspotassium than was the variety Potomac. Furthermore, the total score forthe incidence of the disease caused by _Labrella coryli_ on the varietyReed was 38 as compared with 9 for the Potomac variety. It would, therefore, seem that the Reed is about four times as susceptible toinfection by this fungus as is the Potomac. Its less vigorous treegrowth, susceptibility to leaf scorch, winter injury, and infection by_L. Coryli_ may be due to the differences between its nutritionalrequirements and those of the Potomac variety. 

Conclusions and Summary

The preliminary results of the experiment described show that there is agreat difference in vigor, growth, flowering habit, susceptibility toleaf scorch, winter injury, and infection with a fungus diseasetentatively believed to be caused by _L. Coryli_ between trees of theReed and Potomac filbert varieties. In all cases the Potomac variety hasbeen the superior. 

It would appear that much of the leaf scorch on filberts experienced inthe past has been due to a magnesium deficiency or to an unbalancedcondition between magnesium and calcium plus potassium in theirnutrition. The symptoms of magnesium deficiency (scorch), which ingeneral are similar to those on apple and tung, are described. The datapresented show that liberal applications of potassium alone, or incombination with nitrogen, resulted in a highly significant increase inthe incidence of leaf scorch due to magnesium deficiency. This in turnresulted in susceptibility to winter injury, the coefficient ofcorrelation being 0. 97, which means that the severity of the leaf scorchin August, 1950, would account for 94 percent of the winter injurysustained. 

Applications of 1500 pounds per acre of high-magnesium dolomite, together with five pounds of Epsom salt per tree in early spring of1951, did not produce consistent improvement in leaf scorch. It seemsthat recovery from magnesium deficiency in filberts is slow aftertreatment, just as has been found to be the case in fruit trees (2, 4). 

Literature Cited

 1. Boynton, Damon, Cain, Carlton J. , and Van Geluwe, John Incipient Magnesium Deficiency in Some New York Apple Orchards. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 42:95-100. 1943. 2. ---- Magnesium Nutrition of Apple Trees. Soil Sci. 63:53-58. 1947. 3. Drosdoff, Matthew, and Kenworthy, Alvin L. Magnesium Deficiency of Tung Trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 44:1-7 1944. 4. ----, and Lagasse, Felix S. The Effect of Some Magnesium and Calcium Fertilizers in a Magnesium Deficiency Bearing Tung Orchard. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 56:5-11. 1950. 5. Southwick, Lawrence Magnesium Deficiency in Massachusetts Apple Orchards. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 42:85-94. 1943. 6. Wallace, T. Magnesium Deficiency of Fruit Trees. Jour. Pom. And Hort. Sci. 17:150-166. 1939. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 10: Principal Horticulturist and Horticulturist, respectively, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Plant Industry, Soils, andAgricultural Engineering, Beltsville, Md. ]

[Footnote 11: Numbers in parenthesis refer to Literature cited, p. 55. ]

[Footnote 12: The authors take this opportunity to thank Dr. Harald E. Hammar for making the chemical analyses of the leaf samples. ]

Bunch Disease of Black Walnut

[Paper expanded from a talk given at the 41st annual meeting of NNGA in1950. ]

JOHN W. MCKAY, _horticulturist_, and HARLEY L. CRANE, _principalhorticulturist, United States Department of Agriculture, AgriculturalResearch Administration, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, andAgricultural Engineering, Division of Fruit & Vegetable Crops andDiseases, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland_

Introduction

For the past several years observations have been made on thedevelopment and spread of the bunch (brooming)[13] disease on _Juglansnigra_ and on other species of walnut growing in the orchards at PlantIndustry Station at Beltsville, Maryland. Because of the widespreadinterest in growing walnuts a brief survey of these observations will begiven in this paper together with a summary of the history of thedisease and a discussion of its possible effect on walnut production. 

History of the Disease

The bunch disease of walnut has been known for years. Waite[14] in 1932said, "It turned up in Delaware several years ago, where quite a varietyof walnuts, including the Persian, the Japanese Group, and the AmericanBlack Walnut, were found to be affected. At Arlington Farm, Virginia, during the past 15 years it has boldly riddled the collection of nuttrees assembled in the grounds for study and ornamental purposes. "Photographs made in 1914 of Japanese walnut trees growing in Georgia andthought to be affected by rosette (now known to be caused by zincdeficiency) have been found in the files of the U. S. Department ofAgriculture. Now that the symptoms of the two different disorders areknown, it seems clear that the bunch disease was present in those twostates at that early date. 

Becker, [15] of Climax, Michigan in 1940 reported on his observation ofthis disease in that area. He reports that he observed several cases ofit on Persian walnut, Japanese walnut, and butternut, in addition tomany diseased eastern black walnuts. He says, "My conclusions are thatin witches'-broom (bunch disease) we have a very bad disease thatthreatens the black walnut trees everywhere". 

In 1939, the late Howard E. Parsons, pathologist of the U. S. Departmentof Agriculture, made an inspection trip to Climax and other areas inMichigan where he studied and photographed diseased trees. Parsons atthat time was working on a similar disease of pecan and water hickoryand was of the opinion that the disease found on the various species ofwalnuts in Michigan was similar to the one he was studying. 

For the past 20 years the bunch disease of walnuts has been underobservation by the writers and it seems clear that its incidence hasincreased greatly during that time. In 1935 scions and buds were takenfrom diseased eastern black walnut and butternut trees growing atArlington Farm and grafted or budded on eastern black walnut stockgrowing in the original nut tree nursery at the Plant Industry Stationat Beltsville, Maryland. This was done in an attempt to determinewhether the disease was caused by a mineral deficiency or by a virus. All buds and scions died, but the following year two of the seedlingrootstocks showed characteristic symptoms of the bunch disease. Sincethis disease was already present on the station farm it was notdefinitely known that it was transmitted to the stocks by budding orgrafting the diseased material on them. 

In December of 1946 Hutchins and Wester[16] presented a paper before theAmerican Phytopathology Society giving the results of their studies onthe bunch disease. In this paper they reported that the disease wastransmitted by patch bark grafts performed in 1944 and 1945 and that theincubation period varied from several months to two years. It wasconcluded that since the disease was transmitted by grafting, and in theabsence of a visible pathogen, a virus causal agent was indicated. 

Symptoms

The characteristic symptoms of the bunch disease are mainly theproduction of brooms or sucker shoot growth on the tree trunk and mainbranches and the tufting of terminals, profusion of small branches fromaxillary buds, the dwarfing and narrowing of the leaflets, and the dyingback of the trees resulting sometimes in the death of the trees. Theprincipal symptom is the production during summer of bushy, wiry growthcaused by the breaking into growth of lateral buds that normally wouldremain dormant over the winter. These buds produce shoots that againbranch from lateral buds and the process may be repeated for three orfour times, resulting in a tightly packed mass or bunch of small, wirytwigs and undersized leaves. Another characteristic symptom is that thisgrowth proliferation continues unabated until the first frost, and, since the wood of these shoots is thus not properly matured, killingback of the diseased portions of the tree usually occurs with the firsthard freezes of winter. 

As the disease progresses, the wood in the main branches becomes verybrittle and is easily broken by wind or ice. This condition is followedby the dying back of branches and finally the death of the tree. Treeseven moderately affected soon become worthless for nut production, asfew nuts are set and those that mature are usually poorly filled. 

Susceptibility of Species

Extended observations show that of the walnut species now grown ineastern United States, the Japanese walnuts, i. E. , the Siebold andthe heartnut, are by far the most subject to attack by this disease. These walnuts are so susceptible that in localities where this diseaseis present the planting of young trees is inadvisable, as they arealmost certain to be short lived. Once infected, will endanger otherwalnut trees in the area. 

Observations at Beltsville show that the butternut is almost assusceptible to attack as is the Japanese walnut. Some workers areinclined to believe that the rather serious decrease in numbers ofbutternut trees in some areas is due to the bunch disease. The Persian(English) walnut is also quite susceptible, although probably not somuch so as the butternut or the Japanese walnut. The eastern blackwalnut seems to be the most resistant of all, although some evidenceindicates that at least certain trees of this species may have thedisease but not show symptoms of it. Gravatt and Stout[17] report thatwalnut trees may be affected for a considerable length of time withoutshowing recognizable symptoms. Out of a lot of 300 healthy-appearingtrees, 37 per cent showed bunch disease symptoms following pruning. Onlyfour percent of the unpruned check trees developed similar symptomsduring the same period of time. 

Distribution

At the present time bunch disease is quite widespread in eastern UnitedStates, occurring in Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware, NewJersey, New York, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, WestVirginia, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and probably other States. No special surveys have been madefor bunch disease, and all distribution information has been obtainedfrom observations of U. S. Department of Agriculture or State workers orfrom specimens submitted. 

Damage Caused

Trees with bunch disease may live for several years in a stag-horned ortufted condition. Affected trees generally set few nuts and the nutsthat mature are usually poorly filled and hence low in oil content. Itis likely that a part of the unsatisfactory growth and fruitingperformance of certain eastern black walnut trees may be due to thedisease, even though they do not show the symptoms as they are nowknown. Severely affected trees are subject to cold injury, and inaddition the wood becomes very brittle and is easily broken by storms. Although this disease has been known for several years, it is believedthat its seriousness has not been fully appreciated, as it does notcause death as soon as symptoms appear. Several years must elapse beforethe tree succumbs. In the nut tree plantings made at the Plant IndustryStation at Beltsville, Maryland, large numbers of butternut, Japanesewalnut, and Persian walnut trees were planted. During the followingyears, although no records have been kept, several hundred of thesetrees have become affected and have been removed. Consequently at thepresent time we do not have any butternut or Japanese walnuttrees, and only a few Persian (English) walnut trees left in theplantings. So far, not a single eastern black walnut tree has beenremoved from the orchards because of the bunch disease. Some trees haveshown characteristic symptoms of the disease, but following the removalof the entire diseased limbs the symptoms have not reappeared. 

Possible Effects of Bunch Disease on the Walnut Industry

This disease is known to spread to nearby healthy walnut trees, but themeans by which it is spread or how infection occurs is not known. Nosurvey has been made to determine whether the disease is present in thevarious regions in which walnut trees are grown, and hence it is notknown how widely it is distributed at present. Its spread is probablyassociated with an insect vector, and the presence of the vector woulddetermine whether or not local spread would occur. Much more must belearned about this disease before its importance and destructive naturecan be fully determined. It seems certain that in localities where thedisease is already present there is little use in planting young treesof the most susceptible species unless trees in the vicinity that arealready diseased are destroyed. Nurserymen growing trees of the Japanesewalnut, butternut, and Persian walnut should be sure that no diseasedtrees which might infect the nursery trees are close to their nurseries. It is not known how far the inoculum may be carried, but at this time itwould seem that in order to be reasonably safe no diseased tree shouldbe allowed to grow within a mile radius of a nursery. Infected nurserytrees (or scions) probably constitute the most important means oflong-distance spread for a disease of this type. 

Control

The only known method of control of the bunch disease is to preventhealthy trees from becoming infected. This can be done only bydestroying completely all diseased trees. In the early stage of thedisease, sometimes only one branch on a tree may show symptoms; andcomplete removal of this branch may result in the tree's not showingadditional symptoms for a year or more. Except in the case of blackwalnut, the disease breaks out again; hence cutting out diseased limbscannot be considered a satisfactory control measure, except possibly onthe eastern black walnut. 

Case Histories at Beltsville

As a part of walnut breeding work carried on during the past 14 years, approximately 20 large _nigra_ trees of named horticultural varietieshave been topworked to seedlings of natural first-generation hybridsbetween _J. Regia_ and _J. Nigra_ for the purpose of forcing theseedling scions into early fruiting. Of these 20 trees, 3 have shownsuch unusual behavior as to merit a description of each in the form of acase history. 

_Tree Number 838. _ This tree was cut back severely in the spring of1942, and on August 26, 1943 vigorous new shoots were budded to47. 11-P17, a second-generation seedling of the O'Conner naturalhybrid. The buds grew vigorously in 1944 and early in the seasondeveloped symptoms of the bunch disease. By the end of the growingseason of 1944 the scion limbs were heavy with the typical proliferatedshoots characteristic of the disease. Also, a few vigorous sucker limbsof the stock tree that grew out from below the point of union of thescions showed typical symptoms of the disease, although these limbs werelater outgrown by normal shoots and are not now to be seen. In the earlyspring of 1945 the diseased limbs were all removed from the tree toprevent the further spread of the disease in the area. 

At the same time that the above seedling was budded in the top of thistree, a large lateral limb of the stock tree was budded to seedlingnumber 40. 70-P1. This seedling originated from a nut of the Ohiovariety of black walnut that was only about 1/4 the size of nuts typicalof the variety. At the time it was thought that this nut resulted from across of Ohio with pollen of the Persian walnut, as it was producedunder bag and following hand-pollination. Later growth of the seedlingindicated, however, that the pistillate flower was probably pollinatedby _J. Nigra_ before the bagging occurred, since only _J. Nigra_characteristics have shown up in the seedling. In 1950, one bud of the_nigra_ seedling 40. 70-P1 has almost completely regenerated the top ofthe tree and no symptom of the disease is evident. By contrast in 1944, almost all of the top of the tree was occupied by diseased limbs, fivein number, of the O'Conner seedling. 

_Tree Number 854. _ This tree has shown behavior almost identical withthat of Number 838, but three seedlings were topworked instead of one. All three originated from the Coye hybrid and all were budded on July27, 1944. Less than one month later all buds had produced a foot or moreof growth, and one to two scions of each seedling reached sufficientsize and vigor to survive the following winter without damage. None ofthe scions branched in 1944, and all failed to show symptoms of thedisease. Early in 1945 profuse branching occurred on the one survivingscion of seedling number 39. 03-P2, and by midsummer excessiveproliferation of the buds of primary shoots had resulted in theformation of a mistletoe-like growth characteristic of the disease. Scions of the two other seedlings, 39. 03-P8 and 39. 03-P11, were lostby wind damage in midsummer, but at the time they showed no signs of thedisease. Most of the shoots of 39. 03-P2 were killed during thefollowing winter, and in April, 1946, the remaining live portions wereremoved by the Division of Forest Pathology for use in transmissionstudies. 

On August 18, 1944, four patch buds of the O'Conner natural hybrid wereplaced on one of the main limbs of this tree. One of these buds grew, and in 1950 has come to occupy more than half the top of the tree. Theremainder of the top is made up of the original stock tree. There is noevidence of bunching in the tree at present. 

_Tree Number 411. _ This tree was budded to six seedlings of the Foxnatural hybrid on April 28, 1943. Only one of these lived, 40. 45-P4, and one scion of this seedling in 1950 comprises the entire crown. Nosymptom of the disease has appeared in this scion, and the tree ishealthy at present. 

On April 8, 1944, small lateral limbs of the tree were splice-grafted totwo Coye seedlings, 39. 03-P8 and 41. 26-P10. One scions of each grewvigorously during the summer, and 41. 26-P10 first became chlorotic, then diseased. Seedling 39. 03-P8 became chlorotic but at the end of theseason had not shown symptoms of the disease. Both were removed from thetree early in 1945 and the living shoots used for scionwood intransmission studies by the Division of Forest Pathology. 

An additional case is _Tree Number 795_. This is a grafted tree of theGraham variety of black walnut that was planted in 1932 within 100 feetof trees of the Bates and Faust varieties of heartnuts. By 1940 thelatter trees were heavily infected with bunch disease, but it was notuntil 1943 or 1944 that symptoms were discovered in the Graham tree. Atthis time the heartnuts were removed from the orchard. The Graham treehas shown only a few small diseased limbs during the past six or sevenyears, and in 1950 a fair crop of nuts is in prospect. 

Discussion

The following observations should be mentioned briefly before discussingthe questions raised by the case histories:

 1. Out of more than one hundred seedling scions from 13 hybrids topworked on large _nigra_ trees, three have become diseased the first or second year after the scions began to grow on black walnut stock. 

 2. The three susceptible seedlings have all been grafted on different _nigra_ stock trees, and the three stock trees have since regenerated only healthy limbs, after removal of the diseased shoots. 

 3. Seedlings from a total of 13 natural hybrids between _J. Nigra_ and _J. Regia_ have been used, and only two of these hybrids have yielded susceptible seedlings. However, only a few seedlings were available from certain hybrids. 

 4. A total of 156 trees of approximately 36 horticultural varieties has been grown at Beltsville, and only one tree of the variety Graham has shown well developed symptoms of the bunch disease. Two other Graham trees have shown slight or questionable symptoms of the disease. 

It should be pointed out that a considerable number of heartnut andbutternut trees were planted at random in the same orchards with theblack walnut trees used in these experiments and at the same time(1932). In many cases black walnut trees grew within 50 or 100 feet ofthe heartnut trees. The bunch disease first appeared on heartnut trees, the most susceptible walnut species, and spread quickly to butternut, which is also very susceptible. By 1940 most of the diseased heartnutshad been removed from the orchards, but it was not until after thetop-working experiments described above were completed that the orchardswere cleared of all diseased trees. It is therefore possible that insectvectors or other agencies may have spread the disease to the scions ofthe topworked seedlings from the infected heartnut and butternut trees. 

