HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND _WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA_ BY LORIN L. DAME, S. D. AND HENRY BROOKS _PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_ BY ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW BOSTON, U. S. A. GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS The Athenæum Press 1904 COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE. There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There stillseems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size forfield use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions andsometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite ideaof plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks ameeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southernplants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situationsnorthward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut andMerrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or elsereappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plantspushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon themountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimesfollow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. Inaddition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species haveinvaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets stillfarther eastward. At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergogreat change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted, often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line betweentrees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree musthave a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be atleast fifteen feet in height. Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of theUnited States and thoroughly established in New England, are describedand, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locallyestablished, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneousover a large area without really forming a constituent part of theflora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously andgrowing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show littletendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the nativegrowths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, haswith some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation. The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada andAlaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard tothe distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities havebeen followed. An effort extending through several years has been madeto give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the NewEngland states, and while previous publications have been freelyconsulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of livingbotanists. All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in NewEngland, unless special mention is made to the contrary. Thedescriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land, with full space for the development of their characteristics underfavorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerableheight, and the heads are much smaller. When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the givendiameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base, the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforcedat the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the Americanelm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swellof the roots and of the branches. A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose ofready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary, except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary presentacceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as inswamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value, "the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of treesfor ornamental purposes. The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl. In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists toconform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has beenreached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, theBerlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genusfor species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonymsand included in the index. Only those common names are given which are actually used in some partof New England, whether or not the same name is applied to differenttrees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Commonnames that are the creation of botanists have been disregardedaltogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one thatis more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous. The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow, in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefullycompared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, thedrawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissectedportions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though noton a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessaryspace, distinct in all their parts. So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used indescription, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase. Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance hasbeen essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the NewEngland states: Maine, --Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire, --Mr. Wm. F. Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont, --President Ezra Brainerd;Massachusetts, --trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; RhodeIsland, --Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;Connecticut, --Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop. Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in mattersof nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made acritical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning hascontributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M. S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who havegiven assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks ofthe authors are due. CONTENTS. PAGES KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ix LIST OF PLATES xi AUTHORITIES xiii ABBREVIATIONS xvii TEXT AND PLATES 1 APPENDIX 171 GLOSSARY 173 INDEX 179 KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND. I. LEAVES SIMPLE. =Leaves alternate= A Outline entire A C Outline slightly indented A D Outline lobed A E Lobes entire A E F Lobes slightly indented A E G Lobes coarsely toothed A E H =Leaves opposite= B A C Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed Tupelo A C Ovate to oval Persimmon A C Also 3-lobed Sassafras A C Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets Dogwoods A D Tremulous habit, oval Poplars A D Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire Willows A D Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate { Birches { Hornbeams A D Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins { Beeches terminating in teeth { Chestnut A D Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough Elms A D Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface slightly rough Hackberry A D Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed (3-7), serrate-dentate Mulberry A D Ovate, serrate, oblong { Shadbush { Plums { Cherries A D Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen Holly A D Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate Linden A D Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong Chestnut oaks A D Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny Thorns A E F Lobes rounded Sassafras A E F Base truncate or heart-shaped Tulip tree A E F Obtuse, rounded lobes White oaks A E F 3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous beneath White poplar A E G 5-lobed, finely serrate Sweet gum A E G Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with equal teeth Mulberry A E H Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes Black oaks A E H Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes ending in sharp point Sycamore B Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent Flowering dogwood B Outline serrate, apex often tapering Sheep berry B Outline lobed Maples II. LEAVES COMPOUND. =Leaves pinnately compound= I Leaflets alternate I A Outlines of leaflets entire I A C Leaflets opposite I B =Leaves bi-pinnately compound= J I A Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base. Ailanthus IA Outlines of leaflets serrate { Sumacs (except Poison sumac) { Mountain ashes { Walnuts { Hickories I A C Leaflets oval, apex obtuse Locusts (except Honey locust) I A C Leaflets oblong, apex acute Poison sumac I B Outlines of leaflets entire Ashes (except Mountain ashes) I B Outlines of leaflets serrate Ashes (except Mountain ashes) I B Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly entire Box elder J Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns on stem and trunk Honey locust LIST OF PLATES. PLATE PAGE I. Larix Americana 4 II. Pinus Strobus 6 III. Pinus rigida 7 IV. Pinus Banksiana 9 V. Pinus resinosa 11 VI. Picea nigra 14 VII. Picea rubra 16 VIII. Picea alba 18 IX. Tsuga Canadensis 20 X. Abies balsamea 22 XI. Thuja occidentalis 24 XII. Cupressus thyoides 26 XIII. Juniperus Virginiana 28 XIV. Populus tremuloides 30 XV. Populus grandidentata 32 XVI. Populus heterophylla 34 XVII. Populus deltoides 35 XVIII. Populus balsamifera 37 XIX. Populus candicans 39 XX. Salix discolor 41 XXI. Salix nigra 43 XXII. Juglans cinerea 47 XXIII. Juglans nigra 49 XXIV. Carya alba 51 XXV. Carya tomentosa 53 XXVI. Carya porcina 55 XXVII. Carya amara 57 XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica 58 XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana 60 XXX. Betula lenta 62 XXXI. Betula lutea 64 XXXII. Betula nigra 66 XXXIII. Betula populifolia 68 XXXIV. Betula papyrifera 70 XXXV. Fagus ferruginea 72 XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana 74 XXXVII. Quercus alba 77 XXXVIII. Quercus stellata 78 XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa 80 XL. Quercus bicolor 82 XLI. Quercus Prinus 84 XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii 85 XLIII. Quercus rubra 87 XLIV. Quercus coccinea 89 XLV. Quercus velutina 91 XLVI. Quercus palustris 93 XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia 94 XLVIII. Ulmus Americana 97 XLIX. Ulmus fulva 98 L. Ulmus racemosa 100 LI. Celtis occidentalis 102 LII. Morus rubra 103 LIII. Liriodendron Tulipifera 103 LIV. Sassafras officinale 108 LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua 109 LVI. Platanus occidentalis 111 LVII. Pyrus Americana 113 LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia 115 LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis 117 LX. Cratægus mollis 121 LXI. Prunus nigra 123 LXII. Prunus Americana 124 LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica 125 LXIV. Prunus Virginiana 126 LXV. Prunus serotina 128 LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos 130 LXVII. Robinia Pseudacacia 132 LXVIII. Rhus typhina 135 LXIX. Rhus Vernix 137 LXX. Ilex opaca 140 LXXI. Acer rubrum 142 LXXII. Acer saccharinum 144 LXXIII. Acer Saccharum 146 LXXIV. Acer Saccharum var. Nigrum 147 LXXV. Acer spicatum 149 LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum 151 LXXVII. Acer Negundo 153 LXXVIII. Tilia Americana 155 LXXIX. Cornus florida 157 LXXX. Cornus alternifolia 158 LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica 160 LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana 162 LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana 164 LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica 165 LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. Var. Lanceolata 166 LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra 168 LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago 169 BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES. PAGEATKINS, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 AVERILL, C. K. V Populus balsamifera, L. (_Rhodora_, II, 35) 36 Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123 Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84 BAILEY, L. H. Populus candicans, Ait. 37 BAILEY, W. W. Celtis occidentalis, L. 100 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. 166 BARTRAM, WILLIAM Quercus tinctoria (1791) 89 BATCHELDER, F. W. Betula nigra, L. 65 Salix discolor, Muhl. (Laconia, N. H. ) 41 BATES, J. A. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 Sassafras officinale, Nees 106 BISHOP, J. N. V Celtis occidentalis, L. 100 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. 164 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. 166 Juglans nigra, L. (_in lit. _, 1896) 48 Morus rubra, L. 102 Populus heterophylla, L. 33 Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84 Thuja occidentalis, L. 23 BISSELL, C. H. V Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 117 Pinus sylvestris, L. (_in lit. _, 1899) 12 Prunus Americana, Marsh. (_in lit. _, 1900) 123 Rhus copallina 137 BRAINERD, EZRA Carya porcina, Nutt. 53 Cratægus punctata, Jacq. 118 Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99 BREWSTER, WILLIAM Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD Acer Saccharum, _var. _ nigrum 172 BROWNE, D. T. Ilex opaca (_Trees of North America_, 1846) 139 _Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150 Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 CHAMBERLAIN, E. B. Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898) 97 CHURCHILL, J. R. Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123 COLLINS, J. F. V Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129 DAME. L. L. Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. 171 Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and other Trees of Massachusetts_, p. 85) 44 DAY, F. M. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 DEANE, WALTER Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895) 106 DUDLEY, W. R. Populus heterophylla, L. 33 EGGLESTON, W. W. Carya porcina, Nutt. 53 Celtis occidentalis, L. 100 Morus rubra, L. 102 Platanus occidentalis, L. 110 Populus deltoides, Marsh. 34 Sassafras officinale, Nees. 106 Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 99 ENGLER, ADOLPH v FERNALD, M. L. Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit. _, Sept. , 1901) 172 Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129 Populus balsamifera, L. _var. _ candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_. III, 233) 171 Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 171 Salix discolor, Muhl. (_in lit. _, Sept. , 1901) 171 FLAGG Morus rubra, L. 102 FLINT, W. F. V Acer Negundo, L. 151 Quercus alba, L. 75 _Flora of Vermont_ Betula lenta, L. (1900) 61 Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900) 117 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (1900) 164 Picea nigra, Link (1900) 12 Pinus rigida, Mill (1900) 6 Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900) 34 Quercus alba, L. (1900) 75 FURBISH, MISS KATE Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899) 119 Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 GOODALE, G. L. Pinus Banksiana. Lamb 8 GRANT Sassafras officinale, Nees 106 GRAY, ASA Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of Botany_, 6th ed. ) 138 HAINES, MRS. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 HARGER, E. B. Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126) 13 HARPER, R. M. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_ II, 122) 104 HARRINGTON, A. K. Picea alba, Link 17 HASKINS, T. H. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and Forest_, V, 86) 99 HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh 159 HOSFORD, F. H. Cratægus mollis, Scheele 120 HOYT, MISS FANNY E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 HUMPHREY, J. E. Picea alba, Link 17 Quercus palustris, Du Roi (_Amherst Trees_) 91 JACK, J. G. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900) 119 JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD Carya amara, Nutt 55 Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99 JOSSELYN, JOHN Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England Rarities_, 1672) 106 KNOWLTON, C. H. Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124) 6 MANNING, WARREN H. Vi MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER Morus rubra. L. 102 MICHAUX, FILS, FRANÇOIS ANDRÉ Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North America_, III, ed. 1853) 97 MORRIS, E. L. V MORSS, CHARLES H. Vi OAKES, WILLIAM Morus rubra, L. 102 PARLIN, J. C. Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896) 106 PRANTL, KARL VON v PRINGLE, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht 113 Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm 84 RAND, E. L. Pinus Banksiana 8 _Rhodora_, III, 234 Acer Saccharum, Marsh. , _var. _ barbatum, Trelease 172 Acer Saccharum, Marsh. , _var. _ nigrum, Britton 172 _Rhodora_, III, 58 Ilex opaca, Ait. 139 _Rhodora_, III, 234 Prunus Americana, Marsh 171 ROBBINS, JAMES W. Sassafras officinale, Nees 106 Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99 ROBINSON, DR. B. L. Vi ROBINSON, JOHN Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900) 119 ROBINSON, R. E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8 RUSSELL, L. W. Diospyros Virginiana. L. 161 Quercus palustris, Du Roi 92 Quercus stellata. Wang 77 SARGENT, CHARLES S. Cratægus coccinea, L. (_Botanical Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission) 119 Cratægus mollis, Scheele (_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121 SETCHELL, W. A. Populus heterophylla. L. 33 STONE, W. E. Quercus palustris. Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57) 91 SWAN, DR. C. W. Vi TERRY, MRS. EMILY H. Picea alba. Link 17 TRELEASE, WILLIAM Acer Saccharum, Marsh. , _var. _ barbatum 172 TUCKERMAN, EDWARD Betula papyrifera, _var. _ minor, Marsh. 68 WAGHORNE, A. C. Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894) 119 ABBREVIATIONS. Ait. --Aiton, William. Barratt, Joseph. B. S. P. --Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E. , and Poggenburg, Justus F. Borkh. --Borkhausen, M. B. Carr. --Carrière, Éli Abel. Cham. --Chamisso, Adelbert von. Coulter, John Merle. DC. --De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. Desf. --Desfontaines, René Louiche. Du Roi, Johann Philip. Ehrh. --Ehrhart, Friedrich. Engelm. --Engelmann, George. Gray, Asa. Jacq. --Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph. Karst. --Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm. Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph. L. --Linnæus, Carolus. L. F. --Linnæus, fils, Carl von. Lam. --Lamarck, J. B. P. A. De Monet. Lamb, Aylmer Bourke. Link, Heinrich Friedrich. Marsh. --Marshall, Humphrey. Medic. --Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Michx. --Michaux, André. Michaux, fils. --François André. Mill. --Miller, Philip. Moench, Konrad. Muhl. --Muhlenberg, H. Ernst. Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. Nutt. --Nuttall, Thomas. Peck, Charles H. Poggenburg, Justus F. Pursh, Friedrich Trangott. Roem. --Roemer, Johann Jacob. Sarg. --Sargent, Charles S. Scheele, A. Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. Von. Schr. --Schrader, Heinrich A. Spach, Eduard. Sterns, E. E. Sudw. --Sudworth, George B. Sweet, Robert. T. And G. --Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa. Thomas, David. Vent. --Ventenat, Étienne Pierre. Walt. --Walter, Thomas. Wang. --Wangenheim, F. A. J. Von. Watson, Sereno. Waugh, Frank A. Willd. --Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. TREES OF NEW ENGLAND. PINOIDEÆ. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS. ABIETACEÆ. CUPRESSACEÆ. Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relativelysmall, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovaryrepresented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules onits surface. ABIETACEÆ. LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES. Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted, linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowersseparate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirallyarranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted bya broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirallyarranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferousscale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging, especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery andbearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) thefirst year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distancebelow the surface. CUPRESSACEÆ. THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS. Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, oftenneedle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of olderplants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms uponthe same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite orternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of thefleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceæ_. Larix Americana, Michx. _Larix laricina, Koch. _ TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER. =Habitat and Range. =--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; inNew England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth beyond the Arctic circle. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, --abundant, filling swamps acres inextent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;Massachusetts, --rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island, --notreported; Connecticut, --occasional in the northern half of the state;reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county). South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in thefall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most partnearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchletsnumerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especiallywhen growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionallywith contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dullyellow in autumn. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at thesurface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, globular, reddish. Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on theshort, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green, needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile. =Inflorescence. =--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; thesterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterileroundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bractscrimson or red. =Fruit. =--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoidto cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown whilegrowing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scalesthin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seedssmall, winged. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil, preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young treesbecomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the maturetree much more attractive than the European species common tocultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable fromcollectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled whendormant. Propagated from seed. =Note. =--The European species, with which the mature plant is often confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches. [Illustration: PLATE I. --Larix Americana. ] 1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers. 2. Sterile flowers. 3. Different views of stamens. 4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Open cone. 7. Cone-scale with seeds. 8. Leaf. 9. Cross-section of leaf. PINUS. The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary arethin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-budsstand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduoussheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in ourspecies are all minutely serrulate. Pinus Strobus, L. WHITE PINE. =Habitat and Range. =--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake Winnipeg. New England, --common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of2500 feet, forming extensive forests. South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Iowa. =Habit. =--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New Englandforest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter atthe ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primevalforest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a heightranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above itsdeciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branchesnearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually offive, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at thebase, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots runninghorizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations, extremely durable when exposed. =Bark. =--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season'sshoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becomingsmooth and light russet brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblongor ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown. Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, softbluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a singlefibrovascular bundle, sessile. =Inflorescence. =--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season'sshoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near theterminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scalespink-margined. =Fruit. =--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical, often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scalesrather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged, smooth. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in openground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grownfrom seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collectedplants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk. Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which aredistinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense androunded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth. PLATE II. PINUS STROBUS. 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen. 3. Branch with fertile flowers. 4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 6. Branch with cones. 7. Cross-section of leaf. Pinus rigida, Mill. PITCH PINE. HARD PINE. =Habitat and Range. =--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional inswamps. New Brunswick to Lake Ontario. Maine, --mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as farnorth as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II, 124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; NewHampshire, --most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountainsand up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reachingan altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont, --common in thenorthern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states, often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupyingextensive areas. South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. =Habit. =--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameterof 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet, with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous, tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem, often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctlywhorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace ofregularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at everystage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near thebase and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout, terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage. [Illustration: PLATE II. --Pinus Strobus. ] =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broadconnecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish orreddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separatinginto scales; season's shoots rough to the tips. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long, narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scalesbrownish. Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, darkyellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long. =Inflorescence. =--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots, clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slightangle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single orclustered. =Fruit. =--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile, finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid, ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurvedprickles. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted toexposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almostany soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuableamong other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness ofoutline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to theloss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldomoffered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, butcollected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from theseed. [Illustration: PLATE III. --Pinus rigida. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, top view. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old. 8. Open cone. 9. Seed. 10. Cross-section of leaf. =Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. = _Pinus divaricata. Sudw. _ SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE. =Habitat and Range. =--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rockyslopes. Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle. Maine, --Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's islandon Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G. Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M. Day, E. L. Rand, _et al. _); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branchof Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire, --around the shores of Lake Umbagog, onpoints extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit. _, 1899);Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont, --rare, but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E. Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle). West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to Minnesota. =Habit. =--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameterat the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded pointsand islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with adiameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils andupon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, thehead scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape andproportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils, and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender, and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches, scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliageyellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged, rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough withthe persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shootsyellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute orrounded, usually enclosed in resin. Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch inlength and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous, stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascularbundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surfaceconvex, inner concave or flat. =Inflorescence. =--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season'sshoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides orabout the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or inclusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish. =Fruit. =--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the generaldirection of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip, whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when maturewithout prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but ingeneral oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually muchdistorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard totransplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen orcollectors. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE IV. --Pinus Banksiana. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, top view. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Open cone. 8, 9. Variant leaves. 10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves. Pinus resinosa, Ait. RED PINE. NORWAY PINE. =Habitat and Range. =--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods. Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg. Maine, --common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) andClifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east ofthe Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges andeskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peatbogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead, scattered; New Hampshire, --ranges with the pitch pine as far north asthe White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few toseveral hundred acres in extent; Vermont, --less common than _P. Strobus_or _P. Rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts, --still more local, instations widely separated, single trees or small groups; RhodeIsland, --occasional; Connecticut, --not reported. South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota. =Habit. =--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low, stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, roundedor conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or lessirregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts atthe ends of the branches. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridgeswhich separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchletsrough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout, orange-brown, smooth. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested withrather loose scales. Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, andconspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped, straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and theinner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots. =Inflorescence. =--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season'sshoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at theends of the season's shoots. =Fruit. =--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem, maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; whenopened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickenedat the apex. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliagedevergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in allwell-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldomdisfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not commonin nurseries. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE V. --Pinus resinosa. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, top view. 4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones. 5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons. 8. Seeds with cone-scale. 9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves. = Pinus sylvestris, L. = SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir). Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and fromSweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughoutnorthern Europe and Asia. At Southington, Conn. , many of these trees, probably originating from anintroduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rockypasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres inextent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if leftto themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions haveproved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit. _, 1899). Like _P. Resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves intwos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguishedfrom the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2inches long, while those of _P. Resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from thelatter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward atmaturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of thetwig. Picea nigra, Link. _Picea Mariana, B. S. P. (including Picea brevifolia, Peck). _ BLACK SPRUCE. SWAMP SPRUCE. DOUBLE SPRUCE. WATER SPRUCE. =Habitat and Range. =--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds, wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplandsand mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky mountains, extending northward along the tributaries of the Yukon in Alaska. Maine, --common throughout, covering extensive areas almost to theexclusion of other trees in the central and northern sections, occasional on the top of Katahdin (5215 feet); New Hampshire andVermont, --common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes; the dwarfform, var. _semi-prostrata_, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mansfield(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts, --frequent; Rhode Island, --notreported; Connecticut, --rare; on north shore of Spectacle ponds in Kent(Litchfield county), at an elevation of 1200 feet; Newton (Fairfieldcounty), a few scattered trees in a swamp at an altitude of 400 feet:(New Haven county) a few small trees at Bethany; at Middlebury abundantin a swamp of five acres (E. B. Harger, _Rhodora_, II, 126). South along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota. =Habit. =--In New England, usually a small, slender tree, 10-30 feet highand 5-8 inches in diameter; attaining northward and westward muchgreater dimensions; reduced at high elevation to a shrub or dwarf tree, 2 or 3 feet high; trunk tapering very slowly, forming a narrow-based, conical, more or less irregular head; branches rather short, scarcelywhorled, horizontal or more frequently declining with an upward tendencyat the ends, often growing in open swamps almost to the ground, thelowest prostrate, sometimes rooting at their tips and sending up shoots;spray stiff and rather slender; foliage dark bluish-green or glaucous. This tree often begins to blossom after attaining a height of 2-5 feet, the terminal cones each season remaining persistent at the base of thebranches, sometimes for many years. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, separating into rather close, thinscales; branchlets roughened with the footstalks of the fallen leaves;twigs in autumn dull reddish-brown with a minute, erect, pale, rustypubescence, or nearly smooth. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds scaly, ovate, pointed, reddish-brown. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped, dark bluish-green, the upper sidesbecoming yellowish in the sunlight, the faces marked by parallel rows ofminute bluish dots which sometimes give a glaucous effect to the lowersurface or even the whole leaf on the new shoots, 4-angled, 1/4-3/4 ofan inch long, straight or slightly incurved, blunt at the apex, abruptlytipped or mucronate, sessile on persistent, decurrent footstalks. =Inflorescence. =--April to May, a week or two earlier than the redspruce; sterile flowers terminal or axillary, on wood of the precedingyear; about 3/8 inch long, ovate; anthers madder-red: fertile flowers ator near end of season's shoots, erect; scales madder-red, spirallyimbricated, broader than long, margin erose, rarely entire. =Fruit. =--Cones, single or clustered at or near ends of the season'sshoots, attached to the upper side of the twig, but turning downward bythe twisting of the stout stalk, often persistent for years; 1/2-1-1/2inches long; purplish or grayish brown at the end of the first season, finally becoming dull reddish or grayish brown, ovate, ovate-oval, ornearly globular when open; scales rigid, thin, reddish on the innersurface; margin rounded, uneven, eroded, bifid, or rarely entire. =Horticultural Value. =--Best adapted to cool, moist soils; of littlevalue under cultivation; young plants seldom preserving the broad-based, cone-like, symmetrical heads common in the spruce swamps, the lowerbranches dying out and the whole tree becoming scraggly and unsightly. Seldom offered by nurserymen. [Illustration: PLATE VI. --Picea nigra. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, side view. 4. Stamen, top view. 5. Branch with fertile flowers. 6. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 7. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 8. Fruiting branch. 9. Seed. 10. Leaf. 11. Cross-sections of leaves. =Picea rubra, Link. = _Picea rubens, Sarg. Picea nigra, var. Rubra, Engelm. _ RED SPRUCE. =Habitat and Range. =--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes ofmountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps. Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St. Lawrence. Maine, --throughout: most common towards the coast and in theextreme north, thus forming a belt around the central area, whereit is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated slopes; NewHampshire, --throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper Coos, theWhite mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area, and the higherparts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont, --throughout; thecommon spruce of the Green mountains, often in dense groves on rockyslopes with thin soil; Massachusetts, --common in the mountainous regionsof Berkshire county and on uplands in the northern sections, occasionalsouthward; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --not reported. South along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an altitude of 4500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4000-5000 feet in West Virginia; west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota. =Habit. =--A hardy tree, 40-75 feet high; trunk 1-2-1/2 feet in diameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches longer than those of the blackspruce, irregularly whorled or scattered, the lower often declined, sometimes resting on the ground, the upper rising toward the light, forming while the tree is young a rather regular, narrow, conical head, which in old age and in bleak mountain regions becomes, by the loss ofbranches, less symmetrical but more picturesque; foliage darkyellowish-green. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk smoothish and mottled on young trees, at lengthseparating into small, thin, flat, reddish scales; in old trees striatewith shallow sinuses, separating into ashen-white plates, oftenpartially detached; spray reddish or yellowish white in autumn withminute, erect, pale rusty pubescence. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds scaly, conical, brownish, 1/3 inch long. Leaves solitary, at first closely appressed around the young shoots, ultimately pointing outward, those on the underside often twistingupward, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, 1/2-3/4 inch long, straight or curved (curvature more marked than in _P. Nigra_), needle-shaped, dark yellowish-green, 4-angled; apex blunt or more orless pointed, often mucronate; base blunt; sessile on persistentleaf-cushions. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary on wood ofthe preceding year, 1/2-3/4 inch long, cylindrical; anthers pinkish-red:fertile flowers lateral along previous season's shoots, erect; scalesmadder-purple, spirally imbricated, broader than long, margin entire orslightly erose. =Fruit. =--Cones; single or clustered, lateral along the previousseason's shoots, recurved, mostly pointing downward at various angles, on short stalks, falling the first autumn but sometimes persistent ayear longer, 1-2 inches long (usually larger than those of _P. Nigra_), reddish-brown, mostly ovate; scales thin, stiff, rounded; margin entireor slightly irregular. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itself to agreat variety of soils and lives to a great age. Its narrow-basedconical form, dense foliage, and yellow green coloring form an effectivecontrast with most other evergreens. It grows, however, slowly, issubject to the loss of its lower branches and to disfigurement byinsects. Seldom offered in nurseries. [Illustration: PLATE VII. --Picea rubra. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, side view. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 7. Fruiting branch with cones of two seasons. 8. Seed. 9. Leaf. 10. Cross-sections of leaves. =Picea alba, Link. = _Picea Canadensis, B. S. P. _ WHITE SPRUCE. CAT SPRUCE. [1] SKUNK SPRUCE. [2] LABRADOR SPRUCE. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils, high rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil. [Footnote 1, 2: So called from the peculiarly unpleasant odor of thecrushed foliage and young shoots, --a characteristic which readilydistinguishes it from the _P. Nigra_ and _P. Rubra_. ] Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all other trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea. Maine, --frequent in sandy soils, often more common than _P. Rubra_, asfar south as the shores of Casco bay; New Hampshire, --abundant aroundthe shores of the Connecticut river, disappearing southward atFifteen-Mile falls; Vermont, --restricted mainly to the northernsections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts, --occasional inthe mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees in Hancock (A. K. Harrington); as far south as Amherst (J. E. Humphrey) and Northampton(Mrs. Emily H. Terry), probably about the southern limit of the species;Rhode Island and Connecticut, --not reported. West through the northern sections of the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains. =Habit. =--A handsome tree, 40-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-2 feetat the ground, the trunk tapering slowly, throwing out numerousscattered or irregularly whorled, gently ascending or nearly horizontalbranches, forming a symmetrical, rather broad conical head, withnumerous branchlets and bluish-green glaucous foliage spread in denseplanes; gum bitter. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk pale reddish-brown or light gray, on very oldtrees ash-white; not as flaky as the bark of the red spruce, the scalessmaller and more closely appressed; young trees and small branches muchsmoother, pale reddish-brown or mottled brown and gray, resembling thefir balsam; branchlets glabrous; shoots from which the leaves havefallen marked by the scaly, persistent leaf-cushions; new shoots palefawn-color at first, turning darker the second season; bark of the treethroughout decidedly lighter than that of the red or black spruces. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds scaly, ovoid or conical, about 1/4 inchlong, light brown. Leaves scattered, stout as those of _P. Rubra_ orvery slender, those on the lower side straight or twisted so as toappear on the upper side, giving a brush-like appearance to the twig, about 3/4 of an inch long; bluish-green, glaucous on the new shoots, needle-shaped, 4-angled, slightly curved, bluntish or sharp-pointed, often mucronate, marked on each side with several parallel rows of dots, malodorous, especially when bruised. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile flowers terminal or axillary, onwood of the preceding season; distinctly stalked; cylindrical, 1/2 aninch long; anthers pale red: fertile flowers at or near ends of season'sshoots; scales pale red or green, spirally imbricated, broader thanlong; margin roundish, entire or nearly so; each scale bearing twoovules. =Fruit. =--Cones short-stalked, at or near ends of branchlets, lightgreen while growing, pale brownish when mature, spreading, 1-2-1/2inches long, when closed cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, cylindrical or ovate-cylindrical when open, mostly falling the firstwinter; scales broad, thin, smooth; margin rounded, sometimesstraight-topped, usually entire. =Horticultural Value. =--A beautiful tree, requiring cold winters for itsfinest development, the best of our New England spruces for ornamentaland forest plantations in the northern sections; grows rapidly in moistor well-drained soils, in open sun or shade, and in exposed situations. The foliage is sometimes infested by the red spider. Propagated fromseed. [Illustration: PLATE VIII. --Picea alba. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Stamen, front view. 3. Stamen, side view. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale, outer side. 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 7. Fruiting branch. 8. Open cone. 9. Seed with ovuliferous scale. 10. Leaves. 11. Cross-sections of leaves. =Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. = HEMLOCK. =Habitat and Range. =--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines, mountain slopes. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --abundant, generally distributed in the southern and centralportions, becoming rare northward, disappearing entirely in most ofAroostook county and the northern Penobscot region; NewHampshire, --abundant, from the sea to a height of 2000 feet in the Whitemountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont, --common, especially in the mountain forests; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut, --common. South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama, ascending to an altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to Michigan and Minnesota. =Habit. =--A large handsome tree, 50-80 feet high; trunk 2-4 feet indiameter, straight, tapering very slowly; branches going out at rightangles, not disposed in whorls, slender, brittle yet elastic, the lowestdeclined or drooping; head spreading, somewhat irregular, widest at thebase; spray airy, graceful, plume-like, set in horizontal planes;foliage dense, extremely delicate, dark lustrous green above and silvergreen below, tipped in spring with light yellow green. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, interior often cinnamon red, shallow-furrowed in old trees; young trunks and branches of large treesgray brown, smooth; season's shoots very slender, buff or lightreddish-brown, minutely pubescent. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Winter buds minute, red brown. Leavesspirally arranged but brought by the twisting of the leafstalk into twohorizontal rows on opposite sides of the twig, about 1/2 an inch long, yellow green when young, becoming at maturity dark shining green on theupper surface, white-banded along the midrib beneath, flat, linear, smooth, occasionally minutely toothed, especially in the upper half;apex obtuse; base obtuse; leafstalk slender, short but distinct, resting on a slightly projecting leaf-cushion. =Inflorescence. =--Sterile flowers from the axils of the preceding year'sleaves, consisting of globose clusters of stamens with spurred anthers:fertile catkins at ends of preceding year's branchlets, scales crimson. =Fruit. =--Cones, on stout footstalks at ends of branchlets, pointingdownward, ripening the first year, light brown, about 3/4 of an inchlong, ovate-elliptical, pointed; scales rounded at the edge, entire orobscurely toothed. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows almostanywhere, but prefers a good, light, loamy or gravelly soil on moistslopes; a very effective tree single or in groups, useful in shadyplaces, and a favorite hedge plant; not affected by rust or insectenemies; in open ground retains its lower branches for many years. Abouttwenty horticultural forms, with variations in foliage, of columnar, densely globular, or weeping habit, are offered for sale in nurseries. [Illustration: PLATE IX. --Tsuga Canadensis. ] 1. Branch with flower-buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flowers. 4. Spurred anther. 5. Branch with fertile flowers. 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovule, inner side. 7. Fruiting branch. 8. Cover-scales with seeds. 9. Leaf. 10. Cross-section of leaf. =Abies balsamea, Mill. = FIR BALSAM. BALSAM. FIR. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountainslopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great Bear Lake region. Maine, --very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with whitepine, black spruce, red spruce, and a few deciduous trees, growing at analtitude of 4500 feet upon Katahdin; New Hampshire, --common in upperCoos county and in the White mountains, where it climbs up to the alpinearea; in the southern part of the state, in the extensive swampsaround the sources of the Contoocook and Miller's rivers, it is theprevailing timber; Vermont, --common; not rare on mountain slopes andeven summits; Massachusetts, --not uncommon on mountain slopes in thenorthwestern and central portions of the state, ranging above the redspruces upon Graylock; a few trees here and there in damp woods or coldswamps in the southern and eastern sections, where it has probably beenaccidentally introduced; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --not reported. South to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--A slender, handsome tree, the most symmetrical of the NewEngland spruces, with a height of 25-60 feet, and a diameter of 1-2 feetat the ground, reduced to a shrub at high altitudes; branches in youngtrees usually in whorls; branchlets mostly opposite. The branches go outfrom the trunk at an angle varying to a marked degree even in trees ofabout the same size and apparent age; in some trees declined near thebase, horizontal midway, ascending near the top; in others horizontal orascending throughout; in others declining throughout like those of theNorway spruce; all these forms growing apparently under precisely thesame conditions; head widest at the base and tapering regularly upward;foliage dark bright green; cones erect and conspicuous. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees a variegated ashen gray, appearingsmooth at a short distance, but often beset with fine scales, with oneedge scarcely revolute, giving a ripply aspect; branches and young treesmottled or striate, greenish-brown and very smooth; branchlets fromwhich the leaves have fallen marked with nearly circular leaf-scars;season's shoots pubescent; bark of trunk in all trees except the oldestwith numerous blisters, containing the Canada balsam of commerce. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, roundish, resinous, grouped onthe leading shoots. Leaves scattered, spirally arranged in rows, atright angles to twig, or disposed in two ranks like the hemlock; 1/2-1inch long, dark glossy green on the upper surface, beneath silverybluish-white, and traversed lengthwise by rows of minute dots, flat, narrowly linear; apex blunt, in young trees and upon vigorous shoots, often slightly but distinctly notched, or sometimes upon upper brancheswith a sharp, rigid point; sessile; aromatic. =Inflorescence. =--Early spring. Lateral or terminal on shoots of thepreceding season; sterile flowers oblong-cylindrical, 1/4 inch inlength; anthers yellow, red-tinged: fertile flowers on the upper side ofthe twig, erect, cylindrical; cover-scales broad, much larger than thepurple ovuliferous scales, terminating in a long, recurved tip. =Fruit. =--Cones along the upper side of the branchlets, erect or nearlyso in all stages of growth, purplish when young, 3-5 inches long, 1 inchor more wide; puberulous; cover-scales at maturity much smaller thanovuliferous scales, thin, obovate, serrulate, bristle-pointed;ovuliferous scales thin, broad, rounded; edge minutely erose, serrulateor entire; both kinds of scales falling from the axis at maturity; seedswinged, purplish. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England, but best adapted to thenorthern sections; grows rapidly in open or shaded situations, especially where there is cool, moist, rich soil; easily transplanted;suitable for immediate effects in forest plantations, but not desirablefor a permanent ornamental tree, as it loses the lower branches at anearly period. Nurserymen and collectors offer it in quantity at a lowprice. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE X. --Abies balsamea. ] 1. Branch with flower-buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Branch with fertile flowers. 4. Cover-scale and ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Ovuliferous scales with ovules at maturity, inner side. 7. Cone-scale and ovuliferous scale at maturity, outer side. 8-9. Leaves. 10-11. Cross-sections of leaves. =Thuja occidentalis, L. = ARBOR-VITÆ. WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers andponds. Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba. Maine, --throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northernportions, forming extensive areas known as "cedar swamps"; sometimesbordering a growth of black spruce at a lower level; NewHampshire, --mostly confined to the upper part of Coos county, disappearing at the White river narrows near Hanover; seen only inisolated localities south of the White mountains; Vermont, --common inswamps at levels below 1000 feet; Massachusetts, --Berkshire county;occasional in the northern sections of the Connecticut river valley;Rhode Island, --not reported; Connecticut, --East Hartford (J. N. Bishop). South along the mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--Ordinarily 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, in northern Maine occasionally 60-70 feet in height, with a diameter of3-5 feet; trunk stout, more or less buttressed in old trees, taperingrapidly, often divided, inclined or twisted, ramifying for the most partnear the ground, forming a dense head, rather small for the size of thetrunk; branches irregularly disposed and nearly horizontal, the loweroften much declined; branchlets many, the flat spray disposed infan-shaped planes at different angles; foliage bright, ofteninterspersed here and there with yellow, faded leaves. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees a dead ash-gray, striate with broadand flat ridges, often conspicuously spirally twisted, shreddy at theedge; young stems and large branches reddish-brown, more or less striateand shreddy; branchlets ultimately smooth, shining, reddish-brown, marked by raised scars; season's twigs invested with leaves. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves in oppositepairs, 4-ranked, closely adherent to the branchlet and completelycovering it, keeled in the side pairs and flat in the others, scale-like, ovate (in seedlings needle-shaped), obtuse or pointed at theapex, glandular upon the back, exhaling when bruised a strong aromaticodor. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Flowers terminal, dark reddish-brown;sterile and fertile, usually on the same plant, rarely on separateplants; anthers opposite; filaments short; ovuliferous scales opposite, with slight projections near the base, usually 2-ovuled. =Fruit. =--Cones, terminal on short branchlets, spreading or recurved, about 1/2 inch long, reddish-brown, loose-scaled, opening to the base atmaturity; persistent through the first winter; scales 6-12, dry, oblong, not shield-shaped, not pointed; margin entire or nearly so; seeds wingedall round. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; adapts itself to all soilsand exposures, but prefers moist locations; grows slowly. Young treeshave a narrowly conical outline, which spreads out at the base with age;retains its lower branches in open places, and is especially useful forhedges or narrow evergreen screens; little affected by insects; oftendisfigured, however, by dead branches and discolored leaves; istransplanted readily, and can be obtained in any quantity fromnurserymen and collectors. The horticultural forms in cultivation rangefrom thick, low, spreading tufts, through very dwarf, round, oval orconical forms, to tall, narrow, pyramidal varieties. Some have all thefoliage tinged bright yellow, cream, or white; others have variegatedfoliage; another form has drooping branches. The bright summer foliageturns to a brownish color in winter. It is propagated from the seed andits horticultural forms from cuttings and layers. [Illustration: PLATE XI. --Thuja occidentalis. ] 1. Flowering branch with the preceding year's fruit. 2. Branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Stamen. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Scale with ovules. =Cupressus thyoides, L. = _Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. Chamæcyparis thyoides, B. S. P. _ WHITE CEDAR. CEDAR. =Habitat and Range. =--In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fillsto the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast. Cape Breton island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps introduced in both. Maine, --reported from the southern part of York county; NewHampshire, --limited to Rockingham county near the coast; Vermont, --nostation known; Massachusetts, --occasional in central and easternsections, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island, --common;Connecticut, --occasional in peat swamps. Southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi. =Habit. =--20-50 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter at the ground, reaching in the southern states an altitude of 90 and a diameter of 4feet; trunk straight, tapering slowly, throwing out nearly horizontal, slender branches, forming a narrow, conical head often of great eleganceand lightness; foliage light brownish-green; strong-scented; spray flatin planes disposed at different angles; wood permanently aromatic. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk thick, reddish, fibrous, shreddy, separating intothin scales, becoming more or less furrowed in old trees; branchesreddish-brown; fine scaled; branches after fall of leaves, in the thirdor fourth year, smooth, purplish-brown; season's shoots at firstgreenish. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves mostlyopposite, 4-ranked, adherent to the branchlet and completely coveringit; keeled in the side pairs and slightly convex in the others, dullgreen, pointed at apex or triangular awl-shaped, mostly with a minuteroundish gland upon the back. =Inflorescence. =--April. Flowers terminal, sterile and fertile, usuallyon the same plant, rarely on separate plants, fertile on shortbranchlets: sterile, globular or oblong, anthers opposite, filamentsshield-shaped: fertile, oblong or globular; ovuliferous scales opposite, slightly spreading at top, dark reddish-brown. =Fruit. =--Cones, variously placed, 1/2 inch in diameter, roundish, purplish-brown, opening towards the center, never to the base; scalesshield-shaped, woody; seeds several under each scale, winged. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, growing best inthe southern sections. Young trees are graceful and attractive, but soonbecome thin and lose their lower branches; valued chiefly in landscapeplanting for covering low and boggy places where other trees do notsucceed as well. Seldom for sale in nurseries, but easily procured fromcollectors. Several unimportant horticultural forms are grown. [Illustration: PLATE XII. --Cupressus thyoides. ] 1. Branch with flowers. 2. Sterile flower. 3. Stamen, back view. 4. Stamen, front view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules. 7. Fruiting-branch. 8. Fruit. 9. Branch. =Juniperus Virginiana, L. = RED CEDAR. CEDAR. SAVIN. =Habitat and Range. =--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes, borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario. Maine, --rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley, reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire, --most frequent in thesoutheast part of the state; sparingly in the Connecticut valley as farnorth as Haverhill (Grafton county); found also in Hart's location inthe White mountain region; Vermont, --not abundant; occurs here and thereon hills at levels less than 1000 feet; frequent in the Champlain andlower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts, --west and center occasional, eastward common; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --common. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 25-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of8-20 inches, attaining much greater dimensions southward; extremelyvariable in outline; the lower branches usually nearly horizontal, theupper ascending; head when young very regular, narrow-based, close andconical; in old trees frequently rather open, wide-spreading, ragged, roundish or flattened. In very exposed situations, especially along theseacoast, the trunk sometimes rises a foot or two and then developshorizontally, forming a curiously contorted lateral head. Under suchconditions it occasionally becomes a dwarf tree 2-3 feet high, withwide-spreading branches and a very dense dome; spray close, foliage asombre green, sometimes tinged with a rusty brownish-red; wood pale red, aromatic. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk light reddish-brown, fibrous, shredding off, nowand then, in long strips, exposing the smooth brown inner bark; season'sshoots green. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds naked, minute. Leaves dull green orbrownish-red, of two kinds: 1. Scale-like, mostly opposite, each pair overlapping the pair above, 4-ranked, ovate, acute, sometimes bristle-tipped, more or less convex, obscurely glandular. 2. Scattered, not overlapping, narrowly lanceolate or needle-shaped, sharp-pointed, spreading. The second form is more common in young trees, sometimes comprising all the foliage, but is often found on trees of allages, sometimes aggregated in dense masses. =Inflorescence. =--Early May. Flowers terminating short branches, sterileand fertile, more commonly on separate trees, often on the same tree;anthers in opposite pairs; ovuliferous scales in opposite pairs, slightly spreading, acute or obtuse; ovules 1-4. =Fruit. =--Berry-like from the coalescence of the fleshy cone-scales, theextremities of which are often visible, roundish, the size of a smallpea, dark blue beneath a whitish bloom, 1-4-seeded. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers sunnyslopes and a loamy soil, but grows well in poor, thin soils and uponwind-swept sites; young plants increase in height 1-2 feet yearly andhave a very formal, symmetrical outline; old trees often becomeirregular and picturesque, and grow very slowly; a long-lived tree;usually obtainable in nurseries and from collectors, but must frequentlybe transplanted to be moved with safety. If a ball of earth can beretained about the roots of wild plants, they can often be movedsuccessfully. There are horticultural forms distinguished by a slenderweeping or distorted habit, and by variegated bluish or yellowishfoliage, occasionally found in American nurseries. The type is usuallypropagated from the seed, the horticultural forms from cuttings or bygrafting. [Illustration: PLATE XIII. --Juniperus Virginiana. ] 1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers. 2. Sterile flower. 3. Stamen with pollen-sacs. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Branch. 7. Branch with needle-shaped leaves. SALICACEÆ. WILLOW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipuleseither minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescencefrom axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before theleaves, in nearly erect, spreading or drooping catkins, sterile andfertile on separate trees; flowers one to each bract, without calyxor corolla; stamens one to many; style short or none; stigmas 2, entireor 2-4-lobed; fruit a 2-4-celled capsule. POPULUS. Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with laceratebracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers;stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided, elongated or spreading. SALIX. Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entirebracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few. =Populus tremuloides, Michx. = POPLAR. ASPEN. =Habitat and Range. =--In all soils and situations except in deep swamps, though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in greatabundance in clearings or upon burnt lands. Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay region and Alaska. New England, --common, reaching in the White mountain region an altitudeof 3000 feet. South to New Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, ascending 3000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the slopes of the Rocky mountains, along which it extends to Mexico and Lower California. =Habit. =--A graceful tree, ordinarily 35-40 feet and not uncommonly50-60 feet high; trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, tapering, surmounted bya very open, irregular head of small, spreading branches; spray sparse, consisting of short, stout, leafy rounded shoots set at a wide angle;distinguished by the slenderness of its habit, the light color of trunkand branches, the deep red of the sterile catkins in early spring, andthe almost ceaseless flutter of the delicate foliage. =Bark. =--Trunk pale green, smooth, dark-blotched below the branches, becoming ash-gray and roughish in old trees; season's shoots darkreddish-brown or green, shining; bitter. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, reddish-brown andlustrous, usually smooth, ovate, acute, often slightly incurved at apex, the upper often appressed. Leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long, breadth usuallyequal to or exceeding the length, yellowish-green and ciliate whenyoung, dark dull green above when mature, lighter beneath, glabrous onboth sides, bright yellow in autumn; outline broadly ovate to orbicular, finely serrate or wavy-edged, with incurved, glandular-tipped teeth, apex rather abruptly acute or short-acuminate; base acute, truncate orslightly heart-shaped, 3-nerved; leafstalk slender, strongly flattenedat right angles to the plane of the blade, bending to the slightestbreath of air; stipules lanceolate, silky, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertileat first about the same length, gradually elongating; bracts cut intoseveral lanceolate or linear divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about 10;anthers red: ovary short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red. =Fruit. =--June. Capsules, in elongated catkins, conical; seeds numerous, white-hairy. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England in the most exposedsituations; grows almost anywhere, but prefers a moist, rich loam; growsrapidly; foliage and spray thin; generally short-lived; often used as ascreen for slow-growing trees; type seldom found in nurseries, but oneor two horticultural forms are occasionally offered. Propagated fromseed or cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XIV. --Populus tremuloides. ] 1. Branch with sterile catkins. 2. Sterile flower. 3. Branch with fertile catkins. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Branch with mature leaves. 7. Variant leaves. =Populus grandidentata, Michx. = POPLAR. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. =Habitat and Range. =--In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, bordersof streams. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario. New England, --common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more. South to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--A tree 30-45 feet in height and 1 foot to 20 inches indiameter at the ground, sometimes attaining much greater dimensions;trunk erect, with an open, unsymmetrical, straggling head; branchesdistant, small and crooked; branchlets round; spray sparse, consistingof short, stout, leafy shoots; in time and manner of blossoming, constant motion of foliage, and general habit, closely resembling _P. Tremuloides. _ =Bark. =--Bark of trunk on old trees dark grayish-brown or blackish, irregularly furrowed, broad-ridged, the outer portions separated intosmall, thickish scales; trunk of young trees soft greenish-gray;branches greenish-gray, darker on the underside; branchlets darkgreenish-gray, roughened with leaf-scars; season's twigs in fall darkreddish-brown, at first tomentose, becoming smooth and shining. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1/8 inch long, mostly divergent, lightchestnut, more or less pubescent, dusty-looking, ovate, acute. Leaves3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose whenopening, usually smooth on both sides when mature, dark green above, lighter beneath, bright yellow in autumn; outline roundish-ovate, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed; teeth acutish; sinuses inshallow curves; apex acute; base truncate or slightly heart-shaped;leafstalks long, strongly flattened at right angles to the plane of theblade; stipules thread-like, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--March to April. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, fertile at first about the same length, but gradually elongating;bracts cut into several lanceolate divisions, silky-hairy; stamens about10; anthers red: ovaries short-stalked; stigmas two, 2-lobed, red. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins at length 3-6 inches long; capsule conical, acute, roughish-scurfy, hairy at tip: seeds numerous, hairy. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows almostanywhere, but prefers moist, rich loam; grows rapidly and is safelytransplanted, but is unsymmetrical, easily broken by the wind, andshort-lived; seldom offered by nurserymen, but readily procured fromnorthern collectors of native plants. Useful to grow for temporaryeffect with permanent trees, as it will fail by the time the desirablekinds are well established. Propagated from seed or cuttings. =Note. =--Points of difference between _P. Tremuloides_ and _P. Grandidentata_. These trees may be best distinguished in early spring bythe color of the unfolding leaves. In the sunlight the head of _P. Tremuloides_ appears yellowish-green, while that of _P. Grandidentata_is conspicuously cotton white. The leaves of _P. Grandidentata_ arelarger and more coarsely toothed, and the main branches go off usuallyat a broader angle. The buds of _P. Grandidentata_ are mostly divergent, dusty-looking, dull; of _P. Tremuloides_, mostly appressed, highlypolished with a resinous lustre. [Illustration: PLATE XV. --Populus grandidentata. ] 1. Branch with sterile catkins. 2. Sterile flower, back view, 3. Sterile flower, front view. 4. Branch with fertile catkins. 5. Bract of fertile flower. 6. Fertile flower, front view. 7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves. 8. Fruit. 9. Fruit. =Populus heterophylla, L. = POPLAR. SWAMP POPLAR. COTTONWOOD. =Habitat and Range. =--In or along swamps occasionally or oftenoverflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed. Connecticut, --frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop);Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley _in lit. _), NewHaven, and near Norwich (W. A. Setchell). Following the eastern coast in wide belts from New York (Staten island and Long island) south to Georgia; west along the Gulf coast to western Louisiana, and northward along the Mississippi and Ohio basins to Arkansas, Indiana, and Illinois. =Habit. =--A slender, medium-sized tree, attaining a height of 30-50feet, reaching farther south a maximum of 90 feet; trunk 9-18 inches indiameter, usually branching high up, forming a rather open hemisphericalor narrow-oblong head; branches irregular, short, rising, except thelower, at a sharp angle; branchlets stout, roundish, varying in color, degree of pubescence, and glossiness, becoming rough after the firstyear with the raised leaf-scars; spray sparse. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, very rough, and broken intoloosely attached narrow plates in old trees; in young trees lightash-gray, smooth at first, becoming in a few years roughish, low-ridged. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds conical, acute, more or less resinous. Leaves 3-6 inches long, two-thirds as wide, densely white-tomentose whenyoung, at length dark green on the upper side, lighter beneath andsmooth except along the veins; outline ovate, wavy-toothed; baseheart-shaped, lobes often overlapping; apex obtuse; leafstalk long, round, downy; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins when expanded 3-4 incheslong, at length pendent; scales cut into irregular divisions, reddish;stamens numerous, anthers oblong, dark red: fertile catkins spreading, few and loosely flowered, gradually elongating; scales reddish-brown;ovary short-stalked; styles 2-3, united at the base; stigmas 2-3, conspicuous. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins spreading or drooping, 4-5 inches long:capsules usually erect, ovoid, acute, shorter than or equaling theslender pedicels: seeds numerous, white-hairy. =Horticultural Value. =--Not procurable in New England nurseries or fromcollectors; its usefulness in landscape gardening not definitely known. [Illustration: PLATE XVI. --Populus heterophylla. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile catkin. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Scale of sterile flower. 5. Branch with fertile catkin. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch with mature leaves. =Populus deltoides, Marsh. = _Populus monilifera, Ait. _ COTTONWOOD. POPLAR. =Habitat and Range. =--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores oflakes, not uncommon in drier locations. Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains. Maine, --not reported; New Hampshire, --restricted to the immediatevicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near the northern partof Westmoreland; Vermont, --western sections, abundant along the shoresof the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake Champlain (W. W. Eggleston); in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts, --along the Connecticut andits tributaries; Rhode Island, --occasional; Connecticut, --occasionaleastward, common along the Connecticut, Farmington, and Housatonicrivers. South to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains. =Habit. =--A stately tree, 75-100 feet in height; trunk 3-5 feet indiameter, light gray, straight or sometimes slightly inclined, of nearlyuniform size to the point of branching, surmounted by a noble, broad-spreading, open, symmetrical head, the lower branches massive, horizontal, or slightly ascending, more or less pendulous at theextremities, the upper coarse and spreading, rising at a sharper angle;branchlets stout; foliage brilliant green, easily set in motion; thesterile trees gorgeous in spring with dark red pendent catkins. =Bark. =--In old trees thick, ash-gray, separated into deep, straightfurrows with rounded ridges; in young trees light yellowish-green, smooth; season's shoots greenish, marked with pale longitudinal lines. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds large, conical, smooth, shining. Leaves3-6 inches long, scarcely less in width, variable in color and shape, ordinarily dark green and shining above, lighter beneath, ribs raised onboth sides; outline broadly ovate, irregularly crenate-toothed; apexabruptly acute or acuminate; base truncate, slightly heart-shaped orsometimes acute; stems long, slender, somewhat flattened at right anglesto the plane of the blade; stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. In solitary, densely flowered catkins;bracts lacerate-fringed, each bract subtending a cup-shaped scale;stamens very numerous; anthers longer than the filaments, dark red:fertile catkins elongating to 5 or 6 inches; ovary ovoid; stigmas 3 or4, nearly sessile, spreading. =Fruit. =--Capsules ovate, rough, short-stalked; seeds densely cottony. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in southern-central New England; growsrapidly in almost any soil and is readily obtainable in nurseries. Wherean immediate effect is desired, the cottonwood serves the purposeexcellently and frequently makes very fine large individual trees, butthe wood is soft and likely to be broken by wind or ice. Usuallypropagated from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XVII. --Populus deltoides. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile catkins. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Scale of sterile flower. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting catkin. 8. Branch with mature leaves. 9. Variant leaf. =Populus balsamifera, L. = BALSAM. POPLAR. BALM OF GILEAD. =Habitat and Range. =--Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders ofswamps, woods. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle. Maine, --common; New Hampshire, --Connecticut river valley, generally nearthe river, becoming more plentiful northward; Vermont, --frequent;Massachusetts and Rhode Island, --not reported; Connecticut, --extendingalong the Housatonic river at New Milford for five or six miles, perhapsderived from an introduced tree (C. K. Averill, _Rhodora_, II, 35). West through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota (Black Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific coast. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 30-75 feet high, trunk 1-3 feet indiameter, straight; branches horizontal or nearly so, slender for sizeof tree, short; head open, narrow-oblong or oblong-conical; branchletsmostly terete; foliage thin. =Bark. =--In old trees dark gray or ash-gray, firm-ridged, in young treessmooth; branchlets grayish; season's shoots reddish or greenish brown, sparsely orange-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 3/4 inch long, appressed or slightlydivergent, conical, slender, acute, resin-coated, sticky, fragrant whenopening. Leaves 3-6 inches long, about one-half as wide, yellowish whenyoung, when mature bright green, whitish below; outline ovate-lanceolateor ovate, finely toothed, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminateapex; base obtuse to rounded, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped;leafstalk much shorter than the blade, terete or nearly so; stipulessoon falling. The leaves of var. _intermedia_ are obovate to oval; thoseof var. _latifolia_ closely approach the leaves of _P. Candicans_. =Inflorescence. =--April. Sterile 3-4 inches long, fertile at first aboutthe same length, gradually elongating, loosely flowered; bractsirregularly and rather narrowly cut-toothed, each bract subtending acup-shaped disk; stamens numerous; anthers red: ovary short-stalked;stigmas two, 2-lobed, large, wavy-margined. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins drooping, 4-6 inches long: capsules ovoid, acute, longer than the pedicels, green: seeds numerous, hairy. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in allexcepting very wet soils, in full sun or light shade, and in exposedsituations; of rapid growth, but subject to the attacks of borers, whichkill the branches and make the head unsightly; also spreads from theroots, and therefore not desirable for ornamental plantations; mostuseful in the formation of shelter-belts; readily transplanted but notcommon in nurseries. Propagated from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XVIII. --Populus balsamifera. ] 1. Branch with sterile flowers. 2. Sterile flower, back view. 3. Sterile flower, side view. 4. Scales of sterile flower. 5. Branch with fertile catkins. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting catkins, mature. 8. Branch with mature leaves. =Populus candicans, Ait. = _Populus balsamifera_, var. _candicans, Gray. _ BALM OF GILEAD. =Habitat and Range. =--In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivatedor pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in awild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitelyagreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey reports that it is indigenous inMichigan, and northern collectors find both sexes in New Hampshire andVermont; while in central and southern New England the staminate tree israrely if ever seen, and the pistillate flowers seldom if ever matureperfect fruit. The evidence seems to indicate a narrow belt extendingthrough northern New Hampshire, Vermont and Michigan, with theintermediate southern sections of the Province of Ontario as the home ofthe Balm of Gilead. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, --occasional; Ontario, --frequent. New England, --occasional throughout. South to New Jersey; west to Michigan and Minnesota. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high; trunk 1-3 feet indiameter, straight or inclined, sometimes beset with a few crooked, bushy branchlets; head very variable in shape and size; solitary in openground, commonly _broad-based, spacious, and pyramidal_, among othertrees more often rather small; loosely and irregularly branched, withsparse, coarse, and often crooked spray; _foliage dark green, handsome, and abundant_; all parts characterized by a strong and peculiar resinousfragrance. A single tree multiplying by suckers often becomes parent ofa grove covering half an acre, more or less, made up of trees of allages and sizes. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and lower portions of large branches dark gray, rough, irregularly striate and firm in old trees; in young trees andupon smaller branches smooth, soft grayish-green, often flanged byprominent ridges running down the stalk from the vertices of thetriangular leaf-scars; season's shoots often flanged, shining reddish orolive green, with occasional longitudinal gray lines, viscid. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds dark reddish-brown, rather closely setalong the stalk, conical or somewhat angled, narrow, often falcate, sharp-pointed, resinous throughout, viscid, aromatic, exhaling apowerful odor when the scales expand, terminal about 3/4 inch long. Leaves 4-6 inches long and nearly as wide, yellowish-green at first, becoming dark green and smooth on the upper surface with the exceptionof a _minute pubescence along the veins_, dull light green beneath, finely serrate with incurved glandular points, usually ciliate withminute stiff, whitish hairs; base heart-shaped; apex short-pointed;petioles about 1-1-1/2 inches long, _more or less hairy_, somewhatflattened at right angles to the blade; stipules short, ovate, acute, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--Similar to that of _P. Balsamifera_. =Fruit. =--Similar to that of _P. Balsamifera_. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; has an attractivefoliage and grows rapidly in all soils and situations, but the branchesare easily broken by the wind, and its habit of suckering makes itobjectionable in ornamental ground; occasionally offered by nurserymenand collectors. Propagated from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XIX. --Populus candicans. ] 1. Winter bud. 2. Branch with fertile catkins. 3. Fertile flower. 4. Fruiting branch. =Populus alba, L. = ABELE. WHITE POPLAR. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. =Range. =--Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe fromsouthern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, andeastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from Englandby the early settlers and soon established in the colonial towns, as inPlymouth and Duxbury, on the western shore of Massachusetts bay. Plantedor spontaneous over a wide area. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, --occasional. New England, --occasional throughout, local, sometimes common. Southward to Virginia. =Habit. =--A handsome tree, resembling _P. Grandidentata_ more than anyother American poplar, but of far nobler proportions; 40-75 feet highand 2-4 feet in diameter at the ground; growing much larger in England;head large, spreading; round-topped, in spring enveloped in a dazzlingcloud of cotton white, which resolves itself later into twoconspicuously contrasting surfaces of dark green and silvery white. =Bark. =--Light gray, smooth upon young trees, in old trees furrowed uponthe trunk. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds not viscid, cottony. Leaves 1-4 incheslong, densely white-tomentose while expanding, when mature dark greenabove and white-tomentose to glabrous beneath; outline ovate or deltoid, 3-5-lobed and toothed or simply toothed, teeth irregular; baseheart-shaped or truncate; apex acute to obtuse; leafstalk long, slender, compressed; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence and Fruit. =--April to May. Sterile catkins 2-4 incheslong, cylindrical, fertile at first shorter, --stamens 6-16; antherspurple: capsules 1/4 inch long, narrow-ovoid; seeds hairy. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy. Thrives even in very poor soils and inexposed situations; grows rapidly in good soils; of distinctive value inlandscape gardening but not adapted for planting along streets and uponlawns of limited area on account of its habit of throwing out numeroussuckers and its liability to damage from heavy winds. The sides ofcountry roads where the abele has been planted are sometimes obstructedfor a considerable distance by the thrifty shoots from underground. =Salix discolor. Muhl. = PUSSY WILLOW. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moisthillsides. Nova Scotia to Manitoba. Maine, --abundant; common throughout the other New England states. South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri. =Habit. =--Mostly a tall shrub with several stems, but occasionallyassuming a tree-like habit, with a height of 15-20 feet and trunkdiameter of 5-10 inches; one tree reported at Laconia, N. H. , 35 feethigh (F. W. Batchelder); branches few, stout, ascending, forming a veryopen, hemispherical head. =Bark. =--Trunk reddish-brown; branches dark-colored; branchlets lightgreen, orange-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate-conical; apex obtuse to acute. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, smooth and bright greenabove, smooth and whitish beneath when fully grown; outlineovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-oval, crenulate-serrate to entire;apex acute, base acute and entire; leafstalk short; stipules toothed orentire. =Inflorescence. =--March to April. Appearing before the leaves incatkins, sterile and fertile on separate plants, occasionally both kindson the same plant, sessile, --sterile spreading or erect, oblong-cylindrical, silky; calyx none; petals none; bracts entire, reddish-brown turning to black, oblong to oblong-obovate, with long, silky hairs; stamens 2; filaments distinct: fertile catkins spreading;bracts oblong to ovate, hairy; style short; stigma deeply 4-lobed. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins somewhat declined: capsules ovate-conical, tomentose, stem two-thirds the length of the scale: seeds numerous. =Horticultural Value. =--Picturesque in blossom and fruit; its valuedependent chiefly upon its matted roots for holding wet banks, and itsability to withstand considerable shade. Sold by plant collectors;easily propagated from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XX. --Salix discolor. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Branch with sterile catkins. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile catkins. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Mature leaves. =Salix nigra, Marsh. = BLACK WILLOW =Habitat and Range. =--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, riverflats. New Brunswick to western Ontario. New England, --occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, Louisiana, Texas, southern California, and south into Mexico. =Habit. =--A large shrub or small tree, 25-40 feet high and 10-15 inchesin trunk diameter, attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippivalleys and the valley of the lower Colorado; trunk short, surmounted byan irregular, open, often roundish head, with stout, spreading branches, slender branchlets, and twigs brittle towards their base. _S. Nigra_, var. _falcata_, Pursh. , covers about the same range as thetype and differs chiefly in its narrower, falcate leaves. =Bark. =--Trunk rough, in young trees light brown, in old treesdark-colored or nearly black, deeply and irregularly ridged, separatedon the surface into thick, plate-like scales; branchlets reddish-brown;twigs bronze olive. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds narrowly conical, acute. Leaves simple, alternate, appearing much later than those of _S. Discolor_, 2-5 incheslong, somewhat pubescent on both sides when young, when mature green andsmooth above, paler and sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath;outline narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate; apex acute or acuminate, often curved; base acutish to rounded or slightly heart-shaped; petioleshort, usually pubescent; stipules large and persistent, or small andsoon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Appearing with the leaves from the axilsof the short, lateral shoots, in catkins, sterile and fertile ondifferent trees, stalked, --sterile spreading, narrowly cylindrical;calyx none; corolla none; bracts entire, rounded to oblong, villous, ciliate; stamens about 5: fertile catkins spreading; calyx none; corollanone; bracts ovate to narrowly oblong, acute, villous; ovaryshort-stalked, with two small glands at its base, ovate-conical, sometimes obovate, smooth; stigmas 2, short. =Fruit. =--Fertile catkins drooping: capsules ovate-conical, short-stemmed, minutely granular; style very short: seeds numerous. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; grows rapidly in allsoils, particularly useful in very wet situations; seriously affected byinsects; occasionally offered in nurseries; transplanted readily;propagated from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE XXI. --Salix nigra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile catkins. 3. Sterile flower, side view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Branch with fertile catkins. 6. Fertile flower, side view. 7. Fertile flower, front view. 8. Fruiting branch. 9. Fruit enlarged. =Salix fragilis and Salix alba. = The _fragilis_ and _alba_ group of genus _Salix_ gives rise to puzzlingquestions of determination and nomenclature. Pure _fragilis_ and pure_alba_ are perfectly distinct plants, _fragilis_ occasional, locallyrather common, and _alba_ rather rare within the limits of the UnitedStates. Each species has varieties; the two species hybridize with eachother and with native species, and the hybrids themselves have varietalforms. This group affords a tempting field for the manufacture ofspecies and varieties, about most of which so little is known that anyattempt to assign a definite range would be necessarily imperfect andmisleading. The range as given below in either species simply points outthe limits within which any one of the various forms of that speciesappears to be spontaneous. =Salix fragilis, L. = CRACK WILLOW. BRITTLE WILLOW. =Habitat and Range. =--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous insouthwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated;introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making, and planted at a very early date in many of the colonial towns; nowextensively cultivated, and often spontaneous in wet places and alongriver banks, throughout New England and as far south as Delaware. =Habit. =--Tree often of great size; attaining a maximum height of 60-90feet; head open, wide-spreading; branches except the lowest rising at abroad angle; branchlets reddish or yellowish green, smooth and polished, very brittle at the base. In 1890 there was standing upon the Groomeestate, Humphreys Street, Dorchester, Mass. , a willow of this speciesabout 60 feet high, 28 feet 2 inches in girth five feet from the ground, with a spread of 110 feet (_Typical Elms and other Trees ofMassachusetts_, p. 85). =Bark. =--Bark of the trunk gray, smooth in young trees, in old treesvery rough, irregularly ridged, sometimes cleaving off in large plates. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds about 1/3 inch long, reddish-brown, narrow-conical. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-6 inches long, smooth, darkgreen and shining above, pale or glaucous beneath and somewhat pubescentwhen young; outline lanceolate, glandular-serrate; apex long-acuminate;tapering to an acute or obtuse base; leafstalk short, glandular at thetop; stipules half-cordate when present, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves, spreading, stalked, --sterile 1-2 inches long; stamens 2-4, usually 2;filaments distinct, pubescent below; ovary abortive: fertile catkinsslender; stigma nearly sessile; capsule long-conical, smooth, short-stalked. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows best nearstreams, but adapts itself readily to all rich, damp soils. A handsomeornamental tree when planted where its roots can find water, and itsbranches space for free development. Readily propagated from slips. SALIX ALBA, L. WHITE WILLOW. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, moist grounds; along streams. Probablyindigenous throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia as far south asnorthwestern India. Extensively introduced in America, and oftenspontaneous over large areas. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. New England, --sparingly throughout. South to Delaware; extensively introduced in the western states. =Habit. =--A large tree, 50-80 feet in height; trunk usually rather shortand 2-7 feet in diameter; head large, not as broad-spreading as that of_S. Fragilis_; branches numerous, mostly ascending. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees gray and coarsely ridged, in youngtrees smooth; twigs smooth, olive. =Leaves. =--Leaves simple, alternate, 2-4 inches long, _silky-hairy onboth sides when young, when old still retaining more or less pubescence, especially on the paler under surface_; outline narrowly lanceolate orelliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, tapering to a long pointed apexand to an acute base; leafstalk short, usually without glands; stipulesovate-lanceolate, soon falling. =Note. =--Var. _vitellina_, Koch. , by far the most common form of thiswillow; mature leaves glabrous above; twigs _yellow_. Var. _cærulea_, Koch. ; mature leaves bluish-green, glabrous above, glaucous beneath;twigs _olive_. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Catkins appearing with the leaves, slender, erect, stalked; scales linear; stamens 2; filaments distinct, hairy below the middle; stigma nearly sessile, deeply cleft; capsuleglabrous, sessile or nearly so. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows best inmoist localities; extensively cultivated to bind the soil along thebanks of streams. Easily propagated from slips. JUGLANDACEÆ. WALNUT FAMILY. =Juglans cinerea, L. = BUTTERNUT. OILNUT. LEMON WALNUT. =Habitat and Range. =--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile, moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes. New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario. Maine, --common, often abundant; New Hampshire, --throughout theConnecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and its tributaries, to thebase of the White mountains; Vermont, --frequent; Massachusetts, --commonin the eastern and central portions, frequent westward; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --common. South to Delaware, along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas. =Habit. =--Usually a medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet in height, with adisproportionately large trunk, 1-4 feet in diameter; often attainingunder favorable conditions much greater dimensions. It ramifies at a fewfeet from the ground and throws out long, rather stout, and nearlyhorizontal branches, the lower slightly drooping, forming for the heightof the tree a very wide-spreading head, with a stout and stiffish spray. At its best the butternut is a picturesque and even beautiful tree. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark gray, rough, narrow-ridged and wide-furrowedin old trees, in young trees smooth, dark gray; branchlets brown gray, with gray dots and prominent leaf-scars; season's shoots greenish-gray, faint-dotted, with a clammy pubescence. The bruised bark of the nutstains the skin yellow. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds flattish or oblong-conical, few-scaled, 2-4 buds often superposed, the uppermost largest and far above theaxil. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 1-1-1/2 feet long, viscid-pubescent throughout, at least when young; rachis enlarged atbase; stipules none; leaflets 9-17, 2-4 inches long, about half as wide, upper surface rough, yellowish when unfolding in spring, becoming a darkgreen, lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline oblong-lanceolate, serrate; veins prominent beneath; apex acute to acuminate; base obtuseto rounded, somewhat inequilateral, sessile, except the terminalleaflet; stipels none. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterileand fertile flowers on the same tree, --the sterile from terminal orlateral buds of the preceding season, in single, unbranched, stout, green, cylindrical, drooping catkins 3-6 inches long; calyx irregular, mostly 6-lobed, borne on an oblong scale; corolla none; stamens 8-12, with brown anthers: fertile flowers sessile, solitary, or several on acommon peduncle from the season's shoots; calyx hairy, 4-lobed, with 4small petals at the sinuses; styles 2, short; stigmas 2, large, feathery, diverging, rose red. =Fruit. =--Ripening in October, one or several from the same footstalk, about 3 inches long, oblong, pointed, green, downy, and sticky at first, dark brown when dry: shells sculptured, rough: kernel edible, sweet butoily. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in anywell-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; seldom reaches itsbest under cultivation. Trees of the same age are apt to vary in vigorand size, dead branches are likely to appear early, and sound trees 8 or10 inches in diameter are seldom seen; the foliage is thin, appears lateand drops early; planted in private grounds chiefly for its fruit; onlyoccasionally offered in nurseries, collected plants seldom successful. Best grown from seed planted where the tree is to stand, as is evidentfrom many trees growing spontaneously. [Illustration: PLATE XXII. --Juglans cinerea. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, side view. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruit. 6. Leaf. =Juglans nigra, L. = BLACK WALNUT. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich woods. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, --not reported native;Massachusetts, --rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along thewestern part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; RhodeIsland, --doubtfully native, Apponaug (Kent county) and elsewhere;Connecticut, --frequent westward, Darien (Fairfield county); Plainville(Hartford county, J. N. Bishop _in lit. _, 1896); in the central andeastern sections probably introduced. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter above the swellof the roots of 2-5 feet; attaining in the Ohio valley a height of 150feet and a diameter of 6-8 feet; trunk straight, slowly tapering, throwing out its lower branches nearly horizontally, the upper at abroad angle, forming an open, spacious, noble head. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, blackish, and deeplyfurrowed; large branches rough and more or less furrowed; branchletssmooth; season's twigs downy. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate or rounded, obtuse, more orless pubescent, few-scaled. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachissmooth and swollen at base, but less so than that of the butternut;stipules none; leaflets 13-21 (the odd leaflet at the apex oftenwanting), opposite or alternate, 2-5 inches long, about half as wide;dark green and smooth above, lighter and slightly glandular-pubescentbeneath, turning yellow in autumn; outline ovate-lanceolate; apextaper-pointed; base oblique, usually rounded or heart-shaped; stemlessor nearly so, except the terminal leaflet; stipels none. Aromatic whenbruised. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing while the leaves are unfolding, sterileand fertile flowers on the same tree, --the sterile along the sides or atthe ends of the preceding year's branches, in single, unbranched, green, stout, cylindrical, pendulous catkins, 3-6 inches long; perianthof 6 rounded lobes, stamens numerous, filaments very short, antherspurple: fertile flowers in the axils of the season's shoots, sessile, solitary or several on a common peduncle; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 smallpetals at the sinuses; stigmas 2, reddish-green. =Fruit. =--Ripening in October at the ends of the branchlets, single, ortwo or more together; round, smooth, or somewhat roughish with unevensurface, not viscid, dull green turning to brown: husk not separatinginto sections: shell irregularly furrowed: kernel edible. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in central and southern New England; growswell in most situations, but in a deep rich soil it forms a large andhandsome tree. Readily obtainable in western nurseries; transplantsrather poorly, and collected plants are of little value. Its leavesappear late and drop early, and the fruit is often abundant. Thesedisadvantages make it objectionable in many cases. Grown from seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXIII. --Juglans nigra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, front view. 4. Sterile flower, back view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. =Carya alba, Nutt. = _Hicoria ovata, Britton. _ SHAGBARK. SHAGBARK OR SHELLBARK HICKORY. WALNUT. =Habitat and Range. =--In various soils and situations, fertile slopes, brooksides, rocky hills. Valley of the St. Lawrence. Maine, --along or near the coast as far north as Harpswell (Cumberlandcounty); New Hampshire, --common as far north as Lake Winnepesaukee;Vermont, --occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather common inthe Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the Greenmountains; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, --common. South to Delaware and along the mountains to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--The tallest of the hickories and proportionally the mostslender, from 50 to 75 feet in height, and not more than 2 feet in trunkdiameter; rising to a great height in the Ohio and Indiana riverbottoms. The trunk, shaggy in old trees, rises with nearly uniformdiameter to the point of furcation, throwing out rather small branchesof unequal length and irregularly disposed, forming an oblong or roundedhead with frequent gaps in the continuity of the foliage. =Bark. =--Trunk in young trees and in the smaller branches ash-gray, smoothish to seamy; in old trees, extremely characteristic, usuallyshaggy, the outer layers separating into long, narrow, unequal plates, free at one or both ends, easily detachable; branchlets smooth and gray, with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots stout, more or less downy, numerous-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds tomentose, ovate to oblong, terminalbuds large, much swollen before expanding; inner scales numerous, purplish-fringed, downy, enlarging to 5-6 inches in length as the leavesunfold. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-20 inches long; petioleshort, rough, and somewhat swollen at base; stipules none; leafletsusually 5, sometimes 3 or 7, 3-7 inches long, dark green above, yellowish-green and downy beneath when young, the three upper large, obovate to lanceolate, the two lower much smaller, oblong tooblong-lanceolate, all finely serrate and sharp-pointed; base obtuse, rounded or acute, mostly inequilateral; nearly sessile save the oddleaflet; stipels none. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree, appearing when the leaves are fully grown, --sterile at the base of theseason's shoots, in slender, green, pendulous catkins, 4-6 inches long, usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle;flower-scales 3-parted, the middle lobe much longer than the other two, linear, tipped with long bristles; calyx adnate to scale; stamensmostly in fours, anthers yellow, bearded at the tip: fertile flowerssingle or clustered on peduncles at the ends of the season's shoots;calyx 4-toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, large, fringed. =Fruit. =--October. Spherical, 3-6 inches in circumference: husks ratherthin, firm, green turning to brown, separating completely into 4sections: nut variable in size, subglobose, white, usually 4-angled:kernel large, sweet, edible. