* * * * *

 Smithsonian Institution--Bureau Of Ethnology. 

 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE of a Portion of the Collections Made by the Bureau of Ethnology During the Field Season of 1881. 

 WILLIAM H. HOLMES. 

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CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 433Collections from Jackson County, North Carolina 434 From the Cherokee Indians 434 Articles of stone 434 Articles of clay 434 Vegetal substances 435 Animal substances 437Collections from Cocke County, Tennessee 438 From the fields at Newport 438 Articles of stone 438 From a mound on Pigeon River 440 Articles of clay 440Collections from Sevier County, Tennessee 442 The McMahan Mound 442 Articles of stone 442 Articles of clay 443 Objects of metal 446 Objects of shell 446 Animal substances 453 From the fields of Sevierville 453 Articles of stone 453 Articles of clay 456Collections from Roane County, Tennessee 457 Mound at Taylor's Bend 457 Articles of stone 457 Articles of clay 457 Objects of shell 458 From field at Taylor's Bend 458 Articles of stone 458 Vicinity of Kingston 460 Mound at Niles' Ferry 461 Mounds near Paint Rock Ferry 461 Fragments of pottery 461 Objects of shell 462Collections from Jefferson County 463 Mound on Fain's Island 463 Articles of clay 463 From the fields of Fain's Island 465 Articles of stone 465 Objects of shell 466 Animal substances 466Collections from Mississippi County, Arkansas 468 Pemissicott Mound 468 Chickasawba Mound 468 Mounds in Carson Lake Township 468 Mounds at Pecan Point 469 Articles of clay 469 Field graves and fields in vicinity of Pecan Point 470 Articles of stone 470 Articles of clay 471Collections from Arkansas County, Arkansas 476 Mounds at Arkansas Post 476 Articles of clay 476 Field graves about Menard mounds 477 Articles of stone 477 Articles of clay 479 Objects of metal 485 Animal substances 485Collection from Monroe County, Arkansas 486 Mound at Lawrenceville 486 Articles of clay 486 Mounds at Indian Bay 487 Articles of clay 488Collections from Ohio 490 From mounds and fields 490 Articles of stone 490 Articles of clay 491 Human remains 491Collections from Oregon 492 Articles of stone 492Collections from Kentucky 493Collections from Missouri 495 Articles of clay 495Collections from other States 507Collections from Peru 508

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig. 116. --Stone implement, Tennessee 439 117. --Sections of earthen vessels, Tennessee 440 118. --Earthen vessel, Tennessee 444 119. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 447 120. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 447 121. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 448 122. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 448 123. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 449 124. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 449 125. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 450 126. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 450 127. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 451 128. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 452 129. --Stone implement, Tennessee 454 130. --Stone implement, Tennessee 454 131. --Stone implement, Tennessee 455 132. --Stone implement, Tennessee 455 133. --Stone implement, Tennessee 456 134. --Stone implement, Tennessee 459 135. --Stone implement, Tennessee 459 136. --Shell bead, Tennessee 462 137. --Shell bead, Tennessee 462 138. --Shell bead, Tennessee 462 139. --Earthen vessel, Tennessee 464 140. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 466 141. --Shell ornament, Tennessee 466 142. --Stone implement, Arkansas 470 143. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 471 144. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 472 145. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 473 146. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 473 147. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 474 148. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 474 149. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 475 150. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 476 151. --Stone implement, Arkansas 477 152. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 478 153. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 479 154. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 479 155. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 480 156. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 480 157. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 481 158. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 159. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 160. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 161. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 162. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 483 163. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 483 164. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 484 165. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 484 163. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 485 167. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 486 168. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 487 169. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 488 170. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 489 171. --Earthen vessel, Arkansas 489 172. --Method of plaiting sandals 493 173. --Method of plaiting mat 493 174. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 495 175. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 496 176. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 497 177. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 497 178. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 498 179. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 498 180. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 499 181. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 499 182. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 500 183. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 500 184. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 501 185. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 501 186. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 502 187. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 502 188. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 502 189. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 503 190. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 504 191. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 504 192. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 193. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 194. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 195. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 196. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 197. --Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 198. --Wooden mask, Peru 509 199. --Stone net-sinker, Peru 510 200. --Copper fish-hooks, Peru 510

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 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF A PORTION OF THE ETHNOLOGIC AND ARCHÆOLOGIC COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY DURING THE YEAR 1881. 

 By William H. Holmes. 

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COLLECTION MADE BY EDWARD PALMER, IN NORTH CAROLINA, TENNESSEE, AND ARKANSAS. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Mr. Palmer began his explorations early in July, 1881, and continuedwith marked success until the end of the year. 

He first paid a visit to the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, andcollected a large number of articles manufactured or used by thispeople, besides a number of antiquities from the same region. 

From Carolina he crossed into Tennessee, and began work by openinga number of mounds in Cocke County. In September he opened a veryimportant mound, which I have named the McMahan Mound. It is locatedin the vicinity of Sevierville, Sevier County. Afterwards mounds wereopened on Fain's Island, at Dandridge, and at Kingston. 

In September he crossed into Arkansas and made extensive explorations atOsceola, Pecan Point, Arkansas Post, and Indian Bay. 

It has devolved upon the writer to examine and catalogue this finecollection. 

In preparing the catalogue the plan of arrangement already adopted bythe Bureau has been carried out; that is, a primary classification bylocality and a secondary by material. 

The descriptions of specimens are taken from the card catalogue preparedby the writer on first opening the collection, and will be given infull, excepting in cases where detailed descriptions have been furnishedin separate papers, either in this or the preceding Annual Report. Cutshave been made of a number of the more interesting specimens. Thelocalities are named in the order of their exploration. 

COLLECTIONS FROM JACKSON COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA. 

OBTAINED CHIEFLY FROM THE CHEROKEE INDIANS. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62953. A small disk of dark-gray slate, 1¼ inches in diameter and 1½ inches in thickness. The form is symmetrical and the surface well polished. The sides are convex, slightly so near the center and abruptly so near the circumference. The rim or peripheral surface is squared by grinding, the circular form being accurately preserved. This specimen was obtained from an aged Cherokee, who stated that it had formerly been used by his people in playing some sort of game. It seems not improbable that this stone has been used for polishing pottery. 

62952. A small subglobular pebble used as a polishing stone for pottery. 

62954. A polishing stone similar to the above. This implement was seen in use by the collector. 

62947. A hemispherical stone, probably used as a nut-cracker. 

62944. A stone implement somewhat resembling a thick, round-pointed pick, 4½ inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. It is perforated exactly as an iron pick would be for the insertion of a handle. The perforation has been produced by boring from opposite sides; at the surface it is five-eighths of an inch in diameter, and midway about three-eighths. The material seems to be an indurated clay or soft slate. 

The collector suggests that this specimen was probably used forsmoothing bow-strings or straightening arrow-shafts. 

62949. Eight arrow points of gray and blackish chalcedony. 

62950. Pipe of gray, indurated steatite, of modern Cherokee manufacture. 

62951. Pipe of dark greenstone, highly polished. It is well modeled, but of a recent type. 

62888. Grooved ax of compact greenish sandstone; found near Bakersville, N. C. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

Obtained from the Southern Band of Cherokees, Jackson County, NorthCarolina. 

The manufacture of pottery, once so universally practiced by theAtlantic coast Indians, is still kept up by this tribe, rather, however, for the purpose of trade than for use in their domestic arts. Thevessels are, to a great extent, modeled after the ware of the whites, but the methods of manufacture seem to be almost wholly aboriginal. 

63070. A handled mug or cup of brownish ware. The form is not aboriginal. It is composed of clay, tempered, apparently, with pulverized shell. The surface has a slight polish produced by a polishing implement. The height is 4½ inches and the width nearly the same. 

63068. Large flat-bottomed bowl, 6 inches in height, 11 inches in diameter at the top, and 8 at the base. Although made without a wheel, this vessel is quite symmetrical. The thickness is from one-fourth to one-half of an inch. The material has been a dark clay paste with tempering of powdered mica. 

63066. A three-legged pot, with spherical body, resembling very closely in appearance the common iron cooking pot of the whites. The rim is 6 inches in diameter, and 1 inch high. The body is 9 inches in diameter. Two handles are attached to the upper part of the body. The form is symmetrical and the surface highly polished. The polishing stone has been used with so much skill that the effect of a glaze is well produced. The materials used were clay and pulverized mica. The color is dark brown. 

63067. A strong, rudely made vessel shaped like a half cask. The walls are about one-half an inch in thickness. The surface is rough, the polishing stone having been very carelessly applied. 

63068. A flat-bottomed bowl symmetrical in shape but rudely finished. 

VEGETAL SUBSTANCES. 

63063. Basket sieve said to be used to separate the finer from the coarser particles of pounded corn. The coarse meal thus obtained is boiled and allowed to ferment. This is used as food and is called _connawhana_. The sieve is made of split cane carefully smoothed; some of the strips are dyed red and others brown. A simple ornamental design is worked in these colors. The opening is square, with rounded corners, the sides measuring 14 inches. The depth is 5 inches. The bottom is flat and loosely woven. 

63072. A bottle-shaped basket, with constricted neck and rectangular body, used by the Cherokees for carrying fish. Height, 11 inches; width of mouth, 4 inches; diameter of body, 6 inches. It is made of strips of white oak or hickory, one-fourth of an inch in thickness. 

63073. Basket made of strips of white oak intended for the storage of seeds and for other household uses. The rim is about 5 inches in diameter; the body is 8 inches in diameter, the base being rectangular and flat. 

63074. Basket, made of cane, used for storing seed. 

63076. Two baskets, made of cane, probably used for household purposes. They are neatly ornamented with simple designs, produced by the use of colored strips. The rims are oval in shape, and the bases rectangular. The larger will hold about half a bushel, the smaller about a gallon. 

63077. Small basket with a handle, made of splints of white oak. Yellow strips of hickory bark are used to ornament the rim. Other colors are obtained by using bark of different trees, maple, walnut, etc. 

63078. Small cup or dish carved from laurel or cucumber wood. It is very neatly made. The depth is about 1 inch; the width 5 inches. 

63064. Large spoon, carved from laurel or cucumber wood, used by the Cherokees in handling the _connawhana_, or fermented meal. The carving is neatly done. The heart-shaped bowl is 6 inches in length, 4 in width, and about 2 in depth. The handle is 12 inches long, and is embellished at the end by a knob and ring. The knob is carved to represent a turtle's or snake's head. 

63065. A smaller spoon similar in shape to the above. 

63087. A large, five-pronged fork carved from the wood of the _Magnolia glauca_ (?). It resembles the iron forks of the whites. 

63088. A small, three-pronged fork of the same pattern and material as the above. 

63080. A wooden comb made in imitation of the shell combs used by white ladies for supporting and ornamenting the back hair. The carving is said to have been done with a knife. Considerable skill is shown in the ornamental design at the top. The wood is maple or beech. 

63089. A walnut paddle or club, used to beat clothes in washing. 

63059. Bow of locust wood, 5 feet long, one-half an inch thick, and 1½ inches wide in the middle, tapering at the ends to 1 inch. The back of the bow is undressed, the bark simply having been removed. The string, which resembles ordinary twine, is said to be made of wild hemp. The arrows are 40 inches in length. The shafts are made of hickory wood and have conical points. Stone and metal points are not used, as the country abounds in small game only, and heavy points are considered unnecessary. In trimming the arrow two feathers of the wild turkey are used; these are close clipped and fastened with sinew. 

63057. Blow-gun used by the Cherokees to kill small game. This specimen is 7 feet in length, and is made of a large cane, probably the _Arundinaria macrosperma_. These guns are made from 5 to 15 feet in length, the diameter in large specimens reaching 1½ inches. 

63058. Arrows used with the blow-gun. The shafts, which are made of hickory wood, are 2 feet in length and very slender. The shooting end has a conical point; the feather end is dressed with thistle-down, tied on in overlapping layers with thread or sinew. The tip of down completely fills the barrel of the gun; and the arrow, when inserted in the larger end and blown with a strong puff, has a remarkable carrying and penetrating power. 

63085. Thistle-heads, probably the _Cnicus lanceolatus_, from which the down is obtained in preparing the arrows of the blow-gun. 

