+------------------------------------------------------------------------+|DISCLAIMER || ||The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers||Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are ||not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers ||Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is ||intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not||mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may ||have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide||applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current ||label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion ||of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut ||trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular ||time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Northern Nut Growers Association

Incorporated

Affiliated with the American Horticultural Society

41st ANNUAL REPORT

Annual Meeting at

PLEASANT VALLEY, NEW YORK

August 28, 29 and 30, 1950

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 _Cross-pollinating Chestnut Trees_ 3

 Officers and Committees, 1950-51 6

 State and Foreign Vice-Presidents 7

 Attendance at the 1950 Meeting 8

 Constitution 11

 By-Laws 12

 Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting. Starting on 15

 Secretary's Report--J. C. McDaniel 15

 Treasurer's Report--Sterling A. Smith 16

 Report of Publications--Lewis E. Theiss 18

 Discussion of Time and Place of Meeting 19

 Report of Nominating Committee 20

 President's Address--Mildred Jones Langdoc 22

 Association Sends Greetings to Dr. Deming 24

 Talk by the Oldest Member---George Hebden Corsan 25

 The 1949 Persian Walnut Contest with Notes from Persian Walnut Growers--Spencer B. Chase 27

 Plans for the 1950 Carpathian Walnut Contest--Spencer B. Chase 30

 Carpathian Scions for Testing 32

 The Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania and Ohio--L. Walter Sherman 34

 Notes on Persian Walnuts in England--Sargent Wellman 40

 Prospects for Persian Walnuts in the Vicinity of St. Paul, Minn. --Carl Weschcke 43

 Discussion on Persian Walnut Climatic Adaptation 46

 Grafted Black and Persian Walnuts in Michigan--Gilbert Becker 48

 The Carpathian Walnut in Indiana--W. B. Ward 51

 Notes on Nut Growing in New Hampshire--Matthew Lahti 55

 Is the Farmer Missing Something?--John Davidson 56

 How to Lose Money in Manufacturing Filbert Nut Butter--Carl Weschcke 60

 Filberts, Walnuts and Chestnuts on the Niagara Peninsula--Elton E. Papple 63

 Nut Varieties: A Round Table Discussion--H. L. Crane, Chairman 66

 SECOND DAY'S SESSION

 Discussion on the Bunch Disease of Walnuts 89

 The Japanese Beetle and Nut Growing--J. A. Adams 92

 Insecticides for Nut Insects--E. H. Siegler 100

 _Nut Insects and Injuries_ 103, 105, and 107

 Observations of Effects of Low Temperatures in the Winter 1949-1950 on Walnuts and Filberts in Oregon and Washington--John H. Painter 109

 Effects of the Winter of 1949-1950 on Nut Trees in British Columbia--J. U. Gellatly 113

 Recipes--J. U. Gellatly 116

 Description of Filazel Varieties--J. U. Gellatly 116

 Experiments with Tree Hazels and Chestnuts--J. U. Gellatly 118

 Our Experience with Hickory Nut Varieties--Gilbert L. Smith 120

 How About the Butternut?--L. H. MacDaniels 125

 Progress in Nut Culture at the Pennsylvania State College--W. S. Clarke, Jr. 132

 Nut Tree Culture in Missouri--T. J. Talbert 134

 Chestnut Breeding: Report for 1950--Arthur Harmount Graves 145

 A Method for Maintaining Blight--Susceptible Chestnut Trees--Arthur Harmount Graves 149

 Experiences with Chestnuts in Nursery and Orchard in Western New York--George Salzer 152

 Chestnuts in Upper Dutchess County, New York--Alfred Szego 154

 Demonstration of Method of Propagating Nut Trees in Greenhouse--Stephen Bernath 156

 Experiences in Nut Growing Near Lake Erie--Ross Pier Wright 165

 Discussion of Mulches 168

 Nominating Committee Elected 170

 Resolutions 171

 Report of Auditing Committee 172

 Election of 1950-51 Officers 173

 Note on the Annual Tour, August 30, 1950 175

 Obituaries 176

 Letters 177

 List of Members, etc. 184

Officers of the Association

1951

~President~--William M. Rohrbacher, M. D. , 811 E. College, Iowa City, Iowa

~Vice-President~--Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork

~Treasurer~--Sterling A. Smith, 630 W. South St. , Vermilion, Ohio

~Secretary~--J. C. McDaniel, Dept. Of Horticulture, U. Of I. , Urbana, Illinois

~Additional Directors~--Mildred Jones Langdoc (Ill. ) and H. F. Stoke (Va. )

~Nominating Committee~--Dr. H. L. Crane, (Chairman) Plant IndustryStation, Beltsville, Maryland; Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tenn. ; RaymondE. Silvis, Massillon, Ohio

EXECUTIVE APPOINTMENTS, 1950-51

~Program~--Dr. A. S. Colby, Chm. (Ill. ); J. C. McDaniel (Ill. ); Prof. Geo. L. Slate (N. Y. ); Royal Oakes (Ill. ); Prof. W. D. Armstrong (Princeton, Ky. ); Dr. H. L. Crane (Md. ); D. C. Snyder (Ia. ); W. W. Magill (Ky. );Prof. F. L. O'Rourke (Mich. ); Ira M. Kyhl (Ia. ); H. Gleason Mattoon(Pa. )

~Publications~--Editorial Section: Dr. Lewis E. Theiss, Chm. (Pa. ); Dr. W. C. Deming (Conn. ); Dr. J. Russell Smith (Pa. ); Prof. George L. Slate (N. Y. ); H. F. Stoke (Va. ); John Davidson (O. ); Dr. L. H. MacDaniels (Dept. Of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. )

Printing Section--John Davidson, Chm. (O. ); J. C. McDaniel (Ill. ); Prof. George L. Slate (N. Y. ); Carl F. Prell (Ind. )

~Place of Meeting~--J. F. Wilkinson, Chm. (Ind. ); R. P. Allaman (Pa. );John A. Gerstenmaier (O. )

~Varieties and Contests~--Spencer B. Chase, Chm. (Tenn. ); G. J. Korn, (Mich. ); J. F. Wilkinson (Ind. ); A. G. Hirschi (Okla. ); L. WalterSherman (Mich. ); Sylvester Shessler (O. ); Dr. L. H. MacDaniels (N. Y. );Fayette Etter (Pa. ); Gilbert L. Smith (N. Y. )

Standards and Judging Section of this Committee--Spencer B. Chase, Chm. (Tenn. ); Dr. L. H. MacDaniels (N. Y. ); Dr. J. Russell Smith (Pa. )

~Survey and Research~--H. F. Stoke, Chm. (Va. ); and the State and ForeignVice-presidents. 

~Membership~--D. C. Snyder, Chm. (Ia. ); Stephen Bernath (N. Y. ); SterlingA. Smith (O. ); Raymond E. Silvis (O. ); Carroll D. Bush (Wash. )

~Exhibits~--J. F. Wilkinson, Chm. (Ind. ); R. P. Allaman (Pa. ); FayetteEtter (Pa. ); A. G. Hirschi (Okla. ); G. J. Korn (Mich. ); H. F. Stoke(Va. ); G. H. Corsan (Ont. ); Edwin W. Lemke (Mich. ); Carl Weschcke(Minn. )

~Necrology~ Mrs. Herbert Negus, Chm. (Md. ); Mrs. C. A. Reed (D. C. ); Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman (Pa. )

~Auditing~ Raymond E. Silvis (O. ); Carl F. Walker (O. )

~Finance~ Sterling A. Smith, Chm. (O. ); Carl Weschcke (Minn. )

~Legal Adviser~ Sargent Wellman (Mass. )

~Official Journal~ American Fruit Grower, Willoughby, Ohio

State and Foreign Vice Presidents

 Alabama Edward L. Hiles, Loxley Alberta, Canada A. L. Young, Brooks Belgium R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, Korbeek-Lo British Columbia, Canada J. U. Gellatly, Box 19, Westbank California Thos. R. Haig, M. D. , 3021 Highland Ave. , Carlsbad Connecticut A. M. Huntington, Stanerigg Farms, Bethel Delaware Lewis Wilkins, Route 1, Newark Denmark Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthenborg, Bandholm District of Columbia Edwin L. Ford, 3634 Austin St. , S. E. , Washington, 20 Florida C. A. Avant, 960 N. W. 10th Avenue, Miami Georgia William J. Wilson, North Anderson Ave. , Fort Valley Hong Kong P. W. Wang, 6 Des Voeux Rd. , Central Idaho Lynn Dryden, Peck Illinois Royal Oakes, Bluffs (Scott County) Indiana Ford Wallick, Route 4, Peru Iowa Ira M. Kyhl, Box 236, Sabula Kansas Dr. Clyde Gray, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton Louisiana Dr. Harald E. Hammar, 608 Court House, Shreveport Maryland Blaine McCollum, White Hall Massachusetts S. Lathrop Davenport, 24 Creeper Hill Rd. , North Grafton Michigan Gilbert Becker, Climax Minnesota R. E. Hodgson, Southeastern Exp. Station, Waseca Mississippi James R. Meyer, Delta Branch Exper. Station, Stoneville Missouri Ralph Richterkessing, Route 1, Saint Charles Nebraska Harvey W. Hess, Box 209, Hebron New Hampshire Matthew Lahti, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro New Jersey Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Route 1, Flemington New Mexico Rev. Titus Gehring, P. O. Box 177, Lumberton New York George Salzer, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9 North Carolina Dr. R. T. Dunstan, Greensboro College, Greensboro North Dakota Homer L. Bradley, Long Lake Refuge, Moffit Ohio A. A. Bungart, Avon Oklahoma A. G. Hirschi, 414 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City Ontario, Canada George H. Corsan, Echo Valley, Toronto 18 Oregon Harry L. Pearcy, Route 2, Box 190, Salem Pennsylvania R. P. Allaman, Route 86, Harrisburg Prince Edward Island, Canada Robert Snazelle, Forest Nursery, Rt. 5, Charlottetown Rhode Island Philip Allen, 178 Dorance St. , Providence South Carolina John T. Bregger, P. O. Box 1018, Clemson South Dakota Herman Richter, Madison Tennessee W. Jobe Robinson, Route 7, Jackson Texas Kaufman Florida, Box 154, Rotan Utah Harlan D. Petterson, 2076 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden Vermont Joseph N. Collins, Route 3, Putney Virginia H. R. Gibbs, Linden Washington Carroll D. Bush, Grapeview West Virginia Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale Wisconsin C. F. Ladwig, 2221 St. Laurence, Beloit

Attendance at the 1950 Meeting

Pleasant Valley, New York

 Dr. J. Alfred Adams, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Route 33, Poughkeepsie, New York Mr. R. P. Allaman, 8032 16th St. , Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Mrs. R. P. Allaman, 8032 16th St. , Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Mr. R. D. Anthony, State College, Pennsylvania Mrs. Lillian V. Armstrong, 40 Earl Street, Toronto, Canada (Now Mrs. George Hebden Corsan) Mr. Richard Barcus, Massillon, Ohio Mr. Alfred L. Barlow, 13079 Flanders Ave. , Detroit 5, Michigan Mrs. Irene M. Barlow, 13079 Flanders Avenue, Detroit 5, Michigan Miss Betty Barlow, 13079 Flanders Ave. , Detroit 5, Michigan Mr. Leon Barlow, 13079 Flanders Ave. , Detroit 5, Michigan Mrs. Alice M. Bernath, Pleasant Valley, New York Mr. Stephen Bernath, R. D. 3, Poughkeepsie, New York Mr. Charles B. Berst, Erie, Pennsylvania Mr. Harold Blake, Saddle River, New Jersey Mr. Harold Blake, Jr. , Saddle River, New Jersey Mrs. Katherine Blake, Saddle River, New Jersey Mr. George Brand, R. D. 45, Lincoln, Nebr. (Now in California) Mr. William G. Brooks, Monroe, New York Mrs. Alan R. Buckwalter, Flemington, New Jersey Mr. Redmond M. Burr, 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan Mrs. R. M. Burr, 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan Mr. David H. Caldwell, 217 W. Hickory Street, Canastota, New York (New York State College of Forestry) Mr. Spencer B. Chase, Norris, Tennessee Mr. William S. Clarke, Jr. , Box 167, State College, Pennsylvania Dr. Arthur S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Mrs. Arthur S. Colby, Urbana, Illinois Mr. George Hebden Corsan, Echo Valley, Toronto 18, Ontario Mr. George E. Craig, Dundas, Ohio Dr. H. L. Crane, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland Mrs. H. L. Crane, Hyattsville, Maryland Mr. L. H. Dowell, 529 North Avenue, N. E. , Massillon, Ohio Mr. Aaron L. Ebling, R. D. 2, Reading, Pennsylvania Mr. Ralph W. Emerson, Highland Park, Michigan Mr. Edwin L. Ford, Washington, D. C. Mr. Wilbert M. Frye, Pleasant Dale, West Virginia Mr. Charles Gerstenmaier, Massillon, Ohio Mr. John A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon, Ohio Mrs. J. A. Gerstenmaier, Massillon, Ohio Mrs. Bessie J. Gibbs, Linden, Virginia Mr. H. R. Gibbs, Linden, Virginia Mr. Ralph Gibson, Williamsport, Pennsylvania Mr. S. H. Graham, Bostwick Road, Ithaca, New York Mrs. S. H. Graham, Bostwick Road, Ithaca, New York Mr. Henry Gressel, R. D. 2, Mohawk, New York Mrs. Nora Gressel, R. D. 2, Mohawk, New York Mr. Earl C. Haines, Shanks, West Virginia Mr. Walter Hasbrouck, New Paltz, New York Mrs. Walter Hasbrouck, New Paltz, New York Mr. Andrew Kerr, Barnstable, Massachusetts Mr. Frank M. Kintzel, Cincinnati, Ohio Mr. Ira M. Kyhl, Sabula, Iowa Miss Bertha Landis, 425 Marion Avenue, Mansfield, Ohio Mr. James D. Lawrence, R. D. 3, Middletown, New York Mr. Frederick L. Lehr, Hamden, Connecticut Mr. James Lowerre, R. D. 3, Middletown, New York Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, Ithaca, New York Prof. J. C. McDaniel, 104 Horticultural Field Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Mr. J. W. McKay, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland Mr. Elwood Miller, Hazleton, Pennsylvania Mrs. Elwood Miller, Hazleton, Pennsylvania Mr. Louis Miller, Cassopolis, Michigan Dr. James K. Mossman, Ramapo, New York Mrs. Herbert Negus, Mount Ranier, Maryland Mr. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois Mrs. Royal Oakes, Bluffs, Illinois Mr. F. L. O'Rourke, Hidden Lake Gardens, Michigan State College, Tipton, Michigan Mr. John H. Page, Dundas, Ohio Mr. Philip P. Parkinson, 567 Broadway, Newark, New Jersey Mrs. Philip P. Parkinson, 567 Broadway, Newark, New Jersey Mr. Christ Pataky, Jr. , Mansfield, Ohio Mrs. Christ Pataky, Mansfield, Ohio Mr. Gordon Porter, Windsor, Ontario Mrs. Penelope Porter, Windsor, Ontario Mrs. C. A. Reed, 7309 Piney Branch Road, Washington 12, D. C. Mr. John Rick, 438 Penn Street, Reading, Pennsylvania Dr. William M. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa Mrs. Elizabeth I. Rohrbacher, Iowa City, Iowa Mr. George Salzer, Rochester, New York Mrs. George Salzer, Rochester, New York Mr. Rodman Salzer, Rochester, New York Mr. L. Walter Sherman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Mrs. L. W. Sherman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (The Shermans now in Michigan) Mr. Raymond E. Silvis and Family, Massillon, Ohio Mr. George L. Slate, Geneva, New York Mr. Douglas A. Smith, Vermilion, Ohio Mr. Gilbert L. Smith, Millerton, New York Mr. Jay L. Smith, Chester, New York Mr. Sterling A. Smith, 630 W. South Street, Vermilion, Ohio Mr. Harwood Steiger, Red Hook, New York Mrs. Sophie H. Steiger, Red Hook, New York Mr. H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia Mrs. H. F. Stoke, 1436 Watts Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia Mr. Alfred Szego, 77-15A 37th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New York, N. Y. Prof. T. J. Talbert, Columbia, Missouri Dr. Lewis E. Theiss, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania Dr. Frank A. Washick, Philadelphia 11, Pennsylvania Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio Mr. Sargent H. Wellman, Topsfield, Massachusetts Mrs. Laura L. Whiteford, Pleasant Valley, Duchess County, New York Mr. J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana, Mr. William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia Mrs. William J. Wilson, Fort Valley, Georgia Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Route 1, Linglestown, Pennsylvania

Complete membership list is in back of this volume. 

CONSTITUTION

of the

NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

(As adopted September 13, 1948)

NAME

~Article I. ~ This Society shall be known as the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation, Incorporated. It is strictly a non-profit organization. 

PURPOSES

~Article II. ~ The purposes of this Association shall be to promoteinterest in the nut bearing plants; scientific research in theirbreeding and culture; standardization of varietal names; thedissemination of information concerning the above and such otherpurposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants, particularlyin the North Temperate Zone. 

MEMBERS

~Article III. ~ Membership in this Association shall be open to all personsinterested in supporting the purposes of the Association. Classes ofmembers are as follows: Annual members, Contributing members, Lifemembers, Honorary members, and Perpetual members. Applications formembership in the Association shall be presented to the secretary or thetreasurer in writing, accompanied by the required dues. 

OFFICERS

~Article IV. ~ The elected officers of this Association shall consist of aPresident, Vice-president, a Secretary and a Treasurer or a combinedSecretary-treasurer as the Association may designate. 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

~Article V. ~ The Board of Directors shall consist of six members of theAssociation who shall be the officers of the Association and the twopreceding elected presidents. If the offices of Secretary and Treasurerare combined, the three past presidents shall serve on the Board ofDirectors. 

There shall be a State Vice-president for each state, dependency, orcountry represented in the membership of the Association, who shall beappointed by the President. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

~Article VI. ~ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of themembers present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment havingbeen read at the previous annual meeting, or copy of the proposedamendments having been mailed by the Secretary, or by any member to eachmember thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. 

BY-LAWS

(Revised and adopted at Norris, Tennessee, September 13, 1948)

SECTION I. --MEMBERSHIP

Classes of membership are defined as follows:

~Article 1. Annual members. ~ Persons who are interested in the purposes ofthe Association who pay annual dues of Three Dollars ($3. 00). 

~Article 2. Contributing members. ~ Persons who are interested in thepurposes of the Association who pay annual dues of Ten Dollars ($10. 00)or more. 

~Article 3. Life members. ~ Persons who are interested in the purposes ofthe Association who contribute Seventy Five Dollars ($75. 00) to itssupport and who shall, after such contribution, pay no annual dues. 

~Article 4. Honorary members. ~ Those whom the Association has elected ashonorary members in recognition of their achievements in the specialfields of the Association and who shall pay no dues. 

~Article 5. Perpetual members. ~ "Perpetual" membership is eligible to anyone who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the Association and suchmembership on payment of said sum to the Association shall entitle thename of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as"Perpetual" with the words "In Memoriam" added thereto. Funds receivedtherefor shall be invested by the Treasurer in interest bearingsecurities legal for trust funds in the District of Columbia. Only theinterest shall be expended by the Association. When such funds are inthe treasury the Treasurer shall be bonded. Provided: that in the eventthe Association become defunct or dissolves, then, in that event, theTreasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purposefor such uses, individuals or companies that the donor may designate atthe time he makes the bequest of the donation. 

SECTION II. --DUTIES OF OFFICERS

~Article 1. ~ The President shall preside at all meetings of theAssociation and Board of Directors, and may call meetings of the Boardof Directors when he believes it to be to the best interests of theAssociation. He shall appoint the State Vice-presidents; the standingcommittees, except the Nominating Committee, and such special committeesas the Association may authorize. 

~Article 2. ~ Vice-president. In the absence of the President, theVice-president shall perform the duties of the President. 

~Article 3. ~ Secretary. The Secretary shall be the active executiveofficer of the Association. He shall conduct the correspondence relatingto the Association's interests, assist in obtaining memberships andotherwise actively forward the interests of the Association, and reportto the Annual Meeting and from time to time to meetings of the Board ofDirectors as they may request. 

~Article 4. ~ Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and recordmemberships, receive and account for all moneys of the Association andshall pay all bills approved by the President or the Secretary. Heshall give such security as the Board of Directors may require or maylegally be required, shall invest life memberships or other funds as theBoard of Directors may direct, subject to legal restrictions and inaccordance with the law, and shall submit a verified account of receiptsand disbursements to the Annual meeting and such current accounts as theBoard of Directors may from time to time require. Before the finalbusiness session of the Annual Meeting of the Association, the accountsof the Treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the AuditingCommittee appointed by the President at the opening session of theAnnual Meeting. 

~Article 5. ~ The Board of Directors shall manage the affairs of theassociation between meetings. Four members, including at least twoelected officers, shall be considered a quorum. 

SECTION III. --ELECTIONS

~Article 1. ~ The Officers shall be elected at the Annual Meeting and holdoffice for one year beginning immediately following the close of theAnnual Meeting. 

~Article 2. ~ The Nominating Committee shall present a slate of officers onthe first day of the Annual Meeting and the election shall take place atthe closing session. Nominations for any office may be presented fromthe floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately precedingthe election. 

~Article 3. ~ For the purpose of nominating officers for the year 1949 andthereafter, a committee of five members shall be elected annually at thepreceding Annual Meeting. 

~Article 4. ~ A quorum at a regularly called Annual Meeting shall befifteen (15) members and must include at least two of the electedofficers. 

~Article 5. ~ All classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligibleto vote and hold office. 

SECTION IV. --FINANCIAL MATTERS

~Article 1. ~ The fiscal year of the Association shall extend from October1st through the following September 30th. All annual memberships shallbegin October 1st. 

~Article 2. ~ The names of all members whose dues have not been paid byJanuary 1st shall be dropped from the rolls of the Society. Notices ofnon-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or aboutDecember 1st. 

~Article 3. ~ The Annual Report shall be sent to only those members whohave paid their dues for the current year. Members whose dues have notbeen paid by January 1st shall be considered delinquent. They will notbe entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of theAssociation until dues are paid. 

SECTION V. --MEETINGS

~Article 1. ~ The place and time of the Annual Meeting shall be selected bythe membership in session or, in the event of no selection being madeat this time, the Board of Directors shall choose the place and time forthe holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seemdesirable may be called by the President and Board of Directors. 

SECTION VI. --PUBLICATIONS

~Article 1. ~ The Association shall publish a report each fiscal year andsuch other publications as may be authorized by the Association. 

~Article 2. ~ The publishing of the report shall be the responsibility ofthe Committee on Publications. 

SECTION VII. --AWARDS

~Article 1. ~ The Association may provide suitable awards for outstandingcontributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitablerecognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate. 

SECTION VIII. --STANDING COMMITTEES

As soon as practical after the Annual Meeting of the Association, thePresident shall appoint the following standing committees:

 1. Membership 2. Auditing 3. Publications 4. Survey 5. Program 6. Research 7. Exhibit 8. Varieties and Contests

SECTION IX. --REGIONAL GROUPS AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES. 

~Article 1. ~ The Association shall encourage the formation of regionalgroups of its members, who may elect their own officers and organizetheir own local field days and other programs. They may publish theirproceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent societysubject to review of the Association's Committee on Publications. 

~Article 2. ~ Any independent regional association of nut growers mayaffiliate with the Northern Nut Growers Association provided one-fourthof its members are also members of the Northern Nut Growers Association. Such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of $3. 00to the Northern Nut Growers Association. Papers presented at themeetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings ofthe parent society subject to review of the Association's Committee onPublications. 

SECTION X--AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS

~Article 1. ~ These by-laws may be amended at any Annual Meeting by atwo-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shallhave been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty-daysprior to that meeting. 

REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of theNorthern Nut Growers Association, Inc. 

Held at PLEASANT VALLEY, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NEW YORK on AUGUST 28, 29 and30, 1950

TOGETHER WITH OTHER PAPERS ON NUT CULTURE

MONDAY MORNING SESSION

The meeting was called to order by the Vice-President, Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, in the absence of the President. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I have here the official gavel of The Northern NutGrowers Association, which was sent to me by Mildred Jones Langdoc, whounfortunately is not able to come to this meeting. She, of course, isour president. She expected to come until fairly recently but on herdoctor's orders changed her plans and wrote to me a very short time agoasking me if I would preside at this meeting. 

Does anyone present know the history of this gavel?

MR. GEORGE SLATE: It was presented to the Association by Mr. Littlepage, and was made from Indiana pecan wood. 

DR. MacDANIELS: But anyway here it is, and we declare the Association insession. 

This morning the meeting is quite brief. We will start the meeting withthe report from the Secretary, Mr. McDaniel. 

Secretary's Report

J. C. McDaniel

MR. J. C. McDANIEL: My report before the meeting will be very brief. Itmay be extended a little later for the publication. 

The last count for this Association's membership made last week showsthe Association has 575 paid members, plus 20 subscribers and oneforeign exchange membership, totalling 596. There have been a few moremembers come in since then, so I might say we have in round figuresabout 600 members to date in 1950, a few less than last year. 

I probably owe the members an explanation on the delay in the printingof the Fortieth Annual Report. That was finally taken up by the printingcompany and should be printed by now. It was ready to put on thepress--in fact, some of it was on the press when I left Nashville twoweeks ago, and we have every reason to believe that it will be ready formailing in about another week. The Treasurer said he heard me say thatsix months ago. That's six months nearer to being the truth now. 

I requested that the printer send up two copies, whether they are boundor not, so they may be in to show you later during the meeting. 

I believe that's about all I will say at this time, Mr. President. 

DR. MacDANIELS: This matter of the report not being here I know is thecause of considerable dissatisfaction, and it arises out of our attemptto get the report printed cheaply. We have had the same trouble before. The Corse Press did this at one time and did it cheaply, because theywould work it in with the other business. The last time they did it, andother business was so heavy that it was delayed. 

The printers who do it at Nashville also did the Legislative printingand other things cut in, so that it was not carried on. Now, I thinkthat we have some ideas in mind for printers for the next issue, so thatif we get the papers in on time, the report will be coming out fairlypromptly. 

Is the Treasurer ready with his report? Mr. Sterling Smith. 

Treasurer's Report

Sept. 1, 1949 to Aug. 25, 1950

RECEIPTS:

 Annual Membership Dues $1, 689. 55

 (Contributing Members: Arp Nursery Co. And Mr. Hjalmar W. Johnson $10. 00 each) Life Membership (Herschel L. Boll) 75. 00

 Contributions Mr. A. M. Huntington 50. 00 Mr. Geo. L. Slate 2. 00

 Sale of Reports 186. 00 Interest on U. S. Bonds 31. 25 Worcester County (Mass. ) Hort. Society 25. 00 Advertisement 5. 00 Miscellaneous 18. 00 ------- Total Income $2, 081. 80

DISBURSEMENTS:

 U. S. Bond "G" $ 500. 00 American Fruit Grower Subscriptions 224. 00 Supplies, Stationery, etc. For Secretary 96. 75 Secretary's 50c per Member 275. 00 Secretary's Expense 88. 00 Treasurer's Expense 66. 52 Reporting Beltsville Meeting 60. 00 Mr. Reed's Memorial 10. 00 Bank Service Charge 3. 33 Miscellaneous 21. 00 ------- Total Disbursements $1, 344. 60

 Cash on deposit at Erie County United Bank $2, 292. 97 Petty Cash on Hand 12. 70 Disbursements 1, 344. 60 --------- Total $3, 650. 27

 On Hand Sept. 1, 1949 $1, 568. 47 Receipts Sept. 1. 1949, to Aug. 25, 1950 2, 081. 80 --------- Total $3, 650. 27

 U. S. Bonds in Safety Deposit Box $3, 000. 00

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Smith. I think it is usual to accept thereport and then refer it, I believe, to an auditing committee. 

A MEMBER: I so move. 

DR. MacDANIELS: It is moved that the report be accepted and turned overto the auditing committee. 

MR. SZEGO: Second. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Seconded. Any remarks? (No response. )

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously. )

DR. MacDANIELS: I'd like to appoint Mr. Royal Oakes and Mr. Weber asAuditing Committee, and I think they report at the final businesssession, which comes at the banquet. 

I will say that matter of $25. 00 I didn't know anything about, exceptnow I recall the circumstances. At the convention I took over what wasleft of the exhibits--nobody wanted them--and took them back to Ithaca, thinking I would send them to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Ididn't have time to do that, but I did send them to Worcester (Mass. )Horticulture Society, and apparently I was out of the country and theysent the award to the Treasurer, and that accounts for the $25. 00. It'sthe first I have heard of it, but anyway, we have it. 

The treasurer's report indicates we have some little surplus in thetreasury, but after our report is paid for, that will be reduced to theamount of about $800. 00. That is the net surplus at the present time, and if we face the facts of the matter, it means that we are not livingwithin our income, that is, with printing costs going up. The reportsused to cost $600. 00, instead of $1400. 00, and what not. 

The reason we have kept going has been the use of life memberships andthe extra contribution of Mr. Archer Huntington. 

The matter of deficit financing seems to be good for the Government, butI don't think it is any good for the society. I think, however, we canadjust our affairs so as to get along. It is proposed we make a changein the by-laws which will set up another type of membership. That is, atthe present time we have an annual membership of $3. 00 and acontributing membership of $10. 00 and life membership for $75. 00. Takingthe pattern from some other societies, it at least was discussed that weput up a membership of $5. 00, which was a sustaining membership, andanybody who felt that he could do that easily could do so, not receivingany additional benefits, except, perhaps, a star in front of hisname, --just considering it a contribution to the society. 

What we had in mind is that we know that there are some of themembership that find the $3. 00 is plenty high enough. There are othersto whom probably it means another dinner, or something of that kind, andit doesn't make so much difference. And what we propose to do is to makeit easy for those who can to give that additional support. 

That amendment will be proposed at the last business meeting in someform, and it will have to go over until the next meeting, according toour constitution, which provides for the amendment of the by-laws. 

Mr. Secretary, do we have a report of the editor?

MR. J. C. McDANIEL: Yes, I have that here, a short report from Dr. LewisE. Theiss, who will be at the meeting in the morning. 

Report of Publications and Publicity

DR. LEWIS E. THEISS, Chairman

The annual Report, which should be issued very soon, will speak foritself. Delay more than usual was occasioned by an effort to make thepublication fully complete. To that end, printing was held up so that, for one thing, we could include Dr. J. Russell Smith's remarkablesummary or survey of nut experimentation in the U. S. And Canada. 

We cannot overemphasize the great services of our secretary, Mr. McDaniel, in the preparation of this work. He collected the material, forwarded it to me for editing, did much editing himself, secured theprinting contract, and in general oversaw the production of the volume. 

To edit the manuscripts for a book of this size is in itself quite achore. Proof reading is a great burden. In the preparation of thisReport, we have had the hearty cooperation and help of Mrs. HerbertNegus (Md. ); Professor George Slate (New York); Dr. A. S. Colby (Ill. );Mr. Spencer Chase (Tenn. ); and Mr. Alfred Barlow (Mich. ). We areindebted to all of these members for their fine support. We hope thatthis present issue will be a worthy successor to the many fine ones thathave preceded it. 

LEWIS E. THEISS, Chairman Publications Committee Read at meeting8/28/50. 

MR. J. C. McDANIEL: I might say, by the way, it will be 8 pages largerthan last year's, totalling 232 pages. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Secretary. 

The question is going to arise as to the size of our report. That is, the reports up to the last two have been something less than 200 pages, I believe. This one is running over considerably, and the question comesup as to whether or not we should economize by reducing the size of thereport. It was the general opinion of the Directors in discussing thematter that perhaps somewhat closer editing should be done, but werealize that for many members of the Association the report is the onetangible thing that they get out of the whole picture and that thereports should be kept, certainly, at a good length and high grade. 

I think those are all of the officers' reports. Are there reports of thecommittees? Program Committee, Mr. Slate, do you have a brief report?

MR. GEORGE L. SLATE: The report of the Program Committee has beenpublished, and the programs are on this table in the rear of the room. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Brief and to the point. In other words, Mr. Slate haswritten around to the persons who are going to be on the program, sortof cranking them up. This society is in a situation where its membersdon't just flock to the call of requests for papers, and they have to besolicited. Well, Mr. Slate has done a very good job of solicitingpapers, and the report speaks for itself in the program which has beenprepared. 

Reports of any special committees? Do we have a committee oncontests?--of the Carpathian walnut contest?

MR. McDANIEL: I believe that will be taken up in the afternoon program. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The matter of old business. Do we have any old business, Mr. Secretary?

MR. McDANIEL: I don't know of any that's carried over now. 

Discussion on Time and Place of Meeting

DR. MacDANIELS: Coming to new business. There is always the time and theplace of the next convention. I think that that is usually in the handsof a committee, but in the open meeting the matter is discussed, and weare open for any suggestions. 

I have heard that Dr. Colby of Illinois is going to have a suggestionthat we come to Illinois. 

MR. McDANIEL: That's my understanding, and he should be here a littlelater. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Anybody else have any suggestions?

I think, with regard to our time and place of meeting, we have in mindalternating between the East, and the Middle West. The center ofmembership appears to be about Central Ohio, is that right? And I don'tthink we have gone any farther west than Center Point, Iowa. 

MR. WEBER: That was back in 1930. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That probably is about as far West as we are going toget, unless we get a lot of members out farther. 

Now, suggestions that have been made have been that next year themeeting would be in Illinois--at the University of Illinois--and theyear following somewhere in the East, possibly Pennsylvania, although wehaven't been invited to Pennsylvania. I don't know whether we can getone or not. And the next year west again, possibly Michigan, and beyondthat we haven't thought. But I think there is a real advantage in havingtime blocked out in advance for at least two years so that people canmake their plans as to where they will go. That is, I think often inplanning vacations and what not, it goes that far ahead. 

MR. JAY SMITH: Mr. Chairman, the last week in August seems to be betterthan the first week in September, from the point of view of the schoolopenings in early September. 

MR. WELLMAN: I think we should wait a little while and see what kind ofattendance we get at this meeting this time of the year. 

MR. RICK: If we could arrange it, we'd like to appeal to the membershipto have a meeting in Lancaster County. I think Mr. Hostetter has quite anumber of things that could be shown and perhaps some others in theneighborhood that might make it quite interesting. 

DR. MacDANIELS: We can refer that to the committee. 

MR. ALLAMAN: Mr. President, I think that is a very fine suggestion. Oneof our nut growers in Pennsylvania lives in Lancaster County, and he hastold me he has 29, 000 nut trees, including filberts, and is stillplanting. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That sounds almost like the Government debt, only notquite. 

We will let that matter go until the committee reports when Dr. Colbyarrives. 

Is there any other business which we ought to transact at this time? Ifnot, I think the next item is the president's address, which has justarrived. Mrs. Bernath just brought it in. It just came in under thewire, I guess. 

DR. CRANE: Mr. Stoke has just come in. 

DR. MacDANIELS: We will have the report of the nominating committee, Mr. Stoke. 

Report of Nominating Committee

MR. STOKE: We bore in mind when we were making nominations for thepresidency that we will probably hold our next meeting in the West, sowe have nominated Dr. William Rohrbacher of Iowa for president, and Dr. MacDaniels, our perennial vice-president be nominated again and hopethat we get him across next year as president. He has served a prettygood apprenticeship. Our secretary, J. C. McDaniel, has been nominatedfor re-election and Sterling Smith as treasurer. The last twoex-presidents will be on the Board of Directors. Those, with the otherofficers named, constitute our entire Board of Directors. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Stoke. 

You have heard the report of the nominating committee. 

DR. CRANE: Move that they be accepted. 

MR. ALLAMAN: Second. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Are there remarks? (No response. ) If not, we will take avote. 

(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carriedunanimously. )

DR. MacDANIELS: The election comes at the time of the banquet, andnominations may be made from the floor at the time of election. 

Dr. Colby, I believe, came in. Do you want to say something aboutIllinois as a meeting place for next year. Dr. Colby of the Universityof Illinois. 

DR. COLBY: I don't know whether there was any malice aforethought inthat committee nomination! Before I left Urbana a few weeks ago, Dean H. P. Rusk of our College of Agriculture asked me to invite you people tocome to Urbana, Illinois for your meeting next year. So that, Mr. President, is an official invitation. We hope that you can all come. Isee some of our Illinois friends here, and we are all working togetherto provide an interesting meeting at that time. 

Now, as to the date, that will have to be settled a little later. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thanks very much, Dr. Colby. That makes it official. 

MR. WEBER: Mr. President, I move we accept the invitation. 

MR. JAY SMITH: I second. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Moved and seconded we go to Illinois, the time to bearranged by the committee. Any remarks? (No response. )

(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carriedunanimously. )

DR. MacDANIELS: That fixes that, and the time will depend somewhat onthe availability of dormitories. If the meeting is held the last week inAugust, the dormitories would be available, would they not?

Mr. Weber: Get away from the Labor Day problem, too. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Any other business? Has anyone else come in in themeantime who has a report?

If not, we will go ahead with the next item, which is the President'sAddress, and I will ask Mr. Weber of Cincinnati to read this. I am muchpleased to do this because of Mr. Weber's friendship for the president. 

President's Address

MILDRED JONES LANGDOC, Erie, Illinois

I have been a member of this organization for a good many years, and Ihave always had a deep interest in its success. Our members are in aposition to encourage the planting of good varieties of nut trees whichmay some day be appreciated even more for food and other uses as ourpopulation increases than we as a nation appreciate them today. Treecrops are a means of conserving our soils, both from the point oferosion and moisture holding content. I like the opportunity we have tobe far-sighted in encouraging the planting of nut trees which will playa large part in the future well-being of our country. 

Our N. N. G. A. , as it is today, has been built on the unselfish efforts ofa number of far-sighted men who had an ideal and a will to see thatideal accomplished. I think I was fortunate to know a number of theearly founders of the organization either through their visits to myhome where my father and they would talk their favorite subject of nutvarieties known, just found, or the ideal variety they hoped they'dlocate--perhaps in the next nut contest. In lighter mood--usually aroundthe dinner table--they would sometimes reminisce about this joke or thatwhich some member played on another. Altogether our early founders andofficers were really great men, bringing experiences from various walksof life. Today we have a still wider variety of occupations listed amongour membership, and an even greater opportunity to make acquaintancesand friends. I hope every member will make full use of his leisure timehere at this convention to make new acquaintances and to renew old ones. Knowing the members as I do, I know you will treasure theseacquaintances during your entire lifetime. 

The Association can serve its members in a number of ways, but I wouldplace special emphasis on our reports carrying from year to year aprogressive report on varieties. In other words, I think our surveyreports are one important part of our means of learning about theperformance of varieties in various sections of the country where theyare being tried. I would urge every member to make a definite effort toco-operate with the survey committee in sending the information theyrequire, because these men making the survey are busy men, too, justlike the rest of us, and they have to make a real effort to find time totabulate the information they receive, and they want to receive more, sothey are willing to do their part to tabulate the information which willhelp us as an organization to be more definite about encouraging ordiscouraging the planting of a certain variety. 

There is a question in my mind whether the very best nut so far ascracking quality is concerned will be the best variety for the averagehome planter. I think we should consider whether the variety will beargood crops consistently, and if it doesn't bear well--why? Perhaps it isa matter of soil condition which can be corrected, a matter of a varietybeing planted in a climate where it cannot bear well, and perhapselevation above sea level is another factor. We may even find with thehickories and walnuts that certain varieties will perform better withcertain other varieties as pollinators. When we think of these thingsthere is much to be done in the evaluation of varieties, although therehas been a start in the right direction. 

It seems to me that nut contests at regular intervals help to stimulateinterest in better varieties of nuts and we do gain a certain amount offree advertising through newspapers and magazines. The results of thecontest should state, in my opinion, the comparison of the varietiesselected as the best of the contest with the ratings of varietiesalready named and now in propagation. This would mean using the samescore card always. Remembering that the very best rated cracking nut isnot always the best bearing variety, it would help to accompany thisvariety report with data as to the location of the tree--soil it isgrowing in--soil type--good drainage or a damp location--rainfall duringthe year--days between frost--whether the tree has had good care ornot--whether it's a heavy bearer--and any other information which mayhave a bearing upon the health and vigor of the tree. If notes can betaken on the blooming and bearing habit of other trees of the samespecies close by which may influence this particular variety throughcross-pollination, then we would have a good record immediately on eachvariety. 

I realize in stating the above that we must rely on the human mind whichcolors and evaluates everything our senses perceive, so it's up to us asindividuals to try constantly to train ourselves to evaluate a varietyas it really is. I feel that much of the success of our organization inthe gathering of nut tree varieties has been due to an honest efforttowards reporting only facts and we will do well to enlist the aid ofour college trained scientific minds to help us individuals in askingourselves the necessary questions about our nut tree varieties. 

According to the phrase "Life begins at 40, " we are now just beginningto live as an organization. Let us then examine every means to set ourcourse towards the definite goal of evaluating the worth of all thenamed varieties of northern grown nut trees, let us report our findingswithout prejudice, let us continue to make our annual reports sonecessary as a clearing house for the year's progress in nut culture, sovaluable, that anyone interested in nut culture can't afford notbelonging to and being an active part of our group. I would especiallylike to see other active state groups as the Ohio group all bringingtogether their yearly information in one book form--our Annual Report. The Ohio group deserves special recognition on the wisdom of theirofficers to work towards a unified northern nut growers group, eachhelping the other where they can. 

I want to express my appreciation to our Secretary, Mr. McDaniel, forhis work this year which can be doubly appreciated by those who know theexcellent job he has performed in spite of many adversities. I hope hewill continue as Secretary. 

Our Treasurer, Mr. Smith, has been right on the job, and we can all beof special help to him by sending or giving to him here and now our duesfor the coming year. We would not waste any time by paying our duespromptly, but we would save a tremendous amount of time for him. We canin this way make his association and work for us most pleasant and inthat way show him how much we appreciate his help. I express the hopethat Mr. Smith will be our Treasurer for a long time. 

I want to thank the Board of Directors and all of the committees whohave labored so faithfully during the year. Our convention program forthis year is evidence that our Program Committee has spent much time inthought, correspondence and work and we all appreciate and give them ourhearty thanks. 

Since I cannot be with you this year, Dr. MacDaniels has consented tooccupy the Chair and the 41st annual meeting will now go forward underhis able direction. I am with you in thought. 

 Sincerely, MILDRED JONES LANGDOC

 * * * * *

MR. WEBER: By the way, since I am on the floor and I am on my feet, Iwill pass this attendance record. Will you all please sign your namesand addresses. It doesn't bind you to anything. 

MR. CORSAN: You might tell the audience--there are some strangershere--who the president is whose address you just read. 

MR. WEBER: I read her name, the former Mildred Jones, whose father wasthe late J. F. Jones who was one of the pioneers in the propagating ofnut trees, and was formerly living in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, three miles south of Lancaster on U. S. 222. His daughter continued hiswork after his death, has since married and is now living out at Erie, Illinois, which is west of Chicago near the Mississippi River. Her namenow is Langdoc. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Our president brought out two points in which I mostheartily concur. One is our search for new varieties and the evaluationof varieties, and the other, the more extensive rating of the varietieswe already have. There will be this round-table this evening onevaluation of varieties, of which Dr. Crane will be the chairman. 

Association Sends Greetings to Dr. Deming

DR. McKAY: I'd like to bring up this matter--I'd like to make this inthe form of a motion, that in view of the long and active service of Dr. W. C. Deming to this organization, I think it would be appropriate forthis organization to send him greetings. I would like to make that inthe form of a motion. 

MR. BERNATH: I second it. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Moved and seconded to send Dr. Deming greetings from themeeting. We had hoped that he would be here. He may come yet, unlesssomebody knows definitely to the contrary. George Slate saw him a whileago and said he hopes to get here. [1]

[1] Dr. Deming was present at the lunch stop on the Wassaic State Schoolgrounds during the third day's tour. --Ed. 

MR. WEBER: I have just been informed that Dr. Deming will be 89 yearsold on September first. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That's something. 

How old is Mr. Corsan?

MR. WEBER: The question arises: How old is Mr. Corsan? The gentleman ishere, and he will speak for himself. 

Talk by the Oldest Member

MR. CORSAN: I don't know how old I am. I know I was born near Rockport, New York, and my father brought me across the river to Hamilton, Ontario, when I was seven, and according to my aunts and uncles andpeople who told me, they say I was born June 11, 1857. So here I amkicking around, but I am not blowing how long I will live. I don't know, but I will try my best. 

I have joined the Vegetarian Society many years ago, and I am stillhanging onto that idea, and I hope that we have a vegetarian banquetsome of these times, because nearly all vegetarian associations are verydeeply interested in the Northern Nut Growers Association. That's whatthey all told me at the convention at Lake Geneva last August a yearago. And I just came back from visiting Rodale. I thought I'd seeRodale. He looks a good deal like this gentleman here (indicating Mr. Bernath), our friend here, about the size and appearance of him. But heis of the greatest ancestry in the world. He is Jewish, and he doesn'tknow exactly how to eat, because he has jowls and dewlaps and he is toofat, but he is a very fine man; beautiful, clear, honest eyes, he has, and I hope to have him consider the planting of nut trees on his place. He has a disgraceful looking place in comparison to mine. 

This year my place is just loaded down with nuts, except filberts. Lastyear I had so many filberts that I have half a ton left over yet. And Iwant to see people beautify the country. I started off one day with athought that came to my head. I heard that there were a half a millionwidows and orphans buried in the Hudson Hill Cemetery. And I thought:Why, those dead people can be working; they can be doing something. Letthem feed the roots of the Japanese heartnut. And as a try, I sent them1100 seeds just as a start. And the Japanese heartnut, a stranger tothis country, isn't anywhere near any other nut, and it grows true toform, and a lot of the trees are much hardier up on Lake Ontario. Itdoes not grow well on the north of the lake, but south of the lake itgrows enormous crops every year, and the nuts come out whole. But thereis a better shaped nut without that kind of groove in the center, andit's the father or the mother--father, probably--of the finest heartnutsin the world, and there is nothing that beats a heartnut for eating. Every time I sell heartnuts to eat I have ruined myself, because theywon't eat any other nut. So that shows just exactly what the generalpublic thinks of it. Even Italians. There I have a half a ton offilberts. I bring the heartnuts down to Florida, the Fairchild and myhybrid trees and butternuts and Japanese heartnuts, and I have a packageof almonds and another package of brazil nuts, and I let them tastethose. They are woody in comparison to our heartnuts and hybrids. Theyare not anything, they are just like so much wood in comparison. 

Now, I have received from John W. Fowler, Secretary to Albert Williamsof the Department of Corrections on 100 Center Street. New York, abeautiful letter accepting those nuts, and I had my housekeeper--I wasdown in Florida--send them to them early in February, and they areplanted. And the breezes going up and down the Hudson are going to wavethe two-foot-long leaves of the most beautiful deciduous trees in theworld, the Japanese heartnut, healthiest, hardiest nut in the world, and these dead people will be feeding them. Just think! five thousandchildren without a name or number. Now, they have erected a monumentjust recently, but the real monuments are the living trees. I am goingto send them a lot more, because I want to see them working. I mightcome back and eat some of these nuts myself. 

 * * * * *

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Corsan. 

(Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Mr. Corsan is certainly well on his way to being ahundred, and I think if eating nuts and other vegetables will do that, more of us ought to pay attention. 

I think we voted on that motion. I think it was unanimous that we sendthis greeting to Dr. Deming in his eighty-ninth year. 

(The following telegram was sent to Dr. Deming:

"AT THIS FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERSASSOCIATION IN CONVENTION ASSEMBLED AT PLEASANT VALLEY, NEW YORK, THEMEMBERS SEND YOU THEIR LOVE AND ALSO EXTEND THEIR BEST WISHES FOR YOURCONTINUANCE OF GOOD HEALTH. ")

Any other business?

MR. McDANIEL: There is one elective committee that probably will need tobe acted on, which is always done at the meeting before, and that's thenominations committee for next year. That's elective. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The Resolutions Committee. Mr. Allaman, will you takechairmanship for that? And Mr. Porter of Windsor, will you help Mr. Allaman on the Resolutions Committee?

MR. PORTER: Do I act now, in this meeting?

DR. MacDANIELS: Yes, during the time you are here work out with Mr. Allaman the resolutions that pertain to this particular meeting. 

Anything else? If not, this first session is adjourned. Meet againpromptly this afternoon at one o'clock, (Whereupon, at 10:40 o'clock, a. M. , the meeting was recessed, toreconvene at 1:00 o'clock, p. M. Of the same day. )

MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

DR. MacDANIELS: I will call the meeting to order, the afternoon session. This afternoon we have the session given over mostly to the Carpathianwalnut. The first paper, by Spencer Chase of Norris, Tennessee. 

MR. CHASE: First, with the president's permission, I thought perhaps ashort report of the 1949 contest would be in order. As you probablyrecall, we conducted a Persian walnut contest last year for NorthernNut Growers members only. In this contest we had 31 entries submitted. 

The 1949 Persian Walnut Contest with Notes from Persian Walnut Growers

SPENCER B. CHASE, Contest Chairman Tennessee Valley Authority Norris, Tennessee

The Persian Walnut Contest of 1949 attracted 31 entries from Associationmembers. The following sent nut samples: E. W. Lemke (Michigan) (4), RayMcKinster (Ohio) (1), S. Shessler (Ohio) (2), F. S. Hill (N. Y. ) (3), R. C. Lorenz (Ohio) (1), Benton and Smith Nut Tree Nursery (N. Y. ) (16), A. S. Colby (Illinois) (2), E. M. Shelton (Ohio) (1), and N. W. Fateley(Indiana) (1). The Contest Committee appreciates their interest in thisinformal contest. 

It was not practical for all of the judges to convene at one place toevaluate the samples. Therefore, the following system was used: One nutfrom each sample was sent to H. F. Stoke (Va. ), Gilbert Becker(Michigan), G. J. Korn (Michigan), and J. C. McDaniel. These four judgeswere asked to select the best five of the 31 entries. The Chairman thenmade the final selections based on their findings. Therefore, thesamples were actually subjected to five evaluations. The resultsindicate that this method was very satisfactory. 

First place went to the sample submitted by Ray McKinster, Columbus, Ohio. , It is significant that four of the five judges selected thissample as the best entry. Mr. McKinster reports that his tree is aCarpathian obtained as seed from the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in1939. The 11 year old tree has a circumference of 26 inches at the baseand has withstood 17 degrees below zero without injury. It began bearingin 1944 and yielded approximately one-half bushel in 1949. The yield isan estimate since squirrels play havoc with the crop. The nuts weighed12. 9 grams with 6. 8 grams of kernel. Four judges considered this anoutstanding Carpathian. 

Second place went to a sample submitted by Sylvester Shessler, Genoa, Ohio. Three judges selected this sample for second place, one placed itfirst and the other selected it for third place. Again it wassignificant that the judges were in close agreement. The parent tree isgrowing in Clay Center, Ohio, and is estimated to be 50 years old. Itbegan bearing in 1920. It yielded an estimated two bushels in 1947, three pecks in 1948, and one bushel in 1949. It has withstood 15 degreesbelow zero without damage. The source of this seedling is unknown. Thenut weighed 8. 8. Grams with 5. 2 grams of kernel. The nut is round with asmooth shell and has a very attractive kernel. This selection has beennamed ~Hansen~. 

Third place, after some disagreement, also went to Mr. Shessler for hisentry now named ~Jacobs~. This sample received one vote for second placeand one for third place. Two judges agreed on another sample for thirdplace but in a comparative test involving more nuts the Jacobs samplewas selected. The nut weighed 12. 8 grams with 6. 0 grams of kernel. Theparent Jacobs tree is located in Elmore, Ohio, and is estimated to be 70years old. Bearing since 1915, it yielded an estimated 300 pounds in1947, 100 pounds in 1948, and 200 pounds in 1949. The tree has withstood15 degrees below zero. The seed which produced this tree came fromGermany. 

Fourth and fifth places were awarded to samples S-66 and S-XD submittedby Benton and Smith Nut Tree Nurseries, Millerton, N. Y. Three judgesselected these two entries for fourth and fifth places while the othertwo judges selected other entries. S-66 weighed 13. 3 grams with 6. 2grams of kernel. S-XD weighed 12. 6 grams with 7. 1 grams of kernel. Bothselections were raised from Carpathian walnuts obtained from theWisconsin Horticultural Society in 1935. The nuts entered in the contestcame from 9-year old grafted trees located at the Wassaic State School, Wassaic, N. Y. They began bearing a few nuts at six years of age. Bothhave withstood 34 degrees below zero. 

In addition to the five prize winners other entries are worthy ofmention. Four additional Benton, and Smith selections (S-61, S-25, S-9, S-32), selection Illinois 10 from Dr. Colby, and a sample from Mr. Lorenz were all considered in the first five by at least one judge. TheCarpathian sample from N. W. Fateley was outstanding for size of nut andkernel. Unfortunately, the kernels were shriveled. Since this samplearrived late all of the judges did not have an opportunity to evaluateit. Mr. Lemke also entered a very large Persian walnut. It wasconsidered for third place by two judges but was discarded in the finaljudging because of shriveled kernels. Both of these large selectionsshould be tested further. 

It must be borne in mind that in this, as in all similar contests, onlynut characteristics of one year's crop could be evaluated. Whether theseselections are adapted to our varying conditions will have to bedetermined. In other words, this contest should be considered as apreliminary exploration and not as a final selection of suitablevarieties. 

Following is a summary table containing data on the prize winners:

 Results of Persian Walnut Contest

 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nut Kernel Kernel Rank Entry Name and Address Weight Weight Per- centage -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 No. 1 Ray McKinster, 1632 S. 4th St. , Columbus 7, Ohio 12. 9 6. 8 52. 7 2 Hansen S. M. Shessler, RFD, Genoa, Ohio 8. 8 5. 2 59. 6 3 Jacobs S. M. Shessler, RFD, Genoa, Ohio 12. 8 6. 0 46. 8 4 S-66 Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Rt. 2, Millerton, New York 5 S-XD Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Rt. 2, Millerton, New York 15. 6 7. 1 45. 8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------

To obtain information on the culture of hardy Persian walnut aquestionnaire was sent to members known to have experience with ~Juglansregia~. The following information, based on the reports of thirteengrowers, should prove valuable to those interested in testing Persianwalnut. 

The members contacted are testing 35 named varieties in addition to manyseedlings. Of the varieties, Broadview appears to be represented in moreplantings than any other variety. Gilbert Becker (Michigan) has most ofthe named Crath selections in addition to seedlings. H. F. Stoke(Virginia) has a large assortment of Crath and other Persian varieties. Fayette Etter (Pennsylvania) reports that he has approximately 150Persian walnut trees while Royal Oakes (Illinois), Sylvester Shessler, and Gilbert Becker each report 60 trees. Many others have from 25 to 40grafts or trees while Ray McKinster has only one seedling Carpathianwhich took top honors in the contest. Most of these members have beentesting Persian varieties for more than 13 years. Mr. Stoke has sometrees 20 years old. 

~Yields~--Most trees reported on began bearing at five to eight years. Topworked trees start bearing several years sooner. It is generallyagreed that Persian varieties bear annually. Many trees are bearing onlysmall nut crops. Lack of pollination is given as a reason for these lowyields. In addition, winter injury and spring frosts can seriouslyreduce nut crops. Apparently, none of the trees have borne more than abushel of nuts at 12 years of age. Accurate records of nut crops weregenerally lacking. Since this is a very important factor in theselection of varieties, growers should keep accurate yield records foreach variety. Where pests are a factor in reducing final yield, a cropestimate should be made early in the season. 

~Varieties~--Mr. Stoke considers Bedford, Broadview and Lancaster bestunder his conditions. Mr. Becker's choice is McDermid but he thinksCrath No. 1 a potential commercial variety. Mr. Oakes likes Crath No. 1and Ill. No. 3. Mr. Etter lists Burtner and Alleman as his bestvarieties. Mr. Fateley especially favors one tree because of nut andbearing qualities. Other growers have not as yet evaluated theirvarieties. 

~Hardiness~--Only several growers in the colder regions felt that lack ofwinter hardiness was a serious limiting factor with their varieties. Those with winter temperatures ranging from 10 to 23 degrees below zeroreport little damage. Spring frosts are serious to many, especially inthe southern states. 

~Pests~--Several insects causing damage to Persian walnut were reported. The butternut curculio was most frequently mentioned. Others includedleaf hoppers, tent caterpillars, and husk maggots. Few effective controlmeasures have been developed. Squirrels are an ever present threat tonut crops in some localities, as are blackbirds. 

~Cultural Practices~--Most growers apply varying amounts of fertilizer ormanure to their trees in some form or other. Few mulch their trees. Alldo some pruning, mainly of a corrective nature. 

~Pollination~--Most growers agree that usually, but not always, pistillateflowers are produced several years before the occurrence of catkins. Generally, Persian varieties do not adequately pollinate themselves butexceptions are reported. The problem is one of variable dichogamy. Somevarieties shed pollen before pistillate flowers are receptive; othersshed pollen when pistillate flowers are no longer receptive. Thisunfortunate situation probably explains the low yields experienced bysome growers. Mr. Stoke lists the flowering dates of 13 varieties in the1942 NNGA Annual Report which clearly illustrates dichogamy in Persianwalnut. 

Some varieties are considered sufficiently self-pollinating to produceat least light crops. However, this may be influenced by weatherconditions. During an unusually warm spring catkins develop more rapidlythan terminal growth containing the pistillate flowers. Mr. Stokereports that ~Bedford~ produces both flowers simultaneously and that~Caesar~ is practically self-pollinating. Mr. Etter finds ~Burtner~ fullyself-pollinating and ~Alleman~ partially. Mr. McKinster's tree isapparently self-pollinating. 

