in time ofEMERGENCY

a citizen's handbook on

... NUCLEAR ATTACK... NATURAL DISASTERS

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE

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THIS HANDBOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF:

Name_____________________________________________

Address__________________________________________

LOCATION OF DESIGNATED FALLOUT SHELTER, OR SHELTER NEAREST TO:

Home_____________________________________________

School___________________________________________

Workplace________________________________________

EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS:[1]

Ambulance________________________________________

Civil Defense____________________________________

Doctors__________________________________________

 __________________________________________

Fire_____________________________________________

Health Department________________________________

Hospitals________________________________________

 ________________________________________

Police___________________________________________

Red Cross________________________________________

Utility Companies________________________________

 ________________________________

Weather Bureau___________________________________

Other____________________________________________

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IN TIME OF EMERGENCY

 A CITIZEN'S HANDBOOK ON --NUCLEAR ATTACK --NATURAL DISASTERS

The Office of Civil Defense gratefully acknowledges the assistanceprovided by representatives of the following agencies and organizationsin the preparation of material for this handbook:

 U. S. Atomic Energy Commission

 U. S. Department of Agriculture

 U. S. Department of Commerce; Environmental Science Services Administration; Weather Bureau

 U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service

 Office of Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the President

 American Medical Association; Committee on Disaster Medical Care

 American National Red Cross

 National Geographic Society

 National Association of State Civil Defense Directors

 United States Civil Defense Council

The Office of Civil Defense, however, is solely responsible for thevalidity and accuracy of the information in the handbook. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

PART I: NUCLEAR ATTACK

 Chapter 1--Checklist of Emergency Actions

 Chapter 2---Understand the Hazards of Nuclear Attack

 Chapter 3--Know About Warning

 Chapter 4--Fallout Shelters, Public and Private

 Chapter 5--Improvising Fallout Protection

 Chapter 6--Supplies for Fallout Shelters

 Chapter 7--Water, Food, and Sanitation in a Shelter

 Chapter 8--Fire Hazards

 Chapter 9--Emergency Care of the Sick and Injured

PART II: MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS

 Chapter 1--General Guidance

 Chapter 2--Floods and Hurricanes

 Chapter 3--Tornadoes

 Chapter 4--Winter Storms

 Chapter 5--Earthquakes

Index

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INTRODUCTION

A major emergency affecting a large number of people may occur anytimeand anywhere. 

It may be a peacetime disaster such as a flood, tornado, fire, hurricane, blizzard or earthquake. It could be an enemy nuclear attackon the United States. 

In any type of general disaster, lives can be saved if people areprepared for the emergency, and know what actions to take when itoccurs. 

With the aid of Federal and State governments, cities and counties inall parts of the country are developing their local civil defensesystems--the fallout shelters, supporting equipment and emergency plansneeded to reduce the loss of life from an enemy attack. 

While these local government systems have been set up mainly assafeguards against nuclear attack, they have saved lives and relievedsuffering in many major peacetime disasters. People have been warned ofimpending storms and similar dangers, told how to protect themselves, sheltered from the elements, fed and clothed, treated for injury andillness, and given help in resuming their normal lives. Experience hasshown that as cities, counties and towns develop their systems topreserve life under nuclear attack conditions, they also become betterprepared to deal effectively with peacetime disasters. 

In cooperation with the U. S. Office of Civil Defense and the States, many local governments are improving their civil defense systems bypreparing community shelter plans. These plans include instructions tolocal citizens on what to do in the event of nuclear attack. 

This handbook, "In Time of Emergency, " contains basic generalinformation on both nuclear attack and major natural disasters. Thisgeneral guidance supplements the specific instructions issued by localgovernments. Since special conditions may exist in some communities, thelocal instructions may be slightly different from this general guidance. In those cases, the local instructions should be followed. 

Part I (pages 3-68) is concerned with nuclear attack and basic actionsto take. 

Part II (pages 69-86) discusses preparations and emergency actions thatwill help individuals cope with major natural disasters--floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes. 

In addition to following the advice given in this handbook and theinstructions of their local governments, people can prepare themselvesbetter to meet any major disaster by taking training courses to developtheir "emergency skills. " Especially recommended are these courses:

"PERSONAL AND FAMILY SURVIVAL" (12-hour course)--A basic orientationcourse in civil defense, which also tells people how to improve theirprotection against the effects of a nuclear attack. 

"MEDICAL SELF-HELP" (16-hour course)--How to care for the sick andinjured if a doctor or nurse is not available. 

"FIRST AID" (courses of various lengths)--How to help the sick andinjured until professional medical assistance is obtained. 

"CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED" (12-hour course)--How to care forpatients after they have received professional medical treatment. 

Information on these free courses, which are given in most communities, is available from local Civil Defense Offices, County AgriculturalExtension Agents, local public health departments, or American Red Crosschapters. Special advice for rural families on emergency actions relatedto crops and livestock is available from the U. S. Department ofAgriculture. 

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PART ONE

NUCLEAR ATTACK

A nuclear attack against the United States would take a high toll oflives. But our losses would be much less if people were prepared to meetthe emergency, knew what actions to take, and took them. 

A nationwide civil defense system now exists in the United States, andis being enlarged and improved constantly. The heart of this system isfallout shelter to protect people from the radioactive fallout thatwould result from a nuclear attack. The system also includes warning andcommunications networks, preparations to measure fallout radiation, control centers to direct lifesaving and recovery operations, emergencybroadcasting stations, local governments organized for emergencyoperations, large numbers of citizens trained in emergency skills, andU. S. Military forces available to help civil authorities and the publicin a time of emergency. 

If an enemy should threaten to attack the United States, you would notbe alone. The entire Nation would be mobilizing to repulse the attack, destroy the enemy, and hold down our own loss of life. Much assistancewould be available to you--from local, State and Federal governments, from the U. S. Armed forces units in your area, and from your neighborsand fellow-Americans. If an attack should come, many lives would besaved through effective emergency preparations and actions. 

You can give yourself and your family a much better chance of survivingand recovering from a nuclear attack if you will _take time now to:_

 Understand the dangers you would face in an attack. 

 Make your own preparations for an attack. 

 Learn what actions you should take at the time of attack. 

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CHAPTER 1

CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS

* KNOW YOUR LOCAL EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

 * Find out from your local government your local plan for emergency action. 

 * Determine the specific actions you and members of your family are expected to take. 

* UNDERSTAND NUCLEAR ATTACK HAZARDS (See Chapter 2, page 9)

On the widespread threat of fallout, remember:

 * The most dangerous period is the first 24 hours after fallout arrives. But you might have to use fallout shelter for up to two weeks. 

 * Highly dangerous amounts of fallout are visible. They look like particles of sand or salt. 

 * There is little danger that adults could inhale or swallow enough fallout particles to hurt them. Small children, however, could be injured by drinking contaminated water or milk. 

 * A person exposed to fallout radiation does _not_ become radioactive. Radiation sickness is _not_ contagious; one person cannot "catch it" from another person. 

* KNOW THE ATTACK WARNING SIGNAL (See Chapter 3, page 17)

 * On outdoor warning devices, the Attack Warning Signal is a _3- to 5-minute_ wavering sound, or a series of short blasts on whistles or horns. 

 * This signal means: An enemy attack against the United States has been detected. _Take protective action_. (This signal has no other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose. )

 * On warning, don't use the phone. Get information from radio. 

* KNOW THE LOCATION OF FALLOUT SHELTER (See Chapter 4, page 23)

 * Public shelters are marked like this. 

 * Good shelters can be prepared in homes with basements. 

* IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE, IMPROVISE PROTECTION (See Chapter 5, page33)

 Remember:

 * A basement corner below ground level, or a storm cellar, is the best place to improvise fallout protection. 

 * For the best possible protection, use heavy and dense materials for shielding. 

* PREPARE EMERGENCY SUPPLIES (See Chapter 6, page 39)

 Especially important are:

 * Water and other liquids. 

 * Food requiring no cooking. 

 * Special medicines. 

* CONSERVE EMERGENCY SUPPLIES; MAINTAIN SANITATION (See Chapter 7, page45)

* REDUCE FIRE HAZARDS (See Chapter 8, page 51)

* KNOW THE BASICS OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE (See Chapter 9, page 55)

 If no doctor is available, especially important are actions to:

 * Restore breathing. 

 * Stop serious bleeding. 

 * Treat for shock. 

 * Treat broken bones and burns. 

* FOLLOW OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS

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CHAPTER 2

UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK

SUMMARY

1. The main hazards of a nuclear attack are blast, heat, fire, andfallout radiation. 

2. You _may_ be able to protect yourself against blast and heat bygetting inside a shelter or taking cover, before the nuclear explosions occur. You may be able to avoid fire injuries by putting out smallfires or escaping from large fires that might occur in your area. 

3. You _can_ protect yourself against fallout radiation by gettinginside a fallout shelter--if possible, before fallout particles begindrifting down--and by staying there until you are told to come out byauthorities who have the equipment to measure radiation levels. 

4. After a nuclear attack, food and water would be available to mostpeople, and it would be usable. If any fallout particles have collected, they could be removed before the food is eaten or the water isdrunk. People suffering from extreme hunger or thirst should not bedenied food or water, even if the available supplies are not known tobe free of fallout particles or other radioactive substances. 

5. Infants and small children should be fed canned or powdered milk(if available) for awhile after the attack, unless the regular milksupply is uncontaminated. They should not be given water that maycontain radioactive substances, if other water known to be pure isavailable. 

6. A person cannot "catch" radiation sickness from another person. 

UNDERSTAND THE HAZARDS OF NUCLEAR ATTACK

When a nuclear bomb or missile explodes, the main effects produced areintense light (flash), heat, blast, and radiation. How strong theseeffects are depends on the size and type of the weapon; how far away theexplosion is; the weather conditions (sunny or rainy, windy or still);the terrain (whether the ground is flat or hilly); and the height of theexplosion (high in the air, or near the ground). 

All nuclear explosions cause light, heat and blast, which occurimmediately. In addition, explosions that are on or close to the groundwould create large quantities of dangerous radioactive falloutparticles, most of which would fall to earth during the first 24 hours. Explosions high in the air would create smaller radioactive particles, which would not have any real effect on humans until many months oryears later, if at all. [2]

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IN AN ENEMY ATTACK

If the U. S. Should be attacked, the people who happened to be close to anuclear, explosion--in the area of heavy destruction--probably would bekilled or seriously injured by the blast, or by the heat of the nuclearfireball. 

People a few miles away--in the "fringe area" of the explosion--wouldbe endangered by the blast and heat, and by fires that the explosionmight start. However, it is likely that most of the people in the fringearea would survive these hazards. 

People who were _outside_ the fringe area would not be affected by theblast, heat or fire. Department of Defense studies show that in anynuclear attack an enemy might launch against us, tens of millions ofAmericans would be outside the fringe areas. To them--and to people inthe fringe areas who survived the blast, heat and fire--radioactivefallout would be the main danger. Protective measures against thisdanger can be taken. 

WHAT IS FALLOUT?

When a nuclear weapon explodes near the ground, great quantities ofpulverized earth and other debris are sucked up into the nuclear cloud. There the radioactive gases produced by the explosion condense on andinto this debris, producing radioactive fallout particles. Within ashort time, these particles fall back to earth--the larger ones first, the smaller ones later. On the way down, and after they reach theground, the radioactive particles give off invisible gamma rays--likeX-rays--too much of which can kill or injure people. These particlesgive off most of their radiation quickly; therefore the first few hoursor days after an attack would be the most dangerous period. 

In dangerously affected areas the particles themselves would look likegrains of salt or sand; but the _rays_ they would give off could not beseen, tasted, smelled or felt. Special instruments would be required todetect the rays and measure their intensity. 

FALLOUT WOULD BE WIDESPREAD

The distribution of fallout particles after a nuclear attack woulddepend on wind currents, weather conditions and other factors. There isno way of predicting in advance what areas of the country would beaffected by fallout, or how soon the particles would fall back to earthat a particular location. 

Some communities might get a heavy accumulation of fallout, whileothers--even in the same general area--might get little or none. No areain the U. S. Could be sure of _not_ getting fallout, and it is probablethat some fallout particles would be deposited on most of the country. 

Areas close to a nuclear explosion might receive fallout within 15-30minutes. It might take 5-10 hours or more for the particles to driftdown on a community 100 or 200 miles away. 