63061. Ball-sticks or racquets made of hickory wood. Rods of this tough wood, about 7 feet long, are dressed to the proper shape, the ends having a semicircular section, the middle part being flat. Each is bent and the ends united to form a handle, leaving a pear-shaped loop 6 inches in width by about 12 in length, which is filled with a network of leather or bark strings sufficiently close to hold the ball. 

63061. Ball, 1½ inches in diameter, covered with buckskin, used with the racquets in playing the celebrated ball game of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians. 

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 

63071. Shell, probably a _Unio_, used by potters to scrape the surface of clay vessels; seen in use. 

63081. Comb made of horn. The teeth are 2 inches in length, and have been made with a saw. It is used in dressing the hair. 

63085. Charm made of feathers and snake rattles; worn on the head or on some part of the costume. 

63082. Awl of iron set in a handle of deer's horn. 

COLLECTIONS FROM COCKE COUNTY, TENNESSEE. 

FROM FIELDS NEAR NEWPORT. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62752. Grooved ax, 8 inches in length, 3½ in width, and about 1 in thickness; one side is quite flat, the other convex. The material is a banded schistose slate. 

62758. A fine specimen of grooved ax, 7 inches in length, 4 in width, and 1½ in thickness. The groove is wide and shallow, and is bordered by two narrow ridges, which are in sharp relief all the way around. The material appears to be a greenish-gray diorite. 

62759. A grooved ax, 6 inches long, 3½ inches wide, and 1 inch thick. This specimen is similar to the preceding, the groove being deeper on the lateral edges of the implement, and the upper end less prominent. It is made of a fine-grained gray sandstone. 

62753. Fragment of a grooved ax, of gray slate. The groove is shallow and irregular. 

62754. Celt of compact gray sandstone, somewhat chipped at the ends. It is 6½ inches in length by 2½ in width and 1½ in thickness. One face is flat, the other convex. The sides are nearly parallel. A transverse section would be sub rectangular. 

62755. Fragment of celt, 3 inches in length by 2 in width and about 1½ in thickness. The material is a fine grained sandstone or a diorite. 

62756. A long, slender celt, very carefully finished, 7 inches in length, 2 in width, and less than 1 in thickness. The material is a very compact gray slate. It has apparently been recently used as a scythe-stone by some harvester. 

62757. Fragment of a small, narrow celt, both ends of which are lost. Material, gray diorite. 

62760. Heavy celt of gray diorite, 8 inches in length by 3 in width and 2½ in thickness. 

62762. A pestle of gray diorite, with enlarged base and tapering top, 5½ inches in length and 3 inches in diameter at the base. 

62751. A pestle of banded schistose slate, 15 inches in length, and 2½ inches in diameter in the middle, tapering symmetrically toward the ends, which terminate in rounded points. 

62763. A ceremonial (?) stone resembling somewhat a small broad-bladed pick, the outline being nearly semicircular. It is pierced as a pick is pierced for the insertion of a handle. It is 2½ inches in length, 1½ in width, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The material is a soft greenish mottled serpentine, or serpentinoid limestone. Fig. 116. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 116. ]

62761. A pierced tablet of gray slate, 4½ inches long, 1½ inches wide, and half an inch thick. The two perforations are 2½ inches apart; they have been bored from opposite sides, and show no evidence of use. Nine notches have been cut in one end of the tablet. It has been much injured by recent use as a whetstone. 

62764. Cup stone of rough sandstone, having seventeen shallow cup-like depressions, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The stone is of irregular outline, about 10 inches in diameter and 4 in thickness. 

62765. A large pipe of gray steatite; the bowl is square and about 3 inches in length, by 1 in diameter. The stem end is 4 inches in length and three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The bowl has a deep, conical excavation. The same is true of the stem-end also. 

MOUND AT THE JUNCTION OF THE PIGEON AND FRENCH BROAD RIVERS. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

62870. The mound from which these fragments were obtained was located 3 miles from Newport. It was 12 feet square and 6 feet high. The original height was probably much greater. The pottery was mixed with ashes and _débris_ of what appeared to be three fire-places. No human remains were found. The fragments are not numerous, nor do they indicate a great variety in form. There is, however, considerable variety in decoration. 

_Material. _--The clay is generally gray or dark-reddish gray in themass, and is apparently quite siliceous or sandy, numerous grains ofquartz being visible. There is generally a sprinkling of finely-powderedmica, but no shell matter can be detected. When much weathered thesurface is quite gritty. 

_Form. _--The leading form is a round-bodied, pot-shaped vase. There isone small hemispherical bowl. The outlines have been quite symmetrical. The mouths of the pots are wide, and the necks deeply constricted. The lip or rim exhibits a number of novel features. That of the largerspecimen, of which a considerable segment remains, is furnished on theupper edge with a deep channel, nearly one-half an inch wide, and morethan one-fourth of an inch deep. First section, Fig. 117. Others havea peculiar thickening of the rim, a sort of collar being added to theoutside. This is about 1 inch in width, and is thicker below, giving atriangular section. Third section, Fig. 117. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 117. ]

The walls of the vessels are usually quite thin. The bottoms wereprobably round, or nearly so. No fragments, however, of the lower partsof the vessels were collected. There is but one example of handle, andthis presents no unusual features. Middle section, Fig. 117. 

_Ornamentation. _--The ornamentation is in some respects novel. Thedouble or channeled rim of the larger specimen, the mouth of whichhas been 13 or 14 inches in diameter, is embellished with a line offlutings, which seem to be the impressions of a hollow bone or reed. Thewhole exterior surface is embellished with a most elaborate ornamentaldesign, which resembles the imprint of some woven fabric. If a wovenfabric has not been used, a pliable stamp, producing the effect of afabric, has been resorted to. The fact that the sharply concave portionsof the neck are marked with as much regularity as the convex body of thevessel, precludes the idea of the use of a solid or non-elastic stamp. 

The pattern consists of groups of parallel indented lines, arranged atright angles with one another, the puzzling feature being that there isno evidence of the passing of the threads or fillets over or under eachother, such as would be seen if a woven fabric had been used. The outersurface of the triangular collar peculiar to many of the pots has beendecorated with a herring-bone pattern, made by impressing a sharpimplement. The handle in one case is similarly ornamented. This handlehas been added _after_ the figure previously described was impressedupon the neck of the vessel. One small fragment shows another style ofindented or stamped pattern, which consists of series of straight andcurved lines, such as are characteristic of many of the vessels obtainedfrom the Gulf States. 

A small fragment of coal-black ware is entirely smooth on the outside, and indicates an unusually well finished and symmetrical vessel. Anothershows the impression of basket-work, in which a wide fillet or splinthas served as the warp and a small twisted cord as the woof. Oneinteresting feature of this vessel is that from certain impressions onthe raised ridges we discover that the vessel has been taken from thenet mold while still in a plastic state. 

Still another reddish porous fragment has a square rim, which isornamented with a series of annular indentations. 

COLLECTIONS FROM SEVIER COUNTY, TENNESSEE. 

THE McMAHAN MOUND. 

On the west fork of the Little Pigeon River, at Sevierville, on a richbottom, 125 yards from the river, is a celebrated mound, the owners ofwhich have for years refused to have it opened. 

Mr. Palmer spent several days in trying to obtain permission to open it, and was about leaving in despair, when the owners finally yielded, not, however, without requiring a number of concessions on the part of thecollector, which concessions were put in the form of a legal document. 

This mound is 16 feet high and 240 feet in circumference. 

Three feet below the surface, a stratum of burnt clay, 15 feet wide by30 long, was reached. This has probably formed part of the roof of adwelling. 

Beneath this was a bed of charcoal 4 inches thick. In this bed remnantsof cedar posts from 2 to 4 inches thick and 1 to 2 feet in length werefound. 

Below this was a stratum of ashes, covering a limited area to the depthof 4 feet. Surrounding this, the earth contained fragments of numerousarticles used by the inhabitants, while beneath came 4½ feet of earth, in which numerous skeletons had been deposited. 

The bodies had been interred without order, and the bones were sointermingled, and so far decayed, that no complete skeletons could becollected. Beneath the layer of bones came a second deposit of ashes, 2 feet thick by 2½ feet in diameter, and beneath this a mass of redclay, 18 inches in thickness. In the earth surrounding the ashes andclay, a number of skeletons were found; these were in such an advancedstage of decomposition that only a few fragments of skulls could bepreserved. 

Three feet below the second layer of bones, the undisturbed soil wasreached. 

Two boxes of bones were collected, the well-preserved crania numberingabout twenty. 

A great many interesting specimens of the implements, utensils, andornaments of the mound-builders were obtained. 

The following catalogue includes everything of interest:

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62787, 62792, 62778, 62769, 62784, 62788. Numerous specimens of arrow-points, flakes, cores, and rough masses of gray and black chalcedony, obtained partly from the mound, and partly from the soil surrounding it. 

62793. A somewhat conical object of black compact graphite. The flattish base is rubbed off in an irregular way, as if in grinding down for use as a pigment. 

62790. Fragment of hammerstone of gray micaceous sandstone, 5 inches long by 3 inches in diameter. It was found associated with the upper layer of skeletons. 

62808. Pipe carved from gray marble. The bowl is symmetrically shaped, and resembles a common clay pipe. It is about 1½ inches in height and 1 in diameter. The stem part is about one-fourth of an inch in length. Found with the upper layer of skeletons. 

62786. A perforated stone tube, 1¼ inches long and three-fourths of an inch in diameter. It is probably the upper part of a pipe bowl. 

62794. A large number of minute quartz pebbles, probably used in a rattle or in playing some game of chance. Found with the skeletons in the mound. 

62798. Three glass beads, found 4 feet below the surface of the mound. One is a bright blue bead of translucent glass. One is opaque, resembling porcelain. The third is of blue-gray glass, and has three longitudinal stripes of brown, underlaid by bands of white. All are cylindrical in shape, and are from three-eighths to half an inch in length, and about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

The collection of pottery from this mound is of much interest. Thereis but one entire vessel, but the fragments are so plentiful and wellpreserved that many interesting forms can be restored, and a very goodidea of the ceramic work of this locality be formed. 

_Form. _--I have spent much time in the examination of these fragments, and have assigned each to the form of vessel to which it belonged. Wherelarge pieces are preserved, especially if the rim is included, we havelittle trouble in reconstructing the entire vessel, without fear ofbeing seriously wrong. The lower parts of the bodies of all forms areround or slightly flattened, and but a small fragment of the rim isneeded to tell whether the vessel was a bottle, pot, or bowl. 

I find, however, that the forms merge into each other in such a way thata complete graduated series can be found. Of first importance, are theround or globular vases with more or less constricted necks. 

_Ornamentation. _--The inside of all forms is plain with the exception ofaccidental markings of the fingers. The rim is square, sharp, or roundon the edge, and sometimes slightly enlarged or beaded on the outermargin. A collar is attached to many forms, which at the lower edgeoverhangs. It is added to the body with the rim, or as a strip afterwardattached. It is often notched or indented with a stick, bone, or reed, or with the fingers. 

The necks of vases and pot-shaped vessels have a great variety ofhandles, knobs, and ornaments. Some of the latter seem to be atrophiedhandles. In some cases a low horizontal ridge, from 1 to 4 or moreinches in length is placed near the rim, in place of the continuouscollar. In other cases a narrow, crescent-shaped ridge is attached, the points reaching down on the shoulder, the arch lying upon the neck. Still others have one or more handles which connect the rim with theneck or shoulder of the vessel, leaving a round or oblong passage fora cord or vine. 

These handles were added after the vessel was completed. They are neverornamented. In one case an arched handle, like the handle of a basket, connects the opposite sides of the rim. This is the only entire vesselrecovered from the mound. It was associated with the upper layer ofskeletons. Diameter 4½ inches. Fig. 118. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 118. ]

The body of these vessels is sometimes quite plain, but is morefrequently covered with cord markings. These, with one or twoexceptions, seem to be made by a series of fine cords, approximatelyparallel, but without cross-threads of any kind. There is littleuniformity of arrangement. In the upper part, and about the base of theneck, the indented lines are generally vertical. On the bottom they arequite irregular, as if the vessel, in making, had been rolled about on apiece of netting or coarse cloth. The cords have been about the size ofthe ordinary cotton cord used by merchants. One exception is seen in afragment of a large, rudely-made vase, in which we have the impressionof a fabric, the warp of which, whether wood or cord, has consisted offillets more than one-fourth of an inch in width, the woof being finecord. 