To overcome dichogamy it is necessary to have varieties which pollinateone another. Again Mr. Stoke's list referred to above is useful inselecting varieties for cross-pollination. Mr. Becker finds that ~CrathNo. 1~ and ~Carpathian D~ pollinate each other under his conditions. 

More information on the pollination of Persian varieties is definitelyneeded. Members are urged to record the flowering date of theirvarieties. Such information will be very helpful in variety selection. 

~Handling the Nut Crop~--The nuts are harvested and dried promptly. Methods of drying vary. Some have drying screens in which the nuts areplaced several layers deep. Some dry the nuts in the sun; others prefera shady place. Following drying, the nuts are stored in a cool place. 

At least one grower has enough walnuts to sell locally; others feel thatlocal markets would take all they could produce. Many of the growerssell the nuts for seed purposes. Of course, all have a supply for homeuse. 

~Future Prospects~--Growers see good prospects for Persian walnut in mostof their respective regions if improved varieties are developed. Manygrowers are planning to increase the size of their plantings withpromising varieties. Others would like more trees but lack the necessaryspace. 

The 1949 contest uncovered several very promising selections. The 1950National Contest should produce many more. 

(Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: I believe, Mr. Chase, your second paper has to do withthe 1950 Carpathian walnut contest, which is just a matter ofexplanation, I take it, as to what is going to happen. 

Plans for the 1950 Carpathian Walnut Contest

SPENCER CHASE, Norris, Tenn. 

MR. CHASE: The 1950 contest plans have not been fully formulated. Ourmain problem will be one of advertising. Our good secretary has agreedto help out on that. Mr. Sherman and Dr. Anthony have agreed to help outin their region. I was successful in getting Mr. Neal of the ~SouthernAgriculturist~ to promise to give us a little Southern publicity oncontest. 

MR. McDANIEL: I wrote him; also wrote Mr. Niven of the ~ProgressiveFarmer~ at Memphis and Chet Randolph with the ~Prairie Farmer~ at Chicago. 

MR. CHASE: As I say, we plan on handling it the same as we did the 1949contest. It will be simply the submission of entries. We may want toconsider the method of judging a little further. 

The problem of prize money needs to be resolved, how much theAssociation is going to offer--feels that they could stand to offer--forfirst, second, or how many prizes we are going to have. That's about allthat we have to report now concerning the contest. But we do need, before we can proceed too far, some commitment on prize money. Last yearwe did not offer prizes simply because it was for the membership, andthere has been some question whether prizes are necessary. Of course, itwasn't necessary from the Association standpoint, but it probably willstimulate some others not in the Association to submit samples fromtheir trees. 

Do any of the contest committee or members have any suggestions? We'd bevery happy to have them. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Will this include all Persian walnuts?

MR. CHASE: That was another problem that came up the last time, and wetalked about it as being a Carpathian contest, and we decided, who cantell a Carpathian from another Persian, and we decided to make it aPersian walnut contest. 

DR. MacDANIELS: No Persian walnut will be refused?

MR. CHASE: Yes, sir. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Should they be sent to you?

MR. CHASE: Yes. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Mr. Spencer Chase at Norris. 

MR. CHASE: Then, shall we exclude the Northwestern states?

MR. McDANIEL: Last year we limited it to those trees which stood atleast zero temperature. That would eliminate most of California, atleast. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That makes sense. 

MR. SHERMAN: How many nuts are expected?

MR. CHASE: Last year we asked and received fifteen. We'd like to havetwenty-five. That gives us a better opportunity for the tastingdepartment. We have a lot of tasters. We don't have many crackers, but alot of tasters. 

MR. McDANIEL: I found that the mice in the State Capitol at Nashvilleweren't very particular as to variety. They took to any that were open. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Are we men, or are we mice?

MR. CHASE: In case you didn't notice, downstairs we have all the entriesin the contest with the exception of some which human mice got from me, two samples, I believe. But all the rest I managed to save. And I, ofcourse, have not seen too many Persian walnuts, being down there wherethe spring frost gets them. I was very favorably impressed by theappearance of all these samples. We simply picked five, as I said, andpointed out that this should be considered a preliminary finding and notdefinite, but all those samples were fine. Some were, of course, morebitter to the taste than others. That's where we lost a lot of nuts, trying to find out the least bitter. But many were an improvement on thecommercial varieties, as far as I was concerned. 

I think if we all get active on hunting out these Persians the way wehave blacks, we can make very good progress. 

MR. McDANIEL: Even on appearance I think some of them beat what you seein the stores. 

MR. CHASE: Yes, on appearance. Of course, some of them were handed backand forth and competing against each other, that's what happened. 

DR. McKAY: I'd like to ask how much importance you ascribe to treecharacteristics and not the nut itself. 

MR. CHASE: I asked for that information and tabulated it, and it didn'tmean much. We found we couldn't do it. So then we came back to the nutfirst. 

Carpathian Scions for Testing~

There is one other point I might mention. Last year you may recall thatI reported on our planting of Carpathian seedlings at Norris, some 500of them, which were frosted every single year. We have babied them alongnow for almost ten years, and I don't see any prospects of getting anynuts on them. 

Now, among those 500 there must be one good one, and I will be veryhappy to collect scion wood of all those trees and send it to memberswho are willing to top-work them and see what they will do. So if any ofyou folks are interested in some of these varieties--not varieties yet, but seedlings--I'd like to see them fruit, and I am sure we never willat Norris. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Where did you get the seed?

MR. CHASE: From the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. 

DR. MacDANIELS: In other words, it's just as good seed as any other. 

MR. FRYE: You are in a frost pocket. 

MR. CHASE: The whole place is a frost pocket. They are up on thehill--the frosty spot. 

A MEMBER: When were they planted?

MR. CHASE: In the spring of 1939. 

MR. CORSAN: Let me understand that. You say there are 500 trees that didnothing at all?

MR. CHASE: We have approximately 500 of the Crath seedlings, and eachyear they are frosted. 

MR. CORSAN: Let me explain that. I have had the same trouble. Mr. Crath, not knowing the nature of my place, put some of the best nuts in wetplaces, in frost pockets, but he had two rows of one kind of nut thatgrew very rapidly the first year, but they are not any bigger now, andthat was many years ago, back in 1935 they were planted. And there wereabout 80 varieties he got from Russia, he being able to speak fourRussian dialects, his father being the Burbank of Russia and thegardener to the Czar, he had a lot of information, and he knew just whathe was doing. But he was too hopeful and got some varieties from thefoothills, some up a little higher, some up half way, some up towardsthe snow line, and they are tremendously hardy. 

Now, I have given these nut trees away to people south of Lake Ontario. You see, I am north of Lake Ontario, and those are around St. Catherines. There trees will grow and succeed. I have been told there isno check by frost on them. I have given a lots of those away. But withme they are absolutely worthless north of the Lake, and there is a vastdifference in them. 

Now, I thought, looking at a great, big nut, the Rumanian giant, thoughtsure a nut that big would be bitter. I thought sure that it wouldn't behardy, but at any rate, I planted a few, and I have a nearly perfectreproduction of those nuts, and one is very hardy and very productive, and the other is not quite so hardy. It's a huge nut and not soproductive. However, size has nothing to do with it. I noticed a certaintype and shape of nut was sometimes quite tender, and then again thesame shape of nut but different variety was quite hardy. 

I sold a lot of trees in varying sizes, keeping the small and the runtsand those that were injured by the tractor and other trees for myself, but I have enough varieties every year to come down and see somewonderful results. 

For instance, I slashed one up badly to dwarf it, and it had a little, wee nut that big (indicating). When I cracked that nut, the shell wascrammed full of meat, and it was exceedingly sweet, and it tasted like ahickory nut. So I cut my own throat, as it were. 

 * * * * *

DR. MacDANIELS: Mr. Chase's problem right now is to get these trees outsomewhere where they can be tested further, and he has asked any of youif you want scions to get in touch with him. 

MR. CORSAN: I say, send them south. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The farther south you go the worse they are. 

MR. H. F. STOKE: May I also say a word? Also send them north. Sometimesthe winter sun will start the growth activity, and then wind comes alongand kills it. The original Crath that was started in Toronto, I had itkilled back to five-year-old wood thick as my wrist one winter, when thesun moved it to activity. It was hardy in Toronto, but it wasn't hardyin Roanoke, Virginia. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Let's have a showing of hands of those who have thattrouble, starting in the spring and freezing back. (Showing of hands. )About five or six. 

 * * * * *

The next paper will be, "The Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania and Ohio, "Mr. L. Walter Sherman. 

MR. SHERMAN: Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Chairman: First I'd like to tellyou who I am. Some of you have been to my place and know who I am, butlast fall Pennsylvania started something new--a little bit different. They put on a survey of the nut trees of Pennsylvania. Two of us wereselected for the job, and I would like to introduce Dr. Anthony--standup so they can see. He and I were the two that were selected to put onthe tree crop survey of that State of Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania is a big state, and there is lots to see. They not onlymade it a survey of the nut trees, but any trees that are potential foodfor wildlife. Well, that made it the acorns and the honeylocust and, well, what have you, How big a job they hung on two fellows! Well, wehave done the best we can, and we want to bring you this afternoon justa little of those results. 

The Persian Walnut in Pennsylvania and Ohio

L. WALTER SHERMAN, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Department ofAgriculture Tree Crop Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

As members of the Northern Nut Growers Association, most of you arefamiliar with the early history of the Persian walnut, its introductioninto the United States by the early settlers, and how it finally found ahome in California. You also know of the more recent introduction intothis country of nuts and other material from the Carpathian Mountains bythe Rev. Mr. Crath, who was assisted by members of your organization. (1)

These recent Crath introductions are supposed to be much hardier thanthe former ones, and probably able to establish themselves in northernUnited States and southern Canada. 

When the Pennsylvania legislature authorized a survey of the nut treesof the state, very few people realize the foothold that the Persianwalnut already had in Pennsylvania. 

Early in this survey, we visited Fayette Etter, who is Pennsylvania'sLuther Burbank with nut trees. He is well informed concerning thePersian walnut in his section, and he surprised us by his estimate ofseveral thousand trees in his county of Franklin. The adjoining countiesof Adams, York, and Lancaster, along the southern border of the state, have fully as many trees of this species, so it is a very conservativeestimate that there are ten thousand of these trees in Pennsylvania. These are located, for the most part, in the southeastern corner of thestate below one thousand feet elevation. 

Local grown Persian walnuts were found on sale last fall in the farmmarkets of York, Lancaster, and Harrisburg and at many grocery stores. Wherever we found such local nuts on sale, we asked where and by whomthey were grown. Many of them came from Halifax and Linglestown, inDauphin County; from Lampeter, Lancaster County; and from Seven Valleys, York County. 

Farther investigation revealed the facts that in all but one of thecenters of production, the trees were seedling trees and that there werefrom four to 23 trees planted relatively close together. In oneinstance, a lone tree produced the nuts being sold, and in another casethe nuts were from several grafted trees. 

The lone tree, which produced three bushels in 1949, was of interest. Investigation revealed that the nearest Persian walnut tree was at leasta city block distant. Was this lone tree self pollinating or receivingpollen from a tree this far away? We still are not sure of the answer. 

Jacob Houser, of Lampeter, was selling Pomeroy seedling nuts and nutsfrom three Rush Persian walnuts grafted on black walnut stock. They weregrowing close enough for cross-pollination. 

Driving through the counties of southeastern Pennsylvania, we found manythousand seedling Persian walnut trees as shade trees about the farmhomes. Investigations revealed that most of these trees never producedany nuts. Repeatedly we are told that, "my tree never has any nuts, buta certain tree on an adjoining farm always produces, " or "I have twotrees, one of which bears quite regularly but the other never hasborne. " They are the same age and both seem to be growing equally well. Some produce only a few handfulls of nuts when they should be producingfive to ten bushels, judging by their size. 

You as nut growers know the answer, but the general public does not. Even some of you have made the mistake of planting one tree by itselfand expecting it to produce. This seldom happens. Mixed plantings ofseveral varieties or several seedlings planted close together is thesafe rule to plant by. 

I know of one planting of ten grafted trees of one variety of Persianwalnuts, now twenty years old, that has never produced any nuts eventhough they are planted so that cross-pollination would be expected. In1950 only a few catkins developed. These produced pollen early and wereon the ground before the pistilate bloom opened and was receptive. Inever saw a nicer pistillate bloom on any Persian walnuts than thesetrees had, yet not a single nut set. They are in the center of afifty-five acre black walnut orchard, and when the pistillate bloom wasat its peak, the black walnuts surrounding were shedding pollen. Do nottry to tell me that native black walnuts will satisfactorily pollinatethe Persian walnut. After this demonstration, I know different. Were allthe Persian walnut trees of Pennsylvania properly pollinated, the cropof nuts, in my estimation, would be increased a hundredfold over what itis normally. Lack of pollination is probably the greatest factor causingnon-production in our Persian walnuts. It is far more important that thefertility factor which is so important in production of the common blackwalnut. (2)

Fayette Etter and Milo Paden both feel that the Broadview variety isself-pollinating, but even this variety may prove to be benefited bycross pollination. 

The Persian walnut has developed in Pennsylvania and Ohio in a ratherinteresting pattern. Trees planted fifty to a hundred and fifty yearsago managed to live and produce nuts. From these trees, seedlings weregrown and planted by neighbors and friends. These trees and theirseedlings in turn have now grown to producing age. Some few that producegood crops of nuts you hear about, but the vast majority are justnon-producing shade trees. Until you look for them you little realizehow numerous they are. 

At Linglestown, Dauphin County, however, we find a striking exception tothis. Here all the trees are productive. The question there is not whydon't my trees produce, but is quite spirited as to who harvests thelargest crop and best nuts. 

About seventy-five years ago Alfred Kleopfer planted some Persianwalnuts of unknown origin, but probably from Germany. He grew threetrees which were planted, one beside the village blacksmith shop, oneacross the street, and the third at a neighbor's. One tree lived foronly a short time. The blacksmith shop has been replaced by a moderndwelling but the walnut tree was saved and has grown to be a tree 6' 6"in circumference and probably 60 feet high. The one across the street isof nearly equal size but the top has been damaged by storm and the treeis not as tall. 

These two trees were able to cross-pollinate and one tree was especiallyproductive. Miles Bolton recognized its value and began growing seedlingtrees and distributing them to his neighbors. Some of them were quiteskeptical and even refused to take them as a gift and plant them. However, he got the village pretty well planted to Persian walnut trees, so that today there are 145 nice trees within the village, and two smallorchards on farms nearby. 

Standing in the village square, one can see at least six Persian walnuttrees higher than the house tops. Pollination is not a problem, and alltrees are good producers. Young trees are in demand for planting, andseedling trees, coming up in the flower beds, compost piles, fencecorners, and other places where squirrels have hidden nuts, arecarefully transplanted to permanent locations. 

The story of the development of the Persian walnut at Linglestown, withminor variations of course, can be repeated many times in southeasternPennsylvania. In Linglestown, the development has been concentratedwithin a village, whereas in most places it has been spread over afarming community, with less opportunity for cross-pollination. Theresult has been a very high percentage of barren trees. However, Persianwalnut seedling trees have taken over and are making good in this milderclimate area of Pennsylvania. 

About the same can be said of northern Ohio, though the development isprobably 50 years behind that in Pennsylvania. The climate thereapparently is not so well suited to the Persian walnut, and fewer treeshave been able to thrive. A few, however, are growing nicely and theirseedlings are rapidly spreading. The Jacobs tree at Elmore, Ohio, produced 300 pounds of nuts in 1947, at 30 years of age, and many nutsfrom this tree are being planted. The Ohio Nut Growers are propagatingvegetatively from the outstanding trees and rapid development is takingplace. Named varieties are thus being developed from superior trees, andfuture success will be based on these named varieties rather than onseedlings. 

During the last few years, some of the seedlings developed from theCrath Carpathian importations are coming into bearing in parts ofPennsylvania and Ohio, and wherever I have seen them they look verypromising indeed. The Crath Carpathians are doing well at Mt. Jackson, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, along with Broadview, for Riley Paden andHoward Butler. A. W. Robinson, of Pittsburgh, has five trees of Crathseedlings, two of which are in bearing. All these trees seem to beperfectly hardy. The nuts of course vary, but all are good. 

Riley Paden, at Mt. Jackson, is grafting Broadview on black walnutstock, and for him this variety is doing well. He has about forty treesof it from two to fifteen years of age. His prize fifteen-year-old treeproduced one bushel of nuts in 1949. A sample of these nuts is on thetable for your inspection. Paden says he can grow Broadview anywherepeaches will do well. Fayette Etter at Lemasters, Franklin County, considers Broadview too bitter flavored for him. He thinks Burtner, which is a local seedling, superior for his section to all othervarieties that he has tested. 

With an estimated ten thousand Persian walnut seedlings growing inPennsylvania, the Pennsylvania nut growers are faced with a big task tosort out the best and get them tested in different sections of thestate. We should find the best half dozen varieties for each section. 

The Persian walnut is established in Pennsylvania and in northern Ohio. There are not just a few scattered trees having a hard time to survivebut there are many thousands of them, growing vigorously, some producingbig crops of fine nuts, others not producing any. They are ready now forthe intelligent development you can give to them. Nature has gone aboutas far as she will without your assistance. The job now is up to you nutgrowers. 

REFERENCES

 (1) Northern Nut Growers Annual Report Vol. Page Persian walnuts history of in Penna. Rush 5 93 history of in Cal. Reed, C. A. 6 51 introduction of Carpathian. Crath 27 103 distribution of Carpathian. Rahmlow 27 112 survey in Penna. Fagan 6 23 (2) Persian walnut protandrous. Craig 2 106

Discussion

MR. FRYE: How about butternuts for pollenization?

MR. SHERMAN: I don't know. I have one hybrid, and that's a sampledownstairs that I think is an English walnut crossed with a butternut. The nut looks like a butternut; the tree looks like an English walnut, but it has the butternut bark. They will occasionally pollinate, Ithink, but don't depend on them. 

MR. CORSAN: I'll tell you how you can tell. That butternut-Englishwalnut cross is the most powerful tree I ever came across, especiallyfor good wood. I got a tremendous one. 

MR. STOKE: I produced, I think, 22 seedling trees from the LancasterPersian walnut. About five per cent are hybrids. There was onestrong-growing black × Persian hybrid that I am sure of. There are threeor four very dwarfish trees that undoubtedly were crossed with theheartnut. They were all dwarf. I haven't been able to get one to bear. Ihave had one grafted five or six years on a black walnut, but that wasthe heartnut and not the butternut. 

MR. SHERMAN: That study of the hybrid is another story and reallydoesn't belong in this discussion at all. 

MR. CORSAN: Here is a point on that. When they are only that high(indicating)--if they are only babies, I can tell them. You know, occasionally. Look at the leaflets on the compound leaf, and if thereare over seven, they are hybrids, and if they are extra vigorousgrowing, they are hybrids, because they occasionally pollenize. 

MR. SHERMAN: Those are all characteristics of the hybrids, but here iswhat I want to bring out now, and Dr. Anthony is going to stress it onhis chestnuts a little bit later: You people have a wealth of materialto select from. Nature has gone about so far, and I am just a believerenough in what the Bible says, that God made the heavens and the earthand put man here to tend and keep it, and made him master of everythingabove the earth and every creeping thing on the earth and everythingbeneath the earth, and it is up to you fellows to direct intelligentlythis mass of material you have to direct. You have got nuts growingwhere they are hardy, you have got big nuts, you have got little nuts, you have got everything under the sun you can think of. What more do youwant for a nice job ahead? It's up to you fellows to do. It's going tobe not a one-year job, not a two-year job, not a five-year job; you willbe at this, and your children and your grandchildren. 

MR. CORSAN: Make you live long. 

MR. SHERMAN: Maybe you will live long enough, but it's a century's job, and not the job for one man's lifetime. 

(Loud applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Sherman. Any questions?

MR. CHASE: Yes, sir. I want to ask Mr. Sherman, should I be thinkingabout receiving 10, 000 entries in this contest?

MR. SHERMAN: No, because there aren't 10, 000 trees producing. Out ofthat 10, 000 maybe there are a thousand of them producing. The ninethousand others are nothing but shade trees, and never produce any nuts. You don't hear of them, but if you travel through York, Lancaster, andAdams Counties down there and look for Persian walnuts, you will findthem on--I was going to say 50 per cent of the farm homes. You can seethem along the road everywhere. 

My wife travels with me a good deal of the time. She will say, "Whydon't you stop and look at that Persian walnut? There are some overthere. Why don't you stop there?"

A MEMBER: Don't they bloom a month later than most of the others?

MR. CORSAN: Did you find a good French variety?

MR. SHERMAN: But those French varieties--I can't take you to a goodFrench variety in Southeastern Pennsylvania that has been producing thenuts. They produce the nuts, but folks won't even pick them up. 

A MEMBER: They are good for pollen. 

MR. SHERMAN: If you want a good pollenizer go to Fayette Etter and gethis Burtner. It's a very late pollen producer. This year I took somebuds from his Burtner and put them in the top of those ten trees in that55-acre black walnut orchard to see if I can't do something. Maybe itwon't stick--maybe I hadn't better tell you. 

MR. CORSAN: Mr. Chairman, there is one point raised by the last speakerthat's not understood; that the young black walnut trees, when theyfirst blossom, they come out with a mass of male blossoms. Then theEnglish walnut, when it comes out, it sometimes comes out with a mass ofpistillate flowers which people might not know are the female flowers. They make the nuts, but there is not even one catkin. I have seen thattime and again. 

Those trees in Russia would be dependent upon larger trees to pollinatethem. But here you have young trees, and you have to wait till they geta certain growth, and then they produce their catkins. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Corsan. 

The next paper, by Mr. J. F. Wilkinson of Rockport, Indiana, "Observations and Experiences with the Persian Walnut in SouthernIndiana. " Mr. Wilkinson. 

(Paper not available for this Report. )

DR. MacDANIELS: We have a choice of doing several different things. There are several other papers we have here, the authors of which arenot present. Then the other possibility would be to go on and have somepapers that require the use of the lantern, as long as we have this allfixed up. 

Perhaps the thing to do is to have Dr. Anthony's paper on chestnuts, using the lantern, and then have these other papers on the Persianwalnut summarized after that. Does that seem to be a reasonable thing todo?

(Chorus of yeses. )

DR. MacDANIELS: We will go ahead on that basis, then. Dr. Anthony hasthe talk on chestnuts. 

(This talk, withdrawn for revision, may appear in next Report. )

MR. CORSAN: Dr. Anthony, I knew Captain Sober very well, and he showedme quite a group--a double handful--of Korean sweet chestnuts. They werea little thicker than the native Pennsylvania chestnut, they are rounderand a little larger, but they weren't as large as some of the Chinese ornearly as large as the Japanese. What about those nuts, because, yousee, the blight killed all his Paragon chestnuts--you know, the crossbetween the European and the American chestnuts--killed them all offcompletely, as it did with me. 

DR. ANTHONY: In our detective work we were instructed to follow downthat plantation. Mrs. Sober is still alive, living in Lewisburg. Theplanting has practically disappeared. I am going over there next week. It is still with the man who wrote "Chestnut Culture in Pennsylvania. "MR. CORSAN: It broke his heart. 

DR. ANTHONY: We are going over there next week, but I think that wholeplanting has disappeared. When these things change hands, another mancomes in who is not interested, and things disappear very rapidly. 

(Continue with paper. )

MR. CORSAN: I want to tell you how to keep the deer out of the chestnutorchard. Plant filberts five feet apart all around the place, and afterwhile just put one single electrified wire five feet from the ground, and the deer won't get in through that. 

DR. ANTHONY: Glad to hear that, because deer is one of our problems. 

(Continue with paper. )

DR. ANTHONY: There is a tree beside the blacksmith shop, and the old manused to go there early in the morning as a boy to get chestnuts. Todayhe has taken down the old blacksmith shop and built a home, but hepreserved that tree in Linglestown. It practically covers his house, sixfeet six inches in trunk circumference, 60 feet high and a spread of 60feet. It isn't too long before we will have chestnuts that big to eatalongside the old blacksmith shop. 

DR. MacDANIELS. It is about three o'clock. We will take a five-minuterecess. 

(Whereupon, a short recess was taken. )

DR. MacDANIELS: For the first paper after the recess, we will call onSargent Wellman to speak to us about the Persian walnuts in England. Mr. Wellman. 

Notes on Persian Walnuts in England

SARGENT WELLMAN, Topsfield, Massachusetts

MR. WELLMAN: Members of the Association: I was fortunate enough to be inEngland last summer, and I agreed that I would say a few words about nutgrowing there. What I am really going to do is largely to read you a fewthings from some articles that I found there. 

I was very much impressed with the little interest that there is in nutgrowing in England, and I was very much surprised at it. Of course, youall know that the walnut grows there. The chestnut grows there. Thereare some fine, marvelous trees in Kew Gardens, of course, that I saw, and if you read the English poets, you will remember how they talk aboutchestnut blossoms on chestnut trees, but curiously enough, there is nowvery little interest. 

MR. McDANIEL. When they speak of the blossom, they speak of thehorsechestnut, do they not?

MR. WELLMAN: Not always, but there are pink flowered horsechestnuts inFrance, particularly, whole avenues of pink ones. The cob nut, as theycall the filbert, is very common there, grown in hedges. One year when Iwas in England previously I brought home a few in my pocket, and I havea seedling which grew from one of those, which is comparable to thefilberts I have, but apparently there is no interest in that, so far asI can see--I mean, any investigation and any experimentation andencouragement of its planting. But there is about the walnut. That's theone nut tree in which they are interested. 

I picked up two reports, both of them made by Elizabeth M. Glenn, who isthe woman connected with the East Malling Station down in Kent and isthe one person who is doing more with walnut work than anybody else, asfar as I could find out. Unfortunately, the day I was there she was onvacation, so I couldn't see her, but they were very kind to me and tookme around and showed me everything. 

As you know, the East Malling Station is the place where they have doneall that work with apple root stocks. This one is a reprint from theannual report for the East Malling Station for 1946. And then "The Menof the Trees, " which is a forestry society there which some of you mayhave heard of, have reprinted in the Autumn, 1949, number anotherarticle by Elizabeth Glenn on "The Selection and Propagation ofWalnuts. " And I think if I make a few comments and read a few thingsfrom these, you will be interested. 

She says, "The earliest record of a walnut tree in England is 1562, butremains of walnut shells have been found in Roman villas, and it isprobable that the Romans planted some nuts and raised trees in thiscountry. "

She says, "There is a large tree of it"--black walnut--"at Kew, near theentrance to the Rock Garden. " Of course there are some rootstocks, andthey are all specimen trees, but they are not used for nuts. She sayssomewhere here, "In this country the nuts are of little value, althoughin America they are used for confectionery purposes. "

The East Malling Station is really a fruit research station, as I said, and they are the ones who are primarily interested in walnut crops andnot timber production. "However, there is no reason why a tree shouldn'tproduce both good crops and good timber. "

"The French, have been grafting walnuts for well over 100 years, and thefamous Grenoble nuts all come from grafted trees of named varieties. "She emphasizes the fact that almost all of the English walnuts are grownon seedling trees and are very much inferior to those that come from theContinent and from this country. And of course that was the purpose oftheir work, to encourage the use of grafted trees. 

I was interested in this sentence: "The late Mr. Howard Spence began thesurvey and collection of good varieties growing in this country andabroad, and collaborated with East Malling in the trial of selectedvarieties. " He was always interested in our society and was an honorarymember of it for a good many years prior to his death. 

I was interested in the fact that the problems that they have over therein the way of climate and some other things are very similar to ourproblems. She speaks a good deal about the matter of climate. I willcome to that as I go along. 

"Work on walnuts, started at East Malling in 1925, soon showed that thebudding or grafting of walnuts out of doors was far too chancy in thisclimate to be relied upon as a means of raising young trees, " so thatall their grafting is done in the greenhouse, and they don't try to doanything outdoors. 

"Outdoor grafting can be done successfully only where the meantemperature from May to September is above 65° F. " Then she gives adescription of the greenhouse grafting, bringing in the seedlings andpotting them in November, in the fall, and then starting along inFebruary in grafting, and then taking them out and planting them in thespring. I won't go into that; there is nothing particularly interestingI think, for us about that. 

Patch budding she also describes. .. . She says it's a much cheaper methodthan grafting under glass but at the moment the results are far lessreliable. 

"The walnut will tolerate a wide range of soils so long as the drainageis good and the soil is not too acid. Lime should be applied beforeplanting, unless there is plenty present in the soil. 

"The site should not be in a valley or frost hole, because, although thedormant tree is quite hardy and can stand severe frost, the younggrowths and catkins are very easily killed by spring frosts. " They aretalking about the same problem we have. In fact, in spite of the factthat the weather is warmer than in Boston and New England, they don'thave the severe winters, but they do have this late frost. 

Manuring. They recommend mulching with farmyard manure or compost put onthe soil and worked in and no artificial nitrogen because that againgives too much late growth, and you have trouble with killing back. 

She goes over the problems that we have been talking about thisafternoon, about the time of leafing out in the spring and what thedifference in the varieties is and the effects of that on the winterkilling. 

Now, I am not going to read much more. I will just read over the namesof the varieties which may interest you. This first article, the 1946one, lists Franquette, Mayette, Meylanaise, Chaberte, Excelsior ofTaynton, Northdown, Clawnut, and Secrett. The latter article, which waspublished last year, says that in 1929, with the help of Dr. Taylor, theRoyal Horticultural Society held a walnut competition. "Over 700 entrieswere received and were subjected to severe tests. Most of the nuts werefar below the required standards, but five Were selected for propagationand further tests. The owners of the trees from which these nuts camesupplied scion wood to raise grafted trees for trial at East Malling. "The best ones came from a tree which they called "Champion of Ixworth. "The second one was called "Excelsior of Taynton, " which was in the listI read previously. Another variety is called "Lady Irene. " I am notgoing into the description of these varieties here, because if any ofyou are interested, you can get hold of these publications and get it. She lists the Stutton seedling and then the Northdown Clawnut. 

Also in this article she mentions the French varieties, of course, whichwere mentioned before. 

Well, I thought it might just interest you that in another part of theworld they are doing the same sort of thing we are, and they are havingthe same sort of problems and working on it. (Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Several of these papers which were scheduled will beeither summarized or read. One of them will be read now by Mr. Silvis ofOhio. The paper is by Carl Weschcke. 

Prospects for Persian Walnuts in the Vicinity of St. Paul, Minnesota

CARL WESCHCKE

Although I was asked to prepare a paper on the Carpathian walnut, I feelthat my other experiences with Persian or so-called English walnut (thebotanical name of which is _Juglans regia_) are also of some value tothose who might be tempted to try this species of walnut in coldclimates. 

When I first started my experiments with nut bearing trees, I includedthe English walnut among the possibilities for our section. Mr. J. F. Jones of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, gave me much information and a greatdeal of help in trying out what he considered hardy strains. There was awalnut tree in Boston, known as the Boston walnut, of which he sentscions, and which I grafted on butternut. This was about the year 1920, and was included in my grafting experiments together with black walnut, heartnut, hickories, and hybrids between hickory and pecan. Later on, hesent me scionwood from other known hardy varieties which I placed onbutternut, and many of these made tremendous growths but werewinterkilled the very first winter. None of the English walnut withwhich I continued experiments lived over the first winter until Ireceived scionwood from Prof. James Neilson of Canada, who sent theBroadview. These Broadview scions were grafted on butternut and blackwalnut, and a few of the scions survived for possibly three seasons, even producing staminate and pistillate blossoms and small nuts whichgrew only to about the size of a quarter and then dropped off. 

Clarence A. Reed arranged to have some small seedling Chinese strain of_Juglans regia_ sent from Chico, California; these were planted infavorable places and survived a few winters. I also planted seeds of theChinese strains which gave me no better results than the seedlings. 

Then I bought walnuts from A. C. Pomeroy, of Lockport, New York. Thesewere even more tender than other varieties with which I hadexperimented, although they were very much publicized by Mr. Pomeroy inthe Nut Grower during that era as being extra hardy, because they weregrowing near the south shore of Lake Erie. 

I next went to Mr. Jones, who was then selling quite a quantity of WiltzMayette and Franquette strains of English walnut grafted on blackwalnut. These proved to be among the most tender varieties I have evertested here. Then he sent me scions of the Hall and Holden varieties, which he felt were considerably more winter hardy, but here they failedto survive even one winter. 

We have not neglected the Rush English walnut either, which was testedin a similar manner without any good practical results. 

This now brings us to the convention at Geneva, New York, in 1936 whenthe Rev. Mr. Crath and George H. Corsan presented a new strain ofEnglish walnuts, known as the Carpathian strain, originating in theCarpathian mountains in Poland. This so impressed me that after talkingit over with my father we decided to finance a trip into the same regionthat Mr. Crath had been in, to locate new and better varieties for areal test. The story of the Rev. Mr. Crath's and my adventure alongthese lines, during the winter of 1936-37, has been printed in therecords of the Northern Nut Growers Association, and I will bring outonly the high spots that seem to be important 14 years later. 

In the shipments of hardy material collected were some 4, 000 scions ofpossibly a dozen different good strains of what Mr. Crath consideredhardiest and best. In addition to that, there were around 500 treesranging in size from small whips of one foot long to some that were overeight feet; also there were some 400 pounds of nuts to be planted toproduce seedlings. 

These nuts had been gathered from superior hardy trees with theexpectation that the seedlings would produce nearly true imitations oftheir parents in the quality of their fruit and hardiness. Theseseedling nuts produced somewhat over 12, 000 seedling trees, which wereplanted in about six large strips of land so as to give room forcultivation. The 500 trees received from Poland were planted infavorable locations and many of them are still alive. The scionwood wasput on native butternut and black walnut. Some of it was grafted toyoung nursery stock, but most of it was put on large mature trees, beingtop worked. Grafting was started in April and continued into the earlypart of June. The later grafts were much more successful than theearlier ones, although some of the April grafts grew and flourished. Many of these grafts bore flowers and had little nutlets but none ofthem ripened nuts. After about three seasons some of the grafts thatcontinued to live produced a few nuts. 

Three varieties were practically mature, and then the native insectpests caught up with them. Also, there was a black rot or wilt which Iam fairly sure was walnut bacteriosis disease, although specimens sentout to competent authorities did not corroborate this diagnosis. Whatturned out to be the butternut curculio attacked all grafted andseedling trees with such vigor that there was no way to combat it. Isprayed some of the grafted specimens and kept it up for several years, trying to hold on to them, but it became too much for me and myequipment; I doubt now whether any amount of poison would have saved thetrees because the butternut curculio is difficult to kill with poison. One of the varieties, known as the Kremenetz, grafted on black walnut, was sent to Harry Weber. It thrives and bears nice crops at his countryestate in Cleves, Ohio, near Cincinnati. He has sent me scions of thisvariety, and this spring I grafted them back on black walnut, as thebutternut curculio is not nearly as bad as it was when there was so muchEnglish walnut foliage for them to feed on (this foliage is their choiceover all other foliage). These insect pests also wiped out severalheartnut varieties which came from J. U. Gellatly, of Westbank, B. C, Canada; for next to English walnuts the curculio loves heartnut foliageand its new branch growth. 

We have about 60 to 70 acres of woods which contain a large percentageof butternut, therefore it is next to impossible to wipe out theirnative food. I doubt very much whether this would have benefited thesituation at all, as the curculio would have then centered all itsactivities on the English walnut foliage and perhaps have attackedhickories, pecans, and black walnuts, on which they sometimes try theirappetites. Hybrids between butternut and black walnut are viciouslyattacked by this curculio. Hybrids between English walnut and otherspecies of walnut which I have here also become a prey to curculio. Sothere is no trick species which would be immune to their attack. 

The English walnut usually vegetates too early in the spring to escapesome of our late frosts. Because this new growth generally contains theflowers, the fruiting of such trees would be very unreliable and onlyoccasional. We even have trouble with black walnut and butternut in thisrespect. The hickory is much better, and the pecan is even later inrespect to vegetation. I mention this because even though everything hadgone well it is doubtful whether reliable crops of English walnuts wouldever have been produced from the so-called hardy Carpathian series. 

A year or so following the experiment with the Carpathian walnut, Iimported about 100 pounds of seeds from Austria. They came in twodifferent lots: one of them was more expensive than the other seed, andit proved to be much the hardier. The larger lot of smaller seeds wasnot as hardy. Although we have several hundred trees of this better seedlot which remain alive, they are no better off in any respect than theCarpathian seedlings. In fact, I could not see much difference betweenthe behavior of these seedlings and the behavior of the Carpathianwalnut strain. 

While in California in 1939 I picked up about five pounds of seeds froma hardy tree growing in the Sierra Nevadas in Sonora, also some nativeblack walnuts. These survived a few years but finally were winter-killedentirely, root and all. The Carpathians are never killed out entirelybut continue to grow from the root systems, even though they are frozenback to the ground; but the insect and the fungus have destroyed manythousands of the original group of trees so that there are today perhapsbetween 1000 and 2000 living trees, which sprout up each spring and killback each fall with clock-like regularity. Among these; However, are afew outstanding varieties which extend some hope that there may be amongthese survivors one or more trees which resist the butternut curculioand have become acclimated, to such an extent that they do not entirelykill back but only a little of their new growth is killed. Thesespecimens usually are the ones that make a shorter growth during thesummer, in fact have more of a tendency to be a genuine dwarf type oftree. Three such seeding trees were known to have sprouted fromexceptionally large and very thin-shelled walnuts, which I believe theRev. Mr. Crath calls the giant type. 

I will now summarize and express my own private opinion regarding thefuture possibilities of introducing the English walnut into such anextreme northern latitude as we are in. First, experiments startedthirty years ago, which period gives a reasonable period of time thatany man should feel is necessary to devote to giving a species atry-out. Secondly, we have used material from every reasonably knownsource. Third, persons in charge had a reasonable amount of skill andsuccess with other varieties to have insured success if the material hadbeen responsive. My opinion, for what it may be worth, is that thespecies is out of its range in this northern latitude, more particularlybecause it is too tender to fight its own battles as to insect lifewhich attacks it, particularly the butternut curculio. Grasshoppers, leaf eating insects, and worms of different sorts, also attack it morethan they do other nut tree foliage. The possibilities of a break in thestrong cycle of insect life is a hopeful prospect which we are helpingby breeding tens of thousands of toads and frogs. This might allowsome, of the more vigorous specimens to acquire sufficient size toovercome this weakness. In my opinion, the climate itself is not themain governing factor which would kill out all hope of raising Englishwalnuts here; but certainly, coupled with the disastrous attack ofinsect life and susceptibility to blight, these three foes are almostinsurmountable. And then in view of the early vegetating habit of thesespecies, there is the possibility that even though you had a hardy tree, immune to insects, you would never get much fruit. 

Discussion

DR. MacDANIELS: Remember, the climate up around St. Paul is a bitrugged, and I think that work of that kind is certainly of value to giveus an idea of the limits at which we can grow these trees, but I don'tthink that we have by any means explored the whole field. 

In the Morris collection at Ithaca there is a little Persian walnutabout the size of the end of this finger (indicating), a very small nut, that was given to Dr. Morris by a consul from the interior of Asia up inthe Himalaya Mountains in Tibet, from of an elevation of about 10, 000feet. That little walnut had a hard shell, harder than some of ourshellbark hickory nuts, and a bound kernel that I would say was muchless promising than many of the nuts which we discard. 

Somewhere, it seems to me, in this vast range of material we ought to beable to find some variety or clone of these species that would beadapted to practically every part of the United States. There at Ithacawe have the difficulties with the Persian walnut mainly of winter cold. That is the absolute low temperature that wipes out the trees, now thatI have seen them come and go in my place there and in the vicinity. Theold Pomeroy strain is killed at about 20 below zero Fahrenheit. Itstayed there in fairly good condition up in the Lockport region untilthe extreme cold of 1933-34. Once the temperatures went down to nearly30 below zero, except for a small region around the Niagara peninsula, where it hit only 12. Those trees are still there in that littlecircumscribed area around Niagara, and we saw a picture of one of themin Mr. Sherman's collection. But the Pomeroy trees, I have learned--Ihaven't seen them myself--were practically wiped out, as were theothers, in what was thought to be the protected area along Lake Erie. 

I remember the trees on the Whitecroft farm along Keuka Lake. Some ofyou saw those when the Nut Growers Association met at Geneva. They areon a bench close to Keuka Lake, which up to 1933-34 had not been frozenover for many years. They had grown, produced good crops, were inexcellent condition, but that year the temperature went down to about 30below zero and stayed there for a number of days. The lake froze over, and the trees were severely damaged. A California redwood which wasthere--had been there for 80 years--was killed outright, and so it goes. 

Now, just for these Carpathian strains it seems to me that we havepretty well--perhaps you might say--licked this question of winter cold;that is, at least down to perhaps 30, 35 below zero Fahrenheit, but wecertainly haven't licked the problem of early vegetation. That is, itstarts out with warm days in the spring, the shoots get about this long(indicating), you get temperature going down to, say, 26, 27, 28, andyour shoots are all killed back and you have lost your year's crop. Sothat's the problem which in the selection of varieties for this northerncountry, we have got to keep in mind, as I think that's one thing tolook for among your Carpathian trees. It's one which will mature itsfoliage in the fall fairly early and which does not start out tooquickly in the spring. 

Now, we know there are some that don't start out in the spring, likethese Chinese types, but what we want is a combination of short-season, late-starting, winter-hardy walnuts, and I think we can find them if wekeep at it. 

I didn't start out to talk so long, but I thought that was perhaps asort of a summary of some of these things which we are looking for. 

DR. CRANE: I'd just like to make a few comments. There is one thing thatyou have got to be very careful about, I think, in watching for theselate-blooming Persian walnut trees that start in to grow, in Oregon, particularly, although the same thing is true in some areas ofCalifornia where we are growing large quantities of Persian walnuts. Youknow that a deficiency of boron will cause trees to go into a conditionwhich the growers out there now call "sleepers. " They will stay dormantfor quite a long period of time in the spring before they start growth. That's due to a severe boron deficiency. 

Now, we have a lot of boron deficiency here in the East, and in areas inwhich we have trouble with growing vegetables, like cauliflower that hasa hollow stem, or beets or turnips that split and crack, or where wehave so-called drouth spot or internal corking in apples, you can besure that you can't grow a Persian walnut, because the boron requirementalone is many, many times that of an apple or of most vegetables. 

In Oregon on the same soils where we are growing apples, we put on ahalf a pound of borax per tree to control boron deficiency on apples. Onwalnuts we have to use anywhere from five to ten or twelve pounds for atree of the same size. We have to have a boron content in walnuts very, very much higher than that of apples. We have got to be careful aboutthat. 

So if you do find late-sleeping walnut trees, or walnut trees that arelate in starting to grow, you will probably find that is a result ofboron deficiency. 

MR. CORSAN: Mr. Chairman, I visited the Pomeroy Nursery in 1934. I had, in my own planting, about a score of trees and they were a most amazingsight. The big trees were all seriously damaged by that 1933-34 winter, as were all Ben Davis apple orchards. So what amazed both of us was thefact that Pomeroy's young trees weren't dead. [2] Of the Pomeroy, all thebig trees were dead. I ordered some more from him, and I planted them, but the trees froze down to the ground. Just as a very few varieties ofthe Crath Carpathians did. They froze twigs and they froze buds andsometimes they froze the trunk. Only a couple of Carpathian varietiesfroze down to the ground, but every one of the Pomeroy did. I was quitesorry, because I had a Chinese English walnut from North China that wasextremely hardy and lived through that winter almost undamaged. Thenut, though, had a bitter tang, and Pomeroy's nuts were quite sweet anddelicious, but I haven't a Pomeroy on the place. They are all stonedead. 

[2] See Mr. Gellatly's paper in this volume. --Ed

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Mr. Corsan. 

Mr. Harry Weber will give us a paper by Gilbert Becker on Persian andblack walnuts in Michigan. 

Grafted Black and Persian Walnuts in Michigan

GILBERT BECKER, Climax, Michigan

The performance of grafted Persian walnuts in southwestern Michigan hasbeen so satisfactory that I would not hesitate to recommend them, inpreference to grafted black walnuts. One of the nicest things aboutgrafted Persian walnuts is that when they start to produce nuts, theybear _every_ year--there is not an off-season, as with the black walnut. Our locality may be especially suitable to them. Our skies are cloudy, and it is cool through much of the spring, thus preventing early growthbefore conditions are right for the buds to develop unhampered by latespring frosts. We have had an occasional late freeze that caused thelower nuts to drop, while the higher ones remained on the tree, unharmed. 

In this article I would like to answer briefly our most often askedquestion, as to which varieties do we think best from our experiencewith them? Our climate must be quite different from that found aroundIthaca, New York, because we have never had winter injury in certainPersian varieties, as occurs in that area. (And we had 26 below zero inFebruary, 1949. ) An instance of this difference is in regard to theMcDermid variety, which happens to be our choice. We honestly believethe Crath No. 1 variety to have great commercial possibilities, becauseof its heavy production of large, thin-shelled nuts, of average quality. The Broadview is another. The Carpathian "D", apparently, pollinates theCrath No. 1 well. This one, however, is small, with a very white kernelthat is sweet. We have many other varieties producing, some with theirfirst crop this year; but we are not able to recommend any of them yet. 

The black walnut varieties must be rather limited, because of thebrooming disease trouble; so we select from those that are quite able toresist it, or that seem immune to the trouble. The Thomas and Grundyvarieties lead with us, and two other local nuts, the Adams and theClimax, rate high in our estimation. We have some nice grafts of theHomeland bearing their third crop, which we like very much, and theyappear disease free. The Elmer Myers, Michigan, and other varieties arenow badly affected with brooming disease. 

Several years ago I reported on my observations on the brooming disease. Now, I wish to report a little more upon the subject, especially inregard to how certain varieties have withstood its ravages. I hesitateto make any estimation as to how prevalent the disease is in the wildblack walnut today, for it could be quite a controversial subject, withsome claiming I was very wrong. Anyway, many of our native walnuts arenow affected. Outward appearances are often very deceiving; but, whenone cuts the top off a seedling and attempts to graft it, he may beamazed at the broomy growth that soon appears from the stock, should hisgraft fail to take. Trees that appear healthy, but have made slow orpoor growth are often affected. Short, twiggy, upright growth that soonbecomes dead or partly so, and arises from the main framework of anapparently healthy tree, is one of the signs that disease is there. 

I have claimed there are two, or possibly, three forms of broomingdisease, and I am still as convinced as ever. The so-called"witches-broom, " as commonly seen in the Japanese walnut, is the formmost people seem to think of. The second form is the rapid-growing type, that lops, or arches downward, is gray or green in color of wood, isvery brittle and easily broken in the wind, ripping off good sizedlimbs, and winter-injures badly. An investigation, will, however, showmuch dead wood comes before severe weather. This form has some broomy, upright growth, like the first, but it is never bunched. The other, orpossibly, the third form, is the latent type that doesn't seem to domuch harm, merely causing poorly filled nuts. The latent form isdifficult to note, and can be detected only by the many short, dead, orpartly dead, upright twigs scattered along the main framework of oldertrees. Cutting off part of the top will cause the typical growth toarise, thus identifying itself. 

Early observation showed that certain walnut varieties were almostunaffected, or could even be immune, to the brooming disease. Differentlimbs of a large tree were topworked to the Thomas and the Allenvarieties of black walnut. The Allen "took" the disease at once, whilethe Thomas grew thriftily and has always produced good crops of nuts. Later, the Calhoun variety was grafted on some lower limbs, and hasremained healthy. The diseased Allen grafts are still in the tree, arenow 15 years old, and are more or less alive, but in very poorcondition, with the signs as found in what I call the latent form. In1938, the McDermid Persian walnut was grafted into this same tree, andits grafts produced good crops of nuts. 

I wish to cite another instance of how little the Persian walnut isaffected, regardless of variety. In 1938 a large black walnut near thehouse was grafted with Persian grafts, on stubs that had failed theprevious year. The tree had the second, or rapid growing form, ofbrooming disease. I have pictures showing how badly the 1938 grafts tookthe rapid growing form of growth; while two 1937 Persian grafts showedno signs of trouble. The tree started to bear in 1941, and has maderemarkable growth. It is now one of the nicest Persian walnut trees Ihave, bearing heavily every year. It is about 30 feet tall and 20 feetbroad, with no apparent signs that it was ever affected. 

I feel we should recognize the fact that eradication of brooming diseaseis impossible; but one should plant, or graft, those varieties known tobear good crops in spite of this trouble. The Thomas and Grundy blackwalnuts do very well here, as well as the two local nuts mentioned. I donot know of any Persian varieties affected. I do not have any Persiantrees with the typical broomy bunch, as is so often seen in the Japanesewalnut, and its hybrids. The native black walnuts, when affected, seemto fail to fill properly, are immature, and watery, black veined, andworthless at harvest time, shriveling to a dark, hard, kernel whencured. 

I think this answers the oft-asked question, "Why do not my blackwalnuts fill as they used to?" There is a strange relation to thefilling of the native black walnut and the days of 1934 and 1935, whenwe had the great walnut caterpillar scourge!--when the trees werestripped of all their leaves. Ever since, we have had the broomingdisease to contend with. One could jump to the conclusion that improperfilling and this trouble were caused by a lack of certain nutrients; butseedlings in nursery rows are often affected, even where they are givenevery care. 

At one time this spring I thought I had found a new way of"bench-grafting" walnuts. Seven grafts, on black root, were made inDecember, and were planted directly in a frost-proof coldframe, aslilacs can be grafted. All seven grafts made good growth, that is, overthree inches, by early May, but failed later. There is only one alivetoday, I do not think this an impossible method, but there must be abetter way of handling to give success, such as attention to shading andcareful watering. One may find more on this subject in "Propagation ofTrees, Shrubs, and Conifers, " by Wilfrid G. Sheat. 

In our greenhouse work we have used several nutrient preparations, withpoor to good results. There is one that has proved quite remarkable, andmay be of use to the nut grower. Our concern has been to promotegreener, healthier leaves, and the product "Ra-Pid-Gro" is mostoutstanding. Our tests in regards to nut growing are very limited. A panof Chinese chestnut seed mixed in pure sand was set under the greenhousebench last winter. The seed sprouted too early to be planted out, andtrees have been left inside. Since the sand had no food value, Ra-Pid-Gro was applied to the leaves, allowing the drippings to go intothe sand throughout the summer. Today, the little seedlings are indeednice. Outside, a Persian walnut had yellow-toned leaves, and Ra-Pid-Growas applied--now the leaves are green! It is amazing how quickly yellowleaves will become green. This appears to be a very useful product. 

_I believe we can have scions too dormant to graft!_ Last winter I hadto make a new scion-box for storage, so copied it after the Harringtonmethod, sinking it in the ground north of some evergreens. Scions havekept perfectly--maybe too perfectly--because they were absolutelydormant at grafting time, and have given poor success. It was ratherlate to save scionwood when I received an order to cut some of Mr. Hostetter's "Special Thomas" wood, so I cut a little extra for myself, and some wood from a little seedling Persian walnut that I wished tohasten by topworking. The buds were very much swollen that day, and theterminal buds were partly expanded. At grafting time I was quitesurprised to find the wood I had cut late to be in exactly the samecondition as it was the day I cut it. When grafted, every sciongrew--all nine grafts made of the little Persian walnut were smallerthan a lead pencil--and were _pithy_ as well! This experience is soencouraging, I hope to have most of my wood in this advanced conditionanother year. Absolutely dormant wood might well be brought out ofstorage several days before grafting, in order to get it adjusted fromwinter to summer conditions. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I think Dr. Crane is going to talk about the bunchdisease tomorrow morning and will give us some indication about the workthat has been done with that. 

This matter of dormancy of scions we could probably get into an argumentabout, but that isn't the subject right now. 

MR. CORSAN: I find that you mustn't go cutting back much. They don'tlike to be pruned. They are an open tree that grows a branch here, abranch there. They don't get anything like the dense branches of, say, the Turkish tree hazel. They are the very opposite, and they don't wantto be pruned, and if you go pruning them, they are likely to have thewitches'-broom. 

MR. McDANIEL: There is another paper by Mr. Ward of Lafayette, Indiana, "The Carpathian Walnut in Indiana. " The first part of it, theintroduction, covers pretty much the same thing we have heard beforefrom some of the other speakers about the Carpathian strains in thiscountry. 

The Carpathian Walnut in Indiana

W. B. WARD

Extension Horticulturist, Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

The Carpathian or hardy Persian walnuts (_Juglans regia_), as grown inIndiana, are nearly all seedling trees resulting from the desire of somehobbyists to try something new. Other than a few exceptions, most of theseedling trees were planted during the period of 1934 to 1938. Credit isdue to the Wisconsin Horticultural Society in offering the seedling nutsfor sale and from these plantings numerous trees grew and fruited. A fewtest winters, with the temperature as low as minus 20 degrees F. , leftonly those trees hardy in wood and bud. The seedling trees underobservation have been fruiting for the past six to eight years, withsome trees producing as much as five to six bushels of nuts per year. 

The tree grows best in well drained, fertile soil and a bluegrass sod. Small amounts of nitrate fertilizer, about the same quantity used onfruit trees, have stimulated growth and no doubt have helped in thesizing up of the nuts. The tree does not do well under cultivation ormulching, as winter injury to the tree has been recorded when comparedto bluegrass sod. There is also a possibility that the tree will respondto applications of liquid or soluble nitrates when mixed in spraymaterials. Six walnut trees were sprayed with "Nu Green" on May 9th andMay 28th, 1950, using the same mixture as is recommended forapples--five pounds per 100 gallons of spray mix. These trees wereobserved weekly, and by late August had made more growth and gave betterresponse than trees in comparable unsprayed rows. As the walnut treesare of different varieties, no definite comparisons may be drawn, butthe trees so sprayed outgrew the unsprayed plot, although both plots hadreceived a spring application of fertilizer of equal amount. 

Set of Fruit Depends on Pollination

The best yields of fruit are found on trees that have a good pollinatorclose by. Oftentimes the catkins of the Persians dry up, fail to shedpollen when the pistillate flowers are receptive or fail to producestaminate flowers. It was noted early this spring that the catkins onthe Persians were very few. Pollen was gathered from the butternut(_Juglans cinerea_) for pollinating the pistillate flowers that openedearly. The mid-season flowers were pollenized with black walnut(_Juglans nigra_), and the later blooms were fertilized with pollen fromthe heartnut (_Juglans sieboldiana cordiformis_). Many of the pistillateflowers were bagged and remained receptive for a long period. 

The best set of fruit on trees this year is on trees that have eitherthe black walnut or the heartnut near by as pollinizers. The pollen fromthe butternut seemed to dwarf the fruit size on those trees where thepistillate flowers were bagged in the Purdue planting. We have littledoubt that the Persian walnut develops a preponderance of pistillateflowers and relies on pollen from kindred species for a good set offruit. 

Nut Displays Have Educational Value

The interest in the Persian walnut in Indiana has developed to theextent that several commercial fruit growers have set out smallacreages. Most of the trees are seedlings from trees previously fruited, although several growers have budded or grafted the better seedlings onthe native black walnut. The public has become enthused through thevarious displays at local and state fairs and through the state nut shownow being held annually. The exhibits have brought out some verydesirable seedlings, each listed under the owner's name. Some of theseedling nuts have averaged about two inches in diameter, and 12 yearold trees have produced as much as 50 pounds of cured nuts. 

The largest Persian walnut tree found in Indiana is at Lafayette, itbeing 12 inches in diameter and possibly 40 feet high. This tree hasbeen fruiting for the past 15 years. There are probably five or sixbushels of nuts on this large tree at the present time. This tree wasplaced as a yard tree for its ornamental value and for the fruit. 

Numerous persons have inquired about the Persian walnut as a specimentree in their landscaping program and the demand far exceeds the supply. As many of the elms, oaks, and some chestnuts are going out from diseasetroubles, the Persians may be used as a replacement. The food value ofthe walnut compares very favorably with that of other native nuts, according to Dr. A. S. Colby, of the University of Illinois. 

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- % Water % Protein % Fat % Carbo- % Ash No. Calories hydrate per Pound Persian walnut 2. 8 16. 7 64. 4 14. 8 1. 3 3305 Black walnut 2. 5 27. 6 56. 3 11. 7 1. 9 3105 Hickory nut 3. 7 15. 4 67. 4 11. 4 2. 1 3495 Pecan 3. 0 11. 0 71. 2 13. 3 1. 5 3633 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Nut Data Important in Classification

Three students enrolled in Horticulture have classified several of theseedlings. Paul Bauer, 1947-48, and Edward Burns and Gilbert Whitsel, 1949-50, have been using such information for their special project workas graduate and undergraduate students. These workers found a differencein the habits and performance of the seedling trees and two suchexamples follow. 