Generally, the first 24 hours after fallout began to settle would be themost dangerous period to a community's residents. The heavier particlesfalling during that time would still be highly radioactive and give offstrong rays. The lighter particles falling later would have lost much oftheir radiation high in the atmosphere. 

FALLOUT CAUSES RADIATION SICKNESS

The invisible gamma rays given off by fallout particles can causeradiation sickness--that is, illness caused by physical and chemicalchanges in the cells of the body. If a person receives a large dose ofradiation, he will die. But if he receives only a small or medium dose, his body will repair itself and he will get well. The same dose receivedover a short period of time is more damaging than if it is received overa longer period. Usually, the effects of a given dose of radiation aremore severe in very young and very old persons, and those not in goodhealth. 

No special clothing can protect people against gamma radiation, and nospecial drugs or chemicals can prevent large doses of radiation fromcausing damage to the cells of the body. However, antibiotics and othermedicines are helpful in treating infections that sometimes followexcessive exposure to radiation (which weakens the body's ability tofight infections). 

Almost all of the radiation that people would absorb from falloutparticles would come from particles _outside_ their own bodies. Onlysimple precautions would be necessary to avoid swallowing the particles, and because of their size (like grains of sand) it would be practicallyimpossible to inhale them. 

People exposed to fallout radiation do _not_ become radioactive andthereby dangerous to other people. Radiation sickness is not contagiousor infectious, and one person cannot "catch it" from another person. 

PROTECTION IS POSSIBLE

People can protect themselves against fallout radiation, and have a goodchance of surviving it, by staying inside a fallout shelter. In mostcases, the fallout radiation level outside the shelter would decreaserapidly enough to permit people to leave the shelter within a few days. 

Even in communities that received heavy accumulations of falloutparticles, people soon might be able to leave shelter for a few minutesor a few hours at a time in order to perform emergency tasks. In mostplaces, it is unlikely that full-time shelter occupancy would berequired for more than a week or two. 

MANY KINDS OF FALLOUT SHELTERS

The farther away you are from the fallout particles outside, the lessradiation you will receive. Also, the building materials (concrete, brick, lumber, etc. ) that are between you and the fallout particlesserve to absorb many of the gamma rays and keep them from reaching you. 

A fallout shelter, therefore, does not need to be a special type ofbuilding or an underground bunker. It can be _any space_, provided thewalls and roof are thick or heavy enough to absorb many of the raysgiven off by the fallout particles outside, and thus keep dangerousamounts of radiation from reaching the people inside the structure. 

A shelter can be the basement or inner corridor of any large building;the basement of a private home; a subway or tunnel; or even a backyardtrench with some kind of shielding material (heavy lumber, earth, bricks, etc. ) serving as a roof. 

In addition to protecting people from fallout radiation, most falloutshelters also would provide some limited protection against the blastand heat effects of nuclear explosions that were not close by. 

Chapter 4 (pages 23-32) discusses the various types of fallout sheltersthat people can use to protect themselves in case of nuclear attack. 

FOOD AND WATER WOULD BE AVAILABLE AND USABLE

From many studies, the Federal Government has determined that enoughfood and water would be available after an attack to sustain oursurviving citizens. However, temporary food shortages might occur insome areas, until food was shipped there from other areas. 

Most of the Nation's remaining food supplies would be usable after anattack. Since radiation passing through food does not contaminate it, the only danger would be the actual swallowing of fallout particles thathappened to be on the food itself (or on the can or package containingthe food), and these could be wiped or washed off. Reaping, threshing, canning and other processing would prevent any dangerous quantities offallout particles from getting into processed foods. If necessary tofurther protect the population, special precautions would be taken byfood processors. 

Water systems might be affected somewhat by radioactive fallout, but therisk would be small, especially if a few simple precautions were taken. Water stored in covered containers and water in covered wells would notbe contaminated after an attack, because the fallout particles could notget into the water. Even if the containers were not covered (such asbuckets or bathtubs filled with emergency supplies of water), as long asthey were indoors it is highly unlikely that fallout particles would getinto them. 

Practically all of the particles that dropped into open reservoirs, lakes, and streams (or into open containers or wells) would settle tothe bottom. Any that didn't would be removed when the water was filteredbefore being pumped to consumers. A small amount of radioactive materialmight dissolve in the water, but at most this would be of concern foronly a few weeks. 

Milk contamination from fallout is not expected to be a serious problemafter an attack. If cows graze on contaminated pasture and swallowfallout particles that contain some radioactive elements, their milkmight be harmful to the thyroid glands of infants and small children. Therefore, if possible, they should be given canned or powdered milk fora few weeks if authorities say the regular milk supply is contaminatedby radioactive elements. 

In summary, the danger of people receiving harmful doses of falloutradiation through food, water or milk is very small. People sufferingfrom extreme hunger or thirst should not be denied these necessitiesafter an attack, even if the only available supplies might containfallout particles or other radioactive substances. 

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CHAPTER 3

KNOW ABOUT WARNING

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. Learn what outdoor warning signals are used in your community, whatthey sound like, what they mean, and what actions you should take whenyou hear them. 

2. Make sure you know the difference between the Attack Warning Signaland the Attention or Alert Signal (if both are used in your community). 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. When you hear the warning signals, or warning information isbroadcast, take prompt action. 

2. If the Attack Warning Signal sounds, go to a fallout shelterimmediately (unless your local government has told you to do somethingelse). After you are in shelter, listen to a radio for more informationand instructions. 

3. If there is no public or private shelter you can go to, try toimprovise some fallout protection. As a last resort, take cover in thebest available place. 

4. If there should be a nuclear flash--especially if you feel the warmthfrom it--take cover _instantly_, and then move to a fallout shelterlater. 

KNOW ABOUT WARNING

An enemy attack on the United States probably would be preceded by aperiod of international tension or crisis. This crisis period would helpalert all citizens to the _possibility_ of attack. 

If an attack actually occurs, it is almost certain that incoming enemyplanes and missiles would be detected by our networks of warningstations in time for citizens to get into shelters or at least takecover. This warning time might be as little as 5-15 minutes in somelocations, or as much as an hour or more in others. 

How you received warning of an attack would depend on where you happenedto be at that time. You might hear the warning given on radio ortelevision, or even by word-of-mouth. Or your first notice of attackmight come from the outdoor warning system in your own city, town orvillage. 

Many U. S. Cities and towns have outdoor warning systems, using sirens, whistles, horns or bells. Although they have been installed mainly towarn citizens of enemy attack, some local governments also use them inconnection with natural disasters and other peacetime catastrophes. 

Different cities and towns are using their outdoor warning systems indifferent ways. Most local governments, however, have decided to use acertain signal to warn people of an enemy attack, and a different signalto notify them of a peacetime disaster. 

THE STANDARD WARNING SIGNALS

The two "standard" signals that have been adopted in _most_ communitiesare these:

THE ATTACK WARNING SIGNAL. This will be sounded only in case of enemyattack. The signal itself is a 3- to 5-minute _wavering sound_ on thesirens, or a _series of short blasts_ on whistles, horns or otherdevices, repeated as deemed necessary. The Attack Warning Signal meansthat an actual enemy attack against the United States has been detected, and that protective action should be taken immediately. This signal hasno other meaning, and will be used for no other purpose. 

THE ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL. This is used by some local governments toget the attention of citizens in a time of threatened or impendingnatural disaster, or some other peacetime emergency. The signal itselfis a 3-to 5-minute _steady blast_ on sirens, whistles, horns or otherdevices. In most places, the Attention or Alert Signal means that thelocal government wants to broadcast important information on radio ortelevision concerning a peacetime disaster. (See Chapter 1 of MajorNatural Disasters section of this handbook. )

WHAT TO DO WHEN SIGNALS SOUND

1. _If you should hear the Attack Warning Signal_--unless your localgovernment has instructed you otherwise--go immediately to a publicfallout shelter marked like this, or to your home fallout shelter. Turnon a radio, tune it to any local station that is broadcasting, andlisten for official information. Follow whatever instructions aregiven. 

If you are at home and there is no public or private shelter available, you may be able to improvise some last-minute protection for yourselfand your family by following the suggestions in Chapter 5 (pages 33-38)of this handbook. As a last resort, take cover anywhere you can. 

2. If you should hear the Attention or Alert Signal, turn on a radio orTV set, tune it to any local station, and follow the officialinstructions being broadcast. 

DON'T USE THE TELEPHONE

Whichever signal is sounding, _don't_ use the telephone to obtainfurther information and advice about the emergency. Depend on the radioor television, since the government will be broadcasting all theinformation it has available. The telephone lines will be needed forofficial calls. Help keep them open. 

LEARN YOUR COMMUNITY'S SIGNALS NOW

As mentioned before not all communities in the U. S. Have outdoor warningsystems, and not all communities with warning systems have adopted thetwo "standard" warning signals. 

You should therefore _find out now_ from your local Civil Defense Officewhat signals are being used, in _your_ community; what they sound like;what they mean; and what actions you should take when you hear them. Then memorize this information, or write it down on a card to carry withyou at all times. Also, post it in your home. Check at least once eachyear to see if there are any changes. 

IF THERE IS A NUCLEAR FLASH

It is possible--but extremely unlikely--that your first warning of anenemy attack might be the flash of a nuclear explosion in the sky somedistance away. Or there might be a flash after warning had been given, possibly while you were on your way to shelter. 

* TAKE COVER INSTANTLY. If there should be a nuclear flash--especiallyif you are outdoors and feel warmth at the same time--take cover_instantly_ in the best place you can find. By getting inside or undersomething within a few _seconds_, you might avoid being seriously burnedby the heat or injured by the blast wave of the nuclear explosion. Ifthe explosion were some distance away, you might have 5 to 15 _seconds_before being seriously injured by the heat, and perhaps 30 to 60_seconds_ before the blast wave arrived. Getting under cover withinthese time limits might save your life or avoid serious injury. Also, toavoid injuring your eyes, _never look at the flash of an explosion orthe nuclear fireball_. 

* WHERE TO TAKE COVER. You could take cover in any kind of a building, astorm cellar or fruit cellar, a subway station or tunnel--or even in aditch or culvert alongside the road, a highway underpass, a storm sewer, a cave or outcropping of rock, a pile of heavy materials, a trench orother excavation. Even getting under a parked automobile, bus or train, or a heavy piece of furniture, would protect you to some extent. If nocover is available, simply lie down on the ground and curl up. Theimportant thing is to avoid being burned by the heat, thrown about bythe blast, or struck by flying objects. 

* BEST POSITION AFTER TAKING COVER. After taking cover you should lie onyour side in a curled-up position, and cover your head with your armsand hands. This would give you some additional protection. 

* MOVE TO A FALLOUT SHELTER LATER. If you protected yourself against theblast and heat waves by instantly taking cover, you could get protectionfrom the radioactive fallout (which would arrive later) by moving to afallout shelter. 

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CHAPTER 4

FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. Learn the locations of the public fallout shelters that your localgovernment wants you to go to in a time of attack. If no instructions ofthis kind have been issued, learn the locations of the public sheltersnearest to you when you are at home, work, or school. Make sure eachmember of the family knows these locations. 

2. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, prepare apermanent or preplanned family shelter at home. 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. When you are warned of an enemy attack, go immediately to a publicfallout shelter or to your own home shelter, unless your localgovernment has given you other instructions. 

2. Stay in shelter until you receive official notice that it is safe tocome out. 

FALLOUT SHELTERS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

After a nuclear attack, fallout particles would drift down on most areasof this country. To protect themselves from the radiation given off bythese particles, people in affected areas would have to stay in falloutshelters for 2 or 3 days to as long as 2 weeks. Many people would go topublic fallout shelters, while others--through choice ornecessity--would take refuge in private or home fallout shelters. 

IDENTIFYING PUBLIC SHELTERS

Most communities now have public fallout shelters that would protectmany of their residents against fallout radiation. Where there are stillnot enough public shelters to accommodate all citizens, efforts arebeing made to provide more. In the meantime, local governments plan tomake use of the best available shelter. 

Most of the existing public shelters are located in larger buildings andare marked with this standard yellow-and-black fallout shelter sign. Other public shelters are in smaller buildings, subways, tunnels, minesand other facilities. These also are marked with shelter signs, or wouldbe marked in a time of emergency. 

LEARN THE LOCATIONS OF PUBLIC SHELTERS

An attack might come at any hour of the day or night. Therefore youshould find out _now_ the locations of those public fallout sheltersdesignated by your local government for your use. If no designationshave yet been made, learn the locations of public shelters that arenearest to you when you are at home, work, school, or any other placewhere you spend considerable time. 