Number 795 is the only _J. Nigra_ tree on the station farm that hasconsistently shown symptoms of the disease during the past eight years, and in 1950 only a few limbs are affected. On the basis of theadmittedly meager information reported here, it can be stated that theblack walnut varieties used in these experiments are more resistant tothe bunch disease than are varieties and seedlings of heartnut andbutternut. That this is generally true is also borne out by the factthat in the vicinity of Beltsville, Maryland, and the District ofColumbia, practically all dooryard trees of the Japanese walnut areinfected with bunch disease, many of them having already been killed, whereas relatively few black walnut trees in the area show symptoms ofthe disease. 

The suggestion has been made that most varieties and seedlings of blackwalnut are symptomless carriers of the disease, and only under certainadverse conditions of environment would symptoms appear. This wouldexplain why trees that are cut back severely, as was the case with treeNumber 838 described above, show symptoms on the excessively vigorousshoots of the next year's growth. 

Little can be said at the present time about the relative resistance ofblack walnut varieties to the bunch disease because nothing is knownabout how it is spread from one individual tree to another. The casehistories of trees described in the present paper are considered to beworth recording because they show that black walnut trees may supportdiseased scions and later regenerate apparently healthy tops. In thesecases the trees showed a type of resistance to the disease. However, there are many cases known, the majority of which are seedlings, inwhich black walnut trees became so badly infected with the disease thatnut production ceased and the trees later died. Whether the type ofresistance described in this paper is widely prevalent in the blackwalnut as a species will be impossible to determine until more is knownabout how the disease is spread. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 13: Several common names have been applied to this disease, among which "bunch" and "brooming" have most frequently been used. Theauthors strongly feel that the accepted common name should be "bunch"for the following reasons: (1). The term is very descriptive of thesymptoms of the disorder. (2). It is the accepted name of a disease ofpecan and hickory species that is very similar if not identical to theone occurring on walnut species. (3). The names "brooming" and"witches'-broom" have already been applied to diseases caused by fungi. ]

[Footnote 14: Waite, M. B. Notes on Some Nut Diseases with SpecialReference to the Black Walnut. Ann. Rept. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. 23:60-67, 1932. ]

[Footnote 15: Becker, Gilbert, My Observations on Witches Broom Diseaseof Black Walnut Trees. Annual Report Northern Nut Growers Assoc. 31:106-109, 1940. ]

[Footnote 16: Hutchins, Lee M. , and Wester, Horace V. Graft--transmissible Brooming Disease of Walnut (Abstract. )Phytopathology 37: 11, Jan. 1947. ]

[Footnote 17: Gravatt, G. F. , and Stout, Donald C. Diseases Affectingthe Success of Tree Crop Plantings. Ann. Rept. Northern Nut GrowersAssoc. 39: 60-68. 1948]

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION

A Forester Looks at the Timber Value of Nut Trees

CHARLES S. WALTERS, _Forestry Department, University of Illinois_

What I am going to say will apply mostly to black walnut since it is oneof our most valuable timber trees, but it also will apply to otherspecies like hickory, pecan, persimmon. I've never seen papaw or hazelnut large enough for timber, but the Persian walnut has some value andthe Chinese chestnut is a fair timber tree. All of these species shouldbe commercially useful if there is sufficient quality and volumeinvolved to warrant a sale. 

What I have to say may not apply five years from now. Persimmon used tobe the main source of material for golf club heads and shuttles for thetextile industry. It no longer is. 

Today golf club heads are being made of "Compreg, " a wood which has beenimpregnated with phenolic resins and cured with heat. The resin issimilar to Bakelite. Thin sheets of wood are glued together to build upthe head, rather than using a single solid piece, and it makes aconsiderably better golf club head. The developments in wood use areprogressing just as in many other fields. What the wood specialists aretrying to do is to take low quality material and change it over to aform which is suitable for many uses for which high-quality expensivematerial is now used. The timber buyer now wants a tree of long, clean, bole with few knots, of large size, --at least 16 inches in diameter atbreast height. In short, he wants high quality material. 

What I am saying may not apply to nut growing. Foresters grow trees forthe wood crop, with nuts as a by-product. The first 16 feet of trunk orthe butt log is his main interest. It should be completely free oflimbs, knots, and other defects for at least 16 feet. You can use thelogs above the butt-cut but they usually produce lower grade material. 

You have two courses to follow. You can grow wood either in naturalstands or in plantations, and the end product is very little different. It is probably easier to grow a high quality tree in a plantation thanin the wild. What can be easier than growing a timber tree in thewoodlands? It eventually reaches merchantable size and is harvested. Well, nature can do better if you give her help. Your chances of growinga high quality tree to merchantable size are better in the plantation. 

About ten years ago Dr. R. W. Lorenz of our Department made a study of150 plantations growing on prairie soil in Illinois. Thirty-six werewalnut which ranged in age from 22 to 75 years. The one thing we had themost trouble with was determining their ages. One day we stopped at afarm and talked to a farmer, and we asked him when the trees wereplanted. This man said he could tell us the exact day. "I was a younglad and a neighbor drove by and said, 'Yesterday Abe Lincoln was shot. '"So we had the historical records to determine the age of that particularplantation. 

These plantations ranged in number of trees per acre from 46 to 330. Thenumber of trees per acre has a direct influence on the size or diametergrowth of the timber tree. An eight by eight spacing, or 680 trees peracre, eventually will be thinned to 200 trees per acre. That gives eachtree proper spacing for best height and diameter growth. 

The trees ranged in height from about 31 feet to 85, averaging about afoot and a quarter in height each year. The average diameters rangedfrom about 12 inches to 15 inches. Individual trees, however, ranged upto 24 inches at breast height (4-1/2' above ground level). Eachplantation had had very little or no care. If some of them had beencared for, or "managed", their owners would have had a better woodcrop--higher quality and higher quantity too. 

Now, as to the growth in the managed plantations. We believe it ispossible to grow 300 board feet per acre per year. Compared with uplandoak, walnut exceeded it in almost all growth factors up to 70 years ofage and then they were about the same. 

Of the cultural practices, the most important is probably pruning. Sawing off the limbs growing on the trunk makes all wood producedthereafter free of knots. When the trees reach about six inches indiameter, one should select those he is going to call "croptrees"--about 200 of these per acre--and spend his time getting them totimber size and quality. The other trees are removed over a period ofseveral years, so that you finally have only the 200 high quality croptrees left. The reason I suggest starting the pruning when the trees aresix inches in diameter, is that that is the size of the veneer coreleft after the veneer manufacturer has turned the log for the thin sheetof furniture veneer. Remove the limbs and improve the quality so you geta 16-foot log free of limbs and knots. That is what the buyer is lookingfor. 

I know practically nothing about growing trees for a nut crop, but weseem to have something in common in growing trees both for nuts andtimber. Just a lot of it is "horse sense", with a few rules of thumbbased upon scientific principles. You must give the crop trees space, give them plenty of room to grow. In the woods they start to grow in adense undergrowth. The young trees soon reach a height where they beginto dominate their neighbors. There you pick the straight, thrifty-growing trees for crop trees and favor them in your thinning andpruning operations. Tree density influences diameter growth of thetrees. In thick stands, trees are usually small and spindly. So plant alarge number to give the crop trees good form, then thin the plantationcarefully to make it grow. 

Grazing and fire are very harmful to tree plantations. Most of theplantations we studied were grazed. A good many were burned. I don'tthink nut growers would periodically burn their stands to improve thenut production. It is the same with growing a crop of wood. Once thelivestock begin to trample or compact the soil, tree growth slows downand when that happens it makes the tree more susceptible to attack byinsects and fungi. 

As to marketing trees, let's assume you have some material you want tosell. The one thing you want to know is, "how much is it worth?" That islike me asking you what my house is worth. I understand there arepersons here not only from Illinois and Iowa, but from New York, WestVirginia, Ohio, and Kentucky. Prices on wood products vary not only fromstate to state but also within a state as well. The things you ought toknow are the sizes and the grades of the timber that you want to sell, since they determine price. Now, there are publically employed forestersavailable to help you. They know your local conditions. Themanufacturer's markets determine what he can afford to pay you. 

For example, we organized some walnut marketing pools in Illinois duringthe war. I suppose a half million board feet of Illinois walnut was soldfor gun stock material. One company was buying most of the product ofthe pools. Later we found that this company had a market for low gradestump veneer. Most of the other companies would mark a half dozen treesfor their stumps. This company would buy 35 to 40 stumps. Every buyerlooked at the same quality and quantity of material, since the treeswere all marked. In this case, however, the difference in marketsdetermined the price the manufacturer could pay. 

Another thing that concerns price is what we call "logging chance" orhow easy is it for the buyer to harvest those trees. I imagine anyonebuying trees in Pennsylvania would have considerably more difficulty ingetting them out than he would in Illinois. The differences in equipmentand methods used to harvest the trees all have a bearing on the pricepaid the timber owner. 

Hickory is commonly sold for handle stock. Wood for striking-toolhandles has a definite restriction in the specifications on the numberof rings allowed per inch of growth. The Federal Government gradeshandles on the basis of growth rate. From 17 to 22 growth rings per inchis specified. Timber buyers don't want logs grown any slower than 22rings per inch and those grown a little faster than ten rings per inchmay be acceptable. 

Now, as to determining the trees to sell. I mentioned a 16-inch diameterlimit. A few trees smaller than this with logs shorter than 8 feet inlength may be accepted if a large quantity of wood is to be sold. It hasto be economically worth while for the buyer to harvest and transportthe wood, or he can't afford to buy it. Each buyer of course has adifferent set of specifications. You ought to measure and _mark_ thosetrees you want to sell and ask the buyers to bid only on those markedtrees. 

Buyers like to approach the timber owner with, "You have some timber Ican use. I'll give you $100 for what I can use. " That is the sameapproach as if I were to offer $100 for your entire nut crop. You wouldprobably say, "Let's weigh those nuts so we will have a basis for comingto an agreement. " It's the same way with timber. There are two ways youcan sell your timber. You can either measure your trees and sell on avolume basis, or you can mark certain trees and state to several buyers, "I have marked 25 trees for sale. What is your best offer for them?"Each buyer looks at the same trees, and you have a common denominatorfor comparing the fairness of each bid. 

For example, we had a farmer in Woodford County, Illinois who had walnuttrees, wild trees, but growing in a pasture grove. I jotted down thebids that were made. One buyer offered $200 for 27 trees, another bid$225 for 35, a third bid $265 for 40 or $165 for 35, and the last buyeroffered $425 for 25 trees. The point I am trying to illustrate is thatthe farmer, without that extremely high bid, would have been unable tocompare the bids because someone bid on 27 trees and someone else on 35trees. If all buyers had bid on 27 marked trees, he would have had abasis for comparing the bids. 

Sell on contract. Farm foresters have simple contract forms which theywill give you. The forms can be filled out so that they tell what youagree to do and what the buyer agrees to do. Both parties sign theagreement, so there is less chance for disagreement later. 

May I have those slides? (Picture showing large tall tree in denseforest. ) This isn't a walnut tree, but I want to show you the kind ofcondition foresters like to see trees growing under. Nice tall stem, free of any limbs, good diameter. These trees show a rather wide rangeof age classes. When I talk to my folks about growing timber, they say"70 years is a long time to wait for your money. " Here is a tree thatstarted 70 years ago and is ready to be harvested. The crop is sustainedyield. 

I put this in to show you what we don't like to see. (Picture showingpark-like stand of timber. ) When these 100 or so trees are gone, therewill be no others to replace them. Cattle have grazed this stand to theextent that it will be a long time before any other age classes developto replace those you see in the picture. 

That is a white oak. I told you there weren't many. Good diameter allthe way up clear of limbs. When the logger cuts that tree he will havehigh quality material. The same applies for walnut, hickory, or anyother species. 

This walnut tree shows you how to mark trees for sale. One mark up hereso the buyer knows which tree is designated for cutting, and one down atthe bottom so you can assure yourself that that tree was to be sold. Itidentifies one of the trees you intended to sell; a penalty is involvedfor cutting any others. 

I wanted to show you what a good walnut stump-cut looks like. Thesetrees should be 18 inches or larger in diameter at about two feet abovethe ground to be worthwhile. The stump will be cut off when it gets tothe mill, and peeled for veneer. 

This is one of the walnut plantations cut for gun stock material. I putthis in to show you how the buyers cut the trees down, and measure offthe logs to get the best grade of material. They aren't interested somuch in volume as in lumber. They want the best grade of wood, and theywant it in that butt log. 

I put these in to show poor quality logs that weren't worth taking. Thisis an open pasture grown tree. No care or attention given it, so thelimbs stayed on and grew quite large. 

This shows how they load logs with a tractor and chain. This "crosshaul" is a trick of the logger's trade. This is the improper way. Thetractor was broken down so it took five or six men to load it becausethey didn't have the tractor. There are some good logs and here are somepoor logs. 

This is a group of logs, at a railroad siding. Some look small, but atthat time--with the market as it was--they could use the smaller logs. You see some of nice length, good form and free of defects. I mentionedmetal. Here's a man with an Army mine detector. They tried them out tolocate metal. This company uses this mine detector to test all logs formetal content. 

Here's what happens. The metal discolors or stains the wood. This treeprobably grew in a fence line. The buyers are just a little reluctant tobuy them. If they do they cut them off this high so they are pretty sureall fence wire is left in the stump portion. 

In this grove of walnut a wire is nailed on every tree. Such a practiceruins the tree. 

This shows wasteful practice. This small mill in southern Illinois wasbuying these short bolts cut from small trees. Be careful that you don'tsell trees that are too small and too young. It is like, I suppose, harvesting your walnuts before the kernel develops. 

This is the result of fire. That log, from outside appearance, didn'thave a blemish. Loggers left this part because it was hollow. Theinfection developed from a fire scar and rotted out the inside. 

This shows the same thing. Fire scarred. Bumping machines used toharvest the nut crop or any defect or injury may result in somethinglike this and decrease the tree's value for timber. 

I mentioned hickory. Here are some single-trees that are made out ofpecan. Hickory is also used. Hickory grows to a commercial size insouthern Illinois but in most states it is too small and knotty. Onetime the Peoria office of the WPB got a release from Washingtonindicating that hickory was needed for axe handles. They released it tothe newspapers. We answered letters for a month after that. Farmers whohad hickory they wanted to sell had to be told that there wasn't enoughhickory involved to make it commercially possible to market. Inaddition, there wasn't a single handle mill in the state at that time. 

This is a couple of loads of good walnut logs. They were cut in Illinoisand trucked to Indiana to be manufactured into veneer and lumber. 

Dr. Colby has asked me if I had any methods of getting rid of stumps. Wehave worked for five years and we still haven't a method that iseconomical or easy. We recommend grubbing or burning them out with asmall stove, or you can cut them close to the ground and let them rotout. What about the chemicals?--We have worked for a good many years andwe have bored stumps until our arms ached, but we haven't found any ofthem that work. 

Discussion

MEMBER: 300 board feet per acre per year?

MR. WALTERS: I said we felt that on good soil and by encouraging naturewe can grow that volume. 

MEMBER: What are the stumpage prices?

MR. WALTERS: Ranging from about $10. 00 per thousand board feet to $300. There is quite a span and each grade is different. There is a primegrade, which is the best grade, which must be 16 inches in diameter atthe small end at least. Each company has a little different set ofgrades. Even with the same grade the prices will range according to thesize of the log. Maybe a 16 inch prime log may be worth $200 perthousand board feet and 24 inch will be $300. 

MR. CRAIG: Curly walnut would be worth more?

MR. WALTERS: Yes. It is somewhat of a guess as to whether a tree willhave a curly figure. If you let them take the bark off a tree, thebuyers can tell. I know of one beautiful stump on which the buyer wantedpermission to remove part of its bark to see if it had nubby growth. Ifit had had the figure, it would have been very valuable. The farmersaid, "I don't want you cutting on that tree because if it doesn't havethe figure and you don't buy it, the tree will be spoiled. " Don't letthe buyers chop into the tree to see whether it has figure. 

MR. CRAIG: I bought two to get grafting wood. 

[Editor's note: Mr. Craig refers to the Lamb curly black walnut, articleon which appeared in NNGA 39th Annual Report. ]

MR. WALTERS: There has been some work done on grafting or stimulatinggrowth for figure. One method was to beat the trees with a rubber hoseand try to stimulate figured or curly grain. Not too much has beenpublished on this work as yet. 

MEMBER: Do you think the figure could be propagated by asexualpropagation?

MR. WALTERS: I don't know. I will say this; in forest trees, theinherited characteristics are the things we depend upon. If a tree hascurly figure and the seed carries that characteristic, you may see it inthe progeny. An acquired characteristic I don't think you can depend onso much. 

MEMBER: Is it thought to be acquired or hereditary?

MR. WALTERS: I just don't know whether it is acquired or hereditary. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: One thought came to me on this black walnut timber. It'sa long pull, and it is one for our posterity. The thought came to bethat it is for those of us who are interested in setting up somethingfor our offspring. The plan has been brought out before of using agrafted known name variety of nuts. Plant those, and perhaps those treesas they grow would first give us that wonderful nut which we werelooking for. 

Symposium on Nut Tree Propagation

F. L. O'ROURKE, _Leader_

MR. O'ROURKE: I believe if you get 10 nut people together, you are goingto have eight or nine propagators. It is the one thing that people liketo dream and talk about. 

I went through the list a little bit, and in order to save some time Iwrote a resumé of what had been done. In order to accumulate thatmaterial I had to dig into some of the more or less unused volume. Thereis a wealth of information in some of those earlier reports of theNorthern Nut Growers Association. 