Nut Data Sheet

 1. Common Name: _Fateley No. 1_

 2. Scientific Name: _Juglans regia_

 3. Source or Owner: _Nolan Fateley_ City: _Franklin_ State: _Indiana_

 4. Average Size: inches 1. 7x1. 8

 5. Average Number Per Lb. : 23

 6. Average Wt. Each Nut: 15. 8 _gm. _

 7. Shell Texture: _Wrinkled and furrowed_ Crackability: _Very good, thin shell_ Separation: _Very good_ Average Wt. Per Nut: 7. 1 _gm. _

 8. Kernel Color: _Light tan_ Quality: _Very good, bland_ Average Wt. Per Nut: 8. 7 _gm. _

 9. Percent Kernel: 40. 5%

 10. Remarks: _Exceptionally large, well formed kernel, appealing taste. Bore 50 lb. _ _1949. Tree set as 1 year seedling 1939. _ (_Carpathian strain. _)

Nut Data Sheet

 1. Common Name: _Fateley No. 3_

 2. Scientific Name: _Juglans regia_

 3. Source or Owner: _Nolan Fateley_ City: _Franklin_ State: _Indiana_

 4. Average Size: inches 1. 3x1. 54 _long_

 5. Average Number Per Lb. : 34

 6. Average Wt. Each Nut: 12. 3 _gm. _

 7. Shell Texture: _Smoothly wrinkled_ Crackability: _Very good, paper thin shell_ Separation: _Very good to best_ Average Wt. Per Nut: 6. 9 _gm. _

 8. Kernel Color: _Light tan_ Quality: _Good, desirable taste_ Average Wt. Per Nut: 6. 4 _gm. _

 9. Percent Kernel: 54. 5%

 10. Remarks:

 _Fairly large, well filled, attractive shape and size with a thin shell. This seedling placed first at the Indiana State Fair and the State Nut Show, 1949. Tree medium in size, planted as one year seedling in 1939. This tree bore 24 pounds of cured nuts in 1949 and has been in good production for 7 years. (Carpathian strain. )_

The descriptions given of the two Fateley trees are typical of some ofthe forty seedlings coming from various parts of Indiana, as shown inthe following list. 

The distribution of the Persian walnut to the public depends on theability of the nurserymen to propagate and list the available varietiesor unnamed seedlings. There is a great demand and a wonderfulopportunity for the hardy Persian walnuts all over the Middle West orwhere apples will produce, not only for the nutritious fruits but forthe ornamental value and for something different. 

Indiana Counties with Carpathian Walnuts Under Observation and Test

(North to South and West to East on Map)

 Northern

 Porter (on Lake Michigan) Elkhart (adjoins Michigan) La Grange (adjoins Michigan) Kosciusko Whitley Allen (adjoins Ohio) Miami (Peru here) Wells

 Central

 Tippecanoe (Lafayette here) Carroll Howard Grant Delaware Henry Wayne (adjoins Ohio) Marion (Indianapolis here) Rush Johnson (Franklin here)

 _Southern_

 Greene (Linton here) Monroe (Bloomington here) Brown Gibson (adjoins Illinois) Pike Posey (adjoins Illinois and Kentucky) Vanderburg (Evansville here) Warrick Spencer (Rockport here) Harrison (Last 5 counties are on Ohio river, opposite Kentucky. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Is Mr. I. W. Short of Taunton, Massachusetts here, ordoes he have his paper here?

MR. McDANIEL: I haven't received it. 

There is a paper here, however, "Notes on Nut Growing in New Hampshire, "by Matthew Lahti of Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Wellman. 

MR. WELLMAN: This is very short. It is just a report of bad winters inNew Hampshire. Mr. Lahti I knew in Boston. His farm is in Wolfeboro, NewHampshire, about 75 or a hundred miles north of Boston. 

Notes on Nut Growing in New Hampshire

MATTHEW LAHTI, Wolfeboro, New Hampshire

I will bring up to date my experience on nut growing in Wolfeboro, N. H. , and supplement my reports for the years 1947 and 1948. 

We had late frosts this spring, so that there is not a peach on any ofmy peach trees this year. This may also account for the fact that thereare no black walnuts either on the Tasterite, the wood of which haswithstood the winters very well, or on the Thomas. The Thomas blackwalnut which I reported in 1948 as having suffered no winter injury theprevious winter, apparently did suffer considerable damage, which becameevident later. It has borne no nuts since, and there is a lot of deadwood this year and the leaves are sickly looking. I am afraid that thetree is going to die. 

The filberts, Medium Long, Red Lambert, and No. 128 Rush x Barcelona, which started to bear in 1947, have since then borne a few nuts eachyear, but the crop is not heavy enough to recommend them for planting inour climate. While the wood suffers no winter injury, the catkins forthe most part get winter killed and, consequently, there is a verysparse crop. What is needed for northern latitudes is a filbert thatwill ripen in our fairly short growing season, and whose catkins areimmune to winter kill. The Winkler seems to be more hardy than theothers, but the nuts do not ripen. This year even the Winkler catkinswere killed, although the catkins of a wild hazel growing nearby werenot. 

I have two Crath Persian walnuts planted in 1938 which are the survivorsof perhaps a dozen seedlings. These two trees have shown no injury. Oneis bearing seven nuts this year for the first time, and the other one, bearing for the second year, has 80 nuts on it at the present time. Lastyear the squirrels got all the nuts so that I could not evaluate them, but I will take precautions to save some this year. 

The Broadview Persian walnut has thirty nuts on it this year, but thewood of the Broadview definitely is not hardy in our climate. 

Summing up my experience with the various nut trees as previouslyreported, I would say that our climate is not suited for commercial nutgrowing, but for home use named varieties of butternuts and hickoriesthat crack out easily and possibly one or two of the Crath walnutsshould give satisfactory results. My chief difficulty with hickories hasbeen the poor union at the graft, resulting in slow starvation and deathin a few years. I have only three left out of approximately 25 treesthat I have planted. 

MR. CORSAN: A professor from the University of New Hampshire wrote to methat they were very much interested in planting a nut arboretum. Doesanybody know what result came of it? I sent them some hybrids of theJapanese heartnut (female blossom) crossed with our native butternut(male blossom). 

DR. MacDANIELS: I guess they are somewhat interested. They have verylittle possibility of growing very much except the butternuts, andsometimes hybrid filberts. 

MR. WELLMAN: I have a friend who is up a little farther north than that, in Woodsville, and they have been urging him to set out filberts forwildlife food there, and he has shown me some of those that he hasstarted. It's been quite a movement up there. I don't know how wide. Hehas about a hundred seedlings that are used for propagation by thestate. 

Is the Farmer Missing Something?

JOHN DAVIDSON, Xenia, Ohio

(Read by title)

The farmer is a specialist; a producer of edible crops. Like any otherspecialist, his thinking tends to be channeled along the lines of hisspecialty, to the exclusion of other lines. 

For example, the average farmer probably knows little and cares lessabout teleology, metaphysics, or, let us say, forestry. He is a farmer. He makes his living by raising crops. And yet, a better knowledge andpractice of forestry will not only make him a better farmer wherever heis located but, in certain locations, this knowledge and practice isabsolutely essential to his continued existence. 

In a recent decision of the U. S. Supreme Court upholding a decisionmade by the Supreme Court of the State of Washington, a principle hasbeen approved which may have a profound influence upon our futurewell-being. It affirmed the constitutionality of a Washington State lawwhich requires the owners of land used for commercial logging to providefor its reforestation. 

Such a law is novel indeed. What? May private owners of the earth'sresources not use or destroy them as they see fit? The court, in effect, says they have no such right. In the court's own words, the "inviolatecompact between the dead, the living, and the unborn requires that weleave to the unborn something more than debts and depleted naturalresources. Surely, where natural resources can be utilized, _and at thesame time perpetuated_ for future generations, what has been called'constitutional morality' requires that we do so. "

The New York Times, in commenting upon this revolutionary but perfectlysane decision, says: "Time is truly running short; the annual cut ofsaw-timber, with natural losses, is 50% greater than annual growth. .. . If the individual forestland owner is too lazy, short-sighted, orindifferent to act, the Federal Government will have to enter thepicture. "

It is a complex picture. The American farm owner is, by everyimplication, also involved along with the forestland owner. He, too, hasa duty to the unborn, but it is an opportunity as well as a duty. It isonly because of what J. Russell Smith calls his insane obstinacy, thatthe average farmer is now operating a one-story agriculture in place ofa two-story agriculture. If he were thinking and doing more about hisdebt to the unborn, he would also be serving himself better. 

I am convinced that the farmer is the key man in forest husbandry. Andthe best way to interest him in tree planting is through hisspecialty--through _crop_ production. A _two-story_ agriculture! Treecrops along with other crops!

The farmers' education along this line has been very inadequate. We havebeen very stupid. Can we never learn to begin, as Hitler began--as theRussians are even now beginning--with the nation's children?

Perhaps we are learning a little. It is heartening to know that schooland community forests are fast increasing in number, notably in NewEngland. When fully used and well managed, they can work a revolution inthe thinking of the young people who are so fortunate as to have some oftheir schooling out in the open. These future American leaders arelearning at first hand through the ways of the woods how to make thework of their hands live far beyond the span of their lives. 

Perhaps, as the result of this training early in life, a new interestamong the farmers will emerge and some of our sins of omission will beremedied. As a planter of trees for the future, the American farmer, both of yesterday and today, has notoriously, thoughtlessly, anddisastrously failed both his children and himself. By all standards, heshould be the first-ranking tree planter of the land. As a matter offact, it is practically impossible to interest the average farmer atall. State experiment stations and forestry departments make some effortto stimulate interest in the planting of trees by furnishing seedlingstocks of forest trees at nominal prices and by issuing occasionalbulletins. However well intentioned and, within their limits, well donethese bulletins may be, the fact remains that in proportion to theirnumbers, farmers are still not notable planters of trees. Perhaps onereason for this failure is that most of the literature upon the subjectseems aimed at lumbermen, and not at farmers. As to the bulletins whichare aimed primarily at the farmer, examples of advice on forestry whichis given in these rather too specialized and somewhat near-sightedpublications are typically of the following kind: "Fence off the woodlotand never pasture it, " "Use your best land for field crops; your wasteland for trees. " "You are interested in nuts? You can not have nuts andtimber, too. "

It is evident that these rules are prepared by foresters--not farmers. Is it any wonder that the inquiring farmer finds them ratherfrustrating?

It should be remembered that practices which are valid and helpful inthe care of an already existing forest or woodlot where mature growth isperiodically harvested and where young sprouts are encouraged forreplenishment may be of little use in the management of an entirely newplanting of certain kinds of trees where cultivation, at least for atime, is necessary. Deep-rooted trees, for example. Such rules have beenof little use to me in my own planting of American black walnuts upon anOhio farm. Indeed, to have followed them would have been disastrous. 

My planting is not large. It is modest enough to be within the power ofnearly any farmer. It has been treated as a farmer would treat it, without too much pampering. We now have a few more than three thousandtrees planted upon forty acres. Most of them are now fifteen years old. Here are some of the things we have learned in fifteen years from ourtrees:

1. Trees spaced 80 feet apart in good deep soil have not made as muchgrowth as seedling black walnut trees spaced 8 feet apart in rows 20feet apart, also in good soil. However, these wider spaced trees aregrafted pecans and Persian walnuts. 

2. The seedling trees which stand in good soil have made surprisinglygood growth. Some better than 8 inches diameter, breast height. Onemeasured tree has grown 7 feet 1/2 inch this year to date--Aug. 20. (Nofertilizer used, but cultivated. ) Those which stand in shallow, thinsoil are dwarfs, worthless. Walnuts have deep taproots. They need deep, rich earth. 

3. Trees grown from planted seed make the best timber trees. Upon theother hand, if production of known quality is the primary objective, grafted trees of known varieties must be planted. The seedling _of goodparentage_ is an exciting gamble. It may be, and usually is acommonplace producer of nuts. Upon the other hand, it is more likelythan the tree of poor parentage to win a place among the namedvarieties, set aside for propagation by budding or grafting upon otherstocks. 

4. Walnut seedlings like human beings tend to show marked inheritedtrends, erratic and undependable though they may be. Thus, seedlingsgrown from vigorous and upright trees _tend_ to be vigorous and upright. Conversely, trees of poor parentage, either as timber or nut producers, will tend to reproduce the poor characteristics of their parent. This ismore markedly true where the parent tree stands isolated from the pollenof other walnut trees of the same species. 

5. I have found no real evidence that walnuts of our planting are toxicto other trees standing immediately beside them. To test this, weplanted a few apple, peach, and plum trees in the walnut rows. Theystill stand literally arm in arm. This is, of course, all wrong. No treeshould be so crowded. The apple trees monopolize space by excessivelateral growth. The plums send up unwanted shoots from their roots. Thepeach trees are passing out. Two or three of the apple trees are halfdead. Others still live, but I am not very hopeful that, after thewalnut trees are more mature, any of the apples will survive. The usualdiseases and insects, plus shading by the walnuts seems to account formost if not all of the dead trees to date. 

6. Grass growth is excellent right up to the trunks of all of the trees. It has never been necessary for us to lose the use of the land uponwhich the trees are planted. While the trees were young, of course, nopasturing was permitted. The land between the rows was cultivated. Inthese strips we raised berries and other crops. Now that the trees aretall enough to be beyond the danger of damage from livestock, we grazethe pasture under and between the trees. No damage is evident fromtrampled earth (the walnuts are deep-rooted) and the hazard of fire iseliminated because there is now no need to mow excessive grass, weeds, or brush. 

7. The most precocious seedling walnuts began to bear nuts at about 7years of age. New bearers are coming in each year. All are still countedas adolescent trees, yet, last fall, picking up the nuts from none buttrees marked for their better quality of nuts, we gathered some 40bushels of nuts in the shell. 

8. Today, we can count about 2, 000 walnut trees which promise to be ofgood timber quality 35 years hence. At a reasonable estimate, 1, 000trees will then survive, be 50 years old, be worth $50. 00 each, atpresent prices. Total, $50, 000. 00. This represents an annual incrementin value of $1, 000. 00 per year for the 20 acres which are closelyplanted to black walnuts. Can the average farmer _save_ that much in hislifetime? Can even the exceptional farmer do it on 20 acres? With aslittle investment of money and work? If so, how?

Any farmer can do as well, or better, without losing a singleimmediately productive acre. Why doesn't he?

The answer is in the very nature of the farmer's business. As hasalready been said, he is primarily a producer of food. If trees stand inthe way, he chops them down. He has always chopped them down. It hasbecome a habit. If the farmer is to be persuaded to change his ways andturn to planting trees, instead of destroying them, I repeat, theentering wedge into his interest will be, I believe, throughdual-purpose trees--trees for food crops, as well as for timber crops. Of these species, the black walnut of eastern America is probably themost outstanding one of all, at least in the mid-section of America. Thebutternut--"white walnut"--flourishes better in the north. The chestnutis another--a tree almost literally raised from the dead by the effortsof a few miracle workers like Dr. Arthur H. Graves of the ConnecticutExperiment Station, who, with others of his kind, has been in the throesof producing a blight-resistant, tall-growing hybrid timber tree out ofthe bushy Chinese chestnut, a producer of the sweetest of nuts. Thepecan, too, is being pushed northward. Great groves of wild pecans havefirmly established themselves along the Ohio River. Their timber isfair; not wonderful. The mulberry tree is still another. The Americanspecies produces a timber which is remarkably durable under ground. Itsfruit is not sufficiently appreciated. It makes an unsurpassed jam orjelly or pie when combined with a tart fruit like the cherry, grape, orcurrant. And who does not know the precious wood of the wild cherry? Itsrosy warmth of color is the pride of the "antique" connoisseur; itsfruit beloved by birds and squirrels; its juice, the secret of thecherry cordial. Even that foreigner, the Persian "English" walnut, ofCarpathian strains, is pushing north into Canada and the East Coastregion. Its wood, too, under the name of "Circassian, " is famous for itsfigured beauty[3]. 

[3] Some of the "Circassian walnut" is another genus, the wingnut(Pterocarya). --Ed. 

One might go on and on with a list of trees and tree crops easilyavailable, mostly native, all of which should be both figuratively andactually right down the farmer's alley. 

Perhaps the education which can come through the agency of many schoolforests will in good time turn the attention of young and impressionableminds to the potential wealth to be found in the trees. Normally, theyoung, who, of all people, should be forward-looking, are leastconcerned with the long-term future. They are not given to making plansor building estates for their grandchildren. As a consequence, theplanting of trees is traditionally taken over by the aged, or at leastby the mature. This is all wrong. The young farmer who plantsinteresting trees is preparing for some of the most exciting andprideful moments in the years which follow. And he is also building, atlow cost, and with little labor, a priceless estate. 

How to Lose Money in Manufacturing Filbert Nut Butter

CARL WESCHCKE, St. Paul, Minnesota

Inasmuch as there are so many words of wisdom and advice showing thereader how to make money in different ways, I have started a new line ofcaption with the hope that it might serve as a warning for those whowould stick their necks out, as the term applies to those people whoventure beyond safe margins of restraint. Since this is a recital offacts, and since Professor George L. Slate has requested me to report onmy experiences, I submit the following for what interest it may hold forthe readers. 

Most ventures are backed by optimism of some sort or other, coupled withsome experience, capital, hopes, and ambition. The project which sparkedthe entrance into the manufacture of filbert butter was the success thatI was having with hybridizing our best native hazels with the best knownfilberts, such as crossing of the wild American hazel with Barcelona, DuChilly, Italian Red, Purple Aveline, Red Aveline, White Aveline, alsofilbert strains from J. U. Gellatly of Westbank, B. C. , Canada, andstrains from J. F. Jones, hybrids, European strains of filberts from theCarpathian mountains, and any right pollen which could be obtained fromknown filbert parents. Today we have over 2, 000 seedling hybrids ofwhich between 500 and 600 have come into bearing. Some of these arereally surprising varieties of the combination hazels and filberts, buta complete history of the hybridization work and the results reallydeserve a separate account to be published some time in the future. Imerely mention this because the success of these plants in producingnuts leads me to contemplate the future production of these hybrid nuts, called Hazilberts, [4] on a large scale. 

[4] Another coined name, by Mr. Gellatly, is "Filazel. "

My problem was to engineer a scheme whereby I could interest farmers insetting out small acreages of these plants and guarantee that therewould be a market when the plants produced nuts, which would be in aboutthree years from the time they were planted. Seeing that the filbertproducers in the west were struggling for a better market, sinceconditions were not too favorable for the filbert in its competitionwith the foreign nuts and the California produced Persian walnut, Idecided that nuts in the shell were a little bit old-fashioned. Many ofour prominent members of the NNGA have from time to time advised themarketing of nut kernels rather than nuts in their natural containers, and I thought a step in the right direction would be to manufacture aready-to-eat product from the kernels. And what could be nicer than abutter similar to peanut butter?

So I began scouring the market for a grinding machine that would grindfilberts to the consistency of a smooth peanut butter. My first machinewas a Hobart peanut grinder. When buying this machine the mistake I madewas to let the agent of the manufacturer demonstrate how good it was togrind Spanish peanuts; I should have had it tested on filberts as theyare much tougher, even though they do carry more oil. This machine wasinstalled, but it was a complete failure and I decided to buy moreexpensive machinery, and also put in a cracking plant and buy the nutsby the ton or carload, if necessary, directly from the growers on thePacific Coast or through their organization, the Northwest Nut Growers. I located a satisfactory machine for the purpose, which required about 7horse power to run. Since this was during the war and no motors of theright speed and power were available at the time, I set up my owngenerating plant, using a 25 kilowatt generator driven by a Dieselengine which generated direct current so that I could use direct currentmotors which I already had among my machinery supplies. Then aseparating machine, which required a 10 horse power motor just tooperate the fan, which is part of that equipment, was purchased. Also, anut cracking machine was secured from a West Coast manufacturer. Alongwith tanks and containers and other necessary equipment, all set up in alittle factory building I had available for that purpose, I commencedthe manufacture of filbert butter on a commercial scale. 

The product was declared by every one to be excellent. We were quitesure of this since we had taken pains to buy up any product thatpurported to be a nut butter, and had tested those products in many waysto assure ourselves that we had a product superior to anything that wecould find on the market at that time. The Owens Illinois Glass Companydesigned our label and gave us the benefit of their experience withcontainers. Then we placed our initial order for glass containers andre-shipping cases. Every detail in handling this material was properlytaken care of, to insure that if the orders came rolling in we would beable to supply the demand and have our shipments reach the consumer infirst class shape. 

Then we initiated an advertising campaign, coupled with sampling, andreceived many fine letters which encouraged us to hire a salesman whosold the product to the stores in the Twin City area so as to haveproper distribution. Advertising was done also in two nationalmagazines, so we sat back, hopefully anticipating the big orders that wewere soon to receive. The reorders from the local stores came in slowly, too slowly for our set-up. We received suggestions from the storekeepers and from other persons that perhaps the product was too highpriced, so we made experiments in other towns where we set the price solow that there was no profit. In fact, there would be a loss of moneywere we to do business on that basis. Yet there was no stimulation ofsales due to this reduction in price. 

Many good suggestions came in; among these was the suggestion that theproduct lent itself nicely to an ice cream topping; by mixing it withhoney or with syrup we interested our largest manufacturer of ice creamin this locality and he did a lot of experimental selling. He was verycooperative. He also sold it in his branch stores as milk shakes;everybody liked it. No complaints whatsoever except that the managersaid it was too expensive to compete with a chocolate flavor on which hemade much more money. Finally this whole thing fizzled out and wasdiscontinued. 

The next experiment was with candy; as a candy center it was one of thefinest tasting confections that had ever been made, but the oil whichwould ooze through the chocolate coatings prevented the practical use ofit. You see, the filbert has about 65% oil, and when it is ground intoa fine, creamy butter, this oil will come out and sometimes be an inchor more in depth over the top of the butter in the glass container inwhich it was marketed. So we investigated several methods by which wecould eliminate the oil. We could pour it off and sell the oilseparately; we could emulsify the product with the addition of certainemulsifiers, so as to keep the oil mixed with the starch and protein ofthe filbert nut. We tried many ways; there is only one method that wehaven't used and that is to combine solidified or hydrogenized peanutoil with the filbert butter in order to prevent this liquid oil fromrising to to the top of the product. The reason we did not do this isquite apparent--we did not want to mix peanuts and filberts, as weconsidered peanut butter a cheaper and inferior product. We could nothope to compete with peanut butter with the prices already set forpeanut butter recognized by the trade. 

Among the products that came to our attention, however, was one whichhad both filbert butter and solidified peanut oil in it. When we testedthis product among many of our friends, they declared it tasted too muchlike peanut butter. It spoiled the delicate, fine flavor of the naturalfilbert butter (which we were marketing without adding any sort ofseasoning, and without roasting the product the way peanuts are roastedbefore they are ground into butter. )

Now, if any of you readers think that we have left out somethingimportant which would have insured the success had we done it that way, we would certainly like to hear from you, or we have some nice machinerythat we will sell cheap in case you want to experiment with it yourself. I would be the last one to condemn the future possibility of producing acommercial nut butter, and yet it is strange that the only successfulnut butter is not a nut butter at all. Peanut butter is not a nut butterbecause peanuts are a legume like a pea or bean. To my knowledge, we donot have any nut butters on the market today with the exception of thecashew nut butter, which recently had a distribution in our locality, but which seems now to have run its course much as our products did. Webought the cashew butter and tried to interest everybody to use it, justto see whether it was any different than our product in its popularity. In our meager tests we found that the filbert butter was slightly morepopular than the cashew, since the cashew reminded people too much ofpeanuts again. It was also very expensive. However, there must be a wayto make a satisfactory butter out of filberts or hybrid nuts, as theycarry the hope of the cheapest nut product, which is fundamentallynecessary to manufacture a popular food item. 

The method of propagation of the Hazilbert is by layers instead ofgrafting--layering is a cheaper and more satisfactory method. Also, thenuts are the most satisfactory to crack as they have no inner partitionswhich would require intricate machinery to extract the kernel. Theirkeeping quality is excellent; we have tested this out over a number ofyears, and filbert butter properly processed will easily keep a yearwithout turning rancid or having an unfavorable flavor. The tonnage ofnuts that can be produced on an acre of land is unbelievably high. Ihave measured individual plants and their production, and the area thatthey covered, and it is safe to say that we can expect to produce a tonof nuts in the shell per acre in favorable locations on good deep soil. Even at 10c per pound for the nuts this is a good return. New methodsof gathering the nuts after they fall from the involucre or husk arebeing discovered and improved by the western growers from time to time, so that the old expensive method of hand-picking is being eliminated. This should make the filbert even cheaper to harvest. 

It is not my intention here to discourage the manufacture of filbertbutter, but to point out the difficulty that I have had personally topromote the idea in a commercial way. Neither is it my intention tostimulate too much interest in the planting of the new filbert varietieswhich are still under test. I feel that it is necessary to test a plantfor at least a five-year period before it can be singled out as a plantto propagate. We have not yet reached the point where we care to sellthese plants, as much better ones might crop up among the untestedplants, which number over 1000, and which have never yet had a chance tobear so as to show what they can do. At some future time I expect towrite an article on filbert hybrid culture (Hazilberts) for the wholecentral, north, and northeastern part of the United States, and at thattime I believe that tests will have progressed to such a point thatrecommendations can be made. 

DR. MacDANIELS: There was one more paper that the Secretary has that wasnot scheduled, from Mr. Elton E. Papple, of Ontario. Title, "Filberts, Walnuts, and Chestnuts on the Niagara Peninsula. "

Filberts, Walnuts and Chestnuts on the Niagara Peninsula

ELTON E. PAPPLE, Cainsville, Ontario

My brother and I have been interested in growing nut trees for sometime, and have had some interesting experiences and some success. A fewyears ago, Mr. Slate sent us from Geneva some varieties of filbertswhich he considered quite hardy. We purchased some from Mr. Gellatly inWestbank, British Columbia, some from Mr. Troup, Jordan Station, Ontario(near Vineland); also from J. F. Jones Nursery, then in Lancaster, Pa. Mr. Slate sent us scionwood and we grafted these scions in the springand layered them shortly afterwards. By the following spring they wererooted well enough to be planted out in the nursery row. This gave usour material to work with, and about the third year we started makingcrosses between different varieties. The first year we obtained quite afew crosses, and had a good number of these seeds to germinate in thespring after taking from stratified storage and planting them in thenursery row. These trees have now started to come into bearing, and theypromise to be better than their parents in some instances. 

We made a number of crosses since, but we have been very busy and theyoung trees of these crosses have just about perished through neglect. In this last lot we had a cross of the filbert on the beak or hornhazel[5], and of a cluster of three, had one to grow, which in turn waspromptly eaten off by a rabbit or rodent of some description. The reasonfor this cross originally, was that, so far as we could see in the lastfifteen years the male catkins never winter-kill; whereas filbert treesare subject to this hazard. Some of the filbert varieties have theability to withstand changeable weather and not lose all of theircatkins. Others will winter-kill in the wood as well. We have removedall our Barcelona and Du Chilly trees because they winter-killed almostone hundred percent. 

[5] Corylus rostrata. --Ed. 

With the experience we have had with filberts, we believe that beforethey could be commercialized, it would be necessary to have hardycatkins that will withstand changeable weather: not altogetherresistance to extreme cold, but to temperatures that vary from warm tofreezing in a few hours. A mulch does help where the warm period is fora short duration; but last winter we had a week or more of warm weatherin January, with rain and then a cold snap. Even then, some of thecatkins on the German varieties and others came through fairly well. 

Selection of varieties for machine cracking or eating from the shellshould determine varieties one should grow, but hardiness should be thekey factor in selecting varieties. The following table shows some of thecrosses we made. Most of these seedlings have borne a few nuts to date, but we cannot give anything definite as to whether the catkins arehardier than those of the parents. 

 Table of Crosses:

 Female Male

 Italian Red Medium Long " " Red Lambert Medium Long " " Cosford " " " Vollkugel Comet Cosford " Vollkugel Craig Red Lambert Gellatly Vollkugel Carey Red Lambert Fertile de Coutard " " Barcelona Vollkugel Seedling (W) Red Lambert " (E) Vollkugel

I would like to make a few remarks on our heartnut and Carpathian walnuttrees. Most of the heartnut varieties came from B. C. And we think thatMr. Gellatly has some of the best obtainable anywhere in North America. The Bates heartnut from J. F. Jones Nursery seems to be very hardy here, and quality of nut is very good. We have found--comparing a heartnutrootstock which grows two weeks later in the fall than some of our blackwalnuts--that the same variety of heartnut will live one hundred percenton black walnut stock and winter-kill severely on the heartnutrootstock. We believe that the root system for the north, eitherheartnut or black, should be carefully selected for its growth habitsbefore considering its use as material for rootstock in grafting orbudding. I might add here that we also found that if the variety ofheartnut was not hardy, it did not help any in regard to hardiness touse black walnut at the rootstock. There is a good crop of heartnuts onthe trees here this year. 

In grafting Carpathian walnuts on black, we found that some varietiesgraft or take more readily than others. Also some would give a betterunion. The Broadview winter-kills with us, but it is not hard to graftit almost one hundred percent. We have quite a number of the Carpathiansbearing and they seem to be quite hardy, of good size and quality, andbear every year. As the catkins were killed on all but one variety, dueto the unseasonable weather experienced last winter, there will be onlya light crop. The hardy variety has late blooming male catkins whichmight account for its catkin hardiness. It is of good size and excellentflavor. Possibilities for commercial planting of these Carpathianvarieties in the north appear promising in favored localities. 

Our Chinese chestnut trees seem to be hardy and this year have produceda few burs for the first time. We have planted out about sixty youngtrees this year and they are all growing nicely. The weather has beenwet and just the thing to get them started. 

Our hickory trees, which we grafted, are growing well and we set somemore out last year. When we started grafting hickories, we had onehundred percent failure, but kept at it until we got almost a perfecttake. The hickory seems very slow in forming a union. A lot can happento the graft before it gets started. Filberts graft as easily as apple. Our findings in grafting nut trees are that any amateur can graft appletrees, but nut trees are something different. We have a number of oddsand ends besides what has been mentioned. 

Being a member of the N. N. G. A. Has helped us in growing nut trees, andthe information in the Annual Reports should help anyone who has justbecome interested in growing nut trees. The information is up-to-dateand fairly accurate. All one has to do is apply his findings to his ownplanting. 

MR. CORSAN: Doctor, in that same neighborhood is a man who called on mewho has a nut aboretum of 40 acres on Grand Island in the Niagara River. That's above Niagara Falls, of course. I thought he'd call again, but Ididn't get his name, or at least I have lost it, and what do you thinkhe is growing in the way of nuts? Can anybody guess:

A MEMBER: Coconuts!

A MEMBER: Peanuts!

MR. CORSAN: I am growing coconuts in Florida--but on that one 40-acretract on Grand Island, New York--he lives in Buffalo--he is growingevergreen nuts from Swiss stone pine (_Pinus cembra_), Korean pine, Philippine pine, _Pinus Lambertiana_, _Pinus Monophylla_, _Pinus edulis_and Digger pine (_Jeffreyi_). He is growing these evergreen pine nuts, and he says he is making very good success of it. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: Chas. F. Flanigen is his name. He's a member. 

MR. WEBER: I'd like to ask the members, or those present, whether theyhave failed to sign the registry of attendance. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That ends the formal program this afternoon. It's alwaysbeen a criticism that things are too crowded. We have an opportunity nowfor about half an hour to visit, look over exhibits and then later on wewill meet at six o'clock at The Stone Chimney. 

(Whereupon, at 4:35 p. M. , the Monday afternoon session was closed. )

MONDAY EVENING SESSION

DR. MacDANIELS: Without any question at all, I think, the most importantsingle consideration in determining the planting of nuts is the matterof varieties, and I know that Dr. Crane has some ideas along that linewhich he wishes to develop, and without any further talk on my part, Iwill introduce Dr. Harley Crane, United States Department ofAgriculture. 

(Applause. )

Nut Varieties: A Round Table Discussion

H. L. CRANE, Chairman

DR. CRANE: Mr. President, members of the Northern Nut Growers'Association: I think it is, without a question of doubt, of the greatestimportance that we consider this question of varieties. After all, avariety of any plant, in my opinion--which I think can be wellsupported--is the most important thing that anyone can consider when itcomes to planting or developing a nut tree or a fruit tree or anythingin the fruit line. We can cultivate and fertilize and spray and doeverything that is needed to be done today in a modern fruit or nutorchard farm, but if the variety is not suited to the climate, if it isnot a good variety, all our efforts that we make towards developing agood tree and bringing it into fruiting are wasted. 

I know that every one of you appreciates old varieties of corn and justwhat has been done in our new varieties of hybrid corn, how hybrid cornhas changed the variety situation. Now it's hybrid this and hybrid that, because hybrid varieties are generally superb. 

Now, at this time in our nut work we are a long way yet from growinggood hybrid varieties, and I feel that there has been an effort on thepart of a lot of people to capitalize on the word "hybrid, " becausehybrid corn has been such a success; and we figured that by carrying itover into other plants, particularly the nut trees, we would get thesame remarkable performance from hybrid nuts that we do from hybridcorn. But that is not the case. 

We will come to that some day in the future, maybe--not in our lifetime, but we will have hybrid varieties, because, after all, our greatimprovements that have come in most of our plants, in corn and in wheat, and in other plants, have come through the mixing of the genes, or thecharacters that we have differing between species. 

In our nuts, now, with the exception of hicans, we are still dealingwith pure species, and most, if not quite all, of our hicans areworthless at the present time, largely because of sterility. 

A good variety is the most outstanding thing that a horticulturist canget or can have, because of the fact that it does have the character init which will make good growth. It will set a lot of nuts, it will carrythem through to maturity and it fills them, and if a variety doesn't dothat, it's not a good variety. Then after we get the nuts filled, cracking quality, eating quality or oil content, and all these thingscome next. 

Now, this brings us next to the very important consideration of how arewe going to get a new good variety? Well, we can do that by selectingfrom seedling nuts, or we can make controlled pollinations, crossingdifferent varieties, or varieties of different species, planting thenuts or growing new trees and then selecting out of them those that havethe desirable characters. 

But the first thing that we have got to do after we have either selectedthe nut or made the hybrid and selected the nut is to evaluate the nutas to whether it does have the first character, or proper characters, that we ought to have in the nut. Does the crop ripen evenly? Whether ithulls readily or comes free of the husk is a minor consideration, provided that the nut itself has the desired characteristics. By that Imean, does it have a good, large kernel which is well filled and brightin color, or good flavor free from any objectionable characters? Howabout its shell, percentage of shell in relation to kernel? Those aresome of the things that we have first got to consider. 

That's what we can do in holding our contests to find good varieties. Those are the ones submitted by growers and others. They are incompetition with nuts from other sources, and then the committee, orsomeone, goes over and rates them, and places them, just as has beendone by Mr. Chase and others in their Carpathian walnut contest formembers of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. 

Now, at the present time we have no standard method for evaluating thenut. It's the opinion of the judges that do the scoring or rating whichdetermines the placing that the nuts get. Well, now, that's one of thethings that we members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association havebeen working on for a long while, but we still haven't arrived at anydefinite place. 

Well, then, what's the next step that we take up? The next thing we do, some growers find out that a Persian walnut from Mr. Shessler, forexample, placed second in the contest this year. They will get somescions from Mr. Shessler, or somebody else, and they will make a fewgrafts and grow some trees, and then they will make a study of thesenuts and find out how well they do and what they are like under theirconditions, and that's about as far as it goes. 

Well, now, we cannot continue to do that kind of a job, as I see it. Ifwe go back over the reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association wewill find that this matter of varieties is discussed in a very largemajority of the papers that have been presented. But those that havetaken part in investigations and in advising the public, like those inthe Extension Services of the colleges, those teaching in theuniversities, those doing research, like myself, anybody who has toanswer correspondence from would-be nut growers, almost always get thequestion, "What variety should I plant?" Then they put it up to me orDr. McKay, or Dr. Colby, and think that you could just name right andleft, and they ask, "What varieties shall we plant?" They put you rightdown on the spot. Here you are, you are supposed to be a real expert, know all things, and they are asking you for advice, and they will takethat advice and carry it out. 

Now, today it puts a fellow in an awfully hot spot, because as you readthe reports of the Northern Nut Growers' Association you find that thereis absolutely no unanimity of opinion. Every grower is absolutelycertain in his ideas, and they are different from every other grower's. 

Well, you can't recommend them all. It's really impossible. Now, this isone of the things that the Northern Nut Growers have been dealing withall of these years. This is the forty-first annual meeting. You'd havethought in 41 years we'd have come up with something, but we haven'tyet. Now, I feel that it's about time that we stop and take stock of oursituation. 

I am not going to do the talking tonight, I am just making a fewsuggestions and trying to direct the thought a little bit. But one ofthe nuts that we have done so much with and have said so much about inour reports is the black walnut. It's very interesting to read thereports on varieties of black walnuts and how those who have grown blackwalnuts differ in their opinion, regardless. Well, I don't know. When Iget a letter coming in from most anywhere in the country wanting to knowwhat variety of black walnut to plant, do you know what I tell them?

MR. CALDWELL: Let them find out for themselves. 

DR. CRANE: No, sir, they will never find out, not in their lifetime. Itell them to plant Thomas. Thomas, Thomas Thomas! Why?

MR. KINTZEL: Because we know more about that than any other. 

DR. CRANE: That is right. I expect there are four or five times as manyThomas walnuts propagated and sold by nurserymen in the United States asall other varieties. 

MR. CORSAN: It always has a bigger crop, too. 

DR. CRANE: It bears, that's one thing. It may not always fill, butThomas is a good variety. But we in the Nut Growers' Association haven'tthe nerve to come out and say the Thomas is a good variety. It has itsfaults. I know I am going to be wrong in a lot of cases by plantingThomas. 

MR. CORSAN: But don't plant it outside the peach belt. 

DR. CRANE: Well, the peach belt is an awful lot of territory. I know Iam going to be wrong, but I know I am going to be safer with Thomasvariety than I would be with some of the others. 

Now, I think that it's time, and I think that the biggest thing that theNorthern Nut Growers' Association can do is to give very serious thoughtand take action at this meeting some way looking towards theAssociation's giving consideration to methods and means whereby we canproperly evaluate varieties that we have that are growing so that we canrecommend and tell others the varieties that they should grow. 

You know, here is the situation exactly. In the territory of theNorthern Nut Growers we don't have a commercial industry at the presenttime. I doubt if there is a single family of the Northern Nut Growerswho are here that depend on the sale of nuts for their living. Well, when your living depends on something, you take an awful lot of interestin it. And that has been true in the case of apples, for example. Idon't know how many there are, but twenty years ago or more there havebeen fifteen or sixteen thousand apple varieties that have beendescribed and have been planted and propagated, and you can name all ofthe commercial apple varieties grown in the United States almost on thefingers of your hands. That is, the important ones. Oh, the list hasgrown, would probably take in 200, but that 190 hardly make a drop inthe bucket as compared to the ten big ones. 

Well, the same thing is true with peaches. The Elberta peach just iscompletely outstanding. It's a big commercial peach. Now, in all of theAssociation here, almost every paper that is presented always has somecommercial aspect mentioned in the paper, but we could never have anycommercial industry as long as we are fooling with a lot of thesevarieties with nobody giving them the serious consideration that theydeserve, in an effort to properly evaluate them. 

This evaluation of a variety is our problem. I have given an awful lotof thought to it over the years and how to get around it, how to come upwith the proper answers within the near future so that we can be of helpto others and stop a lot of our amateurs, those who are attracted to theindustry, from making mistakes and getting discouraged. That is theproblem. And that is the thing that I want all of you to be thinkingabout tonight and help us with the suggestions. 

Now, we could just start almost, I expect, in dogfights, if we were toconduct this round table to get to discussing the different qualities ordesirability or other aspects among varieties, and each fellow would beright, because I know there wouldn't be agreement. It would make aninteresting round table, but I don't know how constructive it would be. So I have tried in these preliminary remarks to get you to thinkingabout this problem, of evaluation. 

Now, there is one other way that we could go about it. For years we havehad in the Northern Nut Growers Association a group of officers that areknown under the title of State Vice-Presidents, and I think if you judgeby their performance in the past, the main reason that we have had theseState Vice-presidents is that we were attempting to confer some honor onsomebody, the honor being in having them so designated and their namespublished as State Vice-presidents in the proceedings. In many casestheir performance hasn't warranted that honor, because, after all, avice-president is supposed to be a working vice-president, not anornament. The ornament is supposed to be the president, if we have anysuch thing. At least, that's what I have heard. I have never beenpresident. And I have thought that if in the consideration of our StateVice-presidents we select the ones who are particularly active and verymuch interested in this variety problem and in the Northern Nut Growers'Association, that we might take up this variety problem and get usinformation by two ways. 

One would be through surveys made in their states by contact with thegrowers, either personal contacts or by letters. Then those reportscould be assembled, and we could have our variety committee over all, sothe Association could attempt to evaluate. That would be one start. 

Another thing would be that our State Vice-president in collaborationwith the President, would appoint a state committee. Now, we have a lotof growers in some states that are vitally interested. In Pennsylvania, for example, and in Ohio and New York we have a lot of growers who aremembers of this or state associations that are vitally interested inthis thing. You have a State Vice-president appointing a committee incollaboration with the president of the National to evaluate the varietysituation as it exists in their state. 

Now, we would expect them to do some honest work on this thing and comeup with a report in which the different members could agree. Then wewould be nearer getting unanimity of opinions. We have got to get thissome way so that we can agree upon what we do with the answers toindividuals better than we have been doing in the past. 

There may be some error to this. Well, you see, I know that some of youmust be familiar with the New Jersey Peach Testing Association. I am notsure just what the name of it is, but it's something like that. 

A MEMBER: New Jersey Peach Council. 

DR. CRANE: It has been a great power and a great help in regard to theselection and evaluation of peach varieties in the State of New Jersey. In New Jersey the experiment station has had a peach breeding programgoing for a number of years. They have done outstanding work, and theyhave brought out some very good varieties. Well, the station hasselected the good ones and discarded the poor ones, or what they thoughtwere the poor ones. They call in members of this Peach Growers' Council, and they have the peaches evaluated. They are passing them on to thefruit growers. "Do you think, in your opinion, that this would be a goodpeach for us to grow? Is it better? Does it have better flavor thanother peach varieties?" They will, out of that group, select some ofthese new ones, maybe. Then the New Jersey Experiment station will seeto it that the trees of these varieties are propagated, and they aregiven to the members of that Association in order that they can plantthem under their conditions and grow them to fruiting and see how theydo. 

Well, then, this committee still continues to evaluate them, and if themembers of the Association say, "Well, that's a variety we should grow, "then they will grow it. If they feel it isn't as good as some theyalready have, they throw it away and that's the end of it. But theydon't clutter up the variety situation with a lot of poor stuff. Andthey make profits, because always two heads are better than one, eventhough one is a sheep's head, as the old saying goes. Well, when you getfour or five or more in a group and they agree, you can be sure thattheir opinion is far better than five individual opinions or judgments. 

I am very anxious to see that tonight we agree in open discussion ofthis whole variety evaluation problem and that we start work some way, somehow, towards working out some means whereby we can properly and moreeffectively and more quickly evaluate our varieties than we have up tothis time. Now, that's the end of my story. The talk and the rest of itis up to you folks. 

Mr. Anthony and Mr. Sherman have been working over here in Pennsylvania. They have found a lot of new material known only to a few people. Theyare just wringing their hands over there to know how in this wide worldthis stuff can be evaluated, the good saved, and that which is notworthy of doing anything with, well, "just pass it up" and let it go. That's the way we make profits. 

Their experience is no different from all the rest. We have nut growerswith whom I have had correspondence in years past who want to propagatematerial that this Association should have flatly condemned years ago, because the majority of the group here knows it is worthless, but theyjust haven't done it. Now, it's time that we change this thing, or Iwill tell you frankly in a lot of ways the Nut Growers' Association hasbecome a social institution, rather than one which we learn from andrecommend practices to the new groups that are coming on to keep themfrom making mistakes. 

Now, I have talked from the bottom of my heart tonight, and I want someof the rest of you here to express your opinions and give suggestions asto how we might do that. 

MR. WEBER: Dr. Crane, I think I will start the ball rolling, and I thinkOhio has taken the lead in the very thing you have been talking about. It's the Northern Ohio group. They have been very active in finding outthe better nut varieties that were suitable to Ohio conditions, both theblack walnuts and the hickories. They have conducted contests, both forblack walnut and hickories. They practice what they preach. They havetraded their information. They are up in the northern part, and I amdown in the southern part, too far to be included with them, so I am notblowing my own horn; I am blowing it for the other fellows. And I thinkthey are a worthwhile group, and if you look to the membership in thisAssociation in Ohio, I think it has the largest membership. And you getthat Northern Ohio group, they test out varieties, and a man will fightfor a particular one in his group against the variety from another. Andso they are not afraid to stand up and say what they think. 

But having done that, we need the aid of our different state agriculturegroups. You must have a place where they can go and put those trees on atesting ground so the people can go there and see them. You can go thereto this Ohio experiment station and you will see this variety growing, or you go over to the other branch and see this variety growing, andthen when they find the state has taken it up, it gives them confidencemore than a fellow blowing his horn for one variety against anothervariety. 

You have to get the members in their own states to form their own localorganizations and carry out what you have been talking about here andfind out in their particular states which are the best varieties. Andthen you get a starting point, and each individual state's agriculturalexperiment station should take it up, follow it up, if they have thefunds. Where if one individual gives his mite and then his health failsor life fails, why, he has contributed his mite, and it will beperpetuated. But if it's on my place or someone else's place, the nextfellow doesn't appreciate it, and if they need the wood handy, downcomes that tree. It has no memories from then on, and it's notperpetuated. 

So I think some of the Northern Ohio members--I think Mr. Smith is here, are there any other members? Silvis--deserve a lot of credit. 

MR. McDANIEL: I would like particularly to hear if the Northern Ohiogroup has got together on a discard list. Have they agreed on any onevariety they don't want to plant?

MR. STERLING SMITH: I am glad you brought out the black walnut. I ammore familiar with it than with other species, and I have beenpersonally thinking along your line for several years. We have in blackwalnuts probably over 200. I started to count them up one time. I got196, and I know there were more than that, I don't know how many. Andamong those nearly 200 varieties of black walnuts I am confident theremust be 150 at least that aren't worth being grown--that is, in NorthernOhio. They may be good in some other places, or they may be worthwhilefor experimental purposes. But to grow them for commercial means or forhome use, they are not good varieties. And I have suggested to differentones eliminating them, or trying to work out, say, maybe 25 or 50 andthen from those 50 try to pick out ten. There has not much been done onit. There is a lot of difficulty in a situation like that. 

DR. CRANE: That's right. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: Here is one thing: What one person has varietieswhich correspond with what his neighbor or somebody ten miles down theroad will have? We will take Grundy, for example, or Rohwer, some ofthose. Two or three of them might have that, but the ten or fifteenother members in the near vicinity won't have that variety. That's oneof the difficulties. 

And I have thought personally that there should be some sort ofcommittee set up along the line you suggested, not necessarily on statelines, but more on zone or regional lines. 

DR. CRANE: Yes, sir, that's what I mean. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: Because those suitable in Northern Ohio wouldn'tnecessarily be suitable in Southern Ohio, and so with any of the statesalong that tier of states. And I think there should be some type ofcommittee set up to judge these different varieties as far as we can, and also to enlarge their testing plan. 

Mr. Shessler, I believe, has somewhere in the neighborhood of 100 undertest, maybe three or four of the same tree. For myself, I don't knowexactly what I do have, somewhere between 40 and 50 varieties, but thereare only about 10 or 12 of them bearing. And I have of late yearsstarted working on that line, having sort of a test orchard, having oneor two trees of the several varieties so I can find out what to plant. 

Not too many years ago I was in the position of the amateur who wantedto know what to plant. Should I plant Stabler, Ohio, Thomas? It was justlike you spoke about concerning the inquiries that you have. I haveearnestly read all the reports and have earnestly looked where I couldget them in time for the current year. I read so I would know what thenew varieties are and what different people's opinions on them were. AndI think there should be a central committee, probably like yousuggested. 

And another suggestion I would like to make would be that before wepermit, as far as possible, any further new varieties of black walnut tobe mentioned or published, that they be passed upon by several of themembers, oh, maybe ten of the members, at least, to learn what theiropinion is before they are mentioned. Lots of times one or two personshave a good opinion of the nut, and immediately something is publishedabout it, and as you say, immediately a half dozen fellows write for it, as in your Persian walnut contest. And it would be better if that nutweren't allowed to be named until it has been passed upon by a qualifiedgroup of, we will say, experts. And that same condition should becarried out with the Persian walnut and the hickories and northernpecans and other groups of nuts we are interested in. 

MR. CORSAN: I'd like to suggest that we get started on this matter ofvarieties, because we can say an awful lot and then say nothing. I havetested a great many varieties of black walnuts, and as soon as I hearpeople talk about the Stabler walnut, I know they know nothing aboutnuts at all, because the Stabler has a crop on it only about once intwenty years, and then it's a small crop. It's a very good nut to eatand crack, but it's not for crops. As this gentleman says, the Thomas. We all know the Thomas. There is one point about the Thomas, you havegot to keep it within just the northern limits of the peach belt wherethe peach will grow. There are years that come around when the Thomaswill not mature. The frost will come on. It has a very thick outershell, the hull, and the hull comes off the nut itself quite clean. Andthen we hear people talking about the Ohio. Now, what about it? Well, it's a monster nut when you look at it on the tree, but knock the thickhull off of it, the strong, sturdy hull, and there's only a little nutin it. Yet you have something that cracks well enough. The nuts I wouldcondemn right away are the Ohio and Stabler. No doubt about it. 

Now the Cresco, very, very rich! That tree will actually kill itself, just overbearing. You know a tree can kill itself. Some people killthemselves having 24 or 30 children, but that's about what that treewill do. 

Then we have the nut that years ago I saw, the Snyder, and I said to Mr. Snyder, "Look, it's a sure nut. " He said, "Never saw it. " He looked atit, examined it, and it's a marvelous nut. I think I have the backing ofour friend, Mr. Gilbert Smith. I think he'd back me in saying that thatis one of the best nuts in the world, even with the Thomas. 

But we don't quite want to reduce--comb down the list of varieties likethe apple grower has. When you go to Boston and ask a peddler or hawkerabout "apples, " he won't know what you are talking about. Apples?--theywonder what the word is. It is "McIntosh. " They will go around thestreet shouting, "McIntosh, McIntosh. " You won't hear the word "apple"in Boston, it's "McIntosh. "

Now, let's get down to nuts, and let us know our nuts. 

MR. CALDWELL: (New York State College of Forestry. ) I suppose this is myfirst time at a meeting of this sort, and probably I should observe witha critical mind. But when you speak about a committee to pass uponvarieties, immediately I start wondering exactly what you mean by avariety, and then I start wondering what your approach is in pickingthat so-called variety. 

First of all, a "variety" that you use is not really a variety. It isjust a vegetation of one particular tree that you happened upon. Youdecided by chance it was a tree you wanted to use and then passed itaround to your friends and decided you want it. 

DR. CRANE: I want to correct you, for one reason: It is truly ahorticultural variety or clone that has just as much standing oridentity as the botanist's or forester's "variety. "

MR. CALDWELL: It is a clone, and I agree with you, but a variety seems--

DR. CRANE: You are speaking from the forester's point of view. 

 * * * * *

MR. CALDWELL: That's why I make this other statement. 

DR. CRANE: When you have got something by controlled breeding, you don'tknow when you have got it. That's the whole story in a nutshell. 

Now, I am going to tell you about using controlled breeding. We startedalmond breeding in California, where we have one of the biggestcommercial nut industries in the country. We started almond breeding in1920 with the best known almonds. In the 30 years of almond breeding wehave introduced two varieties. We had a panel of 125 commercial almondgrowers who decided on those two varieties out of more than 20, 000 knowncontrolled crosses that were made of trees that were grown to fruiting. But it took a panel of 125 commercial growers to determine whether ornot these two varieties, the Jordanolo and the Harpareil, werecommercial varieties. 

Those two varieties were planted. The nurserymen planted them, thegrower took them over, and they couldn't grow enough trees to supply thedemand. These two varieties have been introduced for commercial plantingnow for 14 years. Of the two, one has stood the test of time, and itstands now as probably the second most important almond variety in allthe United States, has been taken to foreign countries and is beingextensively propagated. One of them made the grade, the Jordanolo. TheHarpareil is still in the running, but it is down with the 30 or 40varieties that are of lesser importance. 

MR. CALDWELL: Can you reproduce that result?

DR. CRANE: No. 

MR. CALDWELL: Then you don't know what that is or the happenstance thatgot it. 

DR. CRANE: Certainly, because you don't know about breeding nut trees. 

MR. CALDWELL: That's what I say should be learned. 

DR. CRANE: In the first place, the chromosomes are so small and thereare so many, that you can't identify them, and you can't tell whichgenes, and they have got a heterozygous population, and the variety isself-sterile and has to be cross-pollinated, so there is only one wayfrom a horticultural standpoint by which we can do anything, and that isthrough clones. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I think we are getting a little bit off. 

DR. CRANE: We are off, way off. 

DR. MacDANIELS: How to get a new variety I don't think is what we aretrying to decide this evening. As I have looked at this whole field ofwhat we are trying to do, I think we have analogies that we can pointto. I think any project of this kind in nut varieties goes throughvarious stages. The first is finding what material there is that isavailable that you can use. The next is the evaluation of that materialto see what's worth keeping, and setting up your standards of what youare trying to get, and then from then on out perhaps breeding that sortof thing. 

Now, as far as we are concerned, it seems to me the Northern NutGrowers' Association made a pretty good stab at surveying the materialsavailable. In other words, I think an additional nut contest is notgoing to turn up the perfect nut. That is, we have one contest afteranother, and the ones that win the first prizes as the best nuts we canfind are not markedly better. There is no great difference away from theaverage that we have had in the others. 

I think that's a valuable thing to keep going along so we don't miss atrick and let anything be lost. But the next thing is to take thesethings that we have selected and evaluate them, and it seems tome that'sexactly where we stand at the present time. 

I also think that we should not in this situation get ideas that are toobig. That is, if you get something that's impossible, you are lickedbefore you start. If you have got to wait before you do anything andmake a complete study of chromosomes of any one of these nut trees, 99. 44 percent of the Northern Nut Growers Association might as well quitdoing it. I am not capable of doing it, and Dr. McKay is probably theonly one that is capable of looking at these things from thatstandpoint. But we have, it seems to me, to use the machinery we haveand take some definite action which will be of some value within a yearor perhaps two. 

I agree that this idea of putting the State Vice-presidents to work is avery good thing. I think each one could if we could find the rightman--take his state and divide it into two parts, and also take ingroups of growers of nut trees that are members, and all the others thatwe can find, and get their pooled opinions on what varieties areavailable, together with the record of these varieties in thatparticular locality. 

Then I think on the basis of one of the committees we have, that is, ourstandards and judging subcommittee, we could set that up in such a waythat they could evaluate things about which there is some doubt. 

But before we do that, we have got to clear the decks and adopt judgingstandards, standards by which we wish to work or to evaluate differentvarieties. I don't know whether anyone else has done more judging than Ihave or not, but I know I have given this a lot of attention through theyears. 

We had one system of judging which was worked out some years ago and wasbased on previous judging systems, and they went to a point where itseemed to me and to the others who were working along with me that theyjust didn't have any real basis in the factual situation that warrantedits continuance; that is, a system which was based on percentages ofkernel and penalties for empty nuts or flavor, and other things whichcould not be effectively measured. And they quit with that system andstarted out on a new tack. And to do that we got Dr. Atwood, who ishead of the Department of Plant Breeding Genetics at Cornell, to gothrough some extensive tests which he applied as a biometricalstatistical method, to find out what is the sample which will give youspecific results and then to measure the qualities that give you whatyou want. And I think we are nearer that than before. But I think theschedules are relatively simple and haven't been used to any greatextent. They need further testing. 

But it seems to me that the Association as such must decide whether wewant that schedule, making it an official schedule and going ahead onthat basis. 

Now, a judging schedule for nuts will not tell you anything about thetree; it will just tell you the characteristics of the sample. That'sthe first thing you want to find out: Is the nut itself intrinsicallythe type of thing you want to deal with? Then whether the tree bearsannually or whether it alternates, or what diseases it is subject to. Those are other matters. 

So I think this is a way out, or at least I suggested the plan we couldgo along with of putting the vice-presidents to work and setting up acommittee under the title of judging and standards and try to bring outa report at the next session. It seems to me that would be rightpractical. 

Where we go from there in production of new varieties I think should bea subject for a round table discussion sometime. I think the gentlemanin forestry has a good idea. I think we will get a long way if you haveproper control of the first elements of the first varieties, and fromthem we can build up. But it seems to me we have to be practical aboutthings that we can do, then go ahead and do them. 

DR. CRANE: Thank you, thank you. 

DR. COLBY: I would like to add one point, that we must "zone" all thesevarieties. In a state as long as Illinois, over 400 miles long, growingconditions are different in the south than in the north. In the north wedon't find that Thomas fills out very well and that's true also atUrbana in the central section of the state. Beck and Booth and some ofthe smaller nuts do fill out. The zones I mentioned may well run acrossseveral states where environmental conditions are similar. 

I recall a little survey I made when I was honored by being president ofyour association several years ago, in which I tried to list all of thework that was in progress at the different national and state experimentstations, and most of those stations were carrying on some work in nutgrowing. I am sure that if you check that matter now, several yearslater, you would find that many more are carrying on investigations ofthat nature. They have expanded as much as their facilities will permit. For example, just the other day I visited the station at the Universityof New Hampshire, and there they were growing chestnut trees from seedthat had been brought in from Korea. Little trees just two years fromthe seed were full of burs this year. Whether they are going to fill aplace in New Hampshire remains to be seen. They were not as yet attackedby blight, but, of course, the trees were small, and there were nocracks in the bark as yet. 

I am sure that most of the station workers know that you at Beltsvilleare extremely interested in testing new nuts as they become available. In cooperation with other workers it may be found that this variety isgood in ~this~ zone and that variety is good in ~that~ zone. Nurserymenmight well include maps of such zones in their catalogs. 

