NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING ROCHESTER, NEW YORK September 7, 8 and 9, 1922 CONTENTS Officers and Committees of the Association 4 State Vice-Presidents 5 Members of the Association 7 Constitution 15 By-Laws 16 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention 17 President's Address 20 Dr. Walter Van Fleet, Biography of, 23 Chestnut Blight, Letter from G. F. Gravatt, 27 Manchurian Walnut Industry, Letter from C. A. Reed 28 Report of the Treasurer 32 Almond Possibilities in the Eastern States, R. H. Taylor 42 Opportunities for a Woman in Nut Culture, Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger 46 The Plane and Screw in Grafting, Dr. R. T. Morris 48 Nut Growing in the South, Address by J. M. Patterson 53 The Blight-proof Filbert, Conrad Vollertsen 61 Nut Culture in Canada, J. A. Neilson 69 The Experimental Nut Orchard, W. G. Bixby 80 Pioneer Experience and Outlook, Dr. R. T. Morris 85 Tree Planting Ceremonies at Highland Park 108 Nuts the Source of Proteins and Fats, Dr. J. H. Kellogg 112 Chinese Nuts, Walnuts, P. W. Wang 120 Resolution on the Death of Dr. Walter Van Fleet 122 Resolution on the Death of Coleman K. Sober 123 Attendance and Exhibits 126 OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION _President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES Lancaster, Pennsylvania _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING 983 Main Street, Hartford, Ct. _Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co. , New York COMMITTEES _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. S. LINTON AND THE OFFICERS _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE _Membership_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING, J. A. NEILSON, H. D. SPENCER, J. A. SMITH _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES _Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING _Programme_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, W. C. DEMING, R. T. OLCOTT, C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS Alabama H. M. Robertson 2026 1st Ave. , Birmingham Arizona Fred W. Heyne Douglas Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville California T. C. Tucker 311 California St. , San Francisco Canada James A. Neilson Guelph China P. W. Wang Kinsan Arboretum Chuking Kiangsu Province Colorado C. L. Cudebec Boulder, Box 233 Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden Dist. Of Columbia B. G. Foster 902 G. St. , Washington England Howard Spence Eskdale Knutsford Cheshire Georgia J. M. Patterson Putney Illinois Henry D. Spencer Decatur Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point Kansas James Sharp Council Grove Kentucky Frank M. Livengood Berea Maine Alice D. Leavitt 79 High St. , Bridgton Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave. , Boston Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek Mississippi Theodore Bechtel Ocean Springs Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana Nebraska William Caha Wahoo Nevada C. G. Swingle Hazen New Hampshire Henry B. Stevens Durham New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton New York Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger 510 E. Ave. , Rochester North Carolina C. W. Matthews N. C. Dept. Of Agriculture, Raleigh Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 E. 6th St. , Cincinnati Oklahoma Dr. C. E. Beitman Skedee Oregon Knight Pearcy Salem, R. F. D. No. 3, Box 187 Pennsylvania F. N. Fagan State College South Carolina Prof. A. G. Shanklin Clemson College Tennessee J. W. Waite Normandy Texas J. H. Burkett Clyde Utah Joseph A. Smith Edgewood Hall, Providence Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro Virginia W. N. Roper Petersburg Washington Richard H. Turk Washougal West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek Wisconsin Dr. G. W. Patchen Manitowoc MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION ALABAMA Robertson, H. M. , 2026 1st Ave. , Birmingham ARIZONA Heyne, Fred W. , Douglas ARKANSAS *Drake, Prof. N. F. , University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Dunn, D. K. , Wynne CALIFORNIA Cajori, F. A. , 1220 Byron St. , Palo Alto Cress, B. E. , Tehachapi Thorpe, Will J. , 1545 Divisadero St. , San Francisco Tucker, T. C. , 311 California St. , San Francisco CANADA Bell, Alex, Milliken, Ontario Corcoran, William, Port Dalhousie, Box 26, Ontario Corsan, G. H. , Address 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Corsan, Mrs. G. H. , Address 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Haight, P. N. , St. Thomas Neilson, Jas. A. , Guelph, Ontario CHINA *Kinsan Arboretum, Lang Terrace, No. Szechuen Rd. , Shanghai P. W. Wang, Sec'y. COLORADO Bennett, L. E. Cory Butterbaugh, Dr. W. S. , Engleburg, Las Animas Co. (via Trinidad) Cudebec, C. L. , Boulder, Box 233 Hartman, Richard, Kremmling CONNECTICUT Barrows, Paul M. , Stamford, R. F. D. No. 30 Bartlett, Francis A. , Stamford Benedict, Samuel L. , 98 So. Main St. , So. Norwalk Bielefield, F. J. , South Farms, Middletown Bradley, Smith T. , Grand Ave. , New Haven Craig, Joseph A. , 783 Washington Ave. , West Haven Deming, Dr. W. C. , 983 Main St. , Hartford Deming, Mrs. William, Litchfield Glover, James L. , Shelton, R. F. D. , No. 7 Gotthold, Mrs. Frederick, Wilton Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton Hilliard, H. J. , Sound View Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 76 Ives, E. M. , Sterling Orchards, Meriden Leroy, Peter, 1363 Main St. , Hartford Lewis, Henry Leroy, 1822 Main St. , Stratford Morris, Dr. R. T. , Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95 Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave. , Windsor Sessions, Albert L. , 25 Bellevue Ave. , Bristol Southworth, George E. , Milford, Box 172 Staunton, Gray, 320 Howard Ave. , New Haven White, Gerrard, North Granby DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Beatty, Dr. Wilbur M. L. , 4027 Georgia Ave. Close, Prof. C. P. , Pomologist, Dept. Of Agriculture Foster, B. G. , 902 G St. , N. W. *Littlepage, T. P. , Union Trust Bldg. Reed, C. A. , Dept. Of Agriculture ENGLAND Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire GEORGIA Bullard, Wm. P. , Albany Killian, C. M. , Valdosta Parrish, John S. , Cornelia, Ga. Box 57 Patterson, J. M. , Putney Perry, A. S. , Cuthbert Steele, R. C. , Lakemont, Rabun Co. Wight, J. B. , Cairo ILLINOIS Brown, Roy W. , Spring Valley Buckman, Benj. , Farmingdale Buxton, T. C. , Stine Bldg. , Decatur Casper, O. H. , Anna Clough, W. A. , 929 Monadnoch Bldg. , Chicago Falrath, David, 259 N. College St. , Decatur Heide, John F. H. , 500 Oakwood Blvd. , Chicago Illinois, University of, Urbana Marsh, Mrs. W. V. , Aledo Mosnat, H. R. , 7237 Yale Ave. , Chicago Potter, Hon. W. O. , Marion Powers, Frank S. , 595 Powers Lane, Decatur Rickelman, Harry J. , Weed Bldg. , Effingham Riehl, E. A. , Godfrey, Route 2 Shaw, James B. , Champaign, Box 644 Spencer, Henry D. , Decatur Sundstrand, Mrs. G. D. , 916 Garfield Ave. , Rockford Swisher, S. L. , Mulkeytown Wells, Oscar, Farina White, W. Elmer, 175 Park Place, Decatur INDIANA Clayton, C. L. , Owensville Crain, Donald J. , 1313 North St. , Logansport Jackson, Francis M. , 122 N. Main St. , South Bend Redmon, Felix, Rockport, R. R. 2, Box 32 Reed, W. C. , Vincennes Rowell, Mrs. Geo. P. , 219 N. 5 St. , Goshen Simpson, H. D. , Vincennes Staderman, A. L. , 120 So. 7 St. , Terre Haute Wilkinson, J. F. , Rockport IOWA Bricker, C. W. , Ladora Finnell, J. F. C. , Hamburg Pfeiffer, W. F. , Fayette Skromme, L. J. , Roland (Skromme Seed Co. ) Snyder, D. C. , Center Point Snyder, S. W. , Center Point KANSAS Bishop, S. L. , Conway Springs Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton Sharpe, James, Council Grove KENTUCKY Baker, Sam C. , Beaver Dam, R. F. D. No. 2 Livengood, Frank M. , Berea MAINE Leavitt, Mrs. Alice D. , 79 High St. , Brighton MARYLAND Auchter, E. C. , Md. State College of Agri. College Park Keenan, Dr. John F. , Brentwood Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie O'Connor, P. J. , Bowie MASSACHUSETTS *Bowditch, James H. , 903 Tremont Bldg. , Boston Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Centre Jackson, Arthur H. , 63 Fayerweather St. , Cambridge Johnstone, Edward O. , North Carver Mass. Agri. College, Library of, Amherst Scudder, Dr. Charles L. , 209 Beacon St. , Boston MICHIGAN Beck, J. P. , 25 James, Saginaw Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac Cross, John L. , 104 Division St. , Bangor Graves, Henry B. , 2134 Dime Bank Bldg. , Detroit Guild, Stacy R. , 562 So. 7th St. , Ann Arbor Hartig, G. F. , Bridgeman, R. F. D. No. 1 House, George W. , Ford Bldg. , Detroit Kellogg, Dr. J. H. , 202 Manchester St. , Battle Creek *Linton, W. S. , Saginaw MacNab, Dr. Alex B. , Cassopolis McKale, H. B. , Lansing, Route 6 Olson, A. E. , Holton Penney, Senator Harvey A. , 425 So. Jefferson Ave. , Saginaw Smith, Edward J. , 85 So. Union St. , Battle Creek MISSISSIPPI Bechtel, Theo. , Ocean Spring MISSOURI Crosby, Miss Jessie M. , 4241 Harrison St. , Kansas City Hazen, Josiah J. , Neosho Nurseries Co. , Neosho Rhodes, J. I. , 224 Maple St. , Neosho Spellen, Howard P. , 4505a W. Papin St. , St. Louis Stark, P. C. , Louisiana NEBRASKA Caha, William, Wahoo Thomas, Dr. W. A. , Lincoln, R. R. No. 2 NEVADA Swingle, C. G. , Hazen NEW HAMPSHIRE Stevens, Henry B. , N. H. , College of Agriculture, Durham NEW JERSEY Brown, Jacob E. , Elmer, Salem Co. Franck, M. , Box 89, Franklin *Jaques, Lee W. , 74 Waverly St. , Jersey City Landmann, Miss M. V. , Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 Marshall, S. L. , Vineland Marston, Edwin S. , Florham Park, Box 72 Phillips, Irving S. , 501 Madison St. , West New York Price, John R. , 36 Ridgedale Ave. , Madison Ridgway, C. S. , Lumberton Salvage, W. K. , Farmingdale Stover, Evan W. , Riverton Westcoat, Wilmer, 230 Knight Ave. , Collingswood NEW YORK Abbott, Frederick B. , 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn Adams, Sidney I. , 418 Powers Bldg. , Rochester Ashworth, Fred L. , Heuvelton Babcock, H. J. , Lockport Bennett, Howard S. , 851 Joseph Ave. , Rochester Bethea, J. G. , 243 Rutgers St. , Rochester Bixby, Willard G. , 32 Grand Ave. , Baldwin, Nassau Co. Borchers, H. Chas. , Wenga Farm, Armonk Brown, Ancel J. , 418 W. 25th St. , N. Y. C. Brown, Ronald K. , 320 B'way, N. Y. C. Buist, Dr. G. L. , 3 Hancock St. , Brooklyn Clark, George H. , 131 State St. , Rochester Coriell, A. S. , 120 Broadway, N. Y. C. Crane, Alfred J. , Monroe Culver, M. L. , 238 Milburn St. , Rochester Diprose, Alfred H. , 468 Clinton Ave. , South, Rochester Dunbar, John, Dep't. Of Parks, Rochester Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D. , 510 East Ave. , Rochester Ford, Geo. G. , 129 Dartmouth St. , Rochester Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Bklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn Gilgan, Pat'k. H. , 358 Lake Ave. , Rochester Gillett, Dr. Henry W. , 140 W. 57th St. , N. Y. C. Goeltz, Mrs. M. H. , 2524 Creston Ave. , N. Y. C. Graham, S. H. , Ithaca, R. D. No. 5 Haggerty, Susanne, 490 Oxford St. , Rochester Hall, L. W. Jr. , 509 Cutler Bldg. , Rochester (L. W. Hall Co. ) Harper, George W, Jr. , 115 B'way, N. Y. C. Hart, Frank E. , Landing Road, Brighton Haskill, Mrs. L. M. , 56 Oxford St. , Rochester Haws, Elwood D. , Public Market, Rochester Henshall, H. , 5 W. 125th St. , N. Y. C. Hoag, Henry S. , Delhi Hodge, James, 199 Kingsbridge Rd. W. , Kingsbridge, N. Y. C. Hodgson, Casper W. , Yonkers, (World Book Co. ) Hoffman, Arthur S. , 36 Church St. , White Plains *Huntington, A. M. , 15 W. 81st St. , N. Y. C. Jewett, Edmund G. , 16 S. Elliott Place, Brooklyn Johnston, Harriet M. B. , 15th St. & 4th Ave. , N. Y. C. Kains, M. G. , Pomona Lattin, Dr. H. W. , Albion Lauth, John C. , 67 Tyler St. , Rochester Liveright, Frank I. , 120 W. 70th St. , N. Y. C. MacDaniel, S. H. , Dept. Of Pomology, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca Masseth, Rev. John E. , Dansville Mayer, Norman, 30 Avenue "A", Rochester McGlennon, J. S. , 28 Cutler Bldg. , Rochester McGlennon, Norma, 166 N. Goodman St. , Rochester Meyers, Charles, 316 Adelphi St. , Brooklyn Motondo, Grant F. , 198 Monroe Ave. , Rochester Nolan, Mrs. C. R. , 47 Dickinson St. , Rochester Nolan, M. J. , 47 Dickinson St. , Rochester Olcott, Ralph T. , Ellwanger & Barry Bldg. , Rochester Piehler, Alois, 706 Commerce Bldg. , Rochester Pirrung, Miss L. M. , 779 East Ave. , Rochester Pomeroy, A. C. , Lockport Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St. , Rochester Rawnsley, James B. , 242 Linden St. , Rochester Richardson, J. M. , 2 Columbus Circle, N. Y. C. Ritvhir, John W. , 2 A. Beach St. , Yonkers Ryder, Clayton, Carmel Schroeder, E. A. , 223 East Ave. , Rochester Shutt, Erwin E. , 509 Plymouth Ave. , Rochester Smith, Louis R. , 145 Merrimac St. , Rochester Snyder, Leroy E. , 241 Barrington St. , Rochester Solley, Dr. John B. , 968 Lexington Ave. , N. Y. C. Stephen, John W. , Syracuse, N. Y. State College of Forestry Teele, Arthur W. , 120 B'way, N. Y. C. Tucker, Arthur R. , Chamber of Commerce, Rochester Tucker, Mrs. G. B. , 110 Harvard St. , Rochester Tucker, Geo. B. , 110 Harvard St. , Rochester Vick, C. A. , 142 Harvard St. , Rochester Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St. , Rochester Waller, Percy, 284 Court St. , Rochester Whitney, Arthur C. , 9 Manila St. , Rochester Whitney, Leon F. , 65 Barclay St. , New York City Wile, M. E. , 955 Harvard St. , Rochester Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50 St. , New York City *Wissmann, Mrs. F. De R. , Westchester, New York City Wyckoff, E. L. , Aurora NORTH CAROLINA Hutchings, Miss L. G. , Pine Bluff Matthews, C. W. , North Carolina Dept. Of Agriculture, Raleigh Van Lindley, J. , J. Van Lindley Nursery Co. , Pomona OHIO Burton, J. Howard, Casstown Dayton, J. H. , Storrs & Harrison, Painesville Fickes, W. R. , Wooster, R. No. 6 Jackson, A. V. , 3275 Linwood Rd. , Cincinnati Ketchum, C. S. , Middlefield, Box 981 Pomerene, Julius, 1949 East 116 St. , Cleveland Ramsey, John, 1803 Freeman Ave. , Cincinnati Truman, G. G. , Perrysville, Box 167 *Weber, Harry R. , 123 East 6 St. , Cincinnati Yunck, Edward G. , 706 Central Ave. , Sandusky OKLAHOMA Beitmen, Dr. C. E. , Skedee OREGON Frost, Earl C. , Route 1, Box 515, Gates Rd. , Portland Marvin, Cornelia, Librarian, Oregon State Library, Salem Nelson, W. W. , R. No. 3, Box 652, Portland Pearcy, Knight, 210 Oregon Bldg. , Salem PENNSYLVANIA Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St. , Reading Balthaser, James M. , Wernersville, Berks Co. Bohn, Dr. H. W. , 34 No. 9 St. , Reading Bolton, Chas. G. , Zieglerville, Pa. Bomberger, John S. , Lebanon, R. F. D. No. 1 Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny Clark, D. F. , 147 N. 13 St. , Harrisburg Druckemiller, W. H. , 31 No. 4th St. , Sunbury Ewing, Chas. A. , Steelton Fagan, Prof. F. N. , State College Fritz, Ammon P. , 35 E. Franklin St. , Ephrata Heffner, H. , Leeper Hess, Elam G. , Manheim Hile, Anthony, Curwensville Hoopes, Edwin A. , Pocono Manor, Monroe Co. Horst, John D. , Reading Irwin, Ernest C. , 66 St. Nicholas Bldg. , Pittsburg Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia *Jones, J. F. , Lancaster, Box 527 Kaufman, M. M. , Clarion Leas, F. C. , Merion Station Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia Minick, C. G. , Ridgway Murphy, P. J. , Vice Pres. L. & W. R. R. Co. , Scranton Myers, J. Everitt, York Springs, R. D. No. 3 Negley, C. H. , Greencastle, R. D. No. 2 Patterson, J. E. , 77 North Franklin St. , Wilkes Barre *Rick, John, 438 Penn. Sq. , Reading Rittenhouse, Dr. J. S. , Lorane Robinson, W. I. , Fort Loudon Rose, William J. , 413 Market St. , Harrisburg, "Personal" Rush, J. G. , West Willow Russell, Dr. Andrew L. , 729 Wabash Bldg. , Pittsburgh Shoemaker, H. C. , 1739 Main St. , Northampton Smedley, Samuel L. , Newtown Sq. , R. F. D. No. 1 Smedley, Mrs. Samuel L. , Newtown Sq. , R. F. D. No. 1 Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore Spencer, L. N. , 216 East New St. , Lancaster Taylor, Loundes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 Walther, R. G. , Willow Grove, Doylestown Pike Weaver, Wm. S. , Macungie Whitner, Harry D. , Reading Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A. , Clarion *Wister, John C. , Clarkson & Wister Strs. , Germantown Wolf, D. D. , 527 Vine St. , Philadelphia SOUTH CAROLINA Kendall, Dr. F. D. , 1317 Hampton Ave. , Columbia Shanklin, Prof. A. G. , Clemson College Taylor, Thos. , 1112 Bull St. , Columbia TENNESSEE Waite, J. W. , Normandy UTAH Smith, Joseph A. , Edgewood Hall, Providence VERMONT Aldrich, A. W. , Springfield, R. F. D. , No. 3 Holbrook, F. C. , Brattleboro VIRGINIA +Dodge, Harrison H. , Mount Vernon Harris, D. C. , Capital Landing Rd. , Williamsburg Hopkins, N. S. , Dixondale Jordan, J. H. , Bohannon Roper, W. N. , Petersburg WASHINGTON Baines, William, Okanogan Turk, Richard H. , Washougal WEST VIRGINIA Brooks, Fred E. , French Creek Cannaday, Dr. J. E. , Charleston, Box 693 Hartzel, B. F. , Shepherdstown Mish, A. F. , Inwood WISCONSIN Lang, Robert B. , Racine, Box 103 Patchen, Dr. G. W. , Manitowoc +Honorary member *Life member CONSTITUTION ARTICLE I _Name. _ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION. ARTICLE II _Object. _ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture. ARTICLE III _Membership. _ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership. ARTICLE IV _Officers. _ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the president. ARTICLE V _Election of Officers. _ A committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year. ARTICLE VI _Meetings. _--The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. ARTICLE VII _Quorum. _ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but must include two of the four elected officers. ARTICLE VIII _Amendments. _ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. BY-LAWS ARTICLE I _Committees. _ The association shall appoint standing committees as follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. ARTICLE II _Fees. _ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars and twenty-five cents, including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. ARTICLE III _Membership. _ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer. ARTICLE IV _Amendments. _ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting. PROCEEDINGS at the THIRTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION of the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION Rochester, N. Y. , September 7, 8 and 9, 1922 The convention was called to order at 9:40 A. M. , Thursday, September 7, 1922, by the President, Mr. James S. McGlennon, of Rochester, New York, at the Osburn House, Rochester, N. Y. THE PRESIDENT: This is the thirteenth annual convention of the NorthernNut Growers' Association. We have been favored by Rev. Dr. Cushman inconsenting to give the invocation. Invocation by Rev. Ralph S. Cushman. THE PRESIDENT: I believe I voice the sentiment of all present in sayingthat we are grateful to Dr. Cushman for his prayer and I personallyextend to him my sincere thanks and on behalf of the association. I have the great honor and the rare privilege of introducing to you ourMayor. He has very kindly consented to come here and make an address ofwelcome to this association. MAYOR VAN ZANDT: Mr. President and ladies and gentlemen, members of theNut Growers' Association: Your President has said I was going to make anaddress; I never did such a thing in my life. I am glad to welcome youto the city of Rochester; I hope your meeting will be profitable and sopleasant that you will want to come again. I believe there are very fewpeople in Rochester who know anything about nut growing. We have asplendid exhibit here from our parks and one that I am very proud of andwe have a man here, Mr. Dunbar, that we are very proud of; he is awonder; I confess that I didn't know there were so many nuts to be foundin the parks myself--that is no joke. It is a wonderful thing, it is arevelation to me, I never dreamed that you could find such thingsgrowing around this part of the country at all. I fancy that most peopledon't know anything about nuts at all, except the five-cent bag ofpeanuts. I certainly wish you success in every way and particularly withreference to the plantation that I understand has been started hereclose to Rochester where they are doing some wonderful work. Most of ushave the idea that nuts are used by people to put on the table fordessert at Christmas time and but little appreciate their true foodvalue. I sincerely trust that you will all come again, that you will havepleasant weather and that you will have time after work to seesomething of our beautiful city. We think it is the most beautiful onein the country. Thank you. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: If you can wait just a minute, I am going to ask for areply to your address of welcome. Mr. Patterson comes from Albany, Georgia, and is probably the biggest producer of pecans in the world. Mr. Patterson is a member of this association and has very kindlyconsented to come all the way from Georgia to be with us. MR. PATTERSON: Mr. President, Mr. Mayor, ladies and gentlemen: I wonderif the President in saying I was the biggest nut grower in the world hadany reference to my physical proportions. You have certainly a wonderfulexhibit here, Mr. Mayor, of the products of your parks and you havereason to be proud of it, as you have for many other things in the cityof Rochester. It has been my privilege to make short visits to the city, my wife having some relatives here. I said to my cousin this morning, ifthere is any place outside of the South where I would rather live, itwould be Rochester. The nut proposition is in its infancy and we all believe, those of uswho are wholly nuts, that it will grow into a giant. We have a littlegiant in the south in the shape of the paper-shell pecan and we areexpecting that this Northern Nut Growers' Association will, within thenext few years, develop some varieties of nuts, or discover somevarieties of nuts, that are adapted to this northern climate and will dofor the northern states, the northern, eastern and western, what thepecan is promising to do and really is doing for the South. While not anative of the South I think I may extend the cordial greeting of theSouth to you in the North. There was a time when a northerner likemyself who moved into the South had just one name and that was a "damnedYankee", and a good many people through the South thought that was oneword, but that time has passed and they are welcoming in the South todaythe northerner who comes with an honest purpose of helping develop thatwonderful country. The day of bitterness is fast passing away, so Ibring to you not only the greetings of the southern nut growers, but ofthe South and I bring to the Mayor, and through the Mayor to thecitizens of this beautiful city, the greetings of the membership of thisassociation. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: I am very grateful to you for your consideration of myimpromptu request. THE MAYOR: I will promise to give an order to the policemen to crack nonuts while the nut growers' association is in town. As to the 18thamendment, I think that nuts are about the only vegetable that I know ofthat they are not making hootch out of at the present time. THE PRESIDENT: I feel that we have been particularly favored not only inreceiving an address of welcome from our Mayor, but also in having withus the President of our Chamber of Commerce, who has kindly consentedto come and welcome us also. It gives me distinct pleasure to call uponthe president of our Chamber of Commerce, Mr. James W. Gleason. MR. GLEASON: Mr. President and ladies and gentlemen: On behalf of theRochester Chamber of Commerce, I certainly want you to know that weappreciate the honor and privilege of having this convention held inRochester. I don't know of a convention that has come to Rochester thatshould be more welcome on account of the scientific nature of your workand the magnificent aims and purposes of your organization in extendingthe planting of trees and the culture of your product. I know the Mayorhas extended to you a welcome for the city but we have one citizen herein Rochester, Mr. George Eastman, of whom we are very proud because ofthe unselfish work that he has done, and in the work that you are doingyou can appreciate what he is doing in a larger way than is given tomost of us to be able to do. This week saw the opening of the famous newfive million dollar Eastman Theater, dedicated to the public, and Ibelieve the motto over the door is "For the enlargement of communitylife". Now, Mr. Eastman wants the people to consider this theater astheir own, and that means you, that means all of us here. He would liketo have the people from Rochester and the people from out of town takeadvantage of this magnificent structure, the wonderful orchestra, probably the finest thing of its kind in the world. I won't make an extended address but I can promise that if you can cometo the Chamber of Commerce we will make you all welcome. Thank you. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Weber of Cincinnati has kindly consented to make areply to your address. MR. WEBER: Mr. President and Mr. Gleason: We really know each other asold friends, for some years ago we had our convention here and we arevery glad to have it in your city again. Such bodies as yours, theChamber of Commerce, can further the activities of the Northern NutGrowers' Association and what it stands for in the North; which isdemonstrated by the exhibits shown on the table. I see at both ends ofthe table exhibits that show what can be done in this community inparticular in the way of nut growing. Right out behind us there is oneof the largest English walnut groves in this part of the country. Ithink it has 228 trees. The mistake the gentleman made who planted themwas that he didn't plant grafted trees. Had he planted grafted trees hewould have had a gold mine right there on his farm; Mr. Vollertsen, oneof your citizens, has begun an industry which in time may become anotherone for your Chamber of Commerce to look after. We appreciate your veryfine exhibits, we are glad to be here with you and thank you for youraddress of welcome. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: According to the program the next feature is yourpresident's address. I feel that it is unnecessary for me to evenattempt to add anything to what His Honor, the Mayor and PresidentGleason have said relative to our wonderful city. It is one of the greatcities of the world. THE SECRETARY: What is the population of Rochester? THE PRESIDENT: Over 300, 000. To Members of The Northern Nut Growers' Association: GREETINGS: Your President recommends that definite action be taken to the end ofincreasing our membership, to the still further end of exemplifying thetruth of the old saying that "in union there is strength. " More membersmean the spreading of our gospel over greatly increased areas thatshould be interested in nut culture. The present membership isapproximately 250, an increase of only 24 since the Lancaster Conventionin October last year. And while it is also an old and true saying that"self praise is no recommendation, " the fact remains that 18 of thesenew members were secured through my office. It has been suggested at previous conventions that a systematic campaignfor members can be perfected through organized co-operation by our StateVice-Presidents. I believe this to be the most efficacious mediumthrough which the greatly desired results can be obtained. Of many, I amsure, systems that can be employed to such end there are two that alwaysappeal to me as most desirable. Doubtless you all have thought of themat some time or other; in fact I have heard at previous conventionscasual mention of the second. But the first I have heard little ifanything of, and it is that effort should be exerted to interest womenmore actively in nut culture. We have a few women members. Why shouldn'tthere be as many women as men? I can think of no reason why thereshouldn't. I believe that women are just as competent as men to conductany feature of nut culture, with the possible exception of specificmanual labor. And I can think of no more delightful vocation for womenwho love the great and wonderful outdoors--and where is the woman whodoes not?--than nut culture, the cultivation of nut trees and bushes, beautiful things not only for the grace and beauty of trunk and limb, foliage and flower, but for their real substance, their fruit, nuts, oneof the most nutritious foods for human beings. More and more nuts arebeing consumed every day, and I venture to say that their consumption asa leading item in our dietary is only in its infancy. So I feel thathere is another opportunity for our women to demonstrate the justice ofher recent acquired suffrage in our national affairs. The other possible source of membership I have in mind is a systematiccampaign to enlist the interest and co-operation of school teachers. Just think of the possibilities of such a campaign. School teachers, every one, being the high-class people they necessarily are, wouldrespond finely, I'm sure, and serve as a most desirable medium throughwhich that very potent additional force can be reached, namely, thepupil. What parent would refuse a child's request to enable him or herto participate in the planting of a tree! Recently I cut out thefollowing little poem, by Charles A. Heath, from my old-home-townCanadian paper: THE MAN WHO LIKES A TREE I like a man who likes a tree, He's so much more of a man to me; For when he sees his blessing there, In some way, too, he wants to share Whatever gifts his own may be, In helping others, like a tree. For trees, you know, are friends indeed, They satisfy such human need; In summer shade, in winter fire, With flower and fruit meet all desire, And if a friend to man you'd be, You must befriend him like a tree. A beautiful sentiment, I know you will agree, and applicable to anytree, but especially so to nut trees, for the reason that they combineall the laudable qualities enumerated plus that of food--food forman--one of the very finest of foods for man. There are, of course, numerous other ways that can be employed to getnew members. Another I might mention is that of offering suitableprizes; but I urge you to action, definite and specific, along thisline, that our Association may better ably execute the worthy ambitionsin which it was founded in 1910. Then, again, more members mean more money. With more money we can getalong faster. "Procrastination is the thief of time, " you know. I trustthat real action will be taken at this convention to the end ofincreasing our membership to at least one thousand by the time of the1923 convention. It can be done--yes, easily. If only each member wouldpledge himself or herself to get three new members during the year the1923 convention would find us with the desired membership; and I am surethat a considerable excess would be found on the roll at that time. Also, increased membership is desirable to the end of increasingsubscriptions to, and widening the scope of our official organ, TheAmerican Nut Journal, the only publication of the kind in the country. Under the able editorship of that Roman, one of our most earnest andintelligent members, Mr. Ralph T. Olcott, it is a power for good in theinterests of nut culture. It can be made an even greater power with amaterially increased subscription list, and I know that I speak for myfriend, Olcott, when I say that he is ready and willing to expand theJournal's columns as will be required, of course, by the expansion ofnut culture--I believe I voice the general sentiment of our membershipwhen I say that no more welcome messenger comes to us each month thanthe American Nut Journal. Another recommendation I am going to offer is, that the associationconsider the advisability of establishing a nursery at a point agreed onas best adapted for the propagating and nursing of such nut trees andbushes as it endorses as suitable and desirable for the area of countrynaturally governing the origin of our title--Northern Nut Growers'Association. This recommendation germinated in my thought from a casualremark made to me recently by our esteemed member, Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger, while I was a visitor at her charming summer home, Brooks Grove. Viewingher nursery of several thousand black walnut seedlings she casuallymentioned that she would be very happy to present to any one desirous ofplanting such trees any consistent number he or she desired. As mythought dwelt on the expression of such a splendidly magnanimous natureI began to wonder, if a lady was willing to perform such a noble act, why should not the association elaborate on the worthy plan along thelines I have suggested. And with more members, and, thereby, more money, we can do it. Then The Northern Nut Growers' Association will be doing areal thing, something tangible, something that will attract new membersin a way nothing else would, because people would then be able to seethe living evidence of the practicability of our ideals. We could startin a small way, and grow. After long and earnest thought on the subjectI came to the conclusion that it was worthy of our consideration. From Mrs. Ellwanger's reference to "Johnny Appleseed" I believe that shefound precedent for her nut tree nursery initiative in the work ofinestimable value to posterity done by that same worthy. If the legendbe true, he worked with much happiness of heart, but not more so thanthat of Mrs. Ellwanger, I am sure you will agree, when I tell you thatmany of her nursery trees are growing from nuts she garnered fromroadside and field trees manifesting some exceptional trait, orindicating rare strain. And I cannot refrain from urging action to the end of influencing ourother states to pattern after good old Michigan in our effort to enactlegislation, as she has done, providing for planting our roadsides withnut-bearing trees. It is something tangible, like this, that reallycounts. I believe that it is a fundamental of life, and living, thatprecedent, pro or con, is invaluable as governing subsequent actionalong similar lines. Here we have, in Michigan's action, a most worthyprecedent, and I can think of no good reason why OUR other states shouldnot do likewise. And I believe that this association, functioningefficiently, can exert the necessary influence to bring about a similarcondition in OUR other states. My emphasis of the word OUR means TheNorthern Nut Growers' Association's states, you know. I just wish to mention in passing that the author and collaborator, respectively, of the Michigan roadside planting of nut trees legislationare our esteemed members, Senator Harvey A. Penny and the Hon. WilliamS. Linton, both of Saginaw, Mich. In closing I desire to refer to our wealth, as an association, inscientific lore. The association is particularly well equipped in havinga faculty, so to speak, than which there is none better in thecountry--yes, the world--in whose hands our recommendations, to theplanter of nut trees, can be entrusted with absolute safety. For genuinescientific research in nut culture of the northern states thisassociation stands singly and alone. This tribute is born of vividremembrance of the really scientific work done by several of our worthymembers, notably, Jones, Bixby, Morris, Deming and Vollertsen. Them, especially, I salute. (Applause. ) * * * * * MR. OLCOTT: With reference to the suggestions in the President'saddress, why wouldn't it be desirable to refer them to a committee toreport upon and take any action that may be desired? THE PRESIDENT: I believe, Mr. Olcott, that is a good suggestion. MR. OLCOTT: I move that the President's address be referred to a specialcommittee to consider and report at a later meeting in respect to thesuggestions made and the plans for carrying them out. Motion seconded bythe Secretary and carried. Committee appointed: The President, Mr. Olcott, Dr. Deming, Mr. Bixbyand Mr. Jones, to report Friday evening. THE PRESIDENT: The next feature of our proceeding is the report of oursecretary, Dr. William C. Deming of Hartford, Conn. THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, I beg to say that the secretary has noformal report; but I have a number of items that will be of interest tothe association which we can take up at this time if you think best. Ithink first should be taken up the notices of two members who have diedthis year, both of whom were very prominently connected with nutgrowing, Dr. Walter Van Fleet and Col. C. K. Sober. I will read a noticeof Dr. Van Fleet's death which has been especially prepared for us byMr. Mulford of the United States Department of Agriculture. DR. WALTER VAN FLEET In the death of Dr. Walter Van Fleet on January 26, 1922, the UnitedStates has lost one of the greatest plant breeders in its history, andgarden rose growers an ardent advocate and sincere friend. Since a ladhe had been interested in these lines of work and the products of hisunremitting and painstaking energy, combined with unlimited patience, are known by garden lovers all over the country, as well as in Europe. Rosarians naturally know him best by his roses, of which there weremany, among them that splendid variety that bears his name, as well assuch others as Silver Moon, American Pillar, and Alida Lovett. Manymore are still in the trial grounds of the United States Department ofAgriculture at Bell Station, one of which, christened Miss Mary Wallace, will be available in two or three years. The ideal rose for which he was striving, in all his later work atleast, was a garden rose with foliage that would compare inhealthfulness and disease resistance with the best of the rose species, that would be hardy under ordinary garden culture, and that would be acontinuous bloomer. His experience taught him what would be likely togive the desired results, but often he could not come directly to theends sought. For example, when he wanted to combine the characters ofsome newly found species with the Hybrid Tea roses, he would often findthe two could not be crossed directly with one another. He would thenseek some other rose that would combine with the new species, withoutchanging the characteristics which he wished to preserve, after which hewould grow the resulting hybrids and cross them with the hybrid tea. Sometimes he would need to make another cross before he could get theseedlings for which he was striving. When it is realized that each crossof this kind would take from three to five years before he could takethe next step an idea is gained of the patience required. Sometimes theresults of these crosses would be infertile, producing neither perfectpistil nor viable pollen, as in the case of a handsome scarlet rugosagrowing in the National Rose Test Garden which he was unable to use forfurther breeding on this account. His great love of his work is shown in his having given up a successfulmedical practice in 1891 to devote all his time to plant breeding. Hedid this, even though he had taken a post graduate course in medicine atthe Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1886-7, after havinggraduated at the Hahneman Medical College in the same city in 1880. Hisfirst work after this change was primarily with the gladiolus on a farmbetween Alexandria and Mount Vernon, Va. The soil was not adapted to hispurpose so he abandoned it and went from there about 1892 to the Conardand Jones Company of West Grove, Pa. , then to Little Silver, N. J. , andin 1897 to the Ruskin Colony in western Tennessee as the colonyphysician. In 1899 he became associated with the Rural New Yorker and lived atLittle Silver, N. J. , where he continued his breeding work on his ownplace. As associate editor for