This advice applies to all members of the family. Your childrenespecially should be given clear instructions _now_ on where to find afallout shelter at all times of the day, and told what other actionsthey should take in case an attack should occur. 

A HOME SHELTER MAY SAVE YOUR LIFE

Public fallout shelters usually offer some advantages over homeshelters. However, in many places--especially suburban and ruralareas--there are few public shelters. If there is none near you, a homefallout shelter may save your life. 

The basements of some homes are usable as family fallout shelters asthey now stand, without any alterations or changes--especially if thehouse has two or more stories, and its basement is below ground level. 

However, most home basements would need some improvements in order toshield their occupants adequately from the radiation given off byfallout particles. Usually, householders can make these improvementsthemselves, with moderate effort and at low cost. Millions of homes havebeen surveyed for the U. S. Office of Civil Defense by the U. S. CensusBureau, and these householders have received information on how muchfallout protection their basements would provide, and how to improvethis protection. 

SHIELDING MATERIAL IS REQUIRED

In setting up any home fallout shelter, the basic aim is to place enough"shielding material" between the people in the shelter and the falloutparticles outside. 

Shielding material is any substance that would absorb and deflect theinvisible rays given off by fallout particles outside the house, andthus reduce the amount of radiation reaching the occupants of theshelter. The thicker or denser the shielding material is, the more itwould protect the shelter occupants. 

Some radiation protection is provided by the existing, standard wallsand ceiling of a basement. But if they are not thick or dense enough, other shielding material will have to be added. 

Concrete, bricks, earth and sand are some of the materials that aredense or heavy enough to provide fallout protection. For comparativepurposes, 4 inches of concrete would provide the same shielding densityas:

 --5 to 6 inches of bricks. --6 inches of sand or gravel . . \ May be packed into bags, cartons, boxes, --7 inches or earth. . . . . . . / or other containers for easier handling. --8 inches of hollow concrete blocks (6 inches if filled with sand). --10 inches of water. --14 inches of books or magazines. --18 inches of wood. 

HOW TO PREPARE A HOME SHELTER

If there is no public fallout shelter near your home, or if you wouldprefer to use a family-type shelter in a time of attack, you shouldprepare a home fallout shelter. Here is how to do it:

* A PERMANENT BASEMENT SHELTER. If your home basement--or one corner ofit--is below ground level, your best and easiest action would be toprepare a permanent-type family shelter there. The required shieldingmaterial would cost perhaps $100-$200, and if you have basic carpentryor masonry skills you probably could do the work yourself in a shorttime. 

Here are three methods of providing a permanent family shelter in the"best" corner of your home basement--that is, the corner which is mostbelow ground level. If you decide to set up one of these shelters, _first get the free plan for it_ by writing to Civil Defense, ArmyPublications Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. (Middle River), Baltimore, Md. 21220. In ordering a plan, use the full name shown for it. 

CEILING MODIFICATION PLAN A

If nearly all your basement is below ground level, you can use this planto build a fallout shelter area in one corner of it, without changingthe appearance of it or interfering with its normal peacetime use. 

However, if 12 inches or more of the basement wall is above groundlevel, this plan should _not_ be used unless you add the "optionalwalls" shown in the sketch. 

Overhead protection is obtained by screwing plywood sheets securely tothe joists, and then filling the spaces between the joists with bricksor concrete blocks. An extra beam and a screwjack column may be neededto support the extra weight. 

Building this shelter requires some basic woodworking skills and about$150-$200 for materials. It can be set up while the house is beingbuilt, or afterward. 

ALTERNATE CEILING MODIFICATION PLAN B

This is similar to Plan A, except that new extra joists are fitted intopart of the basement ceiling to support the added weight of theshielding (instead of using a beam and a screwjack column). 

The new wooden joists are cut to length and notched at the ends, theninstalled between the existing joists. 

After plywood panels are screwed securely to the joists, bricks orconcrete blocks are then packed tightly into the spaces between thejoists. The bricks or blocks, as well as the joists themselves, willreduce the amount of fallout radiation penetrating downward into thebasement. 

Approximately one-quarter of the total basement ceiling should bereinforced with extra joists and shielding material. 

_Important:_ This plan (like Plan A) should _not_ be used if 12 inchesor more of your basement wall is above ground level, unless you add the"optional walls" inside your basement that are shown in the Plan Asketch. 

PERMANENT CONCRETE BLOCK OR BRICK SHELTER PLAN C

This shelter will provide excellent protection, and can be constructedeasily at a cost of $150 in most parts of the country. 

Made of concrete blocks or bricks, the shelter should be located in thecorner of your basement that is most below ground level. It can be builtlow, to serve as a "sitdown" shelter; or by making it higher you canhave a shelter in which people can stand erect. 

The shelter ceiling, however, should _not_ be higher than the outsideground level of the basement corner where the shelter is located. 

The higher your basement is above ground level, the thicker you shouldmake the walls and roof of this shelter, since your regular basementwalls will provide only limited shielding against outside radiation. 

Natural ventilation is provided by the shelter entrance, and by the airvents shown in the shelter wall. 

This shelter can be used as a storage room or for other useful purposesin non-emergency periods. 

A PREPLANNED BASEMENT SHELTER. If your home has a basement but you donot wish to set up a permanent-type basement shelter, the next bestthing would be to arrange to assemble a "preplanned" home shelter. Thissimply means gathering together, in advance, the shielding material youwould need to make your basement (or one part of it) resistant tofallout radiation. This material could be stored in or around your home, ready for use whenever you decided to set up your basement shelter. 

Here are two kinds of preplanned basement shelters. If you want to setup one of these, be sure to _get the free plan for it first_ by writingto Civil Defense, Army Publications Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd. (MiddleRiver), Baltimore, Md. 21220. Mention the full name of the plan youwant. 

PREPLANNED SNACK BAR SHELTER PLAN D

This is a snack bar built of bricks or concrete blocks, set in mortar, in the "best" corner of your basement (the corner that is most belowground level). It can be converted quickly into a fallout shelter bylowering a strong, hinged "false ceiling" so that it rests on the snackbar. 

When the false ceiling is lowered into place in a time of emergency, thehollow sections of it can be filled with bricks or concrete blocks. These can be stored conveniently nearby, or can be used as room dividersor recreation room furniture (see bench in sketch). 

PREPLANNED TILT-UP STORAGE UNIT PLAN E

A tilt-up storage unit in the best corner of your basement is anothermethod of setting up a "preplanned" family fallout shelter. 

The top of the storage unit should be hinged to the wall. In peacetime, the unit can be used as a bookcase, pantry, or storage facility. 

In a time of emergency, the storage unit can be tilted so that thebottom of it rests on a wall of bricks or concrete blocks that you havestored nearby. 

Other bricks or blocks should then be placed in the storage unit'scompartments, to provide an overhead shield against fallout radiation. 

The fallout protection offered by your home basement also can beincreased by adding shielding material to the outside, exposed portionof your basement walls, and by covering your basement windows withshielding material. 

You can cover the above-ground portion of the basement walls with earth, sand, bricks, concrete blocks, stones from your patio, or othermaterial. 

You also can use any of these substances to block basement windows andthus prevent outside fallout radiation from entering your basement inthat manner. 

* A PERMANENT OUTSIDE SHELTER. If your home has no basement, or if youprefer to have a permanent-type home shelter in your yard, you canobtain instructions on how to construct several different kinds ofoutside fallout shelters by writing to the U. S. Office of Civil Defense, Department of Defense, Washington, D. C. 20310. There is no charge forthese. 

WHEN TO LEAVE SHELTER

You should not come out of shelter until you are told by authoritiesthat it is safe to do so. Special instruments are needed to detectfallout radiation and to measure its intensity. Unless you have theseinstruments, you will have to depend on your local government to tellyou when to leave shelter. 

This information probably would be given on the radio, which is onereason why you should keep on hand a battery-powered radio that works inyour shelter area. 

If you came out of shelter too soon, while the fallout particles outsidewere still highly radioactive, you might receive enough radiation tomake you sick or even kill you. 

Remember that _fallout particles_ can be seen, but the _rays_ they giveoff cannot be seen. If you see unusual quantities of gritty particlesoutside (on window ledges, sidewalks, cars, etc. ) after an attack, youshould assume that they are fallout particles, and therefore stay insideyour shelter until you are told it is safe to come out. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 5

IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. If there is no public fallout shelter near your home and you havedecided _not_ to prepare a permanent or preplanned shelter in yourbasement or yard, make sure that you have on hand _now_ the materialsand tools needed to improvise an emergency shelter at home. These wouldinclude shielding material (for an inside shelter), and lumber and ashovel (for an outside shelter). 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. If you have no better shelter to go to, improvise an emergencyshelter at home. 

2. Usually, the best place for an improvised shelter would be in yourbasement or storm cellar. 

3. If you don't have a basement or storm cellar, you might be able toimprovise a shelter in the crawl space under your house, outside in youryard, or (as a last resort) on the ground floor of your house. In someplaces, a boat would provide some fallout protection. 

IMPROVISING FALLOUT PROTECTION

If an enemy attack should occur when you are at home, and you have madeno advance shelter preparations, you still might be able to improvise ashelter either inside or outside your house. In a time of emergency, theradio broadcasts may tell you whether you have time to improvise ashelter or should take cover immediately. 

An improvised shelter probably would not give you as much protection asa permanent or a preplanned family shelter, but any protection is betterthan none, and might save your life. 

The best place to improvise a shelter would be the basement or stormcellar, if your home has one. 

SHIELDING MATERIAL NEEDED

To improvise a shelter you would need shielding materials such as thosementioned on page 25--concrete blocks, bricks, sand, etc. Other thingscould also be used as shielding material, or to support shieldingmaterial, such as:

--House doors that have been taken off their hinges (especially heavyoutside doors). 

--Dressers and chests (fill the drawers with sand or earth after theyare placed in position, so they won't be too heavy to carry and won'tcollapse while being carried). 

--Trunks, boxes and cartons (fill them with sand or earth after they areplaced in position). 

--Tables and bookcases. 

--Large appliances (such as washers and dryers). 

--Books, magazines, and stacks of firewood or lumber. 

--Flagstones from outside walks and patios. 

IMPROVISING A BASEMENT SHELTER

Here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in the basement of ahome:

Set up a large, sturdy table or workbench in the corner of your basementthat is most below ground level. 

On the table, pile as much shielding material as it will hold withoutcollapsing. Around the table, place as much shielding material aspossible. 

When family members are "inside the shelter"--that is, under thetable--block the opening with other shielding material. 

If you don't have a large table or workbench available--or if moreshelter space is needed--place furniture or large appliances in thecorner of the basement so they will serve as the "walls" of yourshelter. 

As a "ceiling" for it, use doors from the house that have been taken offtheir hinges. On top of the doors, pile as much shielding material asthey will support. Stack other shielding material around the "walls" ofyour shelter. 

When all persons are inside the shelter space, block the opening withshielding material. 

USING A STORM CELLAR FOR FALLOUT PROTECTION

A below-ground storm cellar can be used as an improvised falloutshelter, but additional shielding material may be needed to provideadequate protection from fallout radiation. 

If the existing roof of the storm cellar is made of wood or other lightmaterial, it should be covered with one foot of earth or an equivalentthickness of other shielding material (see page 25) for overheadshielding from fallout. More posts or braces may be needed to supportthe extra weight. 

After the roof has been shielded, better protection can be provided byblocking the entrance way with 8-inch concrete blocks or an equivalentthickness of sandbags, bricks, earth or other shielding material, afterall occupants are inside the shelter. A few inches should be left openat the top for air. After particles have stopped falling, the outsidedoor may be left open to provide better ventilation. 

If shielding material is not available for the entrance way, shelteroccupants should stay as far away from it as possible. They also shouldraise the outside door of the storm cellar now and then to knock off anyfallout particles that may have collected on it. 

USING THE CRAWL SPACE UNDER YOUR HOUSE

Some homes without basements have "crawl space" between the first floorand the ground underneath the house. If you have this space under yourhouse--and if the house is set on foundation walls, rather than onpillars--you can improvise fallout protection for your family there. 

First, get access to the crawl space through the floor or through theoutside foundation wall. (A trapdoor or other entry could be made now, before an emergency occurs. )

As the location for your shelter, select a crawl-space area that isunder the center of the house, as far away from the outside foundationwalls as possible. 