This is what is frequently spoken of as the ear-of-corn impression. No incised or excavated lines have been noticed in these fragments ofpot-shaped vessels. Some of the most elegant vessels are without uprightnecks. The upper or incurved surface of the body is approximately flat, forming, with the lower part of the body a more or less sharp peripheralangle. The base is rounded, and, so far as we can judge from theexamples, the bottom is slightly flattened. Vessels having verticalor flaring rims are generally somewhat more shallow. 

The incurved upper surface is often tastefully ornamented with patternsof incised or excavated lines which are arranged in groups, in verticalor oblique positions, or encircle the vessel parallel with the border. One specimen has a row of stamped circles, made by a reed or hollowbone. 

Bowls of the ordinary shape are variously decorated. In one case wehave on the outside of the rim, and projecting slightly above it, arudely-modeled grotesque face. A notched fillet passes around the rim, near the lip, connecting with the sides of this head. 

In another case a rude node is added to the rim. The only bowl having aflaring rim is without ornament. 

We have only one fragment of a bowl in which the body has been markedwith cords. 

_Composition. _--The clay used in the pottery from this mound isgenerally fine in texture, and of a light-gray color. Many of thefragments have been blackened by burning subsequently to their originalfiring, and some may have been originally blackened with graphite. Theprevailing colors seen in the fragments are yellowish and reddish grays. The percentage of powdered shell used in tempering has usually been verylarge, forming at times at least half the mass. The flakes of shell arevery coarse, being often as much as one-fourth of an inch in diameter. In many cases they have been destroyed by burning, or have dropped outfrom decay, leaving a deeply pitted surface. 

_Pipes. _--There are a number of pipes in the collection, most of whichwere found near the surface of the mound. In some cases they resemblemodern forms very closely. The most striking example is made of afine-grained clay, without visible admixture of tempering material. The color is a reddish gray. It is neatly and symmetrically formed, the surface being finished by polishing with a smooth, hard implement, and shaving with a knife. The bowl is 2 inches high, and the rim isbell-shaped above, with a smooth, flat lip, one-fourth of an inch wide. The diameter of the opening is nearly 2 inches. The base is conical. The stem part is one-half an inch long and one-half an inch in diameter. The bowl and stem are both conically excavated. 

Another specimen is made of clay mixed with powdered shell. The bowl iscylindrical, being a little larger at the rim, which is ornamented withrows of punctures. The elbow is ornamented by a rosette of indentedlines. The mouth piece has been broken away. 

OBJECTS OF METAL. 

62797. One of the most instructive finds in this mound is a pair of brass pins, of undoubted European manufacture. The collector makes the statement, with entire confidence in its correctness, that they had been encased in the earth at the time of the interment of the bodies. One was associated with the upper and the other with the lower layer of bones. In size and shape they resemble our ordinary brass toilet pin. The head is formed of a spiral coil of wire, the diameter of which is about one-half that of the shaft of the pin. It is also stated by the collector that an iron bolt was found in the lower stratum of bones. This object was unfortunately lost. 

62795. A small brass cylinder, found 3 feet 7 inches below the surface of the mound. The thin sheet of which the coil is made is about 1 inch square. The edges are uneven. It was probably used as a bead. 

OBJECTS OF SHELL. 

Few mounds have rivaled this in its wealth of shell ornaments. Engravedgorgets cut from the body of the _Busycon perversum_ and large pinsfrom the columellæ of the same shell are especially numerous andwell-preserved. Large numbers of beads and unworked shells were alsofound. All were intimately associated with the skeletons. 

While many of the specimens are well-preserved, we find that many are inan advanced stage of decay, and unless most carefully handled, crumbleto powder. 

Similar shell ornaments are found in mounds in other parts of Tennessee, as well as in neighboring States. These have been pretty fully describedin the Second Annual Report. 

62830-62839. These pins are all made from the _Busycon perversum_. The entire specimens range from 3 to 6 inches in length; two are fragmentary, having lost their points by decay. The heads are from one-half to 1 inch in length, and are generally less than 1 inch in diameter. They are somewhat varied in shape, some being cylindrical, others being conical above. The shaft is pretty evenly rounded, but is seldom symmetrical or straight. It is rarely above one-half an inch in diameter, and tapers gradually to a more or less rounded point. The groove of the canal shows distinctly in all the heads, and may often be traced far down the shaft. In a number of cases the surface retains the fine polish of the newly finished object, but it is usually somewhat weathered, and frequently discolored or chalky. These specimens were found in the mounds along with deposits of human remains, and generally in close proximity to the head; this fact suggests their use as ornaments for the hair. 

62840-62843. A number of saucer-shaped shell gorgets, the upper edge being somewhat straightened, the result of the natural limit of the body of the shell. Two small holes, for suspension occur near the upper margin. The diameter ranges from 3 to 6 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 119. 62831]

 [Illustration: Fig. 120. 62831]

In studying the design the attention is first attracted by an eye-likefigure near the left border. This is formed of a series of concentriccircles, and is partially inclosed by a looped band about one-eighthof an inch in width, which opens downward to the left. This band isoccupied by a series of conical dots or depressions, the number of whichvaries in the different specimens. The part of the figure inclosed bythis band represents the head and neck of the serpent. To the right ofthe eye we have the mouth, which is usually shown in profile, the upperjaw being turned upward exhibiting a double row of notches or teeth. Thebody encircles the head in a single coil, which appears from beneath theneck on the right, passes around the front of the head, and terminatesat the back in a pointed tail armed with well-defined rattles. The spotsand scales of the serpent are represented in a highly conventionalizedmanner. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 121. Fig. 122. Shell gorgets with engraved designs representing the rattlesnake. ]

62841-62845. The handsome specimen given in Fig. 124 is in a very good state of preservation. It is a deep, somewhat oval plate, made from a _Busycon perversum_. The surface is nicely polished and the margins neatly beveled. The marginal zone is less than half an inch wide and contains at the upper edge two perforations, which have been considerably abraded by the cord of suspension. Four long curved slits or perforations almost sever the central design from the rim; the four narrow segments that remain are each ornamented with a single conical pit. The serpent is very neatly engraved and belongs to the chevroned variety. The eye is large and the neck is ornamented with a single rectangular intaglio figure. The mouth is more than usually well defined. The upper jaw is turned abruptly backward and is ornamented with lines peculiar to this variety of the designs. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 123. (62841. ) Fig. 124. (62845. ) Shell gorgets with engraved designs representing the rattlesnake. ]

The body of the serpent opposite the perforations for suspension isinterrupted by a rather mysterious cross band, consisting of one broadand two narrow lines. As this is a feature common to many specimens, it probably had some important office or significance. 

62847-62848. Mask-like shell ornaments. By a combination of engraving and sculpture a rude resemblance to the human features is produced. The objects are generally made from large pear-shaped sections of the lower whorl of marine univalves. The lower portion, which represents the neck and chin, is cut from the somewhat constricted part near the base of the shell, while the broad outline of the head reaches the first suture at the noded shoulder of the body whorl. The simplest form is shown in Fig. 125. A more elaborate form is given in Fig. 126. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 125. (62348. ) Mask-like object of shell. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 126. (62347. ) Mask-like object of shell. ]

These objects are especially numerous in the mounds of Tennessee, buttheir range is quite wide, examples having been reported from Kentucky, Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, and smaller ones of asomewhat different type from New York. In size they range from 2 to 10inches in length, the width being considerably less. They are generallyfound associated with human remains in such a way as to suggest theiruse as ornaments for the head or neck. There are, however, no holes forsuspension except those made to represent the eyes, and these, so far asI have observed, show no abrasion by a cord of suspension. Their shapesuggests the idea that they may have been used as masks, after themanner of metal masks by some of the oriental nations. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 127. --Shell gorget with engraving of a curious human figure. ]

62846. Engraved shell, Fig. 127. This very interesting object has been fully described in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau. The figure is so obscure that considerable study is necessary in making it out. 

62930. Engraved shell, Fig. 128. This remarkable specimen has already been described in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau. The engraved design is certainly of a very high order of merit, and suggests the work of the ancient Mexicans. 

62816-62822, 62824, 62826, 62828, 62829. Shell beads discoidal and cylindrical in form, made chiefly from the columellæ and walls of marine univalves. 

62825. Shell bead made by grinding off the apex of a large _Oliva biplicata_. (?)

62827. Beads made from _Marginella_ (?) shells. 

62825, 62827, 62850-62857, 62782. Species of shell found in the mound, some with the skeletons, others near the surface. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 128. --Shell gorget with engraved design representing two fighting figures. ]

The following genera and species are provisionally determined:

 _Unio multiplicatus. _ _Uhio ovatus. _ _Unio crassidens. _ _Unio victorum. _ _Marginella (?). _ _Oliva (?). _ _Io spinosa. _ _Trypanostoma anthonyi. _ _Anculosa subglobosa. _ _Busycon perversum. _

62823. A tooth-shaped fresh-water pearl, found with the skeletons. 

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 

62861. Fragments of deer-horn found near the surface of the mound. 

62858. An implement of unusual form, made from a flat piece of bone, found with the skeletons in the mound. 

62859, 62860. Bone implements, needles and perforators, some of which are well preserved and retain the original polish; others are in a very advanced stage of decay. 

Three boxes of human bones (not numbered). 

FROM THE FIELDS AT SEVIERVILLE. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62770. A small grooved ax, formed of a coarse textured stone, resembling diorite. It is 4½ inches in length and 2½ in width. The head is rounded and the cutting edge much battered. The groove is wide and shallow, and the bordering ridges prominent. The blade thins out quite abruptly. Presented by J. B. Emert. 

62772. A celt 6¾ inches long, 2½ inches wide, and 1 inch thick. The material is a compact, blue-gray, banded slate. The sides are straight and a transverse section is somewhat rectangular. Both edges are sharpened, and are very neatly beveled and polished. Presented by W. P. Mitchell. 

62771. A small celt of compact greenish slate; one face is flat, the other convex. It is neatly made and perfectly preserved, the broader end being oblique and sharp. It is 3-1/8 inches in length. 

62777. A rude, much-battered celt of coarse sandstone or diorite. It is 4 inches in length by 2 in width near the cutting edge. The top is somewhat conical. 

62774. A large unsymmetrical celt made of coarse yellowish sandstone; one side is much battered. The cutting edge is round and dull. It is 9 inches in length by 5 in width near the broad end and is 1½ inches thick. 

62785. A knife-blade-shaped object, apparently a fragment of a winged ceremonial stone. The whole surface is smooth and shows no evidence of use. It is made of fine-grained gray slate. It is 2 inches in length by five-eighths in width. 

62775. A bell-shaped pestle made of yellowish gray quartzite. The surface has been evenly roughened by picking, but has become slightly polished on parts most exposed when in use. The base part is subrectangular in section, and the bottom is slightly but evenly convex. The upper part, which has been shaped for convenient grasping by the hand, is evenly rounded at the top. Height, 4½ inches; width, of base, 3½ inches. 

62766. A well-formed globe of gritty sandstone. The surface is roughened or granular. It is 2½ inches in diameter. 

62789. Portion of an oblong hammer stone, 4 inches in length by 3 in diameter in the middle part. One end has been much reduced by use. It is made of some dark, much decomposed, crystalline rock. 

62768. Asymmetrical sandstone ring, 2 inches in diameter and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The perforation is about five-eighths of an inch in diameter. The surface is roughened by picking. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 129. ]

62767. A symmetrical, neatly finished disk of light gray quartzite. It is 4¼ inches in diameter and 1¼ inches in thickness at the circumference, and less than 1 inch thick at the center. 

62869. An hour-glass shaped tube made of gray hydro-mica schist, which resembles very compact steatite. It is 5½ inches long, 2 inches in diameter at the widest part and 1¼ inches at the narrowest part. The most restricted part near the middle is girdled by a ridge or ring, on the circumference of which seventy or eighty shallow notches have been cut. 