DR. ANTHONY: Now that the experiences of the Northern Ohio growers hasbeen brought up and you have mentioned many times your own experience asthe Northern Nut Growers, I think the Northern Ohio group, a closelyknit group, rather closely geographically related, has worked for almosttwenty years, and hasn't gotten too far, and this organization hasworked for 41 years and hasn't gotten too far. So that if we want to getanywhere, we must have a more closely knit organization with a betterfinancial backing back of it and a better sense of responsibility backof it. 

DR. CRANE: That's right. 

DR. ANTHONY: You have mentioned the New Jersey Peach Council. We havebeen talking to our own Pennsylvania nut growers just as we have beentalking to you today, telling them that they had a marvelous opportunityin all of these seedlings that we have been finding around the state. Ithink we have got them quite stirred up. But now they are consideringthe possibilities of organizing along the line of New Jersey PeachCouncil, a nut tester's council, which will be an off-shoot and part ofthe Pennsylvania Nut Growers Association. 

Now, why have such a thing? Why have it in Pennsylvania? Why not have itas an organization of the Northern Nut Growers. The problem of varietiesactually in its final analysis is a local problem. We have one area inPennsylvania where on one side of the river it's McIntosh and the otherside of the river it's Stayman. There are meteorological differences oneach side of the Susquehanna River at Scranton-Wilkes Barre where thevarieties shift. In the northern area we go from the northern hardwoodwith the beech-birch-sugar maple, into the oaks right in the state, witha third of the state in the northern hardwoods and the rest of the statein the oaks. We have no idea that any one variety of black walnuts orEnglish walnuts or chestnuts will fill our needs any more than we knowthat any one apple will fill our needs, that one grape or one cherrywill fill our needs, even one peach, not even the Elberta. 

So it comes down to a regional problem, and for that reason I think thatthe state should be the logical center for your close knit organizationto test your varieties. 

There is another reason. I don't believe that any group of growersfacing a problem of this magnitude can get very far unless you securecontinuity by tying your organizations in some way to your stateexperiment station. I think you have got to have your continuity bymaking your tie-up there. 

DR. CRANE: That's right. 

DR. ANTHONY: I have said a number of times in our own group that one ofthe great disadvantages of our amateur nut growers in Pennsylvania isthat most of them are 70 years old or older. That's fine for them, butit's hard on the industry, because just the time that they should begiving us the most valuable returns, they aren't there. So to secure thecontinuity you want, you are going to have to tie in your experimentswith the experiment station. You are going to have to make a group, youare going to have to incorporate, because you are going to face theproblem of propagation. You might have one good tree, and it's of novalue for you, and you have got to plant it in more than one spot toknow how good it is. 

If the Delicious apple or Grimes Golden had appeared in our seedlingblocks, we'd have thrown them away. I know we have thrown many thingsout at Geneva which in other places might have survived. We took anumber of those and planted them in Pennsylvania and found them worthyof naming. That means you have got to propagate in more than one placeand you have got to propagate in conditions where you know you have gotthe demand. 

And all of that means that you have got to have a tight legalorganization. Valuable as the Northern Nut Growers Association is, Idon't think you are going to get it out of your present organization. Ithink you have got to find some way to condense your stuff into sometighter organization. In Pennsylvania I think it's going to be a nuttester's council, legally organized, financially responsible, tied up tothe experiment station, if we can make it just as the New Jersey councilis. 

The New Jersey council was a success because they had the best possibletie-up between Morris Plains, 15 or 20 miles on the other side, and agood nursery in between. That's why they made a success. 

The New York State Fruit Testing Association is a success because theyhave had continuity. Mr. King has been manager of that association for25 years, I think, and you have a legal organization doing its ownpropagation where they know the material is true to name. 

Use your vice-presidents all you can, use every committee that you havebut you have to have something that's tighter. 

DR. CRANE: Thank you. Just one comment that I want to make. You havesuggested an awful big camel to get over. Now, we are trying to start. If we could just get a little start towards the end we could grow intoit. 

DR. ANTHONY: We have got to start. 

MR. O'ROURKE: I am one of those unfortunate ones who is supposed to knoweverything when an inquiry comes in to the college. I happen to have theprivilege of answering the nut inquiries at Michigan State College. Thefirst thing people want to know is, "what varieties do I plant?" Thesecond is, "Where do I buy them?" I am very sorry to say I can answerneither one of those questions at the present time satisfactorily tomyself, nor to the people of the State of Michigan, and I feel that wedo need action, and we need it quick in order that we can select acertain number of varieties that we can conscientiously recommend to thegrower, and also a very few varieties to recommend to the nurserymen ofthe state so that they will propagate them and make them available toprospective customers. 

MR. SLATE: I want to support Mr. Anthony's remarks that there are toomany old men testing nut tree varieties. 

DR. ANTHONY: Not too many, no. 

MR. SLATE: And there are too many squirrels involved. If a man gets theidea that he is going to take up the nuts, by the time he accumulates acollection of nuts, when these come into bearing the squirrels get mostof the nuts, and they don't seem to be very much concerned aboutevaluation. Then the man dies and the collection goes to pot. There mustbe some continuity, and as far as I can see, that will have to comethrough state experiment stations. 

Now, just how you are going to get the experiment stations started intesting nut tree varieties, I don't really know. Many of the projects atthe experiment stations are there because they are catering to thelarger industries in the state, and sometimes the projects are therebecause somebody in an administrative position has an idea which hewishes to see developed. 

Now, I would like to comment on the remark of our forester friend here, and I think he won't take offense at what I am going to say. It seems tome that the foresters are not in a good position to criticize thehorticulturists. The forester's knowledge of variety improvement for along, long time has been based upon the problem of lots of seed fromcertain geographical areas, and I feel sure that foresters as a classhave only very, very recently become aware of the importance of theclone as we use it in horticulture. 

Now, horticulturists, that is, pomologists, nut culturists, people whodeal with ornamentals, have been keenly aware of the horticultural clonefor a long, long time. There have been brought improvements into ourcultivated plants through the hybridization of clones that all of thehorticulturists are familiar with. The blueberry work done by theDepartment of Agriculture is probably the most striking example of thiswork, because it was all carried out during the lifetime of one man. 

I feel that we will not get much further in searching for wild nuts. Wehave had contests for hickories and black walnuts, and I doubt whetherwe have made any very substantial increases. I feel certain, and I knowthere are a number here who will back me up, that future improvements, if they are to be really substantial--that is, if they are to besubstantial advances over what we already have--such improvements willhave to come through breeding work. 

DR. McKAY: Mr. Chairman, I have been listening to these remarks, and Ihave been trying to think of some comment that could be made inconnection with some practical suggestions that we could arrive attonight, a starting point, perhaps, in connection with the chairman'sremarks about doing something tonight at this meeting. I'd like to saythat it seems to me that the thing we could probably do right now tostart things off would be to have this regional committee or this groupthat represents a wide area, decide on, say, five varieties based on allthe evidence that can be obtained as to which five would be most likelyto succeed over a wide area. 

Now, the chairman has commented at length on our lack of unanimity whenit comes to varieties. I think most of that problem has come out of thefact that our information is all based on little, piecemeal bits of workdone here and there, and it does not refer to variety testing over awide area. Now with all due respect to Dr. Anthony's remarks aboutvarieties being a local situation, we still have, as mentioned by thechairman, the apple situation. The varieties in the final analysis aregoing to be adopted over a wide area, and if our nurserymen and all ourgrowers could know or understand that these five varieties have beenselected by opinion of people that ought to know that those fivevarieties stand the best chance to succeed over a wide area, then wewould have something definite to tie to. 

The way it is now, we in our office feel that Thomas is probably themost widely adapted variety of black walnut we have, and probably thebest performing variety. We are not sure, but that's our opinion. Imight mention another variety, the Stabler. I think most people wouldagree that that is a variety that used to be thought well of, yet is nomore, and so it is out of the picture. Those two varieties we haveinformation about, based on a wide area of territory. 

Now, it seems to me, coming down to something specific, what we could dohere, or as soon as we can get to it, would be to have a largecommittee, a committee representing opinion over a wide area, come tosome conclusion about the five varieties that will be the ones to testand to grow over a wide area and give our nurserymen or our growerssomething to tie to in the matter of selecting varieties to grow. 

DR. CRANE: Thank you, Dr. McKay. There is one other comment that I wantto make. I think that if we were to take a vote tonight in here, get anexpression on the variety Stabler, we'd say, "Yes, it's a curious nut, it's a curiosity. Some trees sometimes bear single-lobe nuts in varyingproportions. It is a fine nut when you get it, but they don't bearenough and they don't bear regularly enough. That is the criticism ofthe Stabler. "

Yet we have nurserymen, lots of them, that are propagating Stabler andstill selling them to people. 

MR. McDANIEL: I know one nursery which has recently discontinued it. That's Armstrong, way out in California. 

MR. CALDWELL: Why doesn't it produce a good nut? Can you answer thatquestion?

DR. CRANE: It does produce a good nut ~when~ it produces. 

MR. CALDWELL: If it doesn't produce all the while, why doesn't it? Ifyou can solve that--

DR. CRANE: Why didn't you grow up to a six-foot-six guy weighing 250pounds?

MR. CALDWELL: It would be physically impossible for me to do so with myconstitution, which is what I am trying to apply to the nut trees. 

MR. WILKINSON: Don't condemn it over all territories[6]. At my place, the Stabler produces nuts as regular as the Thomas, and in the nurseryit outsells the Thomas two to one, if not more. I have handled nut salesfor Mr. Weber's orchard, one of the largest black walnut orchards in theUnited States. When the people come there we will crack a Stablerwalnut to make a customer out of them, and we have to get on tosomething else to keep them from buying all the Stablers first. And if Iwere planting a hundred walnut trees today, the majority of them wouldbe Stabler. They have been bearing since 1918 when I started producingStabler walnuts. 

[6] The territory giving best reports on Stabler lies along theMississippi and Ohio rivers from about Cincinnati to no farther souththan Memphis. --J. C. McD. 

DR. CRANE: That's what we are talking about tonight. 

MR. CALDWELL: Yet your committee throws the thing out. 

MR. CHASE: I'd like to say a few words. First off, I am in agreementwith the idea of some sort of a regional testing set-up. 

Now here we are getting into discussion about individual varieties, andthat is not the purpose of this, as I understand, but all of yougentlemen have been propagating the various varieties simply because onehas become available to you at a certain time, and you have grafted it. Our committee on varieties, of which I am a member, probably should becriticized, because we have not gathered that information from the folkswho have grafted trees, and they are scattered over the region. We don'tneed the regional set-up, it's already set up. In other words, if wehave varieties to be tested, we could have selected members in our groupto graft it, if they do not already have it grafted. In a few years wecan get some pretty definite information on a few varieties. 

Now, in 1938, in our work we recognized the advisability of quicklydoing something about the 100-and-some varieties existing in theproceedings, and finally we have culled that down to, I think, 43, which, on the basis of nut characteristics only, are very closetogether. Now, we started out in 1938 and established four or five testplantings containing the first ten varieties. Ten trees of tenvarieties, a hundred trees in the planting. It took quite an area. 

Since that time we have set out variety test plantings of 43 varietiesscattered over seven states at various geographical locations within theseven states. 

MR. KINTZEL: How many trees do you have in a planting now?

MR. CHASE: Twenty-five now. Twenty-five of five varieties. This work isbeing carried on at the state experiment stations in the TennesseeValley. In fact, they have become more and more interested in thetesting program which we have been trying to get them interested in, andwe hope to have some information for our region on some of thesevarieties, the better varieties as we consider them. 

But back to this problem. I think it is very simple to set out. I thinkthe Varieties Committee--I believe Dr. Crane is chairman--

DR. MacDANIELS: You are chairman. 

MR. CHASE: No. It has a job on its hands: first to find out what ourmembers have. Certainly they are spread over the region we areinterested in, aren't they? Well, it simply becomes a secretary's job tocanvass our membership to find out which varieties we have, so that theVarieties Committee can go to work. 

Let's be realistic. We are not going to influence all the experimentstations to do this work. It is not going to be practicable for them. They probably would very much like to do it, but it's not in thepicture, as I see it now. Therefore, we are not going to wait, as ourforester would have us wait, until we breed one. Let's get these goodones that we have got and cull them out so Dr. Crane can answer a letterwithout having a guilty conscience. 

DR. CRANE: That's right. Folks, I want to make one comment on Mr. Chase's remarks--also Mr. Slate's remarks, about tying this work up tothe experiment stations. There is one thing that, in my experience, wecan't place too much dependence on. Of course, in the Department ofAgriculture our main interests that we are likely to contend with areour four major nut industries in the country. That is pecans, Persianwalnuts, filberts and almonds. In the case of those, we can get verylittle help from the experiment stations, with the possible exception ofCalifornia. 

MR. CORSAN: There is lots of truth in that. 

DR. CRANE: They haven't got the interest in it. They haven't got themoney, they haven't got the support. They depend more on the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Well, the Department of Agriculture can'tcarry it. Hence, it comes back to growers. The grower organizations, even in the great state of California, with all their great wealth andabundance, go to the California experiment stations more than to anyother experiment stations in the United States. But the commercialgrowers out there have already set up organizations for the testing ofthese varieties and for trial plantings. You can't come back to theexperiment stations and just as has been pointed out, many of theexperiment stations have only one or two or, at most, three differentkinds of nuts of their own. They have got to go out just the same as wedo ~with the growers~; we co-operate with them. And we have already got alot of these experimental plantings. There is Sterling Smith with--Ihave forgotten how many he said--60 walnut varieties, and Mr. Shesslerwith a hundred, there in Ohio. 

I'd like to know from Sterling Smith and Mr. Shessler which are the bestfive walnut varieties. 

MR. KINTZEL: In that section?

DR. CRANE: In that section, that's what I want to know. 

MR. CORSAN: That's what we are here for tonight. Let us talk it over. 

MR. WEBER: Put the question to him, Dr. Crane, and let him tell you whathe thinks to be his best five. Put him on the spot right now. 

DR. CRANE: That would be just a waste of time, because that would be hisopinion. It's just like what Mr. Wilkinson says, that if he wereplanting a hundred walnut trees they would be Stablers. 

MR. WEBER: In his particular locality. 

MR. CORSAN: And he may be quite right in that locality. I am not goingto dispute it. 

DR. CRANE: But we want to know how some other folks agree with him andstudy this situation over and find out why Stabler was doing its stuffright there. 

MR. CALDWELL: That's what I asked you. 

DR. CRANE: And how much evidence did he base his conclusion on? That'swhat we have got to discover. 

MR. CORSAN: I base my conclusion on the experiment station that put outthe Redhaven peaches. Dr. George Slate here has made a very big point, and it went to pot. Those words there are what we have got to be carefulabout, that our institution doesn't go to pot. I have started affairsthat went with a fury, and when I let go of them, they just went to pot. 

Take Michigan State College's Bird Sanctuary, the W. K. Kellogg BirdSanctuary. What is it now? A colorless affair. It's gone to pot, and wewant to see that the nut growers don't allow ~their~ institutions to go topot. 

DR. CRANE: That's right: You hit the nail on the head, there, but it'sup to the nut growers to see that they don't. And how many experimentstations or their actions have been influenced by the Northern NutGrowers Association?

MR. CORSAN: I have built upon the experience of J. F. Jones and Neilsonand Professor Slate and all of them. Now, here is what I did. I pickedout a section of land that floods every spring, about four times thewidth of this room and has sometimes eight feet of water. Now, nobody isgoing to build houses on that and tear my nut trees down. They are thereforever, and it will always be a nut haven, and nobody will be able todestroy it. Now I have got to be careful to see that it doesn't go topot, as Professor Slate said, by selecting some brains to succeed me, tocarry on. Is that right, Professor Slate?

PROFESSOR SLATE: (Nods. )

MR. SILVIS: We can't spend too much time thinking about the atomic bomb. We can't think too much about getting an organization to start this, itjust takes somebody to go ahead and do it. We don't need experimentstations to develop the nut, either. The nut was here a long time beforethe experiment station was ever developed. 

I wrote in a letter here two or three or maybe four years ago--I thinkit was after the Norris meeting, to every vice-president in NNGA thatcommercial possibilities of a nut must first be apparent before anyexperiment station is interested, because then money is involved, capital has been invested. Before capital can be invested must comecoordination. Coordination is labor. That's grafting or flowering, orwhatever you want to call it--back-breaking exercise. 

I still think we have the organization here. We don't need to argueabout any more organization. We have organization right here in our ownState Vice-presidents. I tried to bring that out, the suggestion as tothe fact that I thought maybe the State Vice-president would serve on aperpetual committee, if he lived into perpetuity, to get these zoneswithin his state. If Illinois is 400 miles long and he has 16 zones ofclimate, let him get 16 plantings of the same kind of a nut in those 16zones. The same way with Texas, the same way with Montana or Ohio. 

MR. SHERMAN: I think both Mr. Stoke and Mr. Davidson thought that itmight be a good idea to give somebody a job instead of an honoraryposition by naming a State vice-president for that sort of a job. Now, we have got to start somewhere, and that would be a good place to start:give somebody something to do, like some of these other dead people thatwill feed these nuts that Corsan was telling us about this afternoon. 

But the commercial possibilities are always apparent. You can subsidizethem, you know. If you can get enough money behind it, you can subsidizeit. I think our problem still is the same as it was before: We are stilltrying to find out what the other guy has that's better than our own. And if we have got five nuts that are any good, I'd like to know aboutthem myself. 

DR. CRANK: That's right. 

MR. SILVIS: I will make this statement in favor of the Homeland blackwalnut--if we are on black walnuts. I came in a little late on accountof the mud here. The Homeland is growing in Massillon, and Mr. Stokesent me the scions. All it did was produce staminate bloom. I gave someof the wood to John Gerstenmaier in Massillon. It is doing very well. 

I also favor the Thomas black walnut, and I think the hickories andeverything else have commercial possibilities. Just let somebody goahead and correlate these factors. Life is very short. I have copies ofthese letters, four letters out of 50 or 60 that I prepared. 

DR. CRANE: Mr. Jay Smith. We are going to have to limit this to not overthree minutes' time. 

MR. JAY SMITH: My experience is somewhat limited. I have a few seedlingtrees that are good, and I have a few named varieties that seem to begood. I just want to point out one reason why we should have a number ofvarieties. One of my choice varieties in my back yard has five nuts onit this year, and it has produced a good crop other years. And theanswer seems to be that the pollen came out during a period of veryrainy weather and the tree did not fertilize. Now, other treesapparently blossomed before or after, mostly after, but this one was arather early blooming tree, and I have more nuts on other types oftrees. 

One of my good seedling trees has very few nuts on this year. Possiblythat might be for a similar reason. So regardless of how good thesevarieties may be, we must have several varieties. Don't put all youreggs in one basket. 

I have some good filberts that came from Geneva, and they have hadtrouble with wood damage due to the beetles laying eggs in the wood, andthe beetles may possibly have come from nearby willows. And I have hadsome of the willow growing, too, because I thought it looked nice. Now Ihave cut down all of the willow, and there is some birch in theneighborhood, and I understand the birch harbors this same thing, somevariety of Agrilus beetle, [7] and we have a lot of angles to work on inorder to get rid of our drawbacks. And we have the matters of seasonand soil and elevation. It's quite a big problem. 

[7] Agrilus anxius Gory, the bronze birch borer. 

DR. CRANE: It ~is~ a big problem, but we will never settle it the way weare going. We have got to do better. 

MR. STOKE: I don't know whether I have anything that is really pertinentto say. The thought I had in mind should have come sooner. That is: Whyare we growing nuts? There are two angles from which we can approachthat, two natural angles. Here is the angle of the amateur that wants togrow nuts to eat. After all, that's what I suppose they are for. Thereis the commercial grower who wants to grow them to make a profit, and Ithink we should approach our subject, evaluation of nuts, from eitherone of those two angles, or work along two different channels. I thinkthat's very necessary. 

You take the Elberta peach. If you want a peach in your back yard, youare not going to plant Elberta peaches to eat. If you want to make acommercial success, you are going to plant the Elberta, if you knowanything about it. Are we commercial nut growers, or do we grow them forhome consumption? Go downstairs and look at the nuts we judged last yearand the eye appeal of some that didn't rate at all would sell those nutsahead of the prize winner. But if you want to grow them to eat, thosethree prize winners are the best nuts down there. 

And if we thrash over this field, I think we have got a definite idea ofwhat we are after, and I think we should have had that to start with. 

DR. CRANE: That's right, and there is one other point of view, too. There is a third reason for growing nut trees. That is simply for theornamental value. That hasn't been dealt with. 

MR. WELLMAN: I'd just like to ask a question. There has been somereference to apples here. I don't know very much about it, but Iunderstand that the American Pomological Society got out a list ofapples nearly a century ago, which they have kept changing and adding toand subtracting from over all of that time. Is there any analogy therethat would help us in anything we can do? They made mistakes and putapples on there that they are sorry they put on and they have had totake off. People don't use those varieties in one part or another partof the country for some reason. Is there any reason why we shouldn'tfollow some suggestion such as that, stick our necks out and go ahead?

DR. CRANE: That is right, no reason in the world why you can't. 

MR. SHERMAN: I'd like to do some commenting. You are doing here tonightwhat you have done at the last meeting. You have talked varieties. Ithought the purpose of that was to get a committee appointed some way, some organization that will say, "Here are certain varieties that shouldbe tested. Make arrangements to propagate those varieties and have themtested. "

I made a demonstration right downstairs here; some of you witnessed it. You have got some black walnuts that you are cracking. I went out tothe car and got some that would crack in four nice quarters that laidout. I tried it again. Sure, they cracked and cracked good. Where can Iget some trees? There are a lot of you right here who would take themjust that quick (snapping fingers), take them home and test them. 

This meeting was to get an organization or discuss a means of getting anorganization that will get those trees propagated and spread out fortesting. Now, I think it's just as simple as A, B, C. It's a prolongedjob. You have got to have an organization that's going to perpetuateitself for the next century, because if you start that organizationright it will be here a hundred years from now, and you will be just asbusy a hundred years from now as you are right now. 

What that committee has got to be, whether it is a statewide or anationwide, Northern Nut Growers or Pennsylvania Nut Growers or Ohio NutGrowers, is a committee of five--I will say five, you can make it 10 or15--that will say, "Now, for Ohio here are ten varieties that we thinkshould be tested. Get 50 trees of each of those ten propagated andspread out over Ohio and find out where they will grow. " That will applyfor some of Western Pennsylvania, too. It isn't just state lines, understand, but the main thing is to get that variety tested before yournurseryman is spreading it all over everywhere. 

And how can you get it tested? You have got to have some treespropagated, and you have got to have some nurseryman who knows about thepropagation. And I will say a lot of you nurserymen, and there are a lotof you here, take it or leave it, don't know how to propagate a decentblack walnut tree. I have had them sent to me with a 6-inch sproutgrowing in the top of a club. I have had others two years old with anice whip five feet high, one-year-old growth. You have got to have goodtrees. You have got to have a nurseryman who knows how to propagatethose ten and send them out. 

Now, the next meeting was to find out what sort of an organization youhave got to have to get that done, not talk about a Stabler, whetherthis is good or that is good. That's what you have been doing for 40years. 

MR. SLATE: It takes more than a committee, it takes land, labor, tools, supervisory people. 

MR. SHERMAN: I can point to 25 members that will take ten varieties thatthey will test--and pay for them. 

MR. O'ROURKE: I would like to say, are we going to wait until we testall of those varieties? We have no information to answer all thoseletters that are coming in. We want something, not tomorrow, we wantsomething today, that we can give them, information which, at least tothe best of our knowledge of today is accurate. And the only way we canget that accurate information is to get a committee together in eachregion. 

MR. SHERMAN: That won't take care of the future. That will answer ourpresent questions to the best of our knowledge, but we want anorganization that will take care of the future. 

DR. CRANE: There is one other thing that I should mention. We in theDepartment of Agriculture have released a number of new varieties. Wehave got others coming on, not only your chestnuts, but filberts andothers, pecans, and so on. But we haven't got any organization in anyway, shape or form. We can put these out with the growers who test them, but gee whiz, we have put them out and put them out; and look what kindof information we get. We haven't got facilities or the money oranything else to follow up. We have got to have some organization someway, somehow, that could take this material and test it, at least givesome idea as to how it performed. 

Now, then, the question is what kind of an organization? If the NorthernNut Growers is not the one that should do it, what kind of anorganization can be effective to do it?

MR. CORSAN: Now I'd just like to say one more thing tonight. Thatchestnut blight, I honestly believe, was a godsend to this country. Ican remember way back when I'd go into a store and buy a lot of theseParagon chestnuts in New York City in the finest grocery store, and theywere crammed full of weevils. Now, the chestnut blight came, and it hasabout annihilated the weevil, because there was no chestnut to weevilin. And I would like to have some report about the weevil. 

MR. WILSON: They are in Georgia. 

MR. McDANIEL: They are in Virginia and Indiana. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Mr. Chairman, I suppose I should have the chair. This isa committee of the whole. 

DR. CRANE: That's right. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I have a right to speak, DR. CRANE: That's right. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I say we have always come down to the point, here weare, where do we go from here and what do we do next? There, in a word, "Here we are. " Lots of discussion, much of it irrelevant. I will justpropose, along the lines I spoke before, that what comes out of this isthat We recommend to the incoming president to organize a survey andtesting campaign along the lines that seem to meet with some agreement;namely, getting the state vice-presidents busy in finding out theregional evaluation of different varieties. 

Supposing we try black walnuts; just one species for this year, and thathe organize his state according to zones and come up with thatinformation with regard to that state. 

And the other thing would be that these findings be sent to thecommittee. We have a committee on surveys and one on judging andstandards, and let that be compiled by them jointly or set up in someway that would seem to be effective and come up next year with thisoverall evaluation along those lines. 

I'd make that motion. 

DR. COLBY: Second the motion. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Any discussions?

DR. ANTHONY: In Pennsylvania two of us have worked full time for a year, and I am not sure we'd be able to evaluate the black walnut yet. 

DR. CRANE: We are not evaluating the black walnut, though. 

DR. ANTHONY: You are asking one man to do that, your vice-president. 

DR. CRANE: He is to appoint a committee. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Any way he chooses to mark them out. 

DR. ANTHONY: He is organizing a nut tester association. 

DR. MacDANIELS: No, an evaluation association. As I would say, you havethe Ohio Association already formed; that would be their problem to comeup with an answer for their state. We have the Pennsylvania organizationalready organized. They will come up with some sort of evaluation: No. 1, Thomas, No. 2, whatever it is, No. 3, whatever it is. Now, in yourother states we don't have an organization; do it some other way. Idon't care how they do it. 

DR. CRANE: There are some others in these other states, too, that arealready formed. 

Any other discussion?

(Whereupon, a vote on the motion was called for, and it was carriedunanimously. )

MR. SILVIS: Just one thing. It was made with the express purpose that westart maybe just the black walnut. At the same time in certain areas youmay as well raise a hickory or a Persian right along with the blackwalnut, or the filbert. 

MR. McDANIEL: No objection, but this year we are surveying the blackwalnut named varieties only. 

MR. SALZER: I am just a buck private in the rear rank, but we have beenhaving little local meetings in New York, and they appointed mevice-president for the State of New York, the Empire State, and hereOhio has their organization, Pennsylvania has their organization. Whatam I going to do? I can work Western New York, but I have got to havesomeone to help me in Eastern New York. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Take the membership list and take the men who can do it. 

DR. CRANE: There are a lot of good men in Eastern New York. 

Now, if there isn't anything else, I will turn the meeting back to Dr. MacDaniels. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, Dr. Crane. I think these talks are good forthe soul. We can let our hair down and know what we all think. And I dothink it's important that we do make some progress on this particularproblem. I think this is one way to do it. There may be a half dozenways and other ways better, but at least you have to agree on somethingand go on from there. 

Now, the meeting in the morning begins at nine o'clock, the fullprogram. 

If there is no further business, then, this session is adjourned. 

(Whereupon, at 10 o'clock, p. M. , the meeting was adjourned, to reconveneat 9 o'clock, a. M. The following day, August 29, 1950. )

TUESDAY MORNING SESSION

August 29, 1950

DR. MacDANIELS: I want to make the remark that this isn't church, youcan sit up front if you want to. 

The first paper this morning has to do with a nut tree disease that isbothering a good many of us, I think, particularly in Michigan, as yourecall from Mr. Becker's paper, the Bunch Disease of Walnuts, by Dr. H. L. Crane and Dr. J. W. McKay. I don't know which one is going to giveit. Dr. McKay?

The Bunch Disease of Walnuts

Discussion

(Manuscript too late for publication. )

(Drs. Crane and McKay reported that there had been little furtherdevelopment in knowledge regarding the walnut bunch disease since 1948, when G. F. Gravatt and Donald C. Stout of the U. S. D. A. Division ofForest Pathology reported on it with illustrations at the N. N. G. A. Meeting (see our report for 1948 pp. 63-66. ) Since then the state ofCalifornia has prohibited the entry of all walnut nursery trees andscions from the Rocky Mountain states or farther east. --Ed. )

DR. CRANE: I'd like to make one additional remark. You see, we call thistrouble "bunch disease" rather than "brooming, " to distinguish it fromother diseases that are caused by known parasites. We have a diseasevery similar to this one affecting walnuts and pecan and hickory, andthat one has been studied more carefully than has the bunch disease. Itis unquestionably caused by virus, and in our pecan orchards we have asituation that exists that is a parallel to what it is in the blackwalnut. The variety Stuart practically never has shown any symptom ofthe bunch disease. Yet it performs very much like a lot of our blackwalnuts do. They just don't bear; they don't have the proper foliage;they don't make the proper kind of growth. So we are not sure whetherthey are symptomless carriers, that is, in terms of the lack ofexpression of virus growth and this bunchy condition on them. 

Really, we feel that all people that are interested in the walnuts andthat are trying to grow them should make careful observations on thesetrees to study just what the situation is, how it develops, and note theperformance of these trees that become diseased; because we feel thatit's a much more serious thing than people appreciate at the presenttime. 

In much of Eastern Shore Maryland and of the area around Washington andBeltsville and over in Virginia, a great majority of the trees areaffected by it, particularly Japanese walnuts of all types and thebutternuts. I feel it is so bad on Japanese walnuts and butternuts thatthey shouldn't be propagated in the area. 

MR. McDANIEL: I had the bunch growth developed on a new species thisyear in my planting in north Alabama, a 12-year-old tree of ~Juglansrupestris~. It is a growth that looks practically the same as the bunchdisease on the Japanese walnut. I believe that's the first time it'sbeen observed on that species. There are no butternuts or Japanesewalnuts on the farm. There are dozens of black walnuts (seedlings andseveral varieties) none of which show the bunch symptoms. However, it istypically developed on some Japanese trees a few miles away. 

At Whiteville, Tenn. , Dr. Aubrey Richards has a suspicious looking treeamong some two year old seedlings of ~Juglans major~ from Arizona seeds. 

MR. CHASE: I'd like to add to that, too, Mac. In our walnut arboretum wehad some ~rupestris~, and I had been suspicious of its being diseased fora number of years. I finally have decided that it had the bunch disease, and those trees down at Norris have all passed out. 

MR. McDANIEL: My tree came from Norris, 10 years ago. 

DR. MacDANIELS: ~Juglans rupestris~ killed by the disease. 

MR. STOKE: Just because this is a little contradictory to what you haveheard, I want to say that my experience has been this: I have an oldnursery--well, there is a butternut in the row and also heartnut--Japs. One of those Japs has had the bunch disease for six or eight years. Noneof the others has been affected. It was a variety I wanted toperpetuate. I took an apparently healthy scion from that and put it onanother tree, and that grafted tree also had the disease. But there hasbeen no evidence of contagion from this Jap to the other Japanese, butternuts and black walnut in the same planting in the immediateneighborhood--in fact, they crowd each other. That's a statement offact. 

I spoke a little while ago of an old black walnut tree that had thatdisease for a number of years and none other in that planting had it. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Is there any correlation between the age of the tree andthe expression of the disease?

DR. McKAY: It's been our observation that we haven't had it in ournursery to any extent. We have seen it in the nursery of J. RussellSmith on Persian walnut. It, to my knowledge, is the only place where wehave seen it on nursery trees. It may be that our nursery happened to befree of the inoculum, because it's been about a mile from the orchards. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Would you by any chance think it might be seed borne?

DR. McKAY: We have no information on that virus. 

MR. GILBERT SMITH: I have one statement to put in at this time. Dr. Crane questioned whether the Japanese walnut should be grown. I wonderif the Japanese walnut might not be a safeguard in the area where theydon't have the disease, in that you will detect the disease the quickeston the Japanese walnut, and in that way anyone would become wise to it, rather than if it was in the black walnut. It might be so insidious thatit could be well spread before persons knew they had it at all. Iwonder if the Japanese walnut, through its quickness in showing thedisease, might not be a safeguard to the other walnuts?

DR. MacDANIELS: That's a technique that's used with some other plants. 

MR. CORSAN: I go on the principle that a tree that's well fed might notresist every disease, but it will resist a great many diseases and mostof the diseases, if it's well fed. Now, the feeding of trees is veryimportant. I noticed that in going back and forth between Florida andToronto. I examine the pecan situation every fall and spring, and justto think of Stuarts--you know the size of Stuart pecan--coming in good, big crop of nuts that size (indicating with fingers). Can you see that?And you know that is less than half the size the Stuart should be. It'sa great nut for cracking by machinery. In fact, a lot of people grownothing but Stuart. And last year they had such a crop. Last year Ipointed to a farm right near the highway. "Do you see that? For years Ihave been trying to get you to put that sawdust, which is nearly 40 feethigh in a pile, around your pecans and see the vast difference in yourpecans. " You know there was no rain down there all last summer, and thepecans were half the proper size. Now, that sawdust would keep themoisture in. I am a great believer in the use of sawdust. It's a treeproduct itself and it has some of the constituents of what the pecanshould feed on. 

As Dr. Waite told us one time in Washington--you will probably rememberthe remark he made about the pecan trees in an orchard which wereabsolutely fruitless year after year. He went through that orchard, andhe saw a pecan here and a pecan there that had a good, big crop rightamong the empty trees. He examined them and found signs driven into thetrees, and some of the signs were put up with zinc covered nails. Thosesigns that had the steel covered nails had no nuts on, but those thathad zinc in had a huge crop. It excited the growth of the femaleblossom. 

Now, we have got an awful lot to discover, as you gentlemen say in thisnut culture, way beyond the imagination of the human mind. 

DR. MacDANIELS: We had better limit discussion to this particularproblem. Is there more comment?

MR. McDANIEL: On that problem, I have observed the brooming in theheartnut seedlings about three years old, which were seedlings of theFodermaier variety growing at Norris in the late 30's. Broomingdeveloped in some of them in either the second or third year from seed. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That answers their remark about the young trees. 

MR. SLATE: A plant that is well fed and making very vigorous growth maybe more attractive to the insect vector. Therefore, a healthy tree mighttake it. 

MR. McDANIEL: These trees were very vigorous. 

DR. MacDANIELS: How many growers of nut trees have this bunch disease ontheir property?

MR. KINTZEL: Black walnuts?

DR. MacDANIELS: On anything at all. (Showing of hands. ) There are atleast a dozen. 

When Mr. Burgart up in Michigan finds out that the limiting factorpractically cleans him out, there is this question of bunch disease withwitches'-broom resulting from ground deficiency. I know in the Wrightplantings in the vicinity of Westfield they had brooming trees of theJapanese walnut which apparently recovered after treatment with zinc. And, of course, we know on the West Coast you get witches'-broom in thePersian walnut which cannot be cured by zinc. 

Is there any other discussion on this point?

(No response. )

We will go on to the next paper. 

MR. CORSAN: Anybody passing through Toronto can drop in and see myJapanese walnuts with 24 to the cluster and not a sign of bunch disease. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Yes, you may not have the bunch disease near you. Wehope you haven't. 

The next paper is by J. A. Adams, who is from the Experiment Stationhere at Poughkeepsie. This experiment station is a branch of the GenevaAgricultural Experiment Station. I believe that's right, isn't it, Mr. Adams?

MR. ADAMS: That's right, and it is concerned primarily with the fruitsdown here in this region. 

DR. MacDANIELS: His subject is "Some Observations on the Japanese Beetleon Nut Trees. " Let me say Mr. Adams would like to show some slides, butit didn't seem feasible to close this window down. 

The Japanese Beetle and Nut Growing

J. A. ADAMS

Associate Professor of Entomology, New York State AgriculturalExperiment Station, Geneva and Poughkeepsie, New York

It is a pleasure to attend this meeting of the Northern Nut Growers. Association and to take part in your program. I shall discuss theJapanese beetle as it seems to affect nut culture, and outline ourmethods of control. 

The Japanese beetle evidently came into this country in the soil aboutsome roots of plants imported to a nursery near Philadelphia nearly 40years ago. Since 1916, its distribution, habits, and control have beenclosely studied by the federal Japanese Beetle Laboratory at Moorestown, New Jersey. The insect has become generally distributed in the coastalarea, as far north as Massachusetts, as far south as Virginia, and asfar west as West Virginia. Beyond these limits, it has established localcolonies in New Hampshire, Vermont, Western New York, Ohio, Michigan, and North Carolina. In most of the states affected there is aninvestigator who, like myself, carries on local studies, more or less incooperation with the federal laboratory. In New York we now have, inaddition to the generally infested areas on Long Island and in theHudson Valley, about 50 isolated infestations in the central and westernparts of the state. 

Might I have a showing of hands by those who have Japanese beetlealready? (Showing of hands. ) There is quite a sprinkling of you who havethem. Many of you do not have them yet, but, since the insect isspreading every year, you can expect them some day, especially if youlive in the Northeast. It is expected that this pest will not thrive inthe drier central States, but it might become established in the PacificStates some day, unless prevented. 

You can see these beetles anywhere in and around Poughkeepsie. FromPoughkeepsie I have watched them spread in the past few years toPleasant Valley and eastward. This morning as I parked my vehicle bythis building I picked these specimens from the smartweed, ~Polygonumpersicaria~. (Passing of specimens. ) These insects also feed on theflowers and foliage of purple loosestrife, ~Lythrum salicifolia~, soplentiful and showy in our swampy fields. The most conspicuous damage isdone to the foliage of wild grape vines. You will observe this when youvisit Mr. Stephen Bernath's nut plantation. You will note theconspicuous defoliation of the vines on the fence rows. Willow isanother host heavily attacked. I believe you have the beetles at yourplantation at Wassaic, Mr. Smith?

MR. GILBERT SMITH: Plenty of them. 

DR. ADAMS: You will also observe the damage at Mr. Smith's place. Youwill see that it is strictly a matter of skeletonization of the leaves. 

A MEMBER: They eat the fruit, too. 

DR. MacDANIELS: You have damage on fruit. 

A MEMBER: They eat berries. 

DR. ADAMS: Yes, but on nut plants the damage above ground is confined toleaf skeletonization. It varies widely, depending on the kind of nutplant. Before visiting Mr. Bernath's planting, I sought out thebotanical names of the commoner nut plants in Dr. MacDaniels' CornellExtension Bulletin No. 701, on "Nut Growing. " Of the ~Juglans~ species, the black walnut, ~J. Nigra~, is sometimes heavily attacked. There arelarge black walnut trees near one of our peach orchards. I have seenhordes of beetles gather in these trees in July and August, skeletonizing the leaves until the defoliation reached 40% or more. Latein August the beetles seemed to leave the walnut foliage and descendupon the ripening peaches. The heart nut, ~J. Sieboldiana~ var. ~cordiformis~, was moderately fed upon at Mr. Bernath's nursery. Thebutternut, ~J. Cinerea~, is only lightly attacked, as a rule. 

The hickories and pecans are not attacked to any appreciable extent, butat least some of the chestnuts are very attractive to this pest. I haveseen shoots of ~Castanea dentata~ with their foliage reduced to lace. Someof the small Chinese chestnuts, ~C. Mollissima~, at Mr. Bernath's place, were about one-fourth defoliated in mid-August. 

The hazels seem to be attractive to these beetles. When the Japanesebeetle spreads to Prof. Slate's plantings of ~Corylus~ at Geneva, we mayget more information on varietal preferences. I find that exposedfoliage of ~C. Americana~, the common wild hazel here, is sometimes fairlyheavily fed upon. I am holding up to the window a portion of a hazelbush; you can see that the leaves along one side are skeletonized. It isprobable that the species, hybrids, and varieties of ~Corylus~ will showthe same marked variation in susceptibility that is shown in so manyother genera of plants. 

Among the oaks, the pin oak, ~Quercus Palustris~, and the English oak, ~Q. Robur~, are commonly one-third defoliated while the common white and redoaks are almost immune. Among the maples--to go farther afield fromnuts--the Norway, ~Acer platanoides~, and the Japanese, ~A. Palmatum~, areoften severely injured, where the sugar maple, ~A. Saccharum~, is onlylightly injured and the delicate-leaved red maple and silver maple, ~A. Rubrum~ and ~A. Saccharinum~, remain untouched. 

Since the Japanese beetle is here to stay, and to spread, thesedifferences are worth considering where plant materials are beingselected for new ornamental plantings. In our bulletin on Japanesebeetle (Cornell Extension Bulletin 770) we have to warn the reader thatplanting chestnuts may bring him trouble with the Japanese beetle, trouble which he would not have with flowering dogwood, ~Cornus florida~, or the common lilacs, ~Syringa vulgaris~, which are immune to this pest. 

It may be, however, that some of the chestnuts carry immunity factors. In the U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 547, published in1940, "Feeding Habits of the Japanese Beetle, " by I. M. Hawley and F. W. Metzger, ~Castanea crenata~, the Japanese chestnut, is listed with beechand chestnut oak as "generally lightly injured. " I understand youconsider the nut of this species poor, but if resistance factors are inthe genus, there can be hope of finding or developing a chestnutresistant to Japanese beetle. 

We might be able to do with chestnuts what has been done with poplars. The common poplars range from the Lombardy, ~Populus nigra italica~, whichis heavily damaged by the beetle, to the white, ~P. Alba~, which isimmune. The forest geneticist, E. J. Schreiner, has written an article, "Poplars can be bred to order, " which appears on pages 153 to 157 in"Trees, " the Yearbook of Agriculture for 1949, published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Schreiner provides an interesting diagram ofrandom planting of 102 poplar hybrids, in plots of 50 trees each, representing 30 parentages. He writes, "Japanese beetle infestation washeavy in ~1947~; as late as September 9 beetles were as numerous as 10 to12 per leaf on the most susceptible plants. Although the insects werefeeding everywhere on the sparsely scattered weeds growing under thehybrids, beetle feeding was found on only nine hybrids, representingfour parentages. Three of these parentages include hybrids that wereentirely free of beetle feeding during the entire infestation. " Amongfive hybrids of ~P. Charkowiensis~ and ~P. Caudina~, three were highlysusceptible, one moderately susceptible and one was non-susceptible. 

Japanese beetles, when infesting rows of plants of the same variety, usually occur unevenly on the individual plants. Some of the factorshave to do with the vigor or color of the tree. In my observation onpeach, I have repeatedly seen a sickly, yellow and half-wilted tree withthousands of beetles in it, while other similar but healthy trees in thesame row averaged only a few hundred beetles. You can make one branch ofa tree more attractive to the insects than the rest of the branches bypartly girdling it or permitting borers or cankers to damage the base ofthe branch. This observation suggests that the increased sugar contentraises the attractiveness of the leaf. It coincides with what is alreadyknown that extracts of plants preferred by the Japanese beetle have, ingeneral, a higher sugar content, or more of a fruit-like odor than thosenot attacked. (Metzger et al, Jour. Agric. Research, ~49~ (11): 1001-1008. 1934. Washington, D. C. )

There are other observations you can easily make yourselves. TheJapanese beetle avoids shade, except on the hottest days, and itsfeeding in dense trees shows up most in the tops; its feeding on uniformplantings tends to show up most in the edge rows. Nursery-size trees aremore extensively defoliated than larger ones. At this point we mustconsider that the insect usually has to fly into a planting from theoutside, for it breeds chiefly in lawns and meadows. If the foliage massof the nut planting is small and the grass areas nearby are large, thebeetles are likely to do heavier damage than where the planting is verylarge and grass areas negligible. A small planting in a suburban area, beside a large golf course, cemetery or dairy farm, is going to be moreheavily attacked than a large one set in a clearing in the woods. 

~Control of the adult:~ The safest, most direct measure is to pick orknock the beetles off the plants, preferably in the early morning, whenthey are cool. They may be dropped in a pail with a little kerosene init. Some plants can be shielded with thin nets which can be placed onthem by day. We do not recommend Japanese beetle traps. These yellowtraps, which are baited with geranoil and other essential oils, can drawbeetles in from a considerable distance but we have found that, possiblybecause many beetles miss the trap, the population of beetles remainshigh near the trap, in spite of heavy daily catches. Although the use ofone trap to the acre on a block 10 miles square would probably getresults, the use of a few traps on a small nut planting is likely to bedisappointing. 

A MEMBER: Will birds or any kind of poultry eat them?

DR. ADAMS: Yes, poultry will eat them, as far as they can reach. Certainbirds, of course, will feed on them to some extent, but birds, insummer, seem to have plenty of other things to eat, and they certainlyleave plenty of beetles in plain sight uneaten. We can see that thebirds are a fairly constant helpful factor, but are not to be reliedupon to prevent injury occurring in a beetle outbreak. 

Rotenone, which, I believe, is one of your main insecticides in nutculture, is fairly effective on Japanese beetles. It kills the beetleshit with the spray and gives protection for several days thereafter. Ifyou apply it often enough, rotenone can take care of the plants so thatthey don't become disfigured by the beetles. Using cube powder, you mayapply five ounces of 4% rotenone in 10 gallons of water. Of course, inmany cases there is no objection to using DDT wetable powder or dusts, unless you are afraid of a mite problem arising after DDT is used. IfDDT can be sprayed on the plants, it needs to be applied only aboutthree times during a summer, or sometimes only twice. For plants thatare growing very fast, the new growth, of course, has to be kepttreated. You may prefer to spray once heavily over all the plants inJuly and then, after that, keep the beetles off by spraying or dustingthe new growth, during August. For more directions see U. S. D. A. FarmersBulletin No. 2004. 

Now, there are new chemicals that will kill Japanese beetles veryquickly. Parathion will kill them, but its toxicity necessitates greatcare in handling and, on peaches, we find it protects the plants foronly a few days. Chlordane, which has a very important use in connectionwith these insects in the grub stage, is not recommended above ground;it is too brief in its action. Methoxychlor may be used instead of DDT. It is less effective, but much less poisonous, and should be appliedmore frequently. 

Now, the other aspect of control is to try to reduce beetle productionover the whole area so that you don't have so many beetles flying in tothe plants during the summer and you don't have to spray so frequently, if at all. This is the phase to which I wish to give particularattention, after we consider the life history. 

~Life history:~ The Japanese beetles in the adult stage are in evidencehere from late June to late September, or, roughly, for the summerseason. The adults lay their eggs in the soil, mostly in lawns, mowedgrassy fields and pastures. The adults die but the eggs give rise totiny, bluish-gray larvae which feed chiefly on grass roots. The larvaegrow through the fall and spring, and, if more numerous than about 40 tothe square foot in September, or about 25 in April and May, can causesevere lawn damage. 

MR. CORSAN: That's the stage when the pheasants and starlings eat them. 

DR. ADAMS: Yes, in the grub stage. 

MR. CORSAN: I see thousands of starlings gorging themselves. 

DR. ADAMS: Yes, scratching birds, crows and skunks can take them out;the starlings make a hole the size of a pencil point to do so. In oursurvey areas grub populations sometimes seem to drop rapidly in May, when the birds are feeding their nestlings. In June, the survivinglarvae mostly change into pupae, and by July they are appearing asbeetles. From the lawns and grassy fields they readily fly to weeds, shrubs, grapevines and trees. They fly at least a few hundred yards, ifneed be, to find their host plants. Well kept, sunny, lawns with good, moist soil, which carry 40 grubs to the square foot in the fall maystill have plenty at transformation time in early summer. A lawn of5, 000 square feet could thus produce 100, 000 beetles. Yards, roadwaysand pastures commonly produce as many as six beetles to the square foot, which means a quarter million to the acre. 

~Chemical control in the grub stage:~ In New York we suggest that on ahome property the more valuable sections of permanent lawn begrub-proofed with chemicals as soon as there are 5 to 10 grubs to thesquare foot. This grub-proofing has two effects: (a) it stops beetleproduction from that lawn, and (b) it prevents the lawn grass beingdamaged by the grubs of this and other annual grub species and by thebirds and animals, including moles, which damage grubby turf. Forgrub-proofing I prefer to use chlordane. It may be applied in a spray, at 8 ounces of 50% wettable powder to 1, 000 square feet, or it may bepurchased in the more bulky 5% form and applied dry with a two-wheeledlawn fertilizer spreader. For each 1, 000 square feet I take 5 pounds of5% chlordane and, since it tends to clog the spreader, I mix it in acardboard drum with 5 pounds of a dry, granular material such as theactivated-sludge fertilizer known as "Milorganite. " The ten pounds ofmixture is then spread on the 1, 000 square feet, half east and west, half north and south. 

If applied in the fall or early spring there will be no beetles comingout in July and no grubs for several years. DDT at 6 pounds of 10% DDTto 1, 000 square feet will give an even longer grub-proofing effect. Ourplots so treated in 1944 are still grub-free. The possible trouble withDDT is that it is too nearly permanent, and if you should plow up apiece of lawn treated with it and try to raise tomatoes or strawberries, you might find the soil too toxic. 

~Biological control in the grub stage:~ The chemical grub-proofing of thesunny parts of the front or main lawn on a property is desirable for thereasons stated, but it does not usually stop more than a fifth of thebeetle production around the property, because there are usually plentyof neighbors' lawns, pastures, public grounds, and otherbeetle-producing turf areas nearby. How are you to reduce the beetlecrop on these places, mostly on ground you don't control? Here is wherebiological control comes in, something which I feel will appeal to youin this group. The parasitic insects known as spring Tiphia, importedfrom the Orient and well established on hundreds of estates, golfcourses, and cemeteries around Philadelphia and New York, may beintroduced in your vicinity when grubs reach about 5 to the square foot. The parasites, which are like flying ants, appear above ground in springand feed on honey-dew. The female burrows in the soil and attaches hereggs singly to Japanese beetle grubs. A maggot hatches and consumes thegrub. I have charge of the distribution of these parasites in New York. I like to liberate at least one colony in each village or town division. Some of you may help me plan the liberation for your vicinity, possiblyon a cemetery near your place. The colonies enlarge to about a squaremile in 10 years, and may cut beetle production by 50%. 

Another biological agent which can be added to grub-carrying turf is thebacterium causing Japanese beetle grubs to turn milky white and die. Apowder is made from diseased grubs and talc and this milky disease sporeinoculum is applied with a teaspoon in dots or spots over the turf. Theimportant point is that the spore powder must be used on a plot wherethere are grubs to get the disease, and not on chemically grub-proofedsoil. Milky disease spore powder is sold under three brand names, "Japidemic, " "Japonex" and "Sawco-Japy. " One-half pound, suitablyapplied, will cost you about $2. 50 and be an act of good citizenship, for the disease slowly spreads to any grubby soil in surroundingproperties. I can supply addresses of the producers and detailedreprints of my studies. 

Discussion

MR. McDANIEL: Does this disease affect any other beetles we have inAmerica, besides the Japanese?

MR. ADAMS: Yes, one other species; it causes some sickness in the grubsof the turf pest known as the Oriental beetle. 

MR. McDANIEL: How about the green June beetle?

DR. ADAMS: No, unfortunately, it doesn't work on that beetle, which is apest on Long Island and in the South. 

A MEMBER: How much area would a (1/2-pound) can like that treat?

DR. ADAMS: It depends. You can apply a half-pound to a quarter acre, orany smaller space you want to put it on. If you want to put spots downcloser together, say every three feet, it will treat about 1, 000 squarefeet. It suggests on the label that you do. But if you treat a plot on alarge field, I'd recommend you put it out at about a teaspoonful everyten feet. In other words, I wouldn't put less than a half-pound on theplot set aside for it on my place. The application is just a starter tointroduce the disease in the area, and it doesn't matter too muchwhether you spot it at 10-foot intervals on a pasture or put it atfairly close intervals on an area about the size of this room. The pointis that it mustn't be broadcast, because that spreads the spores toothin. Grubs don't get the disease if they eat only a few spores. Weassume that where you put the spots down on the ground the grubs underthose spots will get the disease and wander off and die. When a grubdies, it multiplies the number of spores up to many millions. Thatportion of soil becomes infective, and more grubs going through theinfective portions carry the disease to intervening areas until thewhole piece of turf is unhealthful to these grubs. Droppings of birdsfeeding on sick grubs spread the disease. 

MR. FRYE: One application is all that's needed?

DR. ADAMS: One application is all that's needed. Control is slight atfirst, but increases with the passage of the years. 

MR. CORSAN: Quail feed on them. Why can't we have quail around the farmsinstead of shooting them?

DR. ADAMS: I would be for that, but we have to find other methods for alot of people. Besides, we need something that will intercept some ofthe grubs in the fall, before they get big. After all, by the time thequail are interested in them, they have already done some damage in theground. In the ground the grubs can do two kinds of damage. They canmake turf loose so it can be rolled back like a rug. Second, if youshould plow up a piece of sod that has many grubs in it and try to plantrow crops or nursery stock, they may eat the roots off the planting inthe spring. 

DR. McKAY: I'd like to ask what effect low temperature has on them andhow far north you think will be their limit?

DR. ADAMS: The soil temperature at which the grubs begin to die inhibernation is 15 degrees, and I have never seen the soil temperaturethat low here under turf. (I operate a soil thermograph on my lawn. )

A MEMBER: How far down do they go?

DR. ADAMS: They hibernate at 4 to 8 inches in the ground. It's rare tohave it drop below 27 degrees at these depths. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: What do you mean, Fahrenheit?

DR. ADAMS: That is Fahrenheit. 

A MEMBER: That's frozen solid. That's at 32 degrees. 

DR. ADAMS: The deeper soil will drop only a few degrees below freezing. The soil here usually remains no lower than 32 degrees, except within aninch or two of the top. 

A MEMBER: Do you think soil temperature is going to be a limitingfactor?

DR. ADAMS: I think the limiting factor northward is the coolness of thesummers. In Northern Japan their life history gets altered because ofthe shortness of the summer, and I think in the Adirondack area theywon't be serious for that reason. 

MR. WEBER: Will this spore powder kill other kinds of grubs that are inthe sod?

DR. ADAMS: Not to any practical extent. It does not control the grubs ofthe "June bugs, " or brown June beetles, or what are called "whitegrubs. "

MR. LOWERRE: Would the DDT kill the parasitic wasps?

DR. ADAMS: Turf treated with chlordane or DDT is grub-proofed and is notof any use to the flying parasites as a place to lay eggs, or forbacteria to multiply. So we don't want to put chemicals on top ofbiological control plots. For instance, on an average home property Iwould treat the front lawn, the more valuable piece, with chemicals sothat it would be 100% grub-proofed to protect the turf and to take thatmuch turf out of beetle production. Then on the back lawns or grassyfields adjoining, I would apply at least a half-pound of this milkydisease material, and in that way provide a complete treatment; theparasites can be added on some large public turf area nearby. And don'tthink you are going to stamp the Japanese beetle out just by sprayingall the adult beetles you see each summer on the cultivated plants, because there are lots more on the shade trees, weeds and vines. 

A new book, "The Insect Enemies of Eastern Forests, " contains a greatdeal of information on the insects feeding on nut trees. Unfortunately, it isn't indexed to crops, so you can't look up "walnut" and find whatinsects bother you. You have to know what the insect is, and you willfind it with its insect family. That is U. S. Department of AgricultureMiscellaneous Publication 657, by George E. Craighead. Price $2. 50, fromthe Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 

MR. CORSAN: What in the world has become of the black walnutcaterpillar, that big, black fellow with the grey hairs?

DR. ADAMS: Maybe they are at a low point in a cycle. Mr. Bernath willshow you a few of them. 

MR. CORSAN: He might show me a few of them, but I have been pesteredwith them for years, and this year I haven't got any. 

DR. ADAMS: I suppose natural conditions have taken care of them for awhile, but they will come back again. 

(Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, very much, sir. We will take a few minutesrecess now. 

(Whereupon, a short recess was taken. )

Editor's Note: The following paper which was delayed, was originallyscheduled for our 1949 Report. 

Insecticides for Nut Insects

E. H. SIEGLER United States Department of Agriculture AgriculturalResearch Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Fortunately, the growers of nuts do not have to combat a large number ofinjurious insect species. However, some species do at times cause aheavy loss of nuts and may also damage the vegetation growth of thetrees. Injury by insects will vary from year to year, due to variouscauses, and insects frequently show varietal host preferences. Timelyuse of insecticides is the most effective means of combating manyharmful species. 

Until the beginning of World War II a rather limited number ofinsecticides was available, such as lead arsenate, cryolite, nicotine, mineral oil emulsions, and rotenone. Some injurious insects weresatisfactorily controlled through the timely application of one or theother of these materials, or combinations of them; others survived indamaging numbers in spite of all attempts to suppress them. 

During and since World War II, both in the United States and abroad, work on insecticides has been stepped up markedly. As a result, many newinsecticides have been developed and are available for general use. 

The first of the new insecticides about which we heard was DDT. Actually, the compound itself was not a new one, since it was preparedby a German student chemist in 1874. However, no use was found for ituntil 1939, when a Swiss chemist found it promising as an insecticideagainst the Colorado potato beetle. It was first tested in the UnitedStates a few years later. 