Around the selected shelter area, place shielding material-- preferablybricks or blocks, or containers filled with sand or earth--from theground level up to the first floor of the house, so that the shieldingmaterial forms the "walls" of your shelter area. On the floor above, place other shielding material to form a "roof" for the shelter area. 

If time permits, dig out more earth and make the shelter area deeper, soyou can stand erect or at least sit up in it. 

IMPROVISING AN OUTSIDE SHELTER

If your home has no basement, no storm cellar and no protected crawlspace, here are two ways of improvising fallout protection in your yard:

* Dig an L-shaped trench, about 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide. One side ofthe L, which will be the shelter area, should be long enough toaccommodate all family members. The other side of the L can be shorter, since its purpose is to serve as an entrance-way and to reduce theamount of radiation getting into the shelter area. 

Cover the entire trench with lumber (or with house doors that have beentaken off their hinges), except for about 2 feet on the short side ofthe L, to provide access and ventilation. 

On top of the lumber or doors, pile earth 1 to 2 feet high, or coverthem with other shielding material. 

If necessary, support or "shore up" the walls of the trench, as well asthe lumber or doors, so they will not collapse. 

* Dig a shallow ditch, 6 inches deep and 6 inches wide, parallel to and4 feet from the outside wall of your house. 

Remove the heaviest doors from the house. Place the bottoms of the doorsin the ditch (so they won't slip), and lean the doors against the wallof the house. 

On the doors, pile 12 to 18 inches of earth or sand. Stack or pile othershielding material at the sides of the doors, and also on the other sideof the house wall (to protect you against radiation coming from thatdirection). 

If possible, make the shelter area deeper by digging out more earthinside it. Also dig some other shallow ditches, to allow rain water todrain away. 

AN IMPROVISED SHELTER ON THE GROUND FLOOR

If your home has no basement or storm cellar (and no crawl space that issurrounded by foundation walls up to the first floor), you can get somelimited fallout protection by improvising a fallout shelter on the firstor ground floor of your house. However, this type of shelter probablywould not give you nearly as much protection as the other types ofimprovised shelters described in this chapter. 

Use an inner hall, inner room or large clothes closet on the groundfloor, away from outside walls and windows. 

With doors, furniture and appliances, plus stacks of other shieldingmaterial, you can create an enclosure large enough to live in for ashort time. If possible, use boxes filled with sand or earth asshielding material, and fill drawers and trunks with sand or earth. 

If there is not room for the shielding material in the limited space ofa closet or small room, you can place the material on the other sides ofthe walls, or on the floor overhead. 

BOATS AS IMPROVISED SHELTERS

If no better fallout protection is available, a boat with an enclosedcabin could be used. However, in addition to emergency supplies such asfood, drinking water and a battery-powered radio, you should have aboardthe items you would need (a broom, bucket, or pump-and-hose) to sweepoff or flush off any fallout particles that might collect on the boat. 

The boat should be anchored or cruised slowly at least 200 feetoffshore, where the water is at least 5 feet deep. This distance fromshore would protect you from radioactive fallout particles that hadfallen on the nearby land. A 5-foot depth would absorb the radiationfrom particles falling into the water and settling on the bottom. 

If particles drift down on the boat, stay inside the cabin most of thetime. Go outside now and then, and sweep or flush off any particles thathave collected on the boat. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 6

SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. If you intend to go to a _public_ fallout shelter in a time ofattack, find out _now_ whether it has emergency supplies in it. 

--If it _has_ emergency supplies, always keep on hand at home (or inyour car) those few additional supplies you would need to take with you. 

--If it _does not have_ emergency supplies, always keep on hand at homeall the supplies you would need to take with you. 

2. If you intend to use a family fallout shelter at home, always keep onhand, in and around your home, all the supplies and equipment you wouldneed for a shelter stay of two weeks. 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. If you are going to a _public_ fallout shelter, take with you thesupplies you will need. 

2. If you are going to your _home_ fallout shelter, gather up thesupplies and equipment you want to take to the shelter area with you. 

SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS

People gathered in public and private fallout shelters to escape falloutradiation after a nuclear attack would have to stay there--at least partof the time--for a week or two. 

During this time they would need certain supplies and equipment in orderto stay alive and well, and to cope with emergency situations that mightoccur in their shelters. 

This chapter tells you what supplies and equipment to take with you ifyou go to a public fallout shelter, and what items you should keep onhand if you plan to use a family fallout shelter at home. 

WHAT TO TAKE TO A PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTER

To augment the supply of food and liquids usually found in largebuildings, most public fallout shelters are stocked--and others arebeing stocked--with emergency supplies. These include water containers, emergency food rations, sanitation items, basic medical supplies, andinstruments to measure the radiation given off by fallout particles. 

If the public shelter you will use in a time of attack contains these orother emergency supplies, you should plan to take with you only theseadditional items:

--Special medicines or foods required by members of your family, such asinsulin, heart tablets, dietetic food or baby food. 

--A blanket for each family member. 

--A battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries. 

If the public shelter you are going to does _not_ contain emergencysupplies, you should take with you all the above items, _plus_ as muchpotable liquids (water, fruit and vegetable juices, etc. ) andready-to-eat food as you can carry to the shelter. 

STOCKS FOR A HOME SHELTER

If you intend to use a home fallout shelter, you should _gather togethernow_ all the things you and your family would need for 2 weeks, eventhough you probably wouldn't have to remain inside shelter for thatentire period. 

All these items need not be stocked in your home shelter area. They canbe stored elsewhere in or around your house, as long as you could findthem easily and move them to your shelter area quickly in a time ofemergency. 

* THE ABSOLUTE NECESSITIES. There are a few things you _must_ have. Theyare water, food, sanitation supplies, and any special medicines or foodsneeded by family members such as insulin, heart tablets, dietetic foodand baby food. 

* THE COMPLETE LIST. In addition to the absolute necessities, there areother important items. Some of them may be needed to save lives. At theleast, they will be helpful to you. Here is a list of all majoritems--both essential and desirable. 

WATER. This is even more important than food. Enough water should beavailable to give each person at least one quart per day for 14 days. Store it in plastic containers, or in bottles or cans. All should havetight stoppers. Part of your water supply might be "trapped" water inthe pipes of your home plumbing system, and part of it might be in theform of bottled or canned beverages, fruit or vegetable juices, or milk. A water-purifying agent (either water-purifying tablets, or 2 percenttincture of iodine, or a liquid chlorine household bleach) should alsobe stored, in case you need to purify any cloudy or "suspicious" waterthat may contain bacteria. 

FOOD. Enough food should be kept on hand to feed all shelter occupantsfor 14 days, including special foods needed by infants, elderly persons, and those on limited diets. Most people in shelter can get along onabout half as much food as usual. If possible store canned orsealed-package foods, preferably those not requiring refrigeration orcooking. These should be replaced periodically. Here is a table showingthe suggested replacement periods, in months, for some of the types offood suitable to store for emergency use. [3]

 Milk: _Months_ Evaporated 6 Nonfat dry or whole dry milk, in metal container 6 Canned meat, poultry, fish: Meat, poultry 18 Fish 12 Mixtures of meats, vegetables, cereal products 18 Condensed meat-and-vegetable soups 8 Fruits and vegetables: Berries and sour cherries, canned 6 Citrus fruit juices, canned 6 Other fruits and fruit juices, canned 18 Dried fruit, in metal container 6 Tomatoes, sauerkraut, canned 6 Other vegetables, canned (including dry beans and dry peas) 18 Cereals and baked goods: Ready-to-eat cereals: In metal container 12 In original paper package 1 Uncooked cereal (quick-cooking or instant): In metal container 24 In original paper package 12 Hydrogenated (or antioxidant-treated) fats, vegetable oil 12 Sugars, sweets, nuts: Sugar will keep indefinitely Hard candy, gum 18 Nuts, canned 12 Instant puddings 12

 Miscellaneous: Coffee, tea, cocoa (instant) 18 Dry cream product (instant) 12 Bouillon products 12 Flavored beverage powders 24 Salt will keep indefinitely Flavoring extracts (e. G. , pepper) 24 Soda, baking powder 12

SANITATION SUPPLIES. Since you may not be able to use your regularbathroom during a period of emergency, you should keep on hand thesesanitation supplies: A metal container with a tight-fitting lid, to useas an emergency toilet; one or two large garbage cans with covers (forhuman wastes and garbage); plastic bags to line the toilet container;disinfectant; toilet paper; soap; wash cloths and towels; a pail orbasin; and sanitary napkins. 

MEDICINES AND FIRST AID SUPPLIES. This should include any medicinesbeing regularly taken, or likely to be needed, by family members. Firstaid supplies should include all those found in a good first aid kit(bandages, antiseptics, etc. ), plus all the items normally kept in awell-stocked home medicine chest (aspirin, thermometer, baking soda, petroleum jelly, etc. ). A good first aid handbook is also recommended. 

INFANT SUPPLIES. Families with babies should keep on hand a two-weekstock of infant supplies such as canned milk or baby formula, disposablediapers, bottles and nipples, rubber sheeting, blankets and babyclothing. Because water for washing might be limited, baby clothing andbedding should be stored in larger-than-normal quantities. 

COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Emergency supplies should include pots, pans, knives, forks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, paper towels, measuring cup, bottle opener, can opener, and pocket knife. If possible, disposable items should be stored. A heat source also might be helpful, such as an electric hot plate (for use if power is available), or a campstove or canned-heat stove (in case power is shut off). However, if astove is used indoors, adequate ventilation is needed. 

CLOTHING. Several changes of clean clothing--especially undergarmentsand socks or stockings--should be ready for shelter use, in case waterfor washing should be scarce. 

BEDDING. Blankets are the most important items of bedding that would beneeded in a shelter, but occupants probably would be more comfortable ifthey also had available pillows, sheets, and air mattresses or sleepingbags. 

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT. Simple fire fighting tools, and knowledge ofhow to use them, may be very useful. A hand-pumped fire extinguisher ofthe inexpensive, 5-gallon, water type is preferred. Carbon tetrachlorideand other vaporizing-liquid type extinguishers are not recommended foruse in small enclosed spaces, because of the danger of fumes. Otheruseful fire equipment for home use includes buckets filled with sand, aladder, and a garden hose. 

GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS. The essential items in this category are abattery-powered radio and a flashlight or lantern, with spare batteries. The radio might be your only link with the outside world, and you mighthave to depend on it for all your information and instructions, especially for advice on when to leave shelter. 

Other useful items: a shovel, broom, axe, crowbar, kerosene lantern, short rubber hose for siphoning, coil of half-inch rope at least 25 feetlong, coil of wire, hammer, pliers, screwdriver, wrench, nails andscrews. 

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. In addition to such practical items as matches, candles, and civil defense instructions, some personal convenience itemscould be brought into the home shelter if space permits. These mightinclude books and magazines, writing materials, a clock and calendar, playing cards and hobby materials, a sewing kit, and toiletries such astoothbrushes, cosmetics, and shaving supplies. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 7

WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. Read this chapter fully, and learn how you would have to manage yourwater, food and sanitation problems if you had to spend a week or two ina fallout shelter, especially a home shelter. 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. If you are in a _public_ fallout shelter, do exactly what the sheltermanager tells you to do. He will take care of you to the best of hisability. 

2. If you are in a _home_ shelter, follow the advice given in thischapter concerning water, food and sanitation. Take care of your waterand food supplies, keep them clean, and make them last for the periodyou may have to stay in shelter. If necessary, set up an emergencytoilet, keep it clean, and make sure it is used properly. 

WATER, FOOD, AND SANITATION IN A SHELTER

At all times and under all conditions, human beings must have sufficientwater, adequate food and proper sanitation in order to stay alive andhealthy. When people are living in a fallout shelter--even for a week ortwo--water and food may be scarce, and it may be difficult to maintainnormal sanitary conditions. Water and food supplies may have to be"managed"--that is, taken care of, kept clean, and rationed to eachperson in the shelter. Sanitation also may have to be managed andcontrolled, perhaps by setting up emergency toilets and rules to insurethat they are used properly. 

If you go to a _public_ fallout shelter in a time of attack, youprobably would not need to know a great deal about managing water, food, and sanitation. A shelter manager and his assistants would handle theseproblems with the cooperation of all in the shelter. He would make thebest use of whatever water and food supplies were available, provideemergency toilets if necessary, set up rules for living in the shelter, arrange for the shelter occupants to carry on various activitiesnecessary for health and well-being, and decide when it was safe for thegroup to leave shelter and for how long at a time. 