The perforation is much enlarged at the ends, giving cup-like cavities. The walls are thin near the ends and quite thick near the middle, thepassage being hardly more than one-quarter of an inch in diameter. Themarkings on the inside indicate that the excavation has been made by agouging process, rather than by the use of a rotary perforator. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 130. ]

62776. A boat-shaped ceremonial stone of banded slate, 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 1 inch deep. From the side the outline is triangular, the two lines of the keel forming almost a right angle. From the top the outline is a long, pointed oval, as seen in the illustration, Fig. 131. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 131. ]

The trough-shaped excavation is more rounded in outline, and isthree-fourths of an inch in depth. Perforations have been made near theends of this trough; these seem to be somewhat abraded on the outside bya cord of suspension or attachment which has passed between them along agroove in the apex or angle of the keel. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 132. 62868]

62868. An amulet or charm of dark-greenish rock, probably a serpentine, carved to represent a bird's head. The more highly polished parts are quite dark, while freshly cut lines are whitish. The head is graphically represented, the bill, the eye, and nostril being well shown. A stand-like base takes the place of the body of the bird. Around this, near the bottom, a groove has been cut for the purpose of attaching a string or securing a handle. In dressing the surface some implement has been used that has left file-like scratches. Fig. 132 represents this object natural size. 

62773. Fragment of a stone disk or wheel that has lines cut upon it resembling in arrangement the grooves of an ordinary millstone. Diameter, 6 inches; thickness, 2 inches. This is probably not an aboriginal work. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 133. 63186]

63186. A banner-stone of unusual shape, made of gray slate. The cut, Fig. 133, represents this object three-fourths natural size. The perforation is one-half an inch in diameter, and is quite symmetrical. The entire surface is well polished. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

A few specimens of potsherds were collected from the fields aboutSevierville. 

Most of these are identical in every way with the pottery of the mound, but three examples are of a totally different type. The material ofthese is a fine sandy clay, tempered with a large percentage of finelypulverized mica. 

The forms of the vessels cannot be made out. The outer surfaces wereornamented by a stamped pattern of small square or lozenge-shapedfigures, a number of these together were apparently formed by a singlestamp. 

Among the fragments we have half a dozen disks, from 1 to 2 inches indiameter, worked from ordinary potsherds. A small rudely modeled figureof a bird was also found with these fragments. There were also masses ofindurated clay, which seem to have been used for chinking purposes. 

COLLECTIONS FROM ROANE COUNTY, TENNESSEE. 

MOUND AT TAYLOR'S BEND. 

This mound is situated three hundred and fifty yards from the FrenchBroad River, on the farm of Mr. William Harris. 

It is 10 feet high and nearly 50 feet in circumference. Its summit hasbeen cultivated for many years, and the height has doubtless been muchreduced. Immediately under the surface soil a heavy bed of ashes andcharcoal was reached, which at the border of the mound was only a fewinches thick, but at the center was about 3 feet thick. 

In this stratum were found a few implements, and fragments of pottery, and two very much decayed skeletons. A part of one cranium waspreserved. The mound beneath this stratum was composed chiefly of loam, with some sand in the center, and contained nothing of interest. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62885. A needle-like implement, made of a soft black stone that may be cannel coal. It is 3½ inches in length, but is not entire. The shaft is a little more than one-fourth of an inch in diameter, is nearly round, and tapers to a symmetrical point. The surface is highly polished. It was found in the stratum of ashes. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

62890, 62892-6. A considerable number of fragments of pottery was found in the stratum of ashes. 

_Form. _--Vases of the wide-mouthed, round-bodied variety arerepresented, also a number of hemispherical bowls. One large fragmentrepresenting a vessel with rounded bottom was found. 

_Size. _--The pot-like vases have been quite large, the mouths being asmuch as 14 inches in diameter. The larger bowls have been 10 inches ormore in diameter. Others are smaller. The walls of some of the largervessels have been half an inch in thickness. 

_Material. _--Classified by material, there are two varieties, one iscomposed of the usual clay and pulverized shells, the latter beingcoarse and exceedingly plentiful; the other has no shell material, butin its place an admixture of sand and small quartz pebbles. 

_Ornamentation. _--The inside is plain as usual, and many of thefragments have no exterior ornament. There are two varieties of surfacemarkings; one consists of impressions of basket work, which indicate abroad series of fillets bound together by small twisted cords of grassor bark; the other appears to have been made by an open net-work of finecords, which have been quite irregularly arranged. 

OBJECTS OF SHELL. 

62898. A shell pin made from the columella of a large univalve. The original polish is still preserved. The head is round and small, and the shaft 2 inches in length. Found in the stratum of ashes. 

62899. Two species of shells, _Io spinosa_ and _Pleurocera conradii_ (?), obtained from the stratum of ashes. 

COLLECTIONS FROM THE FIELDS AT TAYLOR'S BEND. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62883. A lot of arrow points, spear points, and knives, having a wide range of shape and size. A serrated specimen is 3 inches in length, and is made of yellowish striped chalcedony. One is made of white translucent quartz, and others of dark gray and black chalcedony. 

62881. A stone disk, 1¼ inches in diameter and three-eighths of an inch thick. It is of gray sandstone, nicely smoothed. The edge is rounded and the sides slightly convex. 

62882. Two stone disks similar to the preceding, but smaller. 

62878. A small, thick, nearly symmetrical celt, 2½ inches in length, 1½ inches in width, and one-half of an inch thick. The edge is rounded in outline and well sharpened. The beveled areas are narrow and stand at an angle of 30° with each other. It is widest at the edge, tapering above to a conical point. The material is apparently a compact greenish diorite. 

62877. A small celt similar to the preceding in form and material. It is 3¼ inches long, and 1¾ inches in width near the cutting edge, which is considerably battered. 

62875. A curved celt of considerable interest, made of a greenish diorite. It is 8 inches in length, 2½ inches wide near the cutting edge, and about 1 inch thick. It tapers toward the apex to 1½ inches in width. A transverse section would be a sharp oval. A longitudinal section showing the thickness of the implement gives a bow-like figure, the median line of which would deflect nearly half an inch from a straight line. 

62876. A celt, 3½ inches in length, of the usual form, made of a greenish diorite. 

62874. A grooved ax of gray sandstone, 5 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. The groove is deep and well rounded, and has two bordering ridges in high relief. The head is low and conical, and the blade narrow and rectangular. The surface has originally been quite smooth, but is now somewhat battered. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 134. 62879]

 [Illustration: Fig. 135. 62880]

62871. A cylindrical pestle of gray diorite (?), 11 inches long and 2 inches in diameter. The general surface is rough, the points being smoothed by use. 

62879. A perforated tablet, made of gray, chloritic schist, 2½ inches long by 1½ inches broad, illustrated in Fig. 134. The sides are notched in a way that gives a dumb-bell like outline. The ends are almost square. Series of notches have been cut in the terminal edges. On one of the lateral margins rude notches and zigzag lines have been engraved. In the middle of the plate there is a circular perforation one-fourth of an inch in diameter. Midway between this and the ends are two other perforations, one being circular and one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and the other lozenge or diamond shaped and nearly one-fourth of an inch in width. These show no evidence of wear. The surface is uneven, though somewhat polished. It has probably been used for straightening arrow shafts and shaping strings. 

62880. Fragment of a perforated tablet carved from gray slate. It has been broken transversely near the middle, through a perforation which has been about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. The remnant is 2 inches in length and 1½ inches in width at the perforation. One side is plain, the other has a design of plain and zigzag lines. The edges are beveled and notched. See Fig. 135. 

VICINITY OF KINGSTON. 

On the farm of Mr. M. Biss, three miles from Kingston, on the TennesseeRiver, a mound was opened which was so located as to overlook the river, and at the same time guard the approach from two pieces of projectingwood. It was 11 feet high, 29 feet wide on the top, and 45 feet indiameter at the base. It was composed entirely of clay. 

Three feet from the surface six very much decayed skeletons were found, no parts of which could be preserved. The bodies seem to have beendeposited without definite order. 

No objects of art were obtained. 

Opposite Kingston, on the Clinch River, are three mounds, located on thefarm of T. N. Clark. They are all small, and, with the exception of twomuch decayed skeletons and a single arrow point, contained nothing ofinterest. 

On the farm of S. P. Evans, three miles below Kingston, are three groupsof mounds. The first contains five mounds; the second, a little higherup, has the same number, while the third has but two. They are all builtof clay, and seem to be without remains of any sort. 

MOUND AT NILES' FERRY. 

On the farm of J. W. Niles, at this point, is a large mound that has theappearance of a Creek or Cherokee ball-ground. It was flat on the top, and had an area of 1¾ acres. The height was 15 feet. In outline it wassomewhat triangular. This mound was also constructed of clay, andcontained nothing of interest. In the fields, near by, human bones, pottery, stone implements, beads, etc. , are frequently plowed up. Fromthis locality the following specimens were collected:

62957. Arrow heads and knives of gray and black chalcedony. 

62955. Unworked Unio shells. 

62956. A number of shell beads of usual size and form. 

MOUNDS NEAR PAINT ROCK FERRY. 

About three hundred yards from the Tennessee River, at Paint Rock Ferry, is a large mound 40 feet in height, and covering an area of about abouttwo acres. 

Permission could not be obtained to open the mound, on account of thecrop of corn that covered it. Near its base, on opposite sides, were twosmaller mounds. One of these was 5 feet high and 10 in diameter, andcontained a stone grave. The body which it contained had been laid onthe ground and covered a foot deep with earth. A flat rock had been laidupon this, and slabs of limestone set on edge all around. The inclosedspace was 4 feet in width by 5 in length. Earth had been used to coverthe cist and form the mound. 

About this mound were scattered many slabs of stone which had beenplowed up during previous years; and it is stated that human bones andvarious objects of art have, at different times, been brought to light. 

A short distance from the large mound, and near the river bank, isanother mound on which a barn has been built. 

Several hundred yards from the river, in a meadow, is a third mound, less than half as large as that first mentioned. The owner would notallow it to be disturbed. Still another mound, near by, was oval inoutline, 28 feet long, by 20 wide, and 12 high. It was composed of clayand contained nothing but a few pieces of pottery. 

62939, 62940, 62945. Fragments of pottery from the mounds at Paint Rock Ferry. 

OBJECTS OF SHELL. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 136. Fig. 137. ]

62935, 62937. Shell beads, buttons, and pendants, made from marine shells. A neatly made pendant is 1 inch in diameter and one-sixth of an inch thick. Near the edge are two small perforations for suspension, and at the center is a conical pit, encircled by a shallow incised line. Beside this, there are a number of buttons of similar shape, which have single perforations at the center. Some of the smaller beads seem to have been painted red. Figs. 136, 137, and 138. 

62936. Fragment of a large _Busycon perversum_. 

62942. Teeth of the bear, and possibly of the horse found near the surface of one of the mounds. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 138. ]

COLLECTIONS FROM JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

MOUND ON FAIN'S ISLAND. 

This mound is located on the east end of the island. Although it hasbeen under cultivation for many years, it is still 10 feet in height. The circumference at the base is about 100 feet. Near the surface a bedof burned clay was encountered, in which were many impressions of poles, sticks, and grass. This was probably the remains of the roof of a house, which had been about 16 feet long by 15 feet in width. The bed of claywas about 4 inches thick. Beneath this was a layer of charcoal andashes, with much charred cane. There were also indications of charredposts, which probably served as supports to the roof. Four feet belowthe surface were found the remains of thirty-two human skeletons. Withthe exception of seventeen skulls, none of the bones could be preserved. There seems to have been no regularity in the placing of the bodies. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

The fragments of pottery from this mound are unusually large and wellpreserved, and exhibit a number of varieties of form and ornamentation. 

_Forms. _--The prevailing form is a pot-shaped vase, with wide mouth, and rounded body; the neck is short and straight or but slightlyconstricted. The handles or ears which connect the upper part of theneck with the shoulder are in some cases as much as 3 inches wide. Thebowls are mostly hemispherical, but in a few cases have incurved lips, the shoulder being rounded and the base somewhat flattened. The largestspecimens have been 11 or 12 inches in diameter. The vases have beensomewhat larger. 

_Material. _--Classified by material, there seem to be two varieties, one with a very large percentage of coarsely pulverized shell material, the other without visible _dégraissant_. The clay is usually fine andapparently without admixture of sand or other impurities. A littlecomminuted mica may be seen in some cases. 