Since the successful introduction of DDT, promising new insecticideshave become available more frequently and in greater numbers than everbefore. Among these materials are certain chlorinated hydrocarbonsrelated to DDT. These include methoxychlor and TDE, neither of which is, on the whole, as useful as DDT but both of which are of value and havean important advantage over DDT in that they are reported to be lesstoxic to warm-blooded animals. Other new chlorinated hydrocarbonsinclude benzene hexachloride, synthesized in 1828 and first testedagainst insects in France in 1941 and discovered about the same time inEngland; chlordane, developed in the United States a few years ago; andtoxaphene. Several organic phosphorus compounds, including hexaethyltetraphosphate, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and parathion, have also beendeveloped. 

Technical benzene hexachloride is a mixture of several isomers, thegamma isomer being the most toxic to insects. The practically pureisomer is known as lindane. A handicap to the general use of benzenehexachloride on fruit is its tendency to cause off-flavor condition whenapplied too close to harvest. Lindane is less likely to cause off-flavorin fruit than technical benzene hexachloride but may not overcome thisfault altogether. 

The organic phosphate insecticides, like DDT, were first found of valuein Europe and were introduced into the United States after the close ofWorld War II. Parathion in particular shows great promise for thecontrol of many insect pests. Although these compounds are verypoisonous and must be handled strictly in accordance with themanufacturers' recommendations, a recent announcement by Arnold J. Lehman, of the Food and Drug Administration, indicates that theirresidues are not likely to be harmful. He has stated that "parathion isnot stored in the tissues to an appreciable extent--it is rapidlydestroyed by the tissues of the body which in turn is an added mechanismfor the prevention of tissue accumulation. " Residues of hexaethyltetraphosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate persist for only a shorttime and residues of parathion drop to a low level within 10 to 14 daysafter application. This information, however, does not make itunnecessary for the user to observe strictly all warnings andprecautions issued by the manufacturers of parathion and of otherorganic phosphates. Serious effects and deaths have occurred thoughexcessive exposures to parathion. 

General Information Regarding the Use of the New Organic Insecticides

~Handling the insecticides. ~ All the new organic insecticides, the organicphosphates in particular, are to some degree toxic not only to manyinsects but to man and animals as well. Even the most toxic ones can beused, however, without harmful effects on the operator, provided all thecautions issued by the manufacturer are properly followed. Special caremust be taken in handling concentrated insecticides preparatory tomaking diluted spray or dust applications. 

~Spray concentrations. ~ DDT has been used more extensively than any of theother newer insecticides and for this reason there is considerableinformation relative to the spray concentrations known to be effectiveagainst insects susceptible to it. For spray purposes DDT is generallyemployed at the rate of 1-1/2 to 4 pounds of 50 percent wettable powderper 100 gallons of water. 

Parathion is being used at 1/2 to 1-1/2 pounds of 15 percent wettablepowder per 100 gallons of water for mites and up to 2 pounds to 100gallons of water for insects more resistant to it. The occurrence ofinjury to the foliage and fruit of some varieties of apples when thisinsecticide is used is under investigation. 

Benzene hexachloride (10 percent gamma isomer, wettable) is being usedat 2 to 4 pounds, and sometimes less depending upon the insect, per 100gallons of water. Wettable mixtures containing 25 percent of lindane(approximately pure gamma isomer) are used at dosages which would givean equivalent quantity of the gamma isomer in the diluted spray. 

Chlordane is usually employed at the rate of 2 to 3 pounds of 50 percentwettable powder and toxaphene at 2 to 4 pounds of 40 percent wettablepowder per 100 gallons. 

These insecticides are also being sold for use as dusts, either ready touse or in a more concentrated form which can be reduced to dustingstrength through the addition of inert material. 

~Spray Residues. ~ Spray residues are not important on nut crops, but onfruits it is important to time the insecticide applications so thatharmful residues are avoided. Animals should not be allowed to grazevegetation beneath trees recently treated. Instructions on the packagedinsecticide should be followed. 

~Effect on beneficial insects. ~ Since the more potent of the newer organicinsecticides are toxic to many parasitic and predatory insects, all ofwhich help to reduce the populations of injurious species, theseinsecticides, if used, must be largely relied upon to effect control bythemselves. Often no immediate assistance is forthcoming from beneficialinsects after these materials have been used. 

Nut Insect Investigations

Except for studies on the chestnut weevils, nut insect investigations bythe Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine are being conductedprimarily on the pecan at southern laboratories. Many of the remarks inthis paper are therefore based on information obtained from theselaboratories. In view of the short time the new organic insecticideshave been available, work to determine their place in nut insect controlprograms is largely in the experimental stage. Much further work will benecessary before detailed instructions can be given for their generaluse. 

Insects Attacking the Nuts

~The Pecan weevil. ~ The adult of the pecan weevil[8] is a snout beetlethat attacks not only pecan throughout the South but also hickory in theeastern half of the United States. During mid-season, previous to theformation of the kernel, nuts are frequently punctured for feedingpurposes. This results in failure of the nuts to complete theirdevelopment. The principal injury, however, is caused by grubs thatdevelop from eggs laid in the nuts after the kernels have formed. Thisis usually during September on pecans in the South. The grubs feed onthe kernels and may consume them completely (Fig. 1). 

[8] ~Curculio caryae~ (Horn). 

Applications of sprays containing 6 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettablepowder per 100 gallons of water just previous to and during theoviposition period have proved effective against this pest. 

[Illustration: Fig 1. --Nut infested with larvae of the pecan weevil. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 2. --Larva of the butternut curculio in Japanesewalnut shoot. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 3--Adults of the walnut husk maggot on black walnut. Enlarged. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 4. --Adult of a leaf-footed bug. Enlarged. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 5. --Defoliation caused by the black pecan aphid. ]

Nut curculios. Several species of curculios, such as the butternutcurculio[9] (Fig. 2) and the hickorynut curculio, [10] infest the fruitof these and other nut trees. Their life histories and methods of attackare somewhat alike and for the purpose of this report the butternutcuriculio is given as an example. This insect lays its eggs in boththe young shoots and nuts, which usually drop as a result of the injury. The larvae then develop to maturity within the dying tissues after whichthey enter the soil and transform to adults. Subsequently they leave thesoil to pass the winter above ground protected from low temperatures byweeds or other vegetation. 

[9] ~Conotrachelus juglandis~ Lee. 

[10] ~Conotrachelus affinis~ Boh. 

Lead arsenate, 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water, has been relied uponin the past for control of various nut curculios. Among the newerinsecticides, benzene hexachloride (6 percent gamma), 4 to 6 pounds per100 gallons, has shown promise against a shoot curculio on pecans whenapplied soon after the trees start growth in the spring. 

~Hickory shuckworm. ~ The hickory shuckworm[11] is another serious pest ofpecan and hickory nuts. Early in the year, previous to the hardening ofthe shells, the kernels are eaten. This injury causes many of the nutsto drop. In the fall, the later generations tunnel within and feed uponthe shucks only. The affected nuts are usually smaller than normal; inaddition the shells are often stained and are more difficult to separatefrom the husks. 

[11] ~Laspeyresia caryana~ (Fitch). 

Extensive experimentation in the control of this insect has been carriedout without much success. No effective insecticide treatment can berecommended for its control. 

~Walnut husk maggot. ~ The adult of the walnut husk maggot[12] is a fly(Fig. 3); it is related to other injurious fruit flies such as the applemaggot, Mediterranean fruit fly, and the oriental fruit fly, which hasrecently been found in Hawaii. Adults emerge from the soil and fly tothe trees in midsummer. Egg laying follows in 1 to 3 weeks, the eggsbeing deposited on the husks of several kinds of nuts. The maggots feedwithin the husks. Not only is the quality of infested nuts lowered, but, in addition, the husks are more difficult to remove. A closely relatedspecies is particularly damaging to the Persian or English walnut inCalifornia. 

[12] ~Rhagoletis suavis~ Loew. 

Lead arsenate, 2 to 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water, in combinationwith an equal quantity of hydrated lime is quite effective in destroyingthe adults of the walnut husk maggot when applied at the time they arepresent. 

~Stinkbugs and leaf-footed bugs. ~ There are a number of stinkbugs andleaf-footed bugs (Fig. 4), in addition to the species mentioned, [13][14]which are responsible for important injuries to pecans, filberts, andother nuts. These insects puncture the immature nuts with their beaks. The punctured areas become spongy, somewhat dark in color, and arebitter to the taste; on pecan the typical injury is referred to as blackpit and kernel spot. 

[13] ~Nezara vizidula~ (L. ). 

[14] ~Leptoglossus phyllopus~ (L. ). 

Crops of favorable host plants such as cowpeas and soybeans should notbe planted in or adjacent to nut orchards subject to attack by thesesucking bugs. In general, orchard sanitation should be practiced. 

[Illustration: Fig. 6. --Galls produced by the pecan phylloxera. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 7. --Injury to young pecan tree by the fall webworm. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 8. --Larvae of the walnut caterpillar. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 9. --Caterpillar of the hickory tussock moth. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 10. --Rose chafer beetles on chestnut blossoms. ]

Insects Attacking the Foliage

~Black pecan aphid. ~ Pecan trees at times suffer sufficient damage fromthe black pecan aphid[15] to cause considerable defoliation (Fig. 5)during the latter part of the season. The injury to foliage in itsearlier stages consists of irregularly shaped yellowish areas which turnbrown when the tissues die. 

[15] ~Melanocallis caryaefoliae~ (Davis). 

This aphid is usually controlled with nicotine sulfate (40 percentnicotine), 3/8 pint plus summer oil emulsion, 2 quarts per 100 gallonsof spray. Parathion and benzene hexachloride have given good results inexperimental work but are not yet generally recommended. 

~Pecan phylloxera. ~ The pecan phylloxera[16] is related to aphids. Itattacks principally the vegetative parts of the tree such as the leaves, petioles, and shoots on which galls (Fig. 6) are produced. Pecans, hickories, and other species of nuts are subject to infestation. 

[16] ~Phylloxera devastatrix~ Perg. 

In the past a spray of nicotine sulfate (40 percent nicotine) 13 ouncescombined with either lime-sulfur solution, 2-1/2 gallons per 100 gallonsof water, or lubricating-oil emulsion, 2 quarts per 100 gallons, appliedin the late dormant period has been the standard recommendation. Inrecent experiments in the South with some of the new organic sprays, benzene hexachloride and some of the dinitro compounds have indicatedgood promise. 

~Fall webworm, ~[17] ~walnut caterpillar, ~[18] ~and hickory tussockmoth. ~[19] The caterpillars of these species (Figs. 7, 8, 9) arefrequent pests on the foliage of nut trees. They often defoliate entirebranches. 

[17] ~Hyphantria cunea~ (Drury). 

[18] ~Datana integerrima~ (G. And R. )

[19] ~Halisidota caryae~ (Harr. )

The best time to apply control measures is as soon as possible after thecaterpillars hatch. The insects can be readily destroyed with leadarsenate, 3 pounds, or DDT (2 pounds) of 50 percent wettable powder, per100 gallons, applied when they appear. Other new organic insecticidesmay also be effective but have not been widely tested. 

~The rose chafer and Japanese beetle. ~ Adults of the rose chafer[20] (Fig. 10) and the Japanese beetle[21] are voracious feeders on the foliage ofnut trees and must be destroyed if severe injury is to be avoided. 

[20] ~Marcordactylus subspinosus~ (F. ). 

[21] ~Popillia japonica~ Newm. 

Fortunately these insects may now be controlled by spraying with DDT, 2pounds of 50-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water, when thebeetles appear. In the case of the Japanese beetle a second applicationmay be necessary if the infestation is heavy. 

~Spider mites. ~ Nut trees, especially those which have been sprayed withDDT, may become seriously injured by various species of mites. [22] DDTis very toxic to the natural insect enemies of plant-feeding mites andtherefore the mites build up to injurious numbers. 

[22] ~Tetranychus~ sp. And others. 

Of the various miticides recently tested on pecan, a spray of parathionwas the most promising. In some recent tests for the control of spidermites on chestnut trees, 1-1/2 pounds of 15 percent parathion wettablepowder per 100 gallons of water was effective. Do not use parathionunless you observe all the precautions contained on the package label ofthe material. 

[Illustration: Fig. 11. --Larva of the twig girdler. Enlarged. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 12. --Adult of the flatheaded apple tree borer. Enlarged. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 13. --Larvae of the flatheaded apple tree borer. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 14. --Scars on trunk of pecan tree caused by cuttingout flatheaded apple tree borers from their tunnels. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 15. --Adult of the buffalo treehopper. Enlarged. ]

[Illustration: Fig. 16. --Twig scarred as a result of egg laying by thebuffalo treehopper. ]

Insects Attacking the Trunk and Branches

A number of insects cause important damage to the trunk and branches ofnut trees. 

~Obscure scale and others. ~ The obscure scale[23] infests a variety of nuttrees. On pecan the chief injury results from attacks on branches underthree inches in diameter. 

[23] ~Chrysomphalus obscurus~ (Comst. ). 

The obscure scale and other scale insects can be controlled withlubricating-oil emulsion during the dormant period. However, nut treesare often susceptible to oil damage, especially at 3 percentconcentration. Since healthy trees are more resistant to oil injury, itis therefore advisable to watch for scale infestations so as to spraythem before the trees are weakened. 

~Twig girdler. ~ Nut trees are sometimes attacked by the twig girdler[24](Fig. 11). This beetle lays eggs in the twigs, which are girdled so asto stop the flow of sap that would normally prevent hatching. Thegirdled twigs usually become detached from the trees and as a result thenut-bearing wood is reduced. 

[24] ~Oncideres cingulata~ (Say). 

The standard recommendation for control of this insect has been togather and destroy the infested twigs in the orchard and from anyinfested trees nearby. Recent tests on pecan in northern Floridaindicate that DDT and parathion may be effective against this insect. Three applications (the first on August 26 when the first girdled twigswere observed and the others on September 9 and 23) of DDT, 4 pounds of50 percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water, or parathion, 3pounds of 15 percent wettable powder per 100 gallons, gave completecontrol. Further experiments will be required to determine the minimumeffective concentration of spray and the number of applications neededfor control. It is suggested that DDT be used for the control of thisinsect until more information is available on how to handle and to useparathion. 

~Flatheaded apple tree borer. ~ The adult beetle of the flathead apple treeborer[25] (Fig. 12) deposits its eggs throughout the summer season, preferably in the small grooves of bark on the unshaded portions of thetrunk of pecan and other trees. The borers (Fig. 13) hatch and tunnelthrough the bark to the cambium layer. Young trees may readily begirdled (Fig. 14). 

[25] ~Chrysobothris femorata~ (Oliv. ). 

To avoid this insect as far as possible, orchard sanitation should bepracticed and the trees should be kept in a healthy condition. In someplantings wrapping the trunks with paper or burlap to protect againstegg laying and maintaining low branches to shade the trunk have beenhelpful. Cutting out the borers with a knife has also been resorted to;trunk washes have likewise been used but have not been very effective. 

~Buffalo treehopper and periodical cicada. ~ Buffalo treehoppers[26] (Fig. 15) and the periodical cicada[27] weaken twigs by inserting their eggsin them. The injured bark becomes roughened as it heals (Fig. 16), andthe growth of the limb is retarded. 

[26] ~Ceresa bubalus~ (L. ). 

[27] ~Magicicada septendecim~ (L. ). 

Pruning of weakened twigs is recommended for wood injured by the cicada. If treehoppers are a pest, clean cultivation will help. Cover crops ofcowpeas or clovers should not be planted. In preliminary tests two orthree applications of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (20 percent), 3/4 pintper 100 gallons of water, have given promising results in controllingthe periodical cicada. The first application should be made after thecicadas appear and the others as needed to prevent damage. 

Observations on Effects of Low Temperatures in Winter 1949-1950 onWalnuts and Filberts in Oregon and Washington

JOHN H. PAINTER

Horticulturist, United States Department of Agriculture, AgriculturalResearch Administration, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, andAgricultural Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon

In western Oregon and Washington, where the Japan Current is supposed tokeep the winter temperatures moderate, something happens every now andthen and we get really severe winters. We can't blame it on the "A" bombbecause we had severe winter injury in 1919 and 1935 long before the "A"bomb. 

The last two winters have been exceptionally cold, but this past winterof 1949-1950 was much more severe than the previous one. 

In 1948-1949, the cold came rather suddenly in the latter part ofDecember. In the past winter, 1949-1950, the real cold came on January30, with temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 degrees below zero F. Mostofficial temperatures were higher; but at Corvallis the officialtemperatures were taken at least 60 feet above the ground level, on theroof of the Agricultural Building, which is over a steam-heated buildingand is old enough to be not very well insulated. This cold continued insomewhat modified form for a week. 

During the previous winter the lowest temperature recorded in the nutgrowing areas was about 10 to 11 degrees above zero F. , and the severecold lasted for only a couple of days. 

In both winters the ground was fairly well covered with snow, but withconsiderably more snow this past winter than the previous winter. 

No apparent damage to Persian walnuts was observed as a result of thecold in the 1948-1949 winter, but in certain low-lying areas catkins ofBarcelona and Daviana filberts were killed, especially those of thelatter. Considerable dieback of filberts occurred; but during thefollowing growing season recovery was effected and at the end of thesummer very little evidence of winter injury was visible. 

The injury resulting from the cold weather of the past winter was muchmore severe than that of the previous winter. Whereas filberts were theonly nut trees injured in 1948-1949, they escaped with relatively littledamage in 1949-1950 in comparison with Persian walnuts. 

On February 11, 1950, ten days after the really severe week, severalwalnut growers of long experience held grave fears for the entireindustry. Peach and apple trees, which seem to exhibit winter injurymore quickly than walnuts, showed so much damage then that walnutgrowers thought the injury to the Persian walnut would be even worse. 

From February 11, 1950, to the present date (July 30) I have been makingobservations from time to time in different locations with specialattention to walnuts and with some to filberts. It is thought thatcertain of these observations might be of interest to nut growers inother areas, even though there is nothing particularly new or startlingabout them. They do, however, tend to show how surprisingly well thePersian walnut trees can withstand severe cold if it occurs after theyhave once gone into dormancy. 

Generally speaking, the winter injury to walnuts has been spotty. Noareas of great size have been either free of injury or severely injured. Usually, where a difference in severity of damage is found between areasclose together, some reason for the difference can be found, but it isnot always evident on the surface. 

Injury to Walnuts

With the possible exception of southern Oregon, it is safe to say that100 percent of the walnut trees in Oregon and Washington suffered sometwig injury as a result of last winter's cold. In many cases thesubsequent dieback of the twigs may extend only a few inches, butsometimes the injury involves not only the past season's growth but thatof three or even four years back. 

As might well be expected, this twig injury of necessity has meant theloss of many terminal and lateral buds which bear the female flowers; sofor that reason, if for no other, this twig injury has assumed seriousaspects. 

In many cases the catkins were severely injured even where there waslittle or no twig injury. The catkins of the Persian walnut seem to beextremely sensitive to cold. Many Persian walnut trees in Oregon thisyear failed to produce any catkins at all. Some produced very few normalcatkins, but some half-developed and deformed catkins. An examination ofthese partially injured catkins, however, revealed the fact that theydid produce some pollen. It will always remain a mystery to me how asmany walnuts were pollinated and set as there were, with the scant cropof catkins. 

In practically every orchard examined, where the temperature got as lowas minus 10 degrees F. , the pith cells were blackened. This is notuncommon in other tree crops following severe winter injury. Fairly goodpeach crops have been borne in Georgia on trees that had the pith cellscompletely blackened. 

In the case of walnuts this year, many growers were considerably worriedby the fact that even the wood tissue outside the pith region was blackand watersoaked. However, to date (July 30, 1950) this condition hasnot proven serious; as long as the cambium cells were not injured noreal trouble has developed. In some cases under observation, even wheresome injury to the cambium cells was known to have existed, enough liveones have been left to effect recovery. Compared to peach, holly, andeven apple trees the Persian walnut has put up a marvelous fight torecover from the injury sustained. 

Factors Accentuating Winter Injury in Walnuts

After the several months of observation, certain factors appearinvariably to account for excessive damage to walnut orchards. Elevationseems to be a principal factor. The hillside orchards or those on uplandsites (soils) were far less injured than the river-bottom orvalley-floor orchards, even though the latter may be on a better soil asfar as fertility is concerned. My early prediction of 50 percent of acrop in the hillside orchards seems now to have been about 10 percentshort, unless other factors become involved. On the other hand, my earlyprediction of 25 percent of a crop in the valley-floor orchards has beenclose to correct. Of course, certain valley-floor orchards with acombination of adverse factors won't have even a 5 percent crop. 

Older orchards were more severely hurt than younger orchards withotherwise similar conditions. This is possibly due to the lack of vigorand of reserve material, resulting from crowding and competition forelements of nutrition. 

The size of the crop the preceeding year seems invariably to have had aneffect upon amount of damage done. The matter of reserves is againinvolved. Two orchards that bore a reduced crop last year because ofspring frost injury have come through much better than some othersimilar orchards, at practically the same elevation and age, that bore acrop last year. 

Two adjacent hillside orchards show considerable difference in degree ofwinter injury and crop prospects for this year. It is believed that thisdifference was due to the fact that in one orchard 35 percent of thecrop was destroyed by blight last year, in comparison with a 1 percentloss in the other. The owners and I estimate that there is at least 20percent larger crop this year in the orchard which had the heavy lossfrom blight last year. 

In several orchards where different levels of fertilization have beenused by the grower, it appears that the more liberal the application offertilizer, particularly nitrogen, the less severe was the winter damagesustained. 

At the college orchard in Corvallis, the one tree that got no additionalnitrogen last year and that bore the heaviest crop of nuts isoutstandingly the most severely winter injured of the 17 trees involved. 

Only two varieties of walnuts have been studied, Franquette and Mayette, and some Carpathian seedlings in one orchard. Here in Oregon the Mayetteseems to have generally withstood the winter injury better than theFranquette. It is my belief that they are just naturally a little morevigorous than the Franquette. Yet they never seem to overproduce as theFranquette sometime does. Last year was the "on" year for Franquettesand that might easily account for the generally apparent bettercondition of the Mayettes this year. 

Carpathians Resist Winter Best

Near Ontario, Oregon, I saw 7 seedling Carpathian walnut trees earlythis spring. They were leafed out and the catkins were elongated beforeany Franquettes, even in the Willamette Valley, had started breakingbuds. No sign of winter injury was apparent on the Carpathian trees atthat time, yet Franquettes at the Malheur Experiment Station, a mileaway, were obviously killed to the groundline. The owner, Mr. PeterCountryman, says these trees are often damaged by spring frosts but theyalways produce some nuts. 

A letter dated August 4, from Mr. Countryman, indicates that a hardfrost on the morning of April 24 when the temperature dropped to 22degrees, did considerable damage to the new growth and catkins on thelower half of the Carpathian walnut trees. He estimates not to exceedone-third of a crop on these Carpathian trees this year; but he saysthat since the freeze the trees have made good growth, the new terminalsbeing about 18 inches in length and the nuts on them are very large. 

To sum up the walnut situation, then, the encouraging thing is that nowalnut orchards have been called to my attention that were completelykilled. Several badly neglected orchards and two orchards where it issaid that the temperature dropped lower than minus 25 degrees F. Are soseverely damaged that it is impractical to try to save them, but eventhese are not completely killed. 

Injury to Filberts

From the less comprehensive observations made on filberts following thesevere winter just past, it appears in general that when the filberttree has gone into dormancy it is more tolerant of cold than the walnut. The difference of one month in time of occurrence of the cold in the twowinters seems to have had more bearing on the damage to filberts thanthe difference in temperature. In the Forest Grove, Oregon, area, and inClark County, Washington, filbert trees, however did suffer severelyfrom the cold last winter, but these two areas were the "cold spots" ofthe Northwest. 

It seems as if the same factors that accentuate winter damage in walnutswork in a similar way on filberts, except that the elevation factordoes not seem to be of so great importance. Age of tree, levelof nutrition, and size of preceeding year's crop seem to be moreimportant than elevation. Young filbert orchards, on either hillside orvalley-floor sites, seem to be much less severely hurt than olderorchards on the same sites. It is the acreage of _young_ filbert treesthat will make good the agricultural statistician's estimate of 40 to 50percent of a filbert crop this year. 

I have seen one 32-acre orchard of 24-year-old filbert trees that wasinjured beyond repair, but they were crowded and unfertilized. At thevery same location a 14-acre orchard of 15-year-old filberts withadequate spacing was not seriously injured, even though the trees werenot fertilized. 

One other orchard in a poor location and on waterlogged soil, which hashad little or no care, has likewise been lost. Filberts definitely werehurt in the two "cold spots" previously mentioned, but official reportsof minus 18 degrees F. Were common in that area. 

There was a noticeable difference in damage to catkins between Davianaand DuChilly. Very few Daviana catkins produced pollen; but DuChillyseemed to be fairly normal. 

Injury in filberts was confined mostly to the catkins and twigs. Excessive sucker growth up and down the main trunk and branches hastaken place in the filberts, as is the case in walnuts. 

In neither walnuts nor filberts was there much splitting of the bark onthe trunk. This was probably because there was no sudden fluctuation intemperatures and sunshine was not excessive during the critically colddays. 

It has been previously stated that the filbert is possibly more tolerantof cold than the walnut. In spite of this there probably has been moreextensive damage to filberts than to walnuts; but it must be rememberedthat filberts are the principal nut crop in those two "cold spots. " Notmany walnuts are grown there, but the ones that are were likewiseinjured. 

Editor's Note: Mr. Gellatly's following papers were read by title. 

Effects of the Winter of 1949-50 on Nut Trees in British Columbia

J. U. GELLATLY

Box 19, Westbank, B. C. 

(Orchard at Gellatly, B. C. )

Our district is just recovering (in August) from the effects of thetoughest winter we have experienced here in the past 50 years. This gavethe weather test to the tune of -22° F. , official. The unofficials wereof 30 to 40 below--depending on distances and location from OkanaganLake, a deep body of water three to four miles wide and eighty mileslong. This lake rarely freezes over completely, especially near oursection; so the open water acts as a thermostat during most winters. Butthe past one pulled a new stunt and it froze over completely giving zerowinds a vast open sweep, so that to be near the lake was a disadvantage, for it was colder there than it was farther back, in more shelteredlocations. 

Heartnuts and Hybrids

The bright spot in the nut tree picture is our heartnut trees. They allcame through in good shape, making rampant growths and carrying a heavycrop. These include: 2 Walters, 4 O. K. Heart, 1 Canoka, 1 Slioka, 1Rover, 2 Calendar, 1 Westoka, 1 Nursoka, 1 Aloka, 1 Symoka, 15 selectunnamed bearing seedlings, yet on trial. All are promising. Also we havethree of the Elfin paper shell heartnut hybrids. I have failed to find agood pollinator for these Elfins, so they are shy croppers, althoughproducing plenty of the female blooms. All of the above trees are 6inches in diameter and up to 20 inches. 

Then come the Buart nuts. I coined this name to designate the hybrids Ihad made having the butternut (~J. Cineria~) as the pollen parent andCalendar heartnut (~J. Sieboldiana cordiformis~) as the mother tree. Possibly the seven best of these are: Leslie, Dunoka, Fioka, Okanda, Kingsbury, Penoka, Flavo. These trees are all carrying crops and most ofthem are making good growth. 

Filberts

Ackerman, Brag, Comet, Craig, Holder, Petoka, Carey, Baroka, Barcelona, Bawdin, Firstoka (Gellatly No. 1). These have made a good showing, asthe majority of the trees or bushes under 4 to 6 inch crown diameter ofthese varieties, are doing well and carrying good crops, while manyabove these diameters suffered in varying degrees from slightly toseverely, apparently regardless of variety, location, or soil on whichthey grew. It may be noted that all these varieties have been hardy inthe past, but age was adding up and age evidently had somewhat to dowith their inability to take the punishment they got this past winter. For all my large Bing and Lambert cherry trees were severely injured orentirely winter killed, as were nearby peaches, apricots, pear, and someapple trees, particularly in the larger sizes, while many of theseyounger trees were uninjured, except that they are fruitless thisseason. 

Soft Shell Walnuts

(Juglans regia)

Broadview variety on Gellatly Farm, of 20 bearing trees, all sufferedwinter injury for first time in 20 years. This injury varied all the wayfrom freezing back two to three feet of all higher branches and twigs, to an actual loss of one-third to two-thirds of entire tree and trunk. At date of writing all are staging a good comeback with no care but a"wait-and-see" policy as to final treatment. There was so much loss asto involve too much work if pruning and after care of sprouts wereundertaken. It was decided to leave the dead limbs and branches as aprotection to the fast growing new sprouts, which, without thisprotection, would probably have been badly damaged by wind and rainstorms. Even large birds lighting on these new sprouts might break themdown. 

The dead limbs will be gradually removed later, as the new limbs hardenup and take over. Many of these will be left as supports for at leasttwo years, when I expect most of these trees will be back in production, if we get a return to normal (minus 10° F. ) winters, many will producein 1951, as the new wood is showing a good growth of catkins. Althoughall bearing trees on my place were injured, the younger trees in mynursery were not hurt to any noticeable extent. At SummerlandExperimental Station, 25 miles south of Gellatly, grow two largeBroadview walnut trees supplied by myself. I had grafted on these blackwalnut roots (~J. Nigra~) at the ground line, in every respect like myown. These trees are carrying a good crop. One shows slight winterinjury, the other none at all. The official low for their location was22° below F. With nearby unofficials to 30° below. 

Their present location is at least 200 feet above lake level, and onvery well drained sandy loam. Mine are about 30 feet above the lake andon somewhat heavier loam. I note that trees on my more gravelly soilcame through in the best shape at official-22° F. , unofficial 24 to 28below. My Broadview that made best survival had grown the previous yearin a chicken yard. Ground was well scratched over and droppingsincorporated in top 4 inches of soil. Tree was flood irrigated three orfour times in dry season. On this tree only outer new branches werekilled and tree gives every indication of being back in crop in 1951season. 

The crop record on this tree is from 1945 and reads '45--35 pounds;'46--75 pounds; '47--91 pounds; '48--36 pounds; '49--100 pounds. Weightis for clean, undried, and partly dried nuts at time of picking up. Someof the other Broadview trees have higher crop records, although of sameage and size, with possibly a bit better soil, in same grove. One treein six years, '44 to '49 inclusive, had an average of 74 pounds peryear; another had an average for the same years of 104 pounds per year. Just recently I made a special trip to see how the parent Broadview treehad wintered. I found it had sustained severe damage to two-thirds ofthe upper part of the trunk and main branches. The lower third wasstaging a good comeback, despite unofficials of 35 to 40 below zero F. As reported by neighboring farmers. 

The following varieties of soft shell bearing walnut trees were alsowinter injured: Munsoka, badly, top two-thirds of trunk; Linoka, badly, top two-thirds of trunk; Myoka (Jumbo type) one-third of top branches;Geloka (Jumbo type) frozen to ground line but sprouts two feet high nowgrowing. On Sirdar (a Jumbo type long nut), only outer tips of brancheswere killed. This was a surprise to me, as it is a second generationseedling of Italian source. The parent tree grew and cropped well formany years on bench land at Sirdar, in southern interior of B. C. Untilthe winter of 1935-36, when it was so badly damaged that the owner hadit removed. I rather looked for a similar fate in this one. There isthis difference: mine was not as old nor had it been cropping heavily asyet. The season here is barely long enough to develop fully the kernelsof Sirdar. 

Crath Carpathian Walnut No. 46

This walnut was grafted on black walnut (~J. Nigra~) root in 1944 andplanted here on low loam soil in 1945. It never has been hardy under ourconditions, winter killing some every winter since it was planted. Thispast winter it was killed to below snow line 18 inches above union, whereas Broadview trees alongside, which are the same in every respect, never were injured until this past winter. Then only minor damage tosoft new growth was done. So it looks as though Broadview is still thebest bet for our conditions. 

I am of the opinion that extreme temperature is not the sole determiningfactor in causing winter injury to nut or other trees. This opinion isbased on the behavior of trees that have winter killed continuouslywhile in certain soil, but on being moved to another spot havingenriched soil of similar make-up and drainage located only 200 yardsaway, have never winter killed since removal, and have taken much worsewinters, including the one just past. 

The fact that many of our introductions grow and thrive 150 to 200 milesnorth of here, where temperatures drop to minus 35° to 40°, withoccasional drops to 54° below zero. Check this on your map of Interiorof B. C. On 53° latitude at Quesnel, B. C. I see a geology map liststhat district as sedimentary and volcanic rocks. My informant growsbutternuts, chestnuts, and filberts. Another grower at Clinton, locatedon 50° latitude, central B. C. With temperatures to minus 40° F. , growsJapanese and black walnuts, also Pioneer almond. We are sure that thesame temperatures with our conditions would kill most of our trees. 

Recipes

J. U. GELLATLY

Walnut Honey Sandwich

 1 Teaspoon crystallized Honey (the coarser the crystal the better) 3 Broadview walnut half kernels or quarters. 

Place honey on one-half kernel, then stick the other half on the honey, making a small sandwich, or kernel covered ball of honey. This is adelightful confection. 

Potato Nut Soup

 1. Grate 1 tablespoon onion. 2. Grate 1 good-sized potato. 

Place in double boiler, stir while adding boiling water, to a thinpaste. Stir until cooked clear like corn starch pudding. Add hot wholemilk to bring to creamy soup. At this stage add one-fourth cup filbertkernels. First put nuts through one of the new nut planing gadgets. These are better than the old grinder shredders or choppers, as shavingsare so thin and soft they just melt in hot liquid. (Also delightful onice cream or fresh fruit. ) Have potatoes well cooked before adding milkor nut flakes. Cooking nuts too long sets up some chemical change thatthins the creamy texture of the soup. 

Description of Filazel Varieties[28]

[28] Since the Peace River hazel is apparently ~Corylus rostrata~ thesefilbert hybrids of Mr. Gellatly belong to a different category from the"hazilberts" of Mr. Weschcke and the "Mildred filberts" which had ~C. Americana~ parentage. --J. C. McD. 

J. U. GELLATLY

The name (Filazel) I coined to designate those crosses I had made, having the Peace River hazel as the mother tree and Craig and others ofour large filberts as the pollen parent. 

Peoka

Has thin shell. Clean, well-filled kernel. Is heavy cropper and freehusker. Nuts mature early. Are well filled by August fifth with shellsstarting to brown. Fully ripe by August tenth to fifteenth. 

Manoka

One of the best of my first selections. Very attractive, heavy cropper, well-filled kernels by August first, shells coloring by August fifth. Ripe and falling August fifteenth. 

Fernoka

Good cropper of roundish nuts, having short open husks and good cleankernels. 

Myoka In clusters 1 to 6. Has short open husks. Leaves color well in thefall. Has ornamental value. 

Fairoka

One to 7 nuts in cluster in fancy frilled and rolled back husk. Nutsroundish, of fair size and color. Flavor, good. Leaves color well infall. Has ornamental value. 

Maroka

Medium-sized nut exposed in clusters 4 to 6. Open husk, folded back. 

Ureoka

Medium size for Filazel. Thin-shelled roundish nut, 4 to 6 in clusters. Very short, partially closed husk. 

Orvoka

Two to 5 nuts in cluster. Clean kernels. Husk half-inch longer than nut. Has open side. Good cropper. 

Brenoka

Long husk like parent hazel, but lacking prickles of the wild. Mediumsized nut in clusters, 1 to 4. 

Eloka

Two to 4 in cluster. Medium sized nut with clean kernels in open husks. 

No. 500

Four to 10 nuts in cluster. Has short open husk. Good-sized nut ofBarcelona type. Is a good cropper of clean kernels. Shell heavy. 

No. 502

Largest Barcelona type Filazel that has fruited to date. Clusterscontain 4 to 8 nuts enclosed in heavy medium-length closed husks. 

No. 503

One to 9 nuts in cluster, having clean, full kernels in thick shellsenclosed in short open husks. 

No. 505

One to 6 nuts in cluster, having closed, medium length husks. A goodcropper. 

No. 509

Two to 6 roundish nuts in long closed husks free of prickles so commonon wild hazels. A good cropper. The parent hazels used for these crossesmature the nuts by the first of August and were winter hardy at-60° F. In Peace River, Alberta. 

Other Hazels

Manchurian short bush hazel, distinctive clipped off top on leaf withsome colored (of reddish hue). This bush retains leaves all winter, andwould make a good protective covering for wild life. Has well-flavored, clean kernels fully developed by August seventh, 1950. Kernel isenclosed in heavy, squat shells encircled with distinctive short closedhusk, as if folded together just covering nut. The leaf shape andmarkings carry through and appear in the young seedlings. 

Experiments with Tree Hazels and Chestnuts

J. U. GELLATLY

Corylus jacquemontii

(Smooth Bark) India Tree Hazel

Tree No. 1. Location--N. W. Corner Lot 6, subdivision Lot 487, Scionsfrom Kew Botanical Garden, England. Top grafted on Craig filbert 10 feetfrom ground line. This made good annual growth and compatibly welladjusted unions, which after many years are still in line and notreadily detected except by difference in color and character ofbark--the grafted top being smooth and lighter of color than Craigstock. Although stocks were bearing when cut for grafting, and scionswere from bearing trees and had catkins on when received, grafts weretrained to take over and become the main growth and leading tree fromthe Craig crown. This grafted tree did not produce catkins or nuts forfour or five years, but branches on the stock went right on bearing, asdid also other Craig sections on same root crown or filbert clump usedfor grafting above tree hazel. At date of writing, and following theseverest winter of the past 45 years, when temperatures dropped to -24°F. , followed by brief, bright sunshine and rapid rise of temperature, all ungrafted filberts of over three to four inches in diameter are deador nearly so, while suckers 2-1/2 inches in diameter and smaller arequite sound and making good growth. So, also, are the stocks or sectionstop grafted to the tree hazel--even the larger 4 to 4-1/2 inches indiameter trunks. I ask why, as by all ordinary results the grafted treesshould have been the easiest damaged. This tree, and the other sectionsof filberts on same crown, had cropped for three years past, so thatfrom that angle they should have been on an equal footing. Only a fewclusters of nuts grew on this ~Corylus jacquemontii~ this 1950 season. 

Data on tree size: Height 32 feet--was grafted about 10 feet aboveground line. Circumference of tree--12 inches above ground is 15 inches. At 4 inches below the graft, it is 10 inches, and the same four inchesabove graft union, which is very uniform, and if this combination couldbe reversed we would have an ideal non-suckering stock for commercialfilbert orchards. ~Jacquemontii~ also buds well on cork bark ~C. Colurna~tree hazel. 

 Corylus jacquemontii Smooth Bark India Tree Hazel on Cork Bark Turkish Tree Hazel

Corylus colurna Stock

Tree No. 2 Location--S. W. Corner of Lot 6, subdivision Lot 487. BuddedAugust 15, 1941, at six feet from ground line, to one inch two yeargrowth. Two years later top was removed and bud made to take overleadership. From then on it made good growth. Removal of top was notdone at one operation, but first year leader was cut one-third waythrough, on long slope from bud downward on both sides, and allowed tocallus over one year. Second year leader was cut further and whencallused, top was then removed. This treatment gave good coverage ofwound on trunk. Tree bore first crop 1949, eight years after budding. Nuts 1/2 inch in diameter, moderate shell of roundish form, well filled, with good flavor, clean kernels. August 4, 1950--Tree has a basecircumference at ten inches above ground of 18-1/2 inches--at six feetabove, 14 inches--below union circumference is 14 inches, while fourinches above union it is 11 inches. No evidence of any winter injuryafter taking a-24° F. Temperature. No crop this year, but has a goodcrop of catkins showing for 1951. 

Corylus hetrophyllia Japanese Tree Hazel

Tree No. 3. Location--N. W. Corner of Lot 6, subdivision Lot 487. Scionsfrom Kew Botanical Gardens, England, top grafted on Craig Filbert stocks10 feet from ground line. Made very good union. Present circumferencefour inches below union is 7-3/4 inches, and four inches above union is8 inches. 

The bark on this graft is similar to the Craig on which it is growingbut lighter in color. There is no winter injury in evidence at this dateexcept a very much lighter crop than usual. Has small, oval, light-colored nut of good flavor and color--clean kernels. 

Corylus colurna (Thin Bark) Turkish Tree Hazel, also Cork Bark

Tree No. 4. Source of Scions--Oregon, U. S. A. Top graft on Craig stocksix feet above ground. This Craig filbert clump has several divisions. Main one now six inches above ground. Has a circumference of 20 inches, and just above this branches into four main limbs of similar size, whichat a height of six feet were grafted--two to the thin bark above, andtwo to the cork bark type. The thin bark type have made very compatibleunions--well healed over. The circumference four inches below the graftis now 9-1/2 inches and at similar distance above is now 10 inches. July, 1950:--These are bearing a few nuts, following a wintertemperature of-24° F. Although the two branches worked to the cork barktype have no crop this season, they have over-grown graft unions, andthe tops are oversize for stocks. Circumference four inches below unionis now 7 inches, and at same distance above is 9 inches. Both thesetypes have thick shelled roundish nuts which are hard to get out of thehusks, and so far have many blank nuts. India tree hazels also containmany blanks and are very difficult to separate from the husks. Trees areall hardy and vigorous. 

Best of 25 seedling ~C. Colurna~ (cork bark tree hazels). Circumferencetwelve inches above ground line is 31 inches, and at six feet aboveground is 25 inches. Height about forty feet. On August 3, 1950, Iclimbed thirty feet into upper branches to see if there was any crop, but none was to be seen, but heavy crop of catkins was developing for1951. I have many hybrids from all of these tree hazels and filberts, nearing the bearing age, and they give interesting promise of newstrains, as all sorts of crossing are evident. 

Tibet Hazel (C. Tibicia)

Vigorous grower, upright, good cropper, fair size round nuts. Cleankernels, nut clusters, 4 to 6 nuts in open medium husks. Nuts fall free. These clusters differ from usual run of filberts or hazels in that eachhusk is separate on short neck from center of cluster. 

Timber Type Tree Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima)

Seed secured direct from China. All select large nuts. So far, only avery few produce trees that yield nuts of as large size as thoseplanted. All that have are timber type trees. All the bush or dwarfspreading type trees yield small to medium-sized nuts, all of goodquality and flavor. (Selection to 1950 date referred to. )

One Chinese Chestnut Selection Named

Skioka. Most promising timber type to date of this group of seedlings. Has one straight trunk 38 feet tall, base circumference 1 foot aboveground, is 22 inches; and 6 feet above ground line circumference is 15inches. To date, tree is sparse cropper. Started bearing in 1945, withthree very large sized nuts in large fleshy burs. It has borne everyyear since, with gradual increase in number. In 1949 it matured 12 largenuts of 1-5/8 inch diameter. A good peeler and solid kernel. I have fourother trees of similar size and all winter hardy this past winter, at24° below. Skioka is the most promising to date of the four as to sizeof nut. 

Bush or Peach Tree Type of C. Mollissima

Of this type I have about 30 trees. Many seem 100% hardy and camethrough in good shape. However, for some years they, with the tree type, seemed to be having trouble with some soil deficiency or else someexcess of soil salts which caused a lot of leaf fading, followed bybrowning and drying up. Some trees almost defoliate themselves, whileothers nearby and alongside are O. K. , possibly due to individualtolerance of conditions. 

 * * * * *

DR. MacDANIELS: The first paper after recess has to do with thevarieties of hickory nuts. I know of no one who is in a better positionto talk on this subject on their performance here in this part of NewYork State than Gilbert L. Smith of Millerton. He began a number ofyears ago topworking trees on a hillside and propagating trees as anurseryman and probably is, as far as I know, one of the best men in nutshade trees and hickory varieties that there is anywhere in the country. Mr. Gilbert Smith. 

MR. SMITH: I am no good at making a speech, so I am just going to readthis. This is our experience with hickory varieties so far. That's justup to date, but not any further. 

Our Experience with Hickory Nut Varieties

GILBERT L. SMITH, Route 2, Millerton, N. Y. 

Because we are located so far north, 41° 45' North Latitude, we havepaid particular attention to the earliness of ripening of the variousvarieties of hickory. 

While we have living grafts of more than a hundred named varieties ofhickory, only a comparative few have started to bear nuts. Of these, Iwill give a brief discussion, starting with the earliest and goingthrough the list in order of their ripening. 

ANTHONY, shagbark--We believe that this is Anthony No. 1 but as thereare four or five varieties named Anthony with a number following thename, we are not absolutely sure. This variety has ripened very earlywith us. It is rather small but cracks very well and has borne well withus. We consider it to be an excellent variety. 

WESCHCKE, shagbark--Is our second earliest variety so far. It is alsorather small, with a distinctive shape, tapering from a rather broadblossom end to a sharp point at the stem end. Our graft has had one verygood crop, but it is younger than many of our other grafts. We considerit a very good variety. 

CROWN POINT, shagbark--Is our third variety in order of ripening. Thisis a rather small nut with some of them being very small; that is, thereis quite a variation in the size of the nuts. It cracks quite well andis of very good quality. It has also borne as well or better than anyother variety we have under test. We have never propagated it for saleas we have hardly thought it quite good enough. 

In fourth place of ripening order, we have four ties, namely; Bauer, Cedar Rapids, Hines, and Independence. 

BAUER, shagbark--Has borne well, is of good size, good quality andcracks well. It is also a very good shaped nut. We consider it to be oneof the very good hickories. 

CEDAR RAPIDS, shagbark--While our graft of this variety has borne butmoderately, we consider it to be a very good variety. It is of goodsize, cracks well, is of good quality and attractive shape. 

HINES, shagbark--While our graft of this variety has borne well, crackswell and is of good quality, it is so small that we have neverpropagated it for sale. 

INDEPENDENCE, shagbark--The nuts of this variety are so small that wehave paid little attention to it. 

FOX, shagbark--This variety is in fifth place in order of ripening. 

Fox won first prize in the 1934 N. N. G. A. Contest. But there is a deepmystery connected with this variety as subsequent crops, grown ongrafts, have not produced nuts of such top qualities. There have beenmany theories advanced but no one has solved the mystery yet. One theoryis that there is bud variation in the parent tree and that Mr. Fox, quite naturally, cut scion wood from the lower parts of the tree, whichwere most readily accessible. During the war, I secured a specialallotment of gasoline and made the trip to Fonda, N. Y. , to cut scionsfrom all parts of the tree. The scions from the various parts of thetree were labeled separately and were grafted on stocks in our testorchard. While not all of these grafts lived, we have living grafts fromnearly all parts of the tree. I note that at least one of these graftshas nuts on it this year. If there is bud variation we hope that we willhave at least some grafts of the superior Fox nuts. 

In spite of all this, Fox is an excellent variety, being of good size, cracks well, and is of very good quality. While it is fifth in order ofripening, it is still an early hickory and will succeed considerablyfarther north than our location. 

In sixth place we have two varieties, namely; Clark and Stocking. 

CLARK, shagbark--Our graft of this variety has borne well, the nutsbeing of good size, crack well and are of good quality. We consider itto be a very good variety. 

STOCKING, shagbark x bitternut--While our graft has grown very well, ithas produced but very few nuts. We were not very greatly impressed withthese. 

In seventh place in order of ripening, we have two varieties, Camp No. 2and Stratford. 

CAMP NO. 2, shagbark--We did not find this variety good enough tointerest us very much. Subsequent crops may show up better. 

STRATFORD, not sure whether shagbark or hybrid[29]--Our Stratford grafthas been poorly tended and has had little chance to show its merits. Sowhile it has an excellent reputation, we know very little about it. However we have several good sized grafts of it, growing in nursery row, which have several nuts on this year, so we will find out more about itsoon. 

[29] It is a bitternut hybrid. --Ed. 

In eighth place we have three varieties; Proper, Shaul, and Wilcox. While being in eighth place, these are still medium early varieties. 

PROPER, shagbark--This is a little known variety, our graft is ratheryoung and we have had too few nuts to form any opinion of this varietyas yet. 

SHAUL, shagbark--While this is a very good nut, being of good size, cracks well and of good quality, our graft on shagbark stock has grownslowly and it is the one variety so far that we have found will not dowell on our bitternut stocks. 

WILCOX, shagbark--So far this is our favorite variety. The graft hasgrown into a fine tree and has borne good crops of nuts which are ofgood size, crack almost perfectly and are of very good quality. 

MINNIE, shagbark--While we have not had a crop of this variety sincestarting to keep a ripening record, it ripens about the same time asWilcox and is a very good variety. 

Ninth on our list we have two varieties; Davis and Peck Hybrid. It sohappens that I discovered both of these varieties. 

DAVIS, shagbark--First prize winner in the New York and New EnglandContest of 1934. Incidentally, a sample of Fox nuts was awarded tenthplace in this same contest. You will note that this was the same year inwhich Fox won first place in the N. N. G. A. 

Davis has pretty well lived up to expectations. Grafts of this varietyare rapid growers. It is the only variety we have ever succeeded inmaking live on pignut stocks. While the grafts are slower growing onpignut stocks, they have lived for several years and have borne nuts. But as the squirrels have stolen all of the nuts, we do not know howthey compare with the nuts grown on other stocks. 

Our grafts of Davis have borne well, the nuts are of good size and crackwell, although not as well as those of Wilcox. It is also of very goodquality. We consider it to be a top rate nut. 

PECK HYBRID, shagbark x bitternut--The nuts of this variety are large, thin shelled, crack well and are of good quality. It also bears well. The drawback is that only about one third to one half of the nuts arewell filled. I can take freshly shucked nuts of this variety and byplacing them in water can pick out a sample of nuts that are just aboutas good hickory nuts as you can find anywhere, but these will be onlyabout one third of the nuts involved. For this reason we have neverpropagated it for sale. 

In tenth place we have three varieties; Berger, Strever, and Triplett. 

BERGER, shellbark--While this variety is quite small for a shellbark, itis quite large when compared with the shagbarks. Our graft of the Bergerhas borne fairly well, cracks well and is of very good quality. Incidentally our graft is the true Berger. There was some mix-up withthe Berger wood, and some who thought they had Berger found that theyhad something else when their trees started to bear. 

STREVER, shagbark--The original tree of this variety is growing nearPine Plains here in Dutchess County, on the Old Strever Homestead. Thisproperty was later sold to people named Owre, who tried to have thevariety named after them. I believe that Strever is the more propername. 

While this variety is of good size and quality, it has not cracked quitewell enough to rate it as a top flight hickory. 

TRIPLETT, shagbark--This is a large shagbark which cracks well and is ofgood quality. Our graft bears well. I believe that it was discovered byDr. Deming and the late Mr. Beeman. This is a variety which can wellbear considerable attention in the future. We are propagating some ofthe trees for sale. 

In eleventh place we have nine varieties, namely: Bridgewater, Griffin, Hagen, Harman, Kirtland, Lingenfelter, Manahan, Oliver, and Wampler. 

BRIDGEWATER, shagbark--A large fine variety, cracks well, yields welland is of good quality. This is another discovery of Dr. Deming's andMr. Beeman's. We have started to propagate it for sale. 

GRIFFIN, shagbark--I have mislaid my comments on this variety and cannotremember much about it, except that it is of good size and bears well. 

HAGEN, shagbark--We have not had enough nuts of this variety to enableus to form an opinion of it. 

HARMAN, shagbark--A large nut. We did not think much of our first cropof this variety but the second crop was very good. 

KIRTLAND, shagbark--This is a fine large nut, but with the one goodcrop, we have had, only about half of the nuts were well filled. Theother half were floaters, only partly filled. 

LINGENFELTER, shagbark--Here again we have had too few nuts to enable usto form an opinion. Mr. Reed thought very well of it. 

MANAHAN, shagbark--This nut is of southern origin and I fear that we aretoo far north for it. However we have had one crop that was very good. All other crops have not been matured. It is evidentally a very good nutwhere it can be grown. 

OLIVER, shagbark--Too few nuts to form an opinion. 

WAMPLER, shellbark--Too few nuts to form an opinion. 

In twelfth place on our list, in order of ripening, we have Bowman andRedcay. These are both shellbarks and the nuts have not been wellfilled, as borne on our grafts. 

In last place on our list, we have a southern shagbark, Booth, and twohicans, Bixby and Burlington. We have not been able to form an opinionof Booth. Bixby and Burlington have, so far, been very shy bearers andthe nuts have not been well filled. They are of very large size and veryexcellent quality. 

The time elapsed between the earliest and latest ripening of thesedifferent hickory varieties was 36 days. The time between the differentsteps were about three days. I do not give the dates because they willvary from year to year. In early years, Anthony has been ripe very earlyin September. 

Summarizing this report shows that our tests so far indicate that thefollowing varieties are good and well worthy of propagation: Anthony(probably No. 1), Weschcke, Bauer, Cedar Rapids, Fox, Clark, Wilcox, Minnie, Davis, Berger, Triplett, Bridgewater, Manahan (farther south). Instead of listing these 13 varieties alphabetically or in order oftheir merits, I have listed them in order of their ripening, earliestfirst, and so on. Those varieties in the first half of the list can begrown in locations considerably farther north than our location, whichis 41° 45' North Latitude, while those in the last half of the list arenot likely to be adapted to locations farther north than ours. 

You will note that five of these varieties are not well known, but aregood varieties. They are, namely; Bauer, Cedar Rapids, Clark, Triplett, and Bridgewater. [30]

[30] The Bridgewater pollenizes the male-sterile Weschcke variety inWisconsin. See Mr. Weschcke's discussion, pp. 193-95 in NNGA Report for1948. --Ed. 

This is only a preliminary or progress report, and should not be takenas final in any respect. Neither does it cover all or near all, of thetop-rate hickory varieties. For instance, you will note, the varietynamed Glover has not been mentioned. This is because our grafts of ithave not started to bear yet, so we have no comparable basis forincluding it in this report. Yet there can be no question as to themerits of Glover, for it is one of the very best. There are, no doubt, many other very excellent varieties not mentioned here. 

The hickory is the slowest growing, takes the longest to start to bear, is the nurseryman's headache (it taking about five years to grow stockslarge enough to graft or bud, during which time they should have beentransplanted at least twice to develop a better root system), they areabout (the hardest of the nut species to transplant and their nuts areone of the smallest of the nut species only the filbert and the chestnutbeing as small). Yet because of their delicious flavor and other goodqualities, hickories are probably the favorite nut of more people thanany other of the nut species that can be grown in the northern part ofthis country. 

(Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: I think we need more reports of that kind to get usoriented with our hickory varieties. I think when we get through withthe walnut survey that the hickory nut survey would be next. 

MR. CORSAN: Hickory was Dr. Charles S. Sargent's favorite tree, and heplanted poison ivy under all of them, and it's there yet and they can'tget rid of it. He wanted to keep the boys from gathering the nuts. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I have poison ivy under some of mine, but not for thatpurpose. 

MR. McDANIEL: It grows under all good trees. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The next paper is one which George Slate kind of foistedoff on me. He came around and said he thought something more should besaid about the butternut and asked if I would get out a report anddiscuss the standards for evaluation. That is the reason for this paper, which I will read. It will take only about ten minutes. 

How About the Butternut?

DR. L. H. MacDANIELS, Ithaca, New York

The purpose in presenting this paper is to summarize what is known aboutthe butternut in the light of my own experience, and to find out fromyou in discussion what additional facts are available and what some ofthe problems in the culture of butternuts may be. A good summary by S. H. Graham is to be found in the 34th Annual report of the Northern NutGrowers Association, and short reports appear elsewhere. In general, however, judging from the proceedings of this Association, the butternuthas not received much attention through the years. The lack of interestin the butternut indicates unsatisfactory experience with this nut onthe part of those who have tried to grow and use it. An analysis of itsgood and bad characteristics is in order. 

Of all the species of nuts with which the Association is concerned, thebutternut is the most hardy and the most likely to succeed on poor soil. In general, the trees are easy to transplant, are early bearing, sometimes within two years from the graft, and are easy to grow. Theflavor of the butternut is very distinctive and palatable, and usuallymuch more flavorful than similar nuts derived from the Japanesebutternut and the heartnut. Some people consider the butternut flavorthe best of all nuts. 

On the other hand, the butternut has a reputation for being short livedbecause of susceptibility to various diseases. The seedling trees whichare usually sold are slow in bearing. The common wild nuts are hard tocrack with a hammer, and the better named varieties are not well knownor widely grown. The trees also have a reputation for being difficult topropagate. Of these faults, probably the difficulty of propagation andcracking are the most important in restricting its use. 

Botanically the butternut (_Juglans cinerea_) belongs to a group ofspecies within the genus Juglans that bears its fruit in long clustersor racemes, as contrasted with the walnut group which bears nuts singlyor in clusters of two or three. The butternuts also have the fruit andleaves covered with sticky hairs instead of being smooth. The group isfurther characterized by having a cushion of hairs above the leaf scarsand pointed terminal buds on the twigs. Other species within the groupare the Japanese butternut _J. Sieboldiana_, its variety _cordiformis_, the heartnut, and several less well known species including _J. Mandshurica_ and _J. Cathayensis_, both native to central Asia. Theseclosely related species apparently hybridize with each other, butaccurate information as to the nature and extent of such hybridizationis not available. 

The natural geographical range of the butternut covers a broad area ofNortheastern North America, extending from New Brunswick southward tothe mountains of Georgia and westward to Western Ontario, Dakota, andArkansas. In this range it is most frequent in calcareous soils, reaching its best development in rich woodland, but persisting on poorerupland soils also. It thus has the most northern range of our native nutspecies, along with the Pignut, _Carya glabra_, and one species ofhazelnut, _Corylus rostrata_. The other related species are of variableand uncertain hardiness and are not reliable in this northern range. 