In a _home_ fallout shelter, however, you and your family would belargely on your own. You would have to take care of yourselves, solveyour own problems, make your own living arrangements, subsist on thesupplies you had previously stocked, and find out for yourself (probablyby listening to the radio) when it was safe to leave shelter. In thissituation, one of your most important tasks would be to manage yourwater and food supplies, and maintain sanitation. The following guidanceis intended to help you do this. 

CARE AND USE OF WATER SUPPLIES

The average person in a shelter would need at least 1 quart of water orother liquids per day to drink, but more would be useful (to allow somefor washing, etc. ). Therefore a rationing plan might be required in yourhome shelter, so as to make your available liquids last for 14 days. (Many communities may continue to have potable water available, andfamilies could relax their rationing plans. )

In addition to water stored in containers, there is usually other wateravailable in most homes that is drinkable, such as:

--Water and other liquids normally found in the kitchen, including icecubes, milk, soft drinks, and fruit and vegetable juices. 

--Water (20 to 60 gallons) in the hot water tank. 

--Water in the _flush tanks_ (not the bowls) of home toilets. 

--Water in the pipes of your home plumbing system. In a time of nuclearattack, local authorities may instruct householders to _turn off_ themain water valves in their homes to avoid having water drain away incase of a break and loss of pressure in the water mains. With the mainvalve in your house closed, all the pipes in the house would still befull of water. To use this water, _turn on_ the faucet that is locatedat the _highest_ point in your house, to let air into the system; andthen draw water, as needed, from the faucet that is located at the_lowest_ point in your house. 

In a home shelter, occupants should drink first the water they know isuncontaminated, such as that mentioned above. Of course, if localauthorities tell you the regular water is drinkable, it should be used. 

If necessary, "suspicious" water--such as cloudy water from regularfaucets or perhaps some muddy water from a nearby stream or pond--can beused after it has been purified. This is how to purify it:

1. Strain the water through a paper towel or several thicknesses ofclean cloth, to remove dirt and fallout particles, if any. Or else letthe water "settle" in a container for 24 hours, by which time any solidparticles would have sunk to the bottom. A handful of clay soil in eachgallon of water would help this settling process. 

2. After the solid particles have been removed, boil the water ifpossible for 3 to 5 minutes, or add a water-purifying agent to it. Thiscould be either: (_a_) water-purifying tablets, available at drugstores, or (_b_) two percent tincture of iodine, or (_c_) liquidchlorine household bleach, provided the label says that it containshypochlorite as its _only_ active ingredient. For each gallon of water, use 4 water-purifying tablets, or 12 drops of tincture of iodine, or 8drops of liquid chlorine bleach. If the water is cloudy, these amountsshould be doubled. 

There would not be much danger of drinking radioactive particles inwater, as they would sink quickly to the bottom of the container orstream. Very few would dissolve in the water. Although open reservoirsmight contain some radioactive iodine in the first few days after anattack, this danger is considered minor except to very young children. 

CARE AND USE OF FOOD SUPPLIES

Food also should be rationed carefully in a home shelter, to make itlast for at least a 2-week period of shelter occupancy. Usually, halfthe normal intake would be adequate, except for growing children orpregnant women. 

In a shelter, it is especially important to be sanitary in the storing, handling and eating of food, so as to avoid digestive upsets or othermore serious illness, and to avoid attracting vermin. Be sure to:

--Keep all food in covered containers. 

--Keep cooking and eating utensils clean. 

--Keep all garbage in a closed container, or dispose of it outside thehome when it is safe to go outside. If possible, bury it. Avoid lettinggarbage or trash accumulate inside the shelter, both for fire andsanitation reasons. 

EMERGENCY TOILET FACILITIES

In many home shelters, people would have to use emergency toilets untilit was safe to leave shelter for brief periods of time. 

An emergency toilet, consisting of a watertight container with asnug-fitting cover, would be necessary. It could be a garbage container, or a pail or bucket. If the container is small, a larger container, alsowith a cover, should be available to empty the contents into for laterdisposal. If possible, both containers should be lined with plasticbags. 

This emergency toilet could be fitted with some kind of seat, especiallyfor children or elderly persons. Or it may be possible to remove theseat from a wooden chair, cut a hole in it, and place the containerunderneath. For privacy, the toilet could be screened from view. 

Every time someone uses the toilet, he should pour or sprinkle into it asmall amount of regular household disinfectant, such as creosol orchlorine bleach, to keep down odors and germs. After each use, the lidshould be put back on. 

When the toilet container needs to be emptied, and outside radiationlevels permit, the contents should be buried outside in a hole 1 or 2feet deep. This would prevent the spread of disease by rats and insects. 

If the regular toilets inside the home--or the sewer lines--are notusable for any reason, an outside toilet should be built when it is safeto do so. 

If anyone has been outside and fallout particles have collected on hisshoes or clothing, they should be brushed off before he enters theshelter area again. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 8

FIRE HAZARDS

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. Follow the normal fire prevention rules given in this chapter. 

2. Keep on hand at home the basic fire fighting tools mentioned inthis chapter. 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. Close doors, windows, venetian blinds, shades, and drapes in yourhouse. 

2. Unless otherwise advised, fill buckets and other containers withwater, for emergency fire fighting as well as other purposes. 

3. If a fire should occur, fight it promptly, following the recommended procedures. 

FIRE HAZARDS

Fire, always a danger, could be even more of a disaster during a nuclearattack emergency when the fire department might not be available to helpyou. Also, the risk of fire would be greater at that time. 

Normal fire-prevention rules are of special importance in an emergency. They include familiar commonsense precautions such as not allowing trashto accumulate, especially near heat sources; exercising extreme cautionin the use of flammable fluids such as gasoline, naphtha, etc. ; storageof such fluids outdoors when possible; care in the use of electricity;repairing of faulty wiring and avoiding overloaded circuits; and repairof faulty heating systems. 

These special fire precautions should be taken in a time of nuclearemergency, especially if you plan to use a home shelter:

(1) Keep some of the intense heat rays from nuclear explosions fromentering your house by closing your doors, windows, venetian blinds, window shades and drapes. If the climate will not permit this for anextended period of time, close as many as possible, then close the restwhen the Attack Warning Signal is given. 

(2) Unless local authorities advise otherwise, fill buckets, bathtubsand other containers with water, for use in emergency fire fighting. 

If a fire does occur, your home might be saved if you know how to fightfires, and have on hand some basic firefighting tools. These shouldinclude a garden hose, a ladder, buckets filled with sand, containersfilled with water, and a fire extinguisher. Keep in mind thatvaporizing-liquid types of fire extinguishers can produce dangerousfumes when used in small enclosed spaces. 

Remember the 3 basic ways to put out a fire:

* Take away its fuel. 

* Take away its air (smother it). 

* Cool it with water or fire-extinguisher chemicals. 

_Ordinary fires_ should be fought by:

--Getting the burning material out of the house (carry it out, or throwit out of a door or window if you can); or

--Putting out the fire with water, sand, earth or fire-extinguisherchemicals; or

--Smothering the fire with a rug or blanket, preferably wet. 

_Special types of fires_ require special methods:

--If it is an _electrical fire_, be sure to shut off the electricityfirst. Then put out the flames with water or anything else available. Ifyou can't shut off the electricity, don't use water on an electricalfire. 

--If it is an _oil or grease fire_, shut off the supply of whatever isburning. Then smother the flames with sand, earth, rugs, or other heavymaterials. Don't use water. 

--If it is a _gas fire_, shut off the gas supply. Then use water, sand, or earth to put out whatever is burning. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 9

EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED

SUMMARY

BEFORE AN EMERGENCY

1. Take the Medical Self-Help course, or a First Aid course. 

2. If this is not possible, obtain a good first aid manual, study it, and keep it at home; or study the emergency medical instructions givenin this chapter, and keep this handbook at home. 

3. Obtain a good first aid kit, and keep your home medicine chest wellstocked with supplies you may need in a time of emergency. 

DURING AN EMERGENCY

1. Try to get a doctor or nurse (or at least a person trained in firstaid) to treat anyone who is injured or sick. 

2. If no one better qualified is available, take charge yourself. 

EMERGENCY CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED

A nuclear attack on the United States would cause great numbers ofcasualties, and there would be fewer doctors, nurses and hospitalsavailable to care for them. Even in areas where no nuclear weaponsexploded, radioactive fallout could prevent doctors and nurses fromreaching injured or sick persons for a considerable period of time. 

People would have to help each other during the emergency. Those in astocked public fallout shelter would have available the basic medicalkit stored there, and perhaps one or more shelter occupants might be adoctor, nurse, or trained first-aider. But persons in a home shelterwould have only the medical supplies available at home, and would haveto depend on their own knowledge of first aid and emergency medicalcare. 

Both adults and teenagers can acquire these valuable skills now bytaking free courses that are offered in many communities, such as theMedical Self-Help course or a First Aid course. 

The following information is no substitute for one of these courses. This basic guidance may save lives during a nuclear emergency, however, by helping untrained persons take care of the sick and injured whenprofessional medical assistance may not be immediately available. 

GENERAL RULES FOR ANY MEDICAL EMERGENCY

1. First of all, _do no harm_. Often, well-meaning but untrained personsworsen the injury or illness in their attempts to help. Get competentmedical assistance, if possible. Do not assume responsibility for apatient if you can get the help of a doctor, nurse, or experiencedfirst-aid worker. But if no one better qualified is available, takecharge yourself. 

2. _Look for stoppage of breathing, and for serious bleeding. _ These arethe two most life-threatening conditions you can do something about. They demand _immediate_ treatment (see pages 58 and 61). 

8. _Prevent shock, or treat it. _ Shock, a serious condition of acutecirculatory failure, usually accompanies a severe or painful injury, aserious loss of blood, or a severe emotional upset. If you _expect_shock, and take prompt action, you can prevent it or lessen itsseverity. This may save the patient's life. (Treatment of shock isdiscussed on page 62). 

4. _Don't move the patient immediately_. Unless there is real danger ofthe patient receiving further injury where he is, he should not be moveduntil breathing is restored, bleeding is stopped, and suspected brokenbones are splinted. 

5. _Keep calm, and reassure the patient. _ Keep him lying down andcomfortably warm, but do not apply heat to his body, or make him sweat. 

6. _Never attempt to give liquids to an unconscious person_. If he isnot able to swallow, he may choke to death or drown. Also, don't givehim any liquids to drink if he has an abdominal injury. 

IF THE PATIENT HAS STOPPED BREATHING

Quick action is required. You must get air into his lungs againimmediately or he may die. The best and simplest way of doing this is touse mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Here is how to do it:

1. Place the patient on his back. Loosen his collar. 

2. Open his mouth and use your fingers to remove any food or foreignmatter. If he has false teeth or removable dental bridges, take themout. 

3. Tilt the patient's head back so that his chin points upward. Lift hislower jaw from beneath and behind so that it juts out. This will movehis tongue away from the back of his throat, so it does not block theair passage to his lungs. Placing a pillow or something else under hisshoulders will help get his head into the right position. Some patientswill start breathing as soon as you take these steps, and no furtherhelp is necessary. 

4. Open your mouth as wide as possible, and place it tightly over thepatient's mouth, so his mouth is completely covered by yours. With onehand, pinch his nostrils shut. With your other hand, hold his lower jawin a thrust-forward position and keep his head tilted back. With a babyor small child, place your mouth over both his nose and mouth, making atight seal. 

5. Blow a good lungful of air into an adult patient's mouth, continuingto keep his head tilted back and his jaw jutting out so that the airpassage is kept open. (Air can be blown through an unconscious person'steeth, even though they may be clenched tightly together. ) Watch hischest as you blow. When you see his chest rise, you will know that youare getting air into his lungs. 

6. Remove your mouth from the patient's mouth, and listen for him tobreathe out the air you breathed into him. You also may feel his breathon your cheek and see his chest sink as he exhales. 

7. Continue your breathing for the patient. If he is an adult, blow agood breath into his mouth every 5 seconds, or 12 times a minute, andlisten for him to breathe it back out again. _Caution_: If the patientis an infant or small child, blow _small puffs_ of air into him about 20times a minute. You may rupture his lung if you blow in too much air atone time. Watch his chest rise to make sure you are giving him the rightamount of air with each puff. 