_Color. _--The prevailing color is a reddish gray, more or less blackenedby use. A remarkable variety has a bright red surface, the mass beinggray. 

_Ornamentation. _--The ornamentation consists of cord and netimpressions, incised lines, stamped figures, indented fillets, and lifeand fanciful forms modeled in relief. 

The study of cord impressions is quite interesting. The cords aretwisted and as large as medium twine. These cords appear to have beendisconnected, at least, not woven into a fabric, and the impressions aregenerally nearly vertical about the upper part of the vessel, but belowtake all positions, the result being a sort of hatching of the lines. This effect may be the result of placing the vessel upon a coarse fabricwhile the rim was being finished or the handles added. 

It seems possible that a loose net of cords, probably with finecrossthreads, is used to suspend the vessel in during the process ofmodeling. It appears, however, if this has been the case, that thevessel has been taken out of this net before it was burned. Wherehandles have been added, it will be found that the cord markings havebeen destroyed by the touch of the fingers. But the body has impressionsof the net made after the addition of the handles and ornaments, as theimpressions appear on the outside or lower edges of these additions. Thelower part of the body may still have been supported by the net duringthe process of drying; but as some vessels have no cord markingswhatever, it is evident that it was not difficult to complete the vesselwithout the support of the net. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 139. ]

By making a clay impression of one of the fragments I have been ableto determine the character of the fabric used. It was loosely woven andquite flexible, the clay often receiving finger impressions through it. It was probably made of grasses or the fibre of bark. 

Beside the net and cord marks, which may or may not be the result of anattempt at ornament, there are ornaments made of fillets of clay. In anumber of cases a comb-like figure made of thin fillets has been addedto the shoulder of a vase. In other cases a fillet has been carriedaround the neck of the vase and indented by the finger or an implement. 

The rim of one bowl has been ornamented with three deeply incisedor excavated lines, which form a sort of embattled figure about theincurved lip. Another has a series of shallow, vertical, incised linesnear the rim, and a circle of annular indentations, three-eighths of aninch in diameter, about one-fourth of an inch from the lip. 

There are also various forms of noded ornaments on the rims of bowls. The handles of vases are in a few cases effectively ornamented. In onecase the handle has been elaborated into a life form, representing afrog or human figure. The arms are attached to the upper part of thehandle and lie extended along the rim. The handle proper represents thebody, the breast being protruded. The legs lie flattened out upon theshoulder of the vessel, the feet being bent back beneath the body;height 3½ inches. This vessel is illustrated in Fig. 139. 

FROM THE FIELDS OF FAIN'S ISLAND. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

62906. A very handsome specimen of grooved ax. It is made of a remarkable variety of porphyritic diorite that resembles breccia. 

The matrix has the appearance of a gray speckled quartzite; the angularinclusions being whitish feldspar, with dark-greenish patches ofhornblende. The surface is smooth and shows but little wear. The lengthis 7 inches, the width 4, and the thickness 2 inches. The groove isdeep, and has two well-defined bordering ridges. The head is low androunded, and occupies about one-third of the length of the implement. The blade is well-formed, the sides being parallel or nearly so. Theedge is slightly rounded in outline, and is polished and sharp. 

62907. A grooved stone ax, 5 inches in length, 4½ inches in width, and 1¼ inches in thickness. The groove is placed as in the preceding example, but has a bordering ridge on the upper side only. The head is very large and narrow. The blade is rectangular in outline, and has a rounded, moderately sharp edge. The material is a compact graphic diorite (?). 

62904. A grooved ax, 4 inches in length, 3½ inches in width, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The groove, which is well defined, has no lateral ridges. It seems to have been made from a flattish, oval, river pebble. 

62902. Fragment of a pierced tablet of slate. 

62903. A well shaped disk of translucent quartz, 1¾ inches in diameter and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The sides are nearly flat, and the edge evenly rounded. The surface is quite smooth. 

62905. Steatite pipe found on the surface of the mound. The bowl is about 6 inches in length and 1 inch in thickness. A section is nearly square. The cavities are roughly excavated. 

OBJECTS OF SHELL. 

62916. Well preserved specimen of _Io spinosa_. 

62955. Specimens of _Unio probatus_. 

62914. A large specimen of shell pin, made from the columella of a _Busycon perversum_. It is much discolored and in an advanced stage of decay. Length nearly 4 inches. Form as usual. 

62913. A shell pin similar to the preceding. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 140. --Shell gorget with an engraved cross. ]

62931. A number of large shell beads, made from the columellæ of marine shells. The larger specimens are cylindrical in form, and are 1 inch in length and upwards of 1 inch in diameter. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 141. --Shell gorget with the engraving of a spider. ]

62932-62834. Shell beads of various sizes and shapes, made from the columellæ and walls of marine shells. 

62928. A shell ornament, on the convex surface of which a very curious ornamental design has been engraved. The design, inclosed by a circle, represents a cross such as would be formed by two rectangular tablets or slips, slit longitudinally and interlaced at right-angles to each other. The lines are neatly and deeply incised. The edge of the ornament has been broken away nearly all around. It is represented natural size in the cut. Fig. 140. 

62929. This disk is somewhat more convex on the front than is indicated in the engraving. It is 2½ inches in diameter, and is quite thin and fragile, although the surface has not suffered much from decay. The margin is ornamented with twenty-four very neatly-made notches or scallops. Immediately inside the border on the convex side are two incised circles, on the 3 outer of which two small perforations for suspension have been made; inside of these, and less than half an inch from the margin, is a circle of seventeen subtriangular perforations, the inner angle of each being much rounded. Inside of this again is another incised circle, about 1¼ inches in diameter, which incloses the highly conventionalized figure of an insect resembling a spider. The middle segment of the body is nearly round and has near the center a large conical perforation. This round portion corresponds to the thorax of the insect and has four pairs of legs attached to it. It is difficult to distinguish the anterior and posterior extremities of the body. It is probable that the subtriangular figure below is intended for the head, as the two circles with central dots are good representations of eyes. Fig. 141. 

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 

62910, 62911, 62912. A number of bone implements, including needles, perforators, and paddle-shaped objects, found with the skeletons in the mound. 

COLLECTIONS FROM MISSISSIPPI COUNTY, ARKANSAS. 

PEMISSCOTT MOUND. 

On Pemisscott Bayou, 22 miles northwest of Osceola, on the farm ofSamuel Hector, is a mound 20 feet in height, with a surface area ofabout one-fourth of an acre. The sides have been dug into extensively, but the central part remained untouched. It was composed of sand andbluish clay, but contained no remains of interest. It is stated by theproprietor that formerly there were three circular ditches extendingaround the slopes of the mound. When the surface of the mound was firstplowed quantities of charcoal and potsherds were found. 

CHICKASAWBA MOUND. 

This mound is situated at Chickasawba Village, 24 miles north ofOsceola. It is 25 feet high, and covers an area of one-fourth of anacre. 

Collectors had already done much work on this mound, but obtained littleor nothing. The owner does not wish it disturbed further. A field ofseveral acres near by abounds in fragments of pottery, stone implements, and the remains of houses and camp-fires. 

The field contained originally many small mounds or heaps, which wereprobably the sites of houses. In a number of cases skeletons have beenfound beneath these heaps. 

MOUNDS IN CARSON LAKE TOWNSHIP. 

In Carson Lake township, 6 miles southwest of Osceola, on the farmof Hugh Walker, are three mounds, which were much disturbed by theearthquake that visited the New Madrid district in 1811. 

The first one inspected is 59 feet wide by 75 feet long, but exhibits noevidence of having been a dwelling or burial place. 

The second mound is about 100 yards from the first, and is circular inoutline, having two ridge-like projections from opposite sides. It is 20feet in height, and about 23 feet across at the top. A number of recentinterments have been made near the summit. 

The third mound is 250 yards from the preceding, and is 6 feet high, 34 feet wide, and 35 feet long. Six skeletons were found in this mound. A stratum of ashes, charcoal, and burned clay was associated with them. One cranium and a few bones were collected. 

63049. Burnt clay from the third mound just described. 

63052. Fragment of a plain vase; interior, reddish; exterior, yellowish-gray. Other fragments are of ordinary undecorated ware. 

MOUNDS AT PECAN POINT. 

On the land of R. W. Friend, 1 mile west of the Mississippi River, are two mounds. The one first examined is 5 feet high and 150 feet incircumference. The other is 4 feet high and 75 feet in circumference. Two skeletons were found near the surface of the latter mound. 

Near these mounds is another, 4 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. Formerly this mound was covered with large trees, and the roots havepenetrated the soil, causing much injury to the contents. It is theopinion of the collector that this mound, as well as many others of thesame region, has been used as a dwelling site, and that when a deathoccurred the dwelling was burned down over the body. Before buildingagain the site was covered with a few inches of earth. There was nouniformity in the position of the graves or their contents. Thefollowing objects were obtained from this mound:

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

63009. A jar-shaped vase, with low neck and much compressed body. Height, 4 inches; width, 5½ inches; surface, moderately smooth; color, almost black. 

63022. A jar similar to the preceding, but somewhat taller. 

63046. A rather unusual form of bottle-shaped vase. The neck is narrow and tapering. A fillet with finger indentations encircles the lip. The base of the neck is also ornamented with a collar or fillet. The body is globular, apparently a little pointed above. Whole height, 10½ inches; width, 8 inches; color, gray. 

63029. A small, large-necked vase, with globular body, and lip a little recurved. The body is ornamented with a number of indentations, probably made with the finger nail. Color, dark gray. 

63008. A large, thick-bodied vase, modeled to represent a hunchbacked human figure. The head is missing. It is 9 inches in width, and has been about 12 inches in height. Ware of the ordinary dark variety. 

62995. Fragments of steatite vessels which have been from 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The walls about the rims were quite thin. 

62959. A large clay pipe, found in the soil near the banks of the Mississippi. 

FIELD GRAVES AND FIELDS IN THE VICINITY OF PECAN POINT. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

63204. A large lot of arrow-points of yellow and gray jasper. 

62966, 62976, 62979-62998, 63000-63006. Celts or knives made of jasper and yellowish jaspery slate, which range from 2 to 5 inches in length, and are less than 1 inch in width and half an inch in thickness. They have been chipped into the desired shape, and finished by grinding off the more prominent parts and producing in many eases sharp cutting edges. A good example is shown in Fig. 142. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 142. ]

62965. A flat pebble, with rudely-made notches at the side. 

62967, 62968, 62974. Fragments of celts. 

62970. Yellowish jasper pebble, resembling a celt. 

62000. Fragment of a long, chipped, knife-like implement, the extremities of which are lost. 

62975. Fragment of a steatite vessel. 

62969, 62971. Sandstone pebbles. 

62960. Hammer-stone, with conical points, made from a pebble of cherty sandstone. 

62962. Slightly grooved fragment of rubbing-stone. 

62964. Flat pebble, slightly hollowed by use; a sort of shallow mortar. 

62961. Fragment of a stone similar to the preceding. 

62972. Fragment of concretionary iron ore, concave on one side. 

62973. Red paint. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 143. ]

A large number of very fine vessels of clay was presented by Dr. J. M. Lindsley. They were obtained from a field near Pecan Point, within halfa mile of the Mississippi River. In the fields is a large mound whichcould not be opened on account of the crops. Years ago, when the timberwas cleared from this field, many small elevations or hillocks wereobserved scattered irregularly over the surface. The plow hasobliterated these, but has brought to light many evidences of ancientoccupation, such as charcoal, ashes, burned clay, stone implements, andhuman bones. 

63207. A large, beautifully-formed jar has received this number. The neck is short and slender, and the rim slightly enlarged and recurved. The body is full and symmetrical, but greatly compressed vertically, the width being about twice the height. The ware is of the dark, porous variety. Full height, 8 inches; width, 10 inches. 

63010. A bottle-shaped jar or vase, with long neck and globular body. The form is unusually graceful. Height is 10 inches. Diameter of body, 6½ inches. This vessel is shown in Fig. 143. 

63012. A well-formed jar, with plain neck and globular body. Seven and one-half inches in height, and 8½ in width. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 144. ]

63013. A medium sized, bottle-shaped vessel, of elegant proportions. A rudimentary foot or stand is added to the bottom. Height, 8 inches. Fig. 144. 