the following ten years and as writer ofthe column of "Ruralisms" in this paper he has left much valuableinformation on plant life and plant growing. From 1902 to 1910 he wasalso Vice-President of the Rural Publishing Company. While at LittleSilver he was breeding fruits, roses, chesnuts, lilies, freesias, azaleas, and other ornamentals. In 1909 he went to the Plant Introduction Gardens of the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, at Chico, Cal. As the climate did not agreewith his wife, he remained at Chico but a year and moved to Washington, D. C. , where his official work was with drug plants and chestnuts, buthis own time was largely devoted to breeding work with a wide range ofother plants, a continuation of much of the work he had been doing atLittle Silver. The move to Chico, Cal. , resulted in a great loss to hisbreeding work. Some of his material was left at Little Silver, much ofit died in the uncongenial climate at Chico, and other promising plantswere lost in the long shipment across the continent, both going andcoming. In 1916 he was transferred to the office of Horticultural andPomological Investigations where he was permitted to devote himself toplant breeding along such lines as looked promising to him, while at thesame time he continued his work with chestnuts and chinquapins and a fewdrug plants. Dr. Van Fleet was born at Piermont, N. Y. , June 18, 1857. His earlyyears were spent on a farm but later he lived at Williamsport, Pa. Inearly life he made a study of birds, his first book being "BirdPortraits, " published in 1888, apparently being a reprint of magazinearticles, one of which dates back to 1876. He was also a successfultaxidermist, having studied under Maynard, and trained several of theleading taxidermists of his generation, including Charles H. Eldon ofWilliamsport, Pa. At nineteen he spent a year in Brazil, first connectedwith a party constructing a railroad around some of the rapids of theupper Amazon, and later in connection with the Thomas scientificexpedition collecting birds and plants. August 7, 1883, he married Sarah C. Heilman of Watsontown, Pa. , who wasassociated with him in his medical practice and in his breeding work, and has been a sympathetic and helpful companion, and who survives him. His was a most lovable personality. Those who came into contact with himday after day appreciated best his sterling qualities. He was kindly andconsiderate and nothing was too much trouble, and yet he had anintolerance of hypocrisy and cant that was almost violent. He wassteadfast of purpose and there is nothing that shows this better thanhis lifelong work in plant breeding and the ruthless manner in which herooted out his inferior seedlings as soon as he felt them to bevalueless. His likes and dislikes were strong. Above all, he was modestand retiring in the extreme. He not only avoided, but shunned publicity. He avoided the outdoor meetings of the American Rose Society in theNational Rose Test Garden as much from the fear of publicity that we, his friends, could not refrain from giving him, as for any other reason. He regretted in his later years that he had given up, during hiseditorial career, the little public speaking that he had previously doneand had gotten so out of practice that, with his disposition, he couldnot again take it up. He was an amateur musician with a thorough knowledge of orchestral andband instruments, harmony, theory, and orchestration but during the lastfew years none but intimate frequenters of his home had the privilegeof hearing him, although until within the last two or three years heoften played the violin. In 1918 he was awarded the George Robert White Medal of Honor foreminent services in horticulture by the Massachusetts HorticulturalSociety, probably the greatest honor that can come to a horticulturistin this country. He had also been awarded three medals for the rose MissMary Wallace, a gold medal by the American Rose Society, a gold medal bythe City of Portland, Oregon, and a silver trophy by the Portland(Oregon) Rose Society. He was associate editor of the magazine"Genetics" at the time of his death. * * * * * Although he was an honorary member of the association I think very fewof us knew that he had such varied activities in his life as this littlebiography tells us he had. The death of Dr. Van Fleet has been a greatloss to American horticulture and nut growing. Also during the year Colonel Sober has died. Colonel Sober, as you know, was a man who had made a very great success of growing the Paragonchestnut. His was the first commercial success in nut growing in theNorth. Then the blight came along and wiped out his industry. TheColonel was loath to admit for a long time that he had the blight orthat his trees were not immune and that his nut growing was going to bea failure on account of the blight. I have no biography of Colonel Soberto read but one was published in the American Nut Journal for August. THE PRESIDENT: I feel that we ought to make some record here of ourfeeling for these two men. I knew them both personally. I met Dr. VanFleet at Washington two years ago and Colonel Sober seven years ago whenthe convention was held here. I had a great deal of correspondence withColonel Sober. I think that we should adopt a resolution now and sendcopies of it to the families of these two deceased gentlemen to let themknow the high regard in which this association held them as members andmen. MR. O'CONNOR: I make that motion. THE SECRETARY: I second that motion and ask that the President appoint acommittee on resolutions, which will also cover any other resolutionsthat may be necessary during the course of the meeting. (See Appendix for Report of Committee on Resolutions. ) THE PRESIDENT: I will appoint on that committee Dr. Morris, Mr. Patterson, Dr. Deming, Mr. Jones and Mr. Rick. THE SECRETARY: I have still a number of things here that will take up agood deal of time. I don't know that it is particularly interesting toany one outside of the association but I have a letter that I think isinteresting to the members, especially those who have attempted chestnutculture, from Mr. G. F. Gravatt, assistant pathologist, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, in which he says as follows: As you may be asked questions at the Northern Nut Growers' Associationmeeting at Rochester regarding chestnut blight work of the Office ofForest Pathology I am sending the following letter: By means of short field trips and correspondents I am keeping up in ageneral way with the spread of the chestnut blight. The disease issteadily spreading southward and westward. Infections are now known inseven counties in Ohio and thirteen counties in North Carolina. There isevery reason to expect that the disease will ultimately cover the rangeof the native chestnut and chinquapin. In Ohio several orchards have been reported as infected by Stateauthorities. The blight is now present on native and planted chestnut ina number of localities in the Northwest quarter of that state. Stateauthorities have reported one orchard in Indiana as infected. It is evident that chestnut orchards located in the middle west are indanger of becoming infected with the blight. The most important means ofspread to localities outside of the range of native chestnut are bychestnut poles and lumber products, and by infected chestnut nurserytrees. Owners of chestnut orchards should keep on the watch for thedisease and any suspicious specimens will be gladly identified. There is some disagreement among pathologists as to the practicabilityof controlling chestnut blight in orchards located outside of the rangeof native chestnut or in localities within the range of the nativegrowth where the native trees are very scattering, such as in many partsof Ohio. My personal opinion is that the orchardist thoroughly familiar with thedisease who will systematically inspect his trees, properly remove anyinfection as soon as it becomes visible and who has eliminated thesources of new infection in his neighborhood has a good chance ofsuccess. Control of the disease in some orchards is being tried out andI am desirous of getting in touch with other chestnut orchardists whohave infected trees. The chestnut breeding work at Bell, Md. , started by Dr. Van Fleet, isbeing continued. Mr. Reed is looking after points relating to culture, quality of nuts, productions, etc. , while I am looking after thehybridization and disease work. The Chinese chestnut seems to be themost resistant to the disease though a number of trees of this specieshave been killed primarily by the blight. A number of reports of chestnut blight becoming less virulent have beeninvestigated but in all cases the reports were incorrect. ProfessorGraves is continuing his observations on resistant trees around New YorkCity. That, I think, summarizes the chestnut blight situation very well. I have a letter from Mr. Reed from China; it is a long letter and I willonly read from it one or two extracts which tell why he was sent toChina: My task is that of obtaining a summary of the so-called "Manchurian"walnut industry of this country. So many walnuts from here are beingdelivered in the States each year that our own industry is considerablyaffected. The extent of production, its present rate of growth and itsprobable character and magnitude ten years hence are things our ownpeople needed to know. So serious is the situation that Thorp, managerof the California Association left San Francisco for over here more thantwo months ago to get a short general glimpse, then to go to Europeanpoints for the same purpose. The consuls here have reported that no walnuts are grown in Manchuria, except in half wild, low-grade, scattered product which is assembled insmall quantities only and probably not exported. The exported nuts aremainly from the provinces of Chihli, Shantung, Shansi and Honan. Tientsin and Hankow are the chief points of export. * * * * * Mr. Reed expects to be back about Thanksgiving time. We miss Mr. Reedvery much here at the conventions because he is the Governmentrepresentative of the nut industry. He has a wider general knowledge ofthe nut industry in the United States than any other man. In connection with the suggestions that our President has made, I thinkI ought to call the attention of the association again to the address ofDean Watts that he delivered at the convention last year in Lancaster. (This address, entitled "A National Programme for the Promotion of NutCulture, " will be found on page 80 of the report of the proceedings atthe twelfth annual meeting. ) I have brought here a cluster of burrs from some chinkapin bushes thathave been growing in Elizabeth Park, Hartford, for 23 years. They areloaded with nuts and although attacked by the blight, the fact of theirbeing there so many years shows how resistant they are. I have also someclusters of burrs from chinkapin bushes in my own garden. They bore afull crop the second year from transplanting. MR. O'CONNOR: Before I forget it, I want to say a word in regard tochinkapins. Right close to where I live there was a fire swept throughthe place and burned them down to the roots. But they have come up fromthe roots and are full of chinkapins at the present time; I have seenwhere the blight has hit them and they died back to the ground and theyhave shot up new shoots again and are bearing. The chinkapin is a comingnut; the school children are looking for them like I used to look forthe butternuts in the early days. THE PRESIDENT: That is very interesting information, Mr. O'Connor, and Iam very glad you have stated it. THE SECRETARY: Mr. Wycoff of Aurora, N. Y. , has brought here a littlebranch containing two well developed Indiana pecans grown on a graftedtree. I think that is the first instance in which a grafted pecan treeof the Indiana variety has borne in the North. Mr. Snyder says he hasfruited a Witte pecan at his place. A number of us have been striving tomake the record for first bearing of a grafted "Indiana" pecan tree inthe North. Mr. Wycoff has won it. Mr. O'Connor, I think, has brought with him a number of branches ofpecans grown in Maryland. MR. O'CONNOR: I have some hazels and also some chinkapins. THE SECRETARY: Have you any pecans fruiting down there this year? MR. O'CONNOR: Several nights of frost hurt us pretty bad this spring. Wehave one tree that has got a few pecans on this year; last year the sametree had over a hundred; this year it hasn't got more than a dozen, butit promises to have a heavy crop next year. THE PRESIDENT: What variety of pecans? MR. O'CONNOR: If I am not mistaken, it is the Indiana. There are severaltrees that promise to bear heavily next year. In the spring we had asevere frost for seven nights in succession and that hurt our treespretty bad. We are in the frost belt down there. Last year we didn'thave any apples or peaches; this year we have some apples and somepeaches but the grapes were severely hurt by the frost, also there arevery few walnuts on the trees this year. MR. CORSAN: From traveling around as much as I do I can vouch for thatgentleman's statement in regard to the frost. I was up in the extremenorthern part of the United States, northern New York, and I never sawsuch a crop of hickory nuts in my life and I have gathered nuts since Iam able to remember. I have also seen more peaches up in Ontario andeven north of Ontario. When you talk about frost and the South havingsuch an advantage over the North, it is entirely wrong; I have had thatidea knocked out of me for a good many years. THE SECRETARY: I wish also to say that I brought here a small branchfrom the Hartford pecan tree bearing two nuts. The Hartford pecan treeis undoubtedly the largest pecan tree in the North. It is about ten feetin circumference, over seventy-five feet high and has a very largespread. I will ask Mr. Weber if he will give us the account again of thefinding of that black walnut in the river and tell us the result of hisinvestigation. MR. WEBER: Whenever I come across a black walnut I want to open it upand see what it looks like inside. Following that custom when I found awalnut that had lodged against the dyke north of the central part of thecity, I was surprised when I opened it because the partitions were verythin, like an English walnut. Later on I found another similar nutlodged against the dyke of the river about a quarter of a mile along. Then through a statement in the paper and an advertising campaign wetried to locate the tree. Finally we got the name of a man in Floyd, Va. , who said he knew of the existence of such a tree, but a few yearspreviously they had cleared the land and it had been cut down. So thatfinished that. But he gave me the name of the man who had owned theplace and said that there were some other trees that had originatedthere and that they were bearing. It is down in Virginia at the extremewestern end and off the railroad and rather hard to get to. I thoughtpossibly on my way home I would get there this trip. THE SECRETARY: As an example of nut enthusiasm here is the corporationcounsel of the city of Cincinnati, who on his walks abroad picks up nutsthat he finds and examines them. He finds one on the dyke of the riverthat he considers remarkable and in conjunction with the president ofthis association conducts an advertising campaign in the watershed ofthe river where that nut was found in order to locate the tree, andsucceeds eventually in doing so. Mr. President, here is a communication which I received in July from theSecretary of the American Pomological Society inviting us to become amember. I didn't feel that I had the authority to send him a check forten dollars, but I would like to put before the association the questionas to whether we ought not to make this association a member of theAmerican Pomological Society. I would ask, Mr. President, that you putthat matter up for discussion, if you think it is of sufficientimportance. THE PRESIDENT: I do, Mr. Secretary, and think it would materially helpin gaining names in our plans for increasing the membership if we wereable to say we were a member of that society. What do you suggestrelative to the procedure in that connection? THE SECRETARY: I think all that is necessary is the motion by somemember that the treasurer be authorized to take out a membership for theassociation in the American Pomological Society. BY A MEMBER: I so move. They will know we are in existence and if wetake an interest in their work they will take an interest in ours. Motion duly seconded and carried. THE PRESIDENT: Your reference to Mr. Reed reminds me that prior to hisreceiving orders to go to China, he and Mrs. Reed both had promised tocome and make addresses at this convention; Mrs. Reed on the subject ofnuts as a food and Mr. Reed with a fine exhibit and also an illustratedlecture. He wrote me quite fully just before going saying he was awfullysorry that he could not be here. With reference to the Secretary'sremarks regarding Dean Watts, I had the privilege of meeting Dean Wattslast year at Lancaster and I think his ideas are very much along thesame line relative to increasing our membership and improving ourfinancial condition so that we can do real things. I had a letter fromMr. Littlepage early in the season and he expected to be here. Then hefinally wrote me and said it would be absolutely impossible for him tocome but he was sending his able lieutenant, Mr. O'Connor. I wasbeginning to feel a little worried this morning that perhaps Dr. Morrismight not be able to get here but I was very happy a few minutes ago tosee the Doctor come in and now I feel considerably more comfortablebecause he is a great aid and help at these conventions. Is thereanything further, Mr. Secretary, that you have in mind? THE SECRETARY: I just want to call your attention to the exhibits; theyreally hardly need any one to call attention to them, but I would liketo mention especially the exhibits at the two ends of the table. The oneat the further end of the table by Mr. Dunbar of the Department of Parksof Rochester is really a very remarkable exhibit, especially from ascientific point of view. (See list of exhibits in appendix. ) At thisend of the table is a splendid exhibition of filberts grown in Rochesterin Mr. McGlennon's filbert nursery under the direction of Mr. Vollertsen; it needs no word of praise from any one, it speaks foritself. Also I call your attention to these three English walnut treesin pots, each one bearing fully developed nuts, which were grown by Mrs. Ellwanger. Last of all I will mention again the cluster of Indianapecans brought here by Mr. Wycoff of Aurora. MR. DUNBAR: Dr. Deming didn't tell us about the Chinese chestnuts thatare fruiting--the castanea mollissima. THE SECRETARY: Dr. Morris has had them fruiting for a number of years. Idon't know whether any others have or not. DR. MORRIS: They fruit very well and are a good hardy nut. They are onlimestone land. THE SECRETARY: It is a very interesting nut. MR. CORSAN: Out of twelve varieties of chestnuts that I planted on myplace it is the only one that died. I got them in Washington. I lookedafter them probably too well. I will try them again to be certain theyhad no climatic reason for dying. It is very strange that that chestnutdidn't grow. Nobody near me grows chestnuts so I can cultivate them fora good many years without any worry about blight. DR. MORRIS: I doubt if the blight amounts to much with you. It iscarried by migrating birds. Some birds will take the blight north andour friends in Canada will finally have it, so cheer up, the worst isyet to come, but it will be a good many years. MR. CORSAN: The blight has got to the extreme northern part of thechestnut growth, that is, to the top of Lake George. The chestnutdoesn't go a quarter of a mile beyond Silver Bay. DR. MORRIS: I have found chestnut trees in Quebec. PROFESSOR NIELSON: Speaking of the range of nut trees, I have seen thehazelnut in the Saskatchewan several hundred miles north of theinternational boundary and at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. THE PRESIDENT: That is very interesting to me for about the time that westarted in experimenting with filberts I received a letter from an oldfriend of mine in Canada, Mr. Edward Kennedy; he stated that he believedthe hazelnut or filbert would do very well in the Canadian Northwest. Atthat time we were in the nursery business and were finding it difficultfor our general nursery stock to survive the severe winters in theCanadian Northwest. Mr. Kennedy thought that from his observation of thefilbert throughout that country it was the one item in the nurseryman'slist that would do very well there. DR. MORRIS: In that connection I would like to say that I have seen thehazelnut growing as far north as Hudson Bay and it is very hard todistinguish it from the elm. The hazelnuts grow to a height of fromtwenty to twenty-five feet and the elm comes down to about that height. The leaves look so much alike that I found myself looking for hazelnutsunder an elm tree. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Patterson told me that while fishing on one of thestreams near Albany he had found some of the common hazelnuts in fruit. I have sent down to some of my friends at Albany some of our filbertplants to see how they might do there and the reports up to the presenttime have been altogether favorable. My thought up to the present timehas been that perhaps the climate there is a little too hot. The next item on our program is the report of the treasurer, Mr. WillardG. Bixby of Baldwin, N. Y. NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION _In Account With_ WILLARD G. BIXBY, _Treasurer_ _Receipts:_ From annual members, including joint subscription to American Nut Journal $222. 25 From contributing members, including joint subscription to American Nut Journal 80. 00 From contributions 357. 50 From advertising in report 5. 35 From sale of reports 12. 00 From sale of Bulletin No. 5 8. 58 $685. 68 ------ From Life Membership W. L. Linton 50. 00 ------ $735. 68 Deficit September 1, 1922: Balance Special Hickory Prize $25. 00 Balance Life Memberships 95. 00 Deficit for regular expenses 176. 87 Net deficit 56. 87 ------ $792. 55 _Expenditures:_ American Nut Journal--their portion of joint subscription $74. 00 1921 Convention 71. 46 Printing report 12th meeting 212. 19 Printing and stationery 142. 82 Nut contest 111. 01 Postage and express 5. 00 $616. 48 ------ Deficit October 1, 1921: Balance Special Hickory Prize $25. 00 Balance Life Memberships 45. 00 Deficit for regular expenses 246. 07 Net deficit 176. 07 ------ $792. 55 The work of the treasurer for the past year has not been satisfactory tohim. The amount of attention he has been able to give it has been much lessthan he had hoped. While supposed to be retired with nothing to doexcept just what he wants to this is far from the facts. While it istrue that in 1919 he did retire from business, in which he had spentpractically all of his time since leaving school, he has never been ableto retire entirely and is still president of one corporation andvice-president of two. In the case of one of these the conditions underwhich it operated have changed so entirely that he has had practicallyto get back into business and the work of the association has had to besandwiched in as best it could and at times has had scant attention. Hadit not been for Mrs. Bixby's help on the work of the treasurer proper, he would have had to resign. There is a deficit[1] shown by the treasurer's report although less thanthat of a year ago. The attempt to induce a rather large proportion ofour members to become contributing members, paying $5. 00 per year asmembership fee, including subscription to the American Nut Journal, hasbeen reasonably successful, about one-quarter of our receipts ofmembership fees being from this source. The real difficulty, however, isthat our total membership is not sufficient to enable receipts from duesto pay expenses. In every year, for a good many years, receipts fromcontributions have been about equal to those from dues and apparentlythat condition will have to continue until our membership is doubled, unless the activity of the association is materially reduced, whichcourse seems inadvisable to your treasurer. [1] This was wiped out at the meeting by contributions and guarantee ofnew membership which more than equalled the amount of the deficit. The results of the nut contest the past year have been unsatisfactory. The nut crop was a failure over quite a portion of the country coveredby the association. The number of nuts sent in was not over one-tenthof those received in 1920 and no nuts of notable excellence werereceived. Were it not for the fact that this year promises to be a greatyear for nuts in the northeastern United States, one might think thatthe nut contests had outlived their usefulness. They have, however, brought us so many good nuts and are so comparatively inexpensive thatyour treasurer would not want to give them up yet. During the past year an earnest effort was made by the treasurer to getnew members by getting nurserymen to enclose in their catalogs circularsregarding the association as well as membership application blanks, over$100. 00 being expended on this item. The nurserymen on the accreditedlist responded heartily. The results, however, were far from being assatisfactory as a year ago when the literature sent out by thenurserymen simply called attention to bulletin No. 5. Literatureregarding the association and membership application blanks wereinserted in bulletin No. 5 and between five and ten per cent. Of thosewho received bulletin No. 5 became members, the number beingconsiderably greater than those from similar efforts this year. This shows conclusively that direct appeals, unless there is personalitybehind them, do not have much force. A year ago bulletin No. 5 in thepossession of one interested enough to purchase it, supplied thepersonality and gave force to the appeal that was lacking this year. Thirty-eight new members have joined the association since the lastreport, making 561 since organization, of whom we have 249 at present, making 312 who have resigned, or dropped out, or have been removed bydeath. The additional members obtained this year are largely due to thepersonal efforts of the president and those in his office. During the past year we have lost by death our only honorary member, Dr. Walter Van Fleet of the United States Department of Agriculture, and onelife member, Col. C. K. Sober of Lewisburg, Penn. Respectfully submitted, WILLARD G. BIXBY, _Treas. _ * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: I feel that we have got to get busy and get some moremembers and more money. At nearly every convention a deficit isreported; it ought to be the other way, and it can be. We will allagree, I believe, those of us who are in the habit of attending theseconventions, that they resolve themselves largely into meetings of amutual admiration society. Outside of Dr. Deming, Mr. Bixby and one ortwo others, there is very little thought given to this associationduring the year except immediately prior to the convention. Of course, we can't get ahead very far that way. Ever since I have been activelyconnected with this association I have given first thought to the matterof membership and the improvement of our finances. I do hope that atthis convention some definite and specific action will be taken so thata year from now there will be a decided increase of members, because Iam confident we can do it if we put our shoulders to the wheel. Then wewill have a surplus instead of a deficit. As I said in my paper thismorning, the association is engaged in scientific work, but we are notgoing to get very far along unless we have more money, and we can't getmore money unless we get more members. We ought to put our shoulders tothe wheel and pull this association up to a membership that is worthy ofits title. If each member would get from three to five new membersduring the year we would have a membership in the neighborhood of athousand another year and that would give us a surplus of money. I hopethat definite action will be taken at this convention to stimulate thatdevelopment of the association. If any of the other members haveanything to say on that subject I would be very glad to hear from them. MR. OLCOTT: I think that the membership is really one of the mostimportant things for this association to consider. But I do not think itwould be well to go away from this convention with only the idea thateach member should try to get three or four others. That is all verywell and it would mean considerable IF they would do it. I think thereare enough business men here and brains enough here so that if thismatter were referred to a good big committee that would spend some timeon it, and before we go would report some definite way of stimulatinginterest in nut culture and in this association, that it would bring themembership up to a point where it could accomplish something in abusiness way. It is not a matter for individual action but a matter forassociation action. It needs publicity and a good comprehensive plan. The money will come as more members come. The wider knowledge of whatthis association is doing for an active membership would make a biggermembership. If you will remember President Linton suggested that eachstate should provide twenty-five to fifty members; it does seem asthough there should be twenty-five or fifty members, men and women, ineach one of the twenty or so northern states. If there were fifty thereis a thousand members in the twenty states. He pledged, I believe, twenty-five names from Michigan on his own account; I don't know whetherhe made good or not but the plan is good to aim at fifty members in eachof twenty states. MR. SPENCER: I am very much interested in the production of nut treeslargely as a matter of curiosity. My home is in Decatur, Ill. Illinoishas 56, 000 square miles, 30, 000 square miles of that state are, or were, covered with hard wood timber. In Bureau County the hickory, the hazel, the walnut and butternut grow with a great deal of vigor; less than twoblocks from me there is an ordinary sweet chestnut brought from the Eastby a gentleman a great many years ago. I measured it last fall and it issix feet nine inches in circumference, it has a spread of about sixtyfeet and it is about seventy-five feet high. The neighbors told me thatthey got a bushel of chestnuts every year off that one tree. I presumeif they took better care of it and gave it some fertilization they wouldget more than that. I happen to be the chairman of the tree committee ofthe Bird and Tree Club. The city of Decatur purchased 42 trees andplanted them in seven parks of the city of Decatur; members of the Birdand Tree Club came to me for advice and last year I placed 114 trees forthem. They placed a number of trees with the Oberlin Conservatory ofMusic, chestnut trees, and they planted them on the campus. I believethat persons who are associated with different clubs would take up thematter of nut growing. That means that you can interest the children andif you can interest the children then you get the parents interested. InMacon County alone the county surveyor told me there are 20, 000 acres ofground that are absolutely worthless except for pasture because theyform bluff land along the Sangamon river. It isn't a large stream, Isuppose down here you would call it a creek, but the city has put a damacross the river and trees were planted. I tried to create a sentimentto have that shore planted with nut trees instead of ash and elm and thevarious trees that can bear nothing but leaves, but the hardest thing inthe world is to start a new idea. An ordinary crop of nuts after a tree commences bearing is worth a greatdeal more than a crop of wheat or oats and in the meantime you can usethe ground under it if you want to. Now these are simply my individual efforts in Macon County to get peopleinterested in nut-bearing trees. It is a hard road and I am like someother people, I don't like to be pointed out as a crank, but I am prettynear that on this subject. With the co-operation of Mr. Reed a year agoI delivered an address, illustrated with pictures that were supplied bythe Bureau of Plant Industry, on the subject of "The Value of the NutTrees for Shade and Food, " with the idea of having farm homes madebeautiful by trees and attractive by the fruits thereof to keep thechildren home. Last year I delivered an address on "Nut Trees andRoadside Planting, " also illustrated by pictures sent me by Mr. Reed andthrough the courtesy of McMillan & Company I reproduced picturesdescribing Dr. Morris's new way of grafting. If you will take stepsalong those lines and work through the Bird and Tree Clubs and get thechildren interested I believe you could do something toward spreadingthe gospel of nut culture. I thank you for your attention. (Applause. ) MR. CORSAN: As to getting new members, I am ashamed to say that since Ijoined in 1912, I just got one new member actually into the club andthat was Dr. Kellogg. I interested hundreds of people but he was theonly person I got in. The only way to do is to step right up and ask aman for his money as soon as you give him the proposition. Now that iswhere I fail. I struck Mr. MacDonald, the permanent Boy Scout Director, 200 Fifth avenue, New York City. He is very enthusiastic but he hasn'tcome in as a member. Then the Overseer of the Boy Scouts, a tall youngfellow with sandy hair and a good complexion, I have forgotten his name, but he is a splendid fellow. He was enthusiastic but he hasn't come inas a member. I met Mr. McLean of the Orphan's Home and he is going tohave the Orphan's Home planted with nut trees, but he didn't join thesociety. I suppose I didn't beg them enough. I suppose I should say, "Give your money to me right now, immediately, and let me send it overto Mr. Bixby. " I think that would be the best method of getting in newmembers. Then they will read the literature and keep in touch with theassociation. I must confess downright negligence for not getting membersinto the association. I thought we were a kind of a rich gang and don'tneed money. But we have got to have money in order to get people intothe idea of growing nut trees. THE PRESIDENT: What seems to be the objection? MR. CORSAN: No objection at all except I had that fault of not gatheringin their membership while I was speaking to them upon the possibilitiesof nut culture. THE PRESIDENT: If you don't get some members in this year there will betrouble! MR. CORSAN: Why not give a tree with every new membership so that themember can plant a nut tree on his own farm, and the Boy Scouts and alsothe Girl Scouts would come into this thing, too, as the tall gentlemanfrom Decatur has said. MR. PATTERSON: I should like to tell you what happens in our associationin the south of Georgia. For a number of years our treasurer has come upwith a deficit each year. The only practical way that we have found inthe southern nut growers' association for increasing our membership andgetting additional funds is to do it by subscriptions taken at themeeting. Let each man pledge so many members and turn over the money tothe treasurer to pay up for the members that he has pledged. Then lethim go out and get the members to reimburse himself. In that way we haveincreased our membership very much. I do not say that that is the waythat it should be handled here but that is the only way we have found ofsolving the problem. MR. TAYLOR: I represent the Northern Apple Growers' Exchange. We want toget people who grow apples into our association and the first thing ofall is to get them interested. You first have to attract the attentionof a man, your prospective member, and then you have to arouse hisinterest and you have to create a desire. We found that in order toattract his attention a circularization of people who were eligible formembership accomplished a great deal. These people were circularized, given little bits of information here and there, not the informationthat was given the members as a rule, not to that extent, but they weregiven a certain lot of information from time to time to let them knowthat the Apple Growers' Exchange was there. After a while they wereapproached personally and if they said "No" we continued circularizingthem a little while longer along a different line. Finally, when wethought we had gotten them to a point where they were interested, theproblem was to get them properly signed up. So we then made a drive forthose particular individuals by showing them what they could personallyget out of it. After he had joined our problem was to hold him, to keephim interested until he became enthusiastic. Unless you keep theminterested they are liable to cool off, and once they are cooled off itis almost impossible to get them interested again. We find the memberswho have gone out are the hardest to get back. A way of keeping that newmember in, and helping him to feel that he is a potent factor in theorganization, might be by having some sort of a special communicationwith him at the time he joins, or at the next meeting of theassociation. I know that in California that is the way they work it. Keep members informed, not merely with reports of proceedings but withsomething like an occasional sheet or two on the latest thing that isgoing on, especially for the new members. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: I would like to have any other suggestions. Dr. Morris, have you anything to say? DR. MORRIS: No, I have been doing a lot of thinking. THE PRESIDENT: It seems to me it is the one vital thing for us toconsider. We have got to increase our membership. MR. OLCOTT: Apropos of the remarks of Dr. Taylor comes the question ofthe desirability of giving a prospective member something for his money. Our first problem is to interest someone to the extent of membership andthen to keep him after we get him. Those are problems that requirethought. I think the President in his address suggested that theassociation produce young nut trees to be given away to someone toplant, to interest that someone and others who see it. Would you givehim another tree at renewal time? THE PRESIDENT: That was the idea. MR. OLCOTT: The renewal proposition with trees selling at $2. 50 to $3. 00apiece would be pretty expensive for the association--for a member topay us $2. 