It is recognized that the butternut has little commercial value exceptas it is used in the New England states, particularly in Vermont, whereit is combined with maple sugar in making maple-butternut candy. Anyonewho has travelled through the New England states is familiar with theroadside advertising of this excellent product. On the general market, butternut kernels are not sold in quantity comparable to those of theblack walnut, but are somewhat comparable to the kernels of the hickorywhich also do not have a commercial outlet except locally. 

The greatest use of the butternut is, and will continue to be, for thehome grounds and local consumption. I think it is highly probable thatif the easy cracking varieties already named were better known, theywould be much more widely planted. The common wild butternuts are reallydifficult to handle. They crack only after considerable hammering with aheavy hammer and then, when cracked, the kernels shatter to such anextent that recovery is very unsatisfactory for the labor expended. After butternuts have been gathered from the wild with some enthusiasmduring the fall months, they often remain in the cellar or attic withoutever being used. Even the squirrels and the rats will not go to thebother of extracting the kernels if other nuts are available. 

For best results the nuts are usually cracked with a heavy hammer, thenut being held vertically against a solid vice or block, so it can behit on the end. A glove to protect the fingers holding the nut is usefulif many are to be cracked. Good results can be secured by holding thenut on its side and tapping it on the suture. This, however isdifficult, as it necessitates shucking the nut and even then it isdifficult to identify the suture. 

Through the years many varieties of butternut have been named. Mr. R. L. Watts in the 35th annual report of the Association lists 26 names, and Iam sure there are others. I personally have had experience with onlythree or four varieties. One of these, the Crax-ezy, has borne goodcrops and the nuts crack well. Another one, which I have named theJohnson, coming from Tonawanda, New York, cracks well but is a smallernut. At one time I had Thill variety topworked on _Juglans Sieboldiana_stock, but the stock was killed by cold winter. Samples of Kinnyglen andMandeville were furnished by Mr. Graham for testing. We do not, however, have any comparative rating of many varieties based on comparativetests, nor are there recognized standards of quality. 

In order to set up standards of quality for butternuts, the followingtentative schedule for judging has been worked out along the same linesas the schedule for judging black walnuts. Twenty-five nuts are used ina sample and the score is made up of the weight in grams of the kernelsrecovered on the first crack, plus total weight of kernels divided by 2, plus 1/2 point for each whole half kernel recovered. A nut should not beconsidered worthy of propagation unless practically all of the kernelscome out in whole halves. 

 Proposed Schedule For Testing Butternuts

 25 Nut Samples

 Score = Wt. Kernels first crack + total wt. Kernels ÷ 2 + no. Whole halves ÷ 2. 

 Weight Total Kernels Weight 1st crack Kernels No. Variety Grams Grams Halves Score Remarks

 Kinnyglen 52. 0 57. 5 36 98. 8 Crax-ezy 48. 0 56. 0 44 98. 0 Mandeville 53. 6 66. 0 10 91. 6 Johnson 38. 5 45. 5 40 81. 3 Seedling No. 1 36. 5 45. 0 7 62. 5 Seedling No. 2 26. 0 43. 0 22 58. 5 Seedling No. 3 20. 0 44. 5 10 47. 3

In this schedule the crackability of the sample is measured by theweight of first crack and the number of halves. The yield of kernels ismeasured by the total weight of kernels in the sample. The first crackincludes only those kernels that either fall out or can be removedeasily with the fingers. The remaining kernels are rescued with a pickor by recracking. In my judgment, the score accurately measures themerit of the samples. In the Mandeville, the large size is measured bythe weight of kernels which in part offsets poor cracking quality. Poorcracking is usually caused by the edges of the halves being curved soas to be bound in the shell. Much more testing should be done todetermine the value of the schedule. 

Opinions regarding the ease of propagation of the butternut differ, butmostly it is considered difficult to propagate, with often completefailure. This merely means that the matter is not well understood. In myown experience I have had just about as many failures as successes, andmust confess that I do not have much idea of what has been responsiblefor either success or failure. Best results have been secured by usinginlay or bark slot grafts on stubs about 2 inches in diameter. Thisagrees with the experience of Mr. Burgart, of Michigan, and Mr. Weshcke, of Minnesota, who report that grafts must be made several feet from theground and not at the crown. 

Shield budding has apparently not been satisfactory. Mr. D. C. Snyderwrites that chip budding is more successful. It is recommended by othersand I agree that grafting should be done early, just as growth startsrather than later when trees are in leaf. Special care must be used intying the new shoots of the graft to braces to prevent breakage by windor birds. The butternut wood is very brittle and the grafts are oftenlost by breakage. The whole matter of butternut propagation meritsfurther careful study. 

Butternut varieties may be grafted on black walnut, butternut, or _J. Sieboldiana_ stocks. Mr. Burgart, Mr. Weschcke, and Mr. D. C. Snyderconsider black walnut to be better than the others, giving a morevigorous long lived tree. Varieties on butternut stocks are apparentlyrelatively short lived and _J. Sieboldiana_ stocks have a differentgrowth rate and are not hardy. Mr. Burgart uses bark slot grafts onblack walnut seedling stocks, 2-3 years old. 

Butternut trees on their own roots transplant relatively easily becausethere is no taproot as with the black walnut and the hickory, and thereare many fibrous surface roots that can be lifted when the tree is dug. Black walnut stocks are not difficult to manage, particularly if thetaproots are cut on the seedlings. Culture is no special problem. Mulching and supplying nitrogenous fertilizer is good practice. 

The butternut has the reputation of being susceptible to disease andhence being short lived as a tree. Whether or not this is actually thecase is perhaps questionable. Many butternut trees, particularly thosein favorable situations of soil and moisture, live to be of large sizeand old age. Trees on poorer, thinner soils apparently die off earlierthan those under better conditions. In any case, it is well recognizedthat the butternut has a shorter life span on the average than the blackwalnut, which frequently lives to a large size and old age. There aretwo common diseases of the butternut. One is leaf spot caused by thefungus _Marsonia_, which defoliates the trees fairly early in the seasonand probably predisposes them to injury from other fungous attack. Thisis the same leaf spot that attacks the black walnut leaves. The otherdisease, which may cause trouble, is a fungous walnut blight known morespecifically as Melanconis blight. It has not been established that thisdisease is an active parasite. The evidence indicates rather that itattacks trees that are already somewhat weakened by defoliation or otherinjury. It is a fact that many of the dead limbs on butternut trees arefound to be affected with the disease. It is a matter of observationthat trees growing under favorable conditions are less damaged by thedisease than those growing under poor conditions of soil and water, therefore, keeping trees vigorous is good practice. 

As with other nut tree species, there are troublesome insects. One ofthese, the butternut snout beetle or curculio, attacks both thebutternut and the Japanese walnut. Control has apparently been securedby dusting foliage with DDT. Sometimes the leaves of butternuts arebadly distorted with galls caused by mites. The bunchy top orwitches'-broom caused by a virus, that is serious on the Japanesewalnut, _Juglans Sieboldiana_, does not appear to be so virulent onbutternut. This, however, is a matter of personal observation and is notbased on a thorough study. 

In conclusion, let me say that in my judgment, the butternut is worthyof more attention than it has had so far received, particularly by homeowners in the northern states who would like to have trees in theiryards that will bear nuts under conditions that are unfavorable for mostother kinds. If it were publicized that varieties are available thatwill crack out in halves with relatively little effort, the chances arethat with these facts in mind those interested in nut trees would givethe butternut much more attention. The difficulty at the present timeseems to be related to a lack of knowledge as to the relative merit ofdifferent varieties and a scarcity of trees because of difficulty ofpropagation. If we have time and the chairman will permit, I wouldwelcome comments on the propagation problem and would also like toobtain any information on the merit of the named varieties. Let me alsostate that if any of you have a sample of 30 nuts of any named varietyin this or last fall's crop that you can spare, I would be much pleasedto have you send it to me for testing. 

Discussion

MR. STOKE: It grows in New Brunswick, and I have had specimens fromnorth of Lake of the Woods. 

MR. CORSAN: They grow at Brooks, Alberta. I have the Helmick and itgrows 14 to the cluster, has a thin shell and heavy meat, and the leavesare persistent. They don't drop off the first of September. That's theHelmick. It's grafted on black walnut stock, and the black walnut stockcomes up like that (indicating) and the Helmick recedes. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The black walnut overgrows it. There are about 40varieties, and I would like very much to get hold of any of the samplesI can get. 

MR. CORSAN: Go up to Silver Bay, Lake George, and on the shore there theIndians have bred the butternut, and it's 10 to the cluster among thosetrees by Silver Bay, Lake George, New York. Ernest Thompson Seaton and Iexamined that grove years ago. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Wish we had them where we could get at them. Any othercomment on the butternut?

MR. McDANIEL: The Helmick is considered to be a "butter-jap" seedling ofheartnut, possibly the other parent was a butternut. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That is something we will have to decide in theAssociation, whether or not we are going to throw in these hybrids andthe heartnut along with the butternuts in standards or try to keep themseparate. 

MR. CORSAN: Hybrid heartnut cross is very, very superior in every way tothe butternut in my estimation, except for hardiness. 

MR. STOKE: That is a hybrid. I have it. The Mitchell hybrid. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The ordinary run of seedlings are not worth keeping, noquestion about that, and it's too much work to recover the kernels. 

There are several announcements I'd like to make. One has to do withthis hall. It is the American Legion hall, which they do not charge rentfor. They do, however, and will expect some sort of a token ofappreciation that will be fairly substantial. There is no provision forthat in the budget, so any of you who are feeling a little mellow andflush, if you want to approach the treasurer with a contribution towardsthe use of this hall, that will be appreciated; otherwise, the matterwill have to be settled out of the treasury as such. 

MR. CORSAN: How about a dance in this hall?

DR. MacDANIELS: If we stay over, we might do something like that. 

Then there is the other matter, and that is the prize for the proposedCarpathian walnut contest. There is no prize money available at thepresent time. If any of you wish to provide a first, second, or thirdprize, we might even tag it with your name, if that would be possible. 

I think probably they will be able to get some publicity backing throughfarm papers and what not, but still if we have a backlog of prize money, why, that's much to your advantage. 

Do you want to say anything further on that, Mr. Chase?

MR. McDANIEL: Mr. Sherman, I believe, has a word. 

MR. SHERMAN: Not in this connection. 

MR. PATAKY: Do any of the members here have shelled butternuts orhickory nuts that they would sell? If they do, I'd like to get theirnames and get in touch with them. I do have a demand for some shelledbutternuts which I have trouble getting, and I do have trouble gettingshelled hickory nuts. It is for the Wideman Company out of Cleveland. Igot shelled butternuts before the war, but since the war they don't havethe trade, but if they could get them, I think that would be the companythat would take them. The Wideman Company of Cleveland, Ohio. They are abig wholesale house. Write to Christ Pataky, Mansfield, Ohio, R. D. 4. 

MR. KINTZEL: Do you sell them in the shell?

MR. PATAKY: I do sell them in the shell, too, but there are a lot ofpeople who won't buy them in the shell. We do have a demand for them, not too much on the butternut, but we do have for hickory nuts. I thinkwe could sell a lot more hickory nut meats than hickory nuts even at thedifference of the price. I know the price was quite high before the war. They paid somewhere around a dollar a pound before the war for shelledones, and we even sold them at a profit for that, and we haven't beenable to get any since the war. I don't know what happened, whether thekids are too busy playing basketball or football. 

DR. MacDANIELS: They get too much for mowing lawns. 

MR. WEBER: There is a nut crackery at Mitchell, Indiana. The man whocracks them cracks hickory nuts and puts them out in his name, JohnEversol. Mr. Wilkinson can tell you exactly what his name is. He wasdown there last year. He is cracking walnuts, and in addition crackshickory nuts and puts them in fine shape. 

MR. CORSAN: Isn't it true that nuts have more Vitamin E than any otherfood in the world, and isn't Vitamin E the greatest antidote againstanemia?

DR. MacDANIELS: I wouldn't know. You have a medical man here?

DR. WASHICK: I don't think you are right. 

MR. CORSAN: In the West they say Vitamin E is a cure for anemia and theyare having wonderful success, and they claim there is more vitamin E innuts than any other food. I don't know, they are keeping me alive. 

~Editor's Note~: Green walnuts are rich in Vitamin C. See 1942 Report, page 95. 

DR. MacDANIELS: You are Exhibit 1. 

I think Mr. Salzer has slides he wanted to show this afternoon. 

MR. SALZER: I had a few. Perhaps we can use those blankets and just fixup, perhaps, a few of these windows in front, and I think we couldprobably show the slides. 

DR. MacDANIELS: If you can leave the blankets here for a short time, wewill get them later. 

Any other questions?

I think our lunch is ready for us downstairs. We will come back up hereat one o'clock. 

(Whereupon, at 11:50 o'clock, a. M. , the meeting was recessed, toreconvene at 1 o'clock of the same day. )

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION

DR. MacDANIELS: Calling the afternoon session to order. 

This afternoon I am going to turn the gavel over to our good friend, Spencer Chase, to carry on. 

MR. CHASE: Thank you, thank you. 

All of us are interested in the various experiment stations doing morework with nut trees, and we are very fortunate this afternoon in havingtwo experiment stations represented, and we will first hear from BillClarke from Penn State, who will talk on, "Progress in nut culture atthe Pennsylvania State College. " Mr. Clark. 

Progress in Nut Culture at the Pennsylvania State College

W. S. CLARKE, JR. , State College, Pennsylvania

Work in nut growing at the Pennsylvania State College was formally begunin 1946, when a project on this subject was approved by the collegeauthorities. A few acres of land were set aside for this work, and thefollowing spring about half an acre was planted with a few nut trees ofdifferent species. At the present time an area of about twenty acres isset aside for nut plantings, although a few spots on this land are notplantable on account of rock outcrops. 

We now have out in the field sixty black walnuts, all but three of themnamed varieties, which were received from Tennessee in 1949. Seventeenvarieties are represented in this collection. 

In the nursery are more than 200 seedling black walnuts. These wereplanted from nuts gathered from local trees in the fall of 1946. Theywere transplanted at the end of their first season and have remained intheir present position for three years. They were planted largely forthe sake of experience in handling the nuts and the young trees. Some ofthem have been grafted, and this year a few grafts of Thomas and Stablerwere successful. On account of their size, all these trees will have tobe taken out at the end of the present growing season. 

About twenty Persian walnuts have been received from the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. These are all budded trees, the buds havingbeen taken from special selections with the best nuts from treesoriginally introduced from northern Europe and central Asia. Three outof four seedling Persian walnuts and one out of two Japanese walnutsplanted in 1947 have survived and are included in our planting. Onenamed variety of butternut is in our collection, and a number ofseedlings in our nursery. 

It has been our experience that walnut trees can be moved rather easily. The percentage of loss in transplanting has been negligible. On accountof an emergency, this spring we had to move several walnuts which werealready in full leaf. Some of the leaves were trimmed off, and the treeshave survived and have even made some additional growth. 

On our grounds is one Chinese chestnut left from a planting of eight in1930. It was killed back to the ground in 1934 after winter temperaturesof close to 30 degrees below zero, but it has since grown up to be atree of moderate size. It suffered considerable injury to buds and twigsin 1948 from temperatures down to 23 degrees below zero, but has sincerecovered. In several years it has borne a crop of burs, but no othertree is available for cross-pollination, and the nuts have seldomfilled. 

Twelve seedling Chinese chestnut trees from different sources have beenplanted, and an area of several acres has been set aside to extend thework on chestnuts. 

A start has been made toward a collection of filberts. Five namedvarieties of European filberts were planted in 1947. All have sufferedfrom winter injury, but only one tree has been killed outright. Very fewnuts have been produced. About 25 seedlings of European filberts and 25of the American were received from Tennessee two years ago. About 90%have survived and are growing nicely. 

Several other species of nuts have been tried without success. Two treesof the red hickory were set out several years ago, but they failed toleaf out. Four young trees of the golden chinkapin of the Pacific Coastwere planted and grew well the first summer, but all four were killed bythe first freeze in the fall. About a pound of nuts of the Turkish treehazel were planted several years ago; these failed to come up the firstyear. The next winter the mice and rabbits discovered them and ate upmost of the planting. A few germinated, but most of these were lost intransplanting, and today only two are left of the entire lot. 

MR. CHASE: Thank you, Mr. Clarke. 

(Applause. )

Discussion

MR. SHERMAN: I'd like to say, just before you leave this subject, thatthe speaker barely mentioned the fertilization experiment that wasstarted in Pennsylvania on black walnuts. I think the members of the nutsurvey stuck their necks out and got their heads hit a little bit whenwe said that the black walnut as an orchard industry in Pennsylvania wassick. We hadn't been able to find crops of black walnuts. We foundindividual trees, but we couldn't find orchards of black walnuts, and asa result of that, this fertilization experiment was started, in a55-acre black walnut orchard with Ohio, Stabler and Thomas varieties. 

The owner, Truman Jones, said, "I don't care what you do with theStablers, you can't hurt them, anyway; they are no good to begin with. "But this orchard, evidently from all outward appearances, has beengrowing very slowly for quite a number of years. It isn't the size itshould be, and we think the main trouble there is lack of fertility, andthat's the reason why this fertilization experiment was started. 

It's quite an ambitious experiment. It takes in about 93 trees in thecenter of a 55-acre planting of black walnuts. They haven't had a crop, I think, for five or six or seven years. They don't have a crop thisyear, but we are hoping that some of them next year will have a crop, but if not then the year following. 

They are asking about the cultivation. There has been no cultivationthere in the orchard for a number of years. It's down in a pretty heavybluegrass sod. In a portion of that we put the disc in on the tractorand disced and redisced until we got what we thought was a pretty fairseedbed. They found that vertical profile a mixture, and we are hopingto have clover sod instead of bluegrass sod. That's combined withfertility work. I won't take time to go into that, but I think thisgroup is interested in knowing that there is quite an extensivefertility experiment on black walnuts to see why the large plantings arenot producing. 

I might say in this connection, Mr. Hostetter isn't here this afternoon, hasn't been here, but he has a dandy bang-up nice crop of nuts thisyear, and Ohio and Thomas are his main varieties. 

MR. CRAIG: Did he use any fertilizers?

MR. SHERMAN: Yes, the fertilizer was disced in, and he tried to discunder that bluegrass sod and get that rotting under there. There arequite a few ramifications to that program. 

MR. CORSAN: Did you mention Turkish tree hazel?

MR. CLARKE: Yes, we have two trees of it left. 

MR. CORSAN: It takes two years to sprout from the time you plant theseed. Have you tried the European beechnuts in your locality?

MR. CLARKE: No, we haven't. 

MR. CORSAN: It will produce far more than the American beechnut and ismore successful in every way. They can be gotten from Holland quitecheaply. They sell the European beech, and they are beautiful and loadedwith nuts and the Europeans think far more of them than the Americansdo. The cut-leaf beech is an European beech, and I have seen the tree inSouthern Michigan and at the Old Soldiers' Home at Dayton, Ohio, loadedwith nuts. And frequently, not just once in every 13 years, like ourbeechnut. And they are a bigger nut. 

Nut Tree Culture in Missouri

T. J. TALBERT, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 

The wide interest now being shown in the planting of nut treesthroughout the State emphasizes the need of information on nut culture. Although nut trees may be grown with less care and attention than fruittrees, yet to be successful in starting plantings a knowledge ofsuccessful practices developed by the Missouri Agricultural ExperimentStation at Columbia should prove of great value. 

The information which follows applies particularly to the native blackwalnuts, butternuts, hardy northern pecans, hickories, chinkapins, andhazelnuts. All these nut plants are native to Missouri and may do wellif given proper attention in the various districts of the state to whichthey are adapted. 

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF NUTS

Nuts are now given in the diet a higher rating than ever before. This istrue because recent studies in nutrition show that they supply not onlythe elements needed for health and growth, proteins, oils, andcarbohydrates but also an abundance of vitamins A, B1, and G. In fact, the nuts compare very favorable with meats in rankings for the abovevitamins. Most of the nuts are especially noteworthy in high vitamin Aand B1 content. It is also believed generally that nuts contain nearlyall of the mineral essentials demanded for the promotion of healthynutrition. 

Moreover, nuts are usually palatable in the raw stage and are prizedmost highly for dessert purposes. The black walnut is particularlyoutstanding because it retains its flavor after cooking. Nuts now have avery extensive use in the preparation of confectioneries, cakes, breads, and salads. They enhance the flavor of many other foods. 

The value of nuts as food accessories has long been recognized. Theyalso supply so much body fuel in so compact a form that they areparticularly well suited for the use of mountain climbers, "hikers, " andeven soldiers engaged in long marches and maneuvers. 

USES FOR NUT TREES

~As Shade Trees~--If during the past 40 or 50 years, a large portion ofthe shade trees planted had been nut trees like the native walnut, pecan, hickory, chestnut, and chinkapin of the better varieties, it iseasy for anyone to see that great benefits would have resulted. 

~For Highway Planting~--No other native trees lend themselves so admirablyto highway use as the so-called northern or native pecan, the blackwalnut, and the hickories. These nut trees are all generallywell-shaped, reach considerable heights particularly on fertile soils, are stately in appearance, and add beauty and attractiveness to thelandscape wherever they are grown. 

SOILS AND FERTILIZERS

~Soils Needed for Good Growth~--The nut trees adapt themselves to a verywide range of soil conditions. In fact, few other trees are capable ofsuch a wide range of adaptability to soil types. The uplands usuallyplanted to corn and wheat and the flood plains of the river basins mayboth be well suited to nut growing. 

For good growth and production deep well-drained soils are required. Under proper conditions the trees develop rapidly, have an extensiveroot system, and eventually may reach a great age. Furthermore, nuttrees cannot grow successfully on wet poorly-drained land where waterstands on or just beneath the surface a considerable portion of theyear. Lowlands which may be found well adapted to the growth of willowand gum trees, may be too wet and sour for the growth of nut trees. Itwould also be well to avoid dry, very thin, and very sandy soils. 

In their native range the pecan, hickory, and walnut thrive on thealluvial soils of the Missouri and Mississippi River Valleys. They growwell also on the upland sandy loam soils adapted to the growth of corn, oats, and wheat. All of these nut trees are usually influenced more bythe fertility, humus, and moisture content of the soil, than by anyparticular soil type. 

~Fertilizers for Nut Trees~--The deep rich alluvial soils of river andcreek valleys do not present the same fertilizer problems as light andheavy upland soils. Manure supplemented with superphosphate at the rateof about 20 to 30 pounds to a ton should prove to be a satisfactoryfertilizer on depleted soils. It is spread in a circle around the treesextending out about twice the spread of the branches and plowed orharrowed into the soil. A moderate application would range from 8 to 12tons to the acre. 

Leguminous cover crops are particularly valuable for building up thenitrogen and humus content of the soil when plowed under. Theirjudicious use with non-leguminous cover crops and supplemented withcommercial fertilizers to increase the tonnage for plowing under, willusually bring good returns in growth and production. 

CARE OF THE PERMANENT PLANTINGS

Since but few diseases and insects attack nut trees in Missouri, verylittle if any spraying work will be required while the trees are young. As the trees grow older, however, it may be necessary to give pestcontrol more attention. Caterpillars that infest the foliage of thetrees in late summer and early fall can usually be destroyed by cuttingoff the comparatively few branches on which the worms have clustered andburning them. The pest may also be destroyed on high branches by meansof torches. If the trees can be sprayed thoroughly, arsenicals and otherinsecticides used in spraying apple orchards will be found veryeffective while the worms are small. 

As in the care of a young apple or peach orchard, it is important thatthe young trees for at least the first two or three years be givencultivation and some fertilization on lands of lower fertility if a goodgrowth is not being made. A heavy mulch of straw or litter around thetrees may prove very satisfactory. 

Moreover, livestock should be kept away from the trees until they areestablished and the branches of sufficient height to be out of danger ofinjury. It is a serious mistake to plant or grow from seed small nuttrees and leave them unprotected from farm animals. If the land is to begrazed, each tree may be guarded with strong posts and barbed or wovenwire spaced about 8 to 10 feet from the trees. 

Once the young nut orchard is thoroughly established and growingthriftily, grass may be grown beneath the trees and furnish nearly asmuch hay or pasture as though the trees were not present. If livestockis allowed to graze in the orchard, which is a questionable practicewhile the trees are young, the trees should be pruned and trained tofairly high heads. 

~Spacing for Nut Trees~--The growing of nut trees for timber alonerequires a spacing of about 25 to 35 feet apart with other species oftrees common to the area growing up later between the nut trees tofacilitate the development of tall clean trunks. Under such conditionsnut production is inhibited and harvests may be comparatively small. Nuttrees grown mainly for nut production rather than for timber may beplanted 60 to 80 feet apart on the square plan. 

The Thomas black walnut may bear a few nuts the second year followingtransplanting. Different varieties and species of grafted walnuts, pecans, and hickories often begin bearing from two to four years aftersetting. Chestnut seedlings may also bear in the second or third year. Black walnuts from seed sometimes bear a few nuts at 8 to 10 years ofage. Profitable bearing, however, may not be expected in the average nutorchard until the trees are at least 10 to 12 years old. 

PRUNING WALNUT, PECAN AND HICKORY NUT TREES

For the most part these nut trees do not require heavy pruning. Superfluous branches, dead limbs, and unsymmetrical ones, should beremoved from time to time while the trees are young and becomingestablished. A uniform top is desirable. The pruning is begun when thetrees are 2 or three years old by removing the lowest branches. The ruleis to cut away only one branch a year. But trees making a very stronggrowth may stand more pruning and those making a poor growth may neednone. 

Cultivation and other orchard practices may be greatly simplified incommercial plantings by pruning and training the tree heads to heightsof six or eight feet. Even then the lower branches will ultimately bepressed downward by the weight of nuts and foliage when bearing begins. 

Regular annual pruning is required generally to prevent the limbs frominterfering with orchard practices. Furthermore, branches lower than sixor eight feet high, should be subdued by cutting back while the treesare young. These limbs should be removed ~only~ when the trees have becomeanchored strongly enough in the soil to prevent the directions of thetrunk being influenced by the prevailing winds. 

THE BLACK WALNUT

There is something about the distinctive flavor of our native blackwalnut kernels that appeals to the American people. And there is muchabout the black walnut tree itself that makes it much admired andrespected. 

It grows rapidly, and yet it is one of our most valuable timber trees. It is an excellent tree for the grounds about the home. Not only does ityield an annual crop, but it is a lovely shade tree--beautiful to lookat--and has the further advantage that the lawn grasses grow wellbeneath it. 

~Has Wide Distribution~--It is a very cosmopolitan tree in that it willthrive almost anywhere if given half a chance. From lower Canada to theGulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast, it may befound in various states of production. On the fertile lands, however, ofthe Mississippi and Ohio River basins it reaches perhaps its highestdevelopment. The 10 high ranking states in walnut lumber production areas follows, in order of their importance: Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, Iowa, Tennessee, Arkansas, Indiana, and Texas. 

~Valuable Timber Tree~--Some of the main or principal uses of the wood maybe enumerated as follows: For the making of gun stocks, it standssupreme. Since walnut does not warp or swell when wet it does notinterfere with the action of the gunlock in gun stocks. The wood alsomay be made into a sharp edge and fit snugly against the metal parts, while the dark color and beautiful grain produces an attractiveimplement. It is a standard and a favorite for musical instrumentsnotably pianos and organs; sewing machine tables, cases, small airplanepropellers, picture frames, caskets, cabinet work, moldings and manyforms of ornaments. The shells of the nuts were, during World War I, manufactured into carbon and used for gas masks. 

The wood possesses unusual and rare combinations of qualities which makeit superior in the manufacturing of the articles mentioned above. Itsfreedom from warping, checking, or splitting when subjected to alternatewetting and drying is an unusual quality. It works easily with all kindsof tools, has remarkable durability in the presence of wood-decayingfungi and insects. Moreover, it is hard, durable, heavy, stiff andstrong. The dark color of the wood does not allow soiling stains to showand the grain of the wood and its texture make it easy to grip. 

~Produces a Nutritious Food~--The kernels of the black walnut are now usednot only in candy making but to a large extent in breads, cakes, salads, waffles, and other forms of food. In the cities the kernels are soldyearly in increasing amounts not only from wholesale and retail grocersbut by street venders as well. One may often find the kernels for saleat food stands and in other places where fruits and vegetables are sold. 

~Changing Seedling Trees to Named Varieties~--On nearly every farm, walnuttrees are growing along ravines, fence rows, and on rough land which ismore or less out of the way and inaccessible. Most of these may betop-worked by one or more methods to the named and more desirable kindsof black walnuts without imparing the value of the timber. In 5 to 7years seedling trees ranging in age from 15 to 40, if topworked, mayproduce crops equal to untreated trees. Still younger and smaller treesfrom one to 10 or 12 years old, may generally be top-worked with lessdifficulty than older trees. 

~Results from Top-working Experiments~--Cleft grafting work performed atthe Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station has been very successful. In fact, walnut top-working has been but little if any more difficultthan apple or pear top-working. With reasonable care and fairly goodtechnique the grafting operation is not difficult to perform. It isbelieved, however, that the common practice in top-working pecan, hickory, and walnut has been to dehorn too severely. This may induceinsect and disease injury which often results in a very poor tree after10 or 12 years. For good results, six inches in diameter should be themaximum size of the limb for top-working. 

~Encourages New Industry~--A wider interest in black walnut kernels hascaused a new industry to spring up. This consists of nut cracking orshelling establishments which have been located in the walnut growingdistricts. The plants in many instances buy walnuts in large quantities. The nut meats are removed and sold at wholesale, usually in barrel lotscontaining 180 pounds of nut meats. In most districts the new industryis in operation for most of the year. 

Power driven machines feeding from large hoppers are used for crackingthe nuts. Nearly all the workers pick the meats from the cracked nuts. Women are generally employed and are paid on a piece-work basis or bythe pound. Moreover, employees are often given a premium for nut meatsremoved from the shells with the "halves" unbroken. 

This new black walnut industry has increased and heightened the interestin planting the trees for both nut and timber production. Consequently, in the districts where these nut cracking mills have been established, many producers are planting either small or large blocks of black walnuttrees. In some cases the plantings are made up of grafted or buddedtrees of named varieties, while in others the nuts are planted and theseedlings later top-worked to the kinds desired. 

The named varieties and better seedling sorts bring the highest price inthe form of nuts and as kernels. In fact, the nuts of the namedvarieties usually sell for twice the price paid for the average seedlingnuts. Some of the chief varieties most highly prized for their thinshells, weight of kernels, cracking quality, and flavor are Thomas, Stabler, Tucker, Ohio, and Miller. 

To obtain a marketable and paying product, care in the gathering, husking and extracting of kernels, is necessary. Culling the nuts andcracking none but the good ones are also important. Through suchmethods, many producers are able to supply city markets and roadsidestands with kernels which sell readily and at good prices. 

~Returns from Trees~--Walnut trees will give returns in general inproportion to the care given. They are fairly rapid growers under goodculture. At an age of 20 years the trees may reach a height of 35 feetwith 50 feet at 30 years and about 70 feet at 50 years. In other words, a growth of about 2 feet a year for 20 years is not unusual. After thisage the trees slow down gradually to about a foot of growth a year. 

It is estimated that walnut trees from 60 to 70 years of age willproduce on the average from 100 to 150 board feet of lumber. Trees ofsuch an age may also produce an average of all the way from four or fivebushels of nuts per tree each year up to as many as ten to fourteen ormore bushels per year. 

THE BUTTERNUT

Among our native walnuts the butternut is valued highly especially forhome use. On the markets, however, the rough shell and comparativelysmall size of the kernel have in general tended to keep prices low andthe demand limited. There are now prospects for the introduction andgrowing of superior hybrid varieties. Grafted varieties which bearparticularly good nuts are becoming more available through nutnurseries. 

The trees may become very large in height, spread and trunk diameter. They are attractive and stately in appearance and it is the hardiestmember of the walnut genus as its native range extends well into Canada. The bark is gray in color and the wood is soft. Heartwood decay iscommon in old trees, although they may reach great age. The species hasa rather restricted range within the Eastern states, but it occursnaturally as far west as eastern Kansas and Nebraska. In Missouri, itsgrowth is confined largely to the central and northern areas where blackwalnuts are plentiful. 

The nuts are oblong, sharp-pointed at the apex, cylindrical, bluntlyrounded at the base, rough and jagged over the surface, and as a rulethick-shelled. In spite of this, some varieties have good shellingquality, and the kernels possess usually a rich, agreeable flavor. Inconfections the butternut kernel may compete successfully with thepopular flavor of the black walnut kernels. The butternut may bepropagated and grown successfully by adopting the practices suggestedfor the culture of the black walnut. As is true with the black walnut itmay be inter-grafted upon other walnuts or used as a stock for them, butits propagation, particularly as an understock, is more difficult. 

THE PECAN

The pecan is a member of the hickory group and its range in thiscontinent extends from Iowa to Mexico. Other hickories extend intoCanada. The hickories are valuable for both nuts and timber. Fifteendifferent species of the hickory group have been recorded. Of these onlythree or four produce nuts of outstanding value. In nut production, thepecan hickory is the most important of all the hickories. For crop valueof nuts it rivals the Persian (English) walnut and the tree is one ofthe largest east of the Rocky Mountains. The pecan tree is native to thesouth and south central parts of the United States and it is found inthe forests as a native tree throughout Missouri. 

Commercial production within the state may reach 800, 000 pounds or morein good crop years, and according to the State-Federal Crop ReportingService there are now about 88, 000 pecan trees in the State of bearingage. All of these consist of seedling groves except the comparativelyrecent orchard plantings of the southeastern area. Commercial culture ofstandard varieties in the United States is confined largely to Georgia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. 

The natural habitat is along streams and on river bottom lands. At thepresent time the commercial varieties consist mainly of the largeso-called "paper-shell" sorts of southern origin. These require acomparatively long growing season for their development. Consequentlythe southern types may not be productive in the more northern regions. 

The cultural range of the pecan may be divided into two rather largebelts, known as southern and northern. In fact, pecan culture issometimes designated as "southern" and "northern" due to differences insize of nut, thickness of shell, and time required for maturity of nuts. The approximate northern limit of the southern area is near the extremesoutheastern boundary line between Missouri and Arkansas. The northernbelt extends into Nebraska and Iowa and includes approximately theentire state of Missouri. 

The chief difference between these areas is the length of the growingseason. In general, the southern or "paper-shell" varieties require from240 to 250 days to mature their nuts, while the northern varieties whichproduce usually nuts of smaller size with somewhat thicker shells needfrom 180 to 200 days. 

VARIETIES

There is no factor in pecan growing of greater importance than theproper selection of varieties for planting. Fertile soils and goodculture will not make poor varieties profitable or low yielding kindsfruitful. 

Only in southeast Missouri are the southern varieties such as Stuart, Pabst, Moneymaker, Success, Schley, and others a success. This is truebecause the fruit buds of these varieties in other sections of Missouriare generally killed by winter cold. Furthermore even if they escape thewinter cold, the growing periods for all sections except southeastMissouri may not be long enough for the full maturity of the nuts. 

Since none of the sorts adapted to the southern belt are sufficientlyhardy to justify their planting in Missouri except in the southeasternsection, growers in other parts of the state should confine theirinterests and selections to the so-called northern varieties. Some ofthe best of these are the Major, Niblack, Giles, Indiana, Busseron, Greenriver, and Posey. 

Chance seedlings which have not been named are now and then found thatmay be equally as worthy or better for planting locally than any of thenamed varieties listed above. In fact, these suggested sorts werederived from chance seedling trees. Producers generally, therefore, should be on the lookout for seedling trees of merit. When sodiscovered, the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station at Columbiawill be glad to make tests free of charge and report upon the crackingpercent, amount of kernel, appearance, flavor, texture, quality, oilcontent, etc. 

The nuts produced by the hardy varieties adapted generally to Missouriconditions are usually smaller in size and have somewhat thicker shellsbut may possess equally as high or even higher oil content and kernelquality than the southern sorts. The better varieties of this group, however, rank high enough to compete favorably on the markets of thecountry in both shelled and unshelled state with the southern varieties. 

A full crop of pecans would run from 30 to 35 carloads, the majority ofwhich are produced along the Mississippi river in the bottom lands fromSte. Genevieve southward. Heavy shipments are made in a good yearespecially from Ste. Genevieve, St. Mary's, Menfro, Caruthersville andHornersville, and in these sections are some of the largest and bestnuts. 

Pecans are found along the Mississippi river from St. Charles north toHannibal, but too generally in that area the trees are scarce and theproduction smaller, with nuts of thicker shells. 

Pecan trees are also found growing wild along the Missouri river bottomas far west as Lexington, and up the Grand river bottoms to Chillicothe, and the nuts in this area are about the size of those in the northMississippi valley section, but are sweet with high oil content. 

There is a pecan production district along the Osage river and theKansas border, with heavy shipping section at Rockville and Schell City. 

Missouri pecans are classed as Westerns in the commercial market. Theyare favored by the confectionery trade. A great many native trees arefound in the south Mississippi section, but there is a growing interestin budded pecan trees, especially around Caruthersville. 

The total of the budded varieties of pecan trees in Missouri does notconstitute more than approximately one per cent of the total of growingtrees. 

Many years ago a large acreage of the bottom lands along the Mississippiriver were thick with immense, heavy-producing pecan trees--but most ofthis pecan timber was cut down either for fuel wood or saw timber. Short-sighted people have been known to chop down trees simply to securethe nuts. 

THE HICKORIES

The native hickories of Missouri have been held in high esteem sinceearly settlements were established. They are notorious on account oftheir slow rate of growth yet they offer greater possibilities to nutgrowers than is usually believed. As shade trees they have a highranking. 

Promising varieties may now be had by obtaining scions from superiorbearing seedling trees and from young named and grafted trees in thenurseries of commercial concerns. Grafted trees may come into bearing inthree or four years after the operation. 

Perhaps as many as five species are native of Missouri. The bigshellbark or kingnut is common to the south and southwest regions, butits range is not as wide as others. The shagbark which is the mostvaluable nut producer of all the hickories, is rather widely distributedparticularly in northern and central Missouri. Numerous varieties havebeen described and named because of their particular merits. Shellbarknuts may be large and attractive, but are often poorly filled. 

The pignut, mockernut, and bitternut have a rather general distributionespecially in the central and northern parts of the state. These nutsare not considered of great value except for their hybrids with otherspecies. Perhaps the most natural type of hybrid occurring among thehickories is crosses between the shagbark and shellbark, one of the bestvarieties of which is Weiker. 

The pecan and shellbark hybrids include McAllister, Nussbaumer, andRockville, while the Burton is believed to be a pecan-shagbark cross. The natural crosses of the pecan and hickory found in the wild have notbeen entirely satisfactory. The trees vary greatly in fruitfulness andthe nuts in thickness of shells, size, shape, and kernel quality. Astrong tendency to produce nuts with imperfect kernels is common amongthe pecan-shellbark crosses. 

Local varieties selected from the wild may have merit for use intop-working hickories or pecans. The pecan is suggested because it makesa good stock for the hickories and as it grows more rapidly. Some of thebest of the older named sorts for planting or for use in top-workingappear to be the following: Barnes, Fairbanks, Stanley, Weiker, Kentucky, Swain, Laney, Kirtland, and Rieke. 

THE CHINKAPINS

The chinkapin is related closely to the chestnut and resembles itstrikingly in most of the important characteristics. It occurs in twowell known forms. West of the Mississippi River, the Ozark chinkapintree may reach a height of sixty feet in good soil, while the other form(Allegany chinkapin) in the eastern range grows to a height of about 15feet. Each may be grafted or budded upon the other without difficulty. Named varieties of the chinkapin are not available at this time. TheJapanese, Chinese, and European chestnuts are introduced species. 

The blight disease has almost wiped out the great American chestnutforests of the East. As yet, however, the malady has not beenintroduced into Missouri. (The oak wilt, however, has been foundthere. --Ed. ) The chinkapin of this area is highly resistant to theblight and some of the hybrids carry the resistant quality and bear nutsof good size and high quality. The native chinkapin forests especiallyof southwest Missouri are valued highly not only for their nuts butparticularly for post timber. 

The native chinkapin tree in Missouri grows to large size in good soiland it may be found as one of the largest forest trees on the stonyridge lands of southwestern sections of the Ozark Mountains. The nutsare very much like those produced by chestnut trees except they aresmaller. In flavor and quality the nuts may be found equal or superiorto the chestnuts. 

Both the chinkapin and chestnut may be grafted or budded one upon theother. In fact, the western chinkapin may be used successfully as astock for the chestnut. 

The European chestnut is very susceptible to the blight. A very largecoarse nut is produced by the Japanese chestnut and it does not blightquite as readily as the American sorts. The Chinese chestnut is the mostresistant to blight and it is admired for its beauty as a lawn tree. Promising varieties include Abundance, Nanking and Meiling. 

Some desirable varieties of the American and hybrid chestnuts forgrowing in Missouri are as follows: Boone, Fuller, Paragon, Progress, Rochester, and Champion. 

FILBERTS AND HAZELNUTS

The European filbert which is grown so successfully in Oregon andWashington has not been generally successful in Missouri. This has beendue mainly to winter injury, resulting either in the killing of thestaminate catkins by cold, or of the developing catkins by late springfreezes and frosts. For good fruiting they need cross pollination. Someof the well-known and popular filbert varieties are Barcelona, DuChilly, Medium Long and Italian Red. Rush, Winkler, and others, arepartly or purely American hazelnuts. 

The native hazelnut which may be found throughout the State is hardy andgenerally a fairly regular cropper. Seedling nuts, while not as largeusually as the Northwestern filbert, are found now and then thatapproach them closely in size and cracking quality. Furthermore, thenative seedling nut kernels may excel occasionally in flavor andquality. 

Interested nut growers are, therefore, urged to perpetuate the mostpromising hazelnuts of the wild by simple layerage. Until hardiervarieties of the filbert are found, the chief attention may be wellspent on the propagation and culture of the native seedling sorts ofmerit. As yet none of the Missouri native seedlings have been described, named and propagated for sale and distribution. 

Tip or simple layering seems to be the most satisfactory method ofpropagating the hazelnut and filbert. Shoots or suckers, one-year oldand arising from the base of the plant are used. They are left attachedto the mother plant and are bent over until the ends of tips rest uponthe soil. 

To encourage root growth, the underside of the branch to be covered withsoil is frequently notched or ringed. The part of the branch in contactwith the moist soil is then covered leaving a small portion of the endprotruding. The branches are sometimes pegged down with forked sticks orweighted with stones. After one season's growth, the branch should beestablished with roots and top. It is then cut from the parent andremoved for transplanting to its permanent location. 

Well, now, my good friends, I have talked about five or ten minuteslonger than I intended to, but you just listened so attentively youencouraged me, so it's your fault. I am happy to be here. Show me anorganization like the Northern Nut Growers Association, as full of vimand vigor and vinegar and going ahead, and I will show you a successfulorganization. 

Thank you. 

MR. CHASE: Thank you, Professor Talbert, for a very nice message. 

I am still a little angry at Professor Talbert because I realize nowthat if he had accepted my invitation to come to another good southernstate two years ago our meeting would have been a much better one atNorris. 

Now, we have several papers here which deal with chestnuts, and thereseems to be a good deal of interest among the membership concerningchestnuts this year, and perhaps before we get into chestnuts for nutproduction we might hear a short resume of Dr. Graves' breeding work fortimber type chestnut. This problem of chestnut for timber purposes, ofcourse, accounts for the presence of Chinese and Japanese chestnuts inthe country today, and yet most of our efforts to establish chestnutplantings for timber purposes have been unsuccessful. You heard from Dr. Diller last year concerning these efforts. 

This paper will deal with the breeding work which is now under way byDr. Graves in Connecticut, and I have asked Dr. McKay to give us a briefdigest of this paper. 

Chestnut Breeding Work: Report for 1950

 ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. And Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland

In southern Connecticut the 1950 season for vegetative growth anddevelopment was excellent except for the dry period in September. Thechief fault lay in much more cloudy weather than usual, [31] and thedeficiency in sunlight coupled with a slightly lower average temperaturein the spring, and cool nights, combined to delay the chestnut floweringseason for as much as ten days. The main body of our cross pollinationexperiments did not begin until July 4, whereas last year it began onJune 23 and 24, and was nearly completed by July 4. 

[31] For example, the report of the U. S. Weather Bureau at New Haven, Conn. , for May, 1950, says, "The feature of the month was the lack ofsunshine which retarded the growth of crops in this area. " See alsoreport of the New York City Station for April, 1950. 

This year 103 crosses were made, not all different combinations, buteach one with either different or reciprocal parents. The principalcombination was a cross of Japanese chestnut with Chinese-American orAmerican-Chinese, a mixture that in recent years has given excellentresults. This year also, as in the past, our CJA's were crossed withAmerican chestnut. 

[Illustration: Fig. 1. Cross pollinating Chinese chestnuts. SleepingGiant Plantation, Hamden, Conn. Trees near left of center and at left, with drooping catkins, are Japanese-American hybrids. Photo July 13, 1950, by B. W. McFarland. ]

~Cooperation with Italy. ~ A considerable part of the cross pollinationwork this year has been undertaken for the benefit of the Italianauthorities, namely experiment stations at Florence and Rome. This hasbeen done at the suggestion of the Division of Forest Pathology, Beltsville, Md. , which has been working along the same line. 

As is now generally known, the chestnut blight was discovered in Italyin 1938, and has been making rapid headway in a country 15 percent ofwhose forests are in chestnut. To the Italians the chestnut means muchas an article of food. They use the timber also, and the various ages ofcoppice growth in many ways[32]. Particular effort this year has beendirected toward the breeding of promising nut-bearing types for them andespecially resistant strains that bear large nuts like the cultivatedEuropean chestnut. 

[32] Graves, Arthur Harmount. Breeding Chestnut Trees: Report for 1946and 1947. 38th Ann. Rept. Northern Nut Growers Assn. P. 85. 1947. 

Now, we have found that many of our Chinese chestnuts are practicallyimmune to the blight. Even if the disease does appear, in most cases itis in the outer bark only, and is soon healed over. Moreover, theChinese chestnut has a large nut, comparable in size to the cultivatedEuropeans with pollen from our best Chinese trees, and at the samesuccessful crosses of the European and Chinese are made. 

Last fall, as a result of an article in the _New Haven Register_ by Mr. A. V. Sizer, I learned of two European chestnut trees of bearing age inNew Haven back yards. So, this summer we have crossed these Europeanswith pollen from our best Chinese trees, and at the same time have takenthe pollen from one of them (in the other the pollen was sterile) andapplied it to the female flowers of our Chinese trees. Most of theresulting nuts have been sent to the Italian scientists in the hope thatsome of them will develop into desirable nut-producing, disease-resistant hybrids. Some will be retained for testing here. Ifthe resulting trees are not sufficiently blight-resistant, they will becrossed again with the Chinese. 

In the summer we received by air mail from Dr. Aldo Pavari, of the_Stazione Sperimentale di Selvicoltura_ in Florence, Italy, two tubes ofpollen of the European chestnut, _Castanea sativa_, of the varieties_pistolese_ and _selvatico_. These pollens were also applied to our bestChinese trees. They resulted in 12 good nuts which have been shipped toDr. Pavari. 

Further, we have on our Sleeping Giant Plantation, Hamden, Conn. , several hybrids, now 16 years old, of the Seguin and the Chinesechestnuts, the former species being also a native of China, but dwarfand everblooming and remarkably prolific. These hybrids are excellent asnut producers, since they inherit the large-sized nut of the mollissimaparent, combined with the increased productivity of the Seguin parent. Furthermore they are extremely blight-resistant. [33] These hybrids havetherefore been intercrossed among themselves this year, chiefly for thebenefit of the Italian people. One hundred and eight nuts fromreciprocal crosses of these hybrids were shipped to Italy. Also, inresponse to a request, we sent nuts of our best Chinese and Japanesetrees and of the _mollissima-seguini_ hybrids to M. C. Schad of the_Station d'Amelioration du Chataignier_, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 

[33] These hybrids will shortly be put on the market, under thesponsorship of the Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. And the Division of ForestPathology, U. S. D. A. As regards the everblooming habit of the Seguinparent, that character seems to be lost or at least partly suppressed. Asecond flowering of one of the hybrids usually occurs in August. 

~Other crosses. ~ Two Chinese-American trees in our plantation at the WhiteMemorial Foundation near Litchfield, Conn. , bore a considerable numberof female flowers this year for the first time. They have been crossedwith the fine Japanese tree of Mr. A. N. Sheriff at Cheshire, Conn. , figured in my report for 1948-49. (P. 92, fig. 3, of 40th Rept. OfN. N. G. A. ) From them, 75 nuts were harvested of the combination CAxJ. Four crosses were made on the trees at Redding Ridge, Conn. , in thecooperative plantation of Mr. Archer M. Huntington, resulting in 73nuts. Also, the resistant Americans on Painter Hill, Roxbury, Conn. , were again crossed with CJA's and Chinese from our Sleeping GiantPlantation and from these were obtained 247 nuts. Finally, we have thisyear succeeded in making a cross between _Castanea henryi_, the HenryTimber Chinkapin from southern and central China, which is said toattain a height of 90 feet, and _C. Mollissima_, the Chinese chestnut. Since _henryi_ blooms very early, much before our _mollissima_, theDivision of Forest Pathology mailed us pollen of _C. Mollissima_, whichreached us just in time to be applied to _henryi_. Seven good nuts ofthis cross were gathered. 

Altogether, as the overall result of our cross pollination work, weharvested 1259 nuts, more than twice as many as obtained in any otheryear since we began this work in 1930. 

 ------------------------------------------------------ TABLE 1

 Heights of Some of Largest Trees, as of Oct. 1, 1950. All at Sleeping Giant Plantation, Hamden, Conn. 

 Species or Height Hybrid Location Age in yrs. In ft. Remarks ----------------------------------------------------------------------- J × A Row 4 Tree 10 19 30 Repeatedly inarched J × A " 4 " 4 14 33 Grafted on Jap. Stock, Apr. 1937 J × A " 4 " 12 19 29 Repeatedly inarched J " 7 " 5 20 23 C " 1 " 4 24 30-3/4 CJA " 60 " 39 13 29 CJA " 61 " 48 13 24 CJA " 8 " 8 4 14 Grafted on Chinese stock, spring, 1947. Fruited this yr. 1st time. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ J=_Castanea crenata_ A=_Castanea dentata_ C=_Castanea mollissima_

~Nuts, Scions and Pollen Received. ~ During the fall of 1949 we receivednuts from New Hampshire, Mass. , Conn. , N. Y. , N. J. , W. Va. , N. C. , Ohio, and Ill. Scions were received in March and April from Mr. R. M. Viggars of the Bartlett Tree Expert Co. Station at Wilmington, Del. (_C. Dentata_); and from Messieurs Schad and G. A. Solignat, _Centre deRecherches Agronomiques_, Clermont-Ferrand, France, (_C. Crenata_ and_sativa_. ) During June and July, pollen of _C. Dentata_ came from Mr. E. J. Grassmann, Elizabeth, N. J. , Mr. Paul Maxey, Montcoal, W. Va. , Mr. Malcolm G. Edwards, Asheville, N. C. ; _C. Mollissima_ and _dentata_ fromthe Division of Pathology, U. S. D. A. ; _C. Sativa_, vars. _pistolese_ and_selvatico_ from Dr. Aldo Pavari, _Stazione Sperimentale diSelvicolture, _ Florence, Italy; and _C. Pumila_ and _dentata_ from Mr. Alfred Szego, Flushing, N. Y. This list is presented as evidence of thewidespread interest in our work. It is a pleasure to acknowledge thiscooperation and to thank the many donors. We are especially glad toreport that several "catches" have been made with the C. Sativa scionsfrom France and those of the tall _mollissimas_ at Mt. Cuba, Del. , fromMr. Viggars. 

May I again caution those who send us nuts not to allow them to becomedried out. The embryos, when dried, are killed. The nuts should bewrapped in moist cotton, peat moss, or something similar, and mailed tome not later than a few days after harvesting, at 255 South Main Street, Wallingford, Conn. 

~Insects, bad and good. ~ The cankerworms were rather destructive in May atour Sleeping Giant Plantation (not at the others) but fortunately laterthan usual. The mite, _Paratetranychus bicolor_, attacked the leaves ofsome of the trees on the Sleeping Giant Plantation rather late in theseason, so that on September 8 we sprayed with the Station's powersprayer, using Aramite effectively. Shade and humidity seem to favor thespread of this pest. Japanese beetles appeared but have never been verydestructive with us. As happened last year, we sprayed twice for theweevils, August 14 and September 8, with excellent results. 

This spring in early June, four hives of bees were placed in one of ourSleeping Giant Plantations by bee experts of the staff of the Conn. Expt. Station. Improved results in pollination and the resulting nutharvest cannot be affirmed with only one season's trial. 

A Method of Controlling the Chestnut Blight on Partially ResistantSpecies and Hybrids of Castanea

 ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven and Division of Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland

This method has been in use since 1937 on our chestnut plantations, andhas been so remarkably successful that we believe all chestnut growersshould be thoroughly acquainted with it. 

[Illustration: Fig. 1. ]

Whenever chestnut trees are attacked by the blight fungus, suckers arisebelow the lesion, and if the lesion is at or near the base of the tree, as often happens, these suckers grow from the base of the tree, i. E. Atthe root collar. It is then a simple matter to cut out the diseased barkof the lesion with a sharp knife, paint over the wound, and graft thetip of one or more of these suckers _above_ the lesion, into the healthybark. Of course the sucker must be long enough to reach the healthy partof the bark above the lesion. It is measured roughly by the eye and thencut off at a proper length, usually a little longer than seemsnecessary. The tip is then sharpened into two beveled surfaces coming upto a thin sharp transverse edge like a long wedge. (Fig. 1a. ) The tipedge must be very sharp in order to push up easily between the bark andwood. Now, or rather, before trimming the sucker, in the healthy barkabove the blight lesion cut an inverted T, making the cut into the barkas far as the wood and then cut a gradual slope from the surface of thebark down to the horizontal part of the inverted T. Next, lift the barkgently from the wood above the horizontal cut and insert the end of thesucker. If the sucker, or scion, is slightly longer than the upper endof the cut, it can be bent outward at the same time that the scion isbeing inserted and thus a spring is secured making it easier to forcethe scion up between bark and wood. I should add that if the lesion isnot at the base of the tree, suckers usually arise just below it in anycase, and these can be inarched in the same way as the basal shoots. 

[Illustration: Fig. 2

Fig. 2 Showing inarching method of controlling the chestnut blight aChinese-Japanese hybrid chestnut, 13 yrs. Old, infected toward base withChinese type of blight, i. E. In outer bark only. Right: sucker inarchedin spring of 1946; left, inarched spring of 1950. (The black figureresembling an arrow, about half way up, is accidental, being a clusterof labels. ) b. Grafted tree (the large tree of Japanese-Americanchestnut on Japanese stock); graft made in 1937 where finger ispointing; left: inarch of 1947, itself inarched near base in 1950;right, inarch of 1949. C. Japanese-American hybrid chestnut withprincipal inarch made in 1943; other later inarchings showing in part. All photos by Louis Buhle, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and loaned courtesyof the Garden. ]

The next step is to bind together the parts being grafted, windingstrong, cotton string firmly around the cut with its scion enclosed, covering practically all of the vertical cut of the inverted T. Finally, melted paraffin--not too hot--is applied to the union, every part beingcarefully covered in order to exclude air and thus prevent drying out. We use Clarke's melter which, with adjustment of the flame, will keepthe paraffin at a temperature slightly above the melting point and thuswill not get too hot. Grafting wax may also be used instead of paraffin. The best time to perform the operation in Connecticut is during April orearly May. 

Our first scions or inarches, grafted in 1937, are now 6 inches indiameter at ground level and constitute the main tree. If they becomeblighted, other suckers are inarched into them, and so on. The purposeof the inarching is to restore the communication between leaves androots, which is so essential to the life and health of the tree, andwhich the diseased bark of the blight lesion interrupts, eventuallycausing girdling and death of the trunk or branch attacked. A series ofthese inarchings of different ages is shown herewith. (Fig. 2. ) On ourplantations we no longer dread the chestnut blight, since we can usuallycircumvent it by this method. However, with the American chestnut, because the fungus advances rapidly in this species, the girdling isoften completed before the scions can take hold. Therefore, with thatspecies or with the least resistant hybrids the method is often thoughnot always ineffectual. 

This method of grafting is not new. It is similar to bridge grafting andhas been known and practiced for centuries. The only credit we can claimis for its application to the chestnut blight as a method of control. 

MR. CHASE: We will now hear from Mr. George Salzer, Rochester, New York, "Experiences with Chestnuts in Nursery and Orchard in Western New York. "Mr. Salzer. 

Experiences with Chestnuts in Nursery and Orchard in Western New York

GEORGE SALZER, Rochester, New York

My work with Chinese chestnut trees during the past ten years has beenmost interesting. The first trees were grown in our back-yard garden;then, when more seed was available locally, a building lot was purchasedfor use as a nursery. Seed is planted in the spring because when fallplanting was tried, the rodents took most of the nuts. 

Up until last year, chestnut seed was stratified in perforated cans inthe open ground with fairly good results. Last fall, we tried the methodused and described by Dr. Crane and Dr. McKay in the 1946 report of thisAssociation. Crimp top cans were used with nail holes in the top andbottom. Instead of using regular storage facilities, the cans werestored in a concrete block storage pit built below the floor of thegarage. This proved very successful. Not only were the nuts in excellentcondition for eating in the spring, sweet and of good flavor, but a muchlarger percentage of the seed germinated. This storage pit also servesto hold trees dormant and in good planting condition from digging timein March until early June. 