63017. A small, much compressed, bottle-shaped vase. Height, 5 inches; width, 6½ inches. 

63018. A bottle-shaped vase of reddish-gray color, resembling the preceding in shape and size. 

63019. A large, bottle-shaped vase, with long neck and subglobular body. It is unique in having a stand or base which seems to have been added after the body was somewhat hardened. This stand has been perforated for ornament, as shown in Fig. 145. Height, 8 inches; diameter, 6 inches. 

63011. A small vase, ornamented with a series of ribs, which extend around the body from the neck to the base. This vessel is shown in Fig. 146. It is in a fragmentary state. Height, 4¼ inches; width, 7 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 145. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 146. ]

63016. A medium-sized vase with vertically compressed body. Height, 6 inches; diameter, 8½ inches. Fig. 147. 

63015. A plain bowl, with flattish bottom. Diameter, 9 inches; height 5 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 147. ]

63014. A well-made jar or vase, with globular body, 6 inches in width and 4½ in height. The surface of the vessel is completely covered with an irregular, bead-like ornamentation, made by pinching the soft clay between the thumb and fingers. Fig. 148. Diameter 5½ inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 148. ]

63020. A much compressed vase, 4½ inches in height and 7½ in width. Four equi-distant protuberances are placed about the widest part of the body and rudely imitate the extremities of some animal. 

63021. A small, jar-like vase, with globular body, 6 inches in height, and the same in diameter. The form is not quite symmetrical. 

63022. A small vase, with large, high neck and much compressed body. Height, 5½ inches; width, 6½ inches. 

63023. A vase similar to the preceding. 

63024. A medium-sized bowl, 7½ inches in diameter and 3 inches in height. The rim has an exterior ornament of thumb indentations. 

63025. A small, rudely-constructed jar, 4 inches in height and 4½ in width. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 149. ]

63026. A jar having a high, wide neck, and small, globular body. The bottom is flat. Height, 5 inches; width, 4½ inches. 

63027. A small, rudely-constructed cup, of a reddish color. Height, 1 inch; width, 1½ inches. 

63045. A small, rudely-finished vase, with high, wide neck and short pedestal. The globular body is embellished with an encircling band of scroll-work of incised lines. The scrolls are bordered by triangular wings filled with reticulated lines, as shown in Fig. 149; height, 4¾ inches. Nos. 63113, 63026, and 63099 are plain vessels of similar form. 

Additional numbers have been given to numerous fragments from thislocality. 

COLLECTION FROM ARKANSAS COUNTY. 

MOUNDS AT ARKANSAS POST. 

A group of well-known mounds is situated on the farm of the late FrankMenard, 8 miles south-east of the village of Arkansas Post. 

The largest mound is 965 feet in circumference at the top andconsiderably larger at the base. The slopes are covered with treesand bushes. 

This mound had already been dug into quite extensively, and it wasthought useless to explore it further. Connected with this mound by aridge of earth 300 feet long and 20 feet across, is a small circularmound, 15 feet high and 45 feet in diameter, which bore evidence ofhaving been occupied by houses. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

Near the middle of the connecting ridge, just under the soil, a layerof burnt clay, about 5 or 6 feet in diameter, was found. At one side, imbedded in the _débris_ of clay, a large quantity of fragments ofearthen vessels was discovered. They comprise a number of bowls ofvarious sizes, which are all quite new-looking, and are of a type ofware quite distinct from that found in the fields and graves of the samelocality. Restorations of a large number have been made, and thecollection proves to be extremely interesting. 

The collector argues, from the position of the fragmentary vessels, thatthey had been placed by their owners upon the roof of the house, which, he surmises, was destroyed by fire. 

63040, 63034, 63170, 63421, 65412, 65409, 65422, 65405. Plain bowls of yellowish-gray ware, restored from fragments described above. They are wide and shallow, and somewhat conical below; hand-made, and without polish. Composed of clay, tempered with pulverized shell. The walls are usually quite thin. Diameter 10 to 13 inches. Height 3 to 6 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 150. ]

63039, 63033, 63041-63043, 64045, 65406, 65401-65403, 65415, -65417, 65408, 65410. Bowls corresponding in general character to those described above, but having tasteful designs of incised lines and indentations on the exterior surface. The most interesting of these designs consists of series of interlaced or of festooned lines. The exterior margin is encircled, in all cases, by ornaments consisting of parallel lines, groups of short incised lines, or rows of indentations. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 151. ]

The principal design encircles the body beneath this, as shown in Figs. 150 and 151. 

63037, 63038, 63416. Bowls similar to the above having interior decorations consisting of curved lines. 

63035, 63099, 65404, 65411, 65413, 65414, 65418-65420, 65423. Bowls corresponding to the above in general characters, but having flaring rims. They are mostly plain. A few have decorative designs of incised lines. Some have been blackened by use as cooking vessels. 

FIELD GRAVES NEAR MENARD MOUND. 

Surrounding the Menard mound is a field containing about twenty acres, which appears at one time to have been the site of a great number ofdwellings, as, at a depth of from 1 to 2 feet, layers of burned clay arefound. This field seems also to have been a great cemetery, as theremains of skeletons are found in great numbers. 

Pottery is found in great abundance. It has, as a rule, been depositednear the heads of the dead, but no ornaments or implements have beendiscovered with the remains. The frequent plowing of the field hasdestroyed many earthen vessels, the interments having been made quitenear the surface. It is a noticeable fact that the pottery from thesegraves is of a character quite distinct from that of the mound. It is ofthe class of ware so common in this region. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

63129, 63122, 63150. Arrow-points, spear-points, and knives of chalcedony, jasper, and quartz. 

63132. Celt or chisel of Mack slate, 2½ inches long, and 1¼ wide at the wider end. 

63133. Celt of gray diorite. The blade is quite smooth; the upper part is roughened. Length, 3 inches. Width, 1½ inches. Thickness, 1 inch. 

63134. Celt of yellow limestone, 2½ inches long, and 1½ inches wide. 

63135. A two-edged celt of gray quartzite, 2¼ inches long, and three-fourths of an inch wide. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 152. ]

63136. Celt of yellowish-gray jasper, chipped, and afterwards partially smoothed by grinding. Four and one-half inches long, and 1½ inches wide. 

63137. Celt very similar to the preceding. 

63138. Celt of dark-gray slate; edge nicely sharpened. Lower part smooth, upper part rough; 4½ inches long, 1½ inches wide, and nearly 1 inch thick. 

63123. Fragment of a large celt, with conical apex. 

63124. A hammer-stone. 

63131. A pebble of coarse sandstone, resembling a celt in shape. 

63127. A quartz pebble, probably used as a polishing-stone. 

63139. A boat-shaped implement of speckled volcanic rock, 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, and three-fourths of an inch thick at the middle part. 

63140. An implement of grayish-red sandstone similar to the above in size and shape. The ends are slightly squared. 

63126. A small disk of gray quartzite, having a shallow circular depression in each face. 

63128. A pendant of gray slate, somewhat pear-shaped in outline, 1½ inches in diameter, and one-eighth of an inch thick. Near the pointed end, a neat, biconical perforation has been made. 

63121. An implement or ceremonial stone of ferruginous slate, possibly a clay iron-stone, or limonite. It has a hatchet-like outline, the blade being semicircular, and the upper part elongated and narrow. A large biconical perforation has been made near the center of the implement; a smaller one, as if for suspension, at the upper end. It is 6¼ inches long, 5½ inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch thick. Fig. 152. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

63113. A small reddish cup or vase. The rim is low and wide and is ornamented with four ears placed at regular intervals on the exterior surface. Two of these are pierced as if for the insertion of a string. Height, 3 inches. Width, 5 inches. Fig. 153. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 153. ]

63111. A small bottle-shaped vase. The surface has been painted red. Height, 4 inches. Width, 3½ inches. Fig. 154. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 154. ]

63091. A small globular vase, with low neck of medium width, which has an ornament consisting of a band of clay, slightly raised and indented with oblique lines. Yellowish-gray ware with dark stains. Height, 6 inches. 

63108. A low bottle-shaped vase, of yellowish ware, with flaring rim and somewhat flattened body. Height, 5 inches; width 5 inches. Fig. 155. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 155. ]

63098. A well-made bottle shaped vase, with low neck and globular body, somewhat conical above. Color dark brownish. 7½ inches in height. Shown in Fig. 156. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 156. ]

63090. Fragments of vases corresponding in characters to the preceding. One example has been painted red. 

63110. A small bottle-shaped vase of red ware. Height 6 inches, width 5½ inches. 

63102. The body of a small bottle-shaped vase, much flattened, the outline being quite angular at the most expanded part. Yellowish-gray in color and without polish. There are indications that a design in red has ornamented the body. Width 4 inches. 

63092. The body of a small bottle-shaped vase, globular in form. Surface painted red and unusually well polished. Diameter 4½ inches. 

63100. Neck and upper part of body of a vase resembling in form and color the example last described. 

63120. A handsome bottle-shaped vase with flaring lip. The neck widens toward the base. The body is almost globular, being slightly pointed above, and expanded along the equatorial belt. The surface is only moderately smooth. The body is ornamented with a very handsome design of incised lines, which consists of a scroll pattern, divided into four sections by perpendicular lines. The design covers the upper part of the body, the lower part being plain. Height, 9½ inches. Fig. 157. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 157. ]

63112. A bottle-shaped vessel of dark, rudely finished ware. The body is modeled to represent a fish, the mouth and eyes appearing on one side, and the tail upon the other. Width 3¼ inches. Fig. 158. 

63114, 63117. Two small vessels with globular bodies, which have a curious resemblance to an ordinary tea-pot. A spout has, in each case, been added to the side of the body. Figs. 159 and 160 show these vessels on a scale of one-half. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 158. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 159. ]

63115. An oblong, shallow basin. Wide, flat handles have been added to the rim at the ends of the vessel; one of these is pierced. Length 8¾ inches, width 4 inches, depth 2 inches. Color dark gray. Fig. 161. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 160. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 161. ]

63103, 63101, 63169, 63176, 63116, 63199, 63098. Plain bowls of ordinary composition and appearance. Fig. 162 is a good example. Diameter 9 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 162. ]

63096. A handsome bowl of dark ware. The body is ornamented with an incised design, which consists of a somewhat disconnected running scroll. The bottom, is flat. Diameter 8¼ inches. Fig. 163. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 163. ]

63109. A bowl of dark porous ware, very nicely made. The rim is ornamented at one side with a grotesque head, representing some wild animal, probably a panther. The ornament on the opposite side takes the place of the tail of the animal. Diameter of bowl 8 inches. Fig. 164. 

63028, 63046. Fragments of many vessels, chiefly of black porous ware, among which are a number of handles representing the heads of birds and quadrupeds, also the fragments of a vessel which restored give the vase shown in Fig. 165. The designs are red on a yellowish ground. Diameter 5½ inches. 

63107. A large vase modeled to represent a grotesque human figure. It is painted with designs in red and white, the ground color being a reddish yellow. The figure has a kneeling posture. The hands are upraised against the shoulders, with palms turned forward. Height, 10½ inches; width of shoulders, 8 inches. Fig. 166. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 164. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 165. ]

63090, 63054, 63095. Fragments of pottery having incised designs, similar to the dark ware already described. A few of these fragments have been worked into rude disks. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 166. ]

OBJECTS OF METAL. 

62048. A thin plate of copper, probably intended for a pendent ornament, as two perforations have been made at one end. It is rectangular in outline, and has suffered much from corrosion. 

63113. A fragment of galena ore. 

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 

63142. Fragment of a needle-like perforator. A conical perforation has been made toward the larger end. The point has been lost. 

63047. A cubical fragment of bone, the sides of which have been squared by cutting or grinding. 

COLLECTION FROM MONROE COUNTY, ARKANSAS. 

MOUND AT LAWRENCEVILLE. 

On the farm of Daniel Thompson, near Lawrenceville, the remains ofancient habitations are of frequent occurrence. 