00 and get a tree for nothing. My personal idea has been thatthere should be a state organization in every one of the northernstates, subsidiary to this association; that each association have itsmonthly meeting, or maybe quarterly or annual, taking in those whocannot find it convenient to come to the parent association'sconvention. DR. MORRIS: I will pay the dues, and subscription to the Journal, forany Boy Scout for ten years if you will make that the object forstriving for a prize in some organization of Boy Scouts. THE PRESIDENT: I appreciate that very much. THE SECRETARY: I have two suggestions for ways of drawing attention toour association. The first is lectures. There are a number of ourmembers who have given lectures on the subject of nut growing. Mr. Spencer has just told you that he has and Dr. Morris loses noopportunity to give them. I have given them myself and Mr. Reed of theDepartment of Agriculture speaks on nut culture. There is hardly amember of this association but belongs to some agricultural society orclub. That is one possible place for bringing nut culture to theattention of people who are interested in either agriculture orhorticulture. I am sure that Mr. Reed of the Department of Agriculturewill send a collection of lantern slides on nut growing to responsiblepersons. These slides make lecturing much easier. I will undertake toget Mr. Reed to make up a collection of slides to be sent out to membersfor the purpose of illustrating lectures. My other suggestion is thewriting of articles for magazines, horticultural and agricultural, andespecially high-class horticultural magazines that reach wealthy peoplewho are interested in new things and in trying experiments, such as theCountry Gentleman, Country Life in America and the Garden Magazine. Whatwe really want is some person who will give himself continuously to thepromotion of this nut-growing idea. It is a great misfortune that Mr. Bixby has taken up business again because he made a splendid beginningin devoting himself to the interests of nut culture. I did a great dealmore myself in the earlier days of this society but circumstances havebeen such that lately I have not given it much attention. I feel thatthere must be members who are all ready to do work, members who wouldlike to jump in and take a hand. I would be very glad to share my workas secretary. I would be glad to hand over the entire work of secretaryto some member who feels an itch to get in and do this sort of work. THE PRESIDENT: You are very liberal in your service but I think othersought to take a bigger share so that your duties will be easier and alsoMr. Bixby's. Now that we have this thing going I hope we will stick toit until we get something concrete because I can't see that we are goingto make much progress just meeting from year to year with an increase oftwenty to twenty-five members. I personally will guarantee a hundredmembers for this year for this association. I speak advisedly because Iknow what we have been doing in our office this last couple of months. Iam satisfied that I can bring to the association a hundred new membersthis year if the rest will bring ten each. We have got to get moremembers and more money; let's get down to bed rock and look the thingsquarely in the face and make up our minds to go to it and do it. MR. CORSAN: Where can these slides be got? THE SECRETARY: I will undertake to furnish them through Mr. Reed of theDepartment of Agriculture. There is also a good moving picture film ofColonel Sober's chestnut grove that I think can be had. I have used itmyself two or three times. MR. KAINS: Rochester, as a good many of you know, is the center of thefruit industry in western New York. Right here is also the scene of oneof the greatest fights to get an association on a paying basis that everoccurred. Some of you probably know that away back in the fiftiesPatrick Barry and Mr. Worter and several others of the fruit growers gottogether and formed the Western New York Horticultural Society. Gradually people came in and took an interest in the work but, as alwaysin the beginning, there was trouble to make ends meet and Mr. Barry andsome of the others put their hands in their pockets to keep theassociation going. At last it got so bad and the amount of the deficitwas so great that it was decided to have a closed meeting, no one to beadmitted except those who had actually paid their one dollar membershipfee. The year that it was announced that this would be put into effectthe following year there was all kinds of a fuss at the meeting. Thenext year the people came there in a crowd to see if the rule was goingto be put in effect and the result was the largest meeting theassociation had ever had. The only men and women who got inside the doorhad paid their dollar. That was the first year that the association goton its feet. One other method that could be used to spread the love ofnut growing would be to have the association offer a nut tree todifferent schools where they would plant it as an Arbor Day tree. Inthat way the children would learn the value of the grafted nut tree andthe value of real first-class nuts. The result would be that otherpeople would become interested in grafted nuts and thus extend theinterest in the whole nut-growing proposition, and your membership wouldmost likely increase. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: I will ask for nominations from the floor for thenominating committee. Mr. Pomeroy, Dr. Morris, Mr. Olcott, Mr. Rick and Mr. Pattersonnominated and elected. THE PRESIDENT: The next order of business is to call for the reports ofany of the standing committees. THE SECRETARY: The chairman of the committee on incorporation, Mr. Littlepage, wrote me not long ago that he was taking active steps toincorporate the association. I don't know whether Mr. O'Connor may knowif Mr. Littlepage has done anything about it or not. MR. O'CONNOR: I can't say about that. THURSDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1922 THE PRESIDENT: I am going to ask Dr. Taylor to present his paper now, ifhe will please. PROF. RALPH H. TAYLOR: Through a previous arrangement with our secretaryI had assigned to me an entirely different subject from that on theprinted programme, "The Use of Nuts the Year Around. " I have prepared apaper on the original subject and so I will proceed to deliver it inaccordance with my arrangement with him. I do, however, want to say first, in connection with the use of nuts theyear around, that we from California are vitally interested in thatproblem. I know of no problem that faces us more at the present timethan the one of marketing the product that we grow in competition withthe tremendously increasing imports from abroad, brought in fromcountries where labor costs anywhere from twenty to fifty cents a day, and at the highest a dollar a day for what they call skilled labor, mostof it twenty to fifty cents, and with freight rates across the Atlanticthat amount to less than half of our freight rates, or one-quarter ofthem. With the commodity in the hands of speculators who are able invarious ways to make tremendous profits, and giving the public none ofthe benefit of these conditions, we find it almost impossible to marketour product at a profit. We must get it into the hands of the consumercheaply. We are endeavoring to do it. One of the plans is to encouragethe use of nuts the year around, and the California Almond Growers'Association, whom I represent, are planning now to shell their ownalmonds and put the kernels up in vacuum packages, both tin and glass, and make it possible for the housewife, instead of going to the candystores and buying salted almonds for a dollar to a dollar and a quarteronce or twice a year, to secure her own almonds, blanch them herself anduse them considerably more often because she can get them cheaper. Webelieve it is going to be worth while for us to go into the business theyear around. The demand at the present time is for almonds for a briefperiod up to the first of January. Thereafter there is no sale until thefollowing November. Under those conditions you can see that withincreasing crops we are facing difficulties that are almostinsurmountable. Therefore we are changing the form in which we aremarketing part of our crop. I want to say to those people who dorecognize the value of almonds for food that it is going to be possiblefor you to secure them in a most desirable form, clean, wholesome andabsolutely fresh, as almonds packed in vacuum. They will be just asfresh as when they are put in from the orchards of California. ALMOND POSSIBILITIES IN THE EASTERN STATES BY R. H. TAYLOR[2] There is probably no better way to open a discussion of this kind thanby asking a question and then using it as a text. The futurepossibilities for almond production in the eastern states can not bestated any other way than as a question. For my text I am indebted toyour secretary, Dr. W. C. Deming. It is taken from a letter written byhim under date of June 22nd to Mr. T. C. Tucker, the manager of theCalifornia Almond Growers' Exchange, and is as follows: "Why can't we breed an almond that will do in the East what its sister, the peach, does?" Any answer we might give must be, of necessity, more or less empiricalin nature. [2] In charge Field Department, California Almond Growers' Exchange. In order properly to understand that answer, and I shall attempt to giveone later, certain fundamental relations and limitations must first beconsidered; then the possibilities of any given line of procedure may bemore clearly understood. Botanically the almond is very closely related to the peach, bothbelonging to the genus _Prunus_, sub-genus _Amygdalus_. The species ofthe peach being _persica_, and of the almond, _communis_. In fact thetwo trees are in many respects so much alike that it is possible toselect twigs and leaves from each which cannot be distinguished exceptby an expert, and even he may be misled at times. Ordinarily, however, they are of sufficient difference to be readily distinguished. In the fruit the principal difference is that the fleshy portion of thepeach becomes in the almond a leathery hull which splits at maturityrevealing a seed or nut, the shell of which is generally softer thanthat of the peach pit. The kernel may or may not be bitter, dependingupon the characteristics of that particular seedling. If 100 almondsfrom a sweet almond tree are planted and brought to bearing it isprobable that from a third to a half of them would produce bitteralmonds. As a matter of fact, we have had by actual tests as high as 50per cent. Bitter. The peach, on the other hand, will, probably in 99-1/2per cent. Of the cases, produce a seed with a bitter kernel, only veryrarely a seed developing which will produce edible kernels. The same istrue of the apricot, the Smyrna variety being an edible apricot with anedible kernel. The almond is normally the first of the stone fruits to begin growth andcome into blossom in the spring and is also normally the last tree tobecome dormant in the fall. It is evident, therefore, that its normalwinter resting period is comparatively short. The peach has a muchlonger resting period than the almond although less than the apple, pearand other similar fruits, and it is for this reason that peachproduction is possible in a commercial way in many sections of the East. In California, where almonds and peaches are very often planted in closeproximity, many seedlings are known which are very evidently naturalcrosses between the peach and the almond. In addition many artificialcrosses have been made with no difficulty and have been planted andbrought to maturity. The products of these crosses have shown the samegeneral characteristics as those found naturally. We are familiar with a peach-almond growing on the edge of a largealmond orchard in California which produces good crops of fruit quiteregularly. The fleshy portion or hull is almost edible, being much drierthan the flesh of an ordinary peach and yet much more fleshy than thehull of the ordinary almond. It has a slight amount of astringency, acharacteristic of the almond hull, but not sufficient to prevent itsbeing eaten. Upon maturity this fleshy portion or pericarp splits butdoes not open as is usually the case with almond hulls. Inside this thepit, stone, seed or nut, or by whatever name it may be called, exhibitscharacteristics of both the peach and the almond. It does not have thedeep corrugations of the peach pit nor does it have the comparativelysmooth shell with small pores of the almond. In this particular varietythe kernel is mildly bitter. In almost every respect this cross exhibitscharacteristics of both the peach and the almond. In other cases this isnot true, some approaching more nearly the almond type while others arealmost indistinguishable from peaches. In other words, the variationsare those naturally to be expected in hybrids. Now to return to the almond again. We find that for best results inproduction the almond must be grown in a climate where the winters arecomparatively short and yet where there is sufficient cold weather toforce the trees into complete dormancy. Where the winters are long orthe summers are so dry as to force the trees to come dormant too earlyin the fall there is a great tendency to premature blossoming in thespring. In other words, the first warm weather in the late winter willbring the trees into bloom because of the fact that they have completedtheir normal rest period. This same condition has been found to be trueof certain varieties of peaches which can be grown in the South but donot do well when planted in the North. It is for this reason primarily, in our judgment, that almonds do not produce under eastern conditions. There are other factors, such as extreme humidity, which may have abearing, and undoubtedly would in the maturing of these nuts, but thisshould not prevent them bearing provided they could escape the adverseweather of late winter and early spring. A mistaken notion has been given considerable credence that the almondis much more tender to frost or cold than the peach. Our experience, where the two have been grown side by side under identical conditions, is that the almond will stand fully as much cold as the peach and insome cases even more. The reason why almond crops are lost oftentimeswhen peach crops are not is due to their earlier blossoming andconsequent subjection to the more severe weather of early spring whichthe peaches avoid. It is evident, therefore, that the principal problem in producingalmonds in regions of long winters, as compared with those localitieswhere almonds can be produced, is to secure an almond which naturallyhas a long resting period, resulting in late blossoming, and yet onewhich will mature its fruit reasonably early. An almond tree beginningto blossom about the first of February will usually ripen its cropbetween the first and middle of August, though sometimes later. Thosebeginning to blossom about the first of March or later ripen their cropsduring September usually and often extend into October. The question of soils and stocks is too broad to discuss here, except todismiss it with the statement that the soils that will successfullyproduce peaches should also prove reasonably satisfactory for almondsthrough the use of peach rootstocks. These are commonly and successfullyused in commercial almond orchards in the West. Whether it will ever be possible to produce commercial almonds willdepend upon whether an almond can be bred which will fulfill therequirements of late blossoming and early ripening and at the same timeanswer the requirements of a commercial nut. We should judge that it ispossible, although we believe it is a big problem. Our reason forthinking so is that the Ridenhauer almond under eastern conditions willoften produce nuts and it is recognized as doing quite well. We havenever had an opportunity of tasting this nut but have seen photographsof the tree and have examined personally the nuts. Without any knowledgeas to the actual ancestry of this nut we are very much inclined to thebelief that it is a peach-almond. If this is so it opens up a line ofbreeding possibilities which should not be overlooked. The procedure which should be followed will depend necessarily upon theconditions under which breeding experiments may be carried on. Webelieve that under eastern conditions the only opportunities for outdoorbreeding work will lie along the line of interbreeding with peaches andalmonds. The feasibility of indoor breeding with almonds is questionablein view of the difficulty of properly hardening for winter and yetaffording protection during blossoming and providing at the same timefor conditions which will favor the setting of the fruit. We do believethat there is abundant opportunity for experimentation, with thepossibility that valuable results may be secured by systematic breedingalong the line just mentioned. Along with this cross breeding simple almond breeding experiments shouldbe carried on, but these must be done in a locality where almonds can bebrought to fruitage. Of course, the ideal place for this would be inCalifornia in a known almond district, and it is hoped that as time goeson experiments along this line will be conducted in an effort to securelater blossoming varieties and earlier ripening varieties. Our guess isthat it would not be possible, at least within the lifetime of one man, to lengthen the normal resting period of any strain of pure bred almondsto the point where they would be able to withstand the long easternwinters and at the same time shorten the ripening period to practicallimits. The development of this work, as far as it can be practicallycarried, should result in relatively late blossoming almonds which couldthen be used as a basis for breeding with peaches in an effort to stillfurther approach the desired results and yet maintain the desirablecharacteristics of the almond. This simply involves the application ofknown breeding methods to these fruits. To accomplish anything of this kind involves the development of along-time plan which must be consistently followed. We would not lookfor any results to speak of before ten years, and would not expect anydefinite worthwhile results short of twenty years. It appears, however, that the possibilities are great and well worth striving for, and it isour sincere hope that some day a variety may be developed which willprove adaptable to eastern conditions. The usual summer climatic conditions which prevail in the eastern statesare not favorable to the economical production of almonds in acommercial way but we see no reason why they should not be eventuallydeveloped to the point where they may prove of considerable value andsatisfaction for home orchards. The very fact that thus far no varietiesof peaches have been developed which are immune year after year tospring frosts would indicate that it would probably be impossible tosecure an almond which would be better than any peaches now known. Onthe other hand, one never knows until he tries and we believe that outof the effort much good could be accomplished, not only in the possibleproduction of satisfactory varieties of almonds, but possibly in theaccidental development of new and highly desirable peach varieties. The possible development of a desirable table or canning peach varietywith a sweet kernel would in itself be well worth the effort. I had occasion to examine those Illinois almonds on the table here. Itis quite evident that even though dried out somewhat they have some ofthe characteristics of the peach. The hull itself is fleshy even thoughthin. That is a characteristic that does not appear in the normal, purebred almond hull. I was just talking with Dr. Morris about some efforts he made atStamford, Connecticut, to grow almonds. He stated to me, what was a verygreat surprise, that almonds there are afflicted with peach leaf curland other diseases to which, under our weather conditions, they are notsubject at all. There are undoubtedly other conditions here, due to adifferent climate, which we of California do not recognize at all. I have endeavored to make this paper just as short as I could. I thinkthat after it comes out in the proceedings there may be opportunity tostudy a few of the suggestions made here, and I want to express, on thepart of the people in California, our desire to co-operate with those ofyou from the other sections of the country in every way possible for thedevelopment of varieties of almonds, or peach almonds. I can see that itwill be difficult to compete with the sections in which almonds arenaturally produced under semi-arid conditions. But I do believe in beingclose to your market if it is possible and in developing an almond whichwill be worth while for local consumption, especially for home use. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Taylor, we thank you for the good advice andsuggestions offered in your paper. I believe some attempt has been madeto study the almond here in this vicinity. I know of one instance downin Forest Lawn by Mr. Baker. I believe that some years ago Mr. Wileattempted to do something in a commercial way with the almond, but Ihave since learned it proved a failure. As Mrs. Ellwanger was very gracious in giving up her place I am going tocall upon her now to read her paper. OPPORTUNITIES FOR A WOMAN IN NUT CULTURE MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER, Rochester When at Mr. McGlennon's request I agreed to give some of my experiencesin nut growing at this meeting I had no idea such a large andcomprehensive title was to be given to my brief remarks. Are not such opportunities wide and open to all? Women are now taking upso many branches of agriculture, gardening, farming, landscaping, thatspecializing in nuts is but one more. A real love for growing things, perseverance in face of many discouragements, and incidentally a placeto grow the trees, are all that is necessary. I hope before long therewill be classes in nut culture in the women's horticultural schools. What is more delightful than to plant a tree? Planting flowers is apleasure of the present but a tree is a link with the future. My interest in growing Persian Walnuts in this region was started in1912 by reading in a newspaper that these nuts could be grown in anyclimate suitable for peaches. Then I remembered that when a child I hadpicked walnuts from a tree on our lawn here in Rochester. Having a farmon the shore of Lake Ontario, part of which was a peach orchard, itseemed worth while to experiment with walnuts. Needless to say I amstill experimenting! The first trees planted were about one hundred Pomeroy seedlings andsome fifty grafted trees, of the Rush variety. Dynamite was used at thistime with such success that we have used it ever since. The seedlingsare now quite large trees but not over half a dozen of them have borneany nuts. I early learned from growers in California that seedlings area waste of time and money. I own a few acres of land in SouthernCalifornia and of course have planted walnuts there. A few years ago Ireceived word that the crop from my trees was being shipped to me. Theyarrived. There were six nuts. If I were a Californian I might say sixbushels. Three years ago the trees here bore quite a crop and no squirrel everhoarded his winter supply with more satisfaction than I had with thatfirst peck or so of nuts. Last year promised well, and many trees hadnuts set for the first time, but owing to the intensely hot summer, orsome other reason they did not mature. There is a question as to the adaptability of Persian walnuts to thisclimate. The severe winter of 1917-18 with its sudden and extremechanges of temperature killed scores of my peach trees, while theestablished walnuts came through practically uninjured by a temperatureof twenty-three below zero. The World War did not take all the black walnuts in the country for gunstocks, for there are many fine trees still in the Genesee Valley. Everyfall I am on the watch for trees bearing an abundance of large nutswhich we use for parent stock. It would be quite out of place for me to discuss the various methods ofgrafting before this audience all of whom know so much more about itthan I do. But after many trials we have had the best results fromgrafting in the greenhouse. The black walnut stock is about four yearsold when potted, and the scions are cut in January or February and usedimmediately. Fifty per cent. Is our average of success by this method, and some of the trees not two years old are bearing nuts. I have tried planting pecan trees, but so far they have always beenwinter killed. Some Indiana trees planted this spring are growing and Iam hoping they may prove hardy. The Sober Paragon chestnuts have shown wonderful growth and bear nutsmost abundantly. Each year, however, a tree or two is killed by theblight and I suppose soon my orchard will meet the fate of all the otherchestnuts in the East. It seems as if someone ought to discover a remedyfor this destructive pest. Tomorrow I hope to see you all at my farmwhere you can see what use one woman has made of her opportunities fornut culture. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: On behalf of the association I am certainly very gratefulto you for your paper which contains some very valuable information. Last week I went up to East avenue here to see the Thompson walnut groveand met Mr. Thompson and talked with him. The grove is in a very muchrun down condition. In fact he is thinking of using dynamite to blow itup and market the wood in Batavia for gunstocks at the gun factorythere. He told us that in the thirty-six years that he has had it, hehas had only three crops of nuts. One of the crops was an especiallygood one, I have forgotten the number of bushels he had, but he sold onehundred bushels, he said, to Sibley. Lindsay & Curr at nine dollars abushel. If he could get a crop every year at that price I think he wouldbe making pretty good money. I would class that orchard as a failure. Last week, however, I had the privilege of seeing a walnut orchard thatcertainly surprised me greatly. I went to Lockport at the invitation ofour very enthusiastic member, Mr. Pomeroy, to see the Pomeroy orchard, and I saw several trees heavily loaded with good sized nuts. Mr. Pomeroyestimates that he will have in the neighborhood of six or seven thousandpounds of nuts. The trees look healthy and show no evidence of disease. As I understand some of the trees are fifty years of age and there havebeen only two crop failures in that time. My idea is that the Pomeroywalnut is very hardy and of unusually fine strain. I believe that thereis little hope for the commercial development of the English walnut muchnorth of the fortieth parallel. I believe there will be some instancesfound, like that of the Pomeroy nut, where the seedling will do verywell. It certainly has done very well with him. The Avon orchards areseedling trees, of course, the nuts having been gotten from a residenceon Lake avenue, Mrs. Cramer's, at the corner of Emerson street. Evidently that strain is entirely different from the strain of nutsrepresented by the Pomeroy orchard which were brought from Philadelphiaby Mr. Pomeroy's father. I am going to ask Dr. Morris if he will present his paper and make hisdemonstration at this time. DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS: I have had a good many experiences in grafting fora number of years. I have finally discarded most methods and have gottendown to rather simple principles. As a matter of fact this is the lastword from my own point of view. During the past thirty or forty years Ihave changed my mind so many times on so many subjects that I have noconfidence at all in anybody who puts any trust in me. I am getting down to the splice graft. The reason why I didn't try itbefore was because it didn't seem reasonable to believe that the simplesplice would hold. It was because I was so busy with many otherresponsibilities that on one occasion I neglected to brace some largesplice grafts. Thus I learned that the splice graft would hold eventhrough the very severe storms in our vicinity of Stamford, Connecticut. We have violent thunder storms and sometimes for a few minutes inadvance of a storm we have a wind velocity of sixty or seventy miles anhour. If at the time the leaves happen to be wet the battering power ofa seventy-mile wind is so tremendous that it will break out almost anyform of graft. But my splice grafts during the past two years, simplesplice grafts, subjected to this sort of storm, have not given way on asingle occasion so far as I know, much to my surprise. I will pass about some examples of the simple splice graft first andthen show how we do it. Here is a Stabler black walnut graft on common black walnut stock lastyear. For years I had been in the habit of cutting my scions andthrowing the stubs away. I had a nice lot of hardy looking stubs in thegrass and I said to myself "Why not try some of the stubs?" They made avery fine growth. I didn't lose one of them. Here is one of the big stubgrafts and here is the growth it made last year. Here is another plainsplice and the growth it made last year. This tree was killed by the icein the river on my place last year. Sometimes in the spring we havegreat masses of ice come down that run through the orchard and kill someof my trees. That is the reason I cut off this one. I have only broughtspecimens that were injured but they show perfectly well. In thissmaller splice you see I fitted the scion to the diameter of the stock. In the larger one I took no pains to do that. Furthermore the paraffinmethod was used. The scion is covered entirely with paraffin and I thinkyou will notice, by rubbing your fingers over this stock, that theparaffin, although two years have elapsed, is all there. It is because Iput it on in such a fine layer that it expanded with the growth of thescion. Not always, but in order to make sure that my simple splice graft wouldhold, I have sometimes put in screws. I use flat-head, brass, woodscrews, seven-eighths inch long. I will put in some screws for you. So, if any of you fear that thesimple splice grafts may not hold, put in screws and study Basil King'sbook on the "Conquest of Fear. " This is a black walnut graft that I putin late this year with screws. You can see the screws projecting fromthe paraffin cover. I do not care if the screw sticks out quite a littledistance. It is covered with a thin layer of paraffin. This graft caughtand started to grow but was killed off by sprouts springing from thebutternut in great masses before it had a chance to assert its ownindividuality. The graft, however, is all complete. Here is another one, where the screws are projecting, which was killed off by the stocksprouts below, with the repair all complete. In fact it would have goneon well enough to a successful growth if I hadn't been away and allowedthe stock sprouts to grow. This shows, incidentally, the thin layer ofparaffin. If we use a thick layer of paraffin it will crack and not besuccessful. The simple splice graft is a very simple affair. In the first place itis well to have a knife with which you can shave. I think, Mr. Chairman, you could shave with that (handing knife to the President). That is thesort of edge to use in all our grafting work, the sort of edge that willbring terror to the heart of the mother of boys. I find very few peoplewho really can sharpen a knife. I have been surprised at the smallproportion of people who are really able to do it. They put on a featheredge, or they leave a round edge, or at any rate they are unableapparently to use the little finesse required to put the finishing touchon a really good knife. Above all other essentials is this little pieceof carborundum made at Niagara Falls, F F Fine. Moisten it, hold it inthe fingers this way, and then by simply rubbing it back and forth inthis way you can put on the very finest edge. Do not use a knife unlessyou can shave with it because it is quite essential to have the cambiumlayer very nicely kept. A couple of years ago hearing of Mr. Biederman's work in the use of theplane for grafting with his Persian walnuts, it occurred to me to try itwith shagbark hickories. I went out in the barn to look for a blockplane and I found three or four rusty ones. I wondered where they camefrom and then it occurred to me that about eight years ago I had thoughtto try the plane, and did try the plane, but it was not a success. Thatwas before we had any success in grafting hickories. Now we may use theplane almost to the exclusion of the knife in cutting our scions of hardwood trees. Perhaps the majority of scions are shaped with the planerather than with the knife because it gives a much truer surface. Theblock plane, then, I believe, is to be used more and more instead of theknife because of the very true surface that we make on the scion and onthe stock and very quickly. Of course with a small scion of this sort that would be about the slopethat I would use for my ordinary splice. Fasten the splice together andsimply wrap it with raffia. There is an ordinary splice graft fastenedwith raffia. That is the simple form that has given me the best resultsand I have tried out all the fantastic forms of grafting. Now I am going to use the plane on a little larger scion. That is aboutthe slope that I would use ordinarily. We will say this is to be thescion and this the stock. In order to make them fit perfectly I will usea smaller block plane. Now I will pass this about. You see with whatabsolute perfection those surfaces fit. You can get absolute perfectionof fit by trimming a scion with a plane instead of with a knife. Eventhe best experts, like Mr. Jones, who make beautiful free-hand cuts, will find that with a plane they may make still better ones. That is oneof the grafts that I would ordinarily fasten just with raffia, but Iwill fasten one together with screws to show how it is done. Now we willsay that this is the stock and this is the scion. I am going to preparethem to fit each other. Some will ask if I ever use a scion as large asthat. Sometimes I use a scion two or three feet long and as large asthat in diameter. They are full of vitality and make wonderful growth. In order to do this I trim it down roughly with the knife to the generalshape before I use the plane. I will cut as true as possible with theknife in order to simplify my work later. MR. WEBER: In a large scion don't you have to have a larger exposedsurface? DR. MORRIS: I do not think that really counts. MR. SMEDLEY: Isn't the tree in the ground when you graft it? DR. MORRIS: This is supposed to be in the ground. MR. JONES: You couldn't do a thousand of those a day? DR. MORRIS: If you have something special, where you want to use up somebig scions. But you can use the plane on little grafts just as well. Nowthis is the stock and Dr. Deming is going to represent Mother Earth. MR. SMEDLEY: Are the scion and stock necessarily of the same diameter? DR. MORRIS: Not necessarily, but preferably so. One's sense of nicetymight demand that they be just alike, but you will find it doesn't makeany difference. It takes a little longer to put in a big scion of hissort but it is very sure to grow. Your tree is already made by the timeyou have done this. MR. SMEDLEY: Should you have bark contact all around? DR. MORRIS: I could do it with contact on one side. MR. CORSAN: What time of the year do you do it? DR. MORRIS: Almost any time of the year, preferably May or June. MR. CORSAN: Do you wax that before you put the raffia on? DR. MORRIS: After everything is all complete that is my final touch. MR. WEBER: When the stock is sappy wouldn't the sap jam the edges of theplane and roughen the bark? DR. MORRIS: Not if you make it shave. I get the edge of my plane so itwill shave. Then it will not roughen it. I can screw in a scion two feetlong. I have tried it and had it start into growth. Thus I have got halfmy tree under way. Now I cover the whole thing with melted paraffin. MR. CORSAN; How do you apply the paraffin, paint it on? DR. MORRIS: Yes, with a soft brush. MR. CORSAN: Do you use the stuff you buy at Woolworth's by the pound? DR. MORRIS: Yes, I buy what they call parawax. QUESTION: It is not necessary to wrap a scion with raffia if it isfastened with screws? DR. MORRIS: No. After it is screwed you don't have to use raffia. I useeither screws or raffia. In a large one like this the screw ispreferable. In a smaller one the raffia would suffice. It is the plainsplice graft that I use almost to the exclusion of anything else. MR. WEBER: Wouldn't it assist the union, if the graft didn't make aperfect fit, to wrap it with raffia to hold it together? DR. MORRIS: Possibly, but I think with the plane one can make a perfectfit. That is the idea at any rate. After three weeks of growth that willstand any storm. QUESTION: How do you tell when the paraffin is the right temperature? DR. MORRIS: That is very much as a woman does in cooking. You put in somuch of everything. It is a matter of experience. I get it very hot butnot hot enough to scald. The idea is to have it hot enough and to haveit very thin. On one occasion my light went out when I was graftingwalnut trees. It went out when I was grafting the very last tree. I putin perhaps twenty or thirty grafts in all. All the other grafts caughtbut on that tree, after my light went out, only one caught. In examininginto the philosophy of it a week later I found that the paraffin, beinga little too thick, had cracked. QUESTION: When is the best time to do the grafting? DR. MORRIS: I think the best time is after the sap season in the spring;all through the latter part of May and in June and the first half ofJuly. QUESTION: Do you use paraffin of a particular melting point? DR. MORRIS: I have tried many but the one I use the most is thecommonest one. You can buy parawax in all groceries. If you wish to makethe parawax harder for the southern sun put in stearic acid. It may bebought at any drugstore. Melt it with the paraffin and that will hardenit very much. QUESTION: What proportion do you use? DR. MORRIS: It would depend on the degree of heat to be resisted. Isuppose you might use it in the proportion of one to four of parawax, but very little stearic acid will harden it. QUESTION: Isn't there a tendency to melt under the high temperature ofthe sun? DR. MORRIS: As a matter of fact I pay no attention to that in the North. Although we have very hot days and the paraffin does soften, it does notseem to interfere with the repair on the part of the tree. QUESTION: In the case of smaller grafts, what would be your objection tothe use of the ordinary whip graft? DR. MORRIS: It makes one more motion. QUESTION: It seems to me that it is more quickly done? DR. MORRIS: It may be; that is a matter of individual technic. My ideais to do the thing the quickest way. If a man has found that he can puton one graft more quickly, that he has a technic that gives him speed, which is one of the essentials of grafting, if you can put on the whipgraft quicker than I can put the other on, do it. QUESTION: Do you have any trouble with the oxidizing of the cambium? DR. MORRIS: Yes and no. Of course you free a certain number of enzymes. I haven't thought of it as an oxidizing process so much as an enzymicinjury, where enzymes are freed from an organic solution. QUESTION: I think that is correct. That is the common method ofexpressing it. DR. MORRIS: I use sometimes, when the weather is very hot and I amgrafting in the midst of sunshine on a hot day, a solution that I havedescribed containing salts belonging to the salts of trees. I use thatto dip my graft in and in that way the enzymes that are freed from thecut surface are removed by the solution in such a way that they do notinterfere. Practically we can get almost one hundred per cent. Ofcatches of our grafts now by the paraffin method, that is, with perfectscions, perfect stocks and perfect technic by the operator. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: Time is pressing and we have with us a member whom I amvery anxious to have you all hear. I refer to our beloved member and mywarm personal friend, the Pecan King, Mr. J. M. Patterson of Putney, Georgia, who is here this evening with Mrs. Patterson and their twosons. It affords me great pleasure to introduce Mr. J. M. Patterson. MR. PATTERSON: Ladies and Gentlemen, your distinguished president hasset a nice pace for me, introducing me as a king! Of course I am notunmindful of the fact that crowned heads are not any longer in favor inthis democratic world of ours. THE PRESIDENT: When I introduced Mr. Patterson at the Chamber ofCommerce yesterday to Secretary Woodward, I introduced him as the PecanKing. He is known as the Pecan King and he is the Pecan King. There isno question about it. Mr. Woodward responded in what I thought was avery gracious way. He said he was much happier in meeting a pecan kingthan he would be in meeting some of the kings in the old world. MR. PATTERSON: That is my apology for being here. You have made it easyfor me. I have been away from home for nearly five weeks traveling onfour wheels, and I received notice from your worthy president just a dayor two before leaving my office that he would expect me to read a paperon the Commercial Possibilities of Nuts. At all events I had no time tocollect my thoughts or make any preparation, and those of you who havetoured through a new country and through some twelve or fifteen states, and passed through eight or ten universities and got your graduationpapers each time as you went through, will realize that I have had notmuch time to compose my thoughts on this subject. However, I am exceedingly glad to be here and I am going to talk alittle like a preacher I heard once in the city of Pittsburgh. He said, "My text will be found in the Gospel of John, 4th Chapter, 15th verse, which reads as follows:" and he read the text. Then he proceeded withouta lapse of breath and said, "From which we now take our departure. " Mysubject is the Commercial Possibilities of Nuts, "from which we now takeour departure. " California, or the Pacific Coast, has found the commercial nuts, thealmond and the walnut. The Southland has found the commercial nut in thepecan. You good people of the effete and frozen East are still lookingfor the commercial nut. That is how it comes that we are here. It lookedto me very much this afternoon when we were out at Mr. McGlennon'snursery that he had helped you very materially to answer that question, that he had discovered for you one commercial nut. We have in the South two pecan organizations, one of which we call theNational Nut Growers' Association. You will notice the word _National_Nut Growers' Association. The association is composed wholly of pecangrowers. Many of us recognize that the name is a misnomer. We have beenhoping that the time would come when we could have the name of thatorganization changed to the Southern Pecan Growers' Association, but wehave one old member who has one English walnut tree in his orchard, whosays we are a national nut growers' association and he objects. Sometime that English walnut tree will die or he will die, and then we willbe able to change the name. Then we have the Georgia-Florida PecanGrowers' Association. There is a California Walnut Growers' Exchange anda California Almond Growers' Exchange, and I am hoping to see a timewhen this Northern Nut Growers' Association will have discovered somereal commercial nut, and then we will have complete the organization ofthe nuts of this country, the Almond Association, the WalnutAssociation, the Pecan Association and then the filbert, or whatever nutyou discover here. We will bring them all together in one great nationalorganization, and we will have an organization of real nuts. I amexpecting to see that day. (Applause. ) I read a criticism the other day of a book that was published in whichthe reviewer said: "It is well for a man when he sits down to write abook that he know something of the topic on which he is going to write. "I know very little about the possible nuts that may become commerciallyimportant in this section of the world. If it wasn't for the fact thatwhen I come North here I like to meet some fellow nut, we wouldn't carevery much whether you fellows ever discover a commercial nut in thispart of the world or not, because the Lord has been so generous to you. The Lord has not given us a perfect climate. He gives one climaticfeature here and another one there and another one some place else. Hedistributes his benefactions. It seems to me he has been lavish with youpeople, especially in New York and all through the middle West and theEast. You have so many things. Why should you want to grab off the nutbusiness? But just for the sake of letting you have a little variety andhaving some real good things to eat, I am willing to have you discoversome real good commercial nut and then the time will come when we willhave this national organization. I am going to tell you a little bit about the history of the pecan. Ithink you would be interested in that. The cultivated pecan is ofcomparatively recent history. It is not so long since those who were inthe South dreaming of a commercial nut were in very much the sameposition as this association is here, although the South seemed to bethe natural place for the pecan. There were no commercial pecan orchardstwenty years ago. There were wild groves in the river bottoms of Texaswhich there are today, but there were practically no cultivated pecans. There were actually no bearing groves of cultivated pecans. It is onlya matter of fifteen or eighteen years that the cultivated pecan has beencommercially planted. I think our concern was among the earliest. I think we may claim to bethe very first who, in a large way, planted pecans. We did not startwith the intention of planting them in a large way. It was a sort ofnatural growth. It was only sixteen years ago this month, sixteen yearsago, that I first heard of the paper shell pecan from John Craig ofCornell University; right under the shade of where we are meetingtonight I first heard of the paper shell pecan and was induced to put alittle money in planting groves. I think I may say that New York State, through the instrumentality of old John Craig, can take credit for thestart of the great commercial pecan groves of the South. Since that timepecan groves have been planted very extensively. I don't think that anyaccurate statistics are obtainable of the acreage planted to pecangroves in the district in which we are located in southwest Georgia, butin an area of probably forty or fifty miles I imagine there areseventy-five thousand acres of pecan groves. They have not all provensuccessful. Some have been planted on soil that was not adapted andthere are some cases of insufficient or unwise care, and some of nothaving the proper stock to plant. For one reason or another a good manygroves have not proven successful today. Others have proven quitesuccessful. There is no question but what that which was a hope fifteenyears ago is today a reality and that the cultivated pecan is today anestablished industry. I do not mean by that that we have reached thestage which our friend Mr. Taylor has reached with his almonds or whichthe almond growers have reached. We are still in our infancy and havemany problems and the problems multiply as days and years go by. Fifteenyears ago we would have said there were no insect pests nor any diseasesof the pecan. They have certainly made themselves known in the last fewyears. We have a good many insect pests and we have some fungus. We donot believe that any of these will be beyond the skill of scientificinvestigation and that they will ultimately be brought into subjection. As an indication of the growth of the industry, eight years ago theassociation of which I chance to be president gathered their first cropof nuts of something like six thousand pounds. Last year we harvestedover four hundred thousand pounds of nuts. In eight years of coursethere was an increased acreage but they were all young groves. I tellyou that fact just to show you that when you do find a nut that isadapted to your soil and to your climate, as the pecan is adapted to theclimate and soil of the South, it will not take many years to developsuch a nut into a commercial proposition. I had the pleasure last fall of entertaining Mr. Pierce, the presidentof the California Almond Growers' Association. Mr. Pierce was very muchinterested in this young giant of the South in the nut world. He had hada very unfortunate experience in the use of pecans. He had passedthrough Chicago a short time before and a friend of mine, an officer ofour association, happened to be a friend of his, and gave him somepecans, and he liked them so well that as he started from Chicago on theway to Washington he indulged too freely, and by the time he got toWashington he had to go to the hospital for repairs. Mr. Pierce wrote mea letter after that and said that he didn't know why the Lord permittedtrees to grow such nuts until he created a new race of human beings withgizzards in place of stomachs. That is because California men were notused to eating good, rich nuts. We claim for the pecan that it is aboutthe best nut there is. We don't claim the earth but if you people candevelop or discover any nut that is better in quality and more tasty andmore alluring than the pecan, we shall be mighty glad to have youdiscover it, and we hope it will be adaptable to the South. You know theBuick automobile says, "When better cars are made, Buick will makethem. " "When better nuts are made, we will make them. " We know that allpeople can't have the best. We know that some people have to eat cheapersteaks. The trouble with this country today is that everybody wishes thevery best. The packers tell us they have great trouble in disposing ofthe cheaper cuts of the meat. I do not imagine that the nut growers aregoing to have much trouble in disposing of the round steaks, but we aregoing to furnish the best nuts. The market for cultivated pecans hasdeveloped in a most marvelous way. There has never been any advertising, except in a very small way, and yet the demand has always exceeded thesupply. It has grown just naturally. People learn of a good nut and theyspread the good news to their friends so that the demand increases. Customers in New York but four or five years ago would order eight orten barrels of nuts; they are ordering 150 barrels now. I want to say to you, find a nut like that that you can grow in New YorkState or that you can grow down in Connecticut, or in any of this partof the world, and we will be mightily glad to see what you can do, andwe will try to steal it and grow it in the South. It has been said thatevery great institution is only the shade of some great man. If you canbuild up a great institution of a great commercial nut here in the Northlet it be the shade of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. I am not going to keep you longer because this rambling talk is notprepared. I have been interested as I drove through New England inseeing great groves along the public highways of maples and elms, and Ihave thought how wonderful it would be if those were all pecans orwalnuts or almonds or some tree that would bear nuts instead offurnishing shade. There is a world of opportunity in this country for acommercial nut. They are used as delicacies now, most of these nuts, butthey are food, and they are food of the very highest type. I expect tosee the day when all our best hotels and restaurants will have on theirmenus nut steaks, almond and pecan steaks, and when a great many oftheir guests will order these steaks in place of the beef steaks thatthey are ordering now. I want to say that we are glad to have your distinguished president as afellow pecan nut. He is largely interested in Georgia and we see hissmiling face frequently in that section of the world. We are interestedto see him succeed there and I am sure the members of this associationare all interested and pleased to see what he has accomplished indeveloping the filbert right here in the shade of Rochester. (Applause. ) * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Patterson, I thank you. I feel that I cannot let thisopportunity pass to correct an impression that might have gotten overfrom one remark of Mr. Patterson's about the filbert nurseries being theresult of my efforts. That is a long way from being so. In everysuccessful operation I believe the master hand can be traced. In thisoperation of ours here the master hand has been that of my esteemedfriend of long standing and very close coöperation covering a period ofover a decade, Mr. Conrad Vollertsen. Mr. Vollertsen is entitled to thefull credit for the success of our industry. I feel that I am justifiedin claiming for myself in connection with it the credit for theenterprise. Each of us in life has our particular place to fill. Mr. Vollertsen brought to me the idea of this filbert operation some yearsago, over a decade, especially the idea of propagating the filbert fromthe layer instead of from the bud or graft, it being my belief up tothat time that it could be propagated only by budding and grafting. Hehad worked in the nurseries in Germany as a young man and had told me ofhis experiences. So I sent to Germany and got five plants of twentyvarieties, leaving to the nurseries from which I purchased them theselection of the varieties. I think the plants were six to twelve inchesin size. From these, under the ability and knowledge of my friend, Conrad Vollertsen, has been developed what you saw this afternoon. I ammighty proud of it and so is he because he and I alone know what we havehad to buck these last ten or eleven years. Speaking frankly, it hasbeen pretty hard going sometimes, but personally I feel tonight, afterwhat has been said to me by many of our members at our place thisafternoon, especially the praise of our faculty to which I referred inmy paper, that we have accomplished something really worth while, and itis my ambition and Mr. Vollertsen's, too, I know, to prove that we havea really worthwhile thing for the people. The pecan is the highest infood value of any nut known to the world today. The filbert is thesecond highest in food value and I believe it is a nut adapted for awider range of soils and climates in the North than any other nut. Iknow this may sound a little like blowing my own horn, but I want you tounderstand that I am chuck full of filbert as well as pecan. I amcertainly mighty happy for my pecan association in southwest Georgia, and I am feeling pretty happy tonight in connection with the filbertalso. I am met with a disappointment this evening. Mrs. Patterson tentativelypromised to favour us with a paper on the use of nuts as foods. But Iregret to say that she is somewhat indisposed and unable to favor uswith a paper as promised. So I am going to ask another member, a newmember, to make a few remarks on the subject of nuts as food. I knowthat he knows what he is talking about when it comes to a discussion ofthe subject of nuts as food, because I come in rather vigorous contactwith him twice a week, and he talks nuts as food to me on thoseoccasions. I am endeavoring to follow out his suggestions as closely aspossible and I know that I am benefiting in health by so doing. I referto James B. Rawnsley, the noted physical culturist who lives in thiscity. I have great pleasure in introducing to you Professor James B. Rawnsley. MR. RAWNSLEY: Mr. Chairman and ladies and gentlemen: The gentleman thatMr. Patterson referred to as going to the hospital for repairs was nottaken there because of eating nuts. The cause of the need for repairswas good food going into that man's stomach and mixing up with a lot ofrefuse matter that he had been eating at some previous time. MR. PATTERSON: Almonds! MR. RAWNSLEY: I hope that there are no medical doctors in the place orany butchers because if there are I am liable to go through the door orwindow. The nuts that you people are growing I hope will be the onlything, along with fruits and vegetables, that will be eaten in thefuture. As Mr. Patterson said tonight, since God put nuts and fruits andvegetables on this earth, those are what we ought to use from thecommencement of life. The nut is one of the cleanest and most wholesomefoods that is grown. I have tried it a good many years and I want totell you, ladies and gentlemen, that there is nothing so sweet, so goodor so substantial. It does not take much of a meal of nuts mixed withfruits to keep a person alive and well and strong. The sooner you peoplethat are growing nuts get that into your minds and use it the sooner youwill find it the best advertisement by which to get new members into theassociation. Show it yourself by using them. THE PRESIDENT: I am mighty grateful to you for your words. We are goingto try and get through one more paper this evening. It is by Mr. JohnDunbar, Assistant Superintendent of Parks, Rochester, N. Y. , on thesubject, Nut Trees in Rochester Parks. I have great pleasure inintroducing Mr. Dunbar. MR. DUNBAR: Mr. President, and ladies and gentlemen: I picked up theprogram this morning and looking it over I was quite surprised to seethat I was down there for a paper. We have given much attention forpossibly twenty-five or thirty years to the establishment of anarboretum in the parks of Rochester of all the trees that are hardy inthe north temperate zone. I think that perhaps the Rochester parks todaystand next to the arboretum at Harvard University in the number ofspecies and variety of trees from all parts of the north temperate zone. We are studying trees generally from the ornamental point of view and toeducate the people in the value of trees. Of course we have a largenumber of nut trees, hickories, walnuts and hazels, and incidentally weare interested in their food value. In listening to Mr. Rawnsley tonight I was much interested in what hesaid because he is a neighbor of mine and lives across the street. Iremember seeing him on a cold winter day when I was walking down streetin a big overcoat, five below zero. Across the street there was Mr. Rawnsley shoveling snow and all he had on was trousers and a shirt. Ihave found out tonight how he could do it, by eating nuts. I said to mywife that I didn't see how he could stand it but now I shall tell herthat I have found out. Of course there are some nuts that are commercially of no use here. Thepecan is the nut of the South. Mr. McGlennon and Mr. Vollertsen aredoing great things with the filbert here. I think there is a greatfuture here in the North for the hazels and king nuts. Other nuts thatare very important here because they are hardy are the black walnut andthe butternut. If walnuts and hickories can be grafted in tens ofthousands like apples and peaches, all right, go ahead, but in themeantime raise all the seedlings you can. I am surprised that so farnothing has been said here about the king nut. There are only two placesin New York State where the king nut grows. It grows in the GeneseeValley from Rochester up to Mt. Morris quite abundantly and it growsaround Albany and Central New York. There are no other places in NewYork State where it grows. It is a larger nut than the common shellbark. It makes a magnificent tree. I think the king nut should beplanted. We are growing it ourselves in the park. The tree itself growsfifteen miles from here. We have it in the park today and I have planteda good many of these nuts. I think the big shell bark or king nut andthe shell barks should be planted quite extensively. Put them in theground and let them come up. They will come up. Another good tree wehave here with great possibilities in it is the Japanese butternut. Itis hardy and I understand it is growing at Lockport. These are a fewrambling ideas. Incidentally we are doing all we can to spread thegospel of nut culture and the growing of nut trees. If people could seethem in the parks it would help along their education. MORNING SESSION, SEPTEMBER 8th, 1922 The Convention was called to order by the President at 9:30 o'clock A. M. THE PRESIDENT: After a night of good rest we are ready to proceed withour deliberations and as we have a lot to do we are going to try to pushthings along fast this morning. Some of the papers have not arrived and some of the speakers will not behere. Senator Penney of Michigan wrote me that he was not only in ratherpoor health but he was in the midst of an election primary and that itwould be impossible for him to be here but that he would endeavor tosend a paper. I am sorry to say that it has not arrived. I was pretty sure that ex-President Linton would be here. But I have atelegram from him this morning saying it is absolutely impossible andthat he, too, hasn't had any time to prepare a paper. Mr. Linton is avery busy man and about the only way to get a rise out of him is bywire. I have written him three times and wired him five times. Finally Isucceeded in getting a telegram from him this morning. I wasparticularly anxious that he and Senator Penney be here to discuss theroadside planting of nut trees and the legislation of Michigan in thatregard, believing that such aid would materially help us in gettingother states interested along the same line. I'm sorry, therefore, thatthey are not here. This telegram from Mr. Linton, received this morning, reads as follows: "Expected until yesterday that I would get to Rochester convention butam bitterly disappointed in being unable to do so owing to fatal illnessof chairman of our state commission, whose called meetings and pendentduties have fallen upon me. Senator Penney is in midst of strenuousprimary campaign closing Monday and can not leave and Mr. Beck is inhospital recovering from operation. So your Saginaw trio, positivelywith you in spirit and good wishes, is held here this time absolutelyand all regret the situation beyond measure. I expressed to youyesterday, prepaid, the Washington walnuts, fine young trees onlyeighteen months old, and will replace them next spring if necessary. Penney and Beck join me in sincerely desiring the success of yourconvention and extending kind regards to you and those present, all ofwhom we hope to meet another year. WM. S. LINTON. The trees we are going to plant tomorrow morning, if these seedlings gethere, are grown from nuts furnished Mr. Linton by the superintendent ofMount Vernon. Last year we planted some in one of the parks atLancaster. I will ask Mr. Vollertsen to read his paper now. MR. CONRAD VOLLERTSEN: Ladies and gentlemen: My paper this morning willnecessarily be very short as the subject assigned to me is one of whichI so far have not had any practical experience and therefore am unableto say much about. According to our program I have been assigned to make a few remarks on"The Blight-proof Propagated Filbert, " a subject I think rather hard todiscuss as we have so far no positive proof that blight, if it at allexists on the improved filbert, will not eventually appear on varietieswe are now growing. I therefore believe the subject, "Blight-proofPropagated Filbert, " should have been worded somewhat differently, as wehave no assurance when blight may appear, nor any guarantee against itsappearance. It may fall on our plants over night or at any time. That wecan not prevent nor control. In the nursery of improved European filberts which we have maintainedfor ten years, blight is so far not known and has never made itsappearance. We know of other filbert plants, several varieties, all ofGerman origin, in this, our home city, from thirty to forty years old, never affected by blight, bearing nuts today. But all this will notguarantee the improved propagated filbert to be blight-proof. Wecertainly do not claim our propagated improved filbert plants areblight-proof. In fact to our knowledge there is no such thing asblight-proof filberts no more than there are blight-proof pears, quincesor other fruits. But we do claim that our improved filbert varieties, imported from Germany, will stand our climatic changes very much betterand will resist the attack of blight to a greater extent than any othervariety imported from France or Italy. We really do not fear blight. We have heard very much about it and haveso far seen nothing of it. But should it eventually appear in ournursery I am fully convinced we can easily control it and prevent itsspreading by cutting the affected parts thoroughly away, removing thediseased twigs or branches so low as to make the cut in entirely soundwood. Through such an operation I am fully convinced the disease can becompletely eliminated in a comparatively short time, should it everappear. We have been repeatedly told blight will not only attack small parts orbranches of the improved filberts but will kill them entirely. Such athought I can never entertain, not for a moment. I have had too manyyears' practical experience with the growing and cultivating of improvedhazel or filbert plants, and have never seen anything of the kind. Itwould be very interesting if members of this association who haveobserved blight on the improved hazels and seen plants actually killedby that disease would relate their experiences and the real facts so asto enlighten the public on the subject. For instance: Where did it happen that blight killed the plants entirely? What varieties were attacked and killed? And was it genuine blight that killed them? These questions should be well considered, particularly the last one, asit is a well-known fact that in a general way the term blight isfrequently used for various injuries or diseases of plants causing thewhole or parts to wither and die, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences. We will, in the early summer, occasionally see on various shrubs ortrees numerous little twigs and branches dead and decaying and thegeneral saying then will most assuredly be, the shrub or tree isblighted, where a close and thorough investigation will not reveal theslightest sign of blight, merely injuries by frequent climatic changesin the late winter or early spring months. I also have observed the same thing where insects were the cause of allthe trouble. A little downy species of the aphis, or plant louse, hadcompletely overrun a Stump apple tree and really caused it to die. Theowner told me that tree was blighted. But here also no sign of blightcould be detected. Nothing but insects caused the tree to die, notblight. I merely mention these instances to show how thoroughly and readily adisease or ailment of a tree or shrub is called blight where in realitynot the slightest sign of it can be discovered. If our people had the understanding and would take the time toinvestigate the cause of their diseased trees I am fairly satisfied thecomplaining of trees or shrubs being killed by blight would not be heardas freely as it is today. Now under no circumstances should this be construed as meaning that Idispute or doubt the existence of blight among our filbert plants. Notat all. Quite the contrary. We have, as stated above, so far noblight-proof filberts and no guarantee that blight will not eventuallyattack our plants. We therefore will have to be more or less on thealert, will have to watch our filbert plants as we do our pear or quinceorchards or other fruit trees more or less inclined to blight. By nomeans let blight discourage the planting of filbert or hazel nuts, as Iam fully convinced should it eventually appear it will not kill ourplants. In fact it will not harm them as much as it will our pear trees, our quinces or other varieties of fruit inclined to that disease, ofwhich we, in spite of blight, plant and maintain large orchards. My advice would be to stop all talk on blight and wait until it appears. Do not let us cross the bridge before we come to it but let us watch ourtrees inclined to blight, particularly our hazel and filbert plants, asthey are not blight-proof, but eventually should blight make itsappearance let us be ready for it, fully prepared to receive it, not towelcome but to eliminate it. That we can do, that we can accomplish verythoroughly through the operation set forth in the beginning of thispaper. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: That is a subject that I feel we ought to have a littlediscussion on and I would like to hear from Mr. Jones, Doctor Morris, Mr. Bixby, Doctor Deming, for a brief discussion on the points justtouched on by Mr. Vollertsen. THE SECRETARY: I have had very little experience with the blight. Twoyears ago Mr. Bixby and I visited the very large hazels in Bethel, Connecticut, seedlings raised from grocery store nuts, and we saw therethe blight on some of the largest trees, on the large limbs, unquestionable blight with sunken areas covered with pustules. I didn'tsee the trees last year, but on Wednesday, just before taking the trainto come here, I ran in to this place to get a bunch of hazels to bringhere, and I saw the tree on which Mr. Bixby and I had found the blightlooking as well as ever. In a hasty examination of the tree I saw one ortwo stubs where large limbs had been cut off. I presume that the ownerhad followed our advice and had cut off the blighted limb and, apparently, the tree itself was none the worse for the blight. I have had hazels planted and neglected for twelve or thirteen years andthis is the first year in which I have found the blight. I have foundbefore other causes of death of parts of the shrubs, girdling by insectsand apparent winter killing, but this year I found several of my treeson which were undoubted patches of cryptosporella. That is the extent ofmy experience with the blight. MR. JONES: I have not had any actual experience with the blight but Ihave seen it in Connecticut. I have not found it on any of the wildhazels of Pennsylvania. Therefore we do not have it at Lancaster. I havenot regarded it as nearly as serious as pear blight and some otherblights that attack fruit trees. THE PRESIDENT: What is that, Mr. Jones? MR. JONES: I say I have not regarded the filbert blight as nearly asdeadly as some of the blights that attack the fruit trees, because ofthe fact that it works very slowly, and it takes, I understand, abouttwo years to girdle a limb of any size; therefore, it is easily cut outand controlled. MR. CORSAN: Could it be that the blight would be very much more activein a tree growing in the shade than on one growing out in the strongsunlight and well nourished? MR. VOLLERTSEN: I know of some trees that were for at least ten oreleven years practically overgrown by butternut trees. I have known thetrees for more than thirty years. I visited the place about a week agoand found a tree doing fairly well under the circumstances. That tree isbetween thirty and forty years old and has grown steadily for the lastfive or six years entirely in the shade and is bearing fruit fairlywell. There were quite a few nuts on it although there were more overthe top than on the lower branches; but I did not notice any dead limbsor anything of that kind. THE PRESIDENT: Do you refer to Doctor Mandel's plant? MR. VOLLERTSEN: No. DOCTOR MORRIS: Stamford is a natural home of the hazel. Wild hazels fillthe fields to such an extent that they destroy pastures very often. Hazel blight, therefore, is to be found there as an indigenous organismor parasite. Among the native hazels it apparently attacks only thosethat have been injured or are weakened by age or otherwise. That is thecommon history where a plant has existed along with a parasite forcenturies or ages, a certain amount of tolerance is established by theresistance of a few individual plants and the elimination of the others. By natural selection the best survives. Now when I brought some European hazels to this place a little overtwenty years ago they made a good start. In two or three years all wereattacked with blight and at the end of four or five years all were dead. I spoke to Mr. Henry Hicks about it. He has a place on Long Island. Mr. Hicks said, "I have given up foreign hazels. They are no use. They alldie. I don't try them. " Whenever anybody says that to me it starts meright off doing it. When they said we couldn't graft hickories I said, "Well, here is something to do, " and I did it. They said, "Well, wecouldn't raise hazels; we might as well give up. " I said, "Well, here isthe best thing for us to do then. " So again I got a small lot andobserved them day by day. Very soon the blight began to attack them. Ifound it grew slowly and gave me plenty of time to cut it out. Ineglected some purposely to see how long it would take the blight togirdle a limb and some of the larger limbs took two years. In all of thelimbs that were affected, in the hazels which I wished to save, I simplycut out the blight with a sharp jackknife, painted the spot with alittle paint, an antiseptic or something of the sort, and had completecontrol. In fact I found that I needed to go over my hazel bushes notmore than once a year to look after the blight, and in one day, or partof a day, with a sharp jackknife I had absolute control of the blight. There are some large European hazels that I have neglected and haveallowed the blight to get under way. Some of them are so resistant thatthey bear very good crops notwithstanding the fact that they areneglected and have the blight. Others have died. Therefore it is arelative question, a question of relative immunity to the blight. Mybelief is that the blight will not be any more injurious to our hazelsthan the San Jose scale has been to the peaches. We have completecontrol of the San Jose scale because we know the habits of the scaleinsect. I believe we have complete control of the hazel blight becausewe know the habits of that particular sporella. As to the question of growing in the shade or in the sunshine, on thePalmer property not very far from me, there are some very large bushesof red and white avellana and of the purple hazel that have beenovershadowed by other trees because they haven't been looked after. Those are all very large bushes, in fact they have grown to be smalltrees and they are completely overshadowed by other things. They havesome blight but continue year after year to bear heavy crops of nuts. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bartlett, have you any remarks on the subject? MR. BARTLETT: My experience has been very similar to that of DoctorMorris. I have visited possibly a hundred places and have seen hazelsgrowing, some of which have probably been there seventy-five years. Intalking with the people connected with the place I have often heardsaid, "Why, years ago we used to have hazels, a great many hazels here, picked maybe a bushel at a time, but the best varieties have died, andwhat we have left are worthless. " Or perhaps, "There is only one bushleft and we don't get any hazels now. " Apparently the purple hazel isfreer from blight than most of the other imported varieties. I have seenthe blight in these places. I have seen branches from three to fourinches in diameter that were attacked with blight and were still growingbut were not fruiting very much. I know a very few places where hazelsare grown within fifty miles of New York, and I know of some placeswhere they are getting some nuts. But the general impression is that theEuropean varieties will be attacked with blight and killed. I have seen bushes that have been attacked by blight where the roots arealive but sending up very weak shoots. That is probably through neglectof stocks. Certain of those that I have raised, five or six years old, are absolutely free from blight. Most of the older trees that I haveseen around have blight in some form or other. MR. BIXBY: Doctor Morris' remark as to what Mr. Hicks says of giving upattempting to grow hazels because the blight would take them, seemed tome very appropriate in view of an observation I made on Mr. Hicks' placelast fall. I found there a large hazel which was probably twenty-fivefeet high and bearing a fair crop of nuts. Mr. Hicks told me that he hadbrought that tree from Germany many years ago--I think it was overtwenty years ago--and that that was the only one left out of a lot. Nowif other European hazels had been killed there with the blight and thisone was left there was apparently a blight-proof hazel in that lot. I have seen a good many hazel bushes affected with blight, but I havenot seen any since I went with Doctor Deming up to Bethel. I have seenno blight since then though I have looked for it whenever I have beenwhere there were European hazels. I examined that tree in Mr. Hicks'nursery very carefully and found there was no evidence of blight. I feelas the other speakers do who have expressed themselves, that we havelittle to fear from the hazel blight; that if it does appear in thenurseries we can control it by cutting out the blighted portions. MR. PIERCE: In northern Utah I have a number of bushes of the foreignand the American hazel and they are ten years old. So far I have notseen any evidence of blight. I would like to ask a question. What form does this blight take, and isit deadly? In other words, will it kill the bush? Is it good to cut outthe affected parts? DOCTOR MORRIS: You find a depression of the bark over a small area, gradually increasing, and around the part that is depressed you willfind a little swelling of the healthy part that is trying to grow overthe blight area. This also contains the roots, if you can call themthat, of the blight. You can recognize it everywhere on the hazel by thedistinctly depressed area of bark, which should be cut out before itgets to be the size of a quarter. In other cases the blight will encircle a small branch and cause aswelling instead of depression that looks very much like the swollenarea around the depressed bark. There may be depression in the branchparts but the swelling blocks that so you can see only the swelling. These branches may be very easily removed, with as much ease as a boywould steal the nuts, so there is nothing to be feared on that score. Ifthe blight is left uncared for it will kill some of the plants and itwill not kill others. It will injure some also without killing them, sothat we have to consider the question of what we call relative immunity. In the case quoted by Mr. Bixby we have a case of relative immunity of ahazel which has grown to be twenty-five feet high and bearing crops inthe midst of the blight area on Long Island, while others havedisappeared from the vicinity. MR. BIXBY: I would say in connection with that hazel that Dr. Deming andI visited in Bethel that I took a blighted branch away with me and itwas such an excellent example of a blighted area that I had a photographmade and it was printed in the Nut Journal. THE PRESIDENT: This discussion on the blight of the filbert is ofintense interest to me. It is a considerable relief to us to hear theseencouraging statements, because during our experiments, covering thepast decade, the bugbear of all of our deliberations has been thepossibility of blight wiping us out, it having been suggested at thetime we imported plants that we would never get anywhere with them. Ithink we have little cause to feel very much worried on the subject ofthe blight. It now gives me real pleasure to introduce to you our friend, Mr. Pomeroy. MR. POMEROY: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: Josephus says that hehas set down various things according to his opinion and if anybodyholds to another opinion he will not object. That's my position inregard to nut growing. I will tell you a few things that I believe andif you hold another opinion you are entitled to keep it. Professor John Craig once referred to a thing that surprised me verymuch. We Americans believe we are a very energetic, smart people not tobe fooled much in a trade. Well, he had statistics which showed thatafter we have shipped millions of dollars worth of wheat and cotton andvarious other products to Europe we receive our pay in the form of greatquantities of nuts which we use for food, holiday nuts, all-year-roundnuts. Now I believe that those nuts can be raised right here and we canpocket that money instead of leaving it in Europe. I was a very small child when my father went to Philadelphia to visitthe Exposition in 1876. While he was there he picked up a few walnutswhich had dropped from a tree in front of his lodging house and broughtthem home and planted them. A very few years after he amazed us all bytaking a load of nuts to Buffalo and obtaining more money for them thanthe hired man and I did for a large load of fruit. At one time I put out some English walnuts in a cemetery as a memorialorchard and the trees are now doing fine. The other night my wife and Istrolled over and looked at them and when we were on our way back wepassed a neighbor's house where there were a number of maple trees onthe lawn. I said to my wife, "Those maple trees are fifty years old, andthere by the side of his lawn is a chestnut tree that is forty-four orfive years old. " She made the remark, "Those English walnut trees overthere cast a much more beautiful shade than those maples, " and it wastrue. I think Mr. McGlennon saw them. THE PRESIDENT: Yes; that's so. I thank you very much, Mr. Pomeroy. Mr. G. H. Corsan, of Toronto, Canada, is known as the "Canadian JohnnyAppleseed. " Mr. Corsan goes about the country and when he can find nutsand seeds of what he thinks are good trees and plants he gathers them upand arranges to distribute them. If Mr. Corsan will give us about ten orfifteen minutes I should certainly appreciate it very much. MR. CORSAN: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Our friend here calledme Johnny Appleseed, I suppose because I went around among my friendswho had gardens and said, "Let me plant this, " and I would plant a nuttree. I said, "Why don't you plant something with a utility value aswell as a thing of beauty?" I said, "Why not plant something that willnot only grow rapidly and cast a splendid shade but that will alsoreturn you something in the way of food?" I first devoted twelve acres to the culture of nut trees. I afterwardsadded four more. I just planted seedlings. In the year 1912 I joined theNut Growers' Association and I set out a hundred chestnut trees. When Ifound the blight was in them and I cut them all down but two. I havethose two now and last year I gathered a peck of very large chestnutsfrom them which caused the Ontario government to take notice of what Iwas doing. I bought a great many other trees, among them some of Mr. Pomeroy's. Ihad a hard fight with Pomeroy's trees. They would die down one year andgrow a foot or a foot and a half the next and then die down again. Buteach year they increased a little in size and now they are over my headand are not dying down at all. I tried a lot of others, among which were seedling English walnuts fromSt. Catherine's. They did not freeze down at all, but whether they willthrow as good a nut as Mr. Pomeroy's I don't know. They are certainly adifferent nut. Then I got a Chinese walnut of Black's nursery, Hightstown, New Jersey, and it is growing remarkably well. All three types of trees are doingvery well and are all over my head, sometimes growing three or four feeta year, very rarely less than a yard from each terminal branch, and Ihave had no winter killing. It may be interesting to recount a few other things about my place. Ihad an awful fight with mice. My land is in a valley and the springfloods come down and I can't plow the land or it would all be washedaway. I put a tree in and protect it with a certain amount of spacearound it. I found that the mice would chew down the trees almost asfast as I could get them in, so I got some cats. The cats soon learnedto prefer birds to mice so I killed the cats. Then I bought a flock ofgeese and the geese cropped the grass short and prevented it fromgrowing so powerfully as to smother out the trees. But the geese hadhard bills and when the trees were small they clipped off pieces of barkwith their bills, so I traded the geese for wild geese. I learned thatthey are more discriminating in their choice of food and that thoughtheir wings are more powerful their bills are not as strong. They havekept the grass down for me and destroyed the homes of the mice. Then Igot pheasants in order to rid myself of the insect pests. I feel that inanother ten or twenty years we will have a very beautiful place. I need not refer to the fact that nuts are very valuable for food. Dentists would all go out of business if we ate nuts. Pennsylvania is a state which should certainly take up with itsagricultural authorities the possibilities of nut growing because thatis a state that can be ruined utterly by trying to grow grain on thehillsides. The water comes down and washes all the rich top soil offinto the creeks and it is lost to us and our children. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: Will the secretary please read Doctor Kellogg's paper? THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, this is a very long paper and I have notread it over. It seems to me that perhaps we have devoted so much timeto genealogy and reminiscences that the time is short for the paperswhich are to be read by members present. Would it not be well to deferthe reading of this paper of Doctor Kellogg's to a later time, or, possibly, merely print it in the proceedings? DOCTOR MORRIS: I move it be laid upon the table and printed in theproceedings. The motion was duly seconded and carried. (See Appendix for Dr. Kellogg's paper. ) THE PRESIDENT: One of our important visitors is Professor James A. Neilson, Guelph, Canada. The title of Professor Neilson's paper is, "NutCulture in Canada. " This is an especially interesting subject to me. PROFESSOR NEILSON: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: I want toexpress my appreciation of your kind invitation to attend yourconvention and for the opportunity of talking to you for a while on thesubject that is more interesting to me than any other branch ofhorticulture. I had looked forward to coming to this convention butwasn't just sure that I would be able to be here. Therefore when I got awire from your president I immediately got busy and pulled the wires atthe college and asked them to authorize me to come here at collegeexpense. I am very glad to be here. It has been most interesting to me, and I am very pleased, indeed, to meet so many whom I knew already byreputation. NUT CULTURE IN CANADA J. A. NEILSON, B. S. A. _Lecturer in Horticulture, Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Canada_ The conservation and improvement of our native nut trees and theintroduction of suitable species from foreign countries has not receivedmuch attention by horticulturists in Canada, except in British Columbiaand in Ontario. In British Columbia, Persian walnuts, Japanese walnuts, filberts, almonds and European varieties of chestnuts have been plantedto a limited extent in the fruit districts and small plantings have beenmade at the Dominion Experimental Farms located at Aggaziz on themainland and at Sidney on Vancouver Island. In Ontario very little had been done by the Provincial ExperimentStations to test the different varieties of nut trees until about oneyear ago when the Vineland Station undertook to establish experimentalplantings. A few enthusiasts like G. H. Corsan of Toronto, Dr. Sager ofBrantford, Dr. McWilliams of London and William Corcoran of PortDalhousie are about the only parties who have attempted anything alongthe line of nut growing. These remarks of course do not apply to thosepeople who have planted a few black walnuts or Japanese walnuts on thehome grounds or along the roadsides. Of such plantings there are a fewhere and there in the older settled parts of the province. For some years the writer has felt that something should be done by theHorticultural Department of the College to interest the people of Canadain planting more and better nut trees and in conserving the remnant ofthe many fine nut trees which formerly grew so abundantly in parts ofOntario and elsewhere. Therefore an attempt was made during the springof 1921 to interest the public in the possibilities of nut culture. Aletter and questionnaire asking for information on nut trees wereprepared and sent to officers of horticultural and agriculturalsocieties, agricultural representatives, agricultural and horticulturalmagazines, daily and weekly newspapers, school inspectors and otherinterested parties. The following is a copy of the letter and questionnaire which were sentout: "Dear Sir: "We are investigating the possibilities of nut culture in Ontario andwould be pleased to have you assist us by reporting the occurrence anddistribution of the various species of native and introduced nut treesgrowing in your locality. We are particularly anxious to learn of theexact location of superior trees and if any such are found we plan tohave these propagated and distributed for test purposes. We would alsolike to secure the names of people who are interested in nut culture. Please fill out the enclosed questionnaire and return to the undersignedat your earliest convenience. "Thanking you in anticipation of receiving some interesting informationon nut trees, I am, yours sincerely, (signed) James A. Neilson, Lecturerin Horticulture. " _Questionnaire:_ Q. 1. Are any of the following kinds of trees growing in your locality: American Black Walnut European Chestnut Japanese Walnut Japanese Chestnut English Walnut Chinese Walnut Butternut Beechnut Hickory nut Hazel nut Pecans Filbert Sweet Chestnut Q. 2. Do you know of any individual trees of the above mentioned kindsthat are superior because of large size of nuts, excellent flavour ofkernel, thin shells, rapid growth or high yields? Please give exactlocation of such trees. Q. 3. Is any one in your section making a special effort to grow anynative or foreign species of nuts? If so please give their name andaddress. Name of correspondent Post Office Township County Province I am delighted to say that I never did anything in my life that met withsuch hearty and general approval as this venture. From almost everyquarter of Canada I received commendatory letters and offers ofassistance. One encouraging feature was the keen interest shown bywealthy business and professional men in our larger centres and by someof our more progressive fruit growers and farmers. Inasmuch as myventure was an innovation there were of course some humorous comments tothe effect that we had enough "nuts" in the country now withoutencouraging any more. I replied to my humorous friends that the "nuts"they had in mind did not grow on trees whereas the kind I had in minddid. The information I received in answer to my questionnaire was veryinteresting and instructive and confirmed some of my impressionsregarding the occurrence of nut trees in our province. More importantstill it showed that there were several superior trees of variousspecies growing here and there throughout the country. _Geographical Distribution of Nut Trees in Canada_ The chief native nut trees are the black walnut, the butternut or whitewalnut, the hickory, of which there are four species--the chestnut, thebeechnut and the hazelnut. Of introduced nut trees there are thePersian, Japanese and Chinese walnuts, the European, Japanese andChinese chestnuts, the pecan and the European filberts. THE BLACK WALNUT (_Juglans nigra_). The black walnut is one of our finest native nut trees and is foundgrowing naturally along the north shore of Lake Erie and Lake Ontarioand around Lake St. Clair. It has been planted in many other parts ofOntario and does well where protected from cold winds. The tree grows toa large size, sometimes attaining a height of 90 feet and a trunkdiameter of 5 feet. When grown in the open it makes a beautifulsymmetrical tree, having a large, rounded crown with drooping lowerbranches. The black walnut is not found growing naturally outside of Ontario. Ithas been planted in Manitoba but does not do well there because of thecold winter. In 1917 the writer observed a few specimens near Portage laPrairie which were about five feet tall. These trees made a fair annualgrowth but most of this froze back each winter. Many people in Canada believe that the black walnut is a slow grower. This impression is not correct as some trees grow very rapidly. Abouteighteen years ago I planted a number of nuts along the line fence andalong the roadside on my father's farm near Simcoe, Ontario. Most ofthese nuts sprouted and grew and some have done exceptionally well. Oneof these trees is now thirty-seven feet tall and has a trunkcircumference of forty-one inches at the ground. It has borne nuts sinceit was six years of age and this year has a very heavy crop. Some ofthe first crop of nuts were planted and these in turn have developedinto trees which have produced nuts. Nuts from the second generationhave been planted and will likely make trees which will yield nuts in afew years. An interesting feature of the original planting is the greatvariation in the size, shape of nut, thickness of shell and yield. Someare large, some are small, some are round and others are pear-shaped. The majority of the trees yield well but a few, however, are lightcroppers. THE BUTTERNUT (_Juglans cinerea_) The butternut is much hardier than the black walnut and has a much widerdistribution in Canada. It occurs throughout New Brunswick, in Quebec, along the St. Lawrence basin and in Ontario from the shore of Lakes Erieand Ontario to the Georgian Bay and Ottawa River. It has been planted inManitoba and does fairly well there when protected from cold winds. Westof Portage la Prairie the writer observed a grove of seventy-seventrees. Some of these trees were about thirty-five feet tall with a trunkdiameter of ten inches and had borne several crops of good nuts. The butternut in Ontario sometimes attains a height of seventy feet anda trunk diameter of three feet. THE ENGLISH OR PERSIAN WALNUT (_Juglans regia_). The English walnut, or the Persian walnut, as it should be called, isfound growing in the Niagara district and to a lesser extent in the LakeErie counties. It is stated on good authority that there are about 100of these trees growing in the fruit belt between Hamilton and NiagaraFalls. There are several quite large trees in the vicinity of St. Catharines, which have borne good crops of nuts. One of these treesproduced nuts of sufficient merit to be included in the list ofdesirable nuts prepared by C. A. Reed, Nut Culturist of the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture. This variety has been named the"Ontario" and is now being propagated, experimentally, in the UnitedStates. In the vicinity of St. Davids, on the farm of Mr. JamesWoodruff, there is a fine English walnut tree which produced ten bushelsof shelled nuts in one season. This tree is one of the largest of itskind in Ontario, being about sixty feet tall with a trunk diameter ofthree feet at one foot above the ground and a spread of branches equalto its height. The English walnut is not as hardy as the black walnut and is adaptedonly to those sections where the peach can be grown successfully. Atpresent this tree cannot be recommended for any part of Ontario exceptthe Niagara district and the Lake Erie counties and even in these areasit should not be planted unless it has been grafted or budded on thehardier black walnut. JAPANESE WALNUTS. The Japanese Walnut is known to occur in Canada in three differentforms--Juglans cordiformis; Juglans Sieboldiana; Juglans mandschurica. _Juglans Cordiformis. _ This species is cultivated extensively in Japan and is the most valuableone for Ontario. The tree is very beautiful, comes into bearing early, bears heavily, grows rapidly and is reported to live to a great age. Itis believed to be as hardy as the black walnut and ought to do wellwherever the native walnut grows satisfactorily. In the best types thenuts are distinctly heart-shaped, have a thin shell, crack easily andcontain a large kernel of good quality which can often be removed almostentire from the shell with a light tap from a hammer. There are two fine heartnut trees growing near Aldershot which is nearHamilton on the road to Toronto. These trees are eight years of age andare about twenty-eight feet tall with a trunk diameter of eight to nineinches. In the seventh year one tree produced about a bushel of finenuts with thin shells. _Juglans Sieboldiana. _ This type was first introduced into the United States about 1860 by aMr. Towerhouse in Shasta County, California. Since then it has beenwidely distributed and is now found in many parts of the United Statesand Canada. It is much the same in appearance as the one first describedand grows just as rapidly and bears just as early but does not produceso valuable a nut. The nut has a smooth shell of medium thickness with akernel of good quality. It does not usually crack easily and the kernelcannot be taken out entire, therefore, is not so desirable as thecordiformis type. In rapidity of growth the Japanese walnut is onlyexcelled by the willows and poplars. In the vicinity of Grimsby there isa tree eight years of age which is about twenty-five feet high and hastrunk diameter of seven inches at the base. It began to bear nuts in thethird year and in the sixth year produced one bushel. _Juglans Mandschurica. _ The general growth characteristics of this species are somewhat similarto the other two types but the nut, however, is quite different, beingsomewhat like a butternut. Because of this it is sometimes called theJapanese butternut. It is the least desirable of the Japanese group andshould not be planted except where the cordiformis type will not grow. CHINESE WALNUTS (_Juglans regia sinensis_). The Chinese walnut is being grown experimentally in the northern part ofthe United States and has been tried at only one place in Canada, e. G. , in the grounds of G. H. Corsan, Islington, Ont. The tree is reportedto be fairly hardy at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains, Mass. , andshould be sufficiently hardy for southern Ontario. It is believed thatthe Chinese walnut will prove to be hardier than the English walnut andit may have an important place amongst the trees in the northern part ofthe United States and in Southern Canada. The nuts are quite large andhave a shell which is thicker than the English walnut but not nearly asthick or hard as the native black walnut. The kernel generally has afine flavour, being almost as good as the English walnut. Nuts of thisspecies have been planted at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, and at the Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont. , and it is expected thattrees will be hardy enough for our climate and produce nuts which willbe as good as the Persian walnut. THE SWEET CHESTNUT (_Castanea dentata_) The sweet chestnut is found growing naturally on sandy ridges in thatpart of Ontario extending from Toronto to Sarnia and southward to LakeErie. At the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, there is a fair sizedtree and near Newcastle there are a few fine specimens. It grows to a large size, sometimes reaching a height of one hundredfeet and a diameter of five feet at the base. When grown in the open itforms several heavy branches and makes a broad rounded crown, but whengrown in a dense stand it makes a tall, straight tree. The native chestnut is subject to a fatal disease called chestnut barkdisease. This disease is not known to occur in Ontario, but there is noassurance that it will not appear and, therefore, the planting of thistree is attended with some risk. A dwarf type of chestnut has been reported from east of Ottawa in theOttawa valley. The tree is about fifteen feet tall and produces a smallburr containing only one nut. I have not seen this tree so cannot vouchfor the accuracy of the above statement. EXOTIC SPECIES OF CHESTNUTS. Inasmuch as very few of the Chinese, Japanese and European chestnutshave been planted in Ontario very little can be said regarding theirbehaviour. Dr. Sargeant reports the Chinese chestnut (CastaneaMollissima) as being hardy at the Arnold Arboretum and therefore itshould be adapted to southern Ontario. The Japanese chestnut is alsoquite hardy but is susceptible to chestnut bark disease. A few Japanesechestnut trees are growing near Fonthill, Ontario, and have borne somegood crops. The tree is a small, spreading grower, comes into bearingfairly early and bears quite heavily. THE HICKORIES. There are four species of Hickory native to Canada. The shagbark, thebitternut, the pignut and mockernut. The shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) is the chief one of value for theproduction of edible nuts. It is confined to the St. Lawrence valleyfrom Montreal westward and along Lakes Erie and Ontario for a distanceof 40-50 miles back from the shore. It reaches a height of fifty toninety feet and a trunk diameter of one to three feet and grows best ondeep, fertile loams. BITTERNUT HICKORY (_Carya cordiformis_) This species has a wider range than the shellbark and is found insouthwestern Quebec and throughout Ontario from the Quebec border to theGeorgian Bay district. It grows best on low wet soils near streams butis also found on higher well-drained sorts. There are two fair sizedtrees on such a soil on the O. A. C. Campus. This species may prove tobe of value as a stock for grafting with the shellbark kingnut and someof the good hybrid hickories. The mockernut (Carya alba) and the pignut (Carya glabra) occur along thenorth shore of Lake Erie and along Lake St. Clair. The mockernut is not of much value as a nut tree but the wood isconsidered to be superior to other species of hickory. The pignut is generally a small tree which produces nuts of variablesize, form and flavor. The kernel may be bitter or it may be sweet andthe nuts vary from round to pear-shape. THE HAZELS. There are two species of hazels native to Canada--the common hazel(Corylus Americana) and the beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta). The hazelshave a wider range than other nut-bearing plants in Canada, being foundin almost every province from Nova Scotia westward to British Columbiaand as far north as Edmonton in Alberta and Prince Alberta inSaskatchewan. In Ontario the beaked hazel grows as far north as HudsonBay and in many other parts the common hazel grows very abundantly andbears heavily. In Norfolk County it is very common and in places almostcovers the roadside in the little traveled sections. Dr. N. E. Hansen ofBrookings, South Dakota, has made a few selections of the commonhazelnut found in Manitoba and is now propagating the best of these fordistribution. A few filberts have been planted in Ontario but have not done very well. The growth of wood has been good but little or no nuts have beenproduced. In Guelph there is a filbert about fifteen feet tall growingon the grounds of J. W. Bell, but like most other filberts in thisprovince it has not yielded nuts. THE BEECH (_Fagus grandiflora_) This tree grows in the hardwood region from Nova Scotia westward to thewestern end of Lake Superior. On suitable soils it attains a height of eighty or ninety feet and adiameter of four feet. The nuts are much appreciated by old and young, but on account of the slow rate of growth and the irregularity ofbearing very little has been done to plant this tree. THE ALMOND (_Prunus amygdalus_). Almonds have been tried to a limited extent in the warmer parts ofCanada but only with indifferent success except on Vancouver Island. Itis possible that a satisfactory strain will eventually be found thatwill extend the range of this desirable nut-bearing tree. _Introduction of New Species_ In addition to the efforts to gather data regarding nut trees I decidedto introduce some good exotic species for trial with the hope that someof these might prove hardy enough for our climatic conditions. I thoughtthat northeastern Asia would be the most promising region from which toobtain nuts for planting. Therefore, I wrote to the Mission Boards ofthe Methodist, Presbyterian and Anglican Churches and obtained the namesof their missionaries in those fields. I then wrote to several of thesemissionaries and outlined my programme and asked them to send me samplesof the best nuts growing in their respective sections. Here again Ireceived great encouragement and assistance. Several packages of finechestnuts and walnuts were received from China and Japan. Some of thesenuts were planted at the College and the remainder were distributedthroughout the province to interested parties. Owing to the length ofthe period between the gathering of the nuts and their arrival at Guelphmany had lost their germinating power, consequently I only succeeded ingetting ten walnuts to grow and failed entirely with the chestnuts. However, we may succeed in germinating a few more walnuts after awinter's frost. I am aware that we might not get as good nuts from these plantings asthe parents were, but it is also possible to get a real good tree whichwould be hardy enough for our climatic conditions. Should we succeed inthis endeavor it would be a desirable acquisition and a greatimprovement on our native black walnut. _Improvement of Native Trees_ Attempts were made to improve ordinary black walnut trees by grafting. Scions of the Persian walnut and the Japanese walnut were obtained andgrafted onto some of the seedling black walnuts planted by myself yearsago. I regret to state that in this phase of the work I was greatlydisappointed. Not one scion grew but the stock trees grew amazinglyafter being cut back and would have been fine for budding this summer ifI had been able to get the buds at the proper time. _Educational Work_ An attempt has been made to bring before all our students at the O. A. C. The advantages of paying more attention to nut culture. Theselectures have always been well received and almost invariably havearoused special interest in the minds of those who are horticulturallyinclined. Addresses on nut culture have been given to Kiwanis Clubs andHorticultural Societies and articles have been written for theagricultural and horticultural press. A small bulletin is being written and it is hoped that it will beavailable for distribution in a short time. _Plans for the Future_ The activities outlined above will be continued on a larger scale and ina more thorough manner, provided I can get the necessary funds to carryon the work. The search for superior trees and bushes will be continuedand nuts from good trees in China and Japan will be introduced in muchgreater quantities for test purposes. The conversion of poor or ordinarynative nut trees into superior trees by grafting will receive specialattention. In this way, ladies and gentlemen, I hope to attain the ideal of alltrue horticulturists, e. G. , "To make our country more beautiful andfruitful and thereby help to serve the æsthetic and physical needs ofour people. " * * * * * DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. Chairman: Canada is the next country in which greatdevelopments in all of the branches of science will occur. It is todevelop, of course, in our present cultural period and I hope thismovement for the development of nut culture in Canada will keep pacewith the other developments. I want to speak about one point of Mr. Corsan's. Game breeding can govery well with nut raising. Wild geese will graze like sheep, they willkeep the grass and weeds down, and after they are ten days old they needno feeding at all until winter comes. They will graze like sheep, liveout of doors like sheep, take the place of sheep, and will return to theland immediately valuable fertilization. The pheasants Mr. Corsan spoke about are tremendous destroyers ofinsects. I have had pheasants in my garden this year and the othermorning I looked out of the window and saw a pheasant in the midst of anest of fall web worms. The pheasants will destroy insects of everysort. The only difficulty is that where there are rosebugs in abundancethey will kill young pheasants. I hope every one will take a copy of this "Game Breeder" that Mr. Corsanhas left on the table. The subscription price is very small and we mayprofitably add game breeding of certain kinds to our nut breeding withbenefit all around. MR. BIXBY: Mr. President: There are some points brought out upon which Icould throw some light. I have some specimens of Juglans mandschuricawhich were sent by E. H. Wilson from Korea. I also have a young treegrowing that is apparently larger leafed and with thicker shoots thaneven Juglans cordiformis. The nut is rougher than the other. I had the privilege of talking to Doctor Wilson regarding his travels inJapan, particularly in relation to the Japanese walnuts. He tells methat Juglans sieboldiana is a wild tree he has found all through theJapanese islands, from the southern part of the northern island Yezo tothe mountains of Kyushu, the southern island. He says that Juglanscordiformis is a cultivated tree found in only three or four provincesin central Japan where the walnuts are cultivated. He also tells me hehas never seen any of the so-called Japanese butternut type with therough shell. I devoted some time three or four years ago to finding out what thisso-called Japanese butternut really was. I could never find any instanceof where Japanese walnuts, either cordiformis or sieboldiana, had beenimported from Japan and planted here and trees grown from them, wherethose trees had borne rough-shelled nuts like butternuts. In every casewhere I found any trees bearing those so-called Japanese butternuts theywere grown from nuts, Japanese walnuts, which had been grown in thiscountry. In a number of instances I was able to find that the nuts whichwere planted were smooth-shelled nuts, either sieboldiana orcordiformis. When they were planted and the trees grew they bore theserough shelled Japan nuts. In a number of instances I was able to findnative butternut trees not far away. The other question was about the varieties of the American hazel. Wehave here specimens of the best variety which we have found, the Rushhazel. The gentleman who asked about it may see specimens on the table. I believe that will be commercially valuable. THE PRESIDENT: I think you have all enjoyed Professor Neilson's addressquite as much as I have. I wonder, Professor, if it would be agreeableto you that we, as an association, should communicate with these peoplewho answered your questionnaire, inviting them to membership in thisassociation. PROFESSOR NEILSON: Mr. President, I think that would be an excellentsuggestion, and I would be very glad indeed to prepare a list of thosethat I know are interested in nut growing, and also give you a list ofthe names of people who gave me exceptionally good replies. THE PRESIDENT: That's fine. That's perfectly fine. PROFESSOR NEILSON: Yesterday when you were talking about a membershipcampaign it occurred to me that it might be well for me to writepersonally to several people whom I know are interested in nut growing, asking them to join. As a matter of fact there is one gentleman in southwestern Ontario whosuggested to me that we form a Canadian branch of the Northern NutGrowers' Association. THE PRESIDENT: Don't do it. Just let us all be one. PROFESSOR NEILSON: I think that's the better way to do it. THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Is Mr. John Watson here? MR. OLCOTT: He asked me to state in his behalf that he really didn'thave much to say, he noticed your program was pretty well filled up, andhe asked to be excused. I hoped Mr. Watson would say something here, butwhat would be more important would be for him to speak before thenurserymen and induce them to take more interest in our work. Mr. Jonesis here and Mr. Watson was here. Of all the nurserymen in this nurserycenter here that is the only representation. Nursery catalogues list seedling trees for the most part. One nurserymanwrote me the other day saying he was continually receiving requests fornut trees but he couldn't supply them and knew nothing about them. Heasked me for a list of nurseries growing them. Nursery nut trees are notbeing produced in very great quantities except by Mr. Jones, and theyare unlisted in the nursery catalogues, or only listed in an incidentalway, very much as though they were tacking on something in the way ofcitrus fruit, or something of that kind. A subject that this association might well take up in the enlisting ofthe nurserymen's interest in this work. Mr. Brown, by the way, ofQueens, New York, was here last night. There was a third one here, thehead of a very large nursery down there. I talked with him. He was herewith Mr. Dunbar. He was interested mildly but not from a practical pointof view. I don't know what is the reason for this lack of interest. Ithought maybe Mr. Watson could tell us. THE PRESIDENT: This thought occurs to me in connection with Mr. Olcott'sremarks, that it might be desirable for us to send a representative fromthis association to the annual meeting of the national nurserymen, andlet such representative put before the nurserymen the possibilities ofmaking the growing of nut trees in their nurseries a real feature. MR. SPENCER: Mr. President, several years ago when I first becameinterested in nut raising I wrote to the University of Illinois whichhas really one of the great agricultural schools. It is especially famedfor its soil fertility studies and for engineering. I asked them whatthey were doing in the way of spreading information in regard to nuttrees, and if they could give me a list of persons from whom I couldpurchase reliable stock. To my amusement they said they had no list ofnurserymen who produced nut trees. I wrote back to them and said that itseemed to me that in a country which is a nut country they ought to knowthe products of their own state, and I sent them a list of the peoplefrom whom they could get trees. Now I think it would be good policy to send information to the variousagriculture schools, giving them what we know of their particularterritory based on our experiences, and also send this information tothe farm bureaus. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Olcott, what do you think about the suggestion tosend a delegate to the nurserymen's convention. You are familiar withthe nursery trade. MR. OLCOTT: That's a good suggestion, Mr. President. I don't know--I hadthought of Mr. Jones, who is in the nursery business. It might meancompetition for him but I didn't think he would be able to supply allthe trees that might be needed. Mr. Jones, by the way, is a regularattendant at the nurserymen's association. THE PRESIDENT: He would be the man of all men to carry the message and Iam sure that he would be very glad to. MR. CORSAN: Mr. Chairman, I have an idea that the best thing we can dois carry on a magazine campaign this winter. Now my wife is a very goodmagazine writer and can fix up anything in good shape. Send me along allthe photographs you can to the Brooklyn Central Y. M. C. A. , where Iwill be located this winter, and on cold, wet days and odd days I don'twork, why, we can get up some magazine articles on nut growing. THE PRESIDENT: It affords me great pleasure to introduce Mr. Bixby. THE EXPERIMENTAL NUT ORCHARD WILLARD G. BIXBY, Baldwin, N. Y. We have heard much about the desirability of the experimental nutorchard and the association has repeatedly urged the planting of such byeach one of the agricultural experiment stations in the country. Thesehave been advocated in order that we might learn of the behavior of thefine varieties of nuts that we now have under varying conditions of soiland climate, and in this way accumulate the experience out of which tomake positive recommendations as to the species and varieties that mightbe planted in any given section with reasonably assured prospects ofsuccess. The association has been criticised, sometimes a little harshly I havethought, for the lack of specific planting recommendations, for, as ageneral rule, that was what those interested have wanted. They did notwant to be experimenters; they wanted to plant varieties and getreliable estimates of the returns that might be expected and informationas to the returns that similar plantings have shown. Indeed thestatement has been made that, unless the association could give this, itcould not hold its members and would largely fail in its mission. That it has not until recently made any very specific recommendations ofthis character is to my mind an evidence of wisdom. There is a legendtold of King Canute whose courtiers flattered him by telling of hispower, not differentiating between the immense power he did possess fromthat which he did not, and who persuaded him to try it on the risingtide. The King learned a lesson by the test that he never forgot. Hadthe association attempted to make very definite recommendations beforeit could point to specific instances where things had been done it wouldalmost certainly have failed as signally as did King Canute. It is not because it did not realize the value that such recommendationswould have, but because it did realize that the experience necessary hadnot been accumulated before it could safely make them. It is onlythrough experience that recommendations worth while can be made, and itis because of the need of accumulating this for the various sectionsthat the association has advocated the planting of experimentalorchards. It is encouraging to note that while these are not being planted asrapidly as we would wish, the work is going on steadily and we arecontinually learning of new plantings. Some of the older orchards arenow giving us their experience. The oldest plantings are those of Mr. John G. Rush, West Willow, Pa. , consisting largely of Persian walnuts, and of Mr. E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ill. , consisting of chestnuts and blackwalnuts. Mr. Rush's orchard has given us an American hazel, the Rush, the bestnative variety that we have and which seemingly has commercial value. Ithas also shown us that the nuts on a young grafted hickory tree, aWeiker, are considerably larger and crack easier than the nuts from theparent tree, and that the English walnut will grow and bear when graftedon practically every species of walnut, black walnut, butternut, andJapan walnut, and it seems likely that this orchard will be a source ofknowledge for us for many years to come. A number of others have been started some of which are beginning to giveus evidence of value. Probably more problems have been solved, particularly those relating to propagation on Dr. Morris's and Mr. Jones's than any others so far. Dr. Deming is giving us evidence ongrafted hickories of a large number of varieties and Mr. Littlepage'sand Mr. Wilkinson's orchards are giving us evidence on pecans. There arealso a number of others still too young to give us much information. Mr. Riehl's orchard of chestnuts and black walnuts has gotten beyond theexperimental stage and is now a commercial success. I had a desire to establish an experimental orchard when living inBrooklyn, before I owned any land on which to plant trees, and I boughtand set out trees on the land of three relatives before it was possibleto set any on my own land. The principal thing gained from these earlyplantings was experience and the principal things learned were thingsnot to do, for none of the trees then planted are alive today. Buying mypresent place in Baldwin, at the close of 1916 gave me about three acresavailable land and since then I have been gathering grafted, budded orotherwise asexually propagated trees of all the fine varieties that wehave. At present there are on my place some 14 varieties of black walnuts 2 " " butternuts 12 " " Persian walnuts 4 " " Japan walnuts 14 " " chestnuts 20 " " pecans 25 " " hickories 23 " " hazels 4 " " almonds The only nut tree, native in the northeastern United States of which Ihave no named variety is the Beech. In addition there are seedling trees of four additional species ofwalnuts, seedlings from several hybrid walnut and hickory trees, besidessome thousands of seedling nut trees of practically all species for useas stocks. I have for the past two years been gathering selected native hazels fromthe various sections of the United States taking care to select bushesthat bore nuts that were relatively large, thin shelled and fineflavored. Inasmuch as the hazel is native all over the country, and just how toget bushes that bear the best nuts is not generally known, I will tellhow I do it, hoping that many others will seek out the best hazels intheir section and get them into cultivation. I provide myself with acloth about as large as a large handkerchief, a number of wooden labels, some paper bags, a hand vise, a pair of calipers, a scale and tools fordigging plants. A spade or round-nose shovel is about the best tool fordigging the plant and frequently a hatchet, axe, mattock, or bar isrequired in addition in case the hazels have to be dug away from amongthe roots of large trees or from among stones of considerable size. When a plant is found where the nuts look promising the branch on whichnuts are to be examined is