Last year, many young seedlings were lost during the dry weather andhand weeding between the trees was next to impossible. This spring, wetried the method of planting used and described by Mr. Sam Hemming inthe 1947 report of this Association. We planted the seed in a narrowtrench two inches deep; then filled the trench with saw dust; level withthe surface. The saw dust serves as a mulch to hold moisture for theyoung seedlings and hand weeding between trees is reduced to a minimum. It is also possible to use the wheel cultivator between the saw dustmarked rows before the shoots appear. This was a great help incontrolling early weed growth. 

We were troubled with cutworms cutting off the new seedlings close tothe ground, the same as they cut off young tomato plants. We controlledthem by using a poison-bran bait as described in Leaflet Number Twoissued by the Department of Agriculture. 

All trees are grown from seed of trees growing in the Rochester area. These had their origin from north of Pekin, China. Most of the trees arethree years old when sold and have been transplanted at least once. Thisgives us a good sized tree that transplants well and should bear somechestnuts in three or four years. Sales are to people in our locality, although a few mail orders have been filled. So far, we have had nocomplaints. These are all seedling trees and until grafting or buddingof named varieties becomes stabilized, I believe we should concentrateon growing large numbers of seedlings at a price within the reach of allwho want chestnut trees. 

This spring some large chestnut seed received from a southern grower wasplanted for experimental purposes. I will bring them into bearing tolearn whether they will bear as large a nut in our climate as they do inthe southern states, and whether the kernel will be as sweet and have asgood flavor as those grown in upstate New York. I have yet to see a treegrowing in the Rochester area bearing as large a nut as those grown inthe southeast, and all the large nuts I have tasted did not seem to beas sweet as ours. Probably the old saying "the smaller the nut, thesweeter the nut" is true. Of course these are all seedling trees, but bythis time we should know whether size of nut and sweetness of kernel aredetermined by climate or individual trees. 

Our largest trees are eleven-year old seedlings of unknown origin. Oneis, I believe, outstanding. It started bearing when four years old andhas consistently been a good producer. The nut is real chestnut in colorand good size, running about seventy to the pound. I have not found atree in this area bearing a larger nut. The kernel is sweet and theflavor excellent. The tree has good shape and limb structure, alwayssending up a central leader. This is the tree I would like to propagate. 

Small Nuts Sell Better

Last fall, I tried a selling experiment with chestnuts for eating, andsold small quantities of small and medium sized nuts at the rate of$1. 50 a pound. However, no one seemed interested in the larger ones. They thought they were European chestnuts that sold here for $. 25 apound. I did not have many for sale, but I am convinced there is amarket for good sweet chestnuts. It seems useless to compete with thoseimported from Italy. Ours are far superior, and many who remember theAmerican chestnut, will, I believe pay a luxury price for good qualitychestnuts. 

In 1946, we purchased a 10-1/2 acre piece of land, 16 miles southwest ofRochester for the purpose of planting a chestnut orchard. This land hadnot been worked for about twelve years. The soil is heavy and fertile, typed as Poygan clay loam. Bed rock is sixty feet below the surface. Thefollowing spring, we planted about 300 trees and each year more are setout. There are now about 700 trees from two to five years old, and mostof them are growing well. 

The rows are twenty feet apart and the trees stand fifteen to twentyfeet apart, in the row. I know this will be too close when the trees arefull grown, but we have the trees and I want to bring as many intobearing as possible, searching for the ideal tree. We also expect tolose some trees through wild life and other causes. 

Many of the first trees planted were lost the following year due toexcessive rainfall, poor surface drainage, rabbit and meadow mousedamage. In 1948 two 400 foot drainage ditches were dug across theproperty. This made it possible to plant trees successfully on most ofthe land. However, another ditch is needed to eliminate a low spot, thenall of the land can be used. 

The meadow mouse that girded so many trees could not be controlled bythe use of poison bait and the rabbit also did considerable damage. Through the wild life service of the Department of the Interior, weobtained a repellant that was effective. It is distributed in theeastern states by the Rodent Control Fund of the University ofMassachusetts. We have used it now for two years and have no more mouseor rabbit damage. 

The woodchuck does considerable damage even though we have eliminatedall their dens on our land. They come in to feed from the neighboringareas and will have to be controlled by shooting. Deer are also presentbut have as yet caused no damage. Probably, they are waiting for thetrees to grow larger. 

Last spring, new growth on the trees was killed by a late freeze--a mostunusual occurance for this area. This was caused by an excessively warmApril, followed by below-freezing temperature in the middle of May. Itwas the first time in the memory of the oldest residents that blacklocust and native black walnut trees were damaged by a spring freeze. However, most of the trees recovered, but their growth was retarded. 

This spring several of the trees blossomed, but set no burs. In a fewyears, I hope to have more to report on this orchard project. 

(Here was shown a chestnut tree picture. )

MR. SALZER: If anyone has any comments, if they think it has good limbstructure, that's what we are looking for. 

MR. SHERMAN: We could tell you better if we could see it when it'sdormant. 

MR. WEBER: What sort of a cultivator do you use?

MR. SALZER: Wheel cultivator. 

MR. WEBER: Why don't you get a Wheelmaster? You may not want tocultivate as often as if you had a power one. 

MR. CHASE: We shall now have another chestnut paper by Alfred Szego ofLong Island. 

Chestnuts in Upper Dutchess County, New York

ALFRED SZEGO 77-15A 37th Ave. , Jackson Heights, New York City

Pulvers' Corners, a collection of farmhouses, a gas station and icecream parlor is located about 8 miles from the northern Connecticutborder not too far from the southwestern tip of Massachusetts. 

The Berkshire hills roll through here and at this point we findourselves at approximately the northern limits of the deciduous hardwoodforest belt. 

Here the American chestnut is native formerly growing in great abundanceuntil stricken a mortal blow by the invincible chestnut blight. 

Just a few hundred feet north of here on a hilltop, I started in 1945, adifferent kind of nut tree plantation. 

Placing main emphasis on the chestnut, a start was made on thecultivation of the thousands of sprouts and seedlings on my 43 acrecoppice forest. 

A cluster of ~Castanea dentata~ seedlings that appeared promising wasselected. The following practices proved fairly successful in keeping afew trees healthy, and bringing one into bearing in 1950. For theinterest of fellow members working along a similar line, I enumerate thefollowing practices. 

1. Clean and thorough tree surgery, cutting out blight cankersimmediately upon discovery. 

2. Removal of all very blight susceptible nearby sprouts and the burningof all infected branches and material. 

3. Artificial watering during drought periods. 

4. Application of superphosphate, muriate of potash and trace elements. Es-Min-El was used in our case. Our soil tests high in nitrogen. 

5. Removal of all overstory trees and other interfering growth. 

It may be noted that the importance of hygiene and sanitation cannot bestressed too strongly. 

Our own native chinkapin, ~Castanea pumila~ when brought up north provesitself a delightful subject. Outside of the weevil-infested area, itbecomes a hardy producer of superb little chestnuts. This species offersgreat promise to the plant breeder because of its very early bearing(3-4 years from seed). Perhaps hybridization with ~Castanea mollissima~varieties may bring something very fine and valuable. This species istender during its first year but perfectly hardy afterwards. Northerngrowers require special techniques to grow chinkapins from seed. 

The strains of Chinese chestnut, ~Castanea mollissima~ in most cases donot seem extremely happy here. The trees appear to sustain varyingdegrees of winter injury. The tips of the branches often freeze. Usuallythe branch comes into leaf on the lower part first and then upwards. However, a few individuals appear perfectly hardy. The outlook isexcellent for the discovery of exceptional individuals suitable for thenorthern zones. 

The Japanese chestnut, ~Castanea crenata~ shows very good adaptation tothis region. Although my trees of this species are young, very vigorousgrowth indicates some value here. Unfortunately, the nuts have a badafter-taste when eaten raw thus limiting its commercial possibilities. Ihave noticed this undesirable characteristic in tasting hybrid nutsderived from trees possessing ~Castanea crenata~ parentage. I was informedat Beltsville that the hybrid known as S8, a cross between ~Castaneapumila~ and ~C. Crenata~, was rejected for its poor quality nuts. 

I have established many other species of chestnuts and their hybrids. Some of these are from seed obtained from the Bell experimental plot ofthe U. S. D. A. At Glenn Dale, Maryland. Seed from this source has produceda much better grade of seedlings than those from anywhere else. 

A somewhat different version of the tin can planting method is now beingused here. Number two size and larger tin cans have a few punctures madewith a hammer and nail in the bottom. These have their tops removed, ofcourse, and after being filled with loose soil, are used as pots inwhich to start chestnuts. 

In the early spring germinating chestnuts are removed from jars, kept inmy refrigerator. One is planted in each can flat side down, barelybeneath the soil level. 

After the season has warmed up these "canned plants" are set out in atrench, buried to the rim. Rock wool is placed around the stems of theseedlings covering the soil and the nut. This has acted as a rodentdeterrent. 

The "canned plants" are then, at leisure, set out in their permanentplaces. Just before doing this an ordinary beer can opener is used toenlarge the punctures in the bottom of the can to permit the roots topenetrate better. In a few years the can should disintegrate entirelyand at no time will interfere with root growth. 

By holding the chestnuts under refrigeration and not planting in thefall I have kept my plantings free of the chestnut weevils. 

I found that by planting the flat side down, the stem seems to go downvery easily, and the sprout coming up from it seems to go up moreeasily, also. 

Discussion

MR. RICK: Are they planted permanently in the can?

MR. SZEGO: Yes, they are planted in the can. The can will disintegratein two or three years. 

MR. RICK: Don't you have those in rows?

MR. SZEGO: No, I sometimes place them on the grass. The morning dewseems to provide enough moisture to carry through the dry spells. But, again, I live in a mountainous area. This may not apply out in Oklahoma. 

MR. CHASE: Next on the program is a demonstration of his method ofpropagating nut trees in pots in the greenhouse by Mr. Bernath, who hasbeen very successful with this method. Mr. Bernath. 

Demonstration of Method of Propagating Nut Trees in Greenhouse

STEPHEN BERNATH, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Here is the way I handle the nut trees when we propagate under glass inthe greenhouse. These are two-year seedlings potted up. That root is cutaway and any large lateral roots that are too large to bend well we cutthem off, and we take all the fibrous roots we can and put them in thispot. Put your soil around it first, and when you have it nearly full, just the same as if you take your son and lay him on your knee and spankthe butt good and put the soil around the roots. Then pack it with yourthumb and your potting is done. 

(Taking scion) I use only one bud. One bud is good as a dozen. (Cutting-with pruning knife. )

MR. WEBER: How do you cut above the bud that you use above the graft?

MR. BERNATH: If the nodes are far enough apart I put it farther, but Ilike to put it as short as I can but allow not less than half inch or aninch or more on top, and you cut it away after the union has taken andthe growth started. Sometimes some of them may have a growth of twoinches before you take them out of the case. They are not uniform. Someof them are way in advance of some of the others. Some of them aretardy, slow. 

This is my budding knife, here, which is about 40 years old. 

MR. CHASE: The question is asked, this isn't the time of year that youwould do this, is it?

MR. BERNATH: No, sir. I start in January. You can continue into April. You can take a batch out and put another batch in. 

MR. RICK: How many weeks, usually, before you graft, after these are putin the case?

MR. BERNATH: I would say that with most of your varieties it's from fourto six weeks, with the exception of ornamentals. That will take six toeight, sometimes longer, but nut trees generally come on quickly. I haveknown them to have two inches of growth, I think, in three weeks. (Sharpening knife. )

A MEMBER: You are like the violinist. You have to tune up first. 

MR. BERNATH: Yes, and never forget to wipe your knife. And remember notto put your finger on the fresh cut. (Cutting). Here is the cut before Iinsert the scion. In cutting your scion wood, now here is the butt. Cuton the inside. When you cut on this side it throws the bud a little bitfar out because it's on an angle. You know about the depth of the cuthere, and you go like this: (Cutting). 

A MEMBER: Do you come down to a pretty good point?

MR. BERNATH: (Holding up scion. )

A MEMBER: Is that a side graft you are making there?

MR. BERNATH: Yes. (Inserting scion in cut. ) Now, on this one I am goingto use a rubber strip. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Hold it up so we can see the whole thing as you have itstuck in there. That is a side graft with the bud next to the stock. 

MR. BERNATH: That's right. 

MR. RICK: The scion was cut on both sides, was it, or one side?

MR, BERNATH: Yes, on both sides. 

MR. WEBER: Wedge shape. 

MR. KINTZEL: An inch below the bud. 

MR. BERNATH: (Wrapping graft) Here is where your thumb comes into play. As you put this on, start right here (stretching rubber). See how farthat can stretch? You cross it and you can take your finger off. Nowrelease it. Have your finger on it. Put this finger right here. Allright, you see you get under, pull right up there. There it is, thegraft is done. 

MR. EMERSON: You don't use any wax?

MR. BERNATH: No wax whatsoever. Never use any. 

MR. CORSAN: Or any latex?

MR. BERNATH: No, nothing at all. 

MR. RICK: How do you slope this?

MR. BERNATH: I have a little, miniature box here, and that wouldrepresent a bench in the greenhouse. (Demonstrating). 

Here is another one (taking another scion). 

MR. CORSAN: That's used by dentists and plastic surgeons. 

MR. BERNATH: Now watch the difference. If the scion wood happened to besmaller than your stock, you cut accordingly. In other words, you arenot going in as far. See (showing). Or else you can cross it. Now, justa minute, we will get that (making cut in stock; slicing scion offdiagonally). You don't go up as high on this side. Now, then, you takeit, if you are a pretty good hand with a knife. That's all right, evenif it's not shaped at all. There it is (inserting in cut). But onething--I want to warn you, if you want to follow this, be careful not torub the bud off in handling it. If you do, you might as well throw itaway, because you are licked. 

MR. WEBER: That is one reason for having the bud face the stock?

MR. BERNATH: No, but makes a better growth. 

Persian walnut, I find, unless it's way far down on the trunk of a tree, will not form adventitious buds. Now, you can do it with a chestnut. Youcan rub the main bud off and you will find two or three of them coming, or more, right around that place. But one of these walnuts will not forman adventitious bud, so you might as well throw it away, or if you knockoff even the new growth on it, you might as well dump it, because itwill not form a tree. 

Now here is a tape that I use. 

MR. KINTZEL: Rubber tape?

MR. BERNATH: No, no, cloth. 

MR. STOKE: That's about the same as surgical tape?

MR. BERNATH: Made especially for grafting, Mr. Stoke. 

Now, you have to watch it closely because this is a tricky thing. 

MR. CORSAN: This is not called Scotch Tape?

MR. BERNATH: No, this is made especially for grafting. You can get thisfrom some of the boys. 

MR. WEBER: A. M. Leonard and Son, Piqua, Ohio. 

MR. RICK: That will require more attention than the rubber. The rubbertakes care of itself, where this one you have to take off. 

MR. WEBER: No, this decays. 

MR. BERNATH: You start right here on the stock. Now you make sure thatthe scion--

MR. WEBER: You start at the top?

MR. BERNATH: The top, always on the top. 

MR. WEBER: And that has a tendency to keep the scion worked down, whereas if you started at the bottom you might push it up. 

MR. BERNATH: You have quite a pressure right around there--watch it, because it will tear, and if it tears with you, why, it's so hard to getstraightened out--and then press together. 

MR. WEBER: And you don't wax either the top, or anything?

MR. BERNATH: No. Now, the reason for leaving this under stock that long:if you are not careful, fungus growth will set in. If you cut righthere, then the whole thing is affected with it, see. Wrap it firmly andthat is there on both sides, and when the union forms and the growthbegins here, when you take them out of the case, for instance, now, youtake a sharp pair of shears and cut as close as you can. (Removes top ofunderstock. ) Never mind if you cut the cloth, it doesn't make anydifference. Just cut it right there. Snip it right off. But that is whenyou take them out of the grafting case. 

A MEMBER: Wouldn't it also be all right to leave that stub on to tieyour sprout to so it won't want to break?

MR. BERNATH: No, you might be better off if you had a stake. Put a stakeon the side of it. When everything is right that surface will callusover right quickly. It may not seem so. It does make a perfect unionunlike a graft of some other types. 

MR. WEBER: When you make that cut of the excess understock, you don'teven wax?

MR. BERNATH: No. You can if you want to, but I don't wax. Just leave itlike that. 

Now the next operation. Here is this miniature greenhouse. It's moistpeat. That's just about the right substance. Would anybody like to lookat this? Don't get it too wet. Just walk right up here. 

MR. WEBER: It feels as if it's ground up. 

MR. BERNATH: It is. 

MR. CORSAN: Mr. Bernath, would that be the right stuff to put sweetchestnuts in in the fall?

MR. BERNATH: You mean for sprouting?

MR. CORSAN: Yes. 

MR. BERNATH: That would be all right. 

MR. CORSAN: That's not too damp?

MR. BERNATH: No. 

MR. CORSAN: I have put it in that and had the greatest success. 

MR. CHASE: Now, folks, let's everybody sit down, and please keep quietand try to absorb what's going on here. We can't have 10 or 15individual conversations going on. 

MR. BERNATH: Now here we have two pots grafted. Now, of course, thebench in the greenhouse is wider and longer. Here is what you do. Youstart the first row, just move the peat back like that, and you lay themin like that, one after the other, the pots on the side. 

MR. WEBER: With the bud side up?

MR. BERNATH: That's right. Now, you go right along. When you come to thenext row, here is what you do (piling up peat) like that. If you want tocover the scion, all right; if you don't, perfectly all right. You canput electric heating coils under it. 

MR. RICK: Is there any advantage in sloping the top? Would it matter ifit was flat?

MR. BERNATH: No, no, doesn't matter. This just happened to be an oldmelon box. I had started melons early in the spring. 

Now, while the grafts are in the process of forming the unions, that is, when the cambium begins to form, you do not water until you take theseout of the case. Add no more water, but make sure your pots are moistenough. For instance, in this one, there is plenty of moisture for theperiod of incubation. 

MR. KINTZEL: How long? Couple of weeks?

MR. BERNATH: No. Sometimes they start to grow in three weeks, butgenerally four weeks, maybe a little over. Sometimes less; depends oneverything. 

MR. SHERMAN: What temperature in the greenhouse?

MR. BERNATH: Well, if you note in the springtime when the trees arebeginning to grow, you know the night temperature goes down, whiledaytime may go up to 75, 80 in the spring. All right, you follow nature, and you'll never go wrong. 

Now, the temperature, at night, if it does go down around the fifties, or even less, doesn't do any harm. That's the house temperature. Butunder the benches where you have your heat coils, that's of course, atleast 60, maybe a little better, and, of course, in daytime itmay--well, it's all right if it goes up to 70, 75. Then, of course, youhave to ventilate through the house, and as a matter of fact, under thebenches. Take a lot of bags and nail them along the walk to keep theheat under the benches. That gives you the bottom heat. 

Now, as I understand, some of our members have tried this method, butthey applied too much heat. They burned them. If they didn't burn them, fungus growth set in, because there's high humidity in that box. Youwill see the moisture condensation on the glass. Drops of wateraccumulate, and that's a thing you will have to guard against. So everymorning give it at first about a 5-minute period when you take a drycloth and wipe the surface moisture off the glass, the under side, toprevent the water from dripping on the unions here, to keep it dry. Thenas you go along you can increase that period, but not over 15 minutes, until around the fourth week, you can generally put a stick under theglass to give more ventilation. When you see that the union is formedand everything is all right, take the glass off, take your grafts outand stand them up straight, and from there on you can water them, butnot before. 

And then you cut these stocks off right there as close as you can getit, sort of an upward movement, like that (demonstrating with knife). 

MR. WEBER: It doesn't make any difference if you cut the rubber bandthat's on it or not?

MR. BERNATH: No, not too much, if it's callused up good, if the union ishard enough. And then, of course, you put the glass on, and then youkeep these grafts in the greenhouse. But don't forget now, somethingthat is important, when you graft these. Here we have a greenhouse overus. This little box represents the batch of grafts. Don't forget youhave to shade them. If you didn't shade these, they would burn to acrisp. I have lost several hundred blue spruce grafts by going away on aday when it was cloudy and I forgot to tell Mrs. Bernath, "If the suncomes out, raise the sash. " When I came home, this part of thegreenhouse was shaded; now, in this corner here I think it was around250 beautiful grafts but the next day I was going to take them out. Theywere burnt to a crisp. I saved a few trees right where it was shady. 

MR. CALDWELL: The blue spruce are grafted by the same method?

MR. BERNATH: Yes, I use this method for inside grafting for everything. 

MR. CALDWELL: Use this method for shagbarks the same way?

MR. BERNATH: Yes, same way with hickories and oaks. 

MR. WEBER: What sort of shading element do you use? Anything real tight, or how?

MR. BERNATH: Yes, air tight. The grafting case has got to be air tight. 

MR. WEBER: The shade?

MR. BERNATH: Oh, any kind of cloth, cheesecloth, muslin. I know thatwill do it. 

MR. CHASE: Whitewash?

MR. BERNATH: That's all right, too. If you use whitewash, I wouldrecommend using white lead with gasoline and just spray it on. That willhelp a lot, but I generally use a cloth for shade. 

MR. O'ROURKE: Why do you place the scions so that the bud is on theinside?

MR. BERNATH: It makes a straighter tree. The other way it's inclined togrow out this way (indicating). It grows toward the stock, makes astraighter tree. 

MR. STOKE: I think there is one more advantage there. On the edge nextto the stock you get a better contact than you do on that lip on theoutside, and it leads more directly into the bud. 

DR. CRANE: Less danger, too, that that bud will rub off. 

MR. BERNATH: Keep them shaded, but only 50 per cent shade. And then inabout two weeks you take the shade off, let the sun shine on it. Itdoesn't hurt--over the glass. And then you take these pots when dangerof frost is over, plant them out, in nursery rows, or, if you want toput them in permanent places, it's perfectly all right. Take this, putyour finger under like that (demonstrating), give her a tap, and theball comes out of the pot in your hand. And if it's permanent, plant itdown to here; cover the union. 

MR. WEBER: And the scion eventually forms its own root?

MR. BERNATH: It will. You will find that pot will be filled up withfibrous root. 

MR. SZEGO: When do you take the tape off?

MR. BERNATH: Don't take it off at all. It will decay. 

MR. MILLER: But the same graft can't be used outside without graftingwax, can it?

MR. BERNATH: Yes, you have to wax outside. That's right, you have to usewax. Otherwise the grafting method is the same for top-working. 

MR. MILLER: Because in there you have it air tight. Outside you have towax. 

MR. BERNATH: You can't do it without wax, not outside. But budding youcan do without wax outside. 

This is a whole plant right here. That's a whole plant root, and this isright in this four-inch pot. That tap root is cut away and all thelateral roots, finer roots, put right in there and put in soil like anytransplanted plant. 

DR. ROHBACHER: When do you put that stock in the house?

MR. BERNATH: If you want to start work in January, towards the end ofDecember after the understock has had the rest period. You can storethem, unless you are in a place where you don't get much frost in yourground. 

DR. ROHBACHER: You have to dig those up in the fall?

MR. BERNATH: You have to dig these up about three weeks before you wantto graft. There is another point I should have been wide awake enough totell you in the beginning: when you put these in the bench put them inpeat moss like that, because otherwise it would be next to impossible tokeep those plants moist enough. 

MR. WEBER: That's standing upright. 

MR. BERNATH: Upright until you graft. That's only the understock. Watchthem closely, say about two weeks, and you may test it. In other words, knock these out and examine the root system. When you see those littlewhite rootlets beginning to grow like thin macaroni, white, most ofthem, that's a sign that you had better get busy grafting. 

MR. WEBER: But not until you see the edges of those roots pokingthrough. 

MR. RICK: And the stock isn't in the case until you are ready to graft?

MR. BERNATH: They are in the benches, but not in the case. No outsidecover except just the glass of the house. 

That's about all there is to it. It isn't much. 

MR. RICK: It's been a wonderful demonstration. 

MR. SZEGO: When do you cut your scion wood?

MR. BERNATH: Oh, I get scion wood from December on, late December, January and February. 

MR. RICK: It would be all right just to go out to the tree and cut yourscions and bring them in and the next day graft?

MR. BERNATH: Yes. Well, no. I like to store them a little bit, for thereason that the starches will form. It's amazing how wood will act afteryou cut it, provided it doesn't dry out. All those cells, you know, inthat they form what we call a certain type of starch. You can do it allright with apple trees and pear trees. You can put it right on the treeright from the tree, but I wouldn't advise it on the nut trees. 

MR. RICK: Do you keep your scions cool until you are ready to use them?

A MEMBER: My way of keeping it is in fresh sawdust. That's the bestmeans. 

MR. WEBER: Do you dampen it any?

MR. BERNATH: Yes. And I have nothing but an earth cellar where I storemy scion wood, and they keep well until June. 

MR. RICK: To prevent fungus would it be a good idea to dip them in aweak solution of Bordeaux?

MR. BERNATH: I never tried it. I couldn't say. That's one reason whysometimes some of our members here wonder why I write and say, "Pleasedo not wax. " I do not want a waxed scion. As far as I am concerned, Iwould throw them right out. I wouldn't bother to graft them. 

MR. CORSAN: You just put them in damp sawdust?

MR. BERNATH: Yes, put them in damp peat or even damp newspaper, wrap itand ship it. 

(Newspaper is very good for this purpose. --J. C. McD. )

MR. CORSAN: And no waxing. 

MR. BERNATH: No. 

MR. STOKE: I agree with you. I got some scions that were waxed, and thescion was beautifully green and every bud was dead. 

MR. BERNATH: That's it again. The reason for that is that you have toheat the wax to make it thin enough, and the reaction of the heat is badfor the scion wood. 

MR. STOKE: I don't believe it's that alone. I believe a bud can't gowithout air for a great length of time. It is a living organism andneeds the air. Those scions had come from Europe, and every one wasdead. 

MR. BERNATH: Mr. Silvis will tell you how he keeps his scions good. 

MR. SILVIS: Through Goodrich Chemical Company I was interested in whatDr. Shelton, another Ohio member who is a chemist, had available, anemulsion called "Goodrite Latex VL-600. " That's the agricultural andhorticultural designation for its use. Otherwise, industrially it'sknown as Geon 31 XX, and some other names. 

MR. CORSAN: That is the latex that congeals quickly?

MR. SILVIS: Yes. It's water soluble and makes a very stiff; imperviouswater barrier on everything it becomes attached to. Therefore, if youdipped the entire scion--usually I go out and cut scion wood and maybeeven as late as the next day dip it in the latex. Then after it's driedfor five minutes, I can take and throw it in the garage and leave itthere until June, July and August, and I can take it to therefrigerator, the same thing. I think the refrigerator is the bestplace. 

MR. SHERMAN: You know last March, at the Ohio meeting there was somewood dipped there, and the latter part of May I came through and pickedup a piece and brought it in to Harrisburg in the back of my car in thewindow where it was cooked in transportation, and it made two inches ofgrowth in the Harrisburg office just lying on my desk. 

MR. SILVIS: I have seen it happen, and it doesn't restrict the growth. Ihave had it on filberts, Persian walnut, and hickory. Then when I cut mystock by using a simple splice graft, in grafting it I use a rubberband, same rubber band they used here, tie it and just forget about it. You don't need the additional shading, and you don't need additionalwaxing. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Can you use that material as a wax? Do you put onadditional wax?

MR. SILVIS: It isn't necessary in a splice graft, because you have got agood union. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Suppose you haven't got a good union?

MR. SILVIS: I wouldn't use it anyway, because you are covering the cutportion pretty well anyhow. 

MR. RICK: Is this outside or inside?

MR. SILVIS: I would say outside. You dip the wax at 70 degreestemperature. Any colder than that would allow it to congeal. It's thick. I am not sure about this, but I think you can dilute it with about eightparts water, if you wish, six or eight parts water to one part latex. Itstill will make a complete coverage. 

That's for scion storage, and it does eliminate making boxes in someplaces where they have storage problems. It eliminates the storageproblem and eliminates waxing immediately after grafting. 

MR. WEBER: Your method completely shuts off the air from the bud thesame as waxing would do. 

MR. SILVIS: And any water going in. 

MR. STOKE: I was wondering how long you kept it. You said it was solublein water. You mean before it sets up?

MR. SILVIS: Before it sets up. 

MR. LOWERRE: That's if it's a suspension. It is some time before thewater sets up. 

MR. STOKE: Retaining moisture and yet being soluble, and that's thething I wanted to clarify. 

MR. SILVIS: If you leave it out, it is a dispersal, let's call it, butit appears like shellac after it is dry. 

(Editor's Note: See fuller discussion in 1949 Report, pp. 30-37. )

MR. CHASE: I think we all owe Mr. Bernath a vote of thanks for showingus this. (Applause. ) We will visit his place tomorrow, and if you haveadditional questions, I am sure he will be glad to answer them for you. He has left the grafting case over here for anyone to see. 

MR. SHERMAN: In case of heavy rain tomorrow, what are the plans?

MR. SALZER: Wear rubbers. 

MR. CHASE: We are not going to have any rain tomorrow. 

(He was right. --Ed. )

We have a short paper here that I have asked Dr. Anthony to summarizefor us, "Experiences in Nut Growing Near Lake Erie, " by Ross P. Wright, Erie, Pennsylvania. 

DR. ANTHONY: Mr. Wright is a very interesting man and has a veryinteresting plantation. He is a manufacturer and fortunately has a sonwho is mature and married and as interested in the work as he, so thereis a continuity that we are pretty sure of. 

Experiences in Nut Growing Near Lake Erie

ROSS PIER WRIGHT, Erie, Pennsylvania

This report should be made by my son Richard Wright. He is in charge ofthe farm but is on a trip to Europe with his family and will not returnin time for your meeting. 

The farm is located in the Chautauqua Grape Belt; due to the proximityof Lake Erie, which acts as a heat reservoir, it is not as a rulebothered by the late frosts in the Spring or early frosts in the Fall, this making it a very satisfactory climate for Concord grapes. Peachesare also grown commercially. 

The village of Westfield is located on the main road between Erie andBuffalo, and the Wright family has lived there for the past 136 years. We have several hundred acres and really started the endeavor more withthe idea of seeing if nuts might be profitably grown, without any ideaof going into the nut business. 

In 1915, 35 years ago, we planted a three acre plot with severalvarieties of nut trees obtained from nurseries. They were black walnuts, hickories, hazel nuts, pecans, English walnuts, and Japanese heartnuts. 

The black walnuts are native of Westfield and the trees we planted havedone well. The only hickories that survived were two Siers hickories. Wedid not think much of them until recently as they did not fill out anytoo well, but the last three or four years they have for some reasondecided to fill better. Due to the extremely thin shell they are veryeasily cracked and at the moment we think quite highly of these Siershickories. 

We have a nut cracker made by the Dazey Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, which costs $5. 00 or $6. 00. It is very effective with theSiers but does not crack thick shelled hickories very well. On the otherhand it is ideal for pecans and English walnuts. 

The filberts in this field are not very satisfactory, with the exceptionof the Winkler hazel. These usually bear very well. The trouble with thefilberts is that the catkins are quite prone to winter kill but theWinkler hazel seems to be more hardy. There again we think more of themsince we have used the Dazey Nut Cracker. The Winkler nuts are rathersmall and have quite a hard shell and if a hammer is used it is quitelikely to crush the kernel. 

The English walnuts we planted at that time were not of a hardy type andwere prone to winterkill. There are really only two stunted trees left. 

The pecans do not winterkill but the nuts do not fill. 

The Japanese heartnuts we planted were successful. One of them weconsider very satisfactory and is worthy of propagation. We call it theLobular heartnut. 

In the Spring of 1923, 27 years ago, we obtained a half bushel ofheartnuts from our representative in Japan and planted them. Three yearslater we interplanted some of the trees in a four acre field in which wewere planting as permanent trees some Snyder and Thomas black walnuts. Reporting on that field as it is today we will say that these walnutsand heartnuts, up to five years ago, bore very well indeed and the nutsfilled properly, but the last few years the nuts have not filledproperly although they have received nitrate of soda. We are somewhat ina quandry as to the reason for it. 

Adjoining the field is a black walnut tree, probably 150 years old, which always bore nuts and they have always filled up to the last fewyears. In this field where the majority of the seedling heartnuts havebeen planted there was the usual interesting difference in the nuts. Some were of the true heartnut variety, some had the rough shaggy shelland shape of a butternut and others were round and looked like Englishwalnuts. Some of the heartnut trees have developed a disease calledwitches'-broom or bunch disease. There does not, to date, seem to be anycure for it. We used some heavy applications of zinc sulphate andthought the trouble had improved but the improvement seems to have beenonly temporary. 

In this field also are the trees which Clarence Reed designated as theWright heartnut and the Westfield heartnut. 

In 1933 to 1935, 15 to 17 years ago, we grafted about 35 hickories withvarious varieties. They were grafted in a grove of hickories which wereon our farm and which were perhaps eight inches in diameter. Thisendeavor did not prove to be much of a success. Some of the grafts diedafter a year or two and the others which have continued to live do notappear to bear to any extent. We would have to mark that particularendeavor down as very close to a failure. 

Perhaps if we had given the grafting endeavor more attention we mighthave had different results but we are in the manufacturing business inErie, Pennsylvania, and really look upon the Westfield, New York, farmas a type of relaxation. In those years 1933 to 1935 industry wasexperiencing a major distress and I am afraid most of our attention wasgiven to our factory rather than our farm. In fact, that situationapplies very largely to all of our nut endeavors. There is an old Scotchsaying "The eye of the master fattens the kine, " and during the last 15or 20 years when we in industry have experienced a tremendous depressionfollowed by a war it has meant that those interested have had to watchtheir manufacturing plants to the detriment of their other interestsregardless of how much they regretted it. 

In 1934, 16 years ago, we became interested in chestnuts as a possiblecommercial crop. We purchased a quantity from J. Russell Smith, interplanting them in a vineyard we expected to pull out as it wasgetting too old. Two years later, through the cooperation of ClarenceReed, Dr. Gravatt, also others at Beltsville, Maryland, we got some2, 000 seedlings of various types, some being hybrids. As some of thesebore we planted what we thought were the best nuts in a nursery and atpresent have about 3000 chestnut trees ranging from three years old upto 16 years. There is some blight occasionally showing which appears tobe on the hybrids. About 35 acres of the chestnuts were interplanted invineyards which we were planning to pull out. During the war, however, the price of grapes was quite high and we left the grapes, pulling thelast of them out this Spring. Due to cultivation of the grapes anappreciable number of the nut trees were cut out accidentally, and havelater been filled in with seedlings, with the result that the orchardhas a rather peculiar appearance. The mature trees, this year, have beendoing, we think, very well, and a great majority of them are bearingfrom a light crop to a rather heavy crop. 

Up to date we have had no trouble with worm in our chestnuts. In fact wehave not found a single wormy chestnut. This interests us appreciably, as when the old American chestnuts were common on our farm it would seemas if hardly a chestnut escaped a worm hole if you kept them longenough. If you ate the chestnuts immediately it wasn't so bad--the wormswere probably too small to be observed. 

We understand that in some sections Chinese chestnuts are attacked byworms but I repeat we haven't had one to date. 

Our chestnuts are planted largely in Volusia clay loam on fields wherechestnuts formerly flourished. This soil is not fertile, as soils go, and the trees will probably not grow as large nor will they grow as fastas if planted in a more fertile soil. At first we used a spacing of 36feet but we now use 24 feet, which we think will be satisfactory for ourfarm. 

Since the chestnuts have come into bearing and the project has become tosome extent a commercial one, we are more interested in doing what wecan for the trees. We are convinced that the mulching process is to berecommended. There is some sawdust to be obtained in this section and asfar as it goes we have covered the ground under the branches of thetrees with a mulch of sawdust about five or six inches deep. We will notknow how successful that is for a few years. 

We have planted the fields with a cover crop of rye grass and orchardgrass, and this month are cutting it and throwing it under the trees. We have some adjoining fields which were in hay but which had rather runout. We are cutting these likewise and throwing the hay under the trees. We believe if we keep this practice up for a few years we will have areasonable mulch under the trees. We have become interested in Reedcanary grass. We have had a few sample patches of it and are going toplant a couple of outside fields with it to be used for mulch. It growsstronger than any other northern grass with which we are conversant, andtherefore would produce more mulch. We are also giving the land tworather heavy applications of mixed fertilizer each year. 

We think the chief thing we have learned about chestnuts is that thefirst few years the trees should be cultivated, fertilized, watered, andmulched. You cannot handle them the way you could, for instance, Christmas trees by simply sticking them in a field of grass. The firstyear they should be watered every ten days if they require it, andwatered the second year if there is a real drought. 

In closing we would say that as far as our immediate section isconcerned, it is our guess that chestnuts are the only nuts which mightappear to have commercial possibilities. Of course, at present, the nutssell at quite a high price and I fear beyond their value. What willhappen when the numerous orchards which have been planted in the lastfew years come into bearing is any man's guess. 

We do not believe that the black walnuts would ever prove a commercialsuccess here, although they normally do well. Of course the trouble isthe competition of the wild nuts from other sections. On the other hand, if some one had the time to give to working up a market for the improvedblack walnuts, he might get some profit out of it. 

If I were younger, I might want to try growing a number of Winkler hazelnuts. I think hazel nuts covered with chocolate make a very attractivecandy, and here, in this section, the Winkler seems to be immune toblight and other troubles. This year, for the first time in ourrecollection, the frost got them and the crop is very light. 

I do not know just what to say about the heartnuts. They might not haveenough flavor to suit some people, but when eaten with salt I think theyare delicious. They are very free cracking. We have one, the Lobular, which as soon as they are cracked can be shaken out of the shell. I amdisturbed however over the bunch disease to which some of them aresubject. 

Please note that our remarks in regard to the commercial possibilitiesof these various nuts has reference to our farm at Westfield and to noother place. 

I regret I am not going to be at your meeting to endeavor to answer anyquestion which might be asked. 

Discussion of Mulches

DR. ANTHONY: Mr. Sherman and I were there a few years ago, and he hasvery definitely given up the heartnut and black walnut. Many trees inthis area are affected with this bunch disease, which caused failure toset, and he has very definitely decided that he is out of those twonuts. 

MR. FRYE: That sawdust, how old must it be, and how green have you used?

DR. ANTHONY: We have used sawdust in our fruit tree work. There is aperiod when I don't like it. When it's raw and going down, it uses agood deal of nitrogen. Also, if it gets dry, it will blow. Also when itgets dry it will run off with the water, and I would like to use itpretty well rotted down when I get it, and usually you can find oldrotted piles. If you do use it on trees where nitrogen is a factor, youprobably will have to use additional nitrogen. 

Now, with the chestnut where you want to mature them fairly early in thefall, it might work all right, because it will withhold the nitrogen inthe breakdown of your sawdust. But apparently, it works pretty well. Ithink it was Mr. Sam Hemming who suggested using it in the rows. Most ofour State Forests and Waters nurseries in their seedling beds, planttheir seedlings, including chestnuts, make a mixture of sawdust andsand, about one of sawdust and two of sand, and then broadcast thatright over their seeds. The seeds are broadcast on the firm soil, thenthis mixture of sawdust and sand is broadcast over the seeds. That givesa uniform planting of your seeds and gives a very nice protection. Thereis one place that I think sawdust works very nicely. 

Straw mulch, any material of that kind, in breaking down takes nitrogenfrom the soil. They are all good if you balance that loss of nitrogenthat is lost during the period of breakdown. Now, there comes a time, ifyou put a mulch on the soil and let it stay there for six or eight yearsand keep building it up, when you pass imperceptibly from straw intosoil, and when you reach that time, your breakdown of your straw isusually done without taking nitrogen from your soil itself, and fromthat time on you may release nitrogen. But until you get thatimperceptible transformation from straw to soil, there is a time whenthe breakdown of the straw uses your nitrogen, which is all right, ifit's late in the season, but not early. I'd want to watch my trees andget my nitrogen on early, then let the straw use it later on. 

A MEMBER: The migration of nitrogen--is there some such migration, andis it just in the case of the sawdust?

DR. ANTHONY: You put it right on top, it's much worse. You can put itright on top and it will take a year or two to pass through that periodwhere the utilization in the breaking down of the straw is greater thanthe release of nitrogen. If it's mixed in the soil, the tree gets moreof it. 

MR. STOKE: How deep is that effect on the soil?

DR. ANTHONY: We have used straw, hay, weeds, sawdust, chips, anything ofthe kind, putting on a 5 to 6-inch layer. As I say, it takes from one tothree years to get through that period. 

Now, Massachusetts has the longest continuous use--all of New Englandhas--of mulch, and they are reaching a point now where some of themulches are ten years old where the release of nitrogen is too much andthey get poor color on McIntosh. I think with the Chinese chestnut thisis one thing we have got to watch to get good maturity. Going fartherand farther south, you have more trouble. As you go to the north, ourtrees color more easily, and there you wouldn't want to force them, asour New England people find. They are releasing too much nitrogen latein the season. So I would not want to use long, continued mulch in thechestnut, I'd watch my maturity, and the minute they get a little slowin maturing, I'd quit. 

MR. BERST: How about corn cobs?

MR. JAY SMITH: How about anything in the street, leaves?

DR. ANTHONY: Anything like that, whether it's oak or maple. One goesdown as quickly as the other. 

MR. CORSAN: On the way down here I called in to see Rodale, and we foundhim in a mass of brewer's hops and ground up corn cobs. He had them inthe chicken house, and you know how a chicken house smells. He had nosmell in the chicken house. We looked all through his place, and we sawanother big pile of furs, mink, and such trimming off of them, a bigpile about that high (indicating), and that will go down. He hadeverything under the sun in the way of mulch, but corn cobs ground upfine was the chief one in sight. 

Personally, I like to grow the mulch on the land right there. We cangrow it--up to 10 ton of green mulch to the acre. I have done it many, many times. You have something there that goes down quickly. The verygrowing of that through the latter part of the summer also uses thenitrogen and hardens up your trees. Then we turn it down and within twoto three weeks we have it reseeded, and so we are growing a constantsupply in the soil-itself. You get the same effect as hauling in yourmulch. It's cheaper, usually, and you get, I think, a little bit bettercontrol. Your mulches are not dry, they are turned under when--well, it's crimson clover in the red, right in the blossom. They go down veryquickly. We leave as much as possible on the surface. I think it's alittle cheaper and a little more satisfactory control. I put them onquite green. I find they rot much quicker. 

MR. CHASE: I will now turn the gavel back to Dr. MacDaniels, who willtake over. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, very much, Mr. Chase. 

Perhaps we had better take a 10-minute recess. 

(Whereupon, a short recess was taken. )

Nominating Committee Elected

DR. MacDANIELS: We will proceed with the election of a nominatingcommittee. That committee is elected. It is a committee of three, andthe nominations come from the floor. The present nominating committee isMr. Stoke, Mr. Sylvester Shessler, and Mr. Sterling Smith. Now, I guessit is a good plan to change the nominating committee, and I think weought to have regional representation. I think that is important. Doesanybody have a nomination? Say we start in the Middle West. 

A MEMBER: Mr. Silvis. 

DR. MacDANIELS: He will take it. That's middle. Another nomination fromthe farther west. 

MR. CHASE: Mr. Chairman, I nominate Dr. Crane. 

DR. MacDANIELS: That would be South Atlantic. 

MR. WEBER: I nominate Mr. Chase. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Do you wish to nominate more than three and have aballot?

MR. FRYE: I move nominations be closed. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Nominations closed. Do you move to have the secretarycast a unanimous ballot?

DR. McKAY: So move, Mr. Chairman. 

MR. WEBER: Proceed with the election. 

DR. MacDANIELS: The motion is that nominations be closed and thesecretary be instructed to cast a ballot for the slate as nominated. Anyfurther discussion? If not, all in favor say "aye. "

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Carried. 

Resolutions

DR. MacDANIELS: Is the Resolutions Committee here? Mr. Allaman, Ibelieve you are president of the Pennsylvania group, are you not?

MR. ALLAMAN: Yes. 

"In the passing of Clarence A. Reed, who was a nut culturist of theUnited States Department of Agriculture, we not only lost a friend inthe experimental field, but also a dear personal friend. Mr. Reed waskeenly interested in all phases of nut culture, devoting practically hisentire life to this work. We are more deeply indebted to him than can beexpressed. Paraphrasing what Lincoln said of the dead soldiers atGettysburg, it remains for us to continue the effort and build upon thefoundation to which he so largely contributed. 

"Therefore, be it resolved that the secretary of this Association spreadupon the record this resolution and send a copy to Mrs. Reed. "

DR. MacDANIELS: You have heard this resolution. I think it would beappropriate we move to accept and adopt this by a rising vote. 

(Whereupon, a rising vote was taken. )

DR. MacDANIELS: There are two other resolutions Mr. Allaman will read. 

MR. ALLAMAN: "The Northern Nut Growers Association in its forty-firstmeeting expresses its appreciation for the fine accomodations for itsmeeting place supplied by Post No. 739 of the American Legion. TheAssociation also desires to compliment the Post on its foresight inproviding this community with such a satisfactory meeting place. 

"May it therefore be resolved that the secretary spread this upon theminutes and send a copy to the Legion. "

Another resolution: "We, the members of the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation, express our keen appreciation of the very efficientservices of Mrs. Stephen Bernath and Gilbert L. Smith and others fortheir splendid accommodations at this convention. "

DR. MacDANIELS: These two resolutions, do you wish to accept them oradopt them together?

DR. CRANE: Move that they be adopted as a whole. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Moved that they be adopted together. Any discussion? Ifnot, all in favor say "aye. "

(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carriedunanimously. )

DR. MacDANIELS: Passed without dissent. 

Are there other resolutions anyone has from the floor?

(No response. )

Report of Auditing Committee

DR. MacDANIELS: The auditing committee's report. 

MR. WEBER: I have it. "We have found from our examination of thetreasurer's records that his accounts are in proper balance and that thestatement of his bank account, issued by his bank as of August 11, 1950, shows he had on deposit in the Erie County United Bank of Vermilion, Ohio, the sum of $2280. 37. We feel our treasurer, Mr. Sterling A. Smith, has faithfully discharged his duties during the current year andrecommend his continuance in that office, nomination for which hasalready, of course, taken place. Royal Oakes, Chairman, AuditingCommittee. " (Applause. )

DR. MacDANIELS: It all sounds very legal. I think it's all right. I takeit that applause indicates the acceptance of the report. Unless I heardissent, we will take that to be so. 

DR. CRANE: Move the report of the Auditing Committee be accepted. 

DR. MacDANIELS: O. K. , we will make it legal. Who will second the motion?

MR. STOKE: Second. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Moved and seconded that the Auditing Committee report beaccepted. 

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously. )

Election of 1950-51 Officers

DR. MacDANIELS: Next will be the election of officers, and we will askthe chairman of the Nominating Committee to give his report. Inasmuch asI am apparently concerned, I will hand the gavel to Mr. Chase for theelection. 

MR. CHASE: We'd like to hear the report from the chairman of theNominating Committee, Mr. Stoke. 

MR. STOKE: Most of you no doubt heard the report of the NominatingCommittee at our first session, but we nominated Dr. William Rohrbacherof Iowa City, Iowa, for president, and for vice-president our perennialcandidate here, who has disappeared from the scene, renominating Dr. L. H. MacDaniels. We hope to make him president next time. If he doesn'tmake it next time, I think we will have to throw him out. And for thesecretary, our friend, Joe McDaniel. They are not relatives. And thetreasurer, repeating officer, Sterling Smith. The secretaryship andtreasurership shouldn't change any more often than necessary. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: I object. 

Before you move on that, I'd like to say that it isn't really legal, Ithink, that I should have been on the nominating committee, and beingone of the officers, it would be very well taken on my part if therewere any nominations from the floor. 

MR. CHASE: We are coming to that. 

Any objections that we have nominations from the floor? Are there anynominations for president?

MR. WELLMAN: Move nominations be closed. 

MR. CHASE: Are there any other nominations for vice-president? (Noresponse. ) I am sure we must have one for the treasurer. (No response. )Do we have any for secretary?

MR. CORSAN: Why not have the former Miss Jones president again?

MR. STOKE: She becomes a member of the Board of Directors, and I thinkit would be out of order to elect her to another office. 

MR. CORSAN: I withdraw it. 

MR. CHASE: Now I will entertain your motion, Mr. Wellman. 

MR. WELLMAN: I move it. 

MR. CHASE: It has been moved that the slate by the nominating committeebe accepted. 

DR. CRANE: Second. 

(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carriedunanimously. )

MR. CHASE: Dr. MacDaniels, you may come in now. 

DR. CRANE: We moved that nominations be closed. We haven't acceptedthem. 

MR. STOKE: When you are through, I have a resolution to offer. 

DR. CRANE: Move that the report of the nominating committee be acceptedand we proceed with the election by voice vote. All in favor of havingthe secretary cast a ballot for the slate nominated by our nominatingcommittee please signify by saying "aye. "

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously. )

MR. STOKE: I would like to make a motion that we elect aparliamentarian, and I wish to nominate Dr. Crane. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: Second the motion. 

(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously. )

MR. FRYE: We elected a parliamentarian last year. I wonder how it'scoming on. 

DR. CRANE: I have a report on it. 

MR. WEBER: Mr. John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio. 

MR. McDANIEL: He was parliamentarian before we made him our president. 

MR. WEBER: That's passed on to Dr. Crane. 

MR. CHASE: Now, Dr. MacDaniels, you may come in. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Hope it's legal. 

Is there any further business? Do you think of any, Mr. Weber?

MR. WEBER: Hold it open until after the banquet. Then if we think ofsomething that we have left out, we haven't adjourned. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I will adjourn this particular session and give thegavel to our new president. 

MR. WEBER: We adjourn until this evening at the banquet. 

DR. ANTHONY: Before you bang it down, may I make one announcement? Ithought you would be interested in an action that the Pennsylvania NutGrowers have taken. Mr. Allaman, it is O. K. To report that committeeappointment?

DR. MacDANIELS: The question is raised as to the time of the nextmeeting. The place has been decided. The time, I think, has to be leftto be worked out with the authorities at Illinois, is that right? Do youwant to say a word, Dr. Colby?

DR. COLBY: It is difficult, if not impossible, to give an exact dateright now, because we don't know at this time what our facilities formeeting rooms and lodging will be on any particular date in the latterpart of the month of August. We will have to check and find out the bestdays, if that is agreeable to the group. 

DR. MacDANIELS: Does this group wish to express a preference as to thelast week in August or the first week in September? In other words, itwould be the week before Labor Day, or the week after. That wouldn'tnecessarily fix it, but it would give the committee, if there were noother restrictions as to available facilities, would be a guide for achoice. 

MR. WELLMAN: Call for a show of hands. 

DR. MacDANIELS: I will do that. Those who would prefer a meeting datecomparable to this year? (Showing of hands. )[34] Those who prefer theweek after Labor Day? (No hands raised. )

[34] The 1951 meeting will be at the University of Illinois in Urbana, August 28 and 29, to be followed with a tour in western Illinois forthose who can stay through the morning of August 31. 

MR. STERLING SMITH: Maybe those who prefer the after Labor Day datearen't here now. 

DR. ROHRBACHER: I just want to say I appreciate very much the honor thathas been bestowed upon me. I appreciate the fact that the president ispurely an emblem, a figurehead, but with the staff that's under him, it's the same as in the Post Office Department of the United States, thehead receives all the salary and his understudies do all the work. Soit's a very appropriate setting, and we should go forward under a verygood staff of men that have been elected to the positions under that ofthe president. 

One thing I want to say in regard to the problem that came up last nightthat was discussed: that as the president, I can assure you that thevice-presidents are certainly not going to be emblems if they expect tocontinue on in their positions in the various states that are in thegroup, because the working out of this problem, the success of it, isgoing to depend on how well these vice-presidents carry out their work. 

I thank you. 

DR. MacDANIELS: We will close this session until tonight. I will giveDr. Rohrbacher the gavel. 

(Whereupon, at 4:50 o'clock, p. M. , the Tuesday afternoon session of theNorthern Nut Growers Association was closed. )

Note on the Annual Tour, August 30, 1950

The third day of the Annual meeting, as is customary with theAssociation, was spent touring interesting nut plantings in thevicinity. The first stop was Bernath's Nursery, southwest of PleasantValley, where he has his greenhouse, young nut plants, and a number offruiting trees. The second stop was on the grounds of the State Schoolat Wassaic, where many grafted nut trees, particularly walnuts, arethriving, due to the interest and activity of Gilbert L. Smith, when hewas on the staff there. A picnic lunch was served in the recreationalarea of the school grounds. Here Dr. W. C. Deming of Hartford, Conn. , Dean of the Association, was on hand to greet many of his old friends. After lunch we visited Mr. Stephen Bernath's farm nut planting, then thetopworked hickory woods on Mr. Wm. A. Benton's farm out of Millerton. Atthe Benton and Smith Nut Nursery, also on the farm, the tour wasconcluded. 

OBITUARIES

Harry R. Weber

Members were saddened to hear of the death, on his way home, of Harry R. Weber, who had taken an active part in the meeting at Pleasant Valley, as he did in most of the meetings since the very earliest years of theAssociation. We shall have a more complete obituary in the next volume. 

George B. Rhodes

COVINGTON, Tenn. , Dec. 16, 1950--Services for George B. Rhodes of Mt. Carmel who died Saturday at 5:15 p. M. At his home will be held Sundayafternoon at 3 at the Clopton Methodist Church. The Rev. David Olhansen, pastor of the church, assisted by the Rev. E. D. Farris of Henning willofficiate. Burial will be in the Clopton Cemetery. 

Mr. Rhodes, who was 82, was born at Clopton, Tenn. , and spent his entirelifetime in Tipton County. He was the first county agent of TiptonCounty. He was interested in the budding of pecans and had operated anursery for the past 20 years. He was a member of the Clopton MethodistChurch. 

He leaves his wife, Mrs. Ivie Drake Rhodes of Covington; two sons, SolRhodes of Tampa, Fla. , and Marion Rhodes of Beverly Hills, Calif. ; twodaughters, Mrs. R. B. Davie of Covington and Mrs. Lillian Bringley ofMemphis; two sisters, Mrs. Pauline Meacham of Senatobia, Miss. , and Mrs. Mattie Nelson of Forrest City, Ark. , and two brothers, Sam Rhodes ofBolivar, and Duke Rhodes of San Francisco, Calif. ; seven grandchildrenand five great grandchildren. --Reprinted from a Memphis paper. 

Mr. Rhodes' greatest contribution to nut growing was the discovery andfirst propagation of a heartnut variety mow called Rhodes. It is themost successful heartnut yet tried in western Tennessee, a reliable andheavy cropper, and one of the best cracking varieties of all knownheartnuts. It deserves testing in other areas. 

Note: The following members of the N. N. G. A. Have died recently, andwe hope to have fuller obituaries on them in the next volume:

Charles C. Dean, of Anniston, Ala. (Died September 21, 1950. )

Henry Gressel, of Mohawk, N. Y. (Died in June, 1951. )

W. N. Achenbach, of Petoskey, Mich. 

L. B. Hoyer, of Omaha, Nebr. 

Life Member Wang Is in Hong Kong

In our 1942 Report there was a note that our only Chinese member, P. W. Wang, had probably died, since he had not been heard from since 1930. Mr. Wang, we are happy to report, has recently written to us from HongKong. Many of the nut trees he planted while secretary of the KinsanArboretum at Chuking (not Chungking) in Kiangsu Province had survivedthe Japanese invasions and were fruiting in 1945, but are now inCommunist hands. Mr. Wang hopes some day to be able to send to Americascions of a fine pecan (seedling of Teche variety) which he fruited atChuking. Meanwhile, he wishes to have nut literature and catalogues sentto him at his present address: P. W. Wang, c/o China Products TradingCorporation, 6 Des Voeux Road, Central, Hong Kong. 

Letters

Nuts in Quebec

 July 16, 1950

 Dr. George L. Slate, Associate Professor, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York

 Dear Dr. Slate:

I am very much flattered by your invitation to prepare a paper on nutculture in Quebec. My only regret is that for two reasons I am unable tocomply with your request. 

The first is that I am quite ignorant on the subject. It is only latelythat I have developed an interest in this matter when I suddenly foundmyself responsible for a so-called "arboretum" which is now mainly emptyspace that I am endeavoring to fill. The fact that shagbark hickory andbutternut were common in our woods and that some of our neighbors haveapparently flourishing individual trees of black walnut served to arousemy interest in the question. One neighbour has a tree of what he calls"French walnut" because they came from near Lyons, France, which areevidently the ordinary English or Persian walnut. Furthermore, I havebeen advised that there is quite a grove of black walnut nearLotbiniere, Quebec, which is on the south shore of the St. Lawrence notfar from the city of Quebec. I understand that it was planted someseventy-five years ago and trees are now timber size. Indeed, I was toldthat the owner was offered a considerable sum during the war--the woodwas wanted for gun stocks. I have not been there to verify this. Howeverit occurred to me that it would be a good idea to get several specimensof various nut species that might grow here to place in thearboretum--this might incidentally give some information on what specieswould survive our winters. 

The second reason that I am unable to write any article on nut culturein Quebec is because as far as I know there is no nut culture here. Mostof the trees I refer to were simply planted as ornamentals. I have neverbeen able to locate anyone who has taken any particular interest ingrowing them for the nuts. 

I would like very much to extend my knowledge on the subject byattending your meeting at Poughkeepsie, New York, on August 28th to30th, but unfortunately I will be absent in Nova Scotia on those dates. 

Following your information I secured some literature on northern nutculture and will look forward to receiving any further information alongthis line that may be forthcoming. 