8. If you are _not_ getting air into the patient's lungs, or if he isnot breathing out the air you blew into him, first make sure that hishead is tilted back and his jaw is jutting out in the proper position. Then use your fingers to make sure nothing in his mouth or throat isobstructing the air passage to his lungs. If this does not help, turnhim on his side and strike him sharply with the palm of your handseveral times between his shoulder blades. This should dislodge anyobstruction in the air passage. Then place him again on his back, withhis head tilted back and his jaw jutting out, and resume blowing airinto his mouth. If this doesn't work, try closing his mouth and blowingair through his nose into his lungs. 

9. If you wish to avoid placing your mouth directly on the patient'sface, you may hold a cloth (handkerchief, gauze or other porousmaterial) over his mouth and breathe through the cloth. But don't wasteprecious time looking for a cloth if you don't have one. 

10. _Important_: Even if the patient does not respond, continue yourefforts for 1 hour or longer, or until you are completely sure he isdead. If possible, have this confirmed by at least one other person. 

TO STOP SERIOUS BLEEDING

1. Apply firm, even pressure to the wound with a dressing, clean cloth, or sanitary napkin. If you don't have any of these, use your bare handuntil you can get something better. Remember, you must keep blood fromrunning out of the patient's body. Loss of 1 or 2 quarts will seriouslyendanger his life. 

2. Hold the dressing in place with your hand until you can bandage thedressing in place. In case of an arm or leg wound, make sure the bandageis not so tight as to cut off circulation; and raise the arm or legabove the level of the patient's heart. (But if the arm or leg appearsbroken, be sure to splint it first. )

3. Treat the patient for shock (see page 62). 

4. If blood soaks through the dressing, do _not_ remove the dressing. Apply more dressings. 

5. SPECIAL ADVICE ON TOURNIQUETS: Never use a tourniquet unless youcannot stop excessive, life-threatening bleeding by any other method. Using a tourniquet increases the chances that the arm or leg will haveto be amputated later. If you are _forced_ to use a tourniquet to keepthe patient from bleeding to death (for example, when a hand or foot hasbeen accidentally cut off), follow these instructions carefully:

--Place the tourniquet _as close to the wound as possible_, between thewound and the patient's heart. 

--After the tourniquet has been applied, do not permit it to be loosened(even temporarily, or even though the bleeding has stopped) by anyoneexcept a physician, who can control the bleeding by other methods andreplace the blood that the patient has lost. 

--Get a physician to treat the patient as soon as possible. 

PREVENTING AND TREATING SHOCK

Being "in shock" means that a person's circulatory system is not workingproperly, and not enough blood is getting to the vital centers of hisbrain and spinal cord. 

These are the symptoms of shock: The patient's pulse is weak or rapid, or he may have no pulse that you can find. His skin may be pale or blue, cold, or moist. His breathing may be shallow or irregular. He may havechills. He may be thirsty. He may get sick at his stomach and vomit. 

A person can be "in shock" whether he is conscious or unconscious. 

_Important: All seriously-injured persons should be treated for shock, even though they appear normal and alert_. Shock may cause death if nottreated promptly, even though the injuries which brought on shock mightnot be serious enough to cause death. In fact, persons may go into shockwithout having any physical injuries. 

Here is how to treat any person who may be in shock:

1. Keep him lying down and keep him from chilling, but do _not_ apply ahot water bottle or other heat to his body. Also, loosen his clothing. 

2. Keep his head a little lower than his legs and hips. But if he has ahead or chest injury, or has difficulty in breathing, keep his head andshoulders slightly higher than the rest of his body. 

3. Encourage him to drink fluids if he is conscious and not nauseated, and if he does not have abdominal injuries. Every 15 minutes give him ahalf-glass of this solution until he no longer wants it: One teaspoonfulof salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to one quart of water. 

4. Do _not_ give him alcohol. 

BROKEN BONES

Any break in a bone is called a fracture. If you think a person may havea fracture, treat it as though it were one. Otherwise, you may causefurther injury. For example, if an arm or leg is injured and bleeding, splint it as well as bandage it. 

With any fracture, first look for bleeding and control it. Keep thepatient comfortably warm and quiet, preferably lying down. If you havean ice bag, apply it to the fracture to ease the pain. Do not move thepatient (unless his life is in danger where he is) without firstapplying a splint or otherwise immobilizing the bone that may befractured. Treat the patient for shock. 

A FRACTURED ARM OR LEG should be straightened out as much as possible, preferably by having 2 persons gently stretch it into a normal position. Then it should be "splinted"--that is, fastened to a board or somethingelse to prevent motion and keep the ends of the broken bone together. Asa splint, use a board, a trimmed branch from a tree, a broomstick, anumbrella, a roll of newspapers, or anything else rigid enough to keepthe arm or leg straight. Fasten the arm or leg to the splint withbandages, strips of cloth, handkerchiefs, neckties, or belts. Aftersplinting, keep the injured arm or leg a little higher than the rest ofthe patient's body. From time to time, make sure that the splint is nottoo tight, since the arm or leg may swell, and the blood circulationmight be shut off. If the broken bone is sticking out through the skinbut the exposed part of it is clean, allow it to slip back naturallyunder the skin (but don't push it in) when the limb is beingstraightened. However, if the exposed part of the bone is dirty, coverit with a clean cloth and bandage the wound to stop the bleeding. Thensplint the arm or leg without trying to straighten it out, and try tofind a doctor or nurse to treat the patient. 

A FRACTURED COLLAR-BONE should also be prevented from moving, until thepatient can get professional medical attention. It can be immobilized byplacing the arm on that side in a sling and then binding the arm closeto the body. 

A FRACTURED RIB should be suspected if the patient has received a chestinjury or if he has pain when he moves his chest, breathes, or coughs. Strap the injured side of his chest with 2-inch adhesive tape ifavailable, or with a cloth bandage or towel wrapped around and aroundhis entire chest. 

Fractured bones in the NECK OR BACK are very serious, because they mayinjure the patient's spinal cord and paralyze him or even kill him. Heshould not be moved until a doctor comes (or a person trained in firstaid), unless it is absolutely necessary to move him to prevent furtherinjury. If a person with a back injury has to be moved, he should beplaced gently on his back on a stiff board, door or stretcher. His head, back, and legs should be kept in a straight line at all times. 

A person with a neck injury should be moved gently with his head, neck, and shoulders kept in the same position they were when he was found. Hisneck should not be allowed to bend when he is being moved. 

BURNS

Non-serious or superficial (first degree) burns should not becovered--in fact, nothing need be done for them. However, if a firstdegree burn covers a large area of the body, the patient should be givenfluids to drink as mentioned in item 2 following. 

The most important things to do about serious (second or third degree)burns are: _(a)_ Treat the patient for shock, _(b)_ Prevent infection, and _(c)_ Relieve pain. These specific actions should be taken:

1. Keep the patient lying down, with his head a little lower than hislegs and hips unless he has a head or chest wound, or has difficulty inbreathing. 

2. Have him drink a half-glass every 15 minutes of a salt-and-sodasolution (one teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking sodato a quart of water). Give him additional plain water to drink if hewants it. 

3. Cover the burned area with a _dry_, sterile gauze dressing. If gauzeis not available, use a clean cloth, towel or pad. 

4. With soap and water, wash the area _around_ the burn (not the burnitself) for a distance of several inches, wiping _away_ from the burn. The dressing will help prevent surface washings from getting into theburned area. 

5. Use a bandage to hold the dry dressing firmly in place against theburned area. This will keep moving air from reaching the burn, and willlessen the pain. Leave dressings and bandage in place as long aspossible. 

6. If adjoining surfaces of skin are burned, separate them with gauze orcloth to keep them from sticking together (such as between toes orfingers, ears and head, arms and chest). 

7. If the burn was caused by a chemical--or by fallout particlessticking to the skin or hair--wash the chemical or the fallout particlesaway with generous amounts of plain water, then treat the burn asdescribed above. 

_What NOT to do about burns_:

--Don't pull clothing over the burned area (cut it away, if necessary). 

--Don't try to remove any pieces of cloth, or bits of dirt or debris, that may be sticking to the burn. 

--Don't try to clean the burn; don't use iodine or other antiseptics onit; and don't open any blisters that may form on it. 

--Don't use grease, butter, ointment, salve, petroleum jelly, or anytype of medication on severe burns. Keeping them dry is best. 

--Don't breathe on a burn, and don't touch it with anything except asterile or clean dressing. 

--Don't change the dressings that were initially applied to the burn, until absolutely necessary. Dressings may be left in place for a week, if necessary. 

RADIATION SICKNESS

Radiation sickness is caused by the invisible rays given off byparticles of radioactive fallout. If a person has received a large doseof radiation in a short period of time--generally, less than a week--hewill become seriously ill and probably will die. But if he has receivedonly a small or medium dose, his body will repair itself and he will getwell. No special clothing can protect a person from gamma radiation, andno special medicines can protect him or cure him of radiation sickness. 

Symptoms of radiation sickness may not be noticed for several days. Theearly symptoms are lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weaknessand headache. Later, the patient may have sore mouth, loss of hair, bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and diarrhea. But these samesymptoms can be caused by other diseases, and not everyone who hasradiation sickness shows all these symptoms, or shows them all at once. 

If the patient has headache or general discomfort, give him one or twoaspirin tablets every 3 or 4 hours (half a tablet, for a child under12). If he is nauseous, give him "motion sickness tablets, " ifavailable. If his mouth is sore or his gums are bleeding, have him use amouth wash made up of a half-teaspoonful of salt to 1 quart of water. Ifthere is vomiting or diarrhea, he should drink slowly several glasseseach day of a salt-and-soda solution (one teaspoonful of salt andone-half teaspoonful of baking soda to 1 quart of cool water), plusbouillon or fruit juices. If available, a mixture of kaolin and pectinshould be given for diarrhea. Whatever his symptoms, the patient shouldbe kept lying down, comfortably warm, and resting. 

Remember that radiation sickness is _not_ contagious or infectious, andone person cannot "catch it" from another person. 

 * * * * *

PART TWO

MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS

Many of the actions recommended in Part I of this handbook to help youprepare for and live through a nuclear attack--such as learning thewarning signals, stocking emergency supplies, taking a course inemergency skills, and knowing how to fight fires at home--also wouldhelp you in case a major natural disaster occurs in your area. If youare prepared for nuclear attack, you are also prepared to cope with mostpeacetime disasters--disasters that kill hundreds of Americans everyyear, injure thousands, inflict widespread suffering and hardship, andcause great economic loss. 

Part II of this handbook (pages 69-86) is intended to help you preparefor those natural disasters that may occur in your area, and tell youthe right actions to take if they occur. Chapter 1 (pages 71-74) givesgeneral guidance applicable to various types of natural disasters. Succeeding chapters give special advice on floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, winter storms, and earthquakes. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL GUIDANCE

There are certain things you can learn and do that will help you getready for, and cope with, almost any type of natural disaster. 

Perhaps the most basic thing to remember is to _keep calm_. This maymean the difference between life and death. In many disasters, peoplehave been killed or injured needlessly because they took thoughtlessactions when they should have done something else--or done nothing atall just then. 

In a time of emergency, taking proper action may save your life. _Taketime to think_, and then take the considered action that the situationcalls for. Usually, this will be the action you have planned in advance, or the action you are instructed to take by responsible authorities. 

Here is other guidance that applies to most types of natural disasters. 

WARNING

LEARN YOUR COMMUNITY'S WARNING SIGNALS. In most communities havingoutdoor warning systems, the Attack Warning Signal is a wavering soundon the sirens, or a series of short blasts on whistles, horns, or otherdevices. This signal will be used only to warn of an attack against theUnited States. 

Many communities also are using an _Attention or Alert Signal_, usuallya 3- to 5-minute _steady blast_ to get the attention of their people ina time of threatened or impending peacetime emergency. In most places, the Attention or Alert Signal means that people should turn on theirradio or television sets to hear important emergency information beingbroadcast. 

You should find out now, before any emergency occurs, what warningsignals are being used in your community, what they sound like, whatthey mean, and what actions you should take when you hear them. 

Also, whenever a major storm or other peacetime disaster threatens, keepyour radio or television set turned on to hear Weather Bureau reportsand forecasts (issued by the Environmental Science ServicesAdministration of the U. S. Department of Commerce), as well as otherinformation and advice that may be broadcast by your local government. 

When you are warned of an emergency, get your information on the radioor television. Use your telephone only to _report_ important events(such as fires, flash floods, or tornado sightings) to the localauthorities. If you tie up the telephone lines simply to getinformation, you may prevent emergency calls from being completed. 