MEMBER: You can get them for $15 a set. 

MR. O'ROURKE: It's a good investment anyway. At any rate, I think I amgoing to try to make a bit of an analogy. Suppose this was a churchgroup who had been working on paying off their mortgage. Every once in awhile they passed a hat, but instead of dumping that hat on the tablethey let those contributions accumulate, so that after a while they hadthe accumulation of 41 years in the hat. Someone has to dump the hatsometime and I tried to do that this summer, and I found all sorts ofcontributions in that hat. We might say this happened to be the hat. Youwould find some brand new fresh ten dollar bills, nice new currency, andthen you would find some gold pieces (before Roosevelt). They too can beused because they can also be converted. Then you could dig back andcome across some stuff, and you didn't quite know what it was. It mightbe a Spanish doubloon or an old brass button. Right there is where youneed a little knowledge. You should be able to tell the difference. Idon't know whether I was able to tell that difference. We will, ofcourse, find a lot of slugs and buttons and this and that among thevaluable pieces, so possibly we should sift those out and put them inthe discard. You never can be sure what to discard. 

Just as I said, every nut grower is a propagator at heart. A little weeparagraph may be a lead to something which would be of quite a lot ofvalue. 

This little brief resumé I passed around yesterday, and now this morningI am using my school teacherish techniques in passing around a sheet ofpaper. There is merely an outline. Pardon me if I insult yourintelligence in getting out that outline. As you notice, we start outwith the seedling and end with nursery practice. This outline should fitalmost any nut species. It should fit chestnut, hickory, walnut or any. I thought it might be best to have a vote as to which one we talk aboutfirst, and then we will run down each particular species. I think weshould have our panel come up front. 

As I said a while ago, we know that practically every person in thisroom is a propagator. In order that we have this panel conducted in anorderly way, please raise your hand when you speak. I will get thequestion and pass it to one of the panel members. Which one shall wetake up first?

MR. McDANIEL: Let's take the hard one first, the Chinese chestnut. 

All right, chestnut. To be systematic, let's talk about seed. Anyonehaving any difficulty? No trouble at all. Who grows most of the Chinesechestnuts, germinates most of the seed?

MEMBER: I have trouble with rabbits, squirrels, ground hogs. 

MR. O'ROURKE: He wishes to know of something to protect his chestnuts. 

DR. McKAY: We don't plant in the Fall. I know of one person who uses redlead. We have never used it. I know that has been done. We store ourchestnuts in cold storage over the winter and plant in the Spring. 

C. S. WALTERS: May I interrupt? We tried 50 chemicals, treating walnutseed with them or putting them on the seed spot after the nut wasplanted. The squirrels lifted every nut except those that wouldn't havegerminated anyway. The rascals knew the difference. We triedallylisothiocyanate--"tear gas. " The squirrels would dig those nuts upand when the vapor got too strong they would go away and allow it toevaporate. Within two weeks they would come back--maybe two or threetimes--before they finally took the nut. We tried cayenne pepper andn-butyl mercaptan--the main ingredient in "polecat essence. " We hadsquirrels all over our test plots, and the only nuts they didn't takewere the bad ones. 

MEMBER: I have had every other kind of rodent. I found I have to plantin the spring and always in a tin can, with rock wool over the nut. 

MEMBER: We have used rock wool; planted in the spring. They will getthem any time. 

MEMBER: I did the same thing with chicken wire and no squirrels gotthem. 

MEMBER: I would like to ask Mr. Chase if he has planted chestnuts on aquantity basis. 

MR. CHASE: We planted them on a quantity basis and as some of you knowour nursery is adjacent to a wooded area where you would assume therewould be a lot of rodents and polecats, both kinds--four and two legged. I made that statement once before about never having had any squirreldamage. We don't have any trouble. We do not lose chestnuts. We mulchwith composted mixtures. 

MEMBER. They claim sawdust will help keep them away. 

MR. CHASE: On the other hand, a gentleman wanted to get started withchestnut in the Smokies. We helped him get lined up and he planted inbeds and these are perhaps a hundred feet long. We mulched heavily withsawdust. The area had been cut over six to eight years ago and hadimmense piles of sawdust. We mulched with about four inches and someanimal got every chestnut out. We never knew what animal it was. Therewasn't any evidence on the top. They got every chestnut which was quitea shock to him. I brought this point out that there _was_ danger and hewas going to build the bed up high and cover with wire or he was goingto get some of this old camouflage netting type and cover that bed forprotection both against rodents and early spring frost. He didn't followthrough on that so I don't plead guilty. 

MEMBER: Does the Chinese chestnut seed have a rest period?

DR. McKAY: For some years we have had a friendly discussion with theDivision of Forest Pathology in regard to whether a chestnut seed has arest period in the same way black walnut, hickory, or some of the othersdo, and we are not absolutely set in our opinion on the matter. We havethe opinion that the Chinese chestnut does not require a rest period. Iwill tell you that one species, the Allegany Chinkapin _(C. Pumila_)will germinate very readily as soon as it is matured. It will startgrowing immediately. When you go into the oak species, you have a numberlike that. They fall to the ground, and put a root into the soil, becomeanchored, and grow slowly all winter long. We feel that the Chinesechestnuts are of that type. Perhaps the old American chestnut was thatway. It fell to the ground in the fall and it sprouted rather promptlywithin a month or so and grew slowly. Perhaps the Chinese chestnut isnot so much inclined that way. We have done this: we have taken themfrom storage at various times during the winter and planted them, andhave never failed to get reasonably good germination. Others have. Theresults there vary considerably. Perhaps we can't be too sure about thematter. We simply feel that on the basis of what we have seen andobserved, they do not have a definite rest period. Many of the failuresthat have been obtained have been due to poor storage conditions, wherethe nut started to spoil and perhaps the workers didn't realize it andplanted that nut and the nut spoiled immediately. So you fail, notbecause of the inability of the seed to sprout, but because it wasimproperly handled and could not grow. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Is it not a fact that . .. Seed has no true rest period aswe know it with trees? On the other hand, about 30 days' exposure to lowtemperature and moist conditions will cause all those seeds to germinateimmediately. It may be somewhat the same with chestnut seed. 

MR. STOKE: In confirmation, I furnished a man some seed some years agoand we put them in flower pots and they were a foot high by Christmas. 

MR. McDANIEL: The growth is normal from the immediate planting, too. Youdon't get the suppressed growth later, as in prematurely germinatedpeach. 

MEMBER: The chinkapins will often sprout even before they come out ofthe bur. 

MR. CRAIG: I might say this concerning the California Persian walnuts. Take one at harvest and plant it, and that seed will germinateimmediately. You hold it in dry storage and plant in the spring and itwill come up in a couple of weeks. I speak from experience. 

DR. CRANE: The same thing is true with pecan, in west Texas and Arkansasand California. We have lots of trouble with pecans germinating. It isnot uncommon to find a pecan germinated with a root as much as teninches long grown in the hull. If that nut goes through to maturity andbecomes dry, then there is an appreciable delay in germination. Theywon't germinate as quickly. There has got to be a lot of changes in thekernel after they have once dried out and been harvested beforegermination will be initiated again. 

DR. McKAY: In connection with this question of germinating nut seeds ofall kinds, we think it is very important to plant the seed in a wellaerated medium. I think that is a mistake many people make. If the soilhappens to be of a clay nature, it keeps out oxygen and air and thesprout will rot. That is the reason why, when we plant chestnut seed, welike to plant in sand or the same with any nut seed. Coarse sand has alot of air in it. That nut has a high demand for oxygen. 

MEMBER: In the matter of chestnut seed, don't put too many layers ofseeds. One is better than two. Even in rather porous soil, they seem todevelop gas. Anyway, I found the bottom ones didn't get enough air andthey rotted, whereas on top they didn't. It is better to plant a singlelayer than more. 

MR. SHERMAN: What is the best method of treating the chestnut seeds inthe fall to prevent the development of weevils?

DR. McKAY: Of course, there are several ways of treating the nuts forweevils. One is the old hot water method. All of us can heat water. Wehave to heat it to about 120 degrees. So hot, you can't hold your handin it. Immerse thirty minutes for an average size nut. Now in connectionwith the spoilage and rotting that is another matter. We believe inharvesting chestnuts promptly, storing them before they dry out. We ofcourse store our chestnuts in cans. Cans with lids and holes punched ateither end. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Are there any other questions pertaining to seeds?

MEMBER: I would like to caution persons outside the weevil belt aboutbeing very careful if you get nuts that may be infested. Leave your nutsin a small jar and you have the advantage of watching the weevilsactually emerging. You can pick the nuts out about February, and you canselect all the nuts that are sound. Once in awhile a weevil will livethrough the winter. One thing we should all be thinking about is thatthe nurseryman has to produce grafted trees in order to fill a demand, and those nut trees must be produced cheaply and he must use methodswhich are highly efficient. 

MEMBER: Has anyone tried to deep freeze?

DR. CRANE: We tried that just this past winter. For a couple of yearsback one individual had asked us why we didn't freeze them. Last winterwe did. We stored three gallon buckets at two temperatures. One at zeroand the other at ten degrees below--hard freezing temperatures. Thosenuts stayed frozen from early October until the next April. We broughtthem out and examined them one morning. The first thing we did was tastethem. Those nuts we ate when first opened and you could tell them fromno other chestnuts. They were nice eating, sweet. We let those chestnutsthaw evenly at room temperature. That evening we examined them and it'shard to describe what the transformation was in those nuts. In the firstplace was the deterioration that had gone on as soon as the tissuethawed . .. They were dripping water. The tissue had burst and the waterjust flowed. On the other hand, about an hour after they thawed out, when we first examined them just as they thawed out, you would be amazedat how tender they were. They would melt in your mouth. Freezingapparently breaks down the tissue. The tissue is as soft as it can be. Apparently this freezing transformed some of the starch to sugar. Therub is that it won't keep for even two or three hours. 

MEMBER: They might keep if you put them in the soil first. 

DR. CRANE: The tissue is ruined. 

MR. O'ROURKE: We have now decided certain things pertaining to seedgermination. Then we are confronted with the problems of seedling versusclonal rootstocks. I do not know whether or not there have been clonalrootstocks selected for Chinese chestnut. I am sorry to have to ask DrMcKay to talk again but he knows more about it. 

DR. McKAY: I can only tell you about the experiment we started thisspring on clonal stocks of chestnuts. We have just this year's results. Unfortunately we didn't get good results. We took ten seedling trees. Weused nursery trees, large five-year old trees, with vigorous rootsystem, ten seedlings, and got from them 20 roots. We took roots thesize of your finger with a lot of feeding roots, and we grafted ontothose five times four. We took four per variety. We used five varietiesof chestnuts, and all five of those each had four pieces and we had tenof those seedlings. We wanted to find out whether any of those tenseedlings would give us a better set of these five varieties than anyother trees. In other words, we are trying to get a start on a clonalrootstock. We used a splice graft. We simply took a piece of scion andspliced it right on the end of the root. We had four of those in thebundle, and we had five per seedling and we had ten of them. That made20 in all. We planted in a cold frame, with cheesecloth covering to keepthe temperature from getting too high. Eventually, if this thing works, we will establish a clonal line. We planted those ten original trees butyou will be surprised. We can go back to the original tree if wesucceed with clonal lines, so a chestnut variety we hope will begrafted on a line of stock that came from that one original tree. Bearin mind this is the method and it remains to be seen whether it is goingto work for chestnuts. 

The results are discouraging. Only one or two seedlings gave us six or 8successful grafts on all the five varieties but by that method of tryingall five of these varieties on all ten of the seedings we hope to get astart. We will try them again, and we hope to get at least a start thatwill work. It may be that we will have to start over again. We may wantto take ten other seedlings. That is, in brief, our work so far in thatdirection. 

We took it off the ground. We didn't have long enough side roots. 

MEMBER: How about mound layering?

DR. McKAY: We tried cutting off at the ground level and mounding upthose sprouts and tried to root them, with no satisfactory results. There was just a small amount of rooting. 

MEMBER: Did you try layering?

DR. McKAY: One year we did, but with no success. 

MR. McDANIEL: I have seen a few layered successfully but it's a littleslow. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Shall we move to vegetative propagation and considercuttings first?

DR. McKAY: Just one thing I think ought to be mentioned at this time. Weknow that even the use of clonal rootstocks does not entirely eliminatevariability. All the work that has been done with these Malling applestocks shows that, as far as apples are concerned. Now we have an ideawhich, in a crop like chestnuts, may have very far reaching influenceand we feel quite hopeful for it. That is growing seedling progenies ofcertain parent trees. I want to tell you our experience with it. Westarted our work on breeding and selection of tung nuts in 1938, and wehave tested now over 600 parent trees that were especially selected. Outof those six hundred we have released a total of six horticulturalvarieties, for asexual propagation. But out of those six we have threetrees, the seed of which will produce seedling progenies that come verytrue to the type of the parent tree. One of those released we know asthe Lampton variety. It will produce from 95 to 100 per cent of itsseedlings, that are so true to type that you can identify them in thenursery. At the end of the first season you plant 95 to 100 per cent ofthe remaining trees in the orchard and anybody can identify the trees. 

In the case of budded trees we have the variability of the rootstocks, which affects the growth. Since that particular variety has beenreleased there has not been one single nut of that variety crushed. Every single seed is grown to tree size, to plant in a new orchard. Ithas taken us 12 years to reach that stage, but that one variety isprobably the most outstanding thing we have. There is a slight variationin the trees but not as much as you have in other trees. 

Now, with Chinese chestnuts, we planted seedlings that were grown fromthe seed of a parent tree at Beltsville. We planted a thousand trees. There were seedlings grown from seed produced by different parent trees. Out of those thousand there wasn't a single one outstanding. Yet in onelot of seedlings which was planted in Georgia, every one of theseedlings grown from the seeds of that selected tree produced such highquality nuts that we haven't cut out a single tree. There just hasn'tbeen any off types. Now we have gone a step further. We had one calledselection 7932 which came into bearing very early. We have had thosetrees grown from seed. The seedling at three years of age produced apound of nuts, the seedling having the characteristic of its mother. Wehave hopes that before many years we shall be able to produce parenttrees or clonal lines in which the seed taken from those line andplanted will give us uniform seedlings. 

I don't want you folks to get the idea we have these parent trees orseed from them that are available. I mention it because a lot of you aregrowing chestnut trees and planting them from seed. You could make agreat contribution if you would take the nuts from each individual treeand plant separately, so that you will know in the future the origin ofevery one of those seedling trees you have. Some of these days someoneis going to find one that is going to give us seedling trees that aregood and free from variation. 

Elberta peach seed will come practically true to variety from seed, except minor variations of size, shape, color and season. In a peach youare facing a very highly specialized market. But with the Chinesechestnut, color is not so important. What we are interested in is treesthat bear and have enough uniformity so that we don't have pee-wees byone and jumbos by another. 

We need very badly this sort of thing. We need chestnut varietiesplanted in pairs in isolated places. Any of you folks could do a greatservice if you will let us know wherever trees occur in pairs, or justtwo varieties and no others, and then we know that one varietypollinates the other. When you have a mixed planting of a half dozenvarieties the male is promiscuous. Therefore you have a much greatermixing of genetic factors. If we have a pair of trees, we get a muchmore uniform breeding group of seedlings. 

MEMBER: How far removed from other varieties do they have to be?

DR. McKAY: Half a mile or a mile. 

MR. O'ROURKE: I think we can go to vegetative propagation of cuttings. Ithink that we have any amount of evidence that Chinese chestnuts can berooted from cuttings, but can trees grow on from rooting cuttings?

DR. CRANE: You have summed up the situation perfectly. 

MEMBER: Just by accident, in our storage house a couple of chestnutsfell over into a pile of peat moss and they did make roots. 

MR. CORSAN: Would you call the Chinese chestnut a second?

MR. O'ROURKE: We should confine this only to propagation. While thereare any number of interesting phases of it, we have to stick topropagation or we will never get through. We have had remarks on layers. Any comments on layers?

Let's move on to graftage. We want to have our chestnut produced on aquantity basis so I am going to ask Mr. Bernath to tell us a goodmethod. 

MR. BERNATH: I don't graft too many outside, but I do my propagating inthe greenhouse. I had more than a thousand graftings growing, some ofthem this high [indicating] which greatly depends upon the root systemand the condition of the soil. I think that is the fastest and easiestway of grafting chestnuts. I do my grafting sitting down. 

MEMBER: That's on the potted stock. 

MR. BERNATH: That's right. 

MEMBER: After you have produced all these grafts, what are you going todo with them?

MR. BERNATH: Sell them. 

MR. STOKE: I tried to contact some nurseries. They are selling yourseedlings, little chestnut trees for $1. 75 and they want to give you 75¢or a dollar for grafted ones. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Mr. McDaniel has received a letter from Mr. Hirschi fromOklahoma City and there is one paragraph that I think the membershipwill be interested in. [Letter from Mr. Hirschi is partly reproducedhere. ]

 Oklahoma City, Okla. Aug. 23, 1951 Mr. J. C. McDaniel, Urbana, Ill. My Dear Mac;

 . .. In my work with chestnuts I believe I have had an experience that will be interesting to the membership. As you well know I am a strong believer in selected named varieties. I do not regard seedling chestnuts any more valuable than seedling peaches or apples. The--Nursery, a member of our association, have been customers of mine for a long time. Last year I persuaded them to catalog seedling chestnuts at about half the price of Nanking, Meiling, Kuling, and Abundance. I was anxious to learn the attitude of the public, where they had an opportunity to buy and plant selected grafted varieties, when heretofore only seedlings were available. To my utter amazement the seedlings did not sell at all, but the thousand trees of selected varieties were sold out long before the season was over. I could not supply more, neither could I get them elsewhere. So far as I know Max Hardy and I are the only ones grafting chestnuts in quantities. 