The fields have been cultivated for many years. In one case a bed ofclay 8 inches thick, and covering an area of many hundred feet, wasdiscovered near the surface; this is supposed to be the remains of theroof of a house. Associated with it were a number of objects, amongwhich were five very interesting specimens of pottery. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

63151. A large bottle-shaped vase of red and white ware. The upper part of the neck is lost. The body is encircled by an ornamental design in white, upon a red ground, which resembles a rudely drawn Greek fret. The diameter of the body is 9 inches; the height has been 11 or 12 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 167. ]

63152. A fine bottle-shaped vase, resembling the preceding; very handsome, and in a remarkably good state of preservation. It also has a design in red and white. The original color of the vase has been a dull reddish yellow. The neck is red, the body is ornamented with four red and four white figures, which extend from the neck to the base of the vessel. These belts of color are separated by bands of the ground-color of the vessel. Height 12 inches. Fig. 167. 

63153. A small rude cup of gray clay, without decoration. Diameter 4 inches. 

63154. An egg-shaped vessel, made in imitation of a gourd. The mouth of this vessel is a small round opening on the side, near the pointed end. The base is somewhat flattened. Height 5 inches. Fig. 168. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 168. ]

63155. A minute cup, 1½ inches in diameter. The rim is encircled by a series of rude notches. 

MOUNDS AT INDIAN BAY. 

A large mound 30 feet high and 250 feet long is located on the farmof Mr. A. Spencer, near Indian Bay. Our collector, however, could notobtain permission to examine it. At the edge of Indian Bay corporationis another large mound, used as a cemetery by the white residents. In afield near by were two small mounds about 3 feet in height and 30 feetin circumference. In one of these, two feet beneath the surface, askeleton was found, near the head of which three earthen vessels hadbeen placed. From the other small mound a very interesting collection ofpottery was procured, much of which was in a fragmentary condition. Fromthese fragments a number of vessels have been reconstructed. These aregiven in the following list:

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

63046. A bottle-shaped vase of dart, grayish-brown ware. The neck is quite high and slender, and the body globular--a little elongated above. The rim and collar are ornamented with incised notches. Height, 10 inches. 

63171. A large symmetrically shaped vase or jug of a grayish yellow color. Restored from fragments. The body of the jug is globular, the neck slightly flaring, the rim being notched on the outer edge. The ware is coarse and rough. Height, 10½ inches. 

63156, 63163, 63164, 63173, 63174. Fragments of vessels similar to that last described. 

63191. A low wide-mouthed vase of dark gray compact ware. The neck is decorated by two series of lines, which cross and recross the neck in such a manner as to form diamond-shaped figures. They are deeply incised. The rim is notched, and has three small nodes on the outer margin. The body is covered with an ornament produced by pinching the clay while in a soft state. Height, 6½ inches; diameter, 9 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 169. ]

63159. A very large wide-mouthed vase, the body of which is conical below. The rim and neck are ornamented in a manner very similar to the one last described. Height, 16 inches; diameter, 19 inches. Fig. 169. 

63028, 63029, 63030, 63164, 63166, 63167. Fragments of vessels similar to the one last described. 

63192, 63195, 63196. Three small vessels restored from fragments; two of these resemble deep bowls with flaring rims. The lip is notched on the outer margin. The other has an upright, slightly constricted neck, ornamented with a band of rude indentations. Diameter, 6¾ inches. Fig. 170. 

63161. A shallow bowl of yellowish gray ware, ornamented with irregular notches about the rim. Diameter, 9 inches. 

63197, 63162, 63185. Bowls similar to the preceding. 

63194, 63160, 63168. Large bowls with flaring rims. 

63176. A very deep bowl. Fragmentary. 

63189. A large, handled cup or ladle of yellowish clay. The bowl part is 6 inches in diameter. The extremity of the handle has been lost. Fig. 171. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 170. ]

63157, 63, 158. Large portions of the bodies of two vessels of unusual shape. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 171. ]

COLLECTION FROM OHIO. 

FROM MOUNDS AND FIELDS. 

During the year 1881 small collections of stone implements and articlesof pottery were forwarded to the Bureau by Dr. Wills De Haas. 

Most of these are, however, without record, excepting of the mostgeneral character. 

The majority appear to have been obtained from Warren County, at or inthe vicinity of Fort Ancient. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

65613. Spear points or knives of gray chalcedony. Three are very sharply pointed, and have probably been used as perforators. Average width 1 inch, average length 2½ inches. 

65615. Lot of rudely chipped arrow or spear points of grayish, chalcedony. Notches quite shallow. 

65616. A lot of medium-sized, rather heavy arrow points of gray chalcedony. 

65617. Lot of neatly shaped, deeply notched spear and arrow points, averaging about 1 inch in width, and ranging from 2 to 3 inches in length. Made of gray chalcedony. 

65618. Lot of arrow points, spear points, and knives of various sizes and shapes. Material same as the preceding. 

65619. Lot of rudely finished knives and spear points, mostly wide and heavy, some being almost circular in outline. Material same as the preceding. 

65620. Lot of large knives and spear points of variously colored chalcedony. 

65621. Knives and flakes of chalcedony. 

65722. Large lot of long, triangular knives or spear points, made of gray and reddish mottled chalcedony. They average about 2½ inches in length, and 1½ in width. 

65623. Large lot of flakes and fragments of gray and dark chalcedony or flint, left from the manufacture of implements. 

65434-65451. Celts and fragments of celts of greatly varied size and shape, made of a grayish, speckled rock, resembling diorite. 

65429-65430, 65431. Medium-sized, grooved axes-of ordinary forms. One is made of diorite (?), the others of gray rock resembling sandstone. 

65426-65428. Very large grooved axes of greenish diorite (?). The largest is 9½ inches long, 5 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. 

65450. Short, heavy pestles with broad bases and conical tops, made of gray diorite or sandstone. Diameter of bases from 2½ to 4 inches. Height from 3 to 6 inches. 

65448. A long, heavy, cylindrical pestle. 

65464-65492. Bound, oblong, and flattish pebbles, comprising several varieties of stone, used as hammer-stones, nut-crackers, &c. , varying from 1 to 6 inches in diameter. The sides of many are flattened or hollowed out by use. 

65463. Fragment of cup stone, made of coarse sandstone. On one side two cavities remain; on the other, three. These are about 1¼ inches in diameter, and about one-half an inch in depth. 

65449. A grooved stone implement, made from a large pebble of coarse gray stone. The groove about the middle has evidently been made for attaching a handle. The upper lobe has been considerably reduced by picking, and the base, which would correspond to the edge of an ax, has been worked quite flat. Length of lower part 4½ inches. Height of implement 3 inches. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

65484. A number of small fragments of pottery of ordinary varieties. 

COLLECTION FROM OREGON. 

ARTICLES OF STONE. 

The following articles were forwarded to the Bureau from John Day River, Oregon, by Captain Bendire:

64102-64113. Arrow-points, knives, and flakes of obsidian, agate, etc. , from Indian graves on John Day River. 

64125-64139. Fragments of stone implements, including celts, cylindrical pestles, etc. , mostly of compact, eruptive rock. 

64127. Pipe of gray sandstone, shaped very much like an ordinary straight cigar-holder; 3 inches long, and 1 inch in diameter at the larger end. Obtained from an Indian grave on John Day River. 

64126. Fragment of a pipe-stem (?) made of soft black stone, apparently a chloritic slate. A very neat, ornamental design has been engraved upon the cylindrical stem. 

64129. Fragment of an ornament carved from greenish sandstone. 

COLLECTIONS FROM KENTUCKY. 

A small collection of ancient relics, obtained from caves in thevicinity of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, was presented to the Bureau byMr. Francis Klett. 

With this collection were a number of articles of stone, some of whichwere probably obtained from the fields of the same region. 

87276. Fragments of gourds. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 172. ]

87277. Two very beautifully knit or plaited sandals. The fiber used has probably been obtained from the inner bark of trees. The combination of threads is shown in Fig. 172. A small piece of matting from the same place is shown in Fig. 173. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 173. ]

27278. Two bundles of charred sticks and reeds. 

27280-27283. Spearheads of chert or flint. 

27284. Stone knife. 

27285. Flake knife. 

27286. Small spearheads. 

27287. Flint knife. 

27288. Arrow heads. 

27289. Same; small and thin. 

27290-27293. Stone awls or perforators. 

27294. Leaden bullet. 

27295. Pieces of pottery. 

COLLECTIONS FROM MISSOURI. 

ARTICLES OF CLAY. 

A fine collection of earthen vessels was purchased for the Bureau fromMr. J. T. Gouden, of Morrow, Ohio, through the agency of Dr. Wills DeHaas. 

Few facts in regard to them have been furnished, excepting that theywere taken from graves in the vicinity of Charleston, Mo. They resembleso closely the well-known types of Missouri pottery that it is safe toconclude that they were obtained from ancient graves and mounds in thelocality named. 

The numerous cuts accompanying this section are intended for subsequentuse in a general treatise on the works of the Moundbuilders. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 174. ]

This ware is generally of the dark gray or black variety, handsmoothed, or but slightly polished, and tempered with pulverized shells. 

A few examples are yellowish-red in color. Some of these have beenpainted red or have been ornamented with designs in red. In one casewhite paint has been used. 

The prevailing form is a bottle-shaped vessel, the neck being frequentlyhigh and slender, and the body globular or subglobular. The base isnearly always slightly flattened. 

65556. An effigy vase of unusual form. The body is subrectangular. The upper part or neck is lost, but has doubtless been modeled to represent the human figure, as the feet remain attached to the shoulder of the vessel. The color is yellowish gray. Diameter, 5 inches. Fig. 174. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 175. ]

65603. An effigy vase of the dark ware. The body is globular. A kneeling human figure forms the neck. The mouth of the vessel occurs at the back of the head--a rule in this class of vessels. Is is finely made and symmetrical. 9¾ inches high and 7 inches in diameter. Fig. 175. 

65595. Effigy vase representing a kneeling or squatting human figure, moderately well modeled. The exterior surface is painted red. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 5 inches. The locality is not known with certainty. 

65604-65607, 65611, 65612. Effigy vases of human figures. Sizes, medium to small. The body below the waist is hemispherical, and the legs are not indicated. Fig. 176. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 176. ]

65597. Effigy vase, representing an owl. The body is globular. The wings are indicated at the sides, and the legs and tail serve as a tripod when the vessel is placed in an upright position. The head is quite grotesque. This is a usual form in the Middle Mississippi district. Height, 8 inches; width, 5½ inches. 

65608. Small example, resembling the preceding. 

65601, 65596. Vases with globular bodies; the necks represent an owl's head. Size, medium. 

65605. A small vase similar to the above, but having a human head. 

65558. A minute vessel modeled to represent a bird, the opening or mouth being on the under side of the body; length, 2 inches. Fig. 177. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 177. ]

65599, 65602, 65604, 65610. Bottle-shaped vases, with globular or flattish bodies and grotesque tops. The rounded heads are armed with a number of nodes or horns, but no features are shown. The largest is 7 inches in width by 7 in height. Fig. 178. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 178. ]

65598. Similar vase of medium size. The top is modeled to represent the curved stem and neck of a gourd. Fig. 179. Height 7 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 179. ]

65600. Vase similar to the above. The top representing a gourd with short conical neck. Four lines are drawn from the stem down the sides which represent the natural markings of the gourd. Height, 5½ inches; diameter, 5½ inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 180. ]

65555. A two-storied vessel, the lower part being a cup of flattened globular form. The upper part is similar in size and shape, but is modeled to represent a univalve shell, the apex being represented by a large node surrounded by six smaller nodes, and the base or spine by a graceful extension of the rim. The groove or depression that encircles the vessel between the upper and lower parts of the body is spanned by two minute handles. Height, 5 inches; width, 4½. Fig. 180. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 181. ]

65543, 65551, 65552, 65554, 65573. Small bowls or cups, made in imitation of shell vessels, the noded apex occurring at one side, and the more or less pointed beak at the opposite side Fig. 181. Another similar specimen with hemispherical body is given in Fig. 182. Length, 6 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 182. ]

65542, 65545, 65550. Small vases with wide mouths, the rim and shoulders of which have the heads and extremities of frogs, modeled in relief. Fig. 183. Diameter, 6 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 183. ]

65539, 65541, 65544, 65546. Low, wide-mouthed vases or bowls, modeled about the rim to represent sunfish. A vertical view is given in Fig. 184. 5 inches in length. 