marked temporarily by throwing the cloth overit. A nut is then carefully cracked in the hand vise, taking pains toextract the kernel whole. This is then calipered with the calipers, setat a minimum size desired. If it is undersize the bush is rejected andanother sought. In measuring the longest dimension is the oneconsidered. The minimum size depends on the section from which thehazels are being taken, no kernel which is less than 3/8" in its longestdimensions being considered. While sometimes it requires a good deal ofhunting to accomplish it, I have never had to take bushes where thekernel was smaller than this and it is seldom that it is necessary totake those where the kernel is as small as this. In many instances itis very much larger. If the size is satisfactory the kernel is theneaten, only those bushes having well flavored kernels being taken. Ifall tests are satisfactory the cloth is removed and a wooden label puton the bush which is then dug. The nuts are removed from the bush andput in a paper bag labeled the same as the bush; the bush is cut back toabout 6" in height and then put in a sack or other convenient means forkeeping moist till it can be put into the ground. The gathering of the above mentioned trees in a small compass andclosely observing them have enabled me to make a number of observationswhich may be of interest. _Fertility of Soil:_ The importance of this was shown strikingly in thecase of a lot of Japan walnuts received in the spring of 1918. They werequite large and seemingly never had been transplanted and were dug withsmall roots. For lack of a better place they were set in sod groundwhich had not been cultivated or fertilized for many years. They ekedout a miserable existence during the years 1918 and 1919. During thespring of 1920, I put chickens in that patch and an improvement wasnoted that year but this year practically every tree has grown six feetor more. The manure of the chickens and the thorough cultivation of thesoil caused by their scratching have certainly worked wonders. While Ido not minimize the effect of clean cultivation, I am inclined tobelieve that abundant plant food is the really important thing, for agoose watering pan under a tree pushes the tree along at a remarkablerate, and geese never scratch. They do keep the grass closely cropped, supply an abundance of manure, and the watering pan puts the plant foodwhere the trees can get it. _Pruning:_ The importance of severely cutting back was strikingly shownthis spring. A butternut raised from a nut in a lot of "Virginia"butternuts, bought in a nut store and which had outgrown every othertree in that lot and which I believe to be a Japan walnut butternuthybrid was transplanted this spring. Care was taken to get as much ofthe roots as possible and practically all were obtained; good soil wastaken to fill in around the roots. Over the half of the branches wereremoved but the five highest ones were not shortened. This tree has notgrown as well this year as some others not as vigorous and set in poorersoil but where all branches were cut back severely. Were this the firsttime I had noticed this, I might have considered it an isolated case, but the need of severe pruning was emphasized even in this case where Ihardly expected it to show on account of the tremendous natural vigor ofthe tree which was transplanted, and the ideal conditions under whichthe transplanting was done. _Varieties:_ I get frequent requests from persons who want to know thebest variety of this nut or that nut with the idea of planting only thebest. The thought behind the request is one with which I heartilysympathize, but the method of accomplishing it that the enquirer has inmind will not accomplish it. The failure of most plantings of Europeanhazels has, it has been thought, been due more to lack of properpollination than to any other one reason. This year several varietiesshowed abundant pistillate flowers but there was but one Europeanvariety where it was not evident that the staminate flowers had sufferedgreater or less winter injury. This variety, Grosse Kugelnuss, shed anabundance of pollen when pistillate flowers of several of the otherswere receptive and there are nuts on three or four varieties for thefirst time. I believe that the success of Messrs. McGlennon andVollertsen in fruiting the European hazels would have been but afraction of what it has been had they not set out the large number ofvarieties that they did. In setting out nut trees at the present time aslarge a number of varieties as practicable should be planted. Later wewill have the accurate observations that will enable us to select a fewand feel sure of getting good crops of nuts, but we cannot do this now. _Chestnuts:_ While the blight is all around me and several of my treeshave been killed by it, there are enough left to produce nuts of nearlyevery variety and I see no reason yet to change my belief that, bywatching, cutting out blight and occasionally setting out new trees, chestnuts of nearly every variety can be grown and fruited in the blightarea. _Age of Bearing:_ My experience would seem to show that grafted orbudded nut trees are as a class not slow in coming into bearing providedthey have had good care. I have had Lancaster heart nut trees set out inthe fall bear next spring and have had hand-pollinated English walnutsbear the third year. Apparently a year or two longer will be requiredbefore they bear staminate flowers. Walnut trees certainly appear tobear fully as young as apple trees, in fact sooner, as a class, thanapple trees which I set out at the same time that I did walnut trees. Pecan trees appear to take about two or three years longer than walnutsand hickories several years longer than pecans. On the other handtop-worked hickory trees bear about as soon as young transplantedPersian walnuts. Hazels with me have taken about as long as Persianwalnuts but I think that they are more rapid in most instances. The soilof most of my place is quite heavy, walnuts, pecans and hickories doingfinely. I am inclined to believe that a lighter soil would be fully asgood if not better for hazels. _Stocks:_ The varying rapidity of growth of trees of the same varietyhas been noticeable and has caused more than passing notice for one cannot help thinking that such varying rapidity of growth would be likelyto cause equal variations in bearing. It would seem as if this must becaused by the variations in the stocks for the scions all come from thesame tree. Inspection of seedling trees has shown that some grow muchfaster than others. If normal growth trees are considered, trees makingless than half this are numerous and those making double are ratherrare. Apparently we have in seedling stocks enough variations in vigorof growth to account for the variations in growth noticed in graftedtrees of the same variety. Mr. Jones tells me that he expects to discardnearly 50% of his seedlings because not vigorous enough to bud or graft. Then there are some trees which seem incapable of taking grafts or buds. It would seem very desirable to select rapid growing stocks that willtake buds and grafts readily and use those but this will mean workingout means of propagating them by cuttings, layers, or some asexualmethod and these have not been well worked for nut trees, other thanhazels, although some work has been done on it. The above conclusions are largely from the limited observations I havemade on my small place. None are very new for I believe I have heard allof them advanced before, but observing them myself has fixed them in mymind in a way that they could not have been otherwise. Many of them havebeen corroborated by others. For example, Mr. Jones has shown me walnuttrees of the same size set out at the same time, some severely prunedand others not, where the severely pruned ones in two or three years hadso far outstripped the others as to make it very noticeable and itseemed as if the difference in vigor would continue. On the other handit is possible that there may be points where the experience of othersdiffers from mine. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: There is one more address this morning. That is by DoctorMorris, the subject being, "Pioneer Experience and Outlook. " DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Lord Byron said that the reason why he did not commit suicide wasbecause he was so curious to know what was going to happen next. For anyone to do pioneer work in almost any department of human activity thereare two essentials: First, he must be more or less stupid and not readthe handwriting on the wall; and in the second place he must be veryobstinate and persistent. Given those qualities one may succeed inpioneer work in almost any department of life. Something over twenty years ago I had the idea of putting upon mycountry place every kind of American tree that could be grown there. Iplanned to occupy a little time away from professional work and attendto this. As I began to acquire information the subject grew so rapidlythat I found it would be necessary to give up my profession wholly andemploy several assistants in order to carry out this idea. ConsequentlyI cut down my ambition to include only coniferous and nut trees. Thisstudy in turn grew so rapidly that I found it necessary to cut outeverything except nut trees, and then I found that one might devote hisentire life to the subject of hickories alone to the exclusion of allother occupation. In the beginning of the development of my nut trees there were failurescontinually and it became interesting. Lord Byron found it interestingto live in order to see what was going to happen next. My failures wereso interesting that I was very curious to know what was going to happennext. I started in with a very large lot of shagbark hickory trees. Ihad them grafted for me in the South. I think I expended something like$250 for that lot. I had it grafted upon the common hickory stock of theSouth. They lived through the winter, the summer, and the next winter, but in the spring, following a few warm days and a freeze, the bark ofevery one of those common stocks exploded, fairly, and the entire lotwas lost, not one tree lived. A great many trees that I brought from farther south, from Californiaand from the Pacific coast, all died. I learned then that the climatethere will allow trees from western Europe to grow because they have theJapanese current furnishing similar conditions of climate; that treesfrom that part of the country would be mostly failures here in the East;and that trees for the East should come from northeast Asia whereclimatic conditions are similar. I learned also that trees from a distance, not accustomed to our soiland climate, would not adapt themselves readily, and it would requirelong selection and breeding to acclimatize or adapt to our soil treeswhich were developed under differing conditions. Out of a large lot ofthings that I got from Chili, hoping that their altitude wouldcorrespond to our latitude, nothing grew. Consequently by elimination ofthings that would not live I gradually arrived at the conclusion that itis best for any locality to develop the species, or a like kind of tree, which belong to that locality. Well, they say, how about the prairiesthat are treeless? Of course we have there to deal with a question offire that from time immemorial has swept the prairies covered with grassand has been halted only when it reached the regions of establishedforests; so that on the prairies I have no doubt we may have greatgroves of nut trees flourishing. In my locality the trees that areindigenous are the ones which do the best, and that is the line forperseverance. Then I took up hybridization. I found there were many disappointments. It was difficult to be sure of securing reliable pollen and of gettingit to the flowers at the right time and surely, so that we would havegood hybrids instead of parthenogens which sometimes develop as theresult of the female not making fusion with its mate. On one occasion I remember I covered a lot of branches with large bagsfor pollenization, and going out a few days later to add pollen I founda wren's nest with two eggs in one of my bags. Now if a wren could laytwo eggs in one of those bags the cross-pollenization was not likely tobe a success. In this work, however, I find that we have a tremendousfield opened up and one which might yield particularly to the ladies. Itis very pretty work, it is nice work. It includes idealism, speculation, the idea of developing new trees, or trees that one has never seenbefore. After many failures in hybridizing I find now that by followingrules it is simplified very much. Almost any one who is persistentenough may learn eventually to hybridize very easily. The question of labeling trees and of keeping track of differentspecimens was one that gave me many disappointments. I would lose thelabels, lose the records, so I was not able to tell truthfully abouttrees when visitors came to ask me about them. I know in one lot where Ihad a lot of hybrid trees, each one marked with a stake and number, thecow of a neighbor got over the fence into the field and the boy who cameafter that refractory cow found that to pull up those stakes gave himvery convenient objects for throwing at the cow, and my labels were allhybridized. This sort of thing was the kind of disappointments that I had in earlyexperiences in growing nut trees. It is very essential, however, to keepgood records and I find now that the best way is to use a galvanizediron rod with a metallic tag stamped with a machine and fastened on insuch a way that it will not be injured by any sort of use. Thesegalvanized rods, galvanized spring wire, are very durable if one iscareful about placing them on the trees. That experience in keeping thelabels was one which was very disappointing at first, but the questionhas now been finally settled. The number of animals and birds that like a good thing is perfectlysurprising, and in trying to raise my seedling nuts I have had greatdifficulty and have had to take up a new department of natural historyin order to study the habits of rodents and of the birds. The crows havebeen, perhaps, the worst enemy, after the field mice, of the seedlingnuts that were planted out in the field. But the crows may be kept awayif we put up bean poles with a simple cotton string stretched betweenthem at a distance of twenty-five or thirty feet. One of my friends whotook my advice said that it didn't work, that he had not only put up thestring but had fastened a piece of tin onto the string. That is justwhere he made a failure. The crows sized up the situation immediately. They sat on the fence and looked it over and made up their minds thatthose things were not meant for them, and then they went in anddestroyed his grain. But a simple string between the poles will keep thecrows guessing, and that alone will suffice to keep them out of thegrain, nuts, or anything else. These are a few rambling remarks which come to my mind, but still theybelong to the experiences that we have in getting things under way inour experimental work. As to the outlook, there is no doubt whatsoeverbut that any man who is interested in the subject, who loves trees andloves plants, can manage all the problems. We shall eventually havehorticulturists and amateur gardeners who will raise all of this greatnew food supply without difficulty. We must now look for new food supplies. Wheat, grain, corn, and theother cereals are not going to supply this country indefinitely but thenut trees will. It is absolutely impossible to have over-population. Itcan't be done. Over-population as a social matter relates wholly to thehabits acquired by people in using established kinds of food, but withthe development of the nut trees, which furnish the appropriate starch, oils, and essentials of human diet, the danger of over-populationbecomes absolutely nil. We can not have over-population anyway, becausenations of people reach cultural limitation, just as breeds of cattlerun out, just as a breed of dogs runs out, just as a breed of anycultivated animal runs out. We are sure to do that. In all of ourcultural periods we are sure to rise to a certain point, decline, and goout, and somebody else will follow, so that we never can really haveover-population excepting as a matter of choice rather than one ofnecessity. On the question of food supply we may avert over-populationby taking up something new to meet the conditions. That new thing rightnow is the development of the nut trees which furnish all of the foodessentials and will take away any fear whatsoever of any over-crowdingof the people of this country. EVENING SESSION, SEPTEMBER 8th, 1922 The convention was called to order by the President at 8:30 o'clock P. M. MR. SPENCER: Mr. President: I have an idea I would like to present onbehalf of the ladies. Quite a number of years ago I was entertained atdinner on the plantation of Mr. John Todd, St. Mary's Parish, Louisiana. It is on the banks of a stream lined with live oaks at a point whereEvangeline and the Arcadians passed on that trip to the next countywhich is known as Arcadia. The whole country round there is full ofreminders of the Arcadians. Mr. John Todd has several thousand acres in his plantation and fourthousand acres are in sugar cane. When it came to the dessert abeautiful two-storied white cake was placed on the table. After eatingit I turned to Mrs. Todd and said, "I dislike very much to comment on alady's cooking but I hope you will excuse me if I ask you what this cakeis made of. There is something peculiar about it that I do notrecognize. " "Well, " she said, "while you and the other gentlemen weredown inspecting the land that you came to see, I had the boys go out andrattle down some pecans. They cracked them, picked out the meats, and Iput them in the oven and dried them. I knew that they would not dry outordinarily in time for my meal. I then ran them through the meat chopperand chopped them as fine as I could and then I put them through a veryfine sieve. The parts that were fine enough to go through I put in theflour of the cake, the rest I put in the filler between the two layersof cake and in the frosting. " It was one of the most delicious cakes Iever tasted in my life. With that recipe you can make a white cake inabout three minutes, fill your flour and your frosting with pecans andyou certainly will have a feast for the gods. DOCTOR MORRIS: Mr. President, the committee on resolutions has referredmatters to the secretary for action. THE SECRETARY: It was the duty of the committee on resolutions toprepare the resolutions on the deaths of Doctor Van Fleet and ColonelSober, copies of which are to be sent to their families. The committeenot having had time to meet that task has been assigned to thesecretary, who will be very glad to carry it out to the best of hisability. The other and more important task of that committee was to take actionon the suggestions made by the president in his paper in regard toincreasing the membership of the association. As it has been impossibleto take such action in the committee I propose that we now take upconsideration of that matter as a committee of the whole. I would like at least to say that Mr. Jones has offered to theassociation five hundred nut trees to be given as premiums with newmemberships. I think Mr. Jones said that they included Stabler walnuttrees, Chinese walnuts, and what others, Mr. Jones? MR. JONES: Chinese English walnuts, or Chinese Persian walnuts, Mayette& Franquette English walnuts and Stabler black walnut seedlings. I havean idea the Chinese walnuts would be the most attractive. THE SECRETARY: They would all be seedling trees, of course? MR. JONES: Yes; they would all be seedling trees. We would put them upand mail them out. THE SECRETARY: Think of what an extraordinary, generous offer that is onthe part of Mr. Jones, to contract to send out five hundred nut trees toas many new members, dig and pack and send them out! MR. JONES: Well, growing the trees doesn't cost very much. Of coursepacking the single trees will cost more than the trees but we are gladto do that if it will help out. THE SECRETARY: I know that to some members this premium offering for newmembers does not seem an advisable thing; to others it does seem a goodthing to do. Perhaps that would be a good question to debate at thepresent time. THE PRESIDENT: I think it is a good idea, Doctor, to the end of gettinga thousand members this year? MR. JONES: Set aside a thousand trees if you get a thousand members. MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, Mr. Jones said the cost of growing the treeisn't so much, but the packing and mailing is something. How would it doto offer the tree at cost of packing and mailing--fifty cents, or so? Isuppose the value of that tree would be about a dollar, grown, packedand delivered. Suppose we made it twenty-five, thirty-five or fiftycents, something to cover the cost of packing? Would that not makeit---- MR. JONES: (Interrupting. ) We don't want anything for packing. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, If you make a bonus of that kind, which isvery generous of Mr. Jones, I think it would be appreciated by some, butothers would say, "Well, a thing which you get for nothing isn't worthmuch. " This gentleman behind me here says, "Make it cost a littlesomething, which would make it more attractive. " How about putting themembership up a little, so as to cover the cost of mailing. MR. JONES: I would say that the association was giving these treesbecause it wants them tried out for new varieties. MR. SNYDER: The fact that our association offers these trees ought to beenough to establish their value. A new member would appreciate receivingsomething in this way. The largest horticultural society in our countryis the Minnesota Horticultural Society. They have followed the practicefor years of giving to each new member a tree of some kind, scions orplants of new fruits, and it has been a great success in building uptheir society. I doubt not that it will be here. MR. SPENCER: I'm heart and soul in favor of the movement for better nuttrees. I'm tired of having trees planted that produce nothing butlitter, and for the small boy to keep breaking all the time instead ofgoing fishing. As I said the other day through the committee on trees ofthe Bird and Tree Club of Decatur we have placed in that city a hundredand fourteen nut trees. I believe that I can go to the differentpurchasers and say that this association is anxious to increase theknowledge of the people as to the value of nut orchards and nut treesfor food and shade and I can get them to become members. When thosesubscriptions are sent in send the names to Mr. Jones and have all thetrees put in a little package and sent to me. Then I can deliver themand Mr. Jones will only have one package to do up. I believe by a little effort among our friends a great deal of good canbe accomplished. For instance I stated here that I was going to buy asubscription to the American Nut Journal and send it to the MaitlandCounty Farm Bureau. Likewise, I hope I can get the Board of Education orthe Public Library, which purchased twenty-eight different trees to putin the library grounds, to subscribe for the Nut Journal and take outmembership. It won't be very hard, I should say, to get fifty or sixtynew members in Decatur without going out and making myself a regularcanvassing agent. I have got a great many friends there and I know thatupon my representation they would be very glad to take out a membershipand get a tree. Anybody can go and plant a Carolina poplar or a softmaple, or a basswood, or an elm, but his lot won't look different fromany other. If all the ladies in town dressed in the same calico and thesame cut you would not know whose wife was who. This idea of having allthe yards, all the lots, all the places look alike, is wrong. You mightas well have your home look distinctive and if you will take that idea, to have your place stand out as a place distinct in horticulture on yourstreet, in your block, or in your city, you can appeal to civic pride. You must appeal to something besides dollars and cents. You must appealto their public spirit, their civic pride. Then you can get theminterested. A great many people are proud of their city and there are agreat many people who can very easily say with Paul, "I am a citizen ofno mean city. " Keep at it and take advantage of this offer of Mr. Jones. I believe byfollowing those lines you can very easily go out and get five or tenmembers apiece. MR. BIXBY: I don't want to throw cold water on any idea that is going toincrease the membership but it seems to me that there are someobjections to the proposed plan. In the first place the association hasgone on record as favoring largely the planting of grafted trees. Now onthe proposed plan the minute we get a new member in we have to send hima seedling tree. That does not seem to me the best thing to do. In thesecond place, I have had a good many years' experience in merchandisingand it has always worked out with me that people do not much appreciatewhat they get for nothing. You can do this if a man is going to buy acertain kind of goods, by offering him an inducement, giving himsomething for nothing you can make him buy more than he would otherwise;but if a man who has never had a certain kind of goods, generallyspeaking you can't sell them to him by offering him a prize with them. In the case suggested by Mr. Spencer, where a member working in acertain location could club with others and get several new members, whythat hasn't the same objection. I do think that it would be a fine thingif the members in the different sections each agreed to get five or tenmembers, go after them and get them. I think that would be fine. And ifthey are willing to be responsible at the end of the year if they don'tget them, and pay two dollars apiece for the ones they don't get, whythat would help out the treasury. MR. SMITH: Mr. Chairman, I am rather in favor of the premium plan. Inthis great state of New York there exists an organization at Genevaknown as the New York State Fruit Testing Co-operative Association. Inorder to get members they offer premiums, a yearly premium. The yearthat I joined the association they sent me a new apple which had beentried out and found to be a very desirable fruit. They named it the"Tioga" variety. The next year they sent me as a premium twelve newraspberries that had been tested first by the Geneva Experiment Station, a branch of the agricultural college, and then by this association offruit growers. Now I don't know how it would operate with others but it was aninducement to me in the first place to get that new apple to experimentwith, and the next year it was an inducement to get the twelve newraspberry bushes which are claimed to be the best raspberries grown. The objection raised by Mr. Bixby seems to be, however, quite a validone. The organization has put itself on record as opposed to seedlingnut trees and it is a question whether we ought to encourage thedistribution of seedlings. But in some way or other I'm in favor of thepremium plan to attract new memberships. THE PRESIDENT: Is it not better to plant seedlings than none at all? Itis possible that some of the seedlings might be really worth while. Those that are not really worth while can be top worked. MR. JONES: Mr. President, my idea about the Chinese walnuts and theStabler walnuts was that if we want to get new varieties we have to getthem from seedlings. My plan was to grow these and send them out asextras to people who had sent in orders for other trees. I thought thatin that way we could introduce them to those who would take an interestin them. It would take a good deal of land and a good deal of money anda good deal of attention to care for several hundred or several thousandsuch trees, but you could send them out in that way one at a time andpossibly get new varieties superior to anything we have. That was myidea in disposing of these trees. I thought that if the association feltthat that would be an inducement for new members we could send them outin that way as premiums. The only difference in the cost to me would bethe packing. MR. SMITH: Would it be possible for the association to take out fromthis first year's dues sufficient to compensate Mr. Jones for thedifference between the value of a seedling and some of the best nuttrees, so we could say to a proposed member, "We are giving yousomething that years of experience have proved to be the very best thingup to date, and we want you to plant this and care for it"? I think hewould be more interested if he knew he were getting a tested tree thanif he were getting a seedling. The seedling may be a good thing and itmay not. MR. WEBER: Mr. President, we know that in the spring the dry goodsstores distribute shade trees, and people carry them all day with thetops tied up and the roots uncovered. You might as well expect a fish tolive out of water as to expect those trees to live. If we send theaverage person a tree he may make it grow but the chances are he willnot, so why let him ruin a good grafted tree with his initialexperiments in planting a nut tree. On the other hand you will emphasizethe distinction between seedlings and grafted trees, because on hiscoming into the association you will present him with a seedling andexplain to him in advance just the purpose for which it is being given. He will then plant that tree. If it grows he can see its performancealong side of a later grafted tree which he will buy if he isinterested in furthering his nut tree plantings. If he isn't, why, youget his membership fee and he centers his membership around thatseedling which he thinks is the finest thing in the world. Last summer I was talking nut trees to the wife of a rather prominentDetroit man. They have traveled around the world considerably. We werediscussing some nut trees which had been sent out. I knew the size ofthe trees and I didn't laugh, or I sort of saved my face, when she askedme the question, "How many bushels of nuts could we get next year?" Ijust closed my jaws a while and looked out of the window. I didn't wantto dampen her enthusiasm. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Tobin, I would like to have your views on thesubject. MR. TOBIN: This offer of Mr. Jones's is of great importance to thisassociation. I have been interested in trees and forestry and plants ofall kinds but until the present time I have not been so much interestedin the cultivation of nuts. I wish to say that if there is any way I canhelp this association along in regard to an experimental station or inany way whatsoever, financially or otherwise, if the suggestion could bemade I would be glad to hear it. THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, this association is not opposed to theplanting of seedling trees. One of our founders, the late John Craig, advocated the planting of seedling trees in great numbers, for only thuscan we originate new varieties. The association is opposed to thedissemination of seedling trees as grafted trees. It does not advocatethe planting of seedling trees for commercial purposes or for ordinaryhome use. It does not advise the purchase of seedling trees for growingnuts. In sending out these premium trees we should send with them aletter distinctly stating that the association does not advise theplanting of seedling trees from a commercial point of view, but it doeswish to disseminate these seedling trees which we offer as premiums fornew members, for the purpose of testing and the possible discovery ofnew varieties of nuts. It would then be clearly understood. Certainlysuch seedling trees shouldn't be sent out to give members the idea thatwe advocate the planting of seedling trees for any other purpose than ofpossibly obtaining valuable new varieties. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I'm a life member of the WisconsinHorticultural Society which has offered a thousand dollars for an applebetter than the Wealthy. We also offer premiums for new members everyyear. Sometimes it is a seedling apple tree. Among those premium treesmay be a seedling which will win the prize. We do not know what theseedling nut tree will do. We may get something from a seedling which isfar better than anything we have today on the table before us. Nature issomething wonderful and no one can tell you what she will do. Only thislast year has what is called the "O'Connor" come out. But we find thisO'Connor nut is not hardy enough for certain sections of the country. This Persian walnut before you is a seedling, too you know, from nature. So it is through seedlings that we are going to get better fruit. Ibelieve that Mr. Jones's offer is a very good thing. But I suggest thatwe send these seedlings out with the understanding that they areseedlings and that we don't know what they will produce. If the newmember will plant them and take care of them (and we should give alittle instruction as to how they should be planted) in a few years, seven or eight if it is a pecan, he should see it coming into fruit. I would like to say that if you will dynamite the hole with a one-halfstick of twenty per cent. Dynamite, or, if you are afraid to use thedynamite, dig a large hole so as to give these young roots a chance tospread, a grafted tree will come into bearing in three years. I haveseen them do it down there with us in Maryland and I believe they willdo the same thing anywhere else. THE PRESIDENT: I would like to hear from Mr. Vollertsen on the subject. MR. VOLLERTSEN: I haven't a great deal of confidence in seedlings. As ageneral thing we find all the nut trees are inclined to go back to theiroriginal type. If we take our filberts, even the best varieties, thechances are that they will go back to the European type that theyoriginally came from. I have proven it time and again on the farm downthere. I don't think it wise for this association to send out seedlings. THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, in order to bring this question to a head, I move that Mr. Jones's offer be accepted and put in to practice if asuitable plan can be devised and carried out in the estimation of theexecutive committee. Seconded and carried. MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I wonder if the suggestion of Mr. O'Connor isclearly appreciated. It was barely suggested in his talk but he did notseem to clinch it at the end. As I understand his idea it was that thisplan of furnishing a tree as a premium might well be accompanied by anoffer of a prize for results, which would be an added inducement tomembership. THE SECRETARY: I will see that that point is considered by the executivecommittee. I wish also to say that Mr. McGlennon, if I understand him aright, hasoffered to get one hundred members in the ensuing year if the otherspresent will get ten each. THE PRESIDENT: That's right, Doctor. THE SECRETARY: I don't know just which comes first, whether Mr. McGlennon is to get one hundred members and then the rest of us to getten each; or whether we are to get ten each and then Mr. McGlennon is toget the others! THE PRESIDENT: Well, Mr. Secretary, I have associated with me thechampion membership getter. When we can go out and get twenty ortwenty-five in a month I think we can go out and get the others. We areall enthusiastic now and happy. We are glad we are here and we are goingto do wonders this next year. But I'll wager inside of a week our ardourhas materially cooled and it will be getting colder until about a monthbefore the next convention. We are not going to get anywhere that way. We want to get busy immediately after this convention, and if we dothere is no reason why we can't have a thousand members by the time ofthe 1923 convention. I repeat that my office will have a hundred membersby the time of the next convention but it is with the understanding thatthe rest of you co-operate in this movement and that each of you here, and the other members who are not here, be informed and instructed whatis expected of them, to get at least ten each. MR. BIXBY: I don't believe you will ever succeed, Mr. President, ingetting each of the other members to get ten members each. If the restof the members get a hundred between them they would be doing more thanwe ever did before. THE PRESIDENT: Yes, Mr. Bixby, but even if the members here get ten eachI think if we follow them up closely and keep right after them we canincrease this membership to a thousand. MR. BIXBY: I will agree for one to get ten or else pay the amount in tothe treasury. MR. JONES: We can get ten. MR. WEBER: Mr. President, I will get ten or kick in to the treasury themoney they would have brought. THE PRESIDENT: That's fine. That's thirty right there. How about you, Mr. Thorpe? MR. THORPE: I think I can get it. PROFESSOR NEILSON: I think I can get ten. THE PRESIDENT: I think there is no doubt about it. Mr. Spencer will getten won't you, Mr. Spencer? MR. SPENCER: I will try to. THE PRESIDENT: Well, you will, won't you, or else you will "kick in"with the money, --$20? MR. SPENCER: Yes, I think so. Well, if I am going to put in $20 I wantto say something more on the subject. If we send out this Chinese treeit would be very easy to put in a slip stating that the association isvery anxious to know whether this is suitable for the receiver'sparticular part of the country. We should tell him that we don't knowwhether it will grow in Illinois or in Louisiana, and that it's anexperiment on the part of the association to learn whether this tree, which is desirable in China, is suitable for his particular locality. Weshould ask him to please take care of it, watch results and report tothe association. Make him sort of a partner in the discovery. THE PRESIDENT: Pat, you will get ten, won't you? MR. O'CONNOR: I will promise myself ten. THE PRESIDENT: And Mr. Tobin, you will get ten, won't you? You said youwere anxious to help this association. MR. TOBIN: Yes. THE PRESIDENT: Even financially? MR. TOBIN: Yes, Mr. President. THE PRESIDENT: Now, you will get us ten members during the year? MR. TOBIN: Well, I would not promise you. THE PRESIDENT: But if you don't, if you promise to help us financially, you would "kick in" with the money, wouldn't you? MR. TOBIN: Yes. THE PRESIDENT: Yes, sure. Then you get ten members. MR. TUCKER: Mr. President, I want to ask about the vice presidents fromthe different states. Are those still in existence? THE PRESIDENT: Yes. The secretary said yesterday they had been changedevery year. MR. TUCKER: Why can't memberships be also increased through the vicepresidents? Put it up to them. THE PRESIDENT: Joseph A. Smith, of Utah? MR. SMITH: Mr. President, I will guarantee ten. THE PRESIDENT: Now, that's an exceptionally fine offer of Mr. Smith, whocomes to us from Utah. Just try and fix in your mind the map of theUnited States and realize where Utah is. Mr. Rawnsley, you will get ten, won't you? MR. RAWNSLEY: Yes, I will get ten. MR. TUCKER: I will get ten. Carrie and I together will get ten. THE PRESIDENT: There are two hundred right there. MR. TUCKER: My ten went with your hundred. I think we ought to dosomething through the vice presidents. THE SECRETARY: The secretary will get up a letter and send it to eachone of the vice presidents, stating what was done at this meeting in theway of pledging these new members and asking the vice presidents to dothe same, to each guarantee ten members or to turn the money inthemselves. THE PRESIDENT: If we had more money so that some of the officers of thisassociation could get about and confer with our state vice presidentsthere isn't any doubt but what we could stimulate their interest and getmany new members. Of course, ladies and gentlemen, we have got to getnew members, that's all there is to it. MR. O'CONNOR: The more the merrier. THE PRESIDENT: What is the use? Here we are