 It is amazing the volume of business that catalog nurseries do. For instance the above firm does a million dollars gross business annually, and many others do a big business. All would be glad to catalog grafted chestnuts, and the chestnut movement would grow by leaps and bounds. True, they would have to be sold to them at wholesale prices, but they want small sizes, parcel post sizes preferred, which can be produced the second year from seed. Plant the seed in March, the next March graft them, and by fall the grafts will range from three to seven feet as shown by the enclosed photos. 

 I had the same experience with the above firm with Carpathians, sold them 500, which were sold out long before the season ended and I could not get them any more. They have ordered 2500 for this coming season. Unfortunately we had a poor take on grafts this spring due to cutting scion wood after a November freeze, which killed all other English walnuts. Carpathian wood was not hurt except where used for scions. Where left on the trees they forced out as usual and are producing a good crop of nuts. 

 I must close. I know you will have a wonderful meeting and I wish I could be with you. I will be with you in spirit, and in the meantime will be doing all I can to promote interest in nut growing. --Very truly yours, A. G. Hirschi. 

MR. GERARDI: I don't yet have the greenhouse. I depend on fieldgrafting. I produce my own seedlings. I just use seed from those threebest trees. They run pretty uniform as far as growth is concerned. Ibark graft in the field, when the buds begin to swell nicely and fromthere on. You can get a growth like that. [Indicating four to 5 feet. ]

MEMBER: He has the same thing. Just as soon as the buds swelled. Sometimes I do go to the trouble if I am covering more ground, to cutthem off as soon as they start to swell. A chestnut will peel again infour days. I start in after about four days and set these grafts and Iuse this bark graft. I have a sample of the method here. This is theplain bark graft which is efficient and fast for the production ofchestnuts in quantity. I have to get into bigger production. I am tryingto make speed and I am using this method. To start, the first week ofApril, when the buds start. If I get it done, it's the first week or thesecond of April. 

MR. GERARDI: Four days on chestnuts. In my personal opinion after a fewyears observation I don't believe it is absolutely essential to cutback. Sometimes weather conditions will be a big factor. Sometimes thetemperature is around forty and remains that way four or five days. Theweather has taken the place of your cut back. That doesn't alwayshappen, but weather conditions sometimes favor this. 

MEMBER: What percent of failures do you expect on a hundred?

MR. GERARDI: Well, it is better to take a thousand trees. Out of athousand you miss 35 or 40. The percent that takes is high. This is animportant factor; you must have good wood. You are running just a littleon the small size. From a quarter of an inch up to--. I never set ascion over about 9/16. That is just getting into the rough . .. It's hardon the tool and rootstocks. 

MEMBER: Do you wax the graft?

MEMBER: By all means you use the proper wax. 

MEMBER: Did you ever try not to?

MR. GERARDI: Yes, if favorable weather permits. I use this Acmecompound. Last season, it was a little stiff and I mixed a little oiland it cut my rubber bands too quick. That brush wax is about as good asyou can get, but customers come in and I am called away and someone isalways interfering with the work. I was trying to get a wax that I couldjust drop and it would be ready when I picked it up again. It isbeginning to be an assembly line production. You can go faster if youhave a helper or two to do the tying and waxing. 

MEMBER: I have a rather crude scion storage method. I have dug out in ahill a reservoir that I keep ice in. If you could keep it at 32 to 40degrees from the time it is cut in February, or the first part of Marchand then store it in this until the grafting time, it will keep readily. 

MEMBER: In California I built a little house and there was room enoughto put in at least 40 bushel boxes, 900 pounds of ice and I packedgrafting wood in boxes and kept it until July. 

MEMBER: The ice keeps up the humidity. 

MEMBER: There are a lot of successful methods. It is what is availablefor you. 

MR. WILKINSON: I have had very little experience in propagation ofchestnuts. Mine has been limited. I shoulder my scions. I like toshoulder. My percentage of take varies with the conditions, sometimesit's fairly good and sometimes not so good. I have a specimen union oftwo inches in diameter and you can see what a nice union it makes. Ordinarily I have had very good success with chestnut grafting. 

DR. McKAY: We have done some work on budding chestnuts but it hasn'tbeen successful. We have had indefinite results. As Mr. Stoke says, grafting is so much more simple. We realize more work should be done onbudding. We simply do our propagating the way it is easiest. Until thetime comes that we have got more information on budding we will go alongas we do now. One of the difficulties is that the wood is fluted and itis hard to get a good bud fit. It doesn't make for a good fit. Wecarried out a little experiment on one year old seedling at the crown. There is a smooth area on the stem as it enters into the root condition. It is a perfectly smooth area and we tried putting sealed buds at thatpoint. We have had good success in putting those kinds of buds in at thetime when you would ordinarily bud fruits, in the fall, where growthconditions are still good. Another year we did that same work and wedidn't succeed so well. So we don't know exactly what we did wrong. Inorder to keep a set from those buds we don't know just what theconditions should be. 

MR. O'ROURKE: To summarize then, the two successful methods are thegreenhouse method and the field method used by Mr. Gerardi. 

MR. STOKE: I mostly use a plain splice. The cut is about four times aslong as scion diameter, if it is on a stock of the same size. It is thebest method. I use also a modified cleft graft with a little trimming. Mr. Jones brought out that modified cleft graft and I have made a littlechange. Here is the stock, and a modified cleft graft is a side graftwith the stock top cut off. You cut in at an angle far enough and youput your scion in here and there is your modified cleft graft. You getcontact on all four lines. It takes experience and judgment. You cutyour scion wedge and then make your understock cut and you will seldommake a mistake after you get experience. That is a side graft and amodified cleft graft. That makes a flexible portion here and you get afit on both sides. But with the ordinary cleft graft, if you go to theend of your stock you still have a split and not a perfect fit. 

MEMBER: Would you explain that? If your scion is not the same size itmight over lap or . .. How do you handle that?

MR. STOKE: If the scion is undersized, you don't cut so deep. Sometimesthe stock is a little oversize. You simply cut less deep in your stock. If you have a large stock and small scion I'd make a bark graft. 

MEMBER: I should like to bring up one point. That is produce more nuttrees and do it cheaper. It seems to lie between Mr. Gerardi and Mr. Bernath. Mr. Gerardi can set between six and seven hundred per day, andtie them himself, and Mr. Bernath will graft between seven hundred anda thousand a day with someone else doing the tying. 

MR. CHASE: We have tried all these grafting methods with varying degreesof success. Our propagation experiments at Norris have been directed atthe development of more economic methods. 

Conifer grafts are often placed in a grafting case for rapid callusing. This year we tried some black walnut grafts and found that they callusedin 10 to 14 days when placed in a grafting case. These were benchgrafted on piece roots, using modified cleft and side grafts. Later wetried chestnut with excellent results. Then we made more chestnutgrafts, wrapped them in damp moss and placed them in a lab oven with atemperature of approximately 75 degrees. These callused rapidly and wereplanted immediately in the nursery. They made good growth. 

We think that some adaptation of this method has possibilities in ourregion. Often our chestnut grafts are damaged by late spring frosts. Ifwe can bench graft, callus, and then hold the grafts until favorableweather, frost damage will be eliminated. It may be possible to handleblack walnut in some similar fashion. Then we would be dealing only withsuccessful grafts. A cold frame provided with heating cable should beadequate. 

Factors Affecting Nut Tree Propagation

F. L. O'ROURKE, _Department of Horticulture, Michigan State College_

Propagation of nut trees is primarily involved with the problemsaffecting the perpetuation of selected clones by vegetative means. Ithas been indicated by Morris (14), Reed (18), and others that treesproduced from seed are of inferior value for nut production. Seedpropagation, however, must be practiced to produce the necessaryrootstocks upon which the selected varieties are budded or grafted. 

Seed Propagation

Barton (1) indicated that while some few seedlings may be producedwithout prior seed stratification, after-ripening of the seed for 2 to 4months at 35° to 50° F. Markedly increased seedling production withhickory and walnut. Chase (4) found that black walnut seed sown inNovember yielded more and larger seedlings than when planted at a laterdate. Chase (5) also reported that nuts containing larger kernelsproduced larger seedlings, and that planting 1 to 2 inches beneath thesurface yielded larger seedlings than deeper placement. There haveapparently been little or no observations made on the performance ofseedlings for rootstock purposes between different parental strainsexcept for Chinese chestnut as reported by McKay (12). 

Clonal Rootstock Propagation

The difficulty of propagating any selection of nut trees by vegetativemeans has discouraged selections for rootstock purposes. Only filbertsoffer such an opportunity for selection on somewhat the same basis asthe East Malling clones of apple rootstocks which produce differentsized scion varieties after grafting. Unfortunately, no non-suckeringdesirable clones of filberts have yet been reported and even thenon-suckering Turkish tree hazel is grown from seed when such rootstocksare used (16). 

Propagation by Cuttings

Gellatly (7) quoted the success of the East Malling Research Station inEngland in rooting cuttings of walnuts grown in the greenhouse andreported on his own experience in producing short roots on dormantcuttings of heartnut and Persian walnut. The writer (15) hasoccasionally produced roots on softwood cuttings of pecan and hickoryset in a mist humidified greenhouse but the cuttings did not survive. Mist humidification has been a distinct aid in retaining foliage onsoftwood cuttings of filbert and Chinese chestnut until roots wereformed but unless the axillary buds were developed sufficiently to makenew growth immediately thereafter, little or no survival was secured. Apparently when the cuttings were succulent enough to form roots thebuds were too immature to put out new shoots. If one waited until thebuds were developed the tissue at the base of the cutting was too highlylignified for root formation. The use of synthetic plant hormones oncuttings of nut-tree species has been of questionable value. 

Propagation by Layers

Mound layers are used quite successfully for the propagation of filbertvarieties but have not proven of value with other nut-tree species. Chinese chestnut has been reported to layer easily but experiments withboth mound and trench layers of selected varieties of this species atthe Glenn Dale, Maryland Station of the U. S. Department of Agriculturegave negative results. The writer (15) has occasionally rooted pecan, hickory, and Chinese chestnut by aerial layering. A marcot boxcontaining sphagnum moss kept moist by a glass wick immersed in waterfrom a bottle at the lower end was employed. The time and labor involvedwere so great that the experiments were discontinued. 

Propagation by Grafting

Bench grafting of walnuts and hickories has been adequately described byBernath (3), Hardy (8), Lounsberry (10), Slate (24), and others. Thismethod has been tested on a commercial basis and apparently should beconsidered as one of the most efficient ways to produce nut treesquickly and cheaply in large quantities. Greenhouse and storagefacilities are required and keen expert attention must be given thenewly-made grafts to assure success. 

Reports on top-working and field grafting are both numerous andvoluminous. Morris (13), MacDaniels (11), Wilkinson (29), and othershave demonstrated the value of cutting back the stock a week or morebefore setting the scion in order to avoid injury from excess flow ofsap. Reed (17), Stoke (27), Morris (14), Shessler (21), Sitton (23), andothers have described methods of preparing and setting scions in thestock. All writers agree that greater success is secured when dormantscions are set relatively late in the season. Becker (2) stated thatgreater success was secured when scions were set from time leaves werefull-grown until catkins fell. Protection of the scion by waxes, paperbags, and shading has been advocated by Morris (14), MacDaniels (11), Shelton (20), Shessler (21), and others. 

Propagation by Budding

The shield or T bud has not been considered suitable for thick-barkedtrees such as hickory and walnut due to the difficulty of preventing"air-pockets" beneath the bark. Shaving the edges of the bark at theside of the shield may eliminate this difficulty. Joley (9), reportedvariable success in shield budding of walnut in California. Patchbudding, either by the annular method or with the Jones patch-buddingtool was described by Reed (17), and is reported by Chase (6), Zarger(30), and others to be the most practical method of propagation withwalnuts. Pecans and hickories are commonly patch-budded in summer incommercial nurseries. The thin-barked Chinese chestnut is usually buddedby the shield-or T-bud method as reported by Hardy (8) and McKay (12). 

Scion and Budstick Handling

Sitton (22) reported that two-year wood of black walnut was superior toeither older or younger wood. MacDaniels (11) advocated the base of thescion to be in the two-year wood and the tip in the one-year wood. 

Shelton (19) reported that scions could be kept moist until used bystoring in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate, commonly known as "Glauber's salt". The usual method of scion storage isto pack in moist but not wet peat or sphagnum moss and place in arefrigerator at about 35° F. Waxes and resins have been usedsuccessfully to prevent undue loss from the plant tissues while instorage. 

Waxes and Dressings

Propagators seldom agree in their choice of a wax and wound dressing. Ina series of carefully controlled tests, Sitton (23), found that a rosinand beeswax mixture with a filler gave results with pecans superior tothe so-called "cold waxes" or asphalt emulsions. Paraffin and polyvinylresin are often used for scion covering and to protect newly set buds. Shelton (20) has indicated certain qualities of a satisfactory wax. 

The Rootstock Problem

In the Pacific Northwest Painter (16) stated that some Persian walnutvarieties on _Juglans hindsi_ (the northern California black walnut)develop a fatal graft blight due to delayed incompatibility at about 20years of age. This is the so-called black-line disease. McKay (12) foundgreat differences in survival of buds of Chinese chestnut placed on fiveseedling strains and Hardy (8) suggested that more attention should bepaid to the parental relationship of stock and scion in the chestnut. Weschcke (28) reported that black walnuts grafted on butternuts yieldedpoor crops and that bitternut was a satisfactory stock for shagbarkvarieties and shagbark hybrids. Smith (25) advocated shagbark stocksfor shagbark varieties but found bitternut to be practically as good. Stoke (26), and Smith (25) found eastern black walnut to be the beststock for all walnut species, including heartnuts and butternuts. 

Nursery Practices

Commercial nurseries have adopted various methods to discourage thenormal tap-rooting habit of nut trees and stimulate lateral and fibrousroot production. Planting seed over screen wire, undercutting theseedling each year in the nursery row, frequent transplanting, and rootpruning are methods commonly used. Attention must be given to theproduction of an adequate root system to help the grafted tree withstandthe shock of transplanting to its permanent location. 

Summary

The chief obstacle to the large scale growing of selected nut varietiesis the difficulty in propagation. Careful workers with a background ofknowledge and experience and skilled in craftmanship are successful in alimited way. Quantity production is apparently dependent uponspecialized facilities and efficient labor programs. The need forextensive rootstock research is keenly felt by growers of walnut, hickory and chestnut. 

Literature Cited

1. Barton, Lela V. --Seedling Production in _Carya ovata_, _Juglanscinerea_, and _Juglans nigra_. Cont. Boyce Thompson Inst. _8_:1-5. 1936

2. Becker, Gilbert--Notes from Southwestern Michigan. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _28_:135. 1937

3. Bernath, Stephen--Propagating Nut Trees under Glass. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _37_:90. 1946

4. Chase, Spencer B. --Black Walnut Nursery Studies. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _37_:40-41. 1946

5. Chase, Spencer B. --Eastern Black Walnut Germination and SeedbedStudies. Jour. For. =45=:661-668. 1947

6. Chase, Spencer B. --Budding and Grafting Eastern Black Walnut. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. _38_:175-180. 1947

7. Gellatly, J. U. --Notes on Nuts and New Combinations of OldPrinciples. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _29_:115-120. 1938

8. Hardy, Max B. --The Propagation of Chinese Chestnuts. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _40_:121-126. 1949

9. Joley, Lloyd E. --Personal Correspondence. July, 1951

10. Lounsberry, C. C. --Bench Grafting of Black Walnuts. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _28_:60. 1937

11 MacDaniels, L. H. --Some Experiences in Nut Tree Grafting at Ithaca, New York. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:52. 1937

12. McKay, J. W. --Results of a Chinese Chestnut Rootstock Experiment. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _38_:83-84. 1947

13. Morris, R. T. --Top Working Hickories--Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _11_:105. 1920

14. Morris, R. T. --Nut Growing. 1931. Macmillan, New York

15. O'Rourke, F. L. --Unpublished data. 1940-1945

16. Painter, John H. --Personal Correspondence. July-August, 1951

17. Reed, C. A. --Nut-Tree Propagation. U. S. Dept. Of Agr. Farmers' Bul. 1501. 1926

18. Reed, C. A. --Seedling Chestnut Trees versus Grafted Varieties. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _32_:79. 1941

19. Shelton, E. M. --Glauber's Salt for Humidity Control in ScionStorage. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:70-71 1937

20. Shelton, E. J. --A Laboratory Experience in Testing Wax Mixtures forUse in Plant Propagation. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:72-75. 1937

21. Shessler, Sylvester--Grafting Walnuts in Ohio. Rept. North. NutGrow. Assoc. _39_:145. 1948

22. Sitton, B. G. --Vegetative Propagation of the Black Walnut. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 119. 1931

23. Sitton, B. G. --Pecan Grafting Methods and Waxes. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 545. 1940

24. Slate, George L. --Grafting Walnuts in the Greenhouse. Rept. NorthNut Grow. Assoc. _39_:146-147. 1948

25. Smith, Gilbert L. --Our Experience with Rootstocks. Rept. North NutGrow. Assoc. _40_:62-64. 1949

26. Stoke, H. F. --Nut Nursery Notes--Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _34_:96. 1943

27. Stoke, H. G. --Grafting Methods Adapted to Nut Trees. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _37_:99-102. 1946

28. Weschcke, Carl--The Importance of Stock and Scion Relationship inHickory and Walnut. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _39_:190-195. 1948

29. Wilkinson, J. F--Preparation of Stocks for Propagation. Rept. North. Nut Grow. Assoc. _28_:65-66. 1937

30. Zarger, Thomas G. --Nut-testing, Propagation, and Planting Experienceof 90 Black Walnut Selections. Rept. Nut Grow. Assoc. _36_:23-30. 1945

Nut Rootstock Material in Western Michigan

Harry P. Burgart, _Union City, Michigan_

It is only natural that those who propagate by budding and grafting arealways hoping to find a rootstock that will accept their scions with thehighest percentage of takes and impart vigorous growth to the scionvariety. Sometimes in our eagerness to adopt a new rootstock we arelikely to neglect a vital point, namely--Future Performance of theroot-top combination we are about to use. 