65579. A small bowl, the rim of which is embellished on one side with the head of a panther, on the other side a flattish projection which resembles a tail. 

65580. A small bowl, having upon the rim a human head, the face of which is turned inward. On the opposite side is the usual flattish projection. Fig. 185. Diameter of bowl 5 inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 184. ]

65578. Small bowl, the rim of which is embellished with the head of a fox or wolf; at the opposite side is the usual tail. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 185. ]

65576, 65577, 65581, 65585. Bowls of various sizes, the rims of which are ornamented with the heads and tails of birds. No. 65576 is an unusually fine example. Besides the features described it has been farther embellished by four incised lines which encircle the rim, forming a loop on the opposite sides as seen in Fig. 186. Bowl 9 inches in diameter. 

65553. Small bowl, the rim of which has been embellished by four pairs of nodes. Fig. 187. Diameter, 6 inches. 

65547. A small globular cup of dark ware which has four large nodes about the rim, Between these on the sides of the vessel, four ornamental figures have been painted in red, these consist of an inner circle occupied by a cross, and an exterior circle of rays or scallops. Height, 2½ inches; width, 3½ inches. 

The rim has been perforated for the purpose of suspension. Fig. 188. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 186. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 187. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 188. ]

65487, 65512, 65514, 65519, 65521, 65523, 65525, 65531. Bottle-shaped vases. The bodies are generally globular. A few are conical above, while others are much compressed vertically. Some are slightly ridged about the greatest circumference, while all are slightly flattened on the bottom. The necks are slender and long, being about equal to the body in height. They are generally narrowest in the middle, expanding trumpet-like toward the mouth, and widening more or less abruptly toward the shoulder below. In a few cases a ridge or collar encircles the base of the neck. The exterior surface is generally quite smooth, but never polished, although a polishing implement seems to have been used. 

The largest is 9 inches in height and 7 inches in diameter. No. 65501has a very tasteful incised design, encircling the shoulder as shown inFig. 189. Diameter 6½ inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 189. ]

65520. Vase similar to the above in form, but with the addition of a base or stand, 1 inch high and 3 inches in diameter at the base. 

65486. Same, with the base divided into three parts, forming a kind of tripod, the legs being flat. Fig. 190. Height, 9 inches. 

65513, 65526, 65530, 65532, 65539. Bottle or jug shaped vases, resembling the preceding, but having wide, short necks. Fig. 191 illustrates a typical form. Height, 4¼ inches. 

65485. A vase similar to the above, but of yellowish gray ware, decorated with a design in broad red and white lines. Height, 6 inches; width, 6 inches. Height of neck, 2 inches; width, 3 inches. 

65538. Similar to the above in shape, but with flattish body, and peculiar in having two small handles or ears at the base of the neck. Fig. 192. Diameter, 5 inches. 

65548, 65561, 65562, 65564, 65569. Small caps, with low, wide necks, and globular or subglobular bodies, having two handles or ears which connect the lip with the shoulder. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 190. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 191. ]

65572. A cup like the above, with four handles. 

65563, 65565, 65568. Small cups similar to the preceding, but having a variety of indented ornaments about the shoulder and upper part of the body; these ornaments consist of wide vertical lines, or of encircling scalloped lines. Figs. 193 and 194. Diameter of each, 4½ inches. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 192. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 193. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 194. ]

65570. Has six nodes about the circumference, and a scalloped figure of three incised lines encircling the vessel above them. The handles have oblique incised lines upon the outer surface. 

65588, 65590. Bowls with scalloped rims. The largest is 9 inches in diameter and 3 inches in height. Fig. 195. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 195. ]

65574, 65575, 65586, 65587, 65591, 65593. Plain bowls, of various sizes, and somewhat varied shapes. Figs. 196 and 197. Drawn one-half the real size. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 196. ]

 [Illustration: Fig. 197. ]

COLLECTIONS FROM OTHER STATES. 

65447. Stone implement of unusual form. It may be described as a flattish cylinder tapering slightly toward the ends, which are truncated. In one end a hole has been bored one-half an inch in diameter and three-fourths of an inch deep. A narrow, shallow groove encircles the implement near the middle. The material is a grayish slate. The form is symmetrical and the surface quite smooth. 

Found upon the surface in Hamilton County, Indiana. 

65353. A copper knife or poinard, with bent point. Found by Edward Daniels while digging a cellar at Ripon, Wis. 

65352. A handsome vase, shaped like a bowl with incurved rim, obtained from a mound on the farm of A. C. Zachary, in Morgan County, Georgia. The incurved surface above has an ornamental design of incised lines resembling the Greek fret. The most expanded portion of the vessel is encircled by a raised band, which is neatly ornamented with notches. The lower part of the body is shaped like a bowl with a flattened base. Diameter 9½ inches. Presented by J. C. C. Blackburn. 

COLLECTION FROM PERU, SOUTH AMERICA. 

A number of interesting articles were presented by Mr. G. H. Hurlbut. These were obtained from ancient graves in the vicinity of Lima by anagent sent out for the purpose by Mr. Hurlbut while the city wasinvested by the Chilian army. Details of their occurrence wereconsequently not obtained. 

A study of this collection leads to the belief that all the specimensare from one interment, that is, the grave of a single individual. Thefact that there is but one skull, one mask-like idol, and but a smallnumber of articles of each, of the classes represented, tends to confirmthis supposition. 

65377. Skull retaining the scalp and hair. The latter is long, coarse, and black. The lower jaw is missing. 

65376. A mask-like wooden figure, the face being somewhat above life-size. Fig. 198. It is of a form not unusual in Peruvian graves. The features are fairly well shown. The eyes are formed by excavating oval depressions and setting in pieces of shell. First, oval pieces of white clam-shell are inserted, which represent the whites of the eye; upon these small circular bits of dark shell are cemented, representing the pupils. Locks of hair have been set in beneath the shell, the ends of which project, forming the lashes of the eye. 

The back head is formed by a neatly-rounded bundle of leaves, held inplace by a net-work of coarse cord. The edges of the wooden mask areperforated in several places; by means of these the back head, some longlocks of fine flax which serve as hair, and a number of other articleshave been attached. 

Upon the crown a large bunch of brilliantly colored feathers has beenfixed; behind this, extending across the top of the head, is a longpouch of coarse white cloth in which a great number of articles havebeen placed--little packages of beans and seeds, rolls of cloth ofdifferent colors and textures, minute bundles of wool and flax andcords, bits of copper and earth carefully wrapped in husks, bundles offeathers, etc. 

Encircling the crown are long, narrow bands or sashes, one of which iswhite, the others having figures woven in brilliant colors. The ends ofthese hang down at the sides of the face. Attached to one side of themask by long stout cords is a pouch of coarse cotton cloth resembling atobacco-bag. It is about 6 inches square. Attached to the lower edge ofthis is a fringe of long, heavy cords. To the opposite side a net issuspended, in which had been placed innumerable articles, probablyintended for the use of the dead--a sling, made of cords, veryskillfully plaited; bundles of cord and flax; small nets containingbeans, seeds, and other articles; copper fish-hooks, still attached tothe lines, which are wound about bits of cornstalk or cane; neatly-madesinkers wrapped in corn-husks, together with a variety of otherarticles. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 198. ]

65380, 65382. Sinkers of gray slate, shaped somewhat like a cigar, one or more groves partially encircling the ends. These were carefully wrapped in corn-husks. Fig. 199. 

65383, 65384. Two copper fish-hooks and the cords to which they are attached. The hooks pierce the ends of the bit of cornstalk about which the cord is wound. Fig. 200. 

 [Illustration: Fig. 199. 1/1]

 [Illustration: Fig. 200. 1/2]

65387. A sling, 4 feet long. The extremities consist of a single cord, the middle part of 4 heavy, compactly-plaited cords. 

65389. Head-bands of coarse fabrication, having figures of red, yellow and white. 

65391. A large piece of cloth, possibly a mantle, made by piecing together fragments of highly-colored cloths. 

65390. A large piece of gauze-like white cotton fabric. 

65385, 65386. Small nets containing a variety of articles. 

65386. A head ornament of red feathers, skillfully attached to cords. 

INDEX

Animal substances, Collection of objects of 437, 467, 485Arkansas: Collections of pottery from 476-478 Arkansas County ancient pottery 476-485 Monroe County ancient pottery 486-489

Bendire, Capt. G. , sent stone relics from Oregon 492Blackburn, J. C. S. , presented vase from mound 507

Cocke County, Tennessee, Collection from 433, 438-441Collections in 1881: bought of J. T. Couden 495-506 by Capt. C. Bendire 492 Dr. Willis De Haas 490 G. H. Hurlbut 508-510 Edward Palmer 483-489 from Cherokee Indians 433-489 Arkansas: Carson Lake township 468 Chiokasawha mound 469 Lawrenceville 486 Menard mound 447 Mounds at Arkansas Post 476 Pecan Point 469, 470 Pemiscott mound 468 Georgia 506 Indiana 506 Missouri 495-509 North Carolina 434, 437 Ohio mounds 490-491 Oregon 492-494 Peru, South America 508-510 Tennessee: Newport 438 Junction of Pigeon and French Broad Rivers 440 Jefferson County 463-468 Roane County 457-462 Sevier County 442-456 Wisconsin 506 articles of animal substances 437, 453, 458, 460, 467 clay 434, 443, 456, 463, 469, 471-475, 476, 479-485, 487, 488, 491, 495-507 metal 446, 485 shell 437, 446, 452-456, 458, 461, 466 stone 431, 442, 453, 457, 465, 470, 478, 490, 492 vegetal substances 435

De Haas, Dr. W. , bought Indian relics 490 collected Indian relics 494-506

Fain's Island, Collection of relics from 463French Broad River, Relics from 440

Gorget, Shell 488, 466

Hurlbut, G. H. , presented collection from ancient Peruvian graves 508-510

Indian Bay, Ark. , Collection of Indian relics from 486

Jackson County, North Carolina, Indian relics from 434-437Jefferson County, Tennessee, Collection of Indian relics from 463-468

Lawrenceville, Ark. , Collection of Indian relics from 486

Metal objects from Tennessee 446Mississippi County, Arkansas, Collection from 468Missouri, Collection of Indian relics from 495-507Monroe County, Arkansas, Collection from 495

Newport, Tenn. , Collection of relics from 438-441Niles Ferry, Tenn. , Collection of relics from 462North Carolina; Collections from Jackson County 434-437

Ohio, Collection of Indian relics from 490Oregon, collection of Indian relics from 492-494

Paint Rock Ferry, Collection from 461Palmer, E. , Collection of Indian relics by 433-439Peru, Collection of relics from 508-510Pigeon River, Tenn. , Collection of relics from 440

Roane County, Tenn. , collection of relics from 457-462

Sevier County, Tenn. , collection of relics from 441-456Shell objects, Collection of 437, 446, 448, 450, 452-456, 458, 460, 466Stone objects, Collection of 431, 442, 453, 457, 465, 470, 478, 490

Tennessee, Collection of relics from-- Cocke County 433, 438-441 Jefferson County 463-468 Newport 438-441 Roane County 457-462

Vegetal substances, Collections of 435

 * * * * *

Errors and Anomalies:

Differences between table of contents and body text: _this list does not include trivial differences such as singular for plural, or inconsistent use of "the"_

 Collection made by Edward Palmer, in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. _first heading in body text, before "Introductory": missing from table of contents_ From the fields at Newport _body text has "near Newport"_ From a mound on Pigeon River _body text has "Mound at the junction of the Pigeon and French Broad Rivers. "_ Mounds near Paint Rock Ferry // Fragments of pottery _printed heading not used in body text_ Pemissicott Mound _body text reads "Pemisscott"_ Collections from Ohio // Human remains _category does not appear in body text_ Collections from Peru _body text reads "Peru, South America"_

63068 . . . Diameter _text reads "diamter"_62793 . . . Flattish base _text reads "flatish"_Collections from Jefferson County _state not named: Tennessee_The vases have been somewhat larger. _text reads "somwhat"_On Pemisscott Bayou _"o" in "Bayou" invisible_A large number of very fine vessels _text reads "vessls"_65353. A copper knife or poinard _so in original: "poniard"?_

[Index]Peru, Collection of relics from . . . 508-510 _text reads "508-511"_