EMERGENCY SUPPLIES

A major disaster of almost any kind may interfere with your normalsupplies of water, food, heat, and other day-to-day necessities. Youshould keep on hand, in or around your home, a stock of emergencysupplies sufficient to meet your needs for a few days or preferably fora week. 

If you stayed at home during the disaster, these supplies would help youlive through the period of emergency without hardship. If you had toevacuate your home and move temporarily to another location, youremergency supplies could be taken with you and used en route or afteryou arrived at the new location (where regular supplies might not beavailable). Even if you only had to move to an emergency shelter stationset up by a local agency, these supplies might be helpful to you, ormake your stay easier. 

The most important items to keep on hand are water (preferably inplastic jugs or other stoppered containers); canned or sealed-packagefoods that do not require refrigeration or heat for cooking; medicinesneeded by family members, and a first aid kit; blankets or sleepingbags; flashlights or lanterns; a battery-powered radio; and perhaps acovered container to use as an emergency toilet. In addition, anautomobile in good operating condition with an ample supply of gasolinemay be necessary in case you have to leave your home. 

In those parts of the country subject to hurricanes or floods, it isalso wise to keep on hand certain emergency materials you may need toprotect your home from wind and water--such as plywood sheeting orlumber to board up your windows and doors, and plastic sheeting ortarpaulins to protect furniture and appliances. 

FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING

Fires are a special hazard in a time of disaster. They may start morereadily, and the help of the fire department may not be availablequickly. Therefore, it is essential that you:

1. Follow the fire prevention rules given on page 52, and be especiallycareful not to start fires. 

2. Know how to put out small fires yourself. (See pages 52-54. )

3. Have on hand simple tools and equipment needed for fire fighting. (See page 43. )

AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER

_Use extreme caution in entering or working in buildings_ that may havebeen damaged or weakened by the disaster, as they may collapse withoutwarning. Also, there may be gas leaks or electrical short circuits. 

_Don't bring lanterns, torches or lighted cigarettes_ into buildingsthat have been flooded or otherwise damaged by a natural disaster, sincethere may be leaking gas lines or flammable material present. 

_Stay away from fallen or damaged electric wires_, which may still bedangerous. 

_Check for leaking gas pipes in your home_. Do this by _smell only_--don't use matches or candles. If you smell gas, do this: (1) Open allwindows and doors, (2) Turn off the main gas valve at the meter, (3)Leave the house immediately, (4) Notify the gas company or the police orfire department, (5) Don't re-enter the house until you are told it issafe to do so. 

_If any of your electrical appliances are wet_, first turn off the mainpower switch in your house, then unplug the wet appliance, dry it out, reconnect it, and finally, turn on the main power switch. (Caution:Don't do any of these things while _you_ are wet or standing in water. )If fuses blow when the electric power is restored, turn off the mainpower switch again and then inspect for short circuits in your homewiring, appliances and equipment. 

_Check your food and water supplies before using them_. Foods thatrequire refrigeration may be spoiled if electric power has been off forsome time. Also, don't eat food that has come in contact with floodwaters. Be sure to follow the instructions of local authoritiesconcerning the use of food and water supplies. 

_If needed, get food, clothing, medical care or shelter_ at Red Crossstations or from local government authorities. 

_Stay away from disaster areas_. Sightseeing could interfere with firstaid or rescue work, and may be dangerous as well. 

_Don't drive unless necessary_, and drive with caution. Watch forhazards to yourself and others, and report them to local authorities. 

_Write, telegraph or telephone your relatives_, after the emergency isover, so they will know you are safe. Otherwise local authorities maywaste time locating you--or if you have evacuated to a safer location, they may not be able to find you. (However, do not tie up the phonelines if they are still needed for official emergency calls. )

_Do not pass on rumors_ or exaggerated reports of damage. 

_Follow the advice and instructions of your local government_ on ways tohelp yourself and your community recover from the emergency. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 2

FLOODS AND HURRICANES

In addition to the general guidance in Chapter 1 of this section, thereare certain emergency actions particularly associated with major floods, hurricanes, and storm tides or surges. These types of disasters usuallyare preceded by extended periods of warning. People living in areaslikely to be most severely affected often are warned to move to saferlocations. 

EVACUATION

If you are warned to evacuate your home and move to another locationtemporarily, there are certain things to remember and do. Here are themost important ones:

* FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE OF YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. If youare told to evacuate, do so promptly. If you are instructed to move to acertain location, go there--don't go anywhere else. If certain travelroutes are specified or recommended, use those routes rather than tryingto find short cuts of your own. (It will help if you have previouslybecome familiar with the routes likely to be used. ) If you are told toshut off your water, gas or electric service before leaving home, do so. Also find out on the radio where emergency housing and mass feedingstations are located, in case you need to use them. 

* SECURE YOUR HOME BEFORE LEAVING. If you have time, and if you have notreceived other instructions from your local government, you should takethe following actions before leaving your home:

--Bring outside possessions inside the house, or tie them down securely. This includes outdoor furniture, garbage cans, garden tools, signs, andother movable objects that might be blown or washed away. 

--Board up your windows so they won't be broken by high winds, water, flying objects or debris. 

--If flooding is likely, move furniture and other movable objects to theupper floor of your house. Disconnect any electrical appliances orequipment that cannot be moved--but don't touch them if you are wet orare standing in water. 

--Do _not_ stack sandbags around the outside walls of your house to keepflood waters out of your basement. Water seeping downward through theearth (either beyond the sandbags or over them) may collect around thebasement walls and under the floor, creating pressure that could damagethe walls or else raise the entire basement and cause it to "float" outof the ground. In most cases it is better to permit the flood waters toflow freely into the basement (or flood the basement yourself with cleanwater, if you feel sure it will be flooded anyway). This will equalizethe water pressure on the inside and outside of the basement walls andfloor, and thus avoid structural damage to the foundation and the house. 

--Lock house doors and windows. Park your car in the garage or driveway, close the windows, and lock it (unless you are driving to your newtemporary location). 

* TRAVEL WITH CARE. If your local government is arranging transportationfor you, precautions will be taken for your safety. But if you arewalking or driving your own car to another location, keep in mind thesethings:

--Leave early enough so as not to be marooned by flooded roads, fallentrees, and wires. 

--Make sure you have enough gasoline in your car. 

--Follow recommended routes. 

--As you travel, keep listening to the radio for additional informationand instructions from your local government. 

--Watch for washed-out or undermined roadways, earth slides, brokensewer or water mains, loose or downed electric wires, and falling orfallen objects. 

--Watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly. 

--Don't try to cross a stream or a pool of water unless you are certainthat the water will not be above your knees (or above the middle of yourcar's wheels) _all the way across_. Sometimes the water will hide abridge or a part of the road that has been washed out. If you decide itis safe to drive across it, put your car in low gear and drive veryslowly, to avoid splashing water into your engine and causing it tostop. Also, remember that your brakes may not work well after the wheelsof your car have been in deep water. Try them out a few times when youreach the other side. 

DURING A HURRICANE

--If your house is on high ground and you haven't been instructed toevacuate, stay indoors. Don't try to travel, since you will be in dangerfrom flying debris, flooded roads, and downed wires. 

--Keep listening to your radio or television set for further informationand advice. If the center or "eye" of the hurricane passes directly overyou, there will be a temporary lull in the wind, lasting from a fewminutes to perhaps a half-hour or more. _Stay in a safe place duringthis lull_. The wind will return--perhaps with even greater force--fromthe _opposite_ direction. 

SPECIAL ADVICE ON FLASH FLOODS

In many areas, unusually heavy rains may cause quick or "flash" floods. Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or evenlow-lying grounds frequently flood very quickly and endanger people, sometimes before any warning can be given. 

In a period of heavy rains, be aware of this hazard and be prepared toprotect yourself against it. If you see any possibility of a flash floodoccurring where you are, move immediately to a safer location (don'twait for instructions to move), and then notify your local authoritiesof the danger, so other people can be warned. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 3

TORNADOES

* _When a tornado watch (forecast) is announced_, this means thattornadoes are expected in or near your area. Keep your radio ortelevision set tuned to a local station for information and advice fromyour local government or the Weather Bureau. Also, keep watching thesky, especially to the south and southwest. (When a tornado watch isannounced during the approach of a hurricane, however, keep watching thesky to the east. ) If you see any revolving, funnel-shaped clouds, reportthem by telephone immediately to your local police department, sheriff'soffice or Weather Bureau office. But do not use the phone to getinformation and advice--depend on radio or TV. 

* _When a tornado warning is issued, take shelter immediately_. Thewarning means that a tornado has actually been sighted, and this (orother tornadoes) may strike in your vicinity. You must take action toprotect yourself from being blown away, struck by falling objects, orinjured by flying debris. Your best protection is an underground shelteror cave, or a substantial steel-framed or reinforced-concrete building. But if none of these is available, there are other places where you cantake refuge:

--If you are _at home_, go to your underground storm cellar or yourbasement fallout shelter, if you have one. If not, go to a corner ofyour home basement and take cover under a sturdy workbench or table (butnot underneath heavy appliances on the floor above). If your home has nobasement, take cover under heavy furniture on the ground floor in thecenter part of the house, or in a small room on the ground floor that isaway from outside walls and windows. (As a last resort, go outside to anearby ditch, excavation, culvert or ravine. ) Doors and windows on thesides of your house _away from_, the tornado may be left open to helpreduce damage to the building, but stay away from them to avoid flyingdebris. Do not remain in a trailer or mobile home if a tornado isapproaching; take cover elsewhere. 

--If you are _at work_ in an office building, go to the basement or toan inner hallway on a lower floor. In a factory, go to a shelter area, or to the basement if there is one. 

--If you are _outside in open country_, drive away from the tornado'spath, at a right angle to it. If there isn't time to do this--or if youare walking--take cover and lie flat in the nearest depression, such asa ditch, culvert, excavation, or ravine. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 4

WINTER STORMS

Here is advice that will help you protect yourself and your familyagainst the hazards of winter storms--blizzards, heavy snows, icestorms, freezing rain, or sleet. 

* KEEP POSTED ON WEATHER CONDITIONS. Use your radio, television andnewspapers to keep informed of current weather conditions and forecastsin your area. Even a few hours' warning of a storm may enable you toavoid being caught outside in it, or at least be better prepared to copewith it. You should also understand the terms commonly used in weatherforecasts:

--A _blizzard_ is the most dangerous of all winter storms. It combinescold air, heavy snow, and strong winds that blow the snow about and mayreduce visibility to only a few yards. A _blizzard warning_ is issuedwhen the Weather Bureau expects considerable snow, winds of 35 miles anhour or more, and temperatures of 20 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. A_severe blizzard warning_ means that a very heavy snowfall is expected, with winds of at least 45 miles an hour and temperatures of 10 degreesor lower. 

--A _heavy snow warning_ usually means an expected snowfall of 4 inchesor more in a 12-hour period, or 6 inches or more in a 24-hour period. Warnings of _snow flurries, snow squalls_, or _blowing and driftingsnow_ are important mainly because visibility may be reduced and roadsmay become slippery or blocked. 

--_Freezing rain or freezing drizzle_ is forecast when expected rain islikely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground, putting a coating ofice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed. If asubstantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the freezingrain, an _ice storm_ is forecast. 

--_Sleet_ is small particles of ice, usually mixed with rain. If enoughsleet accumulates on the ground, it will make the roads slippery. 

* BE PREPARED FOR ISOLATION AT HOME. If you live in a rural area, makesure you could survive at home for a week or two in case a stormisolated you and made it impossible for you to leave. You should:

--Keep an adequate supply of heating fuel on hand and use it sparingly, as your regular supplies may be curtailed by storm conditions. Ifnecessary, conserve fuel by keeping the house cooler than usual, or by"closing off" some rooms temporarily. Also, have available some kind of_emergency_ heating equipment and fuel so you could keep at least oneroom of your house warm enough to be livable. This could be a camp stovewith fuel, or a supply of wood or coal if you have a fireplace. If yourfurnace is controlled by a thermostat and your electricity is cut off bya storm, the furnace probably would not operate and you would needemergency heat. 

--Stock an emergency supply of food and water, as well as emergencycooking equipment such as a camp stove. Some of this food should be ofthe type that does not require refrigeration or cooking. 

--Make sure you have a battery-powered radio and extra batteries onhand, so that if your electric power is cut off you could still hearweather forecasts, information and advice broadcast by localauthorities. Also, flashlights or lanterns would be needed. 