meeting with a deficit everyyear. That's all wrong. MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I am glad something is going to be done aboutthe state vice presidents. I also have proposed that the state vicepresidents be brought into line. Mr. Spencer has made a very goodsuggestion for them and that is to encourage friendly competition indressing up yards, one section against another. If the state vicepresidents would use that suggestion in getting new members I believe itwould be a good thing. I believe also, as I have said many times thatthe state vice presidents should be the local directors of a stateassociation subsidiary to this one, that Ohio, for instance, should havean association of Ohio nut growers. If they can't meet then let themcorrespond back and forth. Certainly the nut growers of Ohio should knoweach other and be brought in to correspondence. They could do thatthrough an association of which our state vice president would be thechairman or the local president. I am a great believer in organizationand I feel that the state vice presidents should amount to something. After the state organization is started by this association in that way, then the members of each association could elect their own chairman, ifthey wish, and report it to our secretary. THE PRESIDENT: That is along the line of the suggestion offered byProfessor Neilson this afternoon. MR. OLCOTT: Yes. We could have a branch in Canada. THE SECRETARY: The secretary will be glad to see that Mr. Olcott'ssuggestion is incorporated in the letters to the state vice presidents. MR. JONES: We would be glad to make up a mailing list and turn it overto the secretary if he should want to circularize in making this offeror any other offer for memberships. THE PRESIDENT: If we could get this thing where it ought to be it ispossible that we might be able to induce the secretary to give hisentire attention to the interests of the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation. He would have to have a lucrative salary of course. That isone of my ambitions. I am frank to state it here right now. Then the Northern Nut Growers Association would be the thing that it issupposed to be, the thing that it is not at the present time when we'remeeting with a deficit every year. I hope and believe, in fact it mustbe, that this is the last time we are going to meet with a deficit. Weare going to have a good surplus next year or what is the use of goingon? MR. SPENCER: The governors of three or four of the states met in Chicagonot very long ago to consider the interests of the states that centeraround Chicago. The people in Illinois don't know that the ForestReserve covers sixteen thousand acres and that it has English walnutsgrowing just as nicely as you have them here. That knowledge hasn't beenspread. Also there are people who are propagating nut trees in Illinoisand southern Indiana. Now if our vice presidents in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Missouri, which is the native home of most every kind ofhickory, would get together and go to any one of the central cities ofthose particular states, call a meeting of their customers in thatneighborhood, and spread a knowledge of this association I think that wecould build up a local interest that would advertise this organizationwonderfully. You have got to advertise and you must show to the common people who aregoing to be your members, who are going to be interested in nut trees, that they are valuable; that an ordinary acre of nut trees is worth tentimes the value of any crop of wheat raised in Illinois, and Illinois isthe wheat country. Before the hard wheat was discovered in Minnesota thewhole south half of Illinois was given to wheat. But now so far as whitewheat is concerned, and spring wheat, it isn't wanted and the result isthat you have got to get something else into that country. Now thatwheat country of southern Illinois is a natural nut country. Pecans, persimmons, chinkapins, grow wild all over there, and there is no reasonwhy that land, which can be bought for from ten and fifteen dollars anacre up to twenty-five, according to the improvements, if the oil rightsare eliminated, can't be made to produce a hundred to five hundreddollars an acre. If that is so, why not do it? Today, Illinois has over 11, 000, 000 bearing apple trees, and they raisejust as good apples there as any where, but they haven't got theorganization, they don't advertise, and we don't know it generally. Ifwe can organize and distribute our information, get these vicepresidents from two or three cities to join with the chambers ofcommerce and have a meeting down at Evansville, among the nut growers, for instance, the growers of Indiana pecans, and see what they grow, andwhat they are worth, why then you can get the people interested. Youmust have somebody that is interested in the propagation of a new idea. Don't get somebody who just comes here for a good time without anydesire particularly of learning anything. If he doesn't want to learn wedon't want him. THE SECRETARY: I understand that, in view of the very generous offer ofthe president to get a hundred new members in the ensuing year, and ofthe pledge of ten other men to get ten more members, or turn in thenecessary amount to the treasury, each of us goes forth from the meetingtonight with the understanding that he is morally under obligations todo what the other members have promised to do. THE PRESIDENT: It would be a nice thing to give a Christmas gift of amembership in this association and a subscription to the American NutJournal. A great many of us receive Christmas gifts which areappreciated when received, and maybe for a week or ten days, two weeksor a month, and then they're forgotten; but this membership and theAmerican Nut Journal that one would receive every month, would be aconstant reminder of the giver. What do you think of that, ladies andgentlemen? THE SECRETARY: It is a fine idea, Mr. President, and I will see that itis also incorporated in the letters to the state vice president thateach vice president give to at least one friend a subscription andmembership in the association. I suggest also that those who can writefor the magazines and the journals get up little articles for thehorticultural papers about nut culture. There can't be too many of thosein the periodicals. THE PRESIDENT: Apropos of that suggestion, I believe Mr. Tucker hassomething to say in regard to a special edition of the Journal. MaybeMr. Olcott would be good enough to make one of his-- MR. TUCKER: (Interrupting) To make one of his numbers a conventionnumber. THE PRESIDENT: Yes; one of the numbers in the near future devotedlargely to the proceedings of this convention, that is, if he could seehis way clear to do it. MR. OLCOTT: You mean in the matter of-- THE PRESIDENT: (Interrupting) Of this convention. Sort of make it anorthern nut growers issue. It is merely a suggestion, Mr. Olcott. MR. OLCOTT: Yes. THE PRESIDENT: So that it is practically all about this convention ofthe Northern Nut Growers Association. MR. OLCOTT: Yes. Well, it is rather difficult to do that, Mr. President, to the exclusion of all other matter. Is that what you mean? How are wegoing to take care of the news? It is not a magazine of stories andfiction; it is a magazine of news, and the news of the period betweenAugust 15th and September 15th, for instance, will become stale if it isnot used in the September 15th issue and runs over until the October15th issue. It is the American Nut Journal. I think your idea can becarried out very fully by featuring the convention as the main thing, but not to use every last page for it. MR. TUCKER: No. My idea wasn't to give the whole magazine up to that. But when you got up that magazine, to have the northern nut growersconvention stick right out. MR. OLCOTT: Sure. THE PRESIDENT: Wasn't it your idea to have some of the pictures, too? MR. OLCOTT: I see. MR. TUCKER: Yes; run some of the pictures, and so forth. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Olcott, I am sure, is willing to give that issue justas soon as we can get more members and more money. MR. OLCOTT: We are carrying the nut journal on its subscription list. There is no advertising to speak of in this pioneer industry. The nutnurserymen do not advertise; they should. People want to know where theycan get nuts, butternuts and hickory nuts. The people in the South whogrow pecans are doing a commercial business but they don't have toadvertise; they can't furnish enough nuts to meet the demand. There isno occasion for them to ask for customers; the customers are flocking totheir doors and standing in line. People want to know where to getblack walnuts; they write in to me. I don't know where to send them. Idon't suppose anybody has enough for his local trade and he doesn't haveto advertise; he can sell all he has. There is no advertising to speakof. We are living on subscriptions. Now if you enlarge the Journal, usepictures which run up all the way from six to fifteen dollars apiece, you are soon using up your $1. 50 per that is left out of the combinationmembership. THE PRESIDENT: Yes. MR. OLCOTT: After paying the tremendously high printer rates. A specialedition can be gotten out at considerable additional cost. We have doneit in the past and come out at the small end and it took several monthsto get even again. We can do it again for the sake of the association;but I am saying this to show why it is not done oftener. THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I understand it. What do you think, then, of alittle co-operation on the part of the association in the way of thatextra expense for a special edition? MR. OLCOTT: That's all right. In Mr. Linton's administration I furnishedsome very large and rather expensive half-tone engravings on the part ofthe association and they worked in very nicely. I don't know whether theassociation paid for them or whether he did. I think we divided the costof them. MR. BIXBY: I know he did. I have furnished some cuts myself. THE PRESIDENT: Yes, I know, Mr. Bixby. You are very liberal. THE SECRETARY: I suggested also that those who can give talks beforetheir local horticultural societies should do so on the subject of nutculture, and if they wish to go in to it extensively slides could beobtained. I think that I could guarantee to obtain them from theDepartment of Agriculture for illustrated lectures. I have also anotherquestion which I would like to put before the association, and that isif we cannot use in some way our surplus back reports to gain newmemberships. We have never been able to work out any method of doing so. We have printed each year an edition of a thousand numbers of the annualreport. We send out two hundred and fifty or three hundred;consequently, we have about seven hundred annual reports accumulating onour hands every year. Now, what good are they going to be? Can't we usethose in some way to increase our membership? Can't we use those aspremiums, distribute them gratis some way or other, or distribute themfor a small sum to educational institutions, newspapers and agriculturaljournals? Can't we do something with that annual surplus of about sevenhundred nut reports to increase our membership? MR. TUCKER: Why is there a thousand of them printed? THE SECRETARY: Because you can get a thousand for just about the sameprice that you get five hundred, or a very little more. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, why couldn't some of those be sent to thedifferent experiment stations; also to some of our libraries? We have anumber of experiment stations that don't see anything of this kind andthat don't know that such a thing exists as the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation. It is only recently that within the state of Minnesota theyknew there was such a thing. I have offered a prize in that state fornut culture work. This winter I am going to speak at the MarylandHorticultural meeting, which will be held in Baltimore, and wherever Ican get a chance at any of those meetings I always put in a word for thenut. Over on the eastern shore of Maryland, I went into one of thelargest apple orchards and nurseries, I believe, in the United States. There were a few northern pecans growing in the yard, and when I askedone of the young men what kind of pecans they were, he said, "Well, Idon't know whether it is Indiana or just what it is; but I know it is apecan. " That was growing very beautifully right under the window, youmight say, of their dwelling house. That was over at Berlin, at Mr. Harrison's. He likes to sell to nut tree owners, and yet has he come tohis year's meeting? Is he a member of the association? For that reason Idon't feel like helping him to sell a tree as long as he is not amember. But every chance I get I will put in a good word for the nuttree firm. I think by sending out our literature to different magazines, to thedifferent experiment stations and over into Canada we would be greatlybenefited. We have got some good friends to the north of us. Why notsend them some copies and have them help spread this good thing along? THE SECRETARY: I would like to have Mr. Bixby state about thedistribution of those reports outside of the membership. Is there anygratis distribution now? MR. BIXBY: No, there isn't. There used to be and I made every one ofthem who received them gratis buy them of me. THE SECRETARY: About how many institutions now buy the journal? MR. BIXBY: I should say about half a dozen. That's the same number thathad them free before. In nearly every instance when they would write inand request it I would tell them how the association was doing work theDepartment of Agriculture ought to do, supporting itself with greatdifficulty, and we would be glad to have them as a member; that if not amember we would furnish a report for so much. In nearly every case wegot them as members or they bought the report. As I said before I don'tbelieve in giving things away; I believe in trying to get the people tosee the advantage of buying them. THE SECRETARY: It would be quite an expense to send out all the backnumbers of the reports. MR. BIXBY: I don't think they would appreciate them either. Although Ihave not been able to do it the most practicable thing to do seems to meto make an index, say of the first ten and bind them up in a booklet andthen I think you could sell them. I hope to do this some time. MR. TUCKER: What is the expense of mailing? MR. BIXBY: I think it is about eight cents. THE SECRETARY: It would be considerable labor, but I think it might bebest to circularize different experiment stations, horticulturalsocieties, etc. , and ask them if they wouldn't like to have in theirlibraries a complete file of the reports of the Northern Nut GrowersAssociation which can be obtained for a certain small number of dollars. THE PRESIDENT: Professor Neilson, what would your attitude be toward acommunication you would receive of that nature? Supposing that you werenot the enthusiastic member that you are of our association? PROFESSOR NEILSON: I believe it would be favorable. I believe that isgeneral, and judging from the interest shown in our province I believethat a good many of those horticultural societies and otherorganizations would be glad to have the reports on file; they would beglad to purchase them at whatever figure was set upon them, if it were areasonable figure. And I think that I could interest several of ouragricultural representatives in having these on file in their office, and possibly in subscribing, or getting the departments of agricultureto subscribe to the northern nut growers journal. There are severalcounty offices along the northern shore of Lake Ontario and in thosecounties nuts are produced. I think their representatives might beinduced to persuade the department to subscribe to your journal. PROFESSOR TAYLOR: Mr. Chairman: I want to speak on the suggestion madeby Mr. Bixby. I may illustrate it in this way: we people in Californiaare, of course, in a little different situation from those representedby the Northern Nut Growers Association. Over there west of the Rockies, or west of the Sierra Nevadas, we have an entirely different situation. By virtue of our peculiar climatic conditions we have already gonethrough our experimental period and we now have nuts that we are growingon a commercial basis just as they have in the South. For several years I was connected with the University of California andI used to have to teach students, among other things, the various nuts. That was my particular line, the various nuts, especially thoseadaptable to California, but also along with that the nuts of the UnitedStates and the nuts of North America. I believe that Mr. Bixby will bearme out when I say that it was during my time that all of the backreports of the Northern Nut Growers Association were ordered. That wasprior to 1919, was it not? MR. BIXBY: Yes. PROFESSOR TAYLOR: It was prior to 1919 that all the back numbers wereordered, and I hope they are still taking them. MR. BIXBY: They are. They get them every two years. PROFESSOR TAYLOR: They ought to and if they are not I will see that theydo. But I found this difficulty, that there will very shortly bethirteen numbers and if it comes to a question of looking something up, we will find that the average man will not be enthusiasticallyinterested because he won't know how quickly he can get at just exactlywhat he wants. Mr. Bixby suggested that ten of these volumes be takentogether and indexed as a unit. That is one of the finest things thatyou can possibly ask for. I think the institutions will buy them in away that they do not now because then they will not have to look throughten volumes to find a little idea they want. I know it is an expensive proposition to index things of that kind; ittakes time and a lot of patience. Not only that but it must be done bysome one whose heart is in the work and who recognizes the problems thatthe man who is going to use that index is going to look up. But I dothink that if it could be put in to a combined volume, and some sort ofan effort made by the various vice presidents in the different sectionsto see the institutions in their own sections who would be interested, that something might be accomplished which would be of real worth. Ibelieve this would be increasingly so in the future, because thosepeople will want to look back ten, fifteen, twenty years, and see whatthe others went through. One of the biggest things that I think I did inour classes was to point out the problems that occurred in Californiaten, fifteen, twenty-five and thirty years ago, along the line of nutculture solely, and then point out where the nut growers succeeded. And if I may just branch off here to one of the things I haven't spokenabout before this evening, I am absolutely against planting seedlingtrees unless there is a very strong emphasis laid on the fact that theyare not for commercial purposes and not for planting in orchards, butare simply and solely for the possibility of developing new varieties. Ithink that growers are going to want to go back over old reports inorder to save covering the same ground twice. We have found our newpeople in California starting right in where people started fifty yearsago because they didn't know what happened fifty years ago, because ourreports out there were not properly indexed. MR. WEBER: Mr. President, in order to bring the matter to a head, I movethat the distribution of the old reports, by sale or otherwise, be leftto the discretion of the executive committee. (Seconded and carried. ) MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, I would like to ask what the condition of thetreasury is. I do so for this reason, that we have planned out a gooddeal to be done during the interim, from now to the next convention, and the secretary's office ought to be busy. We are planning upon makingit so to keep up interest. I think that the secretary shouldn't be handicapped by lack of funds forstationery and things of that kind. I think that with a deficit maybe hehas been. Maybe more matter would go out if he had funds and to that endI am putting in my check for $20 for my subscription tonight in advance. If others will do that he will have funds to work with. (Applause) THE PRESIDENT: In a discussion I had with the treasurer and thesecretary before this evening's session we considered that point, Mr. Olcott, and I thought that we would go after the remaining deficittonight and make it up, start off with a clean sheet. Mr. Bixby saidthat if we were going to enter into this new membership campaign in areally generous spirit, he felt that the matter of the remaining deficitshould be taken care of. MR. BIXBY: If we can get two hundred new members this year that willtake care of it. THE PRESIDENT: Two hundred are already pledged. MR. BIXBY: If we get them that will take care of it. MR. OLCOTT: It will take to the end of the year to get the returns. MR. WEBER: I will send my check when I get home, because I don't want togo in to my pocketbook now. THE PRESIDENT: What was the deficit, Mr. Bixby? MR. BIXBY: The deficit was $176. There was pledged yesterday, $75, andthere has been $10 more today. That's $85 of the $176. Then there is $20of Mr. Olcott's. That would make it $105. Mr. Weber, when he gets home, will make it $125. We will clean it up one way or another. THE SECRETARY: I think we should proceed now to the report of thenominating committee and the selection of the next place of meeting. THE PRESIDENT: The hour is growing late and there is just one message Iwant to give you here. While it may savour some what of advertising ourfilbert enterprise, it was not with that idea in mind that we proceededto get the information we have got. Our filberts have been distributedthrough the L. W. Hall Company, nurserymen of this city, who haveexclusive sale of them at this time. They have been distributed duringthe past three years over a considerable area: Illinois, Idaho, Iowa, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Delaware, New York, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Georgia, District ofColumbia, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Some little time ago I conferred with Mr. Hall in regard tocommunicating with his customers to whom he had delivered filbertplants, the first in the spring of 1919. He has written them asking themhow the plants have done, and particularly with regard to fruit bearing. I have the replies here and the gist of them is this: that the plantshave done finely, have been entirely satisfactory in that respect. Therehas been a complaint that they have not borne; there are some instancesof extreme pleasure expressed over the way they have borne. My own ideais, and I believe it is that of Mr. Vollertsen also, that they have nothad quite time enough yet, since the spring of 1919. MR. BIXEY: That is not time enough. THE PRESIDENT: Furthermore, Mr. Hall, in offering them--against ouradvice as we endeavored to persuade him to offer them as improvedEuropean filberts, assorted varieties--thought that the people would beattracted to those unpronounceable names that we have them under. Maybethey were. He listed some six or eight varieties, I think, and thosevarieties were of our larger fruited kinds. We frankly confess thatthose varieties will not bear as abundantly as the smaller fruitedvarieties--not that they are very small they are quite a good sized nut. I believe if Mr. Hall had made a freer distribution of the so-calledsmaller fruited varieties that there might have been an even morefavorable report in connection with fruiting. Another year or so willgive us more definite information. We have now cleaned up our program pretty well. You are going to findDoctor Kellogg's paper in the report, together with the secretary's. Wehave the papers here. That completes the program up to the present timewith the exception of Senator Penny and Mr. Linton. We supposed Mr. Linton would be here. I had telephoned this morning as Mr. Pennypromised to send a paper but he hasn't been able to do so. Those are theonly two papers of the program that we haven't got. There are two more things we have to take care of; one is the electionof officers, and the other is the selection of a place for the nextconvention. I call for the report of the nominating committee. MR. WEBER: The report of the nominating committee is as follows: _President:_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON. _Vice President:_--J. F. JONES. _Secretary:_--WILLIAM C. DEMING. _Treasurer:_--WILLARD G. BIXBY. (Signed) ROBERT T. MORRIS, G. H. CORSAN, HARRY R. WEBER, Nominating Committee. MR. O'CONNOR: I move the nominations be accepted. THE PRESIDENT: Just one moment. Up to this evening I understood that thepresident was to be elected for a year. I do not know much about thecondition prior to President Linton. He was elected at Battle Creek atthe same time I was elected vice president. There were extenuatingcircumstances justifying the re-election of President Linton. I feelthat similar conditions do not prevail justifying my re-election aspresident of this association. It is not going to make any difference tome whether I am president or just simply a soldier in the ranks. I wantto see this association the success it ought to be and I feel, in viewof the wonderful work that has been done in this association and for itsbest interests at all times by Mr. Jones, that it is due him that thepresidency should be passed to him at this time. He is going to the nextconvention of the National Association of Nurserymen, he and DoctorMorris, Mr. Olcott and Mr. Weber, to get before that convention ofnurserymen something more of the history of this association and itsambitions and desires. I know he could appear before that convention ina much more advantageous way for the benefit of this association if hewere president of it. I feel that Mr. Jones ought to be electedpresident of this association here tonight. MR. OLCOTT: Mr. President, the presidents of this association have beenelected for two years and I think it has become an established custom. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bixby referred to that tonight. I didn't understandit that way. I supposed I was elected last year at Lancaster for oneyear. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I took that matter up with Mr. Littlepageand he told me it was customary to elect the president for one year at atime and to re-elect him for the second year if he proved all right. Sofar I think every member of this association has been well satisfiedwith the service you have given us and we want you to continue on foranother year. THE PRESIDENT: Pat, I thought you were my friend. MR. SPENCER: I move the secretary cast the ballot of the association infavor of the officers nominated by the committee on nominations. MR. O'CONNOR: I second the motion. (Upon the motion being put to a vote of the members, it was declaredduly CARRIED, the secretary cast one ballot for the persons nominated, and they were declared duly elected. ) THE PRESIDENT: All right, ladies and gentlemen. Here we are with ourcoats off and sleeves rolled up for another year; but I want to give youall fair warning that if we don't have that thousand memberships at thatnext convention, this child is going to drop out. (Laughter. ) The next in the order of business is the selection of a place for thenext convention. You heard the telegram this morning from Mr. Littlepage and the telegram from the Washington Chamber of Commerce. Personally, I would like to have you come to Rochester again because wesure enough have enjoyed the sessions with you all here this time. Thereis no finer city in the world than Rochester, N. Y. , and we would liketo have you come back here. I want you to come here. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. President, I feel it is quite an honor that we areasked to the capital city of the United States to hold our meeting. Itshows we were appreciated there some few years ago. I move you we havethe next meeting in Washington. MR. OLCOTT: I second the motion. (The motion being duly put to a vote of the members, it was carried. ) THE SECRETARY: Now, Mr. President, we should decide upon a date. THE PRESIDENT: I think that is true. In Lancaster, last year, it washeld later than this. I believe the ordinary time has been considerablylater than this, about a month. MR. O'CONNOR: Mr. Chairman, Mr. Littlepage asked me to say, after theconvention city had been selected, that it would be best to make itabout the last week in September as that would show the pecans andwalnuts at about the right time. MR. BIXBY: I move that the time of the next convention be fixed atSeptember 26th, 27th and 28th, 1923. MR. O'CONNOR: I second the motion. (The motion being put to a vote of the members, it was declaredCARRIED. ) There being no further business to come before the Convention, itthereupon adjourned. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES AT HIGHLAND PARK, ROCHESTER, N. Y. _September 9th, 1922, 11 A. M. _ PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: This occasion represents the custom of theassociation of planting a nut tree in one of the parks of the community, in which the annual convention is held. We had expected to have someblack walnut seedlings grown from nuts presented to ex-President Lintonby the superintendent at Mount Vernon, Washington's old home. I am notsure but I have quite a vivid remembrance that the trees from whichthese nuts were gathered were fruiting in Washington's time. However itwould be a very delightful time if we could have such trees to plant inmemory of that great character. But I am sorry to say that we have beendisappointed in not receiving the trees from Mr. Linton. He expressedthem from Saginaw the day before yesterday and we have made diligenteffort to locate them in this city this morning but have been unable toget any trace of them. Anticipating such a happening Mrs. Ellwanger, whohad on exhibition at the convention some Persian walnuts grown in pots, at our request very kindly consented to let us use one of those trees. If we had had a little more time to consider it undoubtedly Mr. Dunbarwould have arranged to have this tree planted on the land that was givento the city by George Ellwanger, Mrs. Ellwanger's father-in-law, andPatrick Barry of the world famed nursery of Ellwanger & Barry. We aregoing to plant one of these Persian walnut trees here (the planting isnow going on) and there is a greater likelihood that this tree will livethan the black walnut, as that tree had to be dug and transported. Wefeel reasonably sure that this tree will live to commemorate our meetingin Rochester this year. We are also going to plant an Arkansas hickory, that Mr. Dunbar has haddug from the park nursery, a short distance from where the walnut isplanted. I think this, too, is an appropriate tree to plant because ofthe success of the hickory in this community. Mr. Dunbar tells me thatpractically all of the varieties of hickory of North America are plantedon this park slope. We took great pleasure in driving through here theother day and listening to an explanation of their history by Mr. Dunbar. We are honored today by the presence of the Dean of the New York StateSchool of Forestry, Dean Mann, who has consented to address us. It givesme great pleasure to introduce to you Dean Mann. DEAN MANN: President McGlennon, ladies and gentlemen: I assure you it gives me great pleasure to be here because as a foresterand tree lover by profession I am also a tree lover by nature. I canconceive of no more worthy, more beautiful nor attractive memorial thana tree dedicated to the Father of our Country, something which will growin size, in beauty and in productivity as the years roll by. Asforesters would remind you, ladies and gentlemen, the Father of ourCountry served his apprenticeship long before he became a land owner andpatriarch on those broad Virginia acres. The Father of our Countrystarted out in life as a forester and surveyor. You may remember that hepiloted, or was to be one of the pilots of Braddock's expedition, havinggained his knowledge of the woods through his early life as a youngsurveyor in the forests of Virginia. There are in New York state approximately fourteen million acres bettersuited to tree crop production than to field crop production. Here inthe northeastern corner of the United States, where our great centers ofpopulation are found, we have in the state of Maine seventy per centsuited to tree crop production but unsuited to tillage; we have similarconditions in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Throughout thisnortheastern section of the country we have a tree soil domain whichwill grow trees and which can't be plowed with profit. All who areinterested in the production of trees for whatever purpose shouldrealize that this nation cannot permanently prosper unless every acre ofits land is put to its best permanent use. I think that you will agree with me that it requires no prophetic eye tosee the day not far distant when we will have, stretching from theIsland of Manhattan up to where Albany now stands, one vast series ofteeming cities with suburb touching suburb. The problem then will be howto feed this multitude. Developments in Russia show that, no matter howidealistic one's theory of government may be, food, in the lastanalysis, is the thing which makes or breaks a nation. Those of you who have studied some of the interpreters of earlyScripture will remember, perhaps, that the Garden of Eden was in realityan oasis of trees in the great valley of Mesopotamia, and even today"garden" in the oriental term means a group of trees. It has been provenby experience in these different tropical realms that where treeproduction is biggest and nuts and other products are grown underintensive cultivation, an acre will produce more food than where grazingis practiced. I spent a very pleasant year in California and saw some ofthe operations of the California nut growers, where they are growingEnglish walnuts on a most extensive scale. I believe I will be making nofalse statement when I say that those areas in southern California whichare growing nuts produce more in fats, proteins and calories for themaintenance of the health and strength of the human race than do theacres which are given up to the growing of animal crops. So I applaud the idea of planting a tree in the memory of the Father ofhis Country. I believe I belong to your group, at least throughinterest, because I have been doing a little experimenting of my own inmy back yard at Syracuse where I have an English walnut which I plantedin 1915 which is this year producing for the first time. I am going totake those nuts and see what can be done with them in perpetuating thatparticular variety, because it is hardy, fast growing, and early tomature. The New York State College of Forestry has a platform as broad as theentire state. We are interested in every kind of land which is notsuited to agriculture, fish, game, recreation, conservation of water, and I pledge to you the sympathy and the support of the New York StateCollege of Forestry. We have three experiment stations; one in Oneidacounty, one in Onandaga county, and another in Cattaraugus, with afourth in St. Lawrence, if you wish to call it such. We would bedelighted to receive from you any slip or any sort of fruit which youwish us to try out at these experiment stations. I believe that the timewill come when some combined system of forestry and horticulture can bemaintained which will aim at the production of food stuffs from trees, with lumber, perhaps, as a by-product. That works out in the old countryand the day is not far off when it can be practiced here. I congratulate the members of this association on having completed whatwas, from all accounts, a most successful meeting. I regret that Icouldn't have been here earlier and met the other members of your body. I congratulate you; I wish you God speed, and I again tender the supportof the College of Forestry. * * * * * PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: We certainly have received great encouragement fromDean Mann's remarks, which to me, and I believe to all present, weremost interesting and instructive. I want to hear just a few words from our esteemed friend, Mr. JohnDunbar, Assistant Superintendent of Parks. MR. DUNBAR: I think it is a very happy and fortunate circumstance thatMr. Mann is here this morning representing the College of Forestry ofSyracuse. Every word that Mr. Mann has said is absolutely true. Theforestry question of this country is indeed a very serious question. Every man, and every woman, should give most serious thought to it, andI hope the words Dean Mann has spoken to us here this morning will go into all our hearts very deeply. Of course the Park Department is studying trees from the ornamental andarboricultural point of view. We think, however, that arboriculture, horticulture and forestry, as the Dean said, are very, very closelyallied and should surely work together. I think his idea is a veryexcellent one; that there should be a very close connection or unionbetween forestry, horticulture, nut culture, and all kinds of fruitculture. I hope that day is not far distant. PRESIDENT MCGLENNON: Ladies and gentlemen, the treasurer of ourassociation is a man who is intensely interested in nut culture. He hasdone wonderful things for its advancement and especially for theadvancement of the interests of the Northern Nut Growers Association. MR. BIXBY: While Dean Mann was speaking the thought came to me, howcould we better co-operate with the Department of Forestry? I think thework of the Nut Growers Association, which is particularly interested inthe use of nut trees for orchards, and that of the Department ofForestry, which looks upon them particularly as producers of timber, could be very closely allied. The thought came to me, could not we righthere work out some practical suggestion whereby we two could co-operate?I would like to ask Dean Mann what nut trees they are planting forforest purposes. DEAN MANN: We have done very little. We have, at our experiment stationat Chittenango, done some work with the English walnuts. Thisparticularly hardy specimen that I have in my own back yard--I have two, one of them is growing very slowly--are from our experiment station. Wehave really had so much to do in the way of popular education in NewYork State in the timber products, that we are merely, as they say inthe South, fixing to begin with other things. That is the only specieswith which we have made an actual start. There is this however: what canforesters, horticulturists and nut enthusiasts do to supply the place ofthe American chestnut? I really came here as a seeker after truth onthis particular phase. You men probably know more about it than I. Whatcan we produce? Is there any hybrid which can be introduced into thiscountry which will take the place of the American chestnut? MR. BIXBY: In reply to that I would say that I have hundreds ofseedlings of the Chinese chestnut on which the blight has been workingfor years and has not destroyed them. I would be very glad to send themto the College of Forestry and let you try them. DEAN MANN: They will be planted with extreme care and a barbed wire putaround them. MR. BIXBY: There is another thing, the rough shell Japanese walnut, so-called, which is really a butternut hybrid. I have planted it and itis growing at a tremendous rate, even faster than the Japanese walnut. Iexpect to get a lot of those nuts this year and I wondered how theCollege of Forestry would like to try some of them. DEAN MANN: I would be delighted. MR. BIXBY: Then there is one other nut the big shell bark hickory whichis a native of the Mississippi Valley, which has been planted inPennsylvania and up in Lockport, New York. It grows