It would take years of observation in a test planting to prove whetheror not a new rootstock material is safe to use. A rootstock can affectthe tree it supports in various ways. Sometimes the rootstock will forceto the top too much growth, which is likely to bring aboutunfruitfulness. In other cases, the rootstock may cause a dwarfing habitin the future tree, with the resulting top being a scant producer ofnuts. Then there is the combination where rootstock and top vary toomuch in their growth rate, thus making an unsightly tree. The idealrootstock is one that attains a diameter nearly equal to the diameter ofits partner, and is capable of producing a moderate amount of topgrowth, together with the production of heavy crops of nuts. Such arootstock should also accept buds or grafts readily, and be compatiblewith the scion throughout the life of the tree. 

My first experience with rootstocks for grafting came about in 1926 whenI was working at the J. F. Jones Nursery then at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Mr. Jones used both bitternut and pecan seedling stocksfor grafting shagbark hickories. Pecans and hicans were also grafted onhardy northern pecan seedlings, and Japanese walnut stocks were used forbutternuts and heartnuts. Black and Persian walnut scions were set oneastern black walnut seedlings. 

When I returned to Michigan I brought back enough of Mr. Jones' treesfor a small test planting here at Union City. These trees were plantedin a heavy quack grass sod and some were lost, but those surviving showgood compatibility between the top and root. 

In the intervening years I have made but slight changes in the rootstockmaterial used in my own nursery. I do not approve of the performance ofour butternut varieties on the Japanese walnut _root_, as it results ina weak and dwarfed tree. The use of butternut rootstocks is alsounsatisfactory, for they tend to produce trees of low vitality that in afew years fall victim to blight and then perish. I tried our Michiganblack walnut seedlings as a rootstock and found that they are very muchbetter rootstock material. The growth at the union is about equal. Topgrowth is good, and the butternut tops bear early and heavily, with nosigns of blight during the ten years I have had them under test. 

After years of test I have decided to use the northern pecan seedlingsas rootstocks for my shagbarks, pecans, and hicans because they are afast growing stock tree. They accept the grafts readily, and make goodunions more quickly than the bitternut stocks I have tried. Mr. Wilkinson, from whom I obtain my seed, has never failed to send me seedwith good viability, just about every seed germinating. The northernpecan seedlings have shown no winter injury here in Southern Michiganduring the 20 years I have watched them growing. 

An example of the superiority of the black walnut over the Persianwalnut as a rootstock is a seedling of the variety Wiltz Mayette growingnear a Broadview grafted on black walnut. Both trees are the same age, but the Broadview on black walnut is just about twice the size of itsown-rooted neighbor. 

Hudson Valley Experience with Nut Tree Understocks

Gilbert L. Smith, _Millerton, N. Y. _

This report is not based on any planned or well conducted experiments, but is based simply on our observations of results of our grafting workover the years since 1934. 

Our first work was with hickories, so I will start with them. 

Our first year's grafting was done in a plot of practically pure pignutstocks. This was the seven leaflet pignut, which I believe to be _Caryaglabra_. I have never been sure of the identification of the two speciesof pignuts. We secured a fairly good percentage of living grafts, whichgrew well the first summer. The next spring all of the grafts failed toleaf out and later were found to be dead. A few grafts which were put onbitternut stocks (_Carya cordiformis_) grew well, and are still growingwell after more than fifteen years. Several different varieties ofshagbark hickory scions were used in this grafting. 

The second year, we again grafted as many or more stocks in this samearea. The results were exactly the same, except that we used some scionsof Davis and Fox. (These varieties were brought to light through thecontests of the previous winter). The grafts of Davis grew on pignutstocks, are still alive and doing fairly well. They have been bearingfor several years, although the squirrels have stolen all of the nuts. Grafts of all other varieties which were on the pignut stocks died thenext spring. One graft of Fox on mockernut lived and has continued togrow fairly well. That same year we started our test orchard of shagbarkstocks (_Carya ovata_) in a different area. Grafts on these stocks havegrown very well. 

I believe that for some reason grafts of shagbark on pignut stockscannot stand cold weather. Certainly, incompatibility is very marked. 

Our experience with hickory stocks to date is as follows:

PIGNUT (_Carya glabra_ or possibly _Carya ovalis_). This species isworthless as a stock for shagbark, shellbark, and hybrids of thesespecies. If nut growers have some pignut stocks growing where theyespecially wish to have some good hickory trees, they can graft them toDavis. We have also heard that Brooks will grow on pignut stocks. 

MOCKERNUT (_Carya alba_). This species is also nearly worthless as astock for shagbark, shell bark, and hybrids, although many morevarieties will live on it than will on pignut stocks. 

SHAGBARK (_Carya ovata_). This species makes the most dependable stockof any we have tried so far, for shagbark, shell bark, and the hybrids. Its greatest drawback is the long time it takes to grow seedlings to asize large enough to graft. 

SHELLBARK (_Carya laciniosa_). We have never had an opportunity to usethis species as a stock. I think that it would make a good one andpossibly be faster growing than shagbark. 

BITTERNUT (_Carya cordiformis_). We have found that this species makes avery satisfactory stock for shagbark and hybrid grafts. We have nottried shellbark on it, except Berger which grows well on it. Seedlingsof this species are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings, andthus are large enough to graft sooner. We have grafts growing onbitternut stocks since 1935, they are growing and producing well. Weconsider this species as good or nearly as good as shagbark as a stock. 

We have received contrary reports from farther south. These may be dueto stock being blamed for something they did not cause or it may be thatbitternut stocks grown from seed of more southern origin may not be asgood as our northern stock. [18]

PECAN (_Carya pecan_). Our experience with this species as a stock isvery limited and has been confined to grafts of only one variety ofshagbark (Wilcox). Results were very disappointing, but we have beentold by others that it makes a good stock. It is much faster growingthan is shagbark. 

Walnut

In walnut grafting, we have found that the eastern black walnutstocks are so much superior to any others we have been able to find, that we have discarded all others. 

BUTTERNUT (_Juglans cinerea_). We have found that it is much harder tosecure living grafts on this stock than on black walnut. It alsoattracts butternut curculio to the nursery. 

JAPANESE WALNUT (_Juglans sieboldiana_ and variety _cordiformis_). Wehave found that seedlings grown from either of these species are a greatattraction to the butternut curculio. They are more difficult to secureliving grafts on, and grafts on these stocks are very definitely lesshardy than similar grafts on black walnut growing side by side. We haveproved this repeatedly. 

PERSIAN WALNUT (_Juglans regia_). We have never used this species as astock, and in view of the fact that grafts of it grow so well on blackwalnut stocks, I can see no use in even trying it. 

EASTERN BLACK WALNUT (_Juglans nigra_). As stated above, we have foundthis to be the ideal stock for all walnut grafting. It is more free frominsects than any of the other walnuts. Grafts grow well on it and aremore hardy than grafts on some of the others. 

We have not had enough experience in grafting chestnuts and filbertseven to offer any comment as to stocks for them. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 18: The planting location perhaps has more influence than theseed source. At any rate, the poorest growing pecan in the University ofIllinois orchard is on a Wisconsin bitternut understock. --J. C. McD. ]

The 1950 Persian Walnut Contest

Spencer B. Chase, _Contest Chairman, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tennessee_

The nationwide Persian Walnut Contest conducted by NNGA in 1950attracted 33 entries from 11 states. The contest was judged by H. L. Crane, L. H. MacDaniels, and H. F. Stoke, assisted by S. B. Chase. 

The entries were first evaluated independently by the judges. Then eachjudge made a second evaluation with the knowledge of the findings of theother two judges. The Chairman then arbitrated the differences ofopinion among the three judges. This action amounted only to the placingof four entries after the first prize had been unanimously agreed upon. 

The following table shows the results of the contest:

 Results of 1950 Persian Walnut Contest ___________________________________________________________________________ Prize Entry Submitted By Nut Kernel Kernel Weight Weight Percentage =========================================================================== 1 030 Mrs. W. H. Metcalfe, 11. 9 6. 5 54. 5 Webster, New York 2 011 (Hansen) S. Shessler, Genoa, Ohio 9. 8 5. 8 58. 5 3 002 (McKinster) Roy McKinster, Columbus, Ohio 12. 5 6. 4 51. 2 4 012 (Jacobs) S. Shessler, Genoa, Ohio 12. 9 6. 0 47. 0 5 006 Lewis Weng, Dayton, Ohio 12. 4 6. 4 51. 9

 _Honorable Mention_ 001 Mrs. Gale Harrison, 14. 7 6. 2 42. 2 Pemberton, New Jersey 008 A. C. Orth, Dayton, Ohio 14. 7 6. 7 45. 8 014 (Burtner) Fayette Etter, Lemasters, 10. 4 4. 6 44. 4 Pennsylvania 016 (S-66) G. L. Smith, Millerton, 15. 1 6. 8 44. 9 New York 025 P. F. Countryman, Ontario, 13. 9 6. 3 45. 3

 031 (Colby[19]) A. S. Colby, Urbana, Illinois 10. 8 5. 9 54. 1 032 (S-M-9) Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois 15. 8 6. 6 41. 5 033 S. Elwell, Homer, Michigan 19. 2 8. 3 43. 2

A brief history of the prize-winning trees follows:

_Entry 030:_ A Carpathian originally obtained through the WisconsinHorticultural Society in 1936 (Rev. Crath's selections). In 1950 thistree was 14 years old, 22 feet high, with a trunk circumference of 23inches. It has withstood 18 degrees below zero without damage. The treebegan bearing a few nuts in 1947, 4 quarts in 1948; 1 peck in 1949; and1/2 bushel in 1950. 

_Entry 011:_ This is the Hansen variety which was given second place inthe 1949 contest. The origin of this tree is uncertain. It is estimatedto be 50 years old and 25 feet high. It has withstood 15 degrees belowzero without damage. Just when this tree began bearing is unknown, butit produced 2 bushels in 1947; 3 pecks in 1948; 1 bushel in 1949; and 3bushels in 1950. 

_Entry 002:_ This is the McKinster variety which was judged the bestentry in the 1949 contest. It is a Carpathian originally obtainedthrough the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in 1939 (Rev. Crath'sselections), and was 11 years old in 1950. It is 29 feet high with acircumference of 22 inches. It has withstood 17 degrees below zerowithout injury. This tree began bearing in 1943. In 1947 it produced 1/2bushel; 1 bushel in 1948; 3 pecks in 1949; and 3 pecks in 1950. 

_Entry 012:_ This is the Jacobs variety which placed third in the 1949contest. The nut which produced this tree originally came from Germanysome 70 years ago. It has withstood 15 degrees below zero withoutinjury. This is a large tree which has been bearing since 1915. Itproduced 300 pounds in 1947; 100 pounds in 1948; 200 pounds in 1949; and200 pounds in 1950. 

_Entry 006:_ A Carpathian originally obtained through the WisconsinHorticultural Society in 1936 (Rev. Crath's selections). In 1950 it was14 years old, 25 feet high, with a circumference of 30 inches. It haswithstood 10 degrees below zero without injury. This tree began bearingin 1949; in 1950 it produced 15 pounds of nuts. 

It should be emphasized that this contest was based entirely on nutcharacteristics. In another year the placing of the same entries mightbe considerably different, because of seasonal variation. However, it issignificant that the McKinster, Hansen, and Jacob varieties which wereamong the prize-winners in the 1949 contest were also among theprize-winners in 1950. 

Contests such as this are valuable as a first step in the selection anddevelopment of improved varieties. The prize-winners and those givenhonorable mention are all very promising hardy Persian walnuts. The nextstep will be to test these selections to determine their adaptability toour varying conditions. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 19: Named since the close of the contest. --Ed. ]

Colby, a Hardy Persian Walnut for the Central States

J. C. McDaniel, _Extension Horticulturist, University of Illinois_

When the Reverend Paul C. Crath of Toronto imported walnut seeds andscions from his native Ukraine region and adjacent areas of Poland inthe 1920s, he started a chain of propagation and selection whichpromises to establish the Persian walnut (_Juglans regia_) as a commonlygrown nut in southern Ontario and the north central states. The best ofhis importations, and seedlings from them, are fruiting in such statesas Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and Missouri, showing in many cases adegree of hardiness which must reverse the conclusion of an oldergeneration of pomologists that Persian or "English" walnuts were tootender for successful cultivation in most of the middle west. 

The time has now arrived when there are enough fruiting trees of the"Crath Carpathian" walnut seedlings in many states that comparisons canbe made and the more promising ones named and disseminated forpropagation. The nuts which the Reverend Mr. Crath imported in greatestquantity during the middle 1930s came from more than 100 differentseedling trees selected in Poland. Their seedlings exhibit muchvariability in characters of trees and nuts. Some are much less hardythan others under our conditions. Not all are as large fruited as theirseed parents (and some of the parent trees bore small nuts). Though manyhave smoother shells than Mayette or Franquette, there is also muchvariation in shape, thickness, and color of shells. Color and flavor ofkernel vary from tree to tree. The season of nut maturity, thoughvariable, is generally early enough in locations where the trees arewinter hardy. The parents were selected for good filling of kernels, and this character generally has carried over to the seedlings fruitedin America. As with other walnuts, some of the Carpathian seedlings areapparently more susceptible than others to fruit damage by the huskmaggot. Walnut blight has infected them in some localities. 

The COLBY Persian walnut, named in August 1951, and released to nutnurserymen for propagation early in 1952, is the best to date ofthirteen Carpathian seedlings (each from a different parent tree)planted at the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Stationfrom 1937 to 1939. It is the first Persian walnut variety to be named atthis station. 

The name, Colby, honors Dr. Arthur S. Colby of the Department ofHorticulture at the University of Illinois, who has been in charge ofnut investigations here since 1919. It was given to this variety, withhis permission, by members of the Northern Nut Growers Associationduring their 42nd Annual Meeting, held at Urbana in August, 1951. Dr. Colby is a former president of the Northern Nut Growers Association. 

Colby is a seedling of the tree designated as Crath No. 10. The seed wascollected in 1934 from the parent tree near Cosseev, in the Carpathianmountain region of southern Poland as then constituted, planted in thenursery of S. H. Graham, Ithaca, New York, and the seedling transplantedto Urbana, Illinois at the age of two years. It has been fruitingannually here since 1942, with crops of up to 1-1/4 bushels in recentyears. The accompanying cut shows nuts of the 1951 crop, a little lessthan 2/3 natural size. They are thin shelled, like the parent Crath No. 10, well filled with kernels of rich flavor, and are medium in size forvarieties of this species. 

[Illustration: Colby walnuts of 1951 crop, showing thin shells andplump, bright kernels. ]

The Colby tree is rather upright in growth, with strong branches, beingthe most vigorous among the four hardiest Carpathian seedlings atUrbana. It was one of two trees on which most catkins survived thewinter of 1950-51, when temperatures at Urbana fell to -19° F. It isamong the earliest Persian walnuts to start growth in spring, blossomingat Urbana normally in the first half of May. Flowering is protandrous(male flowers first) but with enough overlap of staminate and pistillateblossoms to secure a large degree of self-pollination from the abundantlarge catkins. Fruit set might be improved, however, by planting nearbyanother variety with later staminate catkins. [20] The nuts mature fromthe middle to the last of September and have not been seriously affectedby walnut husk maggot or walnut blight at Urbana. The tree is relativelyearly in wood maturity, shedding its foliage usually before November, acharacteristic shared by the other hardiest Carpathian seedlings inIllinois. 

Prior to 1952, scions of the Colby walnut (previously designatedIllinois No. 10) were propagated for test by top working on nativeeastern walnut (_Juglans nigra_) at two widely separated locations. Itfruited in 1951 at Greensboro, North Carolina, where the early growthsometimes is injured by spring freezes. (This is common with Carpathianwalnuts in the southeast. ) It has survived three winters at Sabula, Iowawith no cold injury and made unusually vigorous growth there. At bothUrbana and Sabula, it has been compared with Broadview Persian walnut, aBritish Columbia origination considered a hardy variety. Broadview hasoften suffered winter injury at both locations, and in 1950-51 waskilled to the understock at Urbana. 