Again thanking you for your courtesy and assuring you of my continuedinterest, I am, Yours very truly, W. H. BRITTAIN Vice-Principal, Macdonald College of McGill University

 Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada

Note: I believe that perhaps the things mentioned in his secondparagraph should be followed up. --H. L. S. 

Pecans Produce Poorly in Middle Atlantic States

 November 13, 1950

 Dr. Lewis E. Theiss Lewisburg, Pennsylvania

 Dear Dr. Theiss:

Speaking of pecans, we have harvested the first crop this year here onthe station, from trees planted in 1932, of the varieties Indiana, Greenriver, Busseron and Major. Even though these nuts were notharvested until November 9 they are poorly filled. It seems that we justcannot mature them here in an average season. Our trees have not grownsatisfactorily and although they may bloom, the nuts normally fail tomature. 

Our summers are not long enough and the day and night temperatures arenot high enough uniformly to satisfactorily produce pecans even in thisarea. 

 Very truly yours, H. L. CRANE Principal Horticulturist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases

 U. S. Plant Industry Station. Beltsville, Maryland

~Editor's Note:~ Dr Crane's experience is exactly similar to my own. Thepecans in the grounds at my country home were well loaded with nuts thisyear, 1950. I doubt if a single nut was half filled. --L. E. T. 

Nut Tree Diseases in Europe and Turkey

 November 17, 1950

 Dr. Lewis E. Theiss Lewisburg, Pennsylvania

 Dear Dr. Theiss:

I have only recently returned from three and one-half months spent inEurope, primarily on chestnut problems, as a consultant for the EconomicCooperation Administration. The trip was made at the request and expenseof European interests, except while I was up in the Scandinaviancountries and at the 7th International Botanical Congress. I gave apaper at the Congress, entitled "The world-wide spread of forestdiseases, " in which chestnut blight received limited attention. 

In Italy, chestnut blight, ~Endothia parasitica~, was first reported atGenoa in 1938, although it started there much earlier. It is now widelydistributed here and there as far south as the Naples area. No confirmedinfections have been reported from Sicily, Sardinia, or French Corsica, though inspection work has been very, very limited. In all the placeswhere I saw it, the disease was increasing rapidly, with numerousrecently-blighted trees. It is expected that the disease will ultimatelykill the 988, 000 acres of coppice growth, which produces few nuts, andthe 1, 111, 500 acres of grafted orchards. The time of death of isolatedstands like the two islands and many other areas can be materiallydecreased by careful inspection and removal of the earliest infections, just as we have held the disease under control in the European chestnutorchards in California. It is doubtful if this will be done however, inspite of their large unemployment problem. 

As the blight continues its rapid spread over Italy, the production ofnuts will steadily decrease. The Italian exports to this country willdecrease, and the market for the rapidly expanding production of Chinesechestnuts in the eastern United States will improve. The Italianforesters are growing large quantities of Chinese chestnuts which theypurchased in this country, but the difficulties of quicklyreestablishing a large nut industry are very great. This Bureau, including Dr. Graves, has been sending pollen, scions, and plants of ourselections to help with this work. It is of vital importance to have asound economy in Italy to help prevent the Communists from taking over, and loss of their forest and nut orchards and part of their oaks fromthe blight will be a sad blow to their economy. 

The chestnut blight fungus in Italy is attacking three importantEuropean oaks, ~Quercus ilex~, ~Q. Pubescens~, and ~Q. Sessiliflora~. Theseare more important in some countries than chestnuts. For instance, Spainhas 3, 705, 000 acres of ~Q. Ilex~ orchards, grown largely for acorn hogfeed. This will interest Dr. Smith. Possibly the disease may be lessdestructive to oaks in other countries than I fear, my opinion beingbased on the examination of only a limited number of diseased oaks inItaly. 

I assume you have heard that Mr. Bretz of our Division has found thatthe oak wilt fungus has attacked some of our Chinese chestnuts inMissouri. What it will amount to, no one knows. The oak wilt continuesto spread southward and eastward, and this year one infection wasreported by the State authorities on oaks in your own Pennsylvania. 

In Switzerland, in Tessin province, which is along the Italian border, the blight is spreading rapidly. The disease undoubtedly is inYugoslavia, as there is so much infection in nearby Italy, but I was notin Yugoslavia. In Spain, there are several infections of blight thatcame in on the original importations of chestnuts directly from Japan. Imade two trips into Spain and the authorities there have promised to doeverything possible to eradicate these small spot infections. 

In Denmark, England, France, Germany, Portugal, and Turkey no blight hadbeen reported by the authorities with whom I conferred, but in most ofthese countries very little inspection work has been conducted. Anyinspection for blight in southern Europe is complicated by the presenceof the ink root rot disease, which from a distance looks like theblight. I remember one grafted orchard planting, in the Asia Minor partof Turkey, where a large proportion of the trees were dead or dying, with yellow leaves hanging, resembling the blight. Incidentally, here, as at a number of other places in different countries, orchards, forest, and nearby agricultural land was owned by the village itself. 

In southern France I was impressed by a most serious and widelydistributed disease of Persian walnuts. Vigorously growing trees startto decline and within a year or two they are dead. The Frenchauthorities had no satisfactory explanation of the trouble. I informedthem that it looked a lot like trees killed by ~Phytophthora cinnamomi~, the cause of the chestnut root and ink disease in America and Europe. This fungus also attacks both Persian and black walnuts and other trees(including apples) under certain conditions. 

 Sincerely, G. F. GRAVATT Senior Pathologist, Division of Forest Pathology

 U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. 

Nut Work of the Minnesota Experiment Station

 March 27, 1950

 Mr. Gilbert Becker, Climax, Michigan

 Dear Mr Becker:

I have heard that not long ago you sent out a questionnaire relative tonut growing and grafting. Perhaps you would like to include the workwhich has been going on at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Stationsince 1918. 

When this study was started, we had no information to give to many whocame to us with questions on nut growing possibilities in this state. Atno time have we attempted to promote commercial development as theinterest here seems to be almost wholly amateur. 

Our first efforts, begun in 1918, were designed to test kinds andvarieties which could be grown in Minnesota. Black walnut varietiessuch as Thomas, Ohio, Ten Eyck, Stabler and Miller were planted atUniversity Farm. Also sweet chestnuts Boone, Rochester, Cooper, Paragon, Fuller and Progress were set out. Hickory varieties and hybrids plantedin 1918 and 1919 were Kirtland, Weiker, Stanley, Siers, Hales andMcCallister. We planted a few trees of the Franquette Persian walnut, the Indiana, Niblack and Posey pecans and a few filberts such as MinnasZellernuss, Daviana, and Large Globe. Some seedling trees of theshagbark hickory also were set out in 1918 and 1919. 

To supplement this test somewhat similar collections were sent tocooperators in what seemed to be favorable locations. 

We had the usual difficulty in establishing these trees and wintertemperature eliminated all the pecans, sweet chestnuts, Persian, walnutsand filberts. Some of the seedling hickories survived and have grownvigorously but after thirty-two years have borne no nuts. 

Since 1939 cooperative work has been under way with Professor R. E. Hodgson at the Southeast Experiment Station, Waseca. Efforts theremainly have been to establish varieties of black walnut and hickory bygrafting. Black walnut and hickory varieties have been grafted also atthe Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior. 

The accompanying record is taken from a report for the ExperimentStation in 1949. It should tell you in brief the status of ourinvestigations at present. 

 Very truly yours, W. G. BRIERLEY

 University of Minnesota Department of Agriculture Division of Horticulture

Nature and Extent of Work Done this Year

All black walnut and hickory trees made fairly satisfactory growth in1948 in spite of deficient rainfall. The "Gideon Seedling Hickories"(~Carya laciniosa~) planted in 1945 have become established at Waseca, Rochester, Lakeville, Mound and at the Fruit Breeding Farm. 

Attempts to establish nut varieties by top-working on seedling treesagain met with poor success. At Waseca 5 of 14 hickory grafts and 4 of25 black walnut grafts grew. At the Fruit Breeding Farm only 6 of 33hickory grafts grew. In this case, the poor results were due in largepart to use of an asphalt grafting compound which injured the callustissue at the union. Better than usual success was obtained with blackwalnuts as 19 of 37 grafts grew. 

As in previous seasons, the best temperature for storage of scion woodwas 34 to 36 degrees F. 

Major Results

The best black walnut varieties for Minnesota are Thomas, Ohio, Stambaugh, Smith and Schwartz. Of these Thomas produces the best nuts, but the tree is somewhat straggly in growth. The Ohio produces largenuts of good quality and is by far the best tree in ornamental value. Italso is the hardiest of all varieties tested as it has shown no injuryduring 16 winters. Of lesser value are Ten Eyck which apparently is notfully hardy, and Mintle in which quality is poor here. Varieties whichhave not shown sufficient merit to warrant recommendation here areStabler, Monterey, and Clark. Varieties which have not fruited areAllen, Cochrane, Huber, Kraus and Myers. 

Practical Application of Results or Public Benefits

Results obtained have been used frequently as basis for recommendationsrelative to kinds and varieties for planting, and for grafting methods. Scionwood of the better varieties has been distributed to interestedgrowers. 

Progress of Work

Success with walnut grafts under all conditions during 16 years at theFruit Breeding Farm has averaged only 32 per cent. In individual seasonssuccess has varied from zero to 54 per cent. 

Hickories not only are grafted with difficulty but also are very slow toreach bearing age. No nuts have been produced as yet from the followingvarieties grafted on the dates shown: Anthony (1939) Lingenfelter (1942)Burlington (1944) Gerardi hican (1944) Miller (1947) Barnes (1948) Last(1948) Marquette (1948) and Schinnerling (1948). Some seedling treesplanted in 1948-1949 have produced no nuts in 32 years. 

Hickory varieties established at Waseca by grafting are Beaver (1939), Fairbanks (1939), Burlington (1939), Anthony (1947), Billeau (1947), Hagen (1947), Wilcox (1947), Last (1948). Marquette (1948) and Stratford(1948). A tree of Hales planted in 1921, which grew very slowly forseveral years has borne no nuts in 27 years. One tree of Fairbanksgrafted in 1939 bore a few nuts in 1944 but has not borne since then. 

There has been a long-standing belief among horticulturists that graftsof ~Carya ovata~, the shagbark hickory are incompatible on bitter hickory~C. Cordiformis~. At Waseca, grafts of Beaver, Burlington and Fairbanksmake in 1939 have healed completely and made excellent unions with thebitter hickory stock. That the varieties named are of hybrid origin mayaccount for the compatibility apparent in this case. 

Vegetarian, 93, and Bride, 60, Honeymoon Among Bananas, Nuts

MIAMI, Fla. , Jan. 4--(UP)--A 93-year-old vegetarian and his 60-year oldbride settled down today for a honeymoon among the nuts and bananas theysay keep them young. 

George Hebden Corsan and Lillian Armstrong, whose pert looks belie heryears, were married here Tuesday. Wedding guests were served orangejuice and coconut cream milk. 

The bridegroom has been wintering here for the past 13 years. His homeis Echo Valley, Islington, Toronto. His wife retired last month after 30years of teaching in Toronto public schools. 

"I'm sure we'll be happy, " Mrs. Corsan said. "We have mutual interests"

Both credit their youthfulness and agility to vegetarianism, drinkinggallons of fruit juices and staying outdoors as much as possible. 

Corsan, whose sturdy 155 pounds are stretched on a six-foot frame, canhusk a coconut with his bare hands in less than two minutes, no meanfeat. 

He operates a large experimental nut farm in Toronto, and has a 16-acretract just south of here where he grows seven varieties of bananas andexperiments with macadamia nuts, furnished him by the University ofHawaii. He works the farm singlehanded. 

Corsan says he taught another physical culturist, Bernarr MacFadden, toswim in 1909 when he was an instructor at a Brooklyn YMCA. He saysswimming helps keep him in shape and takes a daily dip in the ocean. 

The Corsans will spend their honeymoon right on the nut farm. 

"We might have a few fights, " he said. "But they won't last long. She'stoo young to fight. And besides, she can outrun an English hare. "

Broken Neck Fails to Halt Plans of "Youngster", 94

TORONTO, June 12--Physical Culturist George Hebden Corsan--just turned94--says he is going to throw a birthday party Saturday, Right now he'sin the hospital recovering from a broken neck suffered when he fell 20feet from a tree May 27. 

Mr. Corsan--a vegetarian who once labeled medicine "a jumbled heap ofignorance"--didn't want to go to the hospital at all. But doctorsthought he'd better, since the fracture was about like that suffered bya man hanged on the gallows. He agreed to go after being assured thevisit would only be for X-rays. 

Since he's been in the hospital Mr. Corsan has fared--over the protestof dietitians--on nothing but orange juice. Yesterday he observed hisbirthday by eating a banana and a little black bread. 

Doctors said Mr. Corsan missed severing his spinal cord by a quarterinch and had two skull fractures. To almost any other person, they said, the injury would be fatal. 

Mr. Corsan was married for the third time last January inFlorida. --Washington Evening Star, June 13, 1951. 

Membership List

As of July 3, 1951

 *Life member **Honorary member §Contributing member +Sustaining member

 ALABAMA

 Deagon, Arthur, 128 Broadway, Birmingham. ~Farm in Penna. ~ Hiles, Edward L. , ~Hiles Auto Repair Shop~, Loxley

 BELGIUM

 R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, ~Korbeek-Lo. ~

 CALIFORNIA

 Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario ~General nurserymen, plant breeders~ Brand, George, U. S. N. G. B. C, Mob. 5, Port Hueneme Buck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South Laguna Deckard, L. A. , 741 La Verne Avenue, Los Angeles 22 Flagg, Dr. Don P. , 10365 Fairgrove Ave. , Tujunga Haig, Dr. Thomas R. , 3021 Highland Avenue, Carlsbad, California Linwood Nursery, Route No. 2, Box 476, Turlock Parsons, Charles E. , Felix Gillet Nursery, P. O. Box 1025, Nevada City. ~Nurseryman~ Pentler, Dr. C. F. , 806 Arguello Blvd. , San Francisco 18. ~American Friends Service Committee~ Pozzi, P. H. , 2875 S. Dutton Ave. , Santa Rosa. ~Brewery worker~, ~farmer~ Serr, E. F. , Agr. Experiment Station, Davis. ~Associate Pomologist~ Welby, Harry S. , 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. ~Private and Corp. Hort. ~

 CANADA

 Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. ~Farmer~ Collins, Adam H. , 42 Seaton St. , Toronto 2, Ont. Cornell, R. S. , R. R. No. 1, Byron, Ontario Corsan, George H. , Echo Valley, Toronto 18, Ontario. ~Nonagenarian. ~ **Crath, Rev. Paul C. , 299 Rosewell Ave. , Toronto 12, Ontario Crisp, Dr. Allan G. , Suite 204, 160 Bloor St. W. , Toronto, Ontario English, H. A. , Box 153, Duncan, B. C. ~Farmer~, ~fruit and nut grower~ Filman, O. , Aldershot, Ontario. ~Fruit and veg. Grower~ Gellatly, J. U. , Box 19, Westbank, B. C. ~Plant breeder~, ~fruit grower~, ~nurseryman~ Goodwin, Geoffrey, Route No. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario. ~Fruit grower~ Harrhy, Ivor H. , Route 1, Burgessville, Ont. ~Fruitgrower and poultry~ Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario. ~Fruit farmer~ *Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ont. Papple, Elton E. , Route 3, Cainsville, Ont. Porter, Gordon, 258 McKay, Windsor, Ont. ~Chemist~ Smith, E. A. , Sparta, Ont. Farmer Snazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route No. 5, Charlottetown, P. E. I. ~Nursery Supt. ~ Short, J. R. , 70 Wickstead Ave. , Leaside, Ont. Trayling, E. J. , 509 Richards St. , Vancouver, B. C. ~Jeweller~ Wagner, A. S. , Delhi, Ont. Walker, J. W. , c/o McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave. , Toronto, Ont. Wharton, H. W. , Route No. 2, Guelph, Ont. ~Farmer~ White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave. , Toronto 5, Ont. Willis, A. R. , Route No. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C. ~Accountant~ Woods, David M. , 48 South Front St. , West, Toronto, Ont. ~Vice President, Gordon McKay, Ltd. ~ Young, A. L. , Brooks, Alta. 

 CONNECTICUT

 Daniel, Paul C. , Lakeville **Deming, Dr. W. C. , 141 Fern St. , Hartford. (Summer address: Litchfield) ~Dean of the Association~ Frueh, Alfred J. , Route 2, West Cornwall Graves, Dr. Arthur H. , 255 S. Main St. , Wallingford. ~Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Conn. ~ Henry, David, Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford. *Huntington, A. M. , Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. ~Patron~ Lehr, Frederick L. , 45 Elihu St. , Hamden *Newmaker, Adolph, Route No. 1. Rockville Pratt, George D. , Jr. , Bridgewater Risko, Charles, City Tobacco & Candy Co. , 25 Crescent Ave. , Bridgeport White, George E. , Route No. 2, Andover. ~Farmer~

 DELAWARE

 Brugmann, Elmer W. , 1904 Washington St. , Wilmington. ~Chemical Engineer~ Logue, R. F. , Gen. Mgr. , Andelot, Inc. , 2098 du Pont Bldg. , Wilmington Wilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. ~Fruit grower~

 DENMARK

 Granjean, Julio, Hillerod. (See New York. ) Knuth, Count F. M. , Knuthenborg. Bandholm

 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 American Potash Inst. , Inc. , 1155-16th St. , N. W. , Washington Ford, Edwin L. , 3634 Austin St. , S. E. , Washington Kaan, Dr. Helen W. , National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington. ~Research Associate~ Reed, Mrs. Clarence A. , 7309 Piney Branch Rd. , N. W. , Washington 12

 ECUADOR, SOUTH AMERICA

 Acosta Solis, Prof. M. , Director del Departmento Forestal, Ministerio de Economia, Quito. (~Exchange. ~)

 ENGLAND

 Baker, Richard St. Barbe, The Gate, Abbotsbury, Weymouth, Dorset. (~Founder, Men of The Trees. ~) The Gardeners Chronicle, London. (~Exchange. ~)

 FLORIDA

 Avant, C. A. , 940 N. W. 10th Ave. , Miami ~Real Estate, Loans. ~ (~Pecan orchard in Ga. ~) Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr. , Miami Springs. (Summer address under Mich. )

 GEORGIA

 Edison, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave. , S. W. , Atlanta. Hardy, Max, P. O. Box 128, Leeland Farms, Leesburg. ~Nurseryman~, ~farmer~ Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr. N. E. , Atlanta. ~Teacher~, ~nut farmer~ Noland, S. C. , Box 1747, Atlanta 1. ~Owner, Skyland Farms~ Wilson, William J. , North Anderson Ave. , Fort Valley. ~Peach and pecan grower~

 HOLLAND

 Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding. Herenstraat 25. Wageningen. (~Exchange~)

 HONG KONG

 *Wang, P. W. , c/o China Products Trading Corp. , 6 Des Voeux Rd. , Central

 IDAHO

 Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St. , Emmett Dryden, Lynn, Peck. ~Farmer~ Hazelbaker, Calvin, Route No. 1, Box 382, Lewiston

 ILLINOIS

 Albrecht, H. W. , Delavan Allen, Theodore R. , Delavan. ~Farmer~ Andrew, Col. James W. (See under Washington) Anthony, A. B. , Route No. 3, Sterling. ~Apiarist~ Baber, Adin, Kansas Best, R. B. , Eldred. ~Farmer~ Blodgett, Thomas, 3610 Pine Grove Ave. , Chicago 13 Blough, R. O. , Route No. 3, Polo Blyth, Colin R. , Math. Dept. , U. Of I. , Urbana. (Farm in northern Ontario) *Boll, Herschel L. , 2 Hort. Field Lab. , Univ. Of Ill. , Urbana. ~Asst. In Pomology~ Brock, A. S. , 1733 North McVicker Ave. , Chicago 39 Churchill, Woodford M. , 4323 Oakenwald Ave. , Chicago 5 Colby, Dr. Arthur S. , U. Of Illinois, Urbana Daum, Philip A. , North Sixth St. , Carrollton Dietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas. ~Farmer~ Dintelman, L. F. , State Street Road, Belleville Douglass, T. J. , 309-1/2 North St. , Normal Fordtran, E. H. , Route No. 2, Box 197-A, Palatine Frey, Frank H. , 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. ~Asst. To V. P. , CRI & P RR. ~ Frey, Mrs. Frank H. , 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. ~Housewife~ Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1. , Caseyville. ~Nut and fruit nurseryman~ Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville. ~Farmer~ Heberlein, Edward W. , Route No. 1, Box 72A, Roscoe Helmle, Herman C. , 526 S. Grand Ave. , W. , Springfield. ~Div. Eng. , Asphalt Inst. ~ Hockenyos, G. L. , 213 E. Jefferson St. , Springfield. ~Business man~ Jungk, Adolph E. , Route No. 1, Jerseyville, Illinois Kammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St. , Chicago 49 Kreider, Ralph, Jr. , Route No. 1, Hammond. ~Farmer~ Langdoc, Mildred Jones (Mrs. Wesley W. ) P. O. Box 136, Erie. ~Nursery~, ~farm~, ~housewife~ McDaniel, J. C. , c/o Hort. Field Lab. , U. Of I. , Urbana. ~Horticulturist. (Sec'y of Ass'n. )~ McDaniel, J. C. , Jr. , Urbana Oakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County) Pray, A. Lee, 502 N. Main St. , LeRoy Robbins, W. J. , 885 N. LaSalle St. , Chicago 10. ~Insurance~ Sonnemann, W. F. , Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. ~Lawyer~, ~farm operator~ Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St. , Decatur. ~Attorney~ Warnecke, Martin H. , 714 First Avenue, Maywood Whitford, A. M. , Farina. ~Nurseryman~ Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago

 INDIANA

 Aster Nut Products, Inc. , George Oberman, Mgr. , 1004 Main St. , Evansville Bauer, Paul J. , 123 S. 29th St. , Lafayette Bolten, Ferd, Route 3, Linton. ~Farmer, fruit grower. (Carpathian walnut seeds. )~ Boyer, Clyde C. , Nabb Buckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne St. , Ft. Wayne 2. ~Physician and Surgeon~ Clark, C. M. , C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route 2, Middletown ~Nurseryman~, ~fruit farmer~ Dooley, Kenneth R. , Route No. 2, Marion. ~Gardener~ Eagles, A. E. , Eagles' Orchards, Wolcottville. ~Walnut grower~, ~apple orchardist~ Eisterhold, Dr. John. A. , 220 Southwest Riverside Drive, Evansville 8. ~Medical Doctor~ Fateley, Nolan W. , 26 Central Avenue. Franklin. ~Auditor and cashier. (Carpathian walnut seeds. )~ Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koening Road, Evansville Grater, A. E. , Route 2, Shipshewana. 

 §Johnson, Hjalmar W. , Rt. 4, Valparaiso. ~V. P. Inland Steel Co. ~ Pape, Edw. W. , Route 2, Marion Prell, Carl F. , 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17 Richards, E. E. , 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend. ~Studebaker Corp. ~ Russell, A. M. , Jr. , 2721 Marine St. , South Bend 14 Skinner, Dr. Chas. H. , Rt. 1, Thorntown Sly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, Rockport Sly, Donald R. , Route 3, Rockport. ~Nurseryman, ~, ~nut tree propagator~ Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, Peru Ward, W. B. , Horticulture Bldg. , Purdue University, Lafayette. ~Ext. Horticulturist~, ~Vegetables~ Whitsel, Gilbert L. , Jr. , 515 S. 15th Street, Lafayette Wichman, Robert P. , Route No. 3, Washington. ~General farming~ Wilkinson, J. F. , Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. ~Nurseryman~

 IOWA

 Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, Huxley Boice, R. H. , Route No. 1, Nashua. ~Farmer~ Cole, Edward P. , 419 Chestnut Street, Atlantic Ferguson, Albert B. , Center Point. ~Nurseryman~ Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. ~President of Earl Ferris Nursery~ Huen, E. F. , Eldora. ~Farmer~ Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. ~General nurserymen~ Iowa Fruit Growers Assn. , W. H. Collins, Sec'y, State House, Des Moines 19. ~Cooperative buying organization~ Kaser, J. D. , Winterset. ~Farmer~ Knowles, W. B. , Box 476, Manly Kyhl, Ira M. , Box 236, Sabula. ~Nut nurseryman~, ~farmer~, ~salesman~ Martazahn, Frank A. , Route No. 3, Davenport. ~Farmer~ McLeran, Harold F. , Mt. Pleasant. ~Lawyer~ Orr, J. Allen, 535 Frances Bldg. , Sioux City 17 Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 East College Street, Iowa City. ~Practice of Medicine~ (~President of the NNGA. ~) Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison. ~Farmers~ Snyder, D. C. , Center Point. ~Nurseryman, nuts and general. ~ Tolstead, W. L. , Central College, Pella Wade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, LaPorte City. ~Bookkeeper~ Watson, Vinton C. , 106 E. Salem St. , Indianola Welch, H. S. , Mt. Arbor Nurseries, Shenandoah White, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. ~Rural Mail Carrier~ Williams, Wendell V. , Route No. 1, Danville. ~Farmer~

 KANSAS

 Baker, Fred C. , Troy. ~Entomologist~ Borst, Frank E. , 1704 Shawnee Street, Leavenworth Breidenthal, Willard J. , Riverview State Bank, 7th and Central, Kansas City. ~Bank President~ Funk, M. D. , 612 W. Paramore Street, Topeka. ~Pharmacist~ Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. ~Osteopathic Physician~ Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. ~Farmer~ Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth. ~Nut nurseryman~ Mondero, John, Lansing Thielenhaus, W. F. , Route No. 1, Buffalo. ~Retired postal worker~ Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown

 KENTUCKY

 Alves, Robert H. , Nehi Bottling Company, Henderson Armstrong, W. D. , West Ky. , Exp. Sta. , Princeton. ~Horticulturist~ Magill, W. W. , Horticulture Dept. , U. Of Ky. , Lexington Miller, Julian C. , 220 Sycamore Drive, Paducah Moss, Dr. C. A. , Willlamsburg. ~Bank President~ Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence. ~Fruit grower~, ~nurseryman~ Tatum, W. G. , Route 4, Lebanon. ~Commercial orchardist~ Tallaferro, Philip, Box 85, Erlanger Usrey, Robert, Star Route, Mayfield Walker, William W. , Route No. 1, Dixie Highway, Florence

 LOUISIANA

 Hammar, Dr. Harald E. , USDA Chemical Lab. , 606 Court House, Shreveport ~Chemist~ Perrault, Mrs. Henry D. , Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches. ~Pecan grower~

 MARYLAND

 Case, Lynn B. , Route 2, Box 208, Federalsburg Crane, Dr. H. L. , Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. ~Principal Horticulturist, USDA. ~ Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc. , P. O. Box 743, Easton. ~Chestnut growers~ Graff, George U. , Harding Lane, Rt. 3. Rockville Gravatt, Dr. G. F. , Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. ~Research Forest Pathologist~ Hodgson, William C. , Route No. 1, White Hall. ~Farmer~ Kemp, Homer S. , (Proprietor) Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess Anne McCollum, Blaine, White Hall. ~Retired from Federal Government~ McKay, Dr. J. W. , Plant Industry Station, Beltsville. ~Government Scientist~ +Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514 32nd Street, Mt. Rainier Porter, John J. , 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. ~Farm Owner~ Shamer, Dr. Maurice E. , 3300 W. North Avenue, Baltimore 16. ~Physician~

 MASSACHUSETTS

 Babbit, Howard S. , 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield. ~Service station owner and part time farmer~ Bradbury, H. G. , Hospital Point, Beverly Brown, Daniel L. , Esq. , 60 State Street, Boston Bump, Albert H. , P. O. Box 275, Brewster Davenport, S. Lathrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton. ~Farmer~, ~fruit grower~ Fitts, Walter H. , 39 Baker St. , Foxboro. ~General foreman, instrument company~ Kendall, Henry P. , Moose Hill Farm, Sharon Kerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, Barnstable La Beau, Henry A. , North Hoosic Road, Williamstown. ~Stat. Engineer~ O'Brien, Howard C. , 25 Irvington Street, Boston 16 Rice, Horace J. , 515 Main Street, Wilbraham. ~Attorney~ *Russell, Mrs. Newton H. , 12 Burnett Avenue, South Hadley Wellman, Sargent H. , Esq. , Windridge, Topsfield. ~Lawyer~ Weston Nurseries, Inc. , Weston Wood, Miss Louise B. , Pocassett, Cape Cod

 MICHIGAN

 Ainsworth, Donald W. , 5851 Mt. Elliott, Detroit 11 Andersen, Charles, Route No. 2, Box 326, Scottsville, ~Nurseryman~ Barlow, Alfred L. , 13079 Flanders Avenue, Detroit 5 Becker, Gilbert, Climax Boylan, P. B. , Route No. 1, Cloverdale. ~Homesteader~ Bumler, Malcolm R. , 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. ~Insurance trustee~ Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. ~Nurseryman~ Burgess, E. H. , Burgess Seed & Plant Company, Galesburg Burr, Redmond M. , 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. ~General Chairman, The Order of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry. Co. ~ Cook, Ernest A. , M. D. , c/o County Health Dept. , Centerville Corsan, H. H. , Route No. 1, Hillsdale. ~Nurseryman~ Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8 Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue, Detroit 3 Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida, Summer Address: Route 4, Box 762, Battle Creek) Hackett, John C. , 3321 Butterworth Rd. , S. W. , R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6 Haseler, L. M. , Route No. 4, Box 130 South Haven Hagelshaw, W. J. , Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. ~Grain farmer~, ~contractor~ Hay, Francis H. , Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence. ~Farmer~ **Kellogg, W. K. , Battle Creek Korn, G. J. , 309 N. Church Street, Kalamazoo 11. ~Shop worker~ Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, Milford Lemke, Edwin W. , 2432 Townsend Ave. , Detroit 14. ~Engineer~, ~nut orchardist~ McCarthy, Francis W. , Box 392, Algonac Miller, O. Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. ~Forester~ O'Rourke, Prof. F. L. , Hidden Lake Gardens, Tipton. ~Professor of ornamental horticulture, Mich. State College~ Pickles, Arthur W. , 760 Elmwood Avenue, Jackson Prushek, E. , Route No. 3, Niles. ~Plant breeding~ Sherman, L. Walter, 3308 Mackinaw St. , Saginaw Simons, Rev. R. E. , Flat Rock Somers, Lee, Route No. 1, Perrinton Tate, D. L. , 959 Westchester St. , Birmingham Ullrey, L. E. , 1209 Cambridge Drive, Kalamazoo 27

 MINNESOTA

 Hodgson, R. E. , Dept. Of Agriculture, S. E. Experiment Station, Waseca Tulare, Willis E. , 300 3rd Avenue, S. E. , Rochester Weschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St. , St. Paul. ~Proprietor Hazel Hills Nursery Co. ~

 MISSISSIPPI

 Gossard, A. C. , U. S. Hort. Field Station, Route No. 6, Meridian. ~Associate Horticulturist, USDA~ Meyer, James R. , Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville. ~Cytogeneticist (cotton)~

 MISSOURI

 Bauch, G. D. , Box 66, Farmington. ~Farm Forester~ Hay, Leander, Gilliam Howe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, Pacific Huber, Frank J. , Weingarten. ~Farmer~ James, George, James Pecan Farms, Brunswick Logan, George F. , Oregon The M-F-D Co. , 1305 Moreland Ave. , Jefferson City Nicholson, John W. , Ash Grove. ~Farmer~ Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. ~Foreman in garment factory~ Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1. St. Charles. ~Farmer~ Rose, Dr. D. K. , 230 Linden, Clayton 5 Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard Co. , Attn. Mr. H. W. Guengerich, Louisiana Wuertz, H. J. , Route No. 1, Pevely

 NEBRASKA

 Brand, George. (See under California. ) Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, Wahoo Hess, Harvey W. , The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, Hebron Sherwood, Jack, Nebraska City

 NEW HAMPSHIRE

 Demarest, Charles S. , Lyme Center Lahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. ~Investment banker~

 NEW JERSEY

 Anderegg, F. O. , Pierce Foundation, Raritan Blake, Harold, Box 93, Saddle River Bottoni, R. J. , 41 Robertson Road, West Orange. ~President of Harbot Die Casting Corp. ~ Brewer. J. L. , 10 Allen Place, Fair Lawn Buckwalter, Mrs. Alan R. , Route. No. 1, Flemington Cox, Philip H. , Jr. , 30 Hyde Rd. , Bloomfield Cumberland Nursery, William Wells, Proprietor, Route No. 1, Millville. ~Nurserymen~ Donnelly, John, Mountain Ice Company, 51 Newark St. , Hoboken Dougherty, William M. , Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton ~Secretary, U. S. Rubber Co. ~ Ellis, Mrs. Edward P. , Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137, Keyport Kass, Leonard P. , 82 E. Cliff St. , Somerville Lamatonk Nurseries, A. H. Yorks, Proprietor, Neshanic Station Lippencott, J. C. , 15 Mundy Ave. , Spotswood McDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Avenue, Belmar Parkinson, Philip P. , 567 Broadway, Newark 4. ~Engineer and appraiser~ Ritchie, Walter M. , Route No. 2, Box 122-R, Rahway Rocker, Louis P. , The Rocker Farm, Box 196; Andover. ~Farmer~ Sheffield, O. A. , 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack. ~Dunn & Bradstreet~ Sorg, Henry, Chicago Avenue, Egg Harbor City. ~Manufacturer~ Van Doren, Durand H. , 310 Redmond Road. , South Orange. ~Lawyer~ Williams, Herbert H. , 106 Plymouth Ave. , Maplewood

 NEW MEXICO

 Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 177, Lumberton

 NEW YORK

 Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls. ~Engineer~ Bassett, Charles K. , 2917 Main St. , Buffalo. ~Manufacturer~ Beck, Paul E. , Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst. ~Dairy Executive~ Benton, William A. , Wassaic. ~Farmer, and Sec'y, Mutual Insurance Co. ~ Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie. ~Nurseryman~ Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route 3, Poughkeepsie Bixby, Henry D. , East Drive, Halesite, L. I. ~Executive V. P. , American Kennel Club, N. Y. City~ Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham Street, Rochester 7. ~Sales Engineer~ Brooks, William G. , Monroe. ~Nut tree nurseryman~ Bundick, Clarkson U. , 35 Anderson Ave. , Scarsdale. ~Mechanical engineer~ Caldwell, David H. , N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse. ~Instr. In wood technology~ Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5 Cassina, Augustus, Valatie, Columbia County Feil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Road, Hilton. ~Building contractor~ Ferguson, Donald V. , L. I. Agr. Tech. Institute, Farmingdale Flanigen, Charles F. , 16 Greenfield St. , Buffalo 14. ~Executive manager~ Freer, H. J. , 20 Midvale Rd. , Fairport. ~Typewriter sales and service~ Fribance, A. E. , 139 Elmsdorf Ave. , Rochester 11 Glazier, Henry S. , Jr. , 1 South William St. , New York 4 Graham, S. H. , Bostwick Road, Route No. 5, Ithaca. ~Nurseryman~ Granjean, Julio, c/o K. E. Granjean, 9406 6th Ave. , Forest Hills Gressel, Henry, Route 2, Mohawk. ~Retired chief lock operator, N. Y. S. Barge Canal~ Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr. , 19 Grove St. , New Paltz. ~Post office clerk~ Hill, Francis S. , Sterling. ~Letter carrier on rural route~ Iddings, William A. , 1931 Park Place. Brooklyn 33 Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie. ~Farmer~ Kettaneh, F. A. , 745 Fifth Ave. , New York 22 Knipper, George M. , 333 Chestnut Ridge Rd. , Churchville Knorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New York Kraai, Dr. John, Fairport. ~Physician~ Larkin, Harry H. , 189 Van Rennsselaer Street, Buffalo 10 *Lewis, Clarence (Retired. ) Lowerre, James, Route 3, Middletown *MacDaniels, Dr. L. H. Cornell University. Ithaca. ~Head, Dept. Of Floriculture and Ornamental Hort. ~ Miller, J. E. , Canandaigua. ~Nurseryman. ~ Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24. ~Mechanical engineer~ *Montgomery, Robert H. , 1 E. , 44th Street, New York Mossman, Dr. James K. , Black Oaks, Ramapo Newell, Palmer F. , Lake Road, Route No. 1. Westfield Owen, Charles H. , Sennett. ~Superintendent of Schools~ Pura, John J. , Green Haven, Stormville Salzer, George, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9. ~Milkman~, ~chestnut tree grower~ Schlegel, Charles P. , 990 South Ave. , Rochester 7 Schlick, Frank, Munnsville Schmidt, Carl W. , 180 Linwood Avenue, Buffalo Shannon, J. W. , Box 90, Ithaca Sheffield, Lewis J. , c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Road, Orangeburg Slate, Prof. George L. , Experiment Station, Geneva. ~Fruit Breeder~ Smith, Gilbert L. , Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Route 2, Millerton. ~Nurseryman~, ~retired teacher~ Smith, Jay L. , Chester. ~Nut tree nurseryman~ Spahr, Dr. Mary B. , 116 N. Geneva St. , Ithaca Steiger, Harwood, Red Hook. ~Artist-designer~ +Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New York Timmerman, Karl G. , 123 Chapel St. , Fayetteville Wadsworth, Willard E. , Route No. 5, Oswego Wheeler, Robert C. , 36 State Street, Albany Windisch, Richard P. , c/o W. E. Burnet Company, 11 Wall St. , New York 5 *Wissman, Mrs. F. De R. ~(Retired. )~

 NORTH CAROLINA

 Brooks, J. R. , Box 116, Enka Dunstan, Dr. R. T. , Greensboro College, Greensboro Finch, Jack R. , Bailey. ~Farmer~ Parks, C. H. , Route No. 2, Asheville. ~Mechanic~

 NORTH DAKOTA

 Bradley, Homer L. , Long Lake Refuge, Moffit. ~Refuge Manager~

 OHIO

 Ackerman, Lester, Route No. 3, Ada Glen Helen Department, Antioch College, Yellow Springs Barden, C. A. , 215 Morgan Street, Oberlin. ~Real Estate~ Beede, D. V. , Route No. 3, Lisbon Bitler, W. A. , R. F. D. I, Shawnee Road, Lima. ~General contractor~ Borchers, Perry E. , 412 W. Hillcrest Ave. , Dayton 6 Brewster, Lewis, Route No. 1, Swanton. ~Vegetable grower~ Bridgewater, Boyd E. , 68 Cherry St. , Akron. ~V. P. Bridgewater Machine Co. ~ Bungart, A. A. , Avon Cinadr, Mrs. Katherine, 13514 Coath Ave. , Cleveland 20. ~Housewife~ Clark, Richard L. , 1517 Westdale Rd. , South Euclid 21. ~Sales manager~ Cook, H. C. , Route No. 1, Box 125, Leetonia Cornett, Charles. L. , R. R. Perishable Inspection Agency, 27 W. Front St. , Cincinnati. ~Inspector~ Craig, George E. , Dundas (Vinton County). ~Fruit and nut grower~ Cranz, Eugene F. , Mount Tom Farm, Ira Cunningham, Harvey E. , 420 Front Street, Marietta Daley, Jame R. , Route No. 3, Foster Park Road, Amherst. ~Electrician~ Davidson, John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia. ~Writer~ Davidson, Mrs. John, 234 East Second Street, Xenia Diller, Dr. Oliver D. , Dept. Of Forestry, Ohio Exp. Sta. , Wooster Distelhorst, P. E. , 3532 Douglas Road, Toledo 6 Dowell, Dr. Lloyd L. , 529 North Ave. , N. E. , Massillon. ~Physician~ Farr, Mrs. Walter, Route No. 1, Kingsville Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, 11190 East Blvd. , Cleveland Gerber, E. P. , Kidron Gerstenmaier, John A. , 13 Pond S. W. , Massillon. ~Letter carrier~ Goss, C. E. , 922 Dover Avenue, Akron 20 Grad, Dr, Edward A. , 1506 Chase Street, Cincinnati 23 Hansley, C. F. , Box 614, Sugar Grove. ~Contractor~ Hawk & Son Nursery, Route No. 2, Beach City. ~Chestnut trees~ Hill, Dr. Albert A. , 4187 Pearl Road, Cleveland Hornyak, Louis, Route No. 1, Wakeman Howard, James R. , 2908 Fleming Road, Middletown Irish, Charles F. , 418 E. 105th St. , Cleveland 8. ~Arborist~ Jacobs, Homer L. , Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent Kappel, Owen, Bolivar Kerr, S. E. , M. D. , Route No. 1, North Lawrence Kintzel, Frank W. , 2506 Briarcliff Ave. , Cincinnati 13 ~Principal~, ~Cincinnati public schools~ Laditka, Nicholas G. , 5322 Stickney Ave. , Cleveland 9. ~Electrician~ Leaman, Paul Y. , Route No. 1, Creston Lorenz, R. C. , 121 North Arch Street, Fremont Machovina, Paul E. , 1228 Northwest Blvd. , Columbus 12. ~College professor~ McKinster, Ray, 1632 South 4th Street, Columbus 7 Meister, Richard T. , ~Editor, American Fruit Grower~, Willoughby Metzger, A. J. , 724 Euclid Avenue, Toledo 5 Oches, Norman M. , R. D. 1, Brunswick. ~Mechanical Engineer~ Osborn, Frank C. , 4040 W. 160th St. , Cleveland 11. ~Tool and die maker~ Page, John H. , Box 34, Dundas (Vinton County) Pataky, Christ, Jr. , 492 Hickory Lane, Route No. 4, Mansfield. ~Produce market~, ~grocer~ Pattison, Aletheia, 5 Dexter Place, E. W. N. , Cincinnati 6 Pomerene, Walter H. , Route No. 3, Coshocton. ~Agricultural Engineer, Hydrological Research Station~ Purdy, Clyde W. , 19 Public Square, Mt. Vernon Ranke, William, Route No. 1, Amelia Roberts, J. Pearl, Rt. 3, Freeport Rummel, E. T. , 16613 Laverne Avenue, Cleveland 11. ~Sales manager~ Schoenberger, L. Roy, Green Pines Farm, Route No. 2, Nevada Seas, D. Edward, 721 South Main Street, Orrville Sebring, R. G. , 1227 Lincoln Road, Columbus Shelton, Dr. Elbert M. , 1468 W. Clifton Blvd. , Lakewood 7 Shessler, Sylvester M. , Genoa. ~Farmer~ Silvis, Raymond E. , 1725 Lindbergh Avenue, N. E. , Massillon. ~Realty~ Smith, Sterling A. , 630 W. South Street, Vermilion. ~Telegrapher, NYC RR (Treasurer of the Assn. )~ Spears, Ernest G. , 4326 Forest Ave. , Norwood 6 Spring Hill Nurseries Company, Tipp City. ~General nurserymen~ Steinbeck, A. P. , East Nimisilla Rd. , North Canton. ~Rubber worker, Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. ~ Stocker, C. P. , Lorain Products Corp. , 1122 F. Street, Lorain Stolz, Thomas O. , 334 Claranna Ave. , Dayton 9 Thiesing, J. R. , 113 S. Washington, New Bremen Thomas, Fred, Route No. 1, Bedford Road, Masury Toops, Herbert A. , 1430 Cambridge Blvd. , Columbus 12. ~College Professor~ Underwood, John, Route No. 4, Urbana Urban, George, 4518 Ardendale Road, South Euclid 21. ~Mayor~ Van Voorhis, J. F. , 215 Hudson Avenue, Apt. B-1, Newark Von Gundy, Clifford R. , R. F. D. No. 8, Cincinnati 30 Walker, Carl F. , 2851 E. Overlook Rd. , Cleveland 18. ~Consulting engineer~ Weaver, Arthur W. , R. F. D. , Box 196B, Cass Rd. , Maumee *Weber, Harry R. , Esq. (Deceased. ) Weber, Mrs. Martha R. , Route No. 1, Mahawe Farm, Cleves Willett, Dr. G. P. , Elmore Williams, Harry M. , 221 Grandon Road, Dayton 9. ~Engineer~ Wischhusen, J. F. , 15031 Shore Acres Drive, N. E. , Cleveland 10 Yates, Edward W. , 3108 Parkview Avenue, Cincinnati 13. ~Mechanical engineer~ Yoder, Emmet, Smithville

 OKLAHOMA

 Butler, Roy, Route No. 2, Hydro. ~Farmer~, ~cattleman~ Cross, Prof. Frank B. , Dept. Of Horticulture, Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater. ~Teaching and Experiment Station Work~ Gray, Geoffrey A. , 1628 Elm Ave. , Bartlesville Hartman, Peter E. , 3002 S. Boston Pl. , Tulsa 5. ~Nurseryman~ Hirschi's Nursery (A. G. Hirschi), 414 North Robinson, Oklahoma City ~Dry cleaning business, nurseryman~ Hughes, C. V. , Route No. 3, Box 614, 5600 N. W. 16th Street, Oklahoma City Keathly, Jack, Marland. ~Farmer~ Kissick, E. A. , State Board of Agr. , 122 State Capitol Bldg. , Oklahoma City. ~Marketing Specialist~ Meek, E. B. , Route 2, Wynnewood Pulliam, Gordon, 1605 Osage Ave. , Bartlesville Scales, Charles D. , 3200 N. W. 26th St. , Oklahoma City 7

 OREGON

 Miller, John E. , Treasuredale, Route No. 1, Box 312-A, Oswego Pearcy, Harry L. , Route 2. Box 190, Salem. ~H. L. Pearcy Nursery Co. (Nut trees. )~

 PENNSYLVANIA

 Allaman, R. P. , Route 86, Harrisburg. ~Farm superintendent~ Amsler, E. W. , 707 Main St. , Clarion Anthony, Roy D. , 215 Hillcrest Ave. , State College. ~Tree Crops Advisor, Pa. Dept. Of Agr. ~ Arensberg, Charles F. C. , First Nat'l Bank Bldg. , Pittsburgh 22 ~(Chinese chestnut seed grower. )~ Banks, H. C. , Route No. 1, Hellertown Beard, H. K. , Route No. 1, Sheridan. ~Insurance agent~ Beck, Dr. William M. , 200 Race St. , Sunbury Berst, Charles B. , 11 W. 8th Street, Erie. ~Inspector, Lord Mfg. Co. , Erie, Pa. ~ Bowen, John C. , Route No. 1, Macungie Brown, Morrison, Ickesburg Buckwalter, Geoffrey R. , c/o F. H. Levey Co. , Inc. , 1223 Washington Ave. , Philadelphia 47 Clarke, William S. , Jr. , P. O. Box 167, State College Colwell, Dr. Frederick A. , R. F. D. No. 1, Collegeville Damask, Henry, 1632 Doyle Street, Wilkinsburg 21. ~Telephone man~ Ebling, Aaron L. , Route No. 2, Reading Etter, Fayette, P. O. Box 57, Lemasters. ~General foreman for an electric company~ Gage, Charles K. , 1429 Newman Road, Havertown Gardner, Ralph D. , 4428 Plymouth St. , Harrisburg. ~Assistant State Fire Marshal~ Good, Orren S. , 316 N. Fairview Street, Lock Haven. ~Retired~ Gorton, F. B. , Route No. 1, East Lake Road, Harborcreek. ~Electrical contractor~ Hammond, Harold, 903 South Poplar Street, Allentown Hershey, John W. , Route No. 1, Downingtown. ~Nurseryman~ Hostetter, L. K. , Route No. 3, Lancaster. ~Farmer~, ~black walnut grower~ Hughes, Douglas, 1230 East 21st Street, Erie Johnson, Robert F. , 1630 Greentree Road, Pittsburgh 20 Jones, Mildred M. (See Mrs. Langdoc--under Illinois) Jones, Dr. Truman W. , Walnut Grove Farm, Parksburg Kaufman, Mrs. M. M. , Box 69, Clarion Knouse, Charles W. , Colonial Park, Harrisburg. ~Coal dealer~ Laboski, George T. , Route No. 1, Harborcreek. ~Fruit grower and nurseryman~ Leach, Will, 406-410 Scranton Life Bldg. , Scranton 3. ~Lawyer~ Mattoon, H. Gleason, Box 304, Narberth. ~Consultant in Arborculture~ McKenna, Philip M. , P. O. Box 186, Latrobe Mecartney, J. Lupton, 918 W. Beaver Ave. , State College. ~Pomologist~ Miller, Elwood B. , Mill and Chapel Sts. , Hazleton Miller, Robert O. , 3rd and Ridge Streets, Emmaus Moyer, Philip S. , 80-82 U. S. F. & G. Bldg. , Harrisburg. ~Attorney~ Niederriter, Leonard, 1726 State Street, Erie. ~Merchant~ Nonnemacher, H. M. , Box 204, Alburtis. ~Line foreman, Bell Tel. Co. Of Pa. ~ Ranson, Flavel, 728 Monroe Avenue, Scranton. ~Farmer~ Reidler, Paul G. , Ashland. ~Manufacturer of textiles~ Rick, John, 438 Penna. Sq. , Reading. ~Fruit grower and merchant~ Schaible, Percy, Upper Black Eddy. ~Laborer~ Scott, J. Lewis. 5-A Camberwell Drive, R. F. D. No. 2, Pittsburgh 15 Shade, Earl L. , 1027 E. 26th St. , Erie Sherman, L. Walter. (See under Michigan. ) Smith, Dr. J. Russell, 550 Elm Ave. , Swarthmore. ~Retired teacher, writer and nurseryman~ Stewart, E. L. , Pine Hill Farms Nursery, Route No. 2, Homer City Theiss, Dr. Lewis E. , 110 University Ave. , Lewisburg. ~Retired professor~ Thompson, Howard A. , 311 West Swissvale Ave. , Pittsburgh 18 Twist, Frank S. , Box 127, Northumberland. ~Salesman~ Waite, Knighton V. , M. D. , Renton Washick, Dr. Frank A. , S. W. , Welsh & Veree Roads, Philadelphia 11. ~Surgeon~ Weaver, William S. , Weaver Orchards, Macungie Weinrich, Whitney, P. O. Box 225, Wallingford. ~Chemical engineer~ Wister, John C. , Scott Foundation, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore. ~Horticulturist~ Wright, Ross Pier, 235 W. 6th Street, Erie. Manufacturer Zimmerman, Mrs. G. A. , R. D. , Linglestown

 RHODE ISLAND

 Allen, Philip, 178 Dorance Street, Providence

 SOUTH CAROLINA

 Bregger, John T. , Clemson. ~Research Supervisor (Soil Conservation), Orchard Erosion Investigations~ Gordon, G. Henry, 13-1/2 Main St. , Union. ~Returned Mariner~

 SOUTH DAKOTA

 Richter, Herman, Madison. ~Farmer~

 TENNESSEE

 Alpine Forest Reserve, c/o J. Edwin Carothers, Alpine Boyd, Harold B. , M. D. , 3418 Waynoka St. , Memphis 11. ~Physician~ Chase, Spencer, T. V. A. , Norris. ~Horticulturist~ Garrett, Dr. Sam Young, 1902 Hayes St. , Nashville. ~Surgeon~ Holdeman, J. E. , 855 N. McNeil St. , Memphis 7 Howell Nurseries, Sweetwater. ~Ornamental and chestnut nurserymen~ McDaniel, J. C. (See under Illinois) Meeks, Hamp, c/o Jackson Elec. Dept. , Jackson. ~Electrical Engineer~ Murphy, H. O. , 12 Sweetbriar Avenue, Chattanooga. ~Fruit grower~ Richards, Dr. Aubrey, Whiteville. ~Physician~ Roark, W. F. , Malesus. ~Farmer~, ~chestnut grower~ Robinson, W. Jobe, Route No. 7, Jackson. ~Farmer~ Sammons, Julius, Jr. , Pecan Row Farm, Whiteville. ~Farmer~, ~orchardist~ Saville, Chris, 118 Church St. , Greeneville Shipley, Mrs. E. D. , 3 Century Court, Knoxville 16. ~Housewife~ Smathers, Rev. Eugene, Calvary Church, Big Lick. Minister, farmer Southern Nursery & Landscape Co. , Attn. Hubert Nicholson, Winchester. ~General nurserymen~

 TEXAS

 Arford, Charles A. , Box 1230, Dalhart. ~R. R. Engineer~, ~amateur horticulturist~ Brison, Prof. F. R. , Dept, of Horticulture, A. & M. College, College Station Florida, Kaufman, Box 154, Rotan Kidd, Clark, Arp Nursery Co. , P. O. Box 867, Tyler. ~Nut nurseryman~ Winkler, Andrew, Route 1, Moody. ~Farmer and pecan grower~

 UTAH

 Petterson, Harlan D. , 2076 Jefferson Avenue, Ogden. ~Highway engineer~

 VERMONT

 Aldrich, A. W. , R. F. D. No. 3, Springfield Collins, Joseph N. , Route No. 3, Putney. ~Civil engineer~, ~farmer~ ~Ellis, Zenas H. , Fair Haven. Perpetual member, "In Memoriam. "~ Holbrook, F. C. , Scott Farm, Brattleboro

 VIRGINIA

 Acker Black Walnut Corp. , Box 263, Broadway. ~Walnut processors~ Burton, George L. , 722 College Street, Bedford Curthoys, George A. , P. O. Box 34, Bristol Dickerson, T. C. , 316-56th Street, Newport News. ~Statistician~, ~farmer~ Dudley, Charles L. , Glen Wilton Gibbs, H. R. Linden. ~Carpenter~, ~wood worker~ Gunther, Eric F. , Route No. 1, Box 31, Onancock. ~Retired business man~ Lee, Dr. Henry, 806 Medical Arts Building, Roanoke 11 Narten, Perry F. , 6110 N. Washington Blvd. , Arlington 5 Pinner, Henry, P. O. Box 155, Suffolk Stoke, H. F. , 1436 Watts Avenue N. W. , Roanoke Stoke, Mrs. H. F. , 1436 Watts Avenue, N. W. , Roanoke Stoke, Dr. John H. , 21 Highland Avenue, S. E. , Roanoke 13. ~Chiropractor~ Thompson, B. H. , Harrisonburg. ~Manufacturer of nut crackers~

 WASHINGTON

 Andrew, Col. James W. , Hqts. 39 Wing, A. P. O. 942 c/o P. M. , Seattle. (Farm in Illinois. ) Bartleson, C. J. , Box 25, Chattaroy. ~Office worker~ Brown, H. B. , Greenacres Bush, Carroll D. , Grapeview. ~Chestnut grower and shipper~, ~nurseryman~ Denman, George L. , East 1319 Nina Avenue, Spokane 10. ~Dairyman~ Eliot, Craig P. , P. O. Box 158, Shelton. ~Electrical engineer~, ~part time farmer~ Erkman, John O. , Apt. 85, 1219 Washington Way, Richland. ~Physicist~ Kling, William L. , Route No. 2, Box 230, Clarkson Latterell, Miss Ethel, 408 N. Flora Rd. , Greenacres. ~Greenhouse worker~ Linkletter, Frank D. , 115 4th Ave. North, Seattle 9. ~Retired~ Naderman, G. W. , Route 1, Box 381, Olympia. ~Caretaker of summer resort~ Ross, Vevel C. , 4025 Rucker Ave. , Everett Shane Brothers, Vashon Shepard, Will, Chelan Falls Tuttle, Lynn, Nursery, The Heights, Clarkston. ~Nut nurseryman~

 WEST VIRGINIA

 Cannaday, Dr. John E. , Charleston General Hospital, Charleston 25. ~Physician~ Engle, Blaine W. , Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Of W. Va. , Goff Bldg. , Clarksburg Frye, Wilbert M. , Pleasant Dale. ~Retired~ Gold Chestnut Nursery, c/o Mr. Arthur A. Gold, Cowen. Chestnut nurseryman Haines, Earl C. , Shanks Long, J. L. , Box 491, Princeton. ~Civil engineer~ Mish, Arnold F. , Inwood. ~Associational farmer~ Reed, Arthur M. , Moundsville. ~Proprietor, Glenmount Nurseries~

 WISCONSIN

 Ladwig, C. F. , 2221 St. Laurence, Beloit. ~Grocer and (hobby) farmer~ Mortensen, M. C. , 2117 Slauson Avenue, Racine Raether, Robert, Route No. 1, Augusta (Eau Claire County)

Subscribers and Standing Library Orders

Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. 

Clemson College Library, Clemson, South Carolina. 

Cleveland Public Library, Leta E. Adams, Order Librarian, 325 SuperiorAvenue, Cleveland 14, Ohio. 

Connecticut Agr. Exp. Sta. , Genetics Dept. , 123 Huntington St. , NewHaven 11, Conn. 

Cornell University, College of Agriculture Library, Ithaca, New York. 

Detroit Public Library, 5201 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 2, Michigan. 

University of Maine (Library), Orono, Maine. 

Library, University of Miami, Coral Gables 34, Florida. 

Library, University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. 

Oregon State College Library, Corvallis, Oregon. 

Peachey, Enos D. , P. O. Box 22, Belleville, Pennsylvania. 

Rhode Island State College, Library Dept. , Green Hall, Kingston, RhodeIsland. 

Rutgers University, Agricultural Library, Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, N. J. 

St. Louis Public Library, Olive, 13th and 14th Streets, St. Louis, Missouri. 

ADVANCE ORDERS FOR THE 41st ANNUAL REPORT

Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Main Library), Auburn, Alabama. 

Massachusetts Horticultural Society Library, Horticultural Hall, 300Massachusetts Ave. , Boston 15, Massachusetts. 

North Carolina State College (D. H. Hill Library), Raleigh, NorthCarolina. 

Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Library, Room 101, PattersonHall, State College, Pennsylvania. 

Purdue University Agr. Library, Lafayette, Indiana.