finely, it bearsearly, and I think that it might be worth trying. DEAN MANN: We have adopted this platform: "Anything which will interestthe people of New York State. " We must, as a state institution, limitour horizon very largely to the state of New York. We do slip overoccasionally, but anything which will interest the people of New YorkState in trees of any kind, for any purpose, is a step towards forestconservation. Take your city dweller in New York City, get himinterested in a shade tree in front of his apartment house, or in agroup of shade trees in the adjoining park, and you have converted thatman along the line of King Forest. So we will be very glad to take anyseeds you have and give them excellent care. NUTS THE NATURAL AND ADEQUATE SOURCE OF PROTEIN AND FATS _By_ JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG, M. D. , F. A. C. S. , _Medical Director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium_ In the writer's opinion, the most important thing which can be done topromote the nut growing industry is to make clear to men and womeneverywhere the necessity for returning to natural and biologic living. Since he left his primitive state, in his wanderings up and down theface of the earth to escape destruction by terrific terrestrialconvulsions and cataclysmic changes in climate and temperatures, chilledduring long glacial periods, parched and blistered by tropic heats, starved and wasted by drouth and famine, man has been driven by ages ofhardships and emergencies to adopt every imaginable expedient to surviveimmediate destruction, and in so doing has acquired so great a number ofunnatural tastes, appetites and habits, perversions and abnormalities incustoms and modes of life, that it is the marvel of marvels that hestill survives. Man no longer seeks his food among the natural products of field andforest and prepares it at his own hearthstone, but finds it ready toeat, prepared in immense factories, slaughter-houses, mills, andbakeries and displayed in palatial emporiums. No longer led by a naturalinstinct, as were his remote forebears, in the selection of hisfoodstuffs, he finds his dietetic guidance in the advertising columns ofthe morning paper, and eats not what Nature prepared for his sustenance, but what his grocer, his butcher and his baker find most for theirpecuniary interest to purvey to him. The average man no longer himselfplants and tills and harvests the foods which enter into his bill offare, that is, "earns his bread by the sweat of his brow, " but acceptswhatever is passed on to him by a long line of producers and purveyorswho do his sweating for him, depriving him of the opportunity of earningboth appetite and good digestion by honest toil. So he resorts tocondiments and ragouts, palate-tickling and tongue-tickling sauces andnerve-rousing stimulants, as a means of securing the unearned felicityof gustatory enjoyment. At the World's Eugenics Congress held in New York last fall, ProfessorDavenport expressed the opinion that the human race will ultimatelyperish, and Major Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, one of the world'sleading economists, gave expression to similar views. We are evidentlytraveling a downhill road and the tide of degeneracy is rising so fastit will certainly sweep us on to race extinction unless we return tosane and biologic living. We are primates, not carnivores like the dog, nor omnivores like the hog. The primates are fruit and nut eaters inwhatever part of the world they are found. All the primates adhere tothe family bill of fare. The gorilla, reigning king of beasts in theforests of the Congo, his somewhat lesser relative, the chimpanzee, which tenants a wide area of the Dark Continent, the orang-utan ofBorneo, and the gibbon of tropical Asia, diversified as they are in formand habitat, are all equally circumspect in their adherence to the dietof nuts and fruits, tender shoots and soft grains, foods which Naturehas prescribed as the primate's bill of fare. A return to natural eating would doubtless do, to say the least, as muchas any one thing toward checking the downward race movement, and no onewho has ever studied the economics of diet will question that the onlyway in which the earth's dense populations of the future can be fed willbe by the elimination of the flesh-pots and a resumption of the naturaldietary. This is clear when we recall the fact that the AgriculturalExperiment Stations have demonstrated that 33 pounds of digestiblefoodstuffs are required to make one pound of beef. When an animal isfattened, the creature uses a large part of the food which it consumesfor its own purposes. The eater of flesh does not get back the originalcorn and other foods given to the animal but only a small fraction ofit; and hence dense populations can only indulge in beef eating byimporting meats from other countries not yet fully occupied. Evidently, the present rapid increase of the earth's population will soon bring usto a point where this enormous waste must cease. Flesh eating will haveto be abandoned for economic reasons. Even the milk supply willnecessarily be limited, for we are compelled to feed the cow 5 pounds ofdigestible foodstuffs to obtain 1 pound of water-free food in the formof milk. Those pessimistic economists who predict that by the year 2000 theAmerican Continent will be so densely populated that means will have tobe adopted to limit the increase of population because of the scarcityof foodstuffs, are evidently not aware of the activities of the NutGrowers Association and of the marvelous efficiency of nut trees asproducers of protein and fats, the two elements of our foodstuffs whichare most costly because hardest to produce. I am creditably informed that one acre of land supporting 35 blackwalnut trees in full bearing, will produce not less than 350 pounds ofwalnut meats, each pound of which has a nutritive value in protein andfats fully four times that of an equal weight of beef or an equivalentof 1400 pounds of meat. To produce a steer weighing 1600 pounds, requires two acres and two years. Two acres and two years will produce1400 pounds of nut meats, the equivalent of 5600 pounds of beef or morethan 9 times the amount of nutritive material in the form of protein andfat produced by beef raising. Of course, the question might be raised whether nuts as a source of foodare equal in value to meats, which supply the same sort of foodmaterial, namely, protein and fats. If the anthropologists are right, this is a question which need not worry us, for, according to ProfessorKeith, the eminent English anatomist and a leading paleontologist, andProfessor Elliot, of Oxford, nuts were the chief staple of our hardyancestors of prehistoric times. Professor Elliot, indeed, tells us inhis work, "Prehistoric Man, " that the first representatives of the humanrace who appeared in the Eocene Period were fruit and nut eaters, andwere abundantly supplied with this sort of nutriment. This eminentauthor says, -- "On the bushes by the rivers and along the shore there were all sorts offruits and nuts. For the subsistence of our lemur-monkey-man in theearly stages of evolution, what fruits would seem _a priori_ mostsuitable? "I think that one would select the banana and bread-fruit. Ancestralforms of both were flourishing in the Eocene. Many other fruits withwhich man has been afterwards continually (perhaps one might venture tosay _most intimately_) associated, occur at this period. These are, mostof them, found in so many places that one is apt to think they were thenof world-wide distribution. "In the temperate brushwood and on the river-sides, acorns, hazel-nut, hawthorne, sloe, cherry and plum might be found. Here and there, hemight alight upon a walnut or an almond; figs also of one kind oranother seem to have been common. Palm trees existed, and some of themwere of enormous size. " If, in modern times, nuts have come to be used as a luxury rather thanas a staple article of diet, it must be because we have neglected tocultivate this choicest of food products which Nature is ready toprovide with a lavish hand when invited to do so by our co-operation. But as the public become better informed respecting the high food valueof nuts and especially in view of the steadily rising cost of fleshmeats, the nut is certain to gain higher appreciation, and the writerhas no doubt that some time in the future nuts will become a leadingconstituent of the national bill of fare and will displace the fleshmeats which today are held in high esteem but which in the broader lightof the next century will be regarded as objectionable and inferiorfoods, and will give place to the products of the various varieties ofnut trees which will be recognized as the choicest of all foods. In nutritive value the nut far exceeds all other food substances; forexample, the average number of food units per pound furnished by half adozen of the more common varieties of nuts is 3231 calories while theaverage of the same number of varieties of cereals is 1654 calories, half the value of nuts. The average food value of the best vegetables is300 calories per pound and of the best fresh fruits grown in thiscountry, 278 calories. The average value of the six principal fleshfoods is 810 calories per pound or one-fourth that of nuts. Recent studies of the proteins of nuts by Osborne and Harris, Van Slyke, Johns and Cajori, have demonstrated that the proteins of nuts are atleast equal to those of meat. This has been shown to be true of thealmond, English walnut, black walnut, butternut, peanut, pecan, filbert, Brazil nut, pine nut, chestnut, hickory and cocoanut; that is, ofpractically all the nuts in common use. Observations seem to show that, in general, the proteins of oily seedsare complete proteins. Cajori's research has also shown the presence of growth-promotingvitamins in abundant quantity in the almond, English walnut, filbert, pine nut, hickory, chestnut and pecan. That the nut is appreciated as a dainty is attested by the frequencywith which it appears as a dessert and the extensive use of various nutsas confections. That nuts do not hold a more prominent place in thenational bill of fare as food staples is due chiefly to two causes;first, the popular idea that nuts are highly indigestible, and second, the limited supply. The notion that nuts are difficult of digestion has really no foundationin fact. The idea is probably the natural outgrowth of the custom ofeating nuts at the close of a meal when an abundance, more likely asuper-abundance, of highly nutritious foods has already been eaten andthe equally injurious custom of eating nuts between meals. Neglect of thorough mastication must also be mentioned as a common causeof indigestion following the use of nuts. Nuts are generally eaten dryand have a firm hard flesh which requires thorough use of the organs ofmastication to prepare them for the action of the several digestivejuices. It has been experimentally shown that nuts are not well digestedunless reduced to a smooth paste in the mouth. Particles of nuts thesize of small seeds may escape digestion. Nut paste or "butter" iseasily digestible. Delicious nut butters may be prepared from true nuts such as the almond, filbert and pine-nut, by blanching and crushing, without roasting. Peanuts require steam roasting. Over-roasting renders the nut difficultof digestion. More than 50, 000 tons of nut butters are produced in England every year. Peanut oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil are the principal rawmaterials used. In face of vanishing meat supplies, it is mostcomforting to know that meats of all sorts may be safely replaced bynuts not only without loss, but with a decided gain. Nuts have severaladvantages over flesh foods which are well worth considering. 1. Nuts are free from waste products, uric acid, urea, and other tissuewastes which abound in meats. 2. Nuts are aseptic, free from putrefactive bacteria, and do not readilyundergo decay either in the body or outside of it. Meats, on the otherhand as found in the markets, are practically always in an advancedstage of putrefaction. Ordinary fresh, dried or salted meats containfrom three million to ten times that number of bacteria per ounce, andsuch meats as Hamburger steak often contain more than a billionputrefactive organisms to the ounce. Nuts are clean and sterile. 3. Nuts are free from trichinae, tapeworm, and other parasites, as wellas other infections due to specific organisms. Nuts are in good healthwhen gathered and usually remain so until eaten. In view of these facts, it is most interesting to know that in nuts, themost neglected of all well known food products, we find the assurance ofan ample and complete food supply for all future time, even thoughnecessity should compel the total abandonment of our present forms ofanimal industry. Another of the great advantages of the nut is that with few exceptions, it may be eaten direct from the hand of nature without culinarypreparation of any sort. Indeed, the common custom of offering nuts asdessert is an acknowledgment that in the nut the refined chemistry ofNature's laboratory permits of no improvement by the clumsy methods ofthe kitchen. Every highway should be lined with trees. Many nut trees will grow onland unsuited to ordinary farm crops. The pinon flourishes on the bleakand barren peaks of the Rockies. A few nut trees planted for each inhabitant would insure the countryagainst any possibility of food shortage. A row of nut trees on eachside of our 3, 000, 000 miles of country roads would provide half enoughfat and protein for a population of 100, 000, 000. If each one of the 6, 000, 000 farmers in the United States would plantand maintain an orchard of ten acres of black walnuts, the annual crop, with little or no attention, would yield not less than 3, 000, 000 tons ofnut protein, the equivalent of more than 12, 000, 000 tons of meat, besides more than 6, 000, 000 tons of fat of the finest quality, sufficient to supply every one of 100, 000, 000 people with an ampleamount of protein, and, in addition, the fat equivalent of 6-2/3 ouncesof butter. Nuts should be eaten every day and should be made a substantial part ofthe bill of fare. So long as the nut is regarded as a dainty, suitableonly for dessert, the demand will be limited. But as its merits come tobe appreciated, it will be in greater demand and the supply will rapidlygrow in volume. _The Lime Content of Nuts_ In proportion to their weight, nuts contain more lime than any otherclass of foodstuffs except legumes, the average being more thanone-third grain to the ounce (. 370 grs. ). Certain nuts are surprisinglyrich in lime. For example, the almond affords one and one-third grainsof food lime to the ounce, while the hazel-nut or filbert affords oneand three-quarters grains of lime to the ounce, or 11. 3 per cent of aday's ration of lime. The pecan and the walnut are also fairly rich inlime, as is also the peanut. An ounce and a half of each of almonds and hazel-nuts or filberts willsupply one-third the total lime requirement for a day. In general, thisaddition to the ordinary bill of fare would be quite sufficient toinsure against any serious deficiency of lime. Meats of all sorts are poor in lime. The lime in animals is almostexclusively in the bones. One ounce of almonds, for instance, containsas much food lime as a pound of the choicest steak, and a quarter of apound of black walnuts supplies as much food lime as nearly two poundsof average meats. _The Iron Content of Nuts_ The almond, hazel-nut, chestnut, peanut, pecan and walnut, all contain arich store of iron, the average iron content expressed as per cent. Ofthe iron ration being 4. 79, more than two and one-half times that offruits (1. 74), three times that of vegetables (1. 46), greater than thatof cereals and even superior to average meats. It is true that theextraordinarily high food value of nuts renders them less available thanfruits as prime sources of iron, for one would have to eat 5, 000calories of chestnuts or walnuts or more than 4, 000 calories of pecansor peanuts to get a day's ration of iron; but three-quarters of a poundof almonds or hazel-nuts would supply the needed quantum of iron with anenergy intake of 2, 500 calories, on account of their unusually richstore of iron. It is worth while to know that vegetable milk prepared from almonds, byadding five parts of water to one part of blanched almonds made into asmooth paste, supplies two and a half times as much iron as does cow'smilk in equal quantity, and furnishing the same amount of protein. It isworth noting, just here, also, that the protein of the almond is, likethat of milk, a complete protein, that is, a protein out of which humantissues may be readily formed, which is by no means true of allvegetable proteins. Such a milk, however, would be somewhat deficient inlime, a lack which could be supplied by lentil soup. A product commercially known as Malted Nuts, prepared from almonds orpeanuts, has been found of very great service in meeting the needs ofinfants and some classes of invalids for an easily digestible liquidnourishment to take the place of milk when a substitute is needed. The chief obstacle which at the present time stands in the way of makingnuts a food staple is the meager supply. If the population of the UnitedStates should suddenly turn to nuts as the chief means of meeting theirprotein requirement, the total annual crop of nuts would be consumed ina day or two, or possibly less time. The American people readily changetheir eating habits. As nuts become more plentiful through the effortsof the Nut Growers Association, and the general enlightenment of thepeople concerning the superiority of this class of foodstuffs by a wellconducted propaganda such as has been carried on in behalf of the raisinindustry and such as the meat packers are now conducting in their effortto induce the American people to eat more meat, but of course on anhonest, scientific basis rather than by means of untruthful andmisleading statements, as the packers are doing, the intelligent peopleof this country could soon be brought to an appreciation of the greatvalue of edible nuts and the important place which they should fill inthe bill of fare. Thirty years ago, the writer prepared a paste from peanuts which hadbeen previously cooked by steaming or baking, and gave to thepreparation the name of "Nut Butter. " Little attention was paid to theproduct for two or three years, then it began rapidly to win favor and, according to a recent report by the Census Bureau, 56 establishments, in1919, produced peanut butter to the value of nearly $6, 000, 000, and thepeanut crop last year was 816, 464, 000 pounds. In 30 years, the peanutcrop has increased from a few thousand acres to nearly 2, 000, 000 acres, and the peanut has come to occupy a place on the national bill of fareof considerable prominence. The peanut is not really a nut but a legumeand is in flavor and other edible qualities greatly inferior to theproducts in which this Association is interested. Nevertheless, the factthat it is accessible has given it an opportunity to quickly gainpopular favor. The writer feels very confident that if this associationand other similar organizations will continue their efforts in behalf ofnut growing, and will at the same time adopt measures to inform thepublic concerning the remarkable nutritive properties of these productswhich have been created expressly for the use of man and which are sowonderfully adapted to his sustenance, there will be a steady advance intheir acceptance by the public and in the not far distant future, theraising of nuts will come to be as nearly universal among farmers as theproduction of apples or other fruit crops. If the uncultivated lands ofthis country not now occupied as farms were occupied by nut trees ingood bearing, the annual crop of nut protein and fat would be amplysufficient, in connection with the corn, wheat and other crops harvestedby our 6, 000, 000 farmers from our big billion acre farm to easilysupport a population of 1, 000, 000 persons. If the nut is given a chance, it will not only save the human race from perishing from starvation, butwill give it a good boost upward in the direction of race betterment. The Eat More Meat campaign which the packers are now conducting and forthe support of which they at their recent convention in Kansas City, voted to raise a fund of $500, 000, is being carried on by the grossestchicanery and misrepresentation. Pseudo-scientific men are being putbefore the public as great authorities in human nutrition and these menare sending out plausible but most misleading eulogies of meat as afoodstuff possessing essential qualities for the lack of which theAmerican people are suffering. The only possible reason for thesefrantic appeals to the American people to consume more meat is thedepletion of the packers' profits by the steady decrease in meatconsumption which has been going on for a number of years and whichbegins to threaten the future development of their industry. The publicwill be damaged rather than benefited by an increase of meatconsumption. A nation-wide campaign in behalf of the almond, thehazel-nut, the walnut, the pecan and other of our native nuts wouldunquestionably improve the health and vigor of the American people, provided the nut growers will supply the demand which would be created. * * * * * August 12th, 1922. Dear Dr. Deming: I have received your letters. I am sorry to answer you very late, because on March 28th my wife died. I have been again heart broken anddelay everything for these few months. I have not yet met Mr. Read, I went to the U. S. Consulate to find him, but no definite answer received yet. The place Chuking is rather inconvenient to reach from Shanghai. I amgong to buy land near Shanghai i. E. One hour trip from business center. When I succeed that, I will remove all trees out. I am sending you separate paper that you want for the convention. The seeds that I sent you last year is Castanopsis sp. Grows nearHangchow, 100 feet high and ever green. Yours very sincerely P. W. WANG. CHINESE NUTS--WALNUT P. W. WANG _Kinsan Arboretum, Chuking, Kiangsu Province, China. _ Historic research by Berthold Laufer in his "Sino Iranica" published byField Museum of Natural History of Chicago is very valuable. Hisconclusion is that China is not the original home of walnuts butimported from Persia via two routes, the earlier by Chinese Turkestanand little later by Tibet. I recommend every member to read this book. It contains many valuable historical informations about trees andvegetables in Asia. According to the recent travel of late Mr. F. N. Meyer no grafting orbudding of nut trees yet practiced in China. The walnuts varied fromthinnest shell like peanut or hard shell with poor flavor. The Chinesewalnut are proved to be hardier than Persian walnut in America. There is no walnut in this province except a few in ornamental gardens. What we can get is through grocery stores. They imported them fromTientsin or Tsintao. The former is easy to crack with fine flavor andthe kernel color is light. The latter is hard to crack, the internalpartition has a peculiar construction that the kernel is very hard totake out even in broken pieces and the kernel has a brown color with thetaste of bitterness and astringency. That shows that the walnut in Chiliis far superior to that of Shantung. I do not believe that the abovedifference is due to the latitude, because there is one walnut tree in agarden in Soochow, a big city 50 miles from Shanghai, the nut is verygood. The Chinese way of eating walnut is just like Americans. One thing thatcoincides with Dr. Kellogg's treatment to a Senator's daughter. In Chinathere is no baby fed by cow's milk. When the mother lacks milk and thehome is not rich enough to hire a milk nurse, walnut milk issubstituted. The way of making walnut milk is rather crude here, theysimply grind or knock the kernel into paste then mix with boil water. Iwish to learn Dr. Kellogg's way of making walnut milk. One tradition that believed by most Chinese even well educated Chinesefor thousands years that if you eat walnut constantly, your life will beprolonged, and if you only eat fruits and nuts excluding all provisionsother than produced from trees even rice and wheat your life will beeternal. I must recall the theory of Dr. Kellogg that may be the proofof the above tradition. "Beef fats is deposited in the tissue as beeffats without undergoing any chemical change whatever; mutton fat isdeposited as mutton fat; lard as pig fat etc. " Perhaps the influence ofanimal fat reduces the life as animals are generally short lived and nutfats increases the life as nut trees live for centuries. Chinese walnuts are sometimes met with very good ones, moreover they arehardy and free from insect or fungus attack. They are really worth whileto propagate. As I can not get propagate nor scions I am now plantingseedling from best nuts. I wish you are doing the same work and finallywe can supply the colder world with suitable walnut trees. I suggest one plan that I know very big amount of walnuts of bestquality are exported from Tientsin to the States. You can secure thebest ones by selecting from the walnut importers for planting. There is another walnut produced in the vicinity of Hangchow CaryaCatheyensis, really a hickory, last year I sent to Mr. Jones for 50 lbs. The taste is far below that of Pecan, but just 3 months ago I ate at afriend's house. The hickory kernel was roasted with sugar syrup. It lostall bitterness and has a very good hickory taste with fine hickoryflavor. Pterocarya stenoptera grows best among any other trees in this region. It resists drought very well. I like to try to use it as stock forgrafting. I do not interest in chestnut yet. As far as I know the best chestnut isproduced in Lian-Shang near Tientsin. Castanopsis from Hangchow is very nice. They said the tree is over 100feet high and is ever green. Hazelnut is from Chili and North. They are not so good as yours. Chinese almond is apricot kernel, the best one is from Peking orTientsin. Ginkgo nuts are never eaten afresh, we eat them sometimes roasted andmost times cooked with meats. In which you will find both meats and nutsof good taste. I like Torreya Grandis very much, I think Americans do not like itbecause they do not use the right way. Chinese roast the Torreya nutuntil all moisture gone then wait they are cold and eat them. They mustbe kept dry after roasted otherwise the taste is not so good and asecond roast is necessary. I hope you will try the above two kinds nuts by the above way, as Ginkgocan live over thousand years and Torreya in this country is also longlived, their nut fat would keep the human tissue less easy to decay. The pine seeds kernels are sold here for Mex. $1. 60 per pound. If yourpine seeds kernel are cheap, it is possible to come over. The pine seedsare Pinus Bungeana and P. Massoniana. RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF DR. WALTER VAN FLEET At the thirteenth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'Association, held at Rochester, N. Y. , September 7, 8 and 9, 1922, acommittee was appointed to express the sorrow of the association at thedeath of its honorary member, Dr. Walter Van Fleet, at the age ofsixty-four, on January 26th 1922, and to inform Mrs. Van Fleet of itsaction. Dr. Van Fleet, at one time the only honorary member of the association, was made so in recognition of his services to nut growing in breedingblight resistant chestnuts and chinkapins, and of his unfailing courtesyto the association whenever asked to present the results of hisinvestigations. Although incomplete his experiments had already produced results ofgreat promise and shown the way that his successors must follow. Many ofus knew him personally and had visited his home and experimental groundsat Bell, Maryland, some of us more than once. Few of us knew his variedand high attainments in many other fields than plant breeding, though amoment's thought would have made a discerning person see that hismodesty, self-effacement, kindliness and sympathy were things that mostoften come to those whose experiences of life have been the widest. Hisaccomplishments in plant breeding and other fields, a bibliography ofhis writings, and the events of his life, were fully and sympatheticallyrelated in a communication written by Mr. Mulford of the U. S. Dept. OfAgriculture at the request of the association and read at the meeting. The association feels that no one can ever quite take the place of Dr. Van Fleet in the field of his life work, in experimental nut breedingand in the hearts of the members of this association who had theprivilege of knowing him, and it wishes to put on record its greatsorrow at his untimely death in the very midst of his beneficentactivity for the benefit of mankind. RESOLUTION ON THE DEATH OF COLEMAN K. SOBER At the thirteenth annual convention of the Northern Nut Growers'Association, held at Rochester, N. Y. , September 7, 8 and 9, 1922, acommittee was appointed to express the feeling of the association at thedeath of one of its life members, Coleman K. Sober, at the age ofseventy-nine, at his home in Lewisburg, Pa. , in December 1921, and toinform his family of its action. Colonel Sober, as he was most often called, was a frequent attendant atthe meetings of the association in its early history. He was a pioneerin the culture of the chestnut in America and the grower and distributorof a variety which he called the Sober Paragon. He developed theproduction of this valuable variety, and its nursery stock, on a largescale and had demonstrated chestnut growing as the first of theestablished nut industries in the northeastern United States. He devisedmethods of grafting and cultivating the chestnut and invented means andmachinery for harvesting and shelling the nuts, for which he found aready market at good prices. A man of strong personality, capable of large operations andunaccustomed to failure he found it hard to admit defeat of his deeplycherished purpose, and success already within his grasp, by that greatnational calamity the invasion of this country by the fatal chestnutblight. Undoubtedly he foresaw, as did other advocates of nut culture, the great help and stimulus to the industry that would result from thecommercial success of chestnut culture, and it was a bitterdisappointment to him to find himself helpless before the irresistableprogress of the blight. This failure came too late in life for him torecover and develop new fields in nut culture which, let us believe, hewould have done if he had been younger, for we know that he was anadvocate of the roadside planting of nut trees and a supporter of theefforts of those of us who are striving for the success of all forms ofnut culture. Nut growing and this association have lost an able and energetic worker. An account of Col. Sober's life and works may be found in the August1922 number of the American Nut Journal. Telegram from Washington, D. C. TO JAMES S. MCGLENNON: Deeply regret my inability attend thirteenth annual meeting. Am sure itwill be great success and all will enjoy trip to your beautiful city andsurrounding country. The next few years will show fine results ofefforts our Association, and nut culture in north will take on new lifeand result in planting thousands of acres trees. I hope Washington willbe selected as place for next annual meeting. T. P. LITTLEPAGE * * * * * Lincoln, Nebraska, September 5, 1922 My Dear McGlennon: Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to be in your city thisweek. I have been through your city five times in three years. If I hadknown what you have there I should have stopped there three years ago. Since it is impossible for me to be there at this time I will save mycoin to purchase trees and nuts for next year. Dr. Deming's wonderful discovery of a monster pecan tree in Hartford, Conn. , together with native pecans north of Burlington, Iowa also twoIowa pecan trees growing in this city for twenty-eight years, makes thefield for pecan trees a very large one viz. From the Gulf to theforty-first parallel. Tell Dr. Deming we trust his wonderful discoverydoes not prove to be a pignut. Our opportunities in the north for growing nut trees I think arewonderful. The association with you will be a great success. Sincerely, W. A. THOMAS. * * * * * August 23, 1922. MR. JAMES S. MCGLENNON, Rochester, N. Y. Dear Sir:-- I wish to thank you for your very kind letter of the eighteenth, and begto assure you that it would afford me great pleasure to attend and meetyou and others who are doing constructive work in the cause of nutculture. Unfortunately it will not be possible for me to do so. I havebeen on the sick list for the past few weeks which with my eighty-fiveyears has left me so weak that I could not endure the fatigue connectedwith such an undertaking. I would much like to see the results of your work with filberts, as Ibelieve that is one branch of nut growing that can be made a success. Some years ago I planted out some filberts and they grew very well andtried to bear nuts. But unfortunately they had been planted near somewoods that contained some squirrels who invariably ate all the nutsbefore the time they were half grown, so I grubbed them out. Recently Iplanted some more farther removed from woods and hope to see them fruitsoon. Some years ago I caused some filberts to be planted in ground used bythe State Horticultural Society for testing new fruits. These are stillliving and bearing good crops. I feel sure you will have a good meeting and am very sorry I can not bewith you. Give my best regards to my nut growing friends, to all of whoma cordial invitation is extended to visit me and see what I am doinghere with chestnuts. Truly E. A. RIEHL. * * * * * NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION GENEVA, N. Y. June 24, 1922. Dear Dr. Deming: It is kind indeed of you to ask me to help you out in your comingconvention. Were I to be in the country I should be very glad to doanything I could to help out. I am leaving in a few days, however, tospend the summer in Europe and shall not be home at the time of yourmeeting. You may be interested in knowing that we are growing some almonds on theStation grounds and that we have been trying to cross them with peaches. We think we have a cross but just what it will amount to I do not know. At any rate, we are living in hopes that sometime we may breed an almondfor this part of the world. We are doing something with other nuts butnot as much as I should like. We are always hoping that opportunity mayoffer to do more and possibly we shall be able to within a year or two. Very truly yours, U. P. HEDRICK. * * * * * The Battle Creek Sanitarium Battle Creek, Michigan September 5, 1922. MR. JAMES S. McGLENNON, Rochester, New York Dear Sir:-- Enclosed you will find my paper. I am very sorry, indeed, that I could not be with you, but an unexpectedamount of surgical work compelled me to remain at home. I hope you willhave a most successful convention. The Nut Growers Association, in myopinion, may prove one of the most important factors in the worldmovement for race betterment. Sincerely yours, JOHN HARVEY KELLOGG. ATTENDANCE Dr. Robert T. Morris, N. Y. City, Mr. And Mrs. J. S. McGlennon, MissNorma McGlennon, Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y. , Mr. And Mrs. W. G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y. , J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. , Mr. And Mrs. J. M. Patterson, Putney, Ga. , S. W. Snyder, Center Point, Iowa, Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio, John Rick, Reading, Pa. , Jas. A. Neilson, Guelph, Canada, Joseph A. Smith, Providence, Utah, Harry D. Whitner, Reading, Pa. , Henry D. Spencer, Decatur, Ills. , Mr. And Mrs. Samuel L. Smedley, Newtown Square, Pa. , Mr. And Mrs. Geo. H. Corsan, Brooklyn, N. Y. Jacob E. Brown, Elmer, N. J. , W. R. Fickes, Wooster, Ohio, W. J. Strong, Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada, P. H. O'Connor, Bowie, Maryland, Adelbert Thomson, East Avon, N. Y. , A. C. Pomeroy, Lockport, N. Y. , F. A. Bartlett, Stamford, Ct. , Mr. And Mrs. S. H. Graham, Ithaca, N. Y. , E. L. Wyckoff, Aurora, N. Y. , M. G. Kains, Suffern, N. Y. , Mrs. J. B. Comstock, Hollywood, Cal. , Joseph Baker Comstock, III, Hollywood, Cal. , Mr. And Mrs. E. A. Hoopes, Pa. John Dunbar, Rochester, N. Y. , R. E. Horsey, John P. Lauth, Mr. And Mrs. J. B. Rawnsley, Geo. B. Tucker, Mrs. C. R. Nolan, D. D. Culver, M. L. Culver, C. A. Vick, Mrs. K. Dugan, W. J. Nolan, Mr. And Mrs. Fred Garrison, Mr. And Mrs. Clifford Spurr, Miss K. M. Pirrung, Miss Ida Schlegel, Alois Piehler, Miss RobenaMurdoch, John Herringler, Mr. And Mrs. Conrad Vollertsen, Elwood D. Haws, Mr. And Mrs. Ralph T. Olcott, Rochester, N. Y. * * * * * List of Nuts exhibited before the Northern Nut Growers AssociationSeptember 7-8-9, 1922 at Rochester, N. Y. , by Park Department. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra, United States. English Walnut, Juglans Regia, Europe and China. Western Walnut, Juglans major, Western States. Hybrid Walnut from Washington, D. C, supposed hybrid between Juglans rupestris and Juglans nigra. Butternut, Juglans cinerea, North America. Siebold's Butternut, Juglans Sieboldiana, Japan. Juglans cathayensis, China. Juglans coarctata, Japan. Winged Chinese Walnut, Pterocarya stenoptera, China. Winged Caucasian Walnut, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, West Asia. King-Nut, Carya laciniosa, United States. Shagbark, Carya ovata, North America. Carya ovata ellipsoidalis, United States. Ash-leaved Hickory, Carya ovata fraxinifolia, United States. False Shagbark, Carya ovalis, United States. Small Fruited Hickory, Carya ovalis odorata, North America. Carya ovalis obovalis, North America. Carya ovalis obcordata, United States. Pignut, Carya glabra, North America. Large Pignut, Carya glabra megacarpa, United States. Bitternut, Carya cordiformis, North America. Hybrid Hickory, X Carya Laneyi, Carya cordiformis X Carya ovata. Hybrid Hickory, X Carya Dunbarii, Carya laciniosa X Carya ovata. Beaked Hazel, Corylus rostrata, North America. American Hazel, Corylus americana, North America. European Hazel, Corylus Avellana, Eastern Hemisphere. Constantinople Hazel, Corylus Colurna, South Europe. Manchurian Hazel, Corylus mandshurica, Manchuria. Sweet Chestnut, Castanea dentata, United States. European Chestnut, Castanea sativa, Europe to China. Japanese Chestnut, Castanea crenata, Japan, China. Chinquapin, Castanea pumila, United States. By the McGlennon-Vollertsen Filbert Nursery, twenty or more plates, ofabout a quart each, of named varieties of the European filbert grown inthese Rochester nurseries, a very striking exhibit in demonstration ofthe commercial possibilities of this nut. By E. L. Wyckoff, Aurora, N. Y. , a cluster of Indiana pecans, grown on a grafted tree at Aurora, ofgood size, apparently, other qualities not determined. A cluster of twosmall pecans grown on the great pecan tree in Hartford, Ct. One of thesenuts was matured and filled. Brought by W. C. Deming who showed alsochinkapins grown in Hartford and Redding, Conn. Two strains of the VanFleet hybrid chinkapins, Chinese chestnuts, C. Mollissima, Japanesechestnuts, clusters of Kirtland and Griffin shagbarks from graftedtrees, Ridenhauer almonds and several varieties of European and Americanfilberts, all grown in Redding, Ct. Filberts from the large trees atBethel, Ct. And the large Sayre English walnut from Danbury, Ct. Illinois wild almonds were exhibited by Henry D. Spencer of Decatur, Ills. These have a fleshy covering like a thin peach. Mr. P. H. O'Connorshowed specimens of the O'Connor hybrid walnut, J. Regia X. J. Nigra, and the Indiana hazel. Mr. A. C. Pomeroy had an exhibit of the PomeroyEnglish walnut. There were a number of other exhibits which have escapedrecord.