--Consult page 72 of this handbook for other supplies and equipment thatyou may need if isolated at home. Be sure to keep on hand the simpletools and equipment needed to fight a fire. Also, be certain that allfamily members know how to take precautions that would prevent fire atsuch a time, when the help of the fire department may not be available. 

* TRAVEL ONLY IF NECESSARY. Avoid all unnecessary trips. If you musttravel, use public transportation if possible. However, if you areforced to use your automobile for a trip of any distance, take theseprecautions:

--Make sure your car is in good operating condition, properly serviced, and equipped with chains or snow tires. 

--Take another person with you if possible. 

--Make sure someone knows where you are going, your approximateschedule, and your estimated time of arrival at your destination. 

--Have emergency "winter storm supplies" in the car, such as a containerof sand, shovel, windshield scraper, tow chain or rope, extra gasoline, and a flashlight. It also is good to have with you heavy gloves ormittens, overshoes, extra woolen socks, and winter headgear to coveryour head and face. 

--Travel by daylight and use major highways if you can. Keep the carradio turned on for weather information and advice. 

--Drive with all possible caution. Don't try to save time by travellingfaster than road and weather conditions permit. 

--Don't be daring or foolhardy. Stop, turn back, or seek help ifconditions threaten that may test your ability or endurance, rather thanrisk being stalled, lost or isolated. If you are caught in a _blizzard_, seek refuge immediately. 

* KEEP CALM IF YOU GET IN TROUBLE. If your car breaks down during astorm, or if you become stalled or lost, don't panic. Think the problemthrough, decide what's the safest and best thing to do, and then do itslowly and carefully. If you are on a well-traveled road, show a troublesignal. Set your directional lights to flashing, raise the hood of yourcar, or hang a cloth from the radio aerial or car window. Then stay inyour car and wait for help to arrive. If you run the engine to keepwarm, remember to open a window enough to provide ventilation andprotect you from carbon monoxide poisoning. 

Wherever you are, if there is no house or other source of help in sight, do not leave your car to search for assistance, as you may becomeconfused and get lost. 

* AVOID OVEREXERTION. Every winter many unnecessary deaths occur becausepeople--especially older persons, but younger ones as well--engage inmore strenuous physical activity than their bodies can stand. Coldweather itself, _without_ any physical exertion, puts an extra strain onyour heart. If you add to this physical exercise, especially exercisethat you are not accustomed to--such as shovelling snow, pushing anautomobile, or even walking fast or far--you are risking a heart attack, a stroke, or other damage to your body. In winter weather, andespecially in winter storms, be aware of this danger, and avoidoverexertion. 

 * * * * *

CHAPTER 5

EARTHQUAKES

If your area is one of the places in the United States where earthquakesoccur, keep these points in mind:

--When an earthquake happens, _keep calm_. Don't run or panic. If youtake the proper precautions, the chances are you will not be hurt. 

--REMAIN WHERE YOU ARE. If you are outdoors, stay outdoors; if indoors, stay indoors. In earthquakes, most injuries occur as people are enteringor leaving buildings (from falling walls, electric wires, etc. ). 

--If you are indoors, sit or stand against an inside wall (preferably inthe basement), or in an inside doorway; or else take cover under a desk, table or bench (in case the wall or ceiling should fall). Stay away fromwindows and outside doors. 

--If you are outdoors, stay away from overhead electric wires, poles oranything else that might shake loose and fall (such as the cornices oftall buildings). 

--If you are _driving an automobile_, pull off the road and stop (assoon as possible, and with caution). Remain in the car until thedisturbance subsides. When you drive on, watch for hazards created bythe earthquake, such as fallen or falling objects, downed electricwires, and broken or undermined roadways. 

AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

For your own safety and that of others, you should follow carefully theadvice given in the section, "After a Natural Disaster" (page 73). 

 * * * * *

INDEX

Air raid _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK

Air raid shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION 58-60

Atomic bomb attack _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK

Attack, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK

ATTACK WARNING: 17-22 Actions to take 19-20, 21-22 Attack warning signal 19 Attack warning time 18, 21 Taking cover 21-22

ATTENTION OR ALERT SIGNAL (for natural disasters) 19-20, 71-72

Basements (for use as fallout shelters) _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS

Blast from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

BLEEDING, How to stop 61

Blizzards _see_ STORMS, Winter

BOATS (use as improvised fallout shelters) 33, 38

Bomb shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS

BREATHING, How to restore 58-60

BROADCASTING, Radio and television: In time of natural disaster 72, 75, 77, 81, 83 In time of nuclear attack 17-18, 32, 34

BROKEN BONES, How to treat 63-65

BURNS, How to treat 65-66

CHECKLIST OF EMERGENCY ACTIONS 6-7

CHILDREN, Special precautions for: Avoiding contaminated water and milk 6, 9, 16 Effects of radiation on children 13, 16 Finding fallout shelter at all times 24 Giving artificial respiration to children 59, 60 Infant supplies to be stored for shelter use 43

Construction of home fallout shelters _see_ PLANS FOR HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS

Cover _see_ TAKING COVER

CRAWL SPACE (use as improvised fallout shelter) 33, 36

DRIVING IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER: Car may be needed for evacuation 72 Driving after a natural disaster has occurred 74 Driving at the time of a flood or hurricane 75, 76, 77, 78 Driving at the time of an earthquake 86 Driving during a winter storm 82-84 If you see a tornado while driving 80

EARTHQUAKES 85-86 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance)

Effects of nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

ELECTRIC SERVICE 75, 82

ELECTRIC WIRES, Downed 73, 77, 78, 86

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES 73, 76

ELECTRICITY (as related to fires) 52, 54

EMERGENCY ACTIONS CHECKLIST 6-7

EMERGENCY SKILLS: Need for 2, 5, 55, 56 Training courses in 2, 55

EVACUATION IN A TIME OF NATURAL DISASTER: 75-78 Securing your home before leaving 75-76

EXERTION, Physical: Avoiding overexertion during a storm 84

FALLOUT, Radioactive 5, 6, 10-13, 15, 16

FALLOUT SHELTERS: _General information_ 13-14, 23-25 Home shelters 24-25, how to prepare 26-32 Improvised shelters 33-38 Public shelters 23-24, how to identify 24 Some protection provided against blast and heat 14 Supplies for fallout shelters 39-44 Taking cover before going to fallout shelter 21-22 When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32

FIRE: Firefighting at home 52-54 Firefighting supplies needed at home 43, 53 Fire from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of Fire in connection with natural disasters 73 Fire prevention at home 51-54 Special fire precautions in time of attack 52-53

Fireball, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

FIRST AID: 55-67 _General rules_ 57 Bleeding, how to stop it 61-62 Breathing, how to restore it 58-60 Broken bones 63-65 Burns 65-66 Radiation sickness 66-67 Shock, how to prevent and treat it 62-63 Supplies 42 Training courses 2, 55-56

Flash from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

FLOODS: 75-78 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) Special advice on flash floods 78 Using sandbags to protect home not recommended 76

FOOD: Available and usable after an attack 14-16 Care and use of food supplies in shelter 42, 46, 48 Food supplies in time of natural disaster 72, 82 Food to take to shelter 40, 42 Use of food after a natural disaster 73 _see also_ SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS

Gamma radiation _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive

GAS SERVICE, Turnoff by householders 75

GAS PIPES, Leaking 73

Heat from nuclear explosions _see_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

HEATING, in time of winter storms 82

HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS: How to prepare a home shelter: 26-32 Outside type 32 Permanent type 26-29 Preplanned type 30-32 Importance of 24-25 Improvised home shelters 33-38 Managing water, food, and sanitation in 45-49 Supplies and equipment for 41-44 When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32

HURRICANES: 75-78 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance) "Eye" of a hurricane 78

Ice storm _see_ STORMS, Winter

Improvised fallout shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS

Infants _see_ CHILDREN, Special precautions for

Injuries, treatment of _see_ FIRST AID

MEDICAL CARE IN EMERGENCIES 55-67 _see also_ FIRST AID

MEDICAL SELF-HELP COURSE 2, 55, 56

MEDICINES AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES: Importance of having available 55, 56 What to keep on hand for natural disasters 72 What to store for home shelter use 42 What to take to a public fallout shelter 40

MILK CONTAMINATION FROM FALLOUT 9, 16

Missiles, nuclear _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK _and_ NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of

MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION 58-60

NATURAL DISASTERS: 69-86 _General guidance_ 71-74 Earthquakes 85, 86 Emergency feeding and shelter stations 75 Floods and hurricanes 75-78 Supplies for 72, 82, 83 Tornadoes 79, 80 Value of preparations 70, 71 Warning 71-72, 75, 79, 81 Winter Storms 81-84

NATURAL DISASTER WARNING 17, 18, 19, 71-72

NUCLEAR ATTACK: 3-67 Areas of damage 10-11 Assistance available in time of attack 5 Checklist of emergency actions 6-7 Deaths and injuries 5, 10-11 Hazards of an attack 9-16 Importance of following local instructions 1, 2, 6, 7 Survivors 10-11 Taking cover if there should be a nuclear flash 21-22 Warning 6, 17-22

NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, Effects of 9-13

Outside fallout shelters _see_ HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS

PLANS FOR HOME FALLOUT SHELTERS: 26-32 Improvised home shelters, description of 33-38

Preparations for natural disasters _see_ NATURAL DISASTERS

Preparations for nuclear attack _see_ NUCLEAR ATTACK

Protective materials against fallout _see_ SHIELDING MATERIALS

PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS: How to identify 7, 24 Supplies to take to public shelter 40 Water, food and sanitation in public shelter 45-46 When to leave shelter 13, 24, 32

Radiation _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive

RADIATION SICKNESS: 11-13, 32 How to recognize and treat it 66-67

Radio _see_ BROADCASTING, Radio and television

Radioactive fallout _see_ FALLOUT, Radioactive

SANITATION 41-42, 45-49

Shelters _see_ FALLOUT SHELTERS

SHIELDING MATERIALS 14, 25, 34 Comparison of various materials 25

SHOCK, How to recognize and treat 62-63

Sick and injured, care of the _see_ FIRST AID

Sign, public fallout shelter _see_ PUBLIC FALLOUT SHELTERS

SIGNALS, Warning: 18-20 _see also_ ATTACK WARNING _and_ NATURAL DISASTER WARNING

Sirens, warning _see_ SIGNALS, Warning

Snow storms _see_ STORMS, Winter

STORM CELLARS: For protection from tornadoes 80 Use as fallout shelters 36

STORMS, Winter 81-84 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance)

STORM TIDES OR SURGES 75-78

SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS: 39-44 Home shelters 39, 41-44, care and use of supplies 45-49 Public shelters 40, 46

SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR NATURAL DISASTERS 72, 82-83

TAKING COVER: For protection from tornadoes 79-80 In time of nuclear attack 21-22

TELEPHONE, Restricted use in a time of emergency 6, 20, 72, 74, 79

Television _see_ BROADCASTING, Radio and television

TOILETS, Emergency 42, 45-46, 48-49

TORNADOES 79-80 _see also_ 71-74 (General Guidance)

TOURNIQUETS, Special advice on 61-62

Training courses _see_ EMERGENCY SKILLS

WARNING: 17-22 _see also_ ATTACK WARNING _and_ NATURAL DISASTER WARNING

WATER: Available and usable after an attack 14-16 Care and use of water supplies in shelter 46-48 Possible danger of contaminated water to children 6, 9, 16 Precautions on use of water after a natural disaster 73 To store for home shelter use 41 To store for use in a natural disaster 72, 82 To take to public fallout shelter 40 Water service, turnoff by householders 75 _see also_ SUPPLIES FOR FALLOUT SHELTERS

Winter storms _see_ STORMS, Winter

 * * * * *

 KEEP THIS HANDBOOK WITH OTHER EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS YOU RECEIVE

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1968--O-297-579

 * * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

Footnote 1: In a time of nuclear attack or major natural disaster, don'tuse the telephone to get information or advice. Depend on radio ortelevision. 

Footnote 2: These smaller particles would drift to earth more slowly, losing much of their radioactivity before they reached the ground, andwould be spread by the upper winds over vast areas of the world. 

Footnote 3: This table, and other suggestions concerning emergencysupplies of food and water, is contained in "Family Food Stockpile forSurvival, " Home and Garden Bulletin No. 77, U. S. Department ofAgriculture. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 20402, price 10 cents.