The suggested test regions for the Colby Persian walnut include thosewith a climate similar to central Illinois, and where spring freezes arenot generally a problem. The suggested understock is black walnut (_J. Nigra_) though established hardy Carpathian and other Persian walnutsmay be satisfactory for top working. 

Additional wood for propagation of the Colby will be available in smallquantities next August to nut nurserymen and other experiment stations. (Walnut scions cannot be sent from Illinois to California. ) Trees ofColby should be available from several cooperating nurseries in the fallof 1953. --Reprinted from _Fruit Varieties and Horticultural Digest_, 6(4):72-75. 1952. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 20: According to U. S. D. A. Workers in walnut breeding, pollenof other _Juglans_ species is not to be depended upon for securing a setof fruit on this species. Several hardy Persian varieties of goodquality which have won awards in recent contests are being propagatedbut have not been grown at Urbana. These include the Lake, McKinster, and Metcalfe among others of Carpathian parentage, and twonon-Carpathian varieties, Hansen and Jacobs, which have been fruitful innorthwestern Ohio. Before one or more of these can be recommended as apollinator for the Colby walnut, however it will be necessary to havethem flowering in the same orchard for a period of several years. 

Among the other Carpathian walnuts which have flowered in the orchardcontaining the original Colby tree, there is one very hardy seedling, R5 T 27, which in 1951 and 1952 produced abundant pollen at the propertime to pollinate the Colby. Tree R 5 T 27 an open pollinated seedlingof Crath No. 23, is protandrous, but later flowering than the Colby withrespect to pistils as well as catkins, and consequently most of itspistillate flowers fail to set fruit in years like 1951 when there wasno later Persian walnut pollen available. The R 5 T 27 tree produces anattractive, smooth shelled nut slightly smaller than that of Colby, notquite as sweet in flavor, and slightly earlier in maturity. Because ofits hardiness and apparent value as a pollinator for Colby, propagatingwood from this R 5 T 27 walnut tree will be available to experimenters, but we do not plan to name it at present. ]

Resolutions

Mr. President and members of the Northern Nut Growers Association. TheNorthern Nut Growers' Association, assembled in its forty-second annualmeeting here at Urbana, Illinois, on this the 29th day of August, 1951, desires to express its appreciation and thanks to Dr. George D. Stoddard, President of the University of Illinois, and to Dr. H. P. Rusk, Dean of the Agricultural College, to Dr. C. J. Birkeland, Dr. A. S. Colby, Professor J. C. McDaniel, and other members of the Departmentof Horticulture, as well as to other members of the staff of theUniversity for the excellent accommodations provided for theentertainment of the members attending and for the meeting placeprovided, and to Mrs. A. S. Colby and other for their entertainment ofthe ladies and for the refreshments furnished. Therefore, be it resolvedthat the Secretary spread this resolution upon the minutes of theAssociation and send copies to President Stoddard, Dr. Birkeland, andDr. And Mrs. A. S. Colby. 

In the passing of Harry R. Weber, who was a nut culturist, one of theoldest members of the Association, and a past president, we have lostnot only a real leader and worker in this Association, but also a verydear friend. This Association is greatly indebted to him and he has beendeeply missed at this meeting. Therefore, be it resolved that theSecretary of this Association spread upon the record of this meetingthis resolution and send a copy to Mrs. Weber

 Signed, Members of Resolutions Committee (s) H. L. Crane, _Chairman_ (s) F. L. O'Rourke (s) Spencer Chase

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 19: Named since the close of the contest. --Ed. ]

[Footnote 20: According to U. S. D. A. Workers in walnut breeding, pollenof other _Juglans_ species is not to be depended upon for securing a setof fruit on this species. Several hardy Persian varieties of goodquality which have won awards in recent contests are being propagatedbut have not been grown at Urbana. These include the Lake, McKinster, and Metcalfe among others of Carpathian parentage, and twonon-Carpathian varieties, Hansen and Jacobs, which have been fruitful innorthwestern Ohio. Before one or more of these can be recommended as apollinator for the Colby walnut, however it will be necessary to havethem flowering in the same orchard for a period of several years. 

Among the other Carpathian walnuts which have flowered in the orchardcontaining the original Colby tree, there is one very hardy seedling, R5 T 27, which in 1951 and 1952 produced abundant pollen at the propertime to pollinate the Colby. Tree R 5 T 27 an open pollinated seedlingof Crath No. 23, is protandrous, but later flowering than the Colby withrespect to pistils as well as catkins, and consequently most of itspistillate flowers fail to set fruit in years like 1951 when there wasno later Persian walnut pollen available. The R 5 T 27 tree produces anattractive, smooth shelled nut slightly smaller than that of Colby, notquite as sweet in flavor, and slightly earlier in maturity. Because ofits hardiness and apparent value as a pollinator for Colby, propagatingwood from this R 5 T 27 walnut tree will be available to experimenters, but we do not plan to name it at present. ]

Northern Nut Growers Association Membership List

As of July 29, 1952

 * Life member ** Honorary member § Contributing member *** Sustaining member

 ALABAMA East Alabama Nursery, Auburn, =Chestnut, pecan and persimmon nurserymen= Hiles, Edward L. , =Hiles Auto Repair Shop=, Loxley

 ARKANSAS Hale, A. C. , Fairview School, Camden Wade, Clifton, Forest Avenue, Fayetteville. =Attorney= Wylie, W. D. , Dept. Of Entomology, Univ. Of Arkansas, Fayetteville. =Entomologist=

 BELGIUM Centrale Kas voor Landbouwkre, Diet van den Belgischen Boerenbond N. V. , 24 Minderbroedersstraat, Leuven R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo. 

 CALIFORNIA Andrew, Col. James W. , Box 12, Hamilton A. F. B. Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario =General nurserymen, plant breeders= Brand, George (See Nebraska) Buck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South Laguna Haig, Dr. Thomas R. , 3021 Highland Avenue, Carlsbad, California Fulcher, E. C. , 5706 Fulcher Ave. , North Hollywood Jeffers, Harold N. , Lt. CHC, USN, USS Dixie (AD14) c/o F. P. O. , San Francisco Kemple, W. H. , 216 W. Ralston Street, Ontario Linwood Nursery, Route No. 2, Box 476, Turlock Pentler, Dr. C. F. , 806 Arguello Blvd. , San Francisco 18. =American Friends Service Committee= Pozzi, P. H. , 2875 S. Dutton Ave. , Santa Rosa. =Brewery worker, farmer= Serr, E. F. , Agr. Experiment Station, Davis. =Associate Pomologist= Stewart, Douglas N. , 633 F Street, Davis Sullivan, C. Edward, Garden Highway, Box 447, Yuba City Welby, Harry S. , 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. =Private and Corp. Hort. =

 CANADA Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. =Farmer= Collens, Adam H. , 42 Seaton St. , Toronto 2, Out. * Crath, Rev. Paul C. , Toronto, Ontario English, H. A. , Box 153, Duncan, B. C. =Farmer, fruit and nut grower= Filman, O. , Aldershot, Ontario. =Fruit and veg. Grower= Gage, James M. , 76 Water St. E. , Burlington, Ontario Gellatly, J. U. , Box 19, Westbank, B. C. =Plant breeder, fruit grower, nurseryman= Harrhy, Ivor H. , Route 7, St. Thomas, Ont. =Fruitgrower and poultry= Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario. =Fruit farmer= Lefevre, H. E. , 354 St. Catherine Street E. , Montreal 18, Quebec Lossing, Elgin, Norwich, Ontario * Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ont. Papple, Elton E. , Route 1, Cainsville, Ont. Porter, Gordon, 258 McKay Ave. , Windsor, Ont. =Chemist= Smith, E. A. , Box 6, Sparta, Ont. =Farmer= Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route No. 5, Charlottetown, P. E. I. =Nursery Supt. = Trayling, E. J. , 509 Richards St. , Vancouver, B. C. =Jeweller= Wagner, A. S. , Delhi, Ont. 

 Walker, J. W. , c/o McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave. , Toronto 1, Ont. Wharton, H. W. , Route No. 2, Guelph, Ont. =Farmer= White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave. , Toronto 5, Ont. Willis, A. R. , Route No. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. =Accountant= Woods, David M. , 48 South Front St. , West, Toronto, Ont. =Vice President, Gordon McKay, Ltd. = Young, A. L. , Brooks, Alberta. =Dairy Farmer=

 COLORADO Forbes, J. E. , Julesburg. =Banker=

 CONNECTICUT Daniels, the Honorable Paul C. See Ecuador David, Alexander M. , 480 So. Main Street, West Hartford Deming, Benton H. , Radio WTHT, Hartford ** Deming, Dr. W. C. , Litchfield. =Dean of the Association= Fruch, Alfred J. , Route 2, West Cornwall Graves, Dr. Arthur H. , 255 S. Main St. , Wallingford. =Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Conn. = Hapgood, Miss Dorothy A. , 745 Farmington Avenue, Hartford Henry, David, Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford * Huntington, A. M. , Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. =Patron= * Newmaker, Adolph, Route No. 1, Rockville Pratt, George D. , Jr. , Bridgewater Risko, Charles, City Tobacco & Candy Co. , 25 Crescent Ave. , Bridgeport 8 White, George E. , Route No. 2, Andover. =Farmer=

 DELAWARE Brugmann, Elmer W. , 108 Thomas Drive, Monroe Park, Wilmington. =Chemical Engineer= Logue, R. F. , Gen. Mgr. , Andelot, Inc. , 2098 du Pont Bldg. , Wilmington Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. =Fruit grower=

 DENMARK Carøe, Mr. J. F. , "Meulenborg" Helsingør Granjean, Mr. Julio, Hillerød Knuth, Count F. M. , Knuthenborg, Bandholm Pers, Mr. Plantageejer E. , Edelgaard, Vejstrup

 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA American Potash Inst. , Inc. , 1102-16th St. , N. W. , Washington Ford, Edwin L. , 3634 Austin St. , S. E. , Washington Kaan, Dr. Helen W. See Maryland Reed, Mrs. Clarence A. , 7309 Piney Branch Rd. , N. W. , Washington 12

 ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA Acosta Solis, Prof. M. , Director del Departamento Forestal, Ministerio de Economia, Quito. (Exchange. ) Daniels, The Honorable Paul C. , American Ambassador, American Embassy, Quito

 ENGLAND Baker, Richard St. Barbe, The Gate, Abbotsbury, Weymouth, Dorset. (Founder, Men of the Trees. ) Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Genetics, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. (Exchange. ) The Gardeners Chronicle, London. (Exchange. )

 FLORIDA Avant, C. A. , 940 N. W. 10th Ave. , Miami. =Real Estate, Loans. = =(Pecan orchard in Ga. )= Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr. , Miami Springs. (Summer address under Mich. )

 GEORGIA Hardy, Max, Leeland Farms, P. O. Box 128, Leesburg. =Nurseryman, farmer= Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr. N. E. , Atlanta. =Teacher, nut farmer= Noland, S. C. , Box 1747, Atlanta 1. =Owner, Skyland Farms= Wilson, William J. , North Anderson Ave. , Fort Valley. Peach and pecan grower

 HAWAII Keaau Orchard, John F. Cross, Manager, P. O. Box 1720, Hilo. =Macadamia growers=

 HOLLAND Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding. Herenstraat 25. Wageningen. (Exchange)

 HONG KONG * Wang, P. W. , c/o China Products Trading Corp. , 6 Des Voeux Rd. , Central

 IDAHO Dryden, Lynn, Peck. =Farmer= Horn, Anton S. , 920 N. 20th St. , Boise. =Ext. Horticulturist=

 ILLINOIS Allbright, R. D. , Allbright Nurseries, 4237 Western Avenue, Western Springs Allen, Theodore R. , Delavan. =Farmer= Anderson, Ralph W. , R. F. D. 3, Morris Andrew, Col. James W. (See California) Anthony, A. B. , Route No. 3, Sterling. =Apiarist= Baber, Adin, Kansas Barrow, J. M. , P. O. Box 209, Urbana. =Architect, University teacher= Best, R. B. , Eldred. =Farmer= Booth, Earl, R. F. D. 2, Carrollton Blough, R. O. , Route No. 3, Polo Blyth, Colin R. , Math. Dept. , U. Of I. , Urbana. (Farm in northern Ontario) * Boll, Herschel L. , 2 Hort. Field Lab. , Univ. Of Ill. , Urbana. =Asst. In Pomology= Borchsenius, Wayne L. , R. F. D. 2, Sheridan Brock, Arthur S. , 1733 North McVicker Ave. , Chicago 39 Canterbury, C. E. , Cantrall. =Seed Grower= Churchill, Woodford M. , 4323 Oakenwald Ave. , Chicago 5 Colby, Dr. Arthur S. , U. Of Illinois, Urbana Dahlberg, Albert A. , D. D. S. , 5756 Harper Ave. , Chicago 37 Daum, Philip A. , North Sixth St. , Carrollton Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas. =Farmer= Dintelman, L. F. , State Street Road, Belleville Douglass, T. J. , 309-1/2 North St. , Normal Eigsti, Dr. O. J. , Funk Bros. Seed Co. , Bloomington. =Research Botanist= Estill, Mrs. Harry, Power Farms, Cantrall Fordtran, E. H. Route No. 2, Box 197-A, Palatine Frey, Frank H. , 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. =Asst. To V. P. , CRI & P RR. = Frey, Mrs. Frank H. , 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. =Housewife= Fuller, Owen H. , 1005 Oneida Street, Joliet Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1, Caseyville. =Nut and fruit nurseryman= Glidden, Nansen, West Lincoln Highway, DeKalb Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville. =Farmer= Heberlein, Edwin W. , Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe Hermerding, Ted, c/o Russell Miller Milling Company, Jerseyville Hockenyos, G. L. , 213 E. Jefferson St. , Springfield. =Business man= Jennings, Charles L. , Box 321, Grayville Jungk, Adolph E. , Route No. 1, Jerseyville, Illinois Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St. , Chicago 49 Knoeppel, J. A. , Bluffs Kreider, Ralph, Jr. , Route No. 1, Hammond. =Farmer= Langdoc, Mildred Jones (Mrs. Wesley W. ) P. O. Box 136, Erie. =Nursery, farm, housewife= McDaniel, J. C. , c/o Hort. Field Lab. , U. Of I. , Urbana. =Horticulturist. (Sec'y of Ass'n. )= McDaniel, J. C. , Jr. , Urbana Marsh, Mrs. W. V. , Route 2, Aledo Moeser, William W. , Route 1, Belleville Musgrave, Carl, 419 W. 61st Street, Chicago 21. =Machinist= Newman, Roy, P. O. Box 51, Martinsville. =Orchardist= Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County) Pierson, Stuart E. , Carrollton. =Bank President= Pray, A. Lee, 502 N. Main St. , LeRoy Price, Harold G. , Sr. (See Utah) Reisch, Louis C. , Route 4, Carrollton. =Farmer= Robbins, W. J. , 885 N. LaSalle St. , Chicago 10. =Insurance= Robertson, Virgil E. , Virginia. =Retired farmer= Schubert, Kenneth, Rt. 1, Millstadt Sokolowski, F. W. , M. D. , 2503 Donald Ave. , Alton Sonnemann, W. F. , Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. =Lawyer, farm operator= Sparks, Maurice E. , 1508 Ash, Lawrenceville Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St. , Decatur. =Attorney= Vortman, Elmer, Route 1, Bluffs Wahle, Fred, Route 1, Fieldon Warnecke, Martin H. , 714 South First Avenue, Maywood Whitford, A. M. , Farina. =Nurseryman= Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago

 INDIANA Aster Nut Products, Inc. , George Oberman, Mgr. , 1004 Main St. , Evansville Bauer, Paul J. , 123 S. 29th St. , Lafayette Bolten, Ferd, Route 3, Linton. =Farmer, fruit grower. (Carpathian walnut seeds. )= Boyer, Clyde C. , Nabb Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne St. , Ft. Wayne 2. =Physician and Surgeon= Clark, C. M. , C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route 2, Middletown =Nurseryman, fruit farmer= Cole, Charles W. , Jr. , Madison Rd. , Rt. 6, Box 112A, South Bend Coleman, Robert G. , =Field Editor, The Indiana Farmer's Guide=, Huntington Cunningham, Earl E. , 612 E. 4th Street, Anderson Dooley, Kenneth R. , Route No. 2, Marion. =Gardener= Eagles, A. E. , Eagles' Orchards, Wolcottville. =Walnut grower, apple orchardist= Eisterhold, Dr. John A. , 220 Southwest Riverside Drive, Evansville 8. =Medical Doctor= Fateley, Nolan W. , 26 Central Avenue, Franklin. =Auditor and cashier. (Carpathian walnut seeds. )= Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koering Road, Evansville Grater, A. E. , Route 2, Shipshewana Harrell, Franklin M. , Route 1, Griffith § Johnson, Hjalmar W. , Rt. 4, Valparaiso. =V. P. Inland Steel Co. = Kaufman, Ray, Route 4, Peru Kodera, Shunzo, Goshen College, Goshen Kyburz, Benjamin E. , Route 1, Idaville Neimeyer, Harry D. , West Lebanon. =High school principal and farmer= Newman, Jesse D. , Jr. , R. R. 2, Culver Pape, Edw. W. , Route 2, Marion Prell, Carl F. , 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17 Office: 821 J. M. S. Bldg. , South Bend 1. =Treasurer of Ass'n. = Reed, Frank, Daleville. =Toolmaker= Richards, E. E. , 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend. =Studebaker Corp. = Risko, A. , Tioga Orchards, Monticello Russell, A. M. , Jr. 2721 Marine St. , South Bend 14 Skinner Dr. Chas. H. , Rt. 1, Thorntown Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport Sly, Donald R. , Route 3, Rockport. =Nurseryman, nut tree propagator= Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru Ward, W. B. , Horticulture Bldg. , Purdue University, Lafayette. =Ext. Horticulturist, Vegetables= Westerhouse, George F. , East Ohio Street, Monticello Whitsel, Gilbert L. , Jr. , 515 S. 15th Street, Lafayette Wichman, Robert P. , Route No. 3, Washington. =General farming= Wilkinson, J. F. , Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. =Nurseryman=

 IOWA Berhow, Seward, =Berhow Nurseries=, Huxley Boice, R. H. , Route No. 1, Nashua. =Farmer= Carlson, R. J. , M. D. , 2025 College Street, Cedar Falls Cole, Edward P. , 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic Eads, Carroll, R. F. D. , Miles. =Farmer= Ferguson, Albert B. , Center Point. =Nurseryman= Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. =President of Earl Ferris Nursery= Greig, John E. , Box 157, Estherville Huen, E. F. , Eldora. =Farmer= Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. =General nurserymen= Iowa Fruit Growers Assn. , c/o Sec'y, State House, Des Moines 19. =Cooperative buying organization= Kaser, Mrs. J. D. , Winterset Knowles, W. B. , Box 476, Manly Kyhl, Ira M. , Box 236, Sabula. =Nut nurseryman, farmer, salesman= Lysinger, Addison, Lamoni Martzahn, Frank A. , Route No. 1, Davenport. =Farmer= McLeran, Harold F. , Mt. Pleasant. =Lawyer= Orr, J. Allen, 535 Frances Bldg. , Sioux City 17 Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 East College Street, Iowa City. =Practice of Medicine= Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison. =Farmers= Snyder, D. C. , Center Point. =Nurseryman, nuts and general. = Snyder, Paul V. , Kalona Tolstead, W. L. See Nebraska Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, LaPorte City. =Bookkeeper= Welch, G. L. , Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. =Rural Mail Carrier= Williams, Wendell V. , Route No. 1, Danville. =Farmer=

 KANSAS Baker, Fred C. , Troy. =Entomologist= Borst, Frank E. , 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth Breidenthal, Willard J. , Riverview State Bank, 7th and Central, Kansas City 1. =Bank President= Funk, M. D. , 600 W Paramore Street, Topeka. =Pharmacist= Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. =Osteopathic Physician= Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. =Farmer= Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth. =Nut nurseryman= Mondero, John, Lansing Stark, M. F. , Hawthorne Place, Hiawatha. =Supt. City Schools= Thielenhaus, W. F. , Route No. 1, Buffalo. =Retired postal worker= Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown Wales, Max, 1534 MacVicar Street, Topeka

 KENTUCKY Alves, Robert H. , 302 Clay St. , Henderson Armstrong, W. D. , West Ky. , Exp. Sta. , Princeton. =Horticulturist= Bray, Terrell, Bray Orchards, Bedford Hopson, J. R. , Route 2, Cadiz Magill, W. W. , Horticulture Dept. , U. Of Ky. , Lexington Miller, Julien C. , 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah Moss, Dr. C. A. , Williamsburg. =Bank President= Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence. =Fruit grower, nurseryman= Shakelford, Thomas B. , P. O. Box 31, Compton Taliaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger Tatum, W. G. , Route 4, Lebanon. =Commercial orchardist= Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield Walker, William W. , Route No. 1, Dixie Highway, Florence Widmer, Dr. Nelson D. , Lebanon

 LOUISIANA

 Hammar, Dr. Harald E. , USDA Chemical Lab. , 606 Court House, Shreveport 47. =Chemist= Perrault, Mrs. Henry D. , Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches. =Pecan grower=

 MARYLAND

 Case, Lynn B. , Route 2, Box 208, Federalsburg Crane, Dr. H. L. , Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. =Principal Horticulturist, USDA. = Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc. , P. O. Box 743, Easton. =Chestnut growers= Graff, George U. , Harding Lane, Rt. 3, Rockville Gravatt, Dr. G. F. , Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. =Research Forest Pathologist= Hodgson, William C, Route No. 1, White Hall. =Farmer= Kaan, Dr. Helen W. , 8335 Grubb Road, Silver Spring. =Research Associate= Kemp, Homer S. , (Proprietor) Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne McCollum, Blaine, White Hall. =Retired from Federal Government= McKay, Dr. J. W. , Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. =Government Scientist= * Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 5031-56th Ave. , Roger Heights, Hyattsville Porter, John J. , 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. _Farm Owner_ Quill Farm, Barclay Shamer, Dr. Maurice E. , 3300 W. North Avenue, Baltimore 16. Physician

 MASSACHUSETTS

 Babbitt, Howard S. , 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield. =Service station owner and part time farmer= Bradbury, H. G. , Hospital Point, Beverly Brown, Daniel L. , Esq. , 60 State Street, Boston Bump, Albert H. , P. O. Box 275, Brewster Davenport, S. Lothrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton. =Farmer, fruit grower= Faulkner, Luther W. , R. F. D. , Westford Fitts, Walter H. , 39 Baker St. , Foxboro. =General foreman, instrument company= Ganz, Dr. Robert Norton, 262 Beacon St. , Boston Kendall, Henry P. , Moose Hill Farm, Sharon Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable La Beau, Henry A. , North Hoosic Road, Williamstown. =Stat. Engineer= Murphy, John D. , 19 Boulevard Rd. , Wellesley Rice, Horace J. , 5 Elm Street, Springfield. =Attorney= * Russell, Mrs. Newton H. , 12 Burnett Avenue, South Hadley Stewart, O. W. , 75 Milton Avenue, Hyde Park 36 Wellman, Sargent H. , Esq. , Windridge, Topsfield. =Lawyer= Weston Nurseries, Inc. , Weston Wood, Miss Louise B. , Pocassett, Cape Cod Viera, Manuel, Main Street, Vineyard Haven

 MICHIGAN

 Andersen, Charles, Route No. 2, Box 326, Scottsville. =Nurseryman= Barlow, Alfred L. , 13079 Flanders Avenue, Detroit 5 =Sec'y of Mich. Nut Growers Assn. = Becker, Gilbert, Climax Boylan, P. B. , Route No. 1, Cloverdale. =Homesteader= Bumler, Malcolm R. , 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. =Insurance trustee= Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. =Nurseryman= Burgress, E. H. , Burgess Seed & Plant Company, Galesburg Burr, Redmond M. , 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. =General Chairman, The Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry. Co. = Cook, Ernest A. , M. D. , c/o County Health Dept. , Centerville Corsan, H. H. , Route No. 1, Hillsdale. =Nurseryman= Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8 Drake, Virgil, Route No. 2, Bangor 2 Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue, Detroit 3 Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida, Summer Address: Route 4, Box 762, Battle Creek) Hackett, John C. , 3321 Butterworth Rd. , S. W. , R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6 Haesler, L. M. , Route No. 4, Box 130, South Haven Hagelshaw, W. J. , Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. =Grain farmer, contractor= Hay, Francis H. , Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence. =Farmer= Kennedy, Robert M. , 45354 Deneweth Rd. , Mt. Clemens Korn, G. J. , c/o Mrs. Arthur Howell, Onaway Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford Lemke, Edwin W. , 2432 Townsend Ave. , Detroit 14. =Engineer, nut orchardist= McCarthy, Francis W. , Box 392, Algonac Miller, O. Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. =Forester= O'Rourke, Prof. F. L. , Hidden Lake Gardens, Tipton. =Professor of ornamental horticulture, Mich. State College= Pickles, Arthur W. , 760 Elmwood Avenue, Jackson Prushek, E. , Route No. 3, Niles. =Plant breeding= Ricky, Lowell L. , 1009A Birch, East Lansing Schmidt, Wilhelm G. , 22037 Poinciana, Detroit 19. =Printer= Sherman, L. Walter. See Ohio Simons, Rev. R. E. , Flat Rock Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton. =Farmer-nurseryman= Sweet, Dale V. , 530 South Capitol, Lansing Tate, D. L. , 959 Westchester St. , Birmingham Ullrey, L. E. , 1209 Cambridge Drive, Kalamazoo 27 Wyman, Miles L. , 40 North Street, Highland Park 3. =Certified Public Accountant=

 MINNESOTA Dubbels, Charley, Elgin Hodgson, R. E. , Dept. Of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca Hormel, Jay C. , Austin Wedge, Don, R. F. D. 2, Albert Lea. =Wedge Nursery= Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St. , St. Paul. =Proprietor Hazel Hills Nursery Co. =

 MISSISSIPPI Gossard, A. C. , U. S. Hort. Field Station, Route No. 6, Meridan. =Associate Horticulturist, USDA= Meyer, James R. , Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville. =Cytogeneticist (cotton)=

 MISSOURI Bauman, Ivan T. , Bauman Brokerage Co. , 4350 Taft Avenue, St. Louis Biggs, Dutton, 248 Elm Avenue, Glendale 22 Degler, Roy H. , 1305 Moreland Avenue, Jefferson City Hay, Leander, Gilliam Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific Huber, Frank J. , Weingarten. =Farmer= James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick Logan, George F. , Oregon Nicholson, John W. , Ash Grove. =Farmer= Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. =Foreman in garment factory= Owens, LeRoy J. , Willow Springs Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1, St. Charles. =Farmer= Rose, Dr. D. K. , 230 Linden, Clayton 5 Sims Fruit and Nursery Farms, Hannibal Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard Co. , Attn. Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana Stephens, A. F. , G. M. & O. R. R. , 721 Olive Street, St. Louis. =Gen. Agr. Agt. = Wuertz, H. J. , Route No. 1, Pevely

 NEBRASKA Brand, George, Rt. 5, Lincoln Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, Wahoo Hess, Harvey W. , The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron Sherwood Jack, Nebraska City Tolstead, W. L. , Department of Botany, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

 NEW HAMPSHIRE Demarest, Charles S. , Lyme Center Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. =Investment banker=

 NEW JERSEY Anderegg, F. O. , Pierce Foundation, Raritan Blake, Harold, Box 93, Saddle River Bottoni, R. J. , 41 Robertson Road, West Orange. =President of Harbot Die Casting Corp. = Brewer, J. L. , 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R. , Route No. 1, Flemington Cox, Philip H. , Jr. , 30 Hyde Rd. , Bloomfield Cumberland Nursery, William Wells, Proprietor, Route No. 1, Millville. =Nurserymen= Donnelly, John, Mountain Ice Company, 51 Newark St. , Hoboken Dougherty, William M. , Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton. =Secretary, U. S. Rubber Co. = Ellis, Mrs. Edward P. , Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137 Keyport Kass, Leonard P. , 82 E. Cliff St. , Somerville Lamatonk Nurseries, A. S. Yorks, Proprietor, Neshanic Station. =Nut Nursery= Lippencott, J. C. , 15 Mundy Ave. , Spotswood McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Avenue, Belmar Parkinson, Philip P. (See Quill Farm, under Maryland) Ritchie, Walter M. , Route No. 2, Box 122-R, Rahway Rocker, Louis P. , The Rocker Farm, Box 196, Andover. =Farmer= Sheffield, O. A. , 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack. =Dun & Bradstreet= Sorg, Henry, Chicago Avenue, Egg Harbor City. =Manufacturer= Van Doren, Durand H. , 310 Redmond Road, South Orange. =Lawyer= Williams, Herbert H. , 106 Plymouth Ave. , Maplewood

 NEW MEXICO Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 117, Lumberton

 NEW YORK Barton, Irving, Montour Falls. =Engineer= Bassett, Charles K. , 2917 Main St. , Buffalo. =Manufacturer= Beck, Paul E. , Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst. =Dairy Executive= Benton, William A. , Wassaic. =Farmer, and Sec'y, Mutual Insurance Co. Partner in Benton & Smith Nut Nursery= Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie. =Nurseryman= Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route 3, Poughkeepsie Bixby, Henry D. , East Drive, Halesite, L. I. =Executive V. P. , American Kennel Club, N. Y. City= Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham Street, Rochester 7. =Sales Engineer= Brooks, William G. , Monroe. =Nut tree nurseryman= Bundick, Clarkson U. , 35 Anderson Ave. , Scarsdale. =Mechanical engineer= Caldwell, David H. , N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse. =Instructor in wood technology= Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5 Cassina, Augustus, Valatie, Columbia County Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Road, Hilton. =Building contractor= Ferguson, Donald V. , L. I. Agr. And Tech. Institute, Farmingdale Flanigen, Charles F. , 16 Greenfield St. , Buffalo 14. =Executive manager= Freer H. J. , 20 Midvale Rd. , Fairport. =Typewriter sales and service= Gibson, Stanfard J. , 56 Fair Street, Norwich Glazier, Henry S. , Jr. , 1 South William St. , New York 4 Gould, Mrs. Gordon, 419 East 56 Street, New York 22 Graham, S. H. Bostwick Road, Route No. 5, Ithaca. =Nurseryman= Granjean, Julio. (See Denmark) Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr. , 19 Grove St. , New Paltz. =Post office clerk= Hill, Francis S. , Sterling. =Letter carrier on rural route= Iddings, William A. , 1931 Park Place, Brooklyn 33 Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie. =Farmer= Kettaneh, F. A. , 745 Fifth Ave. , New York 22 Knipper, George M. , 333 Chestnut Ridge Rd. , Churchville Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport. =Physician= Larkin, Harry H. , 189 Van Rennsselaer Street, Buffalo 10 * Lewis, Clarence. (Retired) Lowerre, James, Route 3, Middletown * MacDaniels, Dr. L. H. , Cornell University, Ithaca. =Head, Dept. Of Floriculture and Ornamental Hort. (President of the NNGA. )= Metcalfe, Mrs. Ward H. , 710 Five Mile Line Rd. , Webster Miller, J. E. , Canandaigua. =Nurseryman= Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24. =Mechanical engineer= * Montgomery, Robert H. , 1 E. 44th Street, New York Mossman, Dr. James K. , Black Oaks, Ramapo Newell, Palmer F. , Lake Road, Route No. 1, Westfield O'Brien, Esmonde M. , 25 South Street, P. O. Box 2169, New York 4 Owen, Charles H. , Sennett. =Superintendent of Schools= Pura, John J. , Green Haven, Stormville Salzer, George, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9. =Milkman, chestnut tree grower= Schlegel, Charles P. 990 South Ave. , Rochester 7 Schlick, Frank, Munnsville Schmidt, Carl W. , 180 Linwood Avenue, Buffalo Shannon, J. W. , Box 90, Ithaca Sheffield, Lewis J. , c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Road, Orangeburg Slate, Prof. George L. , Experiment Station, Geneva. =Fruit Breeder= Smith, Jay L. , Chester. =Nut tree nurseryman= Spahr, Dr. Mary B. , 116 N. Geneva St. , Ithaca Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook. =Artist-designer= *** Szego, Alfred, 77-15A 37th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New York Wadsworth, Millard E. , Oswego Wheeler, Robert C. , 36 State Street, Albany Windisch, Richard P. , c/o W. E. Burnet Company, 11 Wall St. , New York 5 * Wissman, Mrs. F. De R. (Retired)

 NORTH CAROLINA Brooks, J. R. , Box 116, Enka Dunstan, Dr. R. T. , Greensboro College, Greensboro Finch, Jack R. , Route 1, Bailey. =Farmer= Parks, C. H. , Route No. 2, Asheville. =Mechanic=

 NORTH DAKOTA Bradley, Homer L. , Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. =Refuge Manager=

 OHIO Ackerman, Lester Route No. 3, Ada Glen Helen Department, Antioch College, Yellow Springs Barden, C. A. , 215 Morgan Street, Oberlin. =Real Estate= Beede, D. V. , Route No. 3, Lisbon Bitler, W. A. , R. F. D. 1, Shawnee Road, Lima. =General contractor= Borchers, Perry E. , 412 W. Hillcrest Ave. , Dayton 6 Brewster, Lewis, Route No. 1, Swanton. =Vegetable grower= Bridgwater, Boyd E. , 68 Cherry St. , Akron 8. =V. P. Bridgewater Machine Co. = Bungart, A. A. , Avon Button, Fred, Route 2, McArthur

 Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave. , Cleveland 20. =Housewife= Clark, Richard L. , 1517 Westdale Rd. , South Euclid 21. =Sales manager= Cook, H. C. , Route No. 1, Box 125, Leetonia Cornett, Charles L. , R. R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St. , Cincinnati. =Inspector= Craig, George E. , Dundas (Vinton County). =Fruit and nut grower= Cranz, Eugene F. , Mount Tom Farm, Ira Cunningham, Harvey E. , 420 Front Street, Marietta Daley, Jame R. , Route No. 3, Foster Park Road, Amherst. =Electrician= Davidson, John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia. =Writer= Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia Diller, Dr. Oliver D. , Dept. Of Forestry, Ohio Exp. Sta. , Wooster Distelhorst, P. E. , 3532 Douglas Road, Toledo 6 Dowell, Glenn C. , Jr. , M. D. , 116 26th Street, N. E. , Canton 4 Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L. , 529 North Ave. , N. E. , Massillon. =Physician= Farr, Mrs. Walter, Route No. 1, Kingsville Fickes, Mrs. W. R. , Route 1, Wooster Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, East Blvd. At Euclid Ave. , Cleveland Gerber, E. P. , Kidron Gerstenmaier, John A. , 13 Pond S. W. , Massillon. =Letter carrier= Goss, C. E. , 922 Dover Avenue, Akron 20 Grad, Dr. Edward A. , 1506 Chase Street, Cincinnati 23 Hake, Hanrey, Edon Hansley, C. F. , Box 614, Sugar Grove. =Contractor= Hawk & Son Nursery, Route No. 2, Beach City. =Chestnut trees= Hill, Dr. Albert A. , 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland Hinde, John G. , Route 1, Sandusky Hornyak, Louis, Route No. 1, Wakeman Howard, James R. , 2908 Fleming Road, Middletown Irish, Charles F. , 418 E. 105th St. , Cleveland 8. =Arborist= Jacobs, Homer L. , Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent Kappel, Owen, Bolivar Kerr, S. E. , M. D. , Route No. 1, North Lawrence Kintzel, Frank W. , 2506 Briarcliff Ave. , Cincinnati 13. =Principal, Cincinnati public schools= Laditka, Nicholas G. , 5322 Stickney Ave. , Cleveland 9. =Electrician= Leaman, Paul Y. , Route No. 1, Creston Lorenz, R. C. , 121 North Arch Street, Fremont Machovina, Paul E. , 1228 Northwest Blvd. , Columbus 12. =College professor= McKinster, Ray, 1632 South 4th Street, Columbus 7 Meister, Richard T. , =Editor, American Fruit Grower=, Willoughby Metzger, A. J. , 724 Euclid Avenue, Toledo 5 Oches, Norman M. , R. D. 1, Brunswick. =Mechanical Engineer= Osborn, Frank C, 4040 W. 160th St. , Cleveland 11. =Tool and die maker= Page, John H. , Box 34, Dundas (Vinton County) Pataky, Christ, Jr. , 492 Hickory Lane, Route No. 4, Mansfield. =Produce market, grocer= Pattison, Aletheia, 5 Dexter Place, E. W. H. , Cincinnati 6 Pomerene, Walter H. , Route No. 3, Coshocton. =Agricultural Engineer, Hydrological Research Station= Purdy, Clyde W. , 19 Public Square, Mt. Vernon Ranke, William, Route No. 1, Amelia Roberts, J. Pearl, Rt. 3, Freeport Rogers, T. B. , P. O. Box 296, Lakemore Rummel, E. T. , 16613 Laverne Avenue, Cleveland 11. =Sales manager= Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Route No. 2, Nevada Seas, D. Edward, 721 South Main Street, Orrville Sebring, R. G. , 1227 Lincoln Road, Columbus Shelton, Dr. Elbert M. , 1468 W. Clifton Blvd. , Lakewood 7 Sherman, L. Walter, 220 Fairview Avenue, Canfield Shessler, Sylvester M. , Geneo. =Farmer= Silvis, Raymond E. , 1725 Lindbergh Avenue, N. E. Massillon. =Realty= Smith, Sterling A. , 630 W. South Street, Vermillion. =Telegrapher, NYC RR= Spears, Ernest G. , 4326 Forest Ave. , Norwood 6 Spring Hill Nurseries Company, Tipp City. =General nurserymen= Steinbeck, A. P. , East Nimisilla Rd. , Route 7, North Canton. =Rubber worker, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. = Stevens, Robert T. , Jr. , Route 1, Lucas Stocker, C. P. , Lorain Products Corp. , 1122 F. Street, Lorain Stolz, Thomas O. , 334 Claranna Ave. , Dayton 9 Thomas, Fred, 773 Bedford Road, Masury Toops, Herbert A. , 1430 Cambridge Blvd. , Columbus 12. =College Professor= Underwood, John, Route No. 4, Urbana Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21. =Mayor= Van Voorhis, J. F. , 215 Hudson Avenue, Apt. B-1, Newark Von Gundy, Clifford R. , R. F. D. No. 8, Cincinnati 30 Walker, Carl F. , 2851 E. Overlook Rd. , Cleveland 18. =Consulting engineer= Weaver, Arthur W. , R. F. D. , Box 196B, Cass Rd. , Maumee Willett, Dr. G. P. , Elmore Williams, Harry M. , 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9. =Engineer= Williams, L. F. , Box 386, Mt. Vernon Wischhusen, J. F. , 15031 Shore Acres Drive, N. E. , Cleveland 10 Yates, Edward W. , 3108 Parkview Avenue, Cincinnati 13. =Mechanical engineer= Yoder, Emmet, Smithville

 OKLAHOMA Butler, Roy, Route No. 2, Hydro. =Farmer, cattleman= Cross, Prof. Frank B. , Dept. Of Horticulture, Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater. =Teaching and Experiment Station Work= Gray, Geoffrey A. , 1628 Elm Ave. , Bartlesville Hartman, Peter E. , 3002 S. Boston Pl. , Tulsa 5. =Nurseryman= Hirschi's Nursery (A. G. Hirschi), 1124 North Hudson, Oklahoma City. =Dry cleaning business, nurseryman= Hughes, C. V. , Route No. 3, Box 614, Oklahoma City Keathly, Jack, Marland. =Farmer= Kissick E. A. , State Board of Agr. , 122 State Capitol Bldg. , Oklahoma City. =Marketing Specialist= Mayfield, W. W. , General Delivery, Sallisaw Meek, E. B. , Route 3, Box 16, Wynnewood Pulliam, Gordon, 1005 Osage Ave. , Bartlesville Scales, Charles D. , 3200 N. W. 26th St. , Oklahoma City 7

 OREGON Countryman, Peter F. , Rt. 1, Box 275, Ontario Graville, Ed. , Route 3, Box 363, Junction City Miller, John E. , Treasuredale, Route No. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego Pearcy, Harry L. , Route 2, Box 190, Salem. =H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co. (Nut trees. )= Trunk, John E. , General Manager, Northwest Nut Growers, Dundee

 PENNSYLVANIA Allaman, H. C. , 1812 South Pine St. , Harrisburg Allaman, R. P. , Route 86, Harrisburg. =Farm superintendent= Amsler, E. W. , 707 Main St. , Clarion Anthony, Roy D. , 215 Hillcrest Ave. , State College. =Retired Professor of Horticulture= Arensberg, Charles F. C. , First Nat'l Bank Bldg. , Pittsburgh 22 =(Chinese chestnut seed grower. )= Banks, H. C. , Route No. 1, Hellertown Beard, H. K. , Route No. 1, Sheridan. =Insurance agent= Beck, Dr. William M. , 200 Race St. , Sunbury Berst, Charles B. , 11 W. 8th Street, Erie. =Inspector, Lord Mfg. Co. , Erie, Pa. = Blittle, George, 107 Lincoln Highway, Penndel Bowen, John C. , Route No. 1, Macungie Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg Buckwalter, Geoffrey R. , c/o F. H. Levey Co. , Inc. , 1223 Washington Ave. , Philadelphia 47 Clarke, William S. , Jr. , P. O. Box 167, State College Colwell, Dr. Frederick A. , R. F. D. No. 1, Collegeville Comp, Alton, 5 North 2nd St. , Newport Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle Street, Wilkinsburg 21 =Telephone man= Deagon, Arthur, 61 E. Main St. , Mechanicsburg Ebling, Aaron L. , Route No. 2, Reading Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters. =General foreman for an electric company= Gage, Charles K. , 1429 Newman Road, Havertown Gardner, Ralph D. , 4428 Plymouth St. , Colonial Park, Harrisburg. =Assistant State Fire Marshal= Good, Orren S. , 316 N Fairview Street, Lock Haven. =Retired= Gorton, F. B. , Route No. 1, East Lake Road, Harborcreek. =Electrical contractor. = Chestnut and Evergreen Nurseryman= Hales, Alfred R. , Jr. , Apt. 9-C, Cloverleaf Village Apts. , Pittsburgh 27 Hammond, Harold, 903 South Poplar Street, Allentown Hershey, John W. , Route No. 1, Downingtown. =Nurseryman= Hostetter, L. K. , Route No. 3, Lancaster. =Farmer, black walnut grower= Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st Street, Erie Johnson, Robert F. , 1630 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 20 Jones, Mildred M. (See Mrs. Langdoc--under Illinois) Jones, Dr. Truman W. , Walnut Grove Farm, Parksburg Kaufman, Mrs. M. M. , Box 69, Clarion Kirk, H. B. , 1902 North St. , Harrisburg Knouse, Charles W. , Colonial Park, Harrisburg. =Coal dealer= Leach, Will, 406-410 Scranton Life Bldg. , Scranton 3. =Lawyer= Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. =Consultant in Arboriculture= McKenna, Philip M. , P. O. Box 186, Latrobe Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave. , State College. =Pomologist= Miller, Elwood B. , Mill and Chapel Sts. , Hazleton Miller, Robert O. , 3rd and Ridge Streets, Emmaus Moyer, Philip S. , 80-82 U. S. F. & G. Bldg. , Harrisburg. =Attorney= Neiderriter, Leonard, 1726 State St. , Erie Nonnemacher, H. M. , Box 204, Alburtis. =Line foreman, Bell Tel. Co. Of Pa. = Reidler, Paul G. , Front and Chestnut Streets, Ashland. =Manufacturer of textiles= * Rick, John, 438 Penna. Sq. , Reading. =Fruit grower and merchant= Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy. =Laborer= Schieferstein, William B. , Box 457, Temple Shade, Earl L. , 1027 E. 26th St. , Erie Sherman, L. Walter. (See under Ohio) Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave. , Swarthmore. =Retired teacher, writer= Smyth, C. Wayne, 1 Prospect St. , Troy. =Attorney= Stewart, E. L. , Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Route No. 2, Homer City Theiss, Dr. Lewis E. , 110 University Ave. , Lewisburg. =Retired professor= Thompson, Howard A. , 311 West Swissvale Ave. , Pittsburgh 18 Twist, Frank S. , Box 127, Northunberland. =Salesman= Washick, Dr. Frank A. , S. W. , Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia Il. =Surgeon= Weaver, William S. , Weaver Orchards, Macungie Weinrich, Whitney, P. O. Box 225, Wallingford. =Chemical engineer= * Wister, John C. , Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore =Horticulturist= Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th Street, Erie. =Manufacturer= Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A. , R. D. , Linglestown

 RHODE ISLAND * Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance Street, Providence

 SOUTH CAROLINA Bregger, John T. , Clemson. =Research Supervisor (Soil Conservation), Orchard Erosion Investigations= Gordon, G. Henry, c/o Union Dry Cleaning Co. , 1314 Main St. , Union. =Returned Mariner=

 SOUTH DAKOTA Hanson, Oliver G. , Route 2, Box 194, Yankton Richter, Herman, Madison. =Farmer=

 TENNESSEE Alpine Forest Reserve, Alpine. (c/o Dr. H. S. Randolph, 156 5th Ave. , New York City) Boyd, Harold B. , M. D. , 3418 Waynoka St. Memphis 11. =Physician= Chase, Spencer B. , T. V. A. , Norris. =Horticulturist= Collier, Robert H. , Lutie Rd. , Route 2, Knoxville Dulin, Charles R. , Brownsville. =Fruit grower= Dye, Mrs. Sherman, Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. =Chestnut and Ornamental Nursery= Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St. , Nashville. =Surgeon= Holdeman, J. E. , 855 N. McNeil St. , Memphis 7 Jones, D. T. , Route 2, Midway McDaniel, J. C. (See under Illinois) Meeks, Hamp, c/o Jackson Elec. Dept. , Jackson. =Electrical Engineer= Murphy, H. O. , 12 Sweetbriar Avenue, Chattanooga. =Fruit grower= Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. =Physician= Roark, W. F. , Malesus. =Farmer, chestnut grower= Robinson, W. Jobe, Route No. 7, Jackson. =Farmer= Saville, Chris, 118 Church St. , Greeneville Waterhouse, Carmack, P. O. Box 258, Oak Ridge

 TEXAS Arford, Charles A. , Box 1230, Dalhart. =R. R. Engineer, amateur horticulturist= Brison, Prof. F. R. , Dept. Of Horticulture, A. & M. College, College Station Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan § Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co. , P. O. Box 867, Tyler. =Nut nurseryman= Lancaster, Carroll T. , R. F. D. 2, Box 206, Palestine. =Electrolux dealer= Praytor, T. J. , Box 667, Seymour Reasonover, J. Ray, Route 2, Kemp Winkler, Andrew, Route 1, Moody. =Farmer and pecan grower=

 UTAH Dabb, Clifford H. , Route 3, Box 448, Ogden Ericksen, Keith, 883 N. State Street, Orem Petterson, Harlan D. , 3910 Raymond Avenue. South Ogden. =Highway engineer= Price, Harold G. , Sr. , 1270 E. Crystal Ave. , Salt Lake City 6. =(Farm in Putnam County, Illinois)=

 VERMONT Aldrich, A. W. , R. F. D. No. 2, Box 266, Springfield =Ellis, Zenas H. , Fair Haven. Perpetual member, "In Memoriam. "=

 VIRGINIA Acker Black Walnut Corp. , Box 263, Broadway. =Walnut processors= Cooper, Lawrence E. , Belle Meade. =Nurseryman-landscaper= Curthoys, George A. , P. O. Box 34, Bristol Dickerson, T. C. , Jr. , 316-56th Street, Newport News. =Statistician, farmer= Gibbs, H. R. Linden. =Carpenter, wood worker= Jenkins, Marvin, Brightwood. =Farmer= Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11 Moore, R. C. , Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg 13 Narten, Perry F. , 6110 N. Washington Blvd. , Arlington 5 Pinner, Henry, P. O. Box 155, Suffolk Stoke, H. F. , 1436 Watts Avenue N. W. , Roanoke Stoke, Mrs. H. F. , 1436 Watts Avenue, N. W. , Roanoke Thompson, B. H. , Harrisonburg. =Manufacturer of nut crackers=

 WASHINGTON Eliot, Craig P. , P. O. Box 158, Shelton. =Electrical engineer, part time farmer= Erkman, John O. , Apt. 85, 1219 Washington Way, Richland. =Physicist= Fulmer, W. L. , 505 Boylston, No. , Seattle 2. =Lily grower= Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Rd. , Greenacres. =Greenhouse worker= Linkletter, Frank D. , 115 4th Ave. North, Seattle 9. =Retired= Naderman, G. W. , Route 1, Box 353, Olympia. =Caretaker of summer resort= Ross, Verel C. , 4025 Rucker Ave. , Everett Shane Brothers, Vashon Tuttle, H. Lynn, Lynn Tuttle Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston. =Nut nurseryman=

 WEST VIRGINIA Eckerd, John K. , 305 William Street, Martinsburg. =Engineer, steam= Engle, Blaine W. , Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Of W. Va. , Goft Bldg. , Clarksburg * Frye, Wilbert M. , Pleasant Dale. =Retired= Gold Chestnut Nursery, c/o Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. =Chestnut nurseryman= Hale, Daniel, M. D. , Princeton Hartzell, Benjamin, Shepherdstown Long, J. C. , Box 491, Princeton. =Civil engineer= McNeill, John Hanson, Box 531, Romney. =Chem. Engineer= Mish, Arnold F. , Inwood. =Associational farmer= Reed, Arthur M. , Moundsville. =Proprietor, Glenmount Nurseries= Williams, Mrs. Dan, Romney

 WISCONSIN Eiler, William, Benton Ladwig, C. F. , 2221 St. Laurence, Route 2, Beloit. =Grocer and (hobby) farmer= Mortensen, M. C. , 2117 Slauson Ave. , Racine Snowden, Dr. P. W. , The Monroe Clinic, Monroe

 Standing Library Orders and Advance Subscriptions for the 42nd Annual Report

 Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Main Library), Auburn, Alabama Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. Library, College of Agriculture, University of California, Davis, Calif. Clemson College Library, Clemson, South Carolina Cleveland Public Library, Leta E. Adams, Order Librarian, 325 Superior Avenue, Cleveland 14, Ohio Connecticut Agr. Exp. Sta. , Genetics Dept. 123 Huntington St. , New Haven, 11, Connecticut Cornell University, College of Agriculture Library, Ithaca, New York Detroit Public Library, 5201 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 2, Michigan University of Maine (Library), Orono, Maine Massachusetts Horticultural Society Library, Horticultural Hall, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston 15, Massachusetts Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables 34, Florida Library, Missouri Conservation Commission, Monroe Bldg. , Jefferson City, Mo. Library, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire North Carolina State College (D. H. Hill Library), Raleigh, North Carolina Oregon State College Library, Corvallis, Oregon Peachey, Enos D. , P. O. Box 22, Belleville, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Library, Room 101, Patterson Hall, State College, Pennsylvania Purdue University, Agr. Library, Lafayette, Indiana Rhode Island State College, Library Dept. , Green Hall, Kingston, Rhode Island Rutgers University, Agricultural Library, Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, N. J. Seattle Public Library, Seattle 4, Washington St. Louis Public Library, Olive, 13th and 14th Streets, St. Louis, Missouri University of Wisconsin Agricultural Library, Madison 6, Wisconsin U. S. Dept. Of Agriculture Library, Washington 25, D. C. Main Library, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Superintendent, Dominion Experimental Station, Harrow, Ontario, Canada

W. F. HUMPHREY PRESS INC. GENEVA, N. Y.