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers light, well-drained, loamy soil; when well established makes a moderately rapidgrowth; difficult to transplant, rarely offered in nurseries; collectedplants seldom survive; a fine tree for landscape gardening, but its nutsare apt to make trouble in public grounds. Propagated from a seed. Athin-shelled variety is in cultivation. [Illustration: PLATE XXIV. --Carya alba. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, front view. 4. Sterile flower, back view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. =Carya tomentosa, Nutt. = _Hicoria alba, Britton. _ MOCKERNUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. WALNUT. Habitat and Range. --In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountainslopes. Niagara peninsula and westward. Maine and Vermont, --not reported; New Hampshire, --sparingly along thecoast; Massachusetts, --rather common eastward; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --common. South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tall and rather slender tree, 50-70 feet high, with adiameter above the swell of the roots of 2-3 feet; attaining muchgreater dimensions south and west; trunk erect, not shaggy, separatinginto a few rather large limbs and sending out its upper branches at asharp angle, forming a handsome, wide-spreading, pyramidal head. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark gray, thick, hard, close, and rough, becoming narrow-rugged-furrowed; crinkly on small trunks and branches;leaf-scars prominent; season's shoots stout, brown, downy or dustypuberulent, dotted, resinous-scented. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds large, yellowish-brown, ovate, downy. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 15-20 inches long; rachis large, downy, swollen at the base; stipules none; leaflets 7-9, opposite, large, yellowish-green and smooth above, beneath paler and thick-downy, at least when young, turning to a clear yellow or russet brown inautumn, the three upper obovate, the two lower ovate, all the leafletsslightly serrate or entire, pointed, base acute to rounded, nearlysessile except the odd one. Aromatic when bruised. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree, appearing when the leaves are fully grown, --sterile at the base of theseason's shoots, in slender, pendulous, downy catkins, 4-8 inches long, usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales3-lobed, hairy; calyx adnate; stamens 4 or 5, anthers red, bearded atthe tip: fertile flowers on peduncles at the end of the season's shoots;calyx toothed, hairy, adherent to ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2, hairy. =Fruit. =--October. Generally sessile on terminal peduncles, single or inpairs, as large or larger than the fruit of the shagbark, or as small asthat of the pignut, oblong-globose to globose: husk hard and thick, separating in 4 segments nearly to the base, strong-scented: nutglobular, 4-ridged near the top, thick-shelled: kernel usually small, sweet, edible. The superior size of the fruit and the smallness of thekernel probably give rise to the common name, "mockernut. " =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich, well-drained soil, but grows well in rocky, ledgy, exposedsituations, and is seldom disfigured by insect enemies. Young trees havelarge, deep roots, and are difficult to transplant successfully unlessthey have been frequently transplanted in nurseries, from which, however, they are seldom obtainable. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXV. --Carya tomentosa. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, front view. 4. Sterile flower, side view. 5. Sterile flower, top view. 6. Fertile flower, side view. 7. Fruiting branch. =Carya porcina, Nutt. = _Hicoria glabra, Britton_. PIGNUT. WHITE HICKORY. =Habitat and Range. =--Woods, dry hills, and uplands. Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie. Maine, --frequent in the southern corner of York county; NewHampshire, --common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley;abundant on hills near the Connecticut river, but only occasional aboveBellows Falls; Vermont, --Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh (Brainerd); W. Castleton and Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts, --common eastward; alongthe Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys morecommon than the shagbark; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --common. South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A stately tree, 50-65 feet high, reaching in the Ohio basin aheight of 120 feet; trunk 2-5 feet in diameter, gradually tapering, surmounted by a large, oblong, open, rounded, or pyramidal head, oftenof great beauty. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark ash-gray, uniformly but very coarselyroughened, in old trees smooth or broken into rough and occasionallyprojecting plates; branches gray; leaf-scars rather prominent; season'sshoots smooth or nearly so, purplish changing to gray, with numerousdots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Lateral buds smaller than in _C. Tomentosa_, oblong, pointed; terminal, globular, with rounded apex; scales numerous, the inner reddish, lengthening to 1 or 2 inches, not dropping till afterexpansion of the leaves. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 10-18inches long; petiole long and smooth; stipules none; leaflets 5-7, opposite, 2-5 inches long, yellowish-green above, paler beneath, turningto an orange brown in autumn, smooth on both sides; outline, the threeupper obovate, the two lower oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed; baseobtuse, sometimes acute, especially in the odd leaflet. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree, appearing when the leaves are fully grown, --sterile at the base of theseason's shoots, in pendulous, downy, slender catkins, 3-5 inches long, usually in threes, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scales3-lobed, nearly glabrous, lobes of nearly equal length, pointed, themiddle narrower; stamens mostly 4, anthers yellowish, beset with whitehairs: fertile flowers at the ends of the season's shoots; calyx4-toothed, pubescent, adherent to the ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2. =Fruit. =--October. Single or in pairs, sessile on a short, terminalstalk, shape and size extremely variable, pear-shaped, oblong, round, orobovate, usually about 1-1/2 inches in diameter: husk thin, greenturning to brown, when ripe parting in four sections to the center andsometimes nearly to the base: nut rather thick-shelled, not ridged, notsharp-pointed: kernel much inferior in flavor to that of the shagbark. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in allwell-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich loam; a desirable tree forornamental plantations, especially in lawns, as the deep roots do notinterfere with the growth of grass above them; ill-adapted, like all thehickories, for streets, as the nuts are liable to cause trouble; lessreadily obtainable in nurseries than the shellbark hickory and equallydifficult to transplant. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXVI. --Carya porcina. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3, 4. Sterile flower, back view. 5. Fertile flower, side view. 6. Fruiting branch. =Carya amara, Nutt. = _Hicoria minima, Britton_. BITTERNUT. SWAMP HICKORY. =Habitat and Range. =--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low, damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands andhill slopes. From Montreal west to Georgian bay. Maine, --southward, rare; New Hampshire, --eastern limit in theConnecticut valley, where it ranges farther north than any other of ourhickories, reaching Well's river (Jessup); Vermont, --occasional west ofthe Green mountains and in the southern Connecticut valley;Massachusetts, --rather common, abundant in the vicinity of Boston; RhodeIsland and Connecticut, --common. South to Florida, ascending 3500 feet in Virginia; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tall, slender tree, 50-75 feet high and 1 foot-2-1/2 feet indiameter at the ground, reaching greater dimensions southward. Thetrunk, tapering gradually to the point of branching, develops acapacious, spreading head, usually widest near the top, with livelygreen, finely cut foliage of great beauty, turning to a rich orange inautumn. Easily recognized in winter by its flat, yellowish buds. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk gray, close, smooth, rarely flaking off in thinplates; branches and branchlets smooth; leaf-scars prominent; season'sshoots yellow, smooth, yellow-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Terminal buds long, yellow, flattish, oftenscythe-shaped, pointed, with a granulated surface; lateral buds muchsmaller, often ovate or rounded, pointed. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, 12-15 inches long; rachis somewhat enlarged at base; stipulesnone; leaflets 5-11, opposite, 5-6 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, brightgreen and smooth above, paler and smooth or somewhat downy beneath, turning to orange yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, or narrowly ovalto oblong-obovate, serrate; apex taper-pointed to scarcely acute; baseobtuse or rounded except that of the terminal leaflet, which is acute;sessile and inequilateral, except in terminal leaflet, which has a shortstem and is equal-sided; sometimes scarcely distinguishable from theleaves of _C. Porcina_; often decreasing regularly in size from theupper to the lower pair. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile and fertile flowers on the same tree, appearing when the leaves are fully grown, --sterile at the base of theseason's shoots, or sometimes from the lateral buds of the precedingseason, in slender, pendulous catkins, 3-4 inches long, usually inthrees, branching umbel-like from a common peduncle; scale 3-lobed, hairy-glandular, middle lobe about the same length as the other two butnarrower, considerably longer toward the end of the catkin; stamensmostly 5, anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowers on peduncles atthe end of the season's shoots; calyx 4-lobed, pubescent, adherent tothe ovary; corolla none; stigmas 2. =Fruit. =--October. Single or in twos or threes at the ends of thebranchlets, abundant, usually rather small, about 1 inch long, the widthgreater than the length; occasionally larger and somewhat pear-shaped:husk separating about to the middle into four segments, with suturesprominently winged at the top or almost to the base, or nearly wingless:nut usually thin-shelled: kernel white, sweetish at first, at lengthbitter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows almostanywhere, but prefers a rich, loamy or gravelly soil. A most gracefuland attractive hickory, which is transplanted more readily and growsrather more rapidly than the shagbark or pignut, but more inclined thaneither of these to show dead branches. Seldom for sale by nurserymen orcollectors. Grown readily from seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXVII. --Carya amara. ] 1. Winter bud. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. BETULACEÆ. BIRCH FAMILY. =Ostrya Virginica, Willd. = _Ostrya Virginiana, Willd. _ HOP HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD. LEVERWOOD. =Habitat and Range. =--In rather open woods and along highlands. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Common in all parts of New England. Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi, ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A small tree, 25-40 feet high and 8-12 inches in diameter atthe ground, sometimes attaining, without much increase in height, adiameter of 2 feet; trunk usually slender; head irregular, often oblongor loosely and rather broadly conical; lower branches sometimes slightlydeclining at the extremities, but with branchlets mostly of an upwardtendency; spray slender and rather stiff. Suggestive, in its habit, ofthe elm; in its leaves, of the black birch; and in its fruit, ofclusters of hops. =Bark. =--Trunk and large limbs light grayish-brown, very narrowly andlongitudinally ridged, the short, thin segments in old trees often looseat the ends; the smaller branches, branchlets, and in late fall theseason's shoots, dark reddish-brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, oblong, pointed, invested withreddish-brown scales. Leaves simple, alternate, roughish, 2-4 incheslong, 1-2 inches wide, more or less appressed-pubescent on both sides, dark green above, lighter beneath; outline ovate to oblong-ovate, sharply and for the most part doubly serrate; apex acute to acuminate;base slightly and narrowly heart-shaped, rounded or truncate, mostlywith unequal sides; leafstalks short, pubescent; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile flowers from wood of thepreceding season, lateral or terminal, in drooping, cylindrical catkins, usually in threes; scales broad, laterally rounded, sharp-pointed, ciliate, each subtending several nearly sessile stamens, filamentssometimes forked, with anthers bearded at the tip: fertile catkins about1 inch in length, on short leafy shoots, spreading; bracts lanceolate, tapering to a long point, ciliate, each subtending two ovaries, eachovary with adherent calyx, enclosed in a hairy bractlet; styles 2, long, linear. =Fruit. =--Early September. A small, smooth nut, enclosed in thedistended bract; the aggregated fruit resembling a cluster of hops. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers dry orwell-drained slopes in gravelly or rocky soil; graceful and attractive, but of rather slow growth; useful in shady situations and worthy of aplace in ornamental plantations, but too small for street use. Seldomraised by nurserymen; collected plants moved with difficulty. Propagatedfrom seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. --Ostrya Virginica. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile catkin. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch. =Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. = HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. IRONWOOD. WATER BEECH. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps. Province of Quebec to Georgian bay. Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A low, spreading tree, 10-30 feet high, with a trunk diameterof 6-12 inches, rarely reaching 2 feet; trunk short, often given afluted appearance by projecting ridges running down from the lowerbranches to the ground; in color and smoothness resembling the beech;lower branches often much declined, upper going out at various angles, often zigzag but keeping the same general direction; head wide, close, flat-topped to rounded, with fine, slender spray. =Bark. =--Trunk smooth, close, dark bluish-gray; branchlets grayish;season's shoots light green turning brown, more or less hairy. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds small, oval or ovoid, acute toobtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-3 inches long, dull green above, lighter beneath, turning to scarlet or crimson in autumn; outline ovateor slightly obovate oblong or broadly oval, irregularly and sharplydoubly serrate; veins prominent and pubescent beneath, at least whenyoung; apex acuminate to acute; base rounded, truncate, acute, orslightly and unevenly heart-shaped; leafstalk rather short, slender, hairy; stipules pubescent, falling early. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile flowers from growth of the precedingseason in short, stunted-looking, lateral catkins, mostly single; scalesovate or rounded, obtuse, each subtending several stamens; filamentsvery short, mostly 2-forked; anthers bearded at the tip: fertile flowersat the ends of leafy shoots of the season, in loose catkins; bractletsfoliaceous, each subtending a green, ovate, acute, ciliate, deciduousscale, each scale subtending two pistils with long reddish styles. =Fruit. =--In terminal catkins made conspicuous by the pale green, muchenlarged, and leaf-like 3-lobed bracts, each bract subtending adark-colored, sessile, striate nutlet. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers moist, rich soil, near running water, on the edges of wet land or on rockyslopes in shade. Its irregular outline and curiously ridged trunk makeit an interesting object in landscape plantations. It is not often used, however, because it is seldom grown in nurseries, and collected plantsdo not bear removal well. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXIX. --Carpinus Caroliniana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile catkin. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch. =BETULA. = Inflorescence. --In scaly catkins, sterile and fertile on the same tree, appearing with or before the leaves from shoots of the previousseason, --sterile catkins terminal and lateral, formed in summer, erector inclined in the bud, drooping when expanded in the following spring;sterile flowers usually 3, subtended by a shield-shaped bract with 2bractlets; each flower consisting of a 1-scaled calyx and 2 anthers, which appear to be 4 from the division of the filaments into two parts, each of which bears an anther cell: fertile catkins erect or inclined atthe end of very short leafy branchlets; fertile flowers subtended by a3-lobed bract falling with the nuts; bractlets none; calyx none; corollanone; consisting of 2-3 ovaries crowned with 2 spreading styles. =Betula lenta, L. = BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. =Habitat and Range. =--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertilehill-slopes, banks of rivers. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region. Maine, --frequent; New Hampshire, --in the highlands of the southernsection, and along the Connecticut river valley to a short distancenorth of Windsor; Vermont, --frequent in the western part of the state, and in the southern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900);Massachusetts and Rhode Island, --frequent throughout, especially in thehighlands, less often near the coast; Connecticut, --widely distributed, especially in the Connecticut river valley, but not common. South to Delaware, along the mountains to Florida; west to Minnesota and Kansas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized or rather large tree, 50-75 feet high, with atrunk diameter of 1-4 feet, often conspicuous along precipitous ledges, springing out of crevices in the rocks and assuming a variety ofpicturesque forms. In open ground the dark trunk develops a symmetrical, wide-spreading, hemispherical head broadest at its base, the lower limbshorizontal or drooping sometimes nearly to the ground. The limbs arelong and slender, often more or less tortuous, and separated ultimatelyinto a delicate, polished spray. Distinguished by its longpurplish-yellow, pendulous catkins in spring, and in summer by itsglossy, bright green, and abundant foliage, which becomes yellow inautumn. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk on old trees very dark, separating and cleavingoff in large, thickish plates; on young trees and on branches a darkreddish-brown, not separating into thin layers, smooth, with numeroushorizontal lines 1-3 inches long; branchlets reddish-brown, shining, with shorter lateral lines; season's shoots with small, pale dots. Innerbark very aromatic, having a strong checkerberry flavor, --hence thecommon name, "checkerberry birch"; called also "cherry birch, " from theresemblance of its bark to that of the garden cherry. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds reddish-brown, oblong or conical, pointed, inner scales whitish, elongating as the bud opens. Leavessimple, in alternate pairs, 3-4 inches long and one-half as wide, shining green above and downy when young, paler beneath andsilvery-downy along the prominent, straight veins; outline ovate-oval, ovate-oblong, or oval; sharply serrate to doubly serrate; apex acute toacuminate; base heart-shaped to obtuse; leafstalk short, often curved, hairy when young; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long, slender, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins erect orsuberect, sessile or nearly so, 1/2-1 inch long, oblong-cylindrical;bracts pubescent; lateral lobes wider than in _B. Lutea. _ =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical, nearly erect; bracts with3 short, nearly equal diverging lobes: nut obovate-oblong, wider thanits wings; upper part of seed-body usually appressed-pubescent. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows everywherefrom swamps to hilltops, but prefers moist rocky slopes and a loamy orgravelly soil; occasionally offered by nurserymen; both nursery andcollected plants are moved without serious difficulty; apt to growrather unevenly. [Illustration: PLATE XXX. --Betula lenta. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Fruit. 8. Mature leaf. =Betula lutea, Michx. F. = YELLOW BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Rainy river. New England, --abundant northward; common throughout, from borders oflowland swamps to 1000 feet above the sea level; more common atconsiderable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive patches orbelts. South to the middle states, and along the mountains to Tennessee and North Carolina; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--A large tree, at its maximum in northern New England 60-90feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at the base. In the forest the maintrunk separates at a considerable height into a few large branches whichrise at a sharp angle, curving slightly, forming a rather small, irregular head, widest near the top; while in open ground the head isbroad-spreading, hemispherical, with numerous rather equal, long andslender branches, and a fine spray with drooping tendencies. In thesunlight the silvery-yellow feathering and the metallic sheen of trunkand branches make the yellow birch one of the most attractive trees ofthe New England forest. =Bark. =--Bark of trunks and large limbs in old trees gray or blackish, lustreless, deep-seamed, split into thick plates, standing out at allsorts of angles; in trees 6-8 inches in diameter, scarf-bark lustrous, parted in ribbon-like strips, detached at one end and running up thetrunk in delicate, tattered fringes; season's shoots lightyellowish-green, minutely buff-dotted, woolly-pubescent, becoming insuccessive seasons darker and more lustrous, the dots elongating intohorizontal lines. Aromatic but less so than the bark of the black birch;not readily detachable like the bark of the canoe birch. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds conical, 1/4 inch long, mostlyappressed, tips of scales brownish. Leaves simple, in alternate pairs orscattered singly along the stem; 3-5 inches long, 1/2-2 inches wide, dull green on both sides, paler beneath and more or less pubescent onthe straight veins; outline oval to oblong, for the most part doublyserrate; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped, obtuse or truncate;leafstalk short, grooved, often pubescent or woolly; stipules soonfalling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins 3-4 inches long, purplish-yellow; scales fringed: fertile catkins sessile or nearly so, about 1 inch long, cylindrical; bracts 3-lobed, nearly to the middle, pubescent, lobes slightly spreading. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins oblong or oblong-ovoid, about 1 inch long andtwo-thirds as thick, erect: nut oval to narrowly obovate, tapering ateach end, pubescent on the upper part, about the width of its wing. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in wet ordry situations, but prefers wet, peaty soil, where its roots can find aconstant supply of moisture; similar to the black birch, equallyvaluable in landscape-gardening, but less desirable as a street tree;transplanted without serious difficulty. Differences between black birch and yellow birch: =Black Birch. =--Bark reddish-brown, not separable into thin layers;leaves bright green above, finely serrate; fruiting catkins cylindrical;bark of twigs decidedly aromatic. =Yellow Birch. =--Bark yellow, separable into thin layers; leaves dullgreen above; serration coarser and more decidedly doubly serrate;fruiting catkins ovoid or oblong-ovoid; flavor of bark less distinctlyaromatic. [Illustration: PLATE XXXI. --Betula lutea. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Flowering branch. 4-6. Sterile flowers. 7. Fertile flower. 8. Bract. 9. Fruiting branch. 10. Fruit. =Betula nigra, L. = RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH. =Habitat and Range. =--Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated apart of the year. Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada. No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; NewHampshire, --found sparingly along streams in the southern part of thestate; abundant along the banks of Beaver brook, Pelham (F. W. Batchelder); Massachusetts, --along the Merrimac river and itstributaries, bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover. South, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Missouri. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high, with a diameter at theground of 1-1-1/2 feet; reaching much greater dimensions southward. Thetrunk, frequently beset with small, leafy, reflexed branchlets, andoften only less frayed and tattered than that of the yellow birch, develops a light and feathery head of variable outline, with numerousslender branches, the upper long and drooping, the reddish spray clothedwith abundant dark-green foliage. =Bark. =--Reddish, more or less separable into layers, fraying intoshreddy, cinnamon-colored fringes; in old trees thick, darkreddish-brown, and deeply furrowed; branches dark red or cinnamon, giving rise to the name of "red birch"; season's shoots downy, pale-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, mostly appressed near the ends ofthe shoots, tapering at both ends. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 incheslong, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, paler andsoft-downy beneath, turning bright yellow in autumn; outlinerhombic-ovate, with unequal and sharp double serratures; leafstalk shortand downy; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins usually in threes, 2-4inches long, scales 2-3-flowered: fertile catkins bright green, cylindrical, stalked; bracts 3-lobed, the central lobe much the longest, tomentose, ciliate. =Fruit. =--June. Earliest of the birches to ripen its seed; fruitingcatkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, erect or spreading; bracts withthe 3 lobes nearly equal in width, spreading, the central lobe thelongest: nut ovate to obovate, ciliate. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in allsoils, but prefers a station near running water; young trees growvigorously and become attractive objects in landscape plantations;especially useful along river banks to bind the soil; retains its lowerbranches better than the black or yellow birches. Seldom found innurseries, and rather hard to transplant; collected plants do fairlywell. [Illustration: PLATE XXXII. --Betula nigra. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins. 4. Sterile flower. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Scale of fertile flower. 7. Fruit. 8. Fruiting branch. =Betula populifolia, Marsh. = WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. OLDFIELD BIRCH. POPLAR BIRCH. POVERTYBIRCH. SMALL WHITE BIRCH. =Habitat and Range. =--Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps andfrequent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands. Nova Scotia to Lake Ontario. Maine, --abundant; New Hampshire, --abundant eastward, as far north asConway, and along the Connecticut to Westmoreland; Vermont, --common inthe western and frequent in the southern sections; Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut, --common. South, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware; west to Lake Ontario. =Habit. =--A small tree, 20-35 feet high, with a diameter at the groundof 4-8 inches, occasionally much exceeding these dimensions; underfavorable conditions, of extreme elegance. The slender, seldom erecttrunk, continuous to the top of the tree, throws out numerous short, unequal branches, which form by repeated subdivisions a profuse, slenderspray, disposed irregularly in tufts or masses, branches and branchletsoften hanging vertically or drooping at the ends. Conspicuous in winterby the airy lightness of the narrow open head and by the contrast of thewhite trunk with the dark spray; in summer, when the sun shines and theair stirs, by the delicacy, tremulous movement, and brilliancy of thefoliage. =Bark. =--Trunk grayish-white, with triangular, dusty patches below theinsertion of the branches; not easily separable into layers; branchesdark brown or blackish; season's shoots brown, with numerous small rounddots becoming horizontal lines and increasing in length with the age ofthe tree. The white of the bark does not readily come off upon clothing. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds somewhat diverging from the twig; narrowconical or cylindrical, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, singleor in pairs, 3-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth and shining on both sides, turning to a paleshining yellow in autumn, resinous, glandular-dotted when young; outlinetriangular, coarsely and irregularly doubly serrate; apex taper-pointed;base truncate, heart-shaped, or acute; leafstalks long and slender;stipules dropping early. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile catkins usually solitary or in pairs, slender-cylindrical, 2-3 inches long: fertile catkins erect, green, stalked; bracts minutely pubescent. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins erect or spreading, cylindrical, about 1-1/4inches long and 1/2 inch in diameter, stalked; scales 3-parted above thecenter, side lobes larger, at right angles or reflexed: nuts small, ovate to obovate, narrower than the wings, combined wings from broadlyobcordate to butterfly-shape, wider than long. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, growing in everykind of soil, finest specimens in deep, rich loam. Were this tree not socommon, its graceful habit and attractive bark would be more appreciatedfor landscape gardening; only occasionally grown by nurserymen, bestsecured through collectors; young collected plants, if properlyselected, will nearly all live. [Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. --Betula populifolia. ] 1. Branch with sterile and fertile catkins. 2. Sterile flower, back view. 3. Fertile flower. 4. Scale of fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Fruit. =Betula papyrifera, Marsh. = CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH. =Habitat and Range. =--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes. Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to the limit of deciduous trees. Maine, --abundant; New Hampshire, --in all sections, most common onhighlands up to the alpine area of the White mountains, above the rangeof the yellow birch; Vermont, --common; Massachusetts, --common in thewestern and central sections, rare towards the coast; Rhode Island, --notreported; Connecticut, --occasional in the southern sections, frequentnorthward. South to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the Rocky mountains and Washington on the Pacific coast. Var. _minor_, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form found upon the higher mountainsummits of northern New England. =Habit. =--A large tree, 50-75 feet high, with a diameter of 1-3 feet;occasionally of greater dimensions. The trunk develops abroad-spreading, open head, composed of a few large limbs ascending atan acute angle, with nearly horizontal secondary branches and aslender, flexible spray without any marked tendency to droop. Characterized by the dark metallic lustre of the branchlets, the darkgreen foliage, deep yellow in autumn, and the chalky whiteness of thetrunk and large branches; a singularly picturesque tree, whetherstanding alone or grouped in forests. =Bark. =--Easily detachable in broad sheets and separable into thin, delicately colored, paper-like layers, impenetrable by water, outlastingthe wood it covers. Bark of trunk and large branches chalky-white whenfully exposed to the sun, lustreless, smooth or ragged-frayed, in veryold forest trees encrusted with huge lichens, and splitting into broadplates; young trunks and smaller branches smooth, reddish or grayishbrown, with numerous roundish buff dots which enlarge from year to yearinto more and more conspicuous horizontal lines. The white of the barkreadily rubs off upon clothing. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, flattish, acute torounded. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green and smooth above, beneath pale, hairy along the veins, sometimes in young trees thickly glandular-dotted on both sides; outlineovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-orbicular, more or less doubly serrate;apex acute to acuminate; base somewhat heart-shaped, truncate or obtuse;leafstalk 1-2 inches long, grooved above, downy; stipules falling early. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Sterile catkins mostly in threes, 3-4inches long: fertile catkins 1-1-1/2 inches long, cylindrical, slender-peduncled, erect or spreading; bracts puberulent. =Fruit. =--Fruiting catkins 1-2 inches long, cylindrical, short-stalked, spreading or drooping: nut obovate to oval, narrower than its wings;combined wings butterfly-shaped, nearly twice as wide as long. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers awell-drained loam or gravelly soil, but does fairly well in almost anysituation; young trees rapid growing and vigorous, but with the sametendency to grow irregularly that is shown by the black and yellowbirches; transplanted without serious difficulty; not offered by manynurserymen, but may be obtained from northern collectors. [Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. --Betula papyrifera. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Flowering branch. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flower, front view. 6. Scale of fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch. 8. Fruit. =Alnus glutinosa, Medic. = EUROPEAN ALDER. This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward, growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moistmountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionallyescaping from cultivation; sometimes thoroughly established locally. InMedford, Mass. , there are many of these plants growing about two smallponds and upon the neighboring lowlands, most of them small, but amongthem are several trees 30-40 feet in height and 8-12 inches in diameterat the ground, distinguishable at a glance from the shrubby nativealders by their greater size, more erect habit, and darker trunks. FAGACEÆ. BEECH FAMILY. =Fagus ferruginea, Ait. = _Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw. _ BEECH. =Habitat and Range. =--Moist, rocky soil. Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --abundant; New Hampshire, --throughout the state; common on theConnecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition ofthe hardwood forests of Coos county; Vermont, --abundant;Massachusetts, --in western sections abundant, common eastward;Rhode Island and Connecticut, --common. South to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tree of great beauty, rising to a height of 50-75 feet, witha diameter at the ground of 1-1/2-4 feet; under favorable conditionsattaining much greater dimensions; trunk remarkably smooth, sometimesfluted, in the forests tall and straight, in open situations short andstout; head symmetrical, of various shapes, --rounded, oblong, or evenobovate; branches numerous, mostly long and slender, curving slightlyupward at their tips, near the point of branching horizontal or slightlydrooping, beset with short branchlets which form a flat, dense, andbeautiful spray; roots numerous, light brown, long, and running near thesurface. Tree easily distinguishable in winter by the driedbrownish-white leaves, spear-like buds, and smooth bark. =Bark. =--Trunk light blue gray, smooth, unbroken, slightly corrugated inold trees, often beautifully mottled in blotches or bands and investedby lichens; branches gray; branchlets dark brown and smooth; sprayshining, reddish-brown; season's shoots a shining olive green, orange-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds conspicuous, long, very slender, tapering slowly to a sharp point; scales rich brown, lengthening as thebud opens. Leaves set in plane of the spray, simple, alternate, 3-5inches long, one-half as wide, silky-pubescent with fringed edges whenyoung, nearly smooth when fully grown, green on both sides, turning torusty yellows and browns in autumn, persistent till mid-winter; outlineoval, serrate; apex acuminate; base rounded; veins strong, straight, terminating in the teeth; leafstalk short, hairy at first; stipulesslender, silky, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season'sshoots, sterile flowers from the lower axils, in heads suspended at theend of silky threads 1-2 inches long; calyx campanulate, pubescent, yellowish-green, mostly 6-lobed; petals none; stamens 6-16; anthersexserted; ovary wanting or abortive: fertile flowers from the upperaxils, usually single or in pairs, at the end of a short peduncle;involucre 4-lobed, fringed with prickly scales; calyx with sixawl-shaped lobes; ovary 3-celled; styles 3. =Fruit. =--A prickly bur, thick, 4-valved, splitting nearly to the basewhen ripe: nut sharply triangular, sweet, edible. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows well in anygood soil, but prefers deep, rich, well-drained loam; usually obtainablein nurseries; when frequently transplanted, safely moved. Its cleantrunk and limbs, deep shade, and freedom from insect pests make it oneof the most attractive of our large trees for use, summer or winter, inlandscape gardening; few plants, however, will grow beneath it; the barkis easily disfigured; it has a bad habit of throwing out suckers and isliable to be killed by any injury to the roots. Propagated from theseed. The purple beech, weeping beech, and fern-leaf beech arewell-known horticultural forms. [Illustration: PLATE XXXV. --Fagus ferruginea. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Section of fruit. 7. Nut. =Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson and Coulter. = _Castanea dentata, Borkh. Castanea vesca, var. Americana, Michx. _ CHESTNUT. =Habitat and Range. =--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rockywoods, and hillsides. Ontario, --common. Maine, --southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44°20'; New Hampshire, --Connecticut valley near the river, as far north asWindsor, Vt. ; most abundant in the Merrimac valley south of Concord, butoccasional a short distance northward; Vermont, --common in thesouthern sections, especially in the Connecticut valley; occasional asfar north as Windsor (Windsor county), West Rutland (Rutland county), Burlington (Chittenden county); Massachusetts, --rather common throughoutthe state, but less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --common. South to Delaware, along the mountains to Alabama; west to Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee. =Habit. =--A tree of the first magnitude, rising to a height of 60-80feet and reaching a diameter of 5-6 feet above the swell of the roots, with a spread sometimes equaling or even exceeding the height; attainingoften much greater proportions. The massive trunk separates usually afew feet from the ground into several stout horizontal or ascendingbranches, the limbs higher up, horizontal or rising at a broad angle, forming a stately, open, roundish, or inversely pyramidal head;branchlets slender; spray coarse and not abundant; foliage bright green, dense, casting a deep shade; flowers profuse, the long, sterile catkinsupon their darker background of leaves conspicuous upon the hillslopes at a great distance. A tree that may well dispute precedence withthe white or red oak. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees deeply cleft with wide ridges, hard, rough, dark gray; in young trees very smooth, often shining; season'sshoots green or purplish-brown, white-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, brown, acutish. Leavessimple, alternate, 5-10 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, bright cleargreen above, paler beneath and smooth on both sides; outlineoblong-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate; veins straight, terminating in the teeth; apex acuminate; base acute or obtuse;leafstalk short; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--June to July. Appearing from the axils of the season'sshoots, after the leaves have grown to their full size; sterile catkinsnumerous, clustered or single, erect or spreading, 4-10 inches long, slender, flowers pale yellowish-green or cream-colored; calyx pubescent, mostly 6-parted; stamens 15-20; odor offensive when the anthers aredischarging their pollen: fertile flowers near the base of the uppersterile catkins or in separate axils, 1-3 in a prickly involucre; calyx6-toothed; ovary ovate, styles as many as the cells of the ovary, exserted. =Fruit. =--Burs round, thick, prickly, 2-4 inches in diameter, opening by4 valves: nuts 1-5, dark brown, covered with whitish down at apex, flaton one side when there are several in a cluster, ovate when only one, sweet and edible. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers fertile, well-drained, gravelly or rocky soil; rather difficult to transplant;usually obtainable in nurseries. Its vigorous and rapid growth, massive, broad-spreading head and attractive flowers make it a valuable tree forlandscape gardening, but in public places the prickly burs and ediblefruit are a serious disadvantage. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. --Castanea sativa, var. Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruit. 6. Nut. =QUERCUS. = Inflorescence appearing with the leaves in spring; sterile catkins fromterminal or lateral buds on shoots of the preceding year, bracted, usually several in a cluster, unbranched, long, cylindrical, pendulous;bracts of sterile flowers minute, soon falling; calyx parted or lobed;stamens 3-12, undivided: fertile flowers terminal or axillary upon thenew shoots, single or few-clustered, bracted, erect; involucre scaly, becoming the cupule or cup around the lower part of the acorn; ovary3-celled; stigma 3-lobed. WHITE OAKS. Leaves with obtuse or rounded lobes or teeth; cup-scales thickened orknobbed at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; fruit maturing the firstyear. BLACK OAKS. Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat;stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year. =Quercus alba, L. = WHITE OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Light loams, sandy plains, and gravelly ridges, often constituting extensive tracts of forest. Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --southern sections; New Hampshire, --most abundant eastward; inthe Connecticut valley confined to the hills in the immediate vicinityof the river, extending up the tributary streams a short distance anddisappearing entirely before reaching the mouth of the Passumpsic (W. F. Flint); Vermont, --common west of the Green mountains, less so in thesouthern Connecticut valley (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, --common. South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tree of the first rank, 50-75 feet high and 1-6 feet indiameter above the swell of the roots, exhibiting considerable diversityin general appearance, trunk sometimes dissolving into branches like theAmerican elm, and sometimes continuous to the top. The finest specimensin open land are characterized by a rather short, massive trunk, withstout, horizontal, far-reaching limbs, conspicuously gnarled and twistedin old age, forming a wide-spreading, open head of striking grandeur, the diameter at the base of which is sometimes two or three times theheight of the tree. =Bark. =--Trunk and larger branches light ash-gray, sometimes nearlywhite, broken into long, thin, loose, irregular, soft-looking flakes; inold trees with broad, flat ridges; inner bark light; branchletsash-gray, mottled; young shoots grayish-green, roughened with minuterounded, raised dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1/8 to 1/4 inch long, round-ovate, reddish-brown. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-7 inches long, 2-4 incheswide, delicately reddish-tinted and pubescent upon both sides whenyoung; at maturity glabrous, light dull or glossy green above, paler andsomewhat glaucous beneath, turning to various reds in autumn; outlineobovate to oval; lobes 5-9; ascending, varying greatly in differenttrees; when few, short and wide-based, with comparatively shallowsinuses; when more in number, ovate-oblong, with deeper sinuses, orsomewhat linear-oblong, with sinuses reaching nearly to midrib; apex oflobe rounded; base of leaf tapering; leafstalks short; stipules linear, soon falling. The leaves of this species are often persistent tillspring, especially in young trees. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterilecatkins 2-3 inches long, with slender, usually pubescent thread; calyxyellow, pubescent; lobes 5-9, pointed: pistillate flowers sessile orshort-peduncled, reddish, ovate-scaled. =Fruit. =--Maturing in the autumn of the first year, single, or morefrequently in pairs, sessile or peduncled: cup hemispherical to deepsaucer-shaped, rather thin; scales rough-knobby at base: acorn varyingfrom 1/2 inch to an inch in length, oblong-ovoid: meat sweet and edible, said to be when boiled a good substitute for chestnuts. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; grows well in all exceptvery wet soils, in all open exposures and in light shade; like all oaks, difficult to transplant unless prepared by frequent transplanting innurseries, from which it is not readily obtainable in quantity; growsvery slowly and nearly uniformly up to maturity; comparatively freefrom insect enemies but occasionally disfigured by fungous disease whichattacks immature leaves in spring. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. --Quercus alba. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3-4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flower, side view. 6. Fruiting branch. 7-8. Variant leaves. =Quercus stellata, Wang. = _Q. Obtusiloba, Michx. Q. Minor, Sarg_. POST OAK. BOX WHITE OAK. =Habitat and Range. = Doubtfully reported from southern Ontario. In New England, mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;Massachusetts, --southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the mostnorthern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha'sVineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;Rhode Island, --along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor(L. W. Russell); Connecticut, --occasional along the shores of LongIsland sound west of New Haven. South to Florida; west to Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--Farther south, a tree of the first magnitude, reaching aheight of 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 4 feet; in southern NewEngland occasionally attaining in woodlands a height of 50-60 feet; atits northern limit in Massachusetts, usually 10 to 35 feet in height, with a diameter at the ground of 6-12 inches. The trunk throws outstout, tough, and often conspicuously crooked branches, the lowerhorizontal or declining, forming a disproportionately large head, withdark green, dense foliage. Near the shore the limbs often grow very low, stretching along the ground as if from an underground stem. =Bark. =--Resembling that of the white oak, but rather a darker gray, rougher and firmer; upon old trunks furrowed and cut into oblongs; smalllimbs brownish-gray, rough-dotted; season's shoots denselytawny-tomentose. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, rounded or conical, brownish, scales minutely pubescent or scurfy. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-8inches long, two-thirds as wide, thickish, yellowish-green and tomentoseupon both sides when young, becoming a deep, somewhat glossy greenabove, lighter beneath, both sides still somewhat scurfy; generaloutline of leaf and of lobes, and number and shape of the latter, extremely variable; type-form 5-lobed, all the lobes rounded, the threeupper lobes much larger, more or less subdivided, often squarish, thetwo lower tapering to an acute, rounded, or truncate base; sinuses deep, variable, often at right angles to the midrib; leafstalk short, tomentose; stipules linear, pubescent, occasionally persistent tillmidsummer. The leaves are often arranged at the tips of the branches instar-shaped clusters, giving rise to the specific name _stellata_. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile catkins 1-3 inches long, connectingthread woolly; calyx 4-8 parted, lobes acute, densely pubescent, yellow;stamens 4-8, _anthers with scattered hairs_: pistillate flowers singleor in clusters of 2, 3, or more, sessile or on a short stem; stigma red. =Fruit. =--Maturing the first season, single and sessile, or nearly so, or in clusters of 2, 3, or more, on short footstalks: cup top-shaped orcup-shaped, 1/3-1/2 the length of the acorn, about 3/4 inch wide, thin;scales smooth or sometimes hairy along the top, acutish or roundish, slightly thickened at base: acorn 1/2-1 inch long, sweet. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; prefers a good, well-drained, open soil; quite as slow-growing as the white oak; seldomfound in nurseries and difficult to transplant. Propagated from theseed. [Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. --Quercus stellata. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. =Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. = BUR OAK. OVER-CUP OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Deep, rich soil; river valleys. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of the white oak, nor covering as large areas. Maine, --known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono)and the Kennebec (Winslow, Waterville); Vermont, --lowlandsabout Lake Champlain, especially in Addison county, not common;Massachusetts, --valley of the Ware river (Worcester county), Stockbridgeand towns south along the Housatonic river (Berkshire county); RhodeIsland, --no station reported; Connecticut, --probably introduced incentral and eastern sections, possibly native near the northern border. South to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of1-3 feet; attaining great size in the Ohio and Mississippi river basins;trunk erect, branches often changing direction, ascending, save thelowest, which are often nearly horizontal; branchlets numerous, on thelowest branches often declined or drooping; head wide-spreading, roundednear the center, very rough in aspect; distinguished in summer by theluxuriance of the dark-green foliage and in autumn by the size of itsacorns. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and branches ash-gray, but darker than that ofthe white oak, separating on old trees into rather firm, longitudinalridges; bark of branches sometimes developed into conspicuous corky, wing-like layers; season's shoots yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, withnumerous small, roundish, raised dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds brown, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long, conical, scattered along the shoots and clustered at the enlarged tips. Leavessimple, alternate, 6-9 inches long, 3-4 inches broad, smooth and darkgreen above, lighter and downy beneath; outline obovate to oblong, varying from irregularly and deeply sinuate-lobed, especially near thecenter, to nearly entire, base wedge-shaped; stalk short; stipuleslinear, pubescent. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile catkins 3-5 inches long; calyx mostly5-parted, yellowish-green; divisions linear-oblong, more or lesspersistent; stamens 10; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowerssessile or short-stemmed; scales reddish; stigma red. =Fruit. =--Maturing the first season; extremely variable; sessile orshort-stemmed: cup top-shaped to hemispherical, 3/4-2 inches indiameter, with thick, close, pointed scales, the upper row oftenterminating in a profuse or sparing hairy or leafy fringe: acorn ovoid, often very large, sometimes sunk deeply and occasionally entirely in thecup. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; in general appearanceresembling the swamp white oak, but better adapted to upland; growsrather slowly in any good, well-drained soil; difficult to transplant;seldom disfigured by insects or disease; occasionally grown innurseries. Propagated from seed. A narrower-leafed form with smallacorns (var. _olivæformis_) is occasionally offered. [Illustration: PLATE XXXIX. --Quercus macrocarpa. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flowers. 6. Fruiting branch. =Quercus bicolor, Willd. = _Quercus platanoides, Sudw. _ SWAMP WHITE OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--In deep, rich soil; low, moist, fertilegrounds, bordering swamps and along streams. Quebec to Ontario, where it is known as the blue oak. Maine, --York county; New Hampshire, --Merrimac valley as far as the mouthof the Souhegan, and probably throughout Rockingham county;Vermont, --low grounds about Lake Champlain; Massachusetts, --frequent inthe western and central sections, common eastward; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --common. South to Delaware and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west to Minnesota, Iowa, east Kansas, and Arkansas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of2-3 feet; attaining southward of the Great Lakes and in the Ohio basinmuch greater dimensions; roughest of all the oaks, except the bur oak, in general aspect; trunk erect, continuous, in young trees often besetat point of branching with down-growing, scraggly branchlets, surmountedby a rather regular pyramidal head, the lower branches horizontal ordeclining, often descending to the ground, with a short, stiff, abundant, and bushy spray; smaller twigs ridgy, widening beneath buds;foliage a dark shining green; heads of large trees less regular, ratheropen, with a general resemblance to the head of the white oak, butnarrower at the base, with less contorted limbs. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and larger branches thick, dark grayish-brown, longitudinally striate, with flaky scales; bark of young stems, branches, and branchlets darker, separating in loose scales which curlback, giving the tree its shaggy aspect; season's shootsyellowish-green. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds brown, roundish-ovate, obtuse. Leavessimple, alternate, 3-8 inches long, 2-4 wide, downy on both sides whenunfolding, at maturity thick and firm, smooth and dark shining greenabove, slightly to conspicuously whitish-downy beneath, in autumnbrownish-yellow; obovate, coarsely and deeply crenate or obtuselyshallow-lobed, when opening sometimes pointed and tapering to awedge-shaped base, often constricted near the center; leafstalk short;stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long, thread hairy;calyx deeply 3-7-parted, pale yellow, hairy; stamens 5-8; anthersyellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers tomentose, on rather long, hairypeduncles; stigmas red. =Fruit. =--Variable, on stems 1-3 inches long, maturing the first season, single or frequently in twos: cup rounded, rather thin, deep, rough tomossy, often with fringed margins: acorn about 1 inch long, oblong-ovoid, more or less tapering: meat sweet, edible. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any goodsoil, wet or dry, but prefers a position on the edge of moist or boggyland, where its roots can find a constant supply of water; growth fairlyrapid; seldom affected by insects or disease; occasionally offered bynurserymen and rather less difficult to transplant than most of theoaks. Its sturdy, rugged habit and rich dark green foliage make it avaluable tree for ornamental plantations or even for streets. [Illustration: PLATE XL. --Quercus bicolor. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, side view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flowers. 6. Fruiting branch. =Quercus Prinus, L. = CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes. Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Maine, --Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (Yorkcounty); New Hampshire, --belts or patches in the eastern part of thestate and along the southern border, Hinsdale, Winchester, Brookline, Manchester, Hudson; Vermont, --western part of the state throughout, notcommon; abundant at Smoke mountain at an altitude of 1300 feet, andalong the western flank of the Green mountains, at least in Addisoncounty; Massachusetts, --eastern sections, Sterling, Lancaster, Russell, Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury, frequent on the Blue hills;Rhode Island, --locally common; Connecticut, --common. South to Delaware and along the mountains to Georgia, extending nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North Carolina; west to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. =Habit. =--A small or medium-sized tree, 25-50 feet high, with a trunkdiameter of 1-2-1/2 feet, assuming noble proportions southward, oftenreaching a height of 75-100 feet and trunk diameter of 5-6 feet; trunktall, straight, continuous to the top of the tree, scarcely tapering tothe point of ramification, surmounted by a spacious, open head. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and large branches deep gray to dark brown orblackish, in firm, broad, continuous ridges, with small, close surfacescales; bark of young trees and of branchlets smooth, brown, and more orless lustrous; season's shoots light brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate to cylindrical, mostly acute, brownish. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-8 inches long, 2-5 inches wide, dark green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath;outline obovate to oval, undulate-crenate; apex blunt-pointed; basewedge-shaped, obtuse or slightly rounded, often unequal-sided; veinsstraight, parallel, prominent beneath; leafstalk 1/2-1-1/2 inches long;stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Sterile catkins 2-3 inches long; calyx5-9-parted, yellow, hairy; divisions oblong, densely pubescent; stamens5-9; anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with hairy scales anddark red stigmas. =Fruit. =--Seldom abundant, maturing the first season, variable in size, on stems usually equal to or shorter than the leaf-stems: cup thin, hemispheric or somewhat top-shaped, deep; scales small, knobby-thickenedat the base: acorns 3/4-1-1/2 inches long, ovoid-conical, sweet. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a lightgravelly or stony soil; rapid-growing and free from disease; more easilyand safely transplanted than most oaks; occasionally offered bynurserymen, who propagate it from the seed. Its vigorous, clean habit ofgrowth and handsome foliage should give it a place in landscapegardening and street use. [Illustration: PLATE XLI. --Quercus Prinus. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, back view. 4. Sterile flower, front view. 5. Fertile flowers. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Variant leaf. =Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. = _Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _ CHESTNUT OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms. Ontario. Vermont, --Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle);Connecticut, --frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formationin the neighborhood of Kent (Litchfield county, C. K. Averill); oftenconfounded by collectors with _Q. Prinus_; probably there are otherstations. Not authoritatively reported from the other New Englandstates. South to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 30-40 feet high, with a trunk diameter of1-2 feet, attaining much greater dimensions in the basins of the Ohio, Mississippi, and their tributaries; trunk in old trees enlarged at thebase, erect, branches rather short for the genus, forming a narrowoblong or roundish head. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and large branches grayish or pale ash-colored, comparatively thin, flaky; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots inearly summer purplish-green with pale dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, acute to obtuse, brownish. Leavessimple, alternate; in the typical form as recognized by Muhlenburg, 3-6inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, glossy dark green above, pale andminutely downy beneath; outline lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, withrather equal, coarse, sharp, and often inflexed teeth; apex acuminate;base wedge-shaped or acute; stipules soon falling. There is also a formof the species in which the leaves are much larger, 5-7 inches in lengthand 3-5 inches in width, broadly ovate or obovate, with rounded teeth;distinguishable from _Q. Prinus_ only by the bark and fruit. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing with the leaves; sterile catkins 2-4inches long; calyx yellow, hairy, segments 5-8, ciliate; stamens 5-8, anthers yellow: pistillate flowers sessile or on short spikes; stigmared. =Fruit. =--Maturing the first season, sessile or short-peduncled: cupcovering about half the nut, thin, shallow, with small, rarely muchthickened scales: acorn ovoid or globose, about 3/4 inch long. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; grows in all good dry ormoist soils, in open or partly shaded situations; maintains a nearlyuniform rate of growth till maturity, and is not seriously affected byinsects. It forms a fine individual tree and is useful in forestplantations. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE XLII. --Quercus Muhlenbergii. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flowers. 5. Fruiting branch. =Quercus prinoides, Willd. = SCRUB WHITE OAK. SCRUB CHESTNUT OAK. More or less common throughout the states east of the Mississippi;westward apparently grading into _Q. Muhlenbergii_, within the limits ofNew England mostly a low shrub, rarely assuming a tree-like habit. Theleaves vary from rather narrow-elliptical to broadly obovate, are ratherregularly and coarsely toothed, bright green and often lustrous on theupper surface. =Quercus rubra, L. = RED OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Growing impartially in a great variety of soils, but not on wet lands. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior. Maine, --common, at least south of the central portions; NewHampshire, --extending into Coos county, far north of theWhite mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut, --common; probably in most parts of New England the mostcommon of the genus; found higher up the slopes of mountains than thewhite oak. South to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--The largest of the New England oaks, 50-85 feet high, with adiameter of 2-6 feet above the swell of the roots; occasionallyattaining greater dimensions; trunk usually continuous to the top of thetree, often heavily buttressed; point of branching higher than in thewhite oak; branches large, less contorted, and rising at a sharperangle, the lower sometimes horizontal; branchlets rather slender; headextremely variable, in old trees with ample space for growth, open, well-proportioned, and imposing; sometimes oblong in outline, wider nearthe top, and sometimes symmetrically rounded, not so broad, however, asthe head of the white oak; conspicuous in summer by its bright green, abundant foliage, which turns to dull purplish-red in autumn. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and lower parts of branches in old trees darkgray, firmly, coarsely, and rather regularly ridged, smooth elsewhere;in young trees greenish mottled gray, smooth throughout; season's shootsat first green, taking a reddish tinge in autumn, marked with pale, scattered dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, conical, sharp-pointed. Leavessimple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-5 inches broad, bright greenabove, paler beneath, dull brown in autumn; outline oval or obovate, sometimes scarcely distinguishable by the character of its lobing from_Q. Tinctoria_; in the typical form, lobes broadly triangular or oblong, with parallel sides bristle-pointed; leafstalks short; stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--Earliest of the oaks, appearing in late April or earlyMay, when the leaves are half-grown; sterile catkins 3-5 inches long;calyx mostly 4-lobed; lobes rounded; stamens mostly 4; anthers yellow:pistillate flowers short-stemmed; calyx lobes mostly 3 or 4; stigmaslong, spreading. =Fruit. =--Maturing in the second year, single or in pairs, sessile orshort-stalked: cup sometimes turbinate, usually saucer-shaped with aflat or rounded base, often contracted at the opening and surmounted bya kind of border; scales closely imbricated, reddish-brown, more or lessdowny, somewhat glossy, triangular-acute to obtuse, pubescent: acornnearly cylindrical or ovoid, tapering to a broad, rounded top. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in allwell-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; more readilyobtainable than most of our oaks; in common with other trees of thegenus, nursery trees must be transplanted frequently to be moved withsafety; grows rapidly and is fairly free from disfiguring insects; theoak-pruner occasionally lops off its twigs. When once established, itgrows as rapidly as the sugar maple, and is worthy of much more extendeduse in street and landscape plantations. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XLIII. --Quercus rubra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flowers, side view. 5. Fruiting branch. =Quercus coccinea, Wang. = SCARLET OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Most common in dry soil. Ontario. Maine, --valley of the Androscoggin, southward; New Hampshire andVermont, --not authoritatively reported by recent observers;Massachusetts, --more common in the eastern than western sections, sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --common. South to the middle states and along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet high and 1-3 feet in trunkdiameter; attaining greater dimensions southward; trunk straight andtapering, branches regular, long, comparatively slender, not contorted, the lower nearly horizontal, often declined at the ends; branchletsslender; head open, narrow-oblong or rounded, graceful; foliage deeplycut, shining green in summer and flaming scarlet in autumn; the mostbrilliant and most elegant of the New England oaks. =Bark. =--Trunk in old trees dark gray, roughly and firmly ridged; innerbark red; young trees and branches smoothish, often marked with dull redseams and more or less mottled with gray. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, reddish-brown, ovate to oval, acutish, partially hidden by enlarged base of petiole. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable, more commonly 3-6 inches long, two-thirdsas wide, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, smooth on bothsides but often with a tufted pubescence on the axils beneath, turningscarlet in autumn, deeply lobed, the rounded sinuses sometimes reachingnearly to the midrib; lobes 5-9, rather slender and set at varyingangles, sparingly toothed and bristly tipped; apex acute; base truncateto acute; leafstalk 1-1-1/2 inches long, slender, swollen at base. =Inflorescence. =--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are halfgrown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx most commonly 4-parted;pubescent; stamens commonly 4, exserted; anthers yellow, glabrous:pistillate flowers red; stigmas long, spreading, reflexed. =Fruit. =--Maturing in the autumn of the second year, single or in twosor threes, sessile or on rather short footstalks: cup top-shaped orcup-shaped, about half the length of the acorn, occasionally nearlyenclosing it, smooth, more or less polished, thin-edged; scales closelyappressed, firm, elongated, triangular, sides sometimes rounded, homogeneous in the same plant: acorn 1/2-3/4 inch long, variable inshape, oftenest oval to oblong: kernel white within; less bitter thankernel of the black oak. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in anylight, well-drained soil, but prefers a fertile loam. Occasionallyoffered by nurserymen, but as it is disposed to make unsymmetrical youngtrees it is not grown in quantity, and it is not desirable for streets. Its rapid growth, hardiness, beauty of summer foliage, and its brilliantcolors in autumn make it desirable in ornamental plantations. Propagatedfrom the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XLIV. --Quercus coccinea. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flowers, side view. 4. Fertile flower, side view. 5. Fruiting branch. =Quercus velutina, Lam. = _Quercus tinctoria, Bartram. Quercus coccinea_, var. _tinctoria, Gray. _ BLACK OAK. YELLOW OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges. Southern and western Ontario. Maine, --York county; New Hampshire, --valley of the lower Merrimac andeastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or fourmiles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charlestown;Vermont, --western and southeastern sections; Massachusetts, --abundanteastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --frequent. South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--One of our largest oaks, 50-75 feet high and 2-4 feet indiameter, exceptionally much larger, attaining its maximum in the Ohioand Mississippi basins; resembling _Q. Coccinea_ in the generaldisposition of its mostly stouter branches; head wide-spreading, rounded; trunk short; foliage deep shining green, turning yellowish orreddish brown in autumn. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark gray or blackish, often lighter near theseashore, thick, usually rough near the ground even in young trees, inold trees deeply furrowed, separating into narrow, thick, and firmlyadherent block-like strips; inner bark thick, yellow, and bitter;branches and branchlets a nearly uniform, mottled gray; season's shootsscurfy-pubescent. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, bluntish to pointed, conspicuously clustered at ends of branches. Leaves simple, alternate, of two forms so distinct as to suggest different species, _a_ (PlateXLV, 8) varying towards _b_ (Plate XLV, 6), and _b_ often scarcelydistinguishable from the leaf of the scarlet oak; in both forms outlineobovate to oval, lobes usually 7, densely woolly when opening, more orless pubescent or scurfy till midsummer or later, dark shining greenabove, lighter beneath, becoming brown or dull red in autumn. Form _a_, sinuses shallow, lobes broad, rounded, mucronate. Form _b_, sinuses deep, extending halfway to the midrib or farther, oblong or triangular, bristle-tipped. =Inflorescence. =--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are halfgrown; sterile catkins 2-5 inches long, with slender, pubescent threads;calyx usually 3-4-lobed; lobes ovate, acute to rounded, hairy-pubescent;stamens 3-7, commonly 4-5; anthers yellow: pistillate flowers reddish, pubescent, at first nearly sessile; stigmas 3, red, divergent, reflexed. =Fruit. =--Maturing the second year; nearly sessile or on shortfootstalks: cup top-shaped to hemispherical; scales less firm than in_Q. Coccinea_, tips papery and transversely rugulose, obtuse or rounded, or some of them acutish, often lacerate-edged, loose towards the thickand open edge of the cup: acorn small: kernel yellow within and bitter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows inwell-drained soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of vigorous andrapid growth when young, but as it soon begins to show dead branches andbecomes unsightly, it is not a desirable tree to plant, and is rarelyoffered by nurserymen. Propagated from seed. =Note. =--Apparently runs into _Q. Coccinea_, from which it may bedistinguished by its rougher and darker trunk, the yellow color andbitter taste of the inner bark, its somewhat larger and more pointedbuds, the greater pubescence of its inflorescence, young shoots andleaves, the longer continuance of scurf or pubescence upon the leaves, the yellow or dull red shades of the autumn foliage, and by the yellowcolor and bitter taste of the nut. [Illustration: PLATE XLV. --Quercus velutina. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, 4-lobed calyx. 4. Sterile flower, 3-lobed calyx. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Fruit. 8. Variant leaf. =Quercus palustris, Du Roi. = PIN OAK. SWAMP OAK. WATER OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, riverbanks, islets in swamps. Ontario. Northern New England, --no station reported; Massachusetts, --Amherst(Stone, _Bull. Torrey Club_, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, _Amherst Trees_);Springfield, south to Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island, --southernportions, bordering the great Kingston swamp, and on the margin of thePawcatuck river (L. W. Russell); Connecticut, --common along the sound, frequent northward, extending along the valley of the Connecticut riverto the Massachusetts line. South to the valley of the lower Potomac in Virginia; west to Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian territory. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, with trunk diameter of1-2 feet, occasionally reaching a height of 60-70 feet (L. W. Russell), but attaining its maximum of 100 feet in height and upward in the basinsof the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; trunk rather slender, often fringedwith short, drooping branchlets, lower tier of branches short and mostlydescending, the upper long, slender, and often beset with short, lateralshoots, which give rise to the common name; head graceful, open, roundedand symmetrical when young, in old age becoming more or less irregular;foliage delicate; bright shining green in autumn, often turning to abrilliant scarlet. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark, furrowed and broken in old trees, in youngtrees grayish-brown, smoothish; branchlets shining, light brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds short, conical, acute. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 inches long, bright green, smooth and shining above, duller beneath, with tufted hairs in the angles of the veins; outlinebroadly obovate to ovate; lobes divergent, triangular, toothed orentire, bristle-pointed; sinuses broad, rounded; leafstalk slender;stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing when the leaves are half grown; sterilecatkins 2-4 inches long; segments of calyx mostly 4 or 5, obtuse orrounded, somewhat lacerate; stamens mostly 4 or 5, anthers yellow, glabrous: pistillate flowers with broadly ovate scales; stigmas stout, red, reflexed. =Fruit. =--Abundant, maturing the second season, short-stemmed: cupsaucer-shaped, with firm, appressed scales, shallow: acorns ovoid toglobose, about 1/2 inch long, often striate, breadth sometimes equal toentire length of fruit. =Horticultural Value. =--Probably hardy throughout New England; grows inwet soils, but prefers a rich, moist loam; of rapid and uniformgrowth, readily and safely transplanted, and but little disfigured byinsects; obtainable in leading nurseries. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE XLVI. --Quercus palustris. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower, side view. 4. Fertile flower, side view. 5. Fruiting branch. =Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. = _Quercus nana, Sarg. Quercus pumila, Sudw. _ SCRUB OAK. BEAR OAK. =Habitat and Range. =--In poor soils; sandy plains, gravelly or rockyhills. Maine, --frequent in eastern and southern sections and upon Mount Desertisland; New Hampshire, --as far north as Conway, more common near thelower Connecticut; Vermont, --in the eastern and southern sections as farnorth as Bellows Falls; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut, --too abundant, forming in favorable situations densethickets, sometimes covering several acres. South to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and Kentucky; west to the Alleghany mountains. =Habit. =--Shrub or small tree, usually 3-8 feet high, but frequentlyreaching a height of 15-25 feet; trunk short, sometimes in peaty swamps10-13 inches in diameter near the ground, branches much contorted, throwing out numerous branchlets of similar habit, forming a stiff, flattish head; beautiful for a brief week in spring by the delicategreens and reds of the opening leaves and reds and yellows of thenumerous catkins. Sometimes associated with _Q. Prinoides_. =Bark. =--Old trunks dark gray, with small, closely appressed scales;small trunks and branches grayish-brown, not furrowed or scaly; youngerbranches marked with pale yellow, raised dots; season's shootsyellowish-green, with a tawny, scurfy pubescence. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, ovoid or conical, covered with imbricated, brownish, minutely ciliate scales. Leavessimple, alternate, 3-4 inches long and 2-3 inches broad; when unfoldingreddish above and woolly on both sides, when mature yellowish-green andsomewhat glossy above, smooth except on the midrib, rusty-white, andpubescent beneath; very variable in outline and in the number (3-7) andshape of lobes, sometimes entire, oftenest obovate with 5 bristle-tippedangular lobes, the two lower much smaller; base unequal, wedge-shaped, tip obtuse or rounded; leafstalk short; stipules linear, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--Early in May. Appearing when the leaves are halfgrown; sterile catkins 2-4 inches long; calyx pubescent, lobes oftenest2-3, rounded; stamens 3-5; anthers red or yellow: pistillate flowersnumerous; calyx lobes ovate, pointed, reddish, pubescent; stigmas 3, reddish, recurved, spreading. =Fruit. =--Abundant, maturing in the autumn of the second year, clusteredalong the branchlets on stout, short stems: cup top-shaped orhemispherical: acorn about 1/2 inch long, varying greatly in shape, mostly ovoid or spherical, brown, often striped lengthwise. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; grows well in dry, gravelly, ledgy, or sandy soil, where few other trees thrive; useful insuch situations where a low growth is required; but as it is notprocurable in quantity from nurseries, it must be grown from the seed. The leaves are at times stripped off by caterpillars, but otherwise itis not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases. [Illustration: PLATE XLVII. --Quercus ilicifolia. ] 1. Flowering branch. 2. Sterile flower, side view. 3. Fertile flowers, side view. 4. Fruiting branch. 5. Variant leaves. ULMACEÆ. ELM FAMILY. =Ulmus Americana, L. = ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WHITE ELM. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on richintervales. From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54° 30'. Maine, --common, most abundant in central and southern portions; NewHampshire, --common from the southern base of the White mountains to thesea; in the remaining New England states very common, attaining itshighest development in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut rivervalley. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--In the fullness of its vigor the American elm is the moststately and graceful of the New England trees, 50-110 feet high and 1-8feet in diameter above the swell of the roots; characterized by anerect, more or less feathered or naked trunk, which loses itselfcompletely in the branches, by arching limbs, drooping branchlets set ata wide angle, and by a spreading head widest near the top. Modificationsof these elements give rise to various well-marked forms which havereceived popular names. 1. In the vase-shaped tree, which is usually regarded as the type, thetrunk separates into several large branches which rise, slowlydiverging, 40-50 feet, and then sweep outward in wide arches, thesmaller branches and spray becoming pendent. 2. In the umbrella form the trunk remains entire nearly to the top ofthe tree, when the branches spread out abruptly, forming a broad, shallow arch, fringed at the circumference with long, droopingbranchlets. 3. The slender trunk of the plume elm rises, usually undivided, aconsiderable height, begins to curve midway, and is capped with aone-sided tuft of branches and delicate, elongated branchlets. 4. The drooping elm differs from the type in the height of the arch andgreater droop of the branches, which sometimes sweep the ground. 5. In the oak form the limbs are more or less tortuous and less arching, forming a wide-spreading, rounded head. In all forms short, irregular, pendent branchlets are occasional alongthe trunks. The trees most noticeably feathered are usually of mediumsize, and have few large branches, the superfluous vitality manifestingitself in a copious fringe, which sometimes invests and obliterates thegreat pillars which support the masses of foliage. Conspicuous at allseasons of the year, --in spring when its brown buds are swollen tobursting, or when the myriads of flowers, insignificant singly, give inthe sunlight an atmosphere of purplish-brown; when clothed with light, airy masses of deep green in summer or pale yellow in autumn, or inwinter when the great trunk and mighty sweep of the arching branchesdistinguish it from all other trees. The roots lie near the surface andrun a great distance. =Bark. =--Dark gray, irregularly and broadly striate, rather firmlyridged, in very old trees sometimes partially detached in plates;branches ash-gray, smooth; branchlets reddish-brown; season's shootsoften pubescent, light brown in late fall. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, brown, flattened, obtuse toacute, smooth. Leaves simple, alternate, 2-5 inches long, 2-3 incheswide, dark green and roughish above, lighter and downy at first beneath;outline ovate or oval to obovate-oblong, sharply and usually doublyserrate; apex abruptly pointed; base half acute, half rounded, producedon one side, often slightly heart-shaped or obtuse; veins straight andprominent; leafstalk stout, short; stipules small, soon falling. Leavesdrop in early autumn. =Inflorescence. =--April. In loose lateral clusters along the precedingseason's shoots; flowers brown or purplish, mostly perfect, withoccasional sterile and fertile on the same tree; stems slender; calyx7-9-lobed, hairy or smooth; stamens 7-9, filaments slender, anthersexserted, brownish-red; ovary flat, green, ciliate; styles 2. =Fruit. =--Ripening in May, before the leaves are fully grown, a samara, 1/2 inch in diameter, oval or ovate, smooth on both sides, hairy onthe edge, the notch in the margin closed or partially closed by the twoincurved points. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; the ideal street tree with its high, overarching branches and moderate shade; grows rapidly, throws out fewlow branches, bears pruning well; now so seriously affected by numerousinsect enemies that it is not planted as freely as heretofore;objectionable on the borders of gardens or mowing land, as the roots runalong near the surface for a great distance. Very largely grown innurseries, usually from seed, sometimes from small collected plants. Though so extremely variable in outline, there are no importanthorticultural forms in cultivation. [Illustration: PLATE XLVIII. --Ulmus Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower, side view. 4. Fruiting branch. 5. Mature leaf. =Ulmus fulva, Michx. = _Ulmus pubescens, Walt. _ SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich, low grounds, low, rocky woods and hillsides. Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant. Maine, --District of Maine (Michaux, _Sylva of North America_, ed. 1853, III, 53), rare; Waterborough (York county, Chamberlain, 1898); NewHampshire, --valley of the Connecticut, usually disappearing within tenmiles of the river; ranges as far north as the mouth of the Passumpsic;Vermont, --frequent; Massachusetts, --rare in the eastern sections, frequent westward; Rhode Island. --infrequent; Connecticut, --occasional. South to Florida; west to North Dakota and Texas. =Habit. =--A small or medium-sized tree, 40-60 feet high, with a trunkdiameter of 1-2-1/2 feet; head in proportion to the height of the tree, the widest spreading of the species, characterized by its dark, hairybuds and rusty-green, dense and rough foliage. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk brown and in old trees deeply furrowed; largerbranches grayish-brown, somewhat striate; branchlets grayish-brown, rough, marked with numerous dots, downy; season's shoots light gray andvery rough; inner bark mucilaginous, hence the name "slippery elm. " =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate to rounded-cylindrical, acute orobtuse, very dark, densely tomentose, very conspicuous just beforeunfolding. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, 3-4 inches wide, thickish, minutely hairy above and woolly beneath when young, atmaturity pale rusty-green and very rough both ways upon the uppersurface, scarcely less beneath, rough and hairy along the ribs;sweet-scented when dried; outline oblong, ovate-oblong, or oval, doublyserrate; apex acuminate; base more or less heart-shaped or obtuse, inequilateral; leafstalk short, rough, hairy; stipules small, soonfalling. =Inflorescence. =--March to April. Preceding the leaves, from the lateralbuds of the preceding season, in clusters of nearly sessile, purplishflowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect on the same tree; calyx5-9-lobed, downy; corolla none; stamens 5-9, anthers dark red; ovaryflattened; styles two, purple, downy. =Fruit. =--A samara, winged all round, 3/4 inch in diameter, roundish, pubescent over the seed, not fringed, larger than the fruit of _U. Americana_. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; does well invarious situations, but prefers a light, sandy or gravelly soil nearrunning water; grows more rapidly than _U. Americana_, and is lessliable to the attacks of insects; its large foliage and graceful outlinemake it worthy of a place in ornamental plantations. Propagated fromseed. [Illustration: PLATE XLIX. --Ulmus fulva. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch, 3. Flower, top view. 4. Flower, side view, part of perianth and stamens removed. 5. Pistil. 6. Fruiting branch. =Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. = CORK ELM. ROCK ELM. =Habitat and Range. =--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks. Quebec through Ontario. Maine, --not reported; New Hampshire, --rare and extremely local; Meridenand one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont, --rare, Bennington, Pownal(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparativelyabundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, _Garden andForest_, V, 86); Massachusetts, --rare; Rhode Island andConnecticut, --not reported native. South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri. =Habit. =--A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to _U. Americana_, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southernMichigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk ratherslender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of thetree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;head rather narrow, round-topped. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separatedinto deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scarsconspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent orglabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwisewith corky, wing-like ridges. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scalesdowny-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long, half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate, doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in _U. Americana_); apexacuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acuteor slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short, stout; stipules soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateralbuds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8, broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicelsthread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading. =Fruit. =--Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margindensely fringed, resembling fruit of _U. Americana_ but somewhat larger. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist, rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the Americanelm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough tojustify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable innurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from theseed. [Illustration: PLATE L. --Ulmus racemosa. ] 1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower, side view. 4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed. 5. Fruiting branch. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L. HACKBERRY. NETTLE TREE. HOOP ASH. SUGAR BERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--In divers situations and soils; woods, riverbanks, near salt marshes. Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional. Maine, --not reported; New Hampshire, --sparingly along the Connecticutvalley, as far as Wells river; Vermont, --along Lake Champlain, notcommon; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecticut (Eggleston);Massachusetts, --occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island, --common(Bailey); Connecticut, --common (J. N. Bishop). South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri. =Habit. =--A small or medium-sized tree, 20-45 feet high, with a trunkdiameter of 8 inches to 2 feet; attaining farther south a maximum of 100feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 4-6 feet; variable; mostcommonly the rough, straight trunk, sometimes buttressed at the base, branches a few feet from the ground, sending out a few large limbs andnumerous slender, horizontal or slightly drooping and more or lesstortuous branches; head wide-spreading, flattish or often rounded, withdeep green foliage which lasts into late autumn with little change incolor, and with cherry-like fruit which holds on till the next spring. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in young trees grayish, rough, unbroken, in oldtrees with deep, short ridges; main branches corrugated; secondarybranches close and even; branchlets pubescent; season's shootsreddish-brown, often downy, more or less shining. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, acute, scales chestnutbrown. Leaves simple, alternate, extremely variable in size, outline, and texture, usually 2-4 inches long, two-thirds as wide, thin, deepgreen, and scarcely rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, withnumerous and prominent veins, outline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharplyserrate above the lower third; apex usually narrowly and sharplyacuminate; base acutish, inequilateral, 3-nerved, entire; leafstalkslender; stipules lanceolate, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing with the leaves from the axils of theseason's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers usually separate on thesame tree; flowers slender-stemmed, the sterile in clusters at the baseof the shoot, the fertile in the axils above, usually solitary; calyxgreenish, segments oblong; stamens 4-6, in the fertile flowers about thelength of the 4 lobes, in the sterile exserted; ovary with two long, recurved stigmas. =Fruit. =--Drupes, on long slender stems, globular, about the size of thefruit of the wild red cherry, purplish-red when ripe, thin-meated, edible, lasting through the winter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in allwell-drained soils, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Young treesgrow rather slowly and are more or less distorted, and trees of the sameage often vary considerably in size and habit; hence it is not adesirable street tree, but it appears well in ornamental grounds. Adisease which seriously disfigures the tree is extending to New England, and the leaves are sometimes attacked by insects. Occasionally offeredby nurserymen and easily transplanted. [Illustration: PLATE LI. --Celtis occidentalis. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. MORACEÆ. MULBERRY FAMILY. =Morus rubra, L. = MULBERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--Banks of rivers, rich woods. Canadian shore of Lake Erie. A rare tree in New England. Maine, --doubtfully reported; NewHampshire, --Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews);Vermont, --northern extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut(Flagg), Pownal (Oakes), North Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts, --rare;Rhode Island, --no station reported; Connecticut, --rare; Bristol, Plainville, North Guilford, East Rock and Norwich (J. N. Bishop). South to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Texas. =Habit. =--A small tree, 15-25 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of8-15 inches; attaining much greater dimensions in the Ohio andMississippi basins; a wide-branching, rounded tree, characterized by amilky sap, rather dense foliage, and fruit closely resembling in shapethat of the high blackberry. =Bark. =--Trunk light brown, rough, and more or less furrowed accordingto age; larger branches light greenish-brown; season's shoots gray andsomewhat downy. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, obtuse. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-8 inches long, two-thirds as wide, rough above, yellowish-green anddensely pubescent when young; at maturity dark green and downy beneath, turning yellow in autumn; conspicuously reticulated; outline variable, ovate, obovate, oblong or broadly oval, serrate-dentate with equalteeth, or irregularly 3-7-lobed; apex acuminate; base heart-shaped totruncate; stalk 1-2 inches long; stipules linear, serrate, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing with the leaves from the season'sshoots, in axillary spikes, sterile and fertile flowers sometimes on thesame tree, sometimes on different trees, --sterile flowers in spreadingor pendulous spikes, about 1 inch long; calyx 4-parted; petals none;stamens 4, the inflexed filaments of which suddenly straightenthemselves as the flower expands: fertile spikes spreading or pendent;calyx 4-parted, becoming fleshy in fruit; ovary sessile; stigmas 2, spreading. =Fruit. =--July to August. In drooping spikes about 1 inch long and 1/2inch in diameter; dark purplish-red, oblong, sweet and edible;apparently a simple fruit but really made up of the thickened calyxlobes of the spike. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in southern New England; grows rapidly ina good, moist soil in sun or shade; the large leaves start late and dropearly; useful where it is hardy, in low tree plantations or as anundergrowth in woods; readily transplanted, but seldom offered for saleby nurserymen or collectors; propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LII. --Morus rubra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flower with stamens incurved. 4. Sterile flower expanded. 5. Branch with fertile flowers. 6. Fertile flower, side view. 7. Fruiting branch. =Morus alba, L. = Probably a native of China, where its leaves have from time immemorialfurnished food for silkworms; extensively introduced and naturalized inIndia and central and southern Europe; introduced likewise into theUnited States and Canada from Ontario to Florida; occasionallyspontaneous near dwellings, old trees sometimes marking the sites ofhouses that have long since disappeared. It may be distinguished from _M. Rubra_ by its smooth, shining leaves, its whitish or pinkish fruit, and its greater susceptibility to frost. MAGNOLIACEÆ. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. =Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. = TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR. =Habitat and Range. =--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil. Vermont, --valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of thestate; Massachusetts, --frequent in the Connecticut river valley andwestward; reported as far east as Douglas, southeastern corner ofWorcester county (R. M. Harper, _Rhodora_, II, 122); Rhode Island andConnecticut, --frequent, especially in the central and southern portionsof the latter state. South to the Gulf states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the eastern sections of Missouri and Arkansas; attains great size in the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries, and southward along the Mississippi river bottoms. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 50-70 feet high; trunk 2-3 feet indiameter, straight, cylindrical; head rather open, more or lesscone-shaped, in the dense forest lifted high and spreading; branchessmall for the size of the tree, set at varying angles, often decurrent, becoming scraggly with age. The shapely trunk, erect, showy blossoms, green, cone-like fruit, and conspicuous bright green truncate leavesgive the tulip tree an air of peculiar distinction. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk ashen-gray and smoothish in young trees, becomingat length dark, seamed, and furrowed; the older branches gray; theseason's shoots of a shining chestnut, with minute dots and conspicuousleaf-scars; glabrous or dusty-pubescent; bark of roots pale brown, fleshy, with an agreeable aromatic smell and pungent taste. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Terminal buds 1/2-1 inch long; narrow-oblong;flattish; covered by two chestnut-brown dotted scales, which persist asappendages at the base of the leafstalk, often enclosing several leaveswhich develop one after the other. Leaves simple, alternate, lobed; 3-5inches long and nearly as broad, dark green and smooth on the uppersurface, lighter, with minute dusty pubescence beneath, becoming yellowand russet brown in autumn; usually with four rounded or pointed lobes, the two upper abruptly cut off at the apex, and separated by a slightindentation or notch more or less broad and shallow at the top; all thelobes entire, or 2-3 sublobed, or coarsely toothed; base truncate, acuteor heart-shaped; leafstalks as long or longer than the blade, slender, enlarged at the base; stipules 1-2 inches long, pale yellow, oblong, often persisting till the leaf is fully developed. =Inflorescence. =--Late May or early June. Flowers conspicuous, solitary, terminal, held erect by a stout stem, tulip-shaped, 1-1/2-2 inches long, opening at the top about 2 inches. There are two triangular bracts whichfall as the flower opens; three greenish, concave sepals, at lengthreflexed; six greenish-yellow petals with an orange spot near the baseof each; numerous stamens somewhat shorter than the petals; and pistilsclinging together about a central axis. =Fruit. =--Cone-like, formed of numerous carpels, often abortive, whichfall away from the axis at maturity; each long, flat carpel encloses inthe cavity at its base one or two orange seeds which hang out for a timeon flexible, silk-like threads. =Horticultural Value. =--An ornamental tree of great merit; hardy exceptin the coldest parts of New England; difficult to transplant, butgrowing rapidly when established; comes into leaf rather early and holdsits foliage till mid-fall, shedding it in a short time when mature;adapts itself readily to good, light soils, but grows best in moistloam. It has few disfiguring insect enemies. Mostly propagated by seed, but sometimes successfully collected; for sale in the leading nurseriesand usually obtainable in large quantities. Of abnormal forms offered bynurserymen, one has an upright habit approaching that of the Lombardypoplar; another has variegated leaves, and another leaves without lobes. [Illustration: PLATE LIII. --Liriodendron Tulipifera. ] 1. Winter bud, terminal. 2. Opening leaf-bud with stipules. 3. Flowering branch. 4. Fruit. 5. Fruit with many carpels removed. 6. Carpel with seeds. LAURACEÆ. LAUREL FAMILY. =Sassafras officinale, Nees. = _Sassafras Sassafras, Karst. _ SASSAFRAS. =Habitat and Range. =--In various soils and situations; sandy or richwoods, along the borders of peaty swamps. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --this tree grows not beyond Black Point (Scarboro, Cumberlandcounty) eastward (Josselyn's _New England Rarities_, 1672); not reportedagain by botanists for more than two hundred years; rediscovered atWells in 1895 (Walter Deane) and North Berwick in 1896 (J. C. Parlin);New Hampshire, --lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast and alongthe Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont, --occasional south ofthe center; Pownal (Robbins, Eggleston); Hartland and Brattleboro(Bates), Vernon (Grant); Massachusetts, --common especially in theeastern sections; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --common. South to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--Generally a shrub or small tree but sometimes reaching aheight of 40-50 feet and a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet; attaining amaximum in the southern and southwestern states of 80-100 feet in heightand a trunk diameter of 6-7 feet; head open, flattish or rounded;branches at varying angles, stout, crooked, and irregular; spray bushy;marked in winter by the contrasting reddish-brown of the trunk, thebright yellowish-green of the shoots and the prominent flower-buds, inearly spring by the drooping racemes of yellow flowers, in autumn by therich yellow or red-tinted foliage and handsome fruit, at all seasons bythe aromatic odor and spicy flavor of all parts of the tree, especiallythe bark of the root. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown, deeply and firmly ridged inold trees, in young trees greenish-gray, finely and irregularly striate, the outer layer often curiously splitting, resembling a sort of filagreework; branchlets reddish-brown, marked with warts of russet brown;season's shoots at first minutely pubescent, in the fall more or lessmottled, bright yellowish-green. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Flower-buds conspicuous, terminal, ovate toelliptical, the outer scales rather loose, more or less pubescent, theinner glossy, pubescent; lateral buds much smaller. Leaves simple, alternate, often opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, downy-tomentose when young, at maturity smooth, yellowish-green above, lighter beneath, with midrib conspicuous and minutely hairy; outline oftwo forms, one oval to oblong, entire, usually rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped at base; the other oval to obovate, mitten-shaped or3-lobed to about the center, with rounded sinuses; apex obtuse orrounded; base wedge-shaped; leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules none. =Inflorescence. =--April or early May. Appearing with the leaves inslender, bracted, greenish-yellow, corymbous racemes, from terminal budsof the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on separatetrees, --sterile flowers with 9 stamens, each of the three inner with twostalked orange-colored glands, anthers 4-celled, ovary abortive orwanting: fertile flowers with 6 rudimentary stamens in one row; ovaryovoid; style short. =Fruit. =--Generally scanty, drupes, ovoid, deep blue, with club-shaped, bright red stalk. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; adapted to a greatvariety of soils, but prefers a stony, well-drained loam or gravel. Itsirregular masses of foliage, which color so brilliantly in the fall, make it an extremely interesting tree in plantations, but it has alwaysbeen rare in nurseries and difficult to transplant; suckers, however, can be moved readily. Propagated easily from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LIV. --Sassafras officinale. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. HAMAMELIDACEÆ. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. =Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. = SWEET GUM. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, wet soil, swamps, moist woods. Connecticut, --restricted to the southwest corner of the state, not farfrom the seacoast; Darien to Five Mile river, probably the northeasternlimit of its natural growth. South to Florida; west to Missouri and Texas. =Habit. =--Tree 40-60 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 10 inches to 2feet, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3-5 feet in theOhio and Mississippi valleys; trunk tall and straight; branches rathersmall for the diameter and height of the tree, the lower mostlyhorizontal or declining; branchlets beset with numerous short, ratherstout, curved twigs; head wide-spreading, ovoid or narrow-pyramidal, symmetrical; conspicuous in summer by its deep green, shining foliage, in autumn by the splendor of its coloring, and in winter by thelong-stemmed, globular fruit, which does not fall till spring. =Bark. =--Trunk gray or grayish-brown, in old trees deeply furrowed andbroken up into rather small, thickish, loose scales; branchesbrown-gray; branchlets with or without prominent corky ridges on theupper side; young twigs yellowish. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, reddish-brown, glossy, acute. Leaves simple, alternate, regular, 3-4 inches in diameter, dark greenturning to reds, purples, and yellows in autumn, cut into the figure ofa star by 5-7 equal, pointed lobes, glandular-serrate, smooth, shiningon the upper surface, fragrant when bruised; base more or lessheart-shaped; stalk slender. =Inflorescence. =--May. Developing from a bud of the season; sterileflowers in an erect or spreading, cylindrical catkin; calyx none; petalsnone, stamens many, intermixed with minute scales: fertile flowersnumerous, gathered in a long peduncled head; calyx consisting of finescales; corolla none; pistil with 2-celled ovary and 2 long styles. =Fruit. =--In spherical, woody heads, about 1 inch in diameter, suspendedby a slender thread: a sort of aggregate fruit made up of the hardened, coherent ovaries, holding on till spring, each containing one or twoperfect seeds. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy along the southern shores of New England;grows in good wet or dry soils, preferring clays. Young plants aretender in Massachusetts, but if protected a few seasons until wellestablished make hardy trees of medium size. It is offered bynurserymen, but must be frequently transplanted to be moved with safety;rate of growth rather slow and nearly uniform to maturity. Propagatedfrom seed. [Illustration: PLATE LV. --Liquidambar styraciflua. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower. 5. Fruiting branch. PLATANACEÆ. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. =Platanus occidentalis, L. = BUTTONWOOD. SYCAMORE. BUTTONBALL. PLANE TREE. =Habitat and Range. =--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods. Ontario. Maine, --apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire, --Merrimacvalley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole;Vermont, --scattering along the river shores, quite abundant along theHoosac in Pownal (Eggleston); Massachusetts, --occasional; Rhode Islandand Connecticut, --rather common. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tree of the first magnitude, 50-100 feet and upwards inheight, with a diameter of 3-8 feet; reaching in the rich alluvium ofthe Ohio and Mississippi valleys a maximum of 125 feet in height and adiameter of 20 feet; the largest tree of the New England forest, conspicuous by its great height, massive trunk and branches, and by itsmagnificent, wide-spreading, dome-shaped or pyramidal, open head. Thesunlight, streaming through the large-leafed, rusty foliage, reveals thecuriously mottled patchwork bark; and the long-stemmed, globular fruitswings to every breeze till spring comes again. The lower branches are often very long and almost horizontal, and thebranchlets frequently have a tufted, broom-like appearance, due probablyto the action of a fungous disease on the young growth. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and large branches dark greenish-gray, sometimesrough and closely adherent, but usually flaking off in broad, thin, brittle scales, exposing the green or buff inner bark, which becomesnearly white on exposure; branchlets light brown, sometimes ridgytowards the ends, marked with numerous inconspicuous dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds short, ovate, obtuse, enclosed in theswollen base of a petiole, and, after the fall of the leaf, encircledby the leaf-scar. Leaves simple, alternate, 5-6 inches long, 7-10 wide, pubescent on both sides when young, at maturity light rusty-green above, light green beneath, finally smooth, turning yellow in autumn, coriaceous; outline reniform; margin coarse-toothed or sinuate-lobed, the short lobes ending in a sharp point; base heart-shaped to nearlytruncate; leafstalk 1-2 inches long, swollen at the base; stipulessheathing, often united, forming a sort of ruffle. =Inflorescence. =--May. In crowded spherical heads; flowers of both kindswith insignificant calyx and corolla, --sterile heads from terminal orlateral buds of the preceding season, on short and pendulous stems;stamens few, usually 4, anthers 2-celled: fertile heads from shoots ofthe season, on long, slender stems, made up of closely compacted ovateovaries with intermingled scales, ovaries surmounted by hairy one-sidedrecurved styles, with bright red stigmas. =Fruit. =--In heads, mostly solitary, about 1 inch in diameter, persistent till spring: nutlets small, hairy, 1-seeded. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a deep, rich, loamy soil near water, but grows in almost any situation; of morerapid growth than almost any other native tree, and formerly plantedfreely in ornamental grounds and on streets, but fungous diseasesdisfigure it so seriously, and the late frosts so often kill the youngleaves that it is now seldom obtainable in nurseries; usually propagatedfrom seed. The European plane, now largely grown in some nurseries, is asuitable substitute. [Illustration: PLATE LVI. --Platanus occidentalis. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch with sterile and fertile heads. 3. Stamen. 4. Pistil. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Stipule. 7. Bud with enclosing base of leafstalk. POMACEÆ. APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, withstipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowersregular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens usually many, distinct, inserted with the petals; carpels of the ovary 1-5, partiallyor entirely united with each other; ovules 1-2 in each carpel; styles1-5; fruit a fleshy pome, often berry-like or drupe-like, formed byconsolidation of the carpels with the calyx-tube. PYRUS. MALUS. AMELANCHIER. CRATÆGUS. =Pyrus Americana, DC. = _Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _ MOUNTAIN ASH. =Habitat and Range. =--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains. Newfoundland to Manitoba. Maine, --common; New Hampshire, --common along the watersheds of theConnecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the Whitemountains; Vermont, --abundant far up the slopes of the Green mountains;Massachusetts, --Graylock, Wachusett, Watatic, and other mountainousregions; rare eastward; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --occasional in thenorthern sections. South, in cold swamps and along the mountains to North Carolina; west to Michigan and Minnesota. =Habit. =--A small tree, 15-20 feet high, often attaining in the woods ofnorthern Maine and on the slopes of the White mountains a height of25-30 feet, with a trunk diameter of 12-15 inches; reduced at itsextreme altitudes to a low shrub; head, in open ground, pyramidal orroundish; branches spreading and slender. =Bark. =--Closely resembling bark of _P. Sambucifolia_. =Winter Buds and Leaves. , =--Buds more or less scythe-shaped, acute, smooth, glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; stem grooved, enlarged at base, reddish-brown above; stipules deciduous; leaflets11-19, 2-4 inches long, bright green above, paler beneath, smooth, narrow-oblong or lanceolate, the terminal often elliptical, finely andsharply serrate above the base; apex acuminate; base roundish to acuteand unequally sided; sessile or nearly so, except in the odd leaflet. =Inflorescence. =--In terminal, densely compound, large and flattishcymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, white, roundish, short-clawed; stamensnumerous; ovary inferior; styles 3. =Fruit. =--Round, bright red, about the size of a pea, lasting intowinter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a good, well-drained soil; rate of growth slow and nearly uniform. It is readilytransplanted and would be useful on the borders of woods, in plantationsof low trees, and in seaside exposures. Rare in nurseries and seldom forsale by collectors. The readily obtainable and more showy European _P. Aucuparia_ is to be preferred for ornamental purposes. [Illustration: PLATE LVII. --Pyrus Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. Petal. 5. Fruiting branch. =Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. = _Sorbus sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _ MOUNTAIN ASH. =Habitat and Range. =--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores ofrivers and ponds, often associated with _P. Americana_, but climbinghigher up the mountains. From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, thennorthward along the mountain ranges to Alaska. Maine, --abundant in Aroostook county, Piscataquis county, Somersetcounty at least north to the Moose river, along the boundary mountains, about the Rangeley lakes and locally on Mount Desert Island; NewHampshire, --in the White mountain region; Vermont, --Mt. Mansfield, Willoughby mountain (Pringle); undoubtedly in other sections of thesestates; to be looked for along the edges of deep, cool swamps and atconsiderable elevations. South of New England, probably only as an escape from cultivation; west through the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains, thence northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska and south to New Mexico and California. =Habit. =--A shrub 3-10 feet high, or small tree rising to a height of15-25 feet, reaching its maximum in northern New England, where itoccasionally attains a height of 30-35 feet, with a trunk diameter of 15inches. It forms an open, wide-spreading, pyramidal or roundish head, resembling the preceding species in the color of bark, in foliage andfruit. Whether these are two distinct species is at the presentproblematical, as there are many intermediate forms, and the same treesometimes furnishes specimens that would indubitably be referred todifferent species. =Bark. =--On old trees light brown and roughish on the trunk, separatinginto small scales curling up on one side; large limbs light-colored, smoothish, often conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal blotchesand leaf-scars; season's shoots light brown, smooth, silvery dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Terminal bud 1 inch long, lateral 1/2 inch, appressed, brownish, scythe-shaped, acute, more or less glutinous. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, stems grooved and reddish above, enlarged at base; stipules deciduous; leaflets 7-15, the odd onestalked, 1-3 inches long, 1/2-1 inch wide, bright green above, palerbeneath, smooth, mostly ovate-oblong, serrate above the base; apexrounded or more usually tapering suddenly to a short point, or rarelyacuminate; base inequilateral. =Inflorescence. =--In broad, compound cymes at the ends of the branches;flowers white and rather larger than those of _P. Americanus_; calyx5-lobed; petals 5, ovate, short-clawed; stamens numerous; pistil3-styled. =Fruit. =--In broad cymes; berries bright red, roundish, rather largerthan those of _P. Americana_, holding on till winter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England, though of shrub-likeproportions in the southern sections; grows in exposed situationsinland, and along the seashore. The dwarf habit, graceful foliage, andshowy fruit give it an especial value in artificial plantations; but itis seldom for sale in nurseries and only occasionally by collectors. Itis readily transplanted and is propagated by seed. =Note. =--In the European mountain ash, _P. Aucuparia_, the leaves have ablunter apex than is usually found in either of the American species, and have a more decided tendency to double serration. [Illustration: PLATE LVIII. --Pyrus sambucifolia. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. Fruiting branch. =Pyrus communis, L. = PEAR TREE. The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape fromcultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly andshrubby in a wild state. =Pyrus Malus, L. = _Malus Malus, Britton_. APPLE TREE. The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escapewherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in awild state to reversion. =Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. = SHADBUSH. JUNE-BERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--Dry, open woods, hillsides. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. New England, --throughout. South to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Louisiana. =Habit. =--Shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet high, with a trunk diameter of6-10 inches, reaching sometimes a height of 40 feet and trunk diameterof 18 inches; head rather wide-spreading, slender-branched, open;conspicuous in early spring, while other trees are yet naked, by itsprofuse display of loose spreading clusters of white flowers, and thedelicate tints of the silky opening foliage. =Bark. =--Trunk and large branches greenish-gray, smooth; branchletspurplish-brown, smooth. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, oblong-conical, pointed. Leaves2-3-1/2 inches long, about half as wide, slightly pubescent when young, dark bluish-green above at maturity, lighter beneath; outline varyingfrom ovate to obovate, finely and sharply serrate; apex pointed ormucronate, often abruptly so; base somewhat heart-shaped or rounded;leafstalk about 1 inch long; stipules slender, silky, ciliate, soonfalling. =Inflorescence. =--April to May. Appearing with the leaves at the end ofthe branchlets in long, loose, spreading or drooping, nearly glabrousracemes; flowers large; calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, pubescent to nearlyglabrous; segments lanceolate, acute, reflexed; petals 5, whole, narrow-oblong or oblong-spatulate, about 1 inch long, two to three timesthe length of the calyx; stamens numerous: ovary with style deeply5-parted. =Fruit. =--June to July. In drooping racemes, globose, passing throughvarious colors to reddish, purplish, or black purple, long-stemmed, sweet and edible without decided flavor. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in all soilsand situations except in wet lands, but prefers deep, rich, moist loam;very irregular in its habit of growth, sometimes forming a shrub, atother times a slender, unsymmetrical tree, and again a symmetrical treewith well-defined trunk. Its beautiful flowers, clean growth, attractivefruit and autumn foliage make it a desirable plant in landscapeplantations where it can be grouped with other trees. Occasionally innurseries; procurable from collectors. [Illustration: PLATE LIX. --Amelanchier Canadensis. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. Fruiting branch. CRATÆGUS. A revision of genus _Cratægus_ has long been a desideratum withbotanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most ofwhich must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsedto note more carefully the limits of variation in previously existingspecies and to eliminate possible hybrids. During the present period ofuncertainty it seems best to exclude most of the new species from themanuals until their status has been satisfactorily established byraising plants from the seed, or by prolonged observation over wideareas. =Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. = COCKSPUR THORN. Rich soils, edge of swamps. Quebec to Manitoba. Found sparingly in western Vermont (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); southernConnecticut (C. H. Bissell). South to Georgia; west to Iowa. A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches in trunk diameter;best distinguished by its thorns and leaves. Thorns numerous, straight, long (2-4 inches), slender; leaves thick, smooth, dark green, shining on the upper surface, pale beneath, turningdark orange red in autumn; outline obovate-oblanceolate, serrate above, entire or nearly so near base; apex acute or rounded; base decidedlywedge-shaped shaped; leafstalks short. Fruit globose or very slightly pear-shaped, remaining on the treethroughout the winter. Hardy throughout southern New England; used frequently for a hedgeplant. =Cratægus punctata, Jacq. = Thickets, hillsides, borders of forests. Quebec and Ontario. Small tree, common in Vermont (Brainerd) and occasional in the other NewEngland states. South to Georgia. Thorns 1-2 inches long, sometimes branched; leaves 1-2-1/2 inches long, smooth on the upper surface, finally smooth and dull beneath; outlineobovate, toothed or slightly lobed above, entire or nearly so beneath, short-pointed or somewhat obtuse at the apex, wedge-shaped at base;leafstalk slender, 1-2 inches long; calyx lobes linear, entire; fruitlarge, red or yellow. =Cratægus coccinea, L. = In view of the fact of great variation in the bark, leaves, inflorescence, and fruit of plants that have all passed in this countryas _C. Coccinea_, and in view of the further uncertainty as to the planton which the species was originally founded, it seems "best to considerthe specimen in the Linnæan herbarium as the type of _C. Coccinea_ whichcan be described as follows: "Leaves elliptical or on vigorous shoots mostly semiorbicular, acute or acuminate, divided above the middle into numerous acute coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, cuneate and finely glandular-serrate below the middle and often quite entire toward the base, with slender midribs and remote primary veins arcuate and running to the points of the lobes, at the flowering time membranaceous, coated on the upper surface and along the upper surface of the midribs and veins with short soft white hairs, at maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, glabrous or nearly so, 1-1/2-2 inches long and 1-1-1/2 inches wide, with slender glandular petioles 3/4-1 inch long, slightly grooved on the upper surface, often dark red toward the base, and like the young branchlets villous with pale soft hairs; stipules lanceolate to oblanceolate, conspicuously glandular-serrate with dark red glands, 1/2-3/4 inch long. Flowers 1/2-3/4 inch in diameter when fully expanded, in broad, many-flowered, compound tomentose cymes; bracts and bractlets linear-lanceolate, coarsely glandular-serrate, caducous; calyx tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, nearly glabrous or tomentose, persistent, wide-spreading or erect on the fruit, dark red above at the base; stamens 10; anthers yellow; styles 3 or 4. Fruit subglobose, occasionally rather longer than broad, dark crimson, marked with scattered dark dots, about 1/2 inch in diameter, with thin, sweet, dry yellow flesh; nutlets 3 or 4, about 1/4 inch long, conspicuously ridged on the back with high grooved ridges. "A low, bushy tree, occasionally 20 feet in height with a short trunk 8-10 inches in diameter, or more frequently shrubby and forming wide dense thickets, and with stout more or less zigzag branches bright chestnut brown and lustrous during their first year, ashy-gray during their second season and armed with many stout, chestnut-brown, straight or curved spines 1-1-1/2 inches long. Flowers late in May. Fruit ripens and falls toward the end of October, usually after the leaves. "Slopes of hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in rich, well-drained soil, Essex county, Massachusetts, John Robinson, 1900; Gerrish island, Maine, J. G. Jack, 1899-1900; Brunswick, Maine, Miss Kate Furbish, May, 1899; Newfoundland, A. C. Waghorne, 1894. "[1] [Footnote 1: Prof. C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz. _, XXXI, 12. By permissionof the publishers. ] =Cratægus mollis, Scheele. = _Cratægus subvillosa, Schr. Cratægus coccinea, _ var. _mollis, T. & G. _ THORN. =Habitat and Range. =--Bordering on low lands and along streams. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --as far north as Mattawamkeag on the middle Penobscot, Dover onthe Piscataquis, and Orono on the lower Penobscot; reported also fromsouthern sections; Vermont, --Charlotte (Hosford); Massachusetts, --in theeastern part infrequent; no stations reported in the other New Englandstates. South to Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and Texas; west to Michigan and Missouri. =Habit. =--Shrub or often a small tree, 20-30 feet high, with trunk 6-12inches in diameter, often with numerous suckers; branches at 4-6 feetfrom the ground, at an acute angle with the stem, lower often horizontalor declining; head spreading, widest at base, spray short, angular, andbushy; thorns slender, 1-3 inches long, straight or slightly recurved. =Bark. =--Bark of the whole tree, except the ultimate shoots, light gray, on the trunk and larger branches separating lengthwise into thin narrowplates, in old trees dark gray and more or less shreddy; season's shootsreddish or yellowish-brown, glossy. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, reddish-brown, shining;scales broad, glandular-edged. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-5 incheslong, light green above, lighter beneath, broad-ovate tobroad-elliptical; rather regularly and slightly incised with fine, glandular-tipped teeth; apex acute; base wedge-shaped, truncate, orsubcordate; roughish above and slightly pubescent beneath, especiallyalong the veins; leaf-stalk pubescent; stipules linear, glandular-edged, deciduous. =Inflorescence. =--May to June. In cymes from the season's growth;flowers white, 3/4 inch broad, ill-smelling; calyx lobes 5, oftenincised, pubescent; petals roundish; stamens indefinite, styles 3-5;flower stems pubescent; bracts glandular. =Fruit. =--A drupe-like pome, 1/2-1 inch long, bright scarlet, largerthan the fruit of the other New England species; ripens and falls inSeptember. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England. An attractive and usefultree in low plantations; rarely for sale by nurserymen or collectors;propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE LX. --Cratægus mollis. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with thorns. 3. Flowering branch. 4. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 5. Fruiting branch. =Note. =--The New England plants here put under the head of _Cratægus mollis_ have been referred by Prof. C. S. Sargent to _Cratægus submollis_ (_Bot. Gaz_. , XXXI, 7, 1901). The new species differs from the true _Cratægus mollis_ in its smaller ovate leaves with cuneate base and more or less winged leafstalk, in the smaller number of its stamens, usually 10, and in its pear-shaped orange-red fruit, which drops in early September. It is also probable that _C. Arnoldiana_, Sargent, new species, has been collected in Massachusetts as _C. Mollis_. It differs from _C. Submollis_ "in its broader, darker green, more villose leaves which are usually rounded, not cuneate at the base, in its smaller flowers, subglobose, not oblong or pear-shaped, crimson fruit with smaller spreading calyx lobes, borne on shorter peduncles and ripening two or three weeks earlier, and by its much more zigzag and more spiny branches, which make this tree particularly noticeable in winter, when it may readily be recognized from all other thorn trees. "--C. S. Sargent in _Bot. Gaz. _, XXXI, 223, 1901. DRUPACEÆ. PLUM FAMILY. Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds ofseveral species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate, mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with oneto several glands; flowers in umbels, racemes, or solitary, regular;calyx tube free from the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5, inserted on thecalyx; stamens indefinite, distinct, inserted with the petals; pistil 1, ovary with 1 carpel, 1-seeded; fruit a more or less fleshy drupe. =Prunus nigra, Ait. = _Prunus Americana_, var. _nigra, Waugh. _ WILD PLUM. RED PLUM. HORSE PLUM. CANADA PLUM. =Habitat and Range. =--Native along streams and in thickets, oftenspontaneous around dwellings and along fences. From Newfoundland through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake Manitoba. Maine, --abundant in the northern sections and common throughout; NewHampshire and Vermont, --frequent, especially in the northern sections;Massachusetts, --occasional; Rhode Island and Connecticut, --not reported. Rare south of New England; west to Wisconsin. =Habit. =--A shrub or small tree, 20-25 feet high; trunk 5-8 inches indiameter; branches stout, ascending, somewhat angular, with short, rigidbranchlets, forming a stiff, narrow head. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk grayish-brown, smooth in young trees, in oldtrees separating into large plates; smaller branches dark brown, season's shoots green. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, acute, dark brown. Leaves 3-5 inches long, light green on the upper side, paler beneath, pubescent when young; outline ovate-obovate or orbicular, crenulate-serrate; teeth not bristle-tipped; apex abruptly acuminate;base wedge-shaped, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped, or narrowing to ashort petiole more or less red-glandular near the blade; stipulesusually linear, ciliate, soon falling. =Inflorescence. =--Appearing in May before the leaves, in lateral, 2-3-flowered, slender-stemmed umbels; flowers about an inch broad, whitewhen expanding, turning to pink; calyx 5-lobed, glandular; petals 5, obovate-oblong, contracting to a claw; stamens numerous; style 1, stigma1. =Fruit. =--A drupe, oblong-oval, 1-1-1/2 inches long, orange ororange-red, skin tough, flesh adherent to the flat stone and pleasant tothe taste. The fruit toward the southern limit of the species is oftenabortive, or develops through the growth of a fungus into monstrousforms. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, and will grow, when not shaded, in almost any dry or moist soil. It has a tendency tosucker freely, forming low, broad thickets, especially attractive fromtheir early spring flowers and handsome autumn leaves. [Illustration: PLATE LXI. --Prunus nigra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with petals removed. 4. Petal. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Stone. =Prunus Americana, Marsh. = A rare plant in New England, scarcely attaining tree-form. The mostnorthern station yet reported is along the slopes of Graylock, Massachusetts, where a few scattered shrubs were discovered in 1900 (J. R. Churchill). In Connecticut it seems to be native in the vicinity ofSouthington, shrubs, and small trees 10-15 feet high (C. H. Bissell _inlit. _, 1900); New Milford and Munroe, small trees (C. K. Averill). Distinguished from _P. Nigra_ by its sharply toothed leaves, smallerblossoms (the petals of which do not turn pink), and by its globosefruit. [Illustration: PLATE LXII. --Prunus Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. Petal. 5. Flowering branch. 6. Stone. =Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. F. = RED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes, occasional in rather low grounds. From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to the Coast Range. Throughout New England; very common in the northern portions, as high upas 4500 feet upon Katahdin, less common southward and near the seacoast. South to North Carolina; west to Minnesota and Missouri. =Habit=. --A slender tree, seldom more than 30 feet high; trunk 8-10inches in diameter, erect; branches at an angle of 45° or less; headrather open, roundish or oblong, characterized in spring by clusters oflong-stemmed white flowers, and in autumn by a profusion of small redfruit. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in fully grown trees dark brownish-red, conspicuously marked with coarse horizontal lines; the outer layerpeeling off in fine scales, disclosing a brighter red layer beneath; inyoung trees very smooth and shining throughout; lines very conspicuousin the larger branches; branchlets brownish-red with small horizontallines; spray and season's shoots polished red, with minute orange dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, broad-conical, acute. Leavesnumerous, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, light green and shining onboth sides, ovate-lanceolate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, finelyserrate; teeth sharp-pointed, sometimes incurved; apex acuminate; baseobtuse or roundish; midrib depressed above; leafstalks short, channeled;stipules falling early. =Inflorescence. =--June. Appearing with the leaves, in lateral clusters, the flowers on long, slender, somewhat branching stems; calyx 5-cleft;segments thin, reflexed; petals 5, white, obovate, short-clawed; stamensnumerous; pistil 1; style 1. =Fruit. =--About the size of a pea, round, light red, thin-meated andsour: stone oval or ovate. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a lightgravelly loam, but grows in poor soils and exposed situations; habit souncertain and tendency to sprout so decided that it is not wise to useit in ornamental plantations; sometimes very useful in sterile land. Avariety with transparent yellowish fruit is occasionally met with, butis not yet in cultivation. [Illustration: PLATE LXIII. --Prunus Pennsylvanica. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. Petal. 5. Fruiting branch. =Prunus Virginiana, L. = CHOKECHERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--In varying soils; along river banks, on dryplains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets. From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the Mackenzie river as 62°. Common throughout New England; at an altitude of 4500 feet upon Mt. Katahdin. South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas. =Habit. =--Usually a shrub a few feet high, but occasionally a tree 15-25feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches; head, in openplaces, spreading, somewhat symmetrical, with dull foliage, but veryattractive in flower and fruit, the latter variable in color andquantity. =Bark. =--Trunk and branches dull gray, darker on older trees, rough withraised buff-orange spots; branchlets dull grayish or reddish brown;season's shoots lighter, minutely dotted. Bitter to the taste. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds 1-1-1/4 inches long, conical, sharp-pointed, brown, slightly divergent from the stem. Leaves 2-5 inches long and two-thirds as wide, dull green on the upperside, lighter beneath, obovate or oblong, thin, finely, sharply, andoften doubly serrate; apex abruptly pointed; base roundish, obtuse orslightly heart-shaped; leafstalk round, grooved, with two or more glandsnear base of leaf; stipules long, narrow, ciliate, falling when theleaves expand. =Inflorescence. =--Appearing in May, a week earlier than _P. Serotina_, terminating lateral, leafy shoots of the season in numerous handsome, erect or spreading racemes, 2-4 inches long; flowers short-stemmed, about 1/3 inch across; petals white, roundish; edge often eroded; calyx5-cleft with thin reflexed lobes, soon falling; stamens numerous; pistil1; style 1. =Fruit. =--In drooping racemes; varying from yellow to nearly black, commonly bright red, edible, but more or less astringent; stem somewhatpersistent after the cherry falls. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in almostany soil, but prefers a deep, rich, moist loam. Vigorous young trees areattractive, but in New England they soon begin to show dead branches, and are so seriously affected by insects and fungous diseases that it isnot wise to use them in ornamental plantations, or to permit them toremain on the roadside. [Illustration: PLATE LXIV. --Prunus Virginia. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. A petal. 5. Fruiting branch. =Prunus serotina, Ehrh. = RUM CHERRY. BLACK CHERRY. =Habitat and Range. =--In all sorts of soils and exposures; open placesand rich woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Maine, --not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequentthroughout the other New England states. South to Florida; west to North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas, extending through Mexico, along the Pacific coast of Central America to Peru. =Habit. =--Usually a medium-sized tree, 30-50 feet in height, with atrunk diameter varying from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet; attaining muchgreater dimensions in the middle and southern states; branches few, large, often tortuous, subdividing irregularly; head open, widest nearthe base, rather ungraceful when naked, but very attractive when clothedwith bright green, polished foliage, profusely decked with whiteflowers, or laden with drooping racemes of handsome black fruit. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk deep reddish-brown and smooth in young trees, inold trees very rough, separating into close, thick, irregular, blackishscales; branches dark reddish-brown, marked with small oblong, raiseddots. Bitter to the taste. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovate, 1/8 inch long, covered withimbricated brown scales. Leaves 2-5 inches long, about half as wide, dark green above and glossywhen full grown, paler below, turning in autumn to orange, deep red, orpale yellow, firm, smooth on both sides, elliptical, oblong, orlanceolate-oblong; finely serrate with short, incurved teeth; apexsharp; base acute or roundish; meshes of veins minute; petioles 1/2 inchlong, with usually two or more glands near the base of the leaf;stipules glandular-edged, falling as the leaf expands. =Inflorescence. =--May to June. From new leafy shoots, in simple, looseracemes, 4-5 inches long; flowers small; calyx with 5 short teethseparated by shallow sinuses, persistent after the cherry falls; petals5, spreading, white, obovate; stamens numerous; pistil one; stylesingle. =Fruit. =--September. Somewhat flattened vertically, 1/4 inch indiameter; purplish-black, edible, slightly bitter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in New England; in rich soil in opensituations young trees grow very rapidly, old trees rather slowly. Seldom used for ornamental purposes, but serves well as a nurse tree forforest plantations, or where quick results and a luxurious foliageeffect is desired, on inland exposures or near the seacoast. Thebranches are very liable to disfigurement by the black-knot and thefoliage by the tent-caterpillar. Large plants are seldom for sale, butseedlings may be obtained in large quantities and at low prices. Aweeping horticultural form is occasionally offered. Propagated fromseed. [Illustration: PLATE LXV. --Prunus serotina. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with part of perianth and stamens removed. 4. A petal. 5. Fruiting branch. 6. Mature leaf. =Prunus Avium, L. = MAZARD CHERRY. Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and theborders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunkdiameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pubescent beneath, serrate, 3-5inches long; leafstalk about 1/2 inch long, often glandular near base ofleaf; inflorescence in umbels; flowers white, expanding with the leaves;fruit dark red, sweet, mostly inferior or blighted. LEGUMINOSÆ. PULSE FAMILY. =Gleditsia triacanthos, L. = HONEY LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. =Habitat and Range. =--In its native habitat growing in a variety ofsoils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains. Southern Ontario. Maine, --young trees in the southern sections said to have beenproduced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fernald); New Hampshire andVermont, --introduced; Massachusetts, --occasional; RhodeIsland, --introduced and fully at home (J. F. Collins); Connecticut, --notreported. Probably sparingly naturalized in many other places in NewEngland. Spreading by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west from western New York through southern Ontario (Canada) and Michigan to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian territory, and Texas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, reaching a height of 40-60 feet and atrunk diameter of 1-3 feet; becoming a tree of the first magnitude inthe river bottoms of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; trunk dark andstraight, the upper branches going off at an acute angle, the loweroften horizontal, both trunk and larger branches armed above the axilswith stout, sharp-pointed, simple, three-pronged or numerously branchedthorns, sometimes clustered in forbidding tangles a foot or two inlength; head wide-spreading, very open, rounded or flattish, withextremely delicate, fern-like foliage lying in graceful planes ormasses; pods flat and pendent, conspicuous in autumn. =Bark. =--Trunk and larger branches a sombre iron gray, deepening on oldtrees almost to black; yellowish-brown in second year's growth; season'sshoots green, marked with short buff, longitudinal lines; branchletsrough-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Winter buds minute, in clusters of three orfour, the upper the largest. Leaves compound, once to twice pinnate, both forms often in the same leaf, alternate, 6 inches to 1 foot long, rachis abruptly enlarged at base and covering the winter buds: leaflets18-28, 3/4-1-1/4 inches long, about one-third as wide, yellowish-greenwhen unfolding, turning to dark green above, slightly lighter beneath, yellow in autumn; outline lanceolate, oblong to oval, obscurelycrenulate-serrate; apex obtuse, scarcely mucronate; base mostly rounded;leafstalks and leaves downy, especially when young. =Inflorescence. =--Early June. From lateral or terminal buds on the oldwood, in slender, pendent, greenish racemes scarcely distinguishableamong the young leaves; sterile and fertile flowers on different treesor on the same tree and even in the same cluster; calyx somewhatcampanulate, 3-5-cleft; petals 3-5, somewhat wider than the sepals, andinserted with the 3-10 stamens on the calyx: pistil in sterile flowersabortive or wanting, conspicuous in the fertile flowers. Parts of theflower more or less pubescent, arachnoid-pubescent within, near thebase. =Fruit. =--Pods dull red, 1-1-1/2 feet long, flat, pendent, and oftentwisted, containing several flat brown seeds. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, grows in anywell-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam; transplants readily, grows rapidly, is long-lived, free from disease, and makes a picturesqueobject in ornamental plantations, but is objectionable in public placesand highly finished grounds on account of the stiff spines, which are asource of danger to pedestrians, and also on account of the longstrap-shaped pods, which litter the ground. There is a thornless formwhich is better adapted than the type for ornamental purposes. The typeis sometimes offered in nurseries at a low price by the quantity. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LXVI. --Gleditsia triacanthos. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Winter buds with thorns. 3. Flowering branch. 4. Sterile flower, enlarged. 5. Flowering branch, flowers mostly fertile. 6. Fertile flower, enlarged. 7. Fruiting branch. 8. Leaf partially twice pinnate. =Robinia Pseudacacia, L. = LOCUST. =Habitat and Range. =--In its native habitat growing upon mountainslopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils. Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine, --thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; NewHampshire, --abundant enough to be reckoned among the valuable timbertrees; Vermont, --escaped from cultivation in many places; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, --common in patches and thickets and alongthe roadsides and fences. Native from southern Pennsylvania along the mountains to Georgia; west to Iowa and southward. =Habit. =--Mostly a small tree, 20-35 feet high, under favorableconditions reaching a height of 50-75 feet; trunk diameter 8 inches to 21/2 feet; lower branches thrown out horizontally or at a broad angle, forming a few-branched, spreading top, clothed with a tender green, delicate, tremulous foliage, and distinguished in early June by loose, pendulous clusters of white fragrant flowers. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk dark, rough and seamy even in young trees, andarmed with stout prickles which disappear as the tree matures; in oldtrees coarsely, deeply, and firmly ridged, not flaky; larger branches adull brown, rough; branchlets grayish-brown, armed with prickles;season's shoots green, more or less rough-dotted, thin, and oftenstriped. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Winter buds minute, partially sunken withinthe leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; petiole swollen atthe base, covering bud of the next season; often with spines in theplace of stipules; leaflets 7-21, opposite or scattered, 3/4-1-1/4inches long, about half as wide, light green; outline ovate oroval-oblong; apex round or obtuse, tipped with a minute point; basetruncate, rounded, obtuse or acutish; distinctly short-stalked;stipellate at first. =Inflorescence. =--Late May or early June. Showy and abundant, in loose, pendent, axillary racemes; calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the twoupper segments mostly coherent; corolla shaped like a pea blossom, theupper petal large, side petals obtuse and separate; style and stigmasimple. =Fruit. =--A smooth, dark brown, flat pod, about 3 inches long, containing several small brown flattish seeds, remaining on the treethroughout the winter. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England in all dry, sunnysituations, of rapid growth, spreading by underground stems, ordinarilyshort-lived and subject to serious injury by the attacks of borers. Occasionally procurable in large quantities at a low rate. In Europethere are many horticultural forms, a few of which are occasionallyoffered in American nurseries. The type is propagated from seed, theforms by grafting. [Illustration: PLATE LXVII. --Robinia Pseudacacia. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with corolla removed. 4. Fruiting branch. =Robinia viscosa, Vent. = CLAMMY LOCUST. This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and atmany points throughout New England. Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middlestates; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Easily distinguished from _R. Pseudacacia_ by its smaller size, glandular, viscid branchlets, later period of blossoming, and by itsmore compact, usually upright, scarcely fragrant, rose-coloredflower-clusters. SIMARUBACEÆ. AILANTHUS FAMILY. =Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. = AILANTHUS. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMAC. Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, andsouthward. A native of China; first introduced into the United States on anextensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwardsdisseminated by nursery plants and by seed distributed from theAgricultural Department at Washington. Its rapid growth, ability towithstand considerable variations in temperature, and its dark luxuriantfoliage made it a great favorite for shade and ornament. It was plantedextensively in Philadelphia and New York, and generally throughout theeastern sections of the country. When these trees began to fill theground with suckers and the vile-scented sterile flowers poisoned thebalmy air of June and the water in the cisterns, occasioning manydistressing cases of nausea, a reaction set in and hundreds of treeswere cut down. The female trees, against the blossoms of which no suchobjection lay, were allowed to grow, and have often attained a height of50-75 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-5 feet. The fruit is verybeautiful, consisting of profuse clusters of delicate pinkish orgreenish keys. The tree is easily distinguished by its ill-scented compound leaves, often 2-3 feet long, by the numerous leaflets, sometimes exceeding 40, each ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with one or two teeth near the base, byits vigorous growth from suckers, and in winter by the coarse, bluntshoots and conspicuous, heart-shaped leaf-scars. ANACARDIACEÆ. SUMAC FAMILY. =Rhus typhina, L. = _Rhus hirta, Sudw. _ STAGHORN SUMAC. =Habitat and Range. =--In widely varying soils and localities; riverbanks, rocky slopes to an altitude of 2000 feet, cellar-holes and wasteplaces generally, often forming copses. From Nova Scotia to Lake Huron. Common throughout New England. South to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri. =Habit. =--A shrub, or small tree, rarely exceeding 25 feet in height;trunk 8-10 inches in diameter; branches straggling, thickish, mostlycrooked when old; branchlets forked, straight, often killed at the tipsseveral inches by the frost; head very open, irregular, characterized byits velvety shoots, ample, elegant foliage, turning in early autumn torich yellows and reds, and by its beautiful, soft-looking crimson cones. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk light brown, mottled with gray, becoming darkbrownish-gray and more or less rough-scaly in old trees; the season'sshoots densely covered with velvety hairs, like the young horns of deer(giving rise to the common name), the pubescence disappearing after twoor three years; the extremities dotted with minute orange spots whichenlarge laterally in successive seasons, giving a roughish feeling tothe branches. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds roundish, obtuse, densely covered withtawny wool, sunk within a large leaf-scar. Leaves pinnately compound, 1-2 feet long; stalk hairy, reddish above, enlarged at base covering theaxillary bud; leaflets 11-31, mostly in opposite pairs, the middle pairlongest, nearly sessile except the odd one, 2-4 inches long; dark greenabove, light and often downy beneath; outline narrow to broad-oblong orbroad-lanceolate, usually serrate, rarely laciniate, long-pointed, slightly heart-shaped or rounded at base; stipules none. =Inflorescence. =--June to July. Flowers in dense terminal, thyrsoidpanicles, often a foot in length and 5-6 inches wide; sterile andfertile mostly on separate trees, but sterile, fertile, and perfectoccasionally on the same tree; calyx small, the 5 hairy, ovate-lanceolate sepals united at the base and, in sterile flowers, about half the length of the usually recurved petals; stamens 5, somewhat exserted; ovary abortive, smooth; in the fertile flowers thesepals are nearly as long as the upright petals; stamens short; ovarypubescent, 1-celled, with 3 short styles and 3 spreading stigmas. =Fruit. =--In compound terminal panicles, 6-10 or 12 inches long, made upof small, dryish, smooth-stoned drupes densely covered with acid, crimson hairs, persistent till spring. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England. Grows in anywell-drained soil, but prefers a deep, rich loam. The vigorous growth, bold, handsome foliage, and freedom from disease make it desirable forlandscape plantations. It spreads rapidly from suckers, a single plantbecoming in a few years the center of a broad-spreading group. Seldomobtainable in nurseries, but collected plants transplant easily. The cut-leaved form is cultivated in nurseries for the sake of itsexceedingly graceful and delicate foliage. [Illustration: PLATE LXVIII. --Rhus typhina. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with staminate flowers. 3. Staminate flower. 4. Branch with pistillate flowers. 5. Pistillate flower. 6. Fruit cluster. 7. Fruit. =Rhus Vernix, L. = _Rhus venenata, DC. _ DOGWOOD. POISON SUMAC. POISON ELDER. =Habitat and Range. =--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moistslopes of hills. Infrequent in Ontario. Maine, --local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; asfar north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont, --infrequent;common throughout the other New England states, especially near theseacoast. South to northern Florida; west to Minnesota and Louisiana. =Habit. =--- A handsome shrub or small tree, 5-20 feet high; trunksometimes 8-10 inches in diameter; broad-topped in the open along theedge of swamps; conspicuous in autumn by its richly colored foliage anddiffusely panicled, pale, yellowish-white fruit. =Bark. =--Trunk and branches mottled gray, roughish with round spots;branchlets light brown; season's shoots reddish at first, turning laterto gray, thickly beset with rough yellowish warts; leaf-scars prominent, triangular. =Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, roundish. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; rachis abruptly widened at base; leaflets 5-13, opposite, short-stalked except the odd one, 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, smooth, light green and mostly glossy when young, becoming dark greenand often dull, obovate to oval or ovate; entire, often wavy-margined;apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; base mostly obtuse or rounded; veinsprominent, often red; stipules none. =Inflorescence. =--Early in July. Near the tips of the branches, inloose, axillary clusters of small greenish flowers; sterile, fertile, and perfect flowers on the same tree, or occasionally sterile andfertile on separate trees; calyx deeply 5-parted, divisions ovate, acute; petals 5, oblong; stamens 5, exserted in the sterile flowers;ovary globose, styles 3. =Fruit. =--Drupes about as large as peas, smooth, more or less glossy, whitish; stone ridged; strongly resembling the fruit of _R. Toxicodendron_ (poison ivy). =Horticultural Value. =--No large shrub or small tree, so attractive asthis, does so well in wet ground; it grows also in any good soil, but itis seldom advisable to use it, on account of its noxious qualities. Itcan be obtained only from collectors of native plants. =Note. =--This sumac has the reputation of being the most poisonous ofNew England plants. The treacherous beauty of its autumn leaves is asource of grief to collectors. Many are seriously affected, withoutactual contact, by the exhalation of vapor from the leaves, by grains ofpollen floating in the air, and even by the smoke of the burning wood. It is easily distinguished from the other sumacs. The leaflets are nottoothed like those of _R. Typhina_ (staghorn sumac) and _R. Glabra_(smooth sumac); it is not pubescent like _R. Typhina_ and _R. Copallina_(dwarf sumac); the rachis of the compound leaf is not wing-margined asin _R. Copallina_; the panicles of flower and fruit are not upright andcompact, but drooping and spreading; the fruit is not red-dotted withdense crimson hairs, but is smooth and whitish. Unlike the other sumacs, it grows for the most part in lowlands and swamps. In the vicinity of Southington, southern Connecticut, _Rhus copallina_is occasionally found with a trunk 5 or 6 inches in diameter (C. H. Bissell). [Illustration: PLATE LXIX. --Rhus Vernix. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. AQUIFOLIACEÆ. HOLLY FAMILY. =Ilex opaca, Ait. = HOLLY. AMERICAN HOLLY. =Habitat and Range. =--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situationsin sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water. Maine, --reported on the authority of Gray's _Manual_, sixth edition, invarious botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire andVermont, --no station reported; Massachusetts, --occasional from Quincysouthward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peatswamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island, --common in South Kingston and LittleCompton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands inNarragansett bay; Connecticut, --mostly restricted to the southwesternsections. Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. =Habit. =--A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining largerproportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreenfoliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late falland early winter by the conspicuous red berries. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted onold, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the youngshoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth andgrayish at the end of the season. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse, scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 incheslong, 1-1/2-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the Europeanholly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossyon the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;apex acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy andconcave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teethor entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipulesminute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent. =Inflorescence. =--Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees, --the sterile inloose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles andpedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed, ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblongdivisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of thecorolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green, nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts ofthe flower sometimes in fives or sixes. =Fruit. =--A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed orgrooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. Ayellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (_Rhodora_, III, 58). =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in southern New England; though preferringmoist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth ofwoods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nurseryplants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only asmall percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldomgerminates in less than two years. =Notes. =--The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closelyresembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and morewave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries. "There are several fine specimens of the _Ilex opaca_ on the farm ofCol. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass. , which are about a foot indiameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They havemaintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years. "--D. T. Browne's _Trees of North America_, published in 1846. This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson. Several of thesetrees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and ofsubstantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limitof growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs ofdecrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot ormore of bark from the trunk. [Illustration: PLATE LXX. --Ilex opaca. ] 1. Branch with staminate flowers. 2. Staminate flower. 3. Pistillate flower. 4. Fruiting branch. ACERACEÆ. MAPLE FAMILY. =Acer rubrum, L. = RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. =Habitat and Range. =--Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests, swamps, rocky hillsides. Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods. Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feeton Katahdin. South to southern Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, and Texas. =Habit. =--A medium-sized tree, 40-50 feet high, rising occasionally inswamps to a height of 60-75 feet; trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, throwingout limbs at varying angles a few feet from the ground; branches andbranchlets slender, forming a bushy spray, the tips having a slightlyupward tendency; head compact, in young trees usually rounded andsymmetrical, widest just above the point of furcation. In the first warmdays of spring there shimmers amid the naked branches a faint glow ofred, which at length becomes embodied in the abundant scarlet, crimson, or yellow of the long flowering stems; succeeded later by the brilliantfruit, which is outlined against the sober green of the foliage till itpales and falls in June. The colors of the autumn leaves vie insplendor with those of the sugar maple. =Bark. =--In young trees smooth and light gray, becoming very dark andridgy in large trunks, the surface separating into scales, and in veryold trees hanging in long flakes; young shoots often bright red inautumn, conspicuously marked with oblong white spots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds aggregated at or near the ends of thepreceding year's shoots, about 1/8 inch long; protected by dark reddishscales; inner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leavessimple, opposite, 3-4 inches long, green and smooth above, lighter andmore or less pubescent beneath, especially along the veins; turningcrimson or scarlet in early autumn; ovate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobegenerally the longest, the lower pair (when 5 lobes are present) thesmallest; unequally sharp-toothed, with broad, acute sinuses; apexacute; base heart-shaped, truncate, or obtuse; leafstalk 1-3 incheslong. The leaves of the red maple vary greatly in size, outline, lobing, and shape of base. =Inflorescence. =--April 1-15. Appearing before the leaves in closeclusters encircling the shoots of the previous year, varying in colorfrom dull red or pale yellow to scarlet; the sterile and fertile flowersmostly in separate clusters, sometimes on the same tree, but morefrequently on different trees; calyx lobes oblong and obtuse; petalslinear-oblong; pedicels short; stamens 5-8, much longer than the petalsin the sterile and about the same length in the fertile flowers; thesmooth ovary surmounted by a style separating into two much-projectingstigmatic lobes. =Fruit. =--Fruit ripe in June, hanging on long stems, varying from brownto crimson; keys about an inch in length, at first convergent, atmaturity more or less divergent. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; found in a widerrange of soils than any other species of the genus, but seeming toprefer a gravelly or peaty loam in positions where its roots can reach aconstant supply of moisture. It is more variable than any other of thenative maples and consequently is not so good a tree for streets, wherea symmetrical outline and uniform habit are required. It istransplanted readily, but recovers its vigor more slowly than does thesugar or silver maple and is usually of slower growth. Its variablehabit makes it an exceedingly interesting tree in the landscape. [Illustration: PLATE LXXI. --Acer rubrum. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Branch with sterile flowers. 4. Sterile flower. 5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch. 8. Variant leaves. =Acer saccharinum, L. = _Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. _ SILVER MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. RIVER MAPLE. =Habitat and Range. =--Along streams, in rich intervale lands, and inmoist, deep-soiled forests, but not in swamps. Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant from Ottawa throughout Ontario. Occasional throughout the New England states; most common and bestdeveloped upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes. South to the Gulf states; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian territory; attaining its maximum size in the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries; rare towards the seacoast throughout the whole range. =Habit. =--A handsome tree, 50-60 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet indiameter, separating a few feet from the ground into several large, slightly diverging branches. These, naked for some distance, repeatedlysubdivide at wider angles, forming a very wide head, much broader nearthe top. The ultimate branches are long and slender, often forming onthe lower limbs a pendulous fringe sometimes reaching to the ground. Distinguished in winter by its characteristic graceful outlines, and byits flower-buds conspicuously scattered along the tips of thebranchlets; in summer by the silvery-white under-surface of its deeplycut leaves. It is among the first of the New England trees to blossom, preceding the red maple by one to three weeks. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk smooth and gray in young trees, becoming with agerougher and darker, more or less ridged, separating into thin, loosescales; young shoots chestnut-colored in autumn, smooth, polished, profusely marked with light dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Flower-buds clustered near the ends of thebranchlets, conspicuous in winter; scales imbricated, convex, polished, reddish, with ciliate margins; leaf-buds more slender, about 1/8 inchlong, with similar scales, the inner lengthening, falling as the leafexpands. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, of varying width, light green above, silvery-white beneath, turning yellow in autumn;lobes 3, or more usually 5, deeply cut, sharp-toothed, sharp-pointed, more or less sublobed; sinuses deep, narrow, with concave sides; basesub-heart-shaped or truncate; stems long. =Inflorescence. =--March to April. Much preceding the leaves; from shortbranchlets of the previous year, in simple, crowded umbels; flowersrarely perfect, the sterile and fertile sometimes on the same tree andsometimes on different trees, generally in separate clusters, yellowish-green or sometimes pinkish; calyx 5-notched, wholly includedin bud-scales; petals none; sterile flowers long, stamens 3-7 muchexserted, filaments slender, ovary abortive or none: fertile flowersbroad, stamens about the length of calyx-tube, ovary woolly, with twostyles scarcely united at the base. =Fruit. =--Fruit ripens in June, earliest of the New England maples. Keyslarge, woolly when young, at length smooth, widely divergent, scythe-shaped or straight, yellowish-green, one key often aborted. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England. Thegrace of its branches, the beauty of its foliage, and its rapid growthmake it a favorite ornamental tree. It attains its finest developmentwhen planted by the margin of pond or stream where its roots can reachwater, but it grows well in any good soil. Easily transplanted, and morereadily obtainable at a low price than any other tree in general use forstreet or ornamental purposes. The branches are easily broken by windand ice, and the roots fill the ground for a long distance and exhaustits fertility. [Illustration: PLATE LXXII. --Acer saccharinum. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Branch with sterile flowers. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers. 6. Sterile flower. 7. Fertile flower. 8. Perfect flower. 9. Fruiting branch. =Acer Saccharum, Marsh. = _Acer saccharinum, Wang. _ _Acer barbatum, Michx. _ ROCK MAPLE. SUGAR MAPLE. HARD MAPLE. SUGAR TREE. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich woods and cool, rocky slopes. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, westward to Lake of the Woods. New England, --abundant, distributed throughout the woods, often formingin the northern portions extensive upland forests; attaining great sizein the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and Vermont, and in theConnecticut river valley; less frequent toward the seacoast. South to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--A noble tree, 50-90 feet in height; trunk 2-5 feet indiameter, stout, erect, throwing out its primary branches at acuteangles; secondary branches straight, slender, nearly horizontal ordeclining at the base, leaving the stem higher up at sharper and sharperangles, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense and rather stiff sprayof nearly uniform length; head symmetrical, varying greatly in shape; inyoung trees often narrowly cylindrical, becoming pyramidal or broadlyegg-shaped with age; clothed with dense masses of foliage, purple-tingedin spring, light green in summer, and gorgeous beyond all other trees ofthe forest, with the possible exception of the red maple, in itsautumnal oranges, yellows, and reds. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and principal branches gray, very smooth, closeand firm in young trees, in old trees becoming deeply furrowed, oftencleaving up at one edge in long, thick, irregular plates; season'sshoots at length of a shining reddish-brown, smooth, numerouslypale-dotted, turning gray the third year. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, minutelypubescent, terminal 1/4 inch long, lateral 1/8 inch, appressed, theinner scales lengthening with the growth of the shoot. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, with a somewhat greater breadth, purplish andmore or less pubescent when opening, at maturity dark green above, paler, with or without pubescence beneath, changing to brilliant redsand yellows in autumn; lobes sometimes 3, usually 5, acuminate, sparingly sinuate-toothed, with shallow, rounded sinuses; basesubcordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped; veins and veinlets conspicuousbeneath; leafstalks long, slender. =Inflorescence. =--April 1-15. Appearing with the leaves in nearlysessile clusters, from terminal and lateral buds; flowersgreenish-yellow, pendent on long thread-like, hairy stems; sterile andfertile on the same or on different trees, usually in separate, but notinfrequently in the same cluster; the 5-lobed calyx cylindrical orbell-shaped, hairy; petals none; stamens 6-8, in sterile flowers muchlonger than the calyx, in fertile scarcely exserted; ovary smooth, abortive in sterile flowers, in fertile surmounted by a single stylewith two divergent, thread-like, stigmatic lobes. =Fruit. =--Keys usually an inch or more in length, glabrous, wings broad, mostly divergent, falling late in autumn. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England. Its long life, noble proportions, beautiful foliage, dense shade, moderately rapidgrowth, usual freedom from disease or insect disfigurement, andadaptability to almost any soil not saturated with water make it afavorite in cultivation; readily obtainable in nurseries, transplantseasily, recovers its vigor quickly, and has a nearly uniform habit ofgrowth. =Note. =--Not liable to be taken for any other native maple, butsometimes confounded with the cultivated Norway maple, _Acerplatanoides_, from which it is easily distinguished by the milky juicewhich exudes from the broken petiole of the latter. The leaves of the Norway maple are thinner, bright green and glabrousbeneath, and its keys diverge in a straight line. [Illustration: PLATE LXXIII. --Acer saccharum. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower, part of perianth and stamens removed. 5. Fruiting branch. =Acer saccharum, Marsh. , var. Nigrum, Britton. = _Acer nigrum, Michx. Acer saccharinum, _ var. _nigrum, T. & G. Acerbarbatum, _ var. _nigrum, Sarg. _ BLACK MAPLE. =Habitat and Range. =--Low, damp ground on which, in New England atleast, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rockyslopes. Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario. The New England specimens, with the exception of those from theChamplain valley, appear to be dubious intermediates between the typeand the variety. Maine, --the Rangeley lake region; New Hampshire, --occasional near theConnecticut river; Vermont, --frequent in the western part in theChamplain valley, occasional in all other sections, especially in thevicinity of the Connecticut; Massachusetts, --occasional in theConnecticut river valley and westward, doubtfully reported from easternsections; Rhode Island, --doubtful, resting on the authority of ColonelOlney's list; Connecticut, --doubtfully reported. South along the Alleghanies to the Gulf states; west to the 95th meridian. The extreme forms of _nigrum_ show well-marked varietal differences; butthere are few, if any, constant characters. Further research in thefield is necessary to determine the status of these interesting plants. =Habit. =--The black maple is somewhat smaller than the sugar maple, thebark is darker and the foliage more sombre. It generally has asymmetrical outline, which it retains to old age. =Leaves. =--The fully grown leaves are often larger than those of thetype, darker green above, edges sometimes drooping, width equal to orexceeding the length, 5-lobed, margin blunt-toothed, wavy-toothed, orentire, the two lower lobes small, often reduced to a curve in theoutline, broad at the base, which is usually heart-shaped; texture firm;the lengthening scales of the opening leaves, the young shoots, thepetioles, and the leaves themselves are covered with a downy to adensely woolly pubescence. As the parts mature, the woolliness usuallydisappears, except along the midrib and principal veins, which becomealmost glabrous. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, preferring amoist, fertile, gravelly loam; young trees are rather more vigorous thanthose of the sugar maple, and easily transplanted. Difficult to secure, for it is seldom offered for sale or recognized by nurseries, althoughoccasionally found mixed with the sugar maple in nursery rows. [Illustration: PLATE LXXIV. --Acer Saccharum, var. Nigrum. ] 1. Fruiting branch. =Acer spicatum, Lam. = MOUNTAIN MAPLE. =Habitat and Range. =--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along thesides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet. From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Maine, --common, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire andVermont, --common; Massachusetts, --rather common in western and centralsections, occasional eastward; Rhode Island, --occasional northward;Connecticut, --occasional in northern and central sections; reported asfar south as North Branford (New Haven county). Along mountain ranges to Georgia. =Habit. =--Mostly a shrub, but occasionally attaining a height of 25feet, with a diameter, near the ground, of 6-8 inches; characterized bya short, straight trunk and slender branches; bright green foliageturning a rich red in autumn, and long-stemmed, erect racemes ofdelicate flowers, drooping at length beneath the weight of the maturingkeys. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk thin, smoothish, grayish-brown; primary branchesgray; branchlets reddish-brown streaked with green, retaining in thesecond year traces of pubescence; season's shoots yellowish-green, reddish on the upper side when exposed to the sun, minutely pubescent. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, flattish, acute, slightlydivergent from the stem. Leaves simple, opposite, 4-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, pubescent on both sides when unfolding, at lengthglabrous on the upper surface, 3-lobed above the center, often with twosmall additional lobes at the base, coarsely or finely serrate, lobesacuminate; base more or less heart-shaped; veining 3-5-nerved, prominent, especially on the lower side, furrowed above; leafstalkslong, enlarged at the base. =Inflorescence. =--June. Appearing after the expansion of the leaves, inlong-stemmed, terminal, more or less panicled, erect or slightlydrooping racemes; flowers small and numerous, both kinds in the sameraceme, the fertile near the base; all upon very slender pedicels; lobesof calyx 5, greenish, downy, about half as long as the alternatinglinear petals; stamens usually 8, in the sterile flower nearly as longas the petals, in the fertile much shorter; pistil rudimentary, hairy inthe sterile flower; in the fertile the ovary is surmounted by an erectstyle with short-lobed stigma. =Fruit. =--In long racemes, drooping or pendent; the keys, which aresmaller than those of any other American maple, set on hair-likepedicels, and at a wide but not constant angle; at length reddish, witha small cavity upon one side. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in cultivation throughout New England;prefers moist, well-drained, gravelly loam in partial shade, but growswell in any good soil; easily transplanted, but recovers its vigorrather slowly; foliage free from disease. Seldom grown in nurseries, but readily obtainable from northerncollectors of native plants. [Illustration: PLATE LXXV. --Acer spicatum. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Abortive ovary in sterile flower. 5. Fertile flower with part of the perianth and stamens removed. 6. Fruiting branch. =Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. = STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSEWOOD. WHISTLEWOOD. =Habitat and Range. =--Cool, rocky or sandy woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Maine, --abundant, especially northward in the forests; New Hampshire andVermont, --common in highland woods; Massachusetts, --common in thewestern and central sections, rare towards the coast; RhodeIsland, --frequent northward; Connecticut, --frequent, reported as farsouth as Cheshire (New Haven county). South on shaded mountain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--Shrub or small tree, 15-25 feet high, with a diameter at theground of 5-8 inches; characterized by a slender, beautifully striatetrunk and straight branches; by the roseate flush of the openingfoliage, deepening later to a yellowish-green; and by the long, graceful, pendent racemes of yellowish flowers, succeeded by theabundant, drooping fruit. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk and branches deep reddish-brown or dark green, conspicuously striped longitudinally with pale and blackish bands;roughish with light buff, irregular dots; the younger branches markedwith oval leaf-scars and the linear scars of the leaf-scales; theseason's shoots smooth, light green, mottled with black. In spring the bark of the small branches is easily separable, givingrise to the name "whistle wood. " =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Terminal bud long, short-stalked, obscurely4-sided, tapering to a blunt tip; lateral buds small and flat; openingfoliage roseate. Leaves simple, opposite; 5-6 inches long and nearly asbroad; the upper leaves much narrower; when fully grown light greenabove, paler beneath, finally nearly glabrous, yellow in autumn, dividedabove the center into three deep acuminate lobes, finely, sharply, andusually doubly serrate; base heart-shaped, truncate, or rounded;leafstalks 1-3 inches long, grooved, the enlarged base including theleaf-buds of the next season. =Inflorescence. =--In simple, drooping racemes, often 5-6 inches long, appearing after the leaves in late May or early June; the sterile andfertile flowers mostly in separate racemes on the same tree; thebell-shaped flowers on slender pedicels; petals and sepalsgreenish-yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, somewhat shorter than theobovate petals; stamens usually 8, shorter than the petals in thesterile flower, rudimentary in the fertile, the pistil abortive or nonein the sterile flower, in the fertile terminating in a recurvedstigma. =Fruit. =--In long, drooping racemes of pale green keys, set at a widebut not uniform angle; distinguished from the other maples, except _A. Spicatum_, by a small cavity in the side of each key; abundant; ripeningin August. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy, under favorable conditions, throughoutNew England. Prefers a rich, moist soil near water, in shade; but growswell in almost any soil when once established, many young plants failingto start into vigorous growth. Occasionally grown by nurserymen, butmore readily obtainable from northern collectors of native plants. [Illustration: PLATE LXXVI. --Acer Pennsylvanicum. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Fertile flower with part of the perianth removed. 5. Fruiting branch. =Acer Negundo, L. = _Negundo aceroides, Moench. Negundo Negundo, Karst. _ BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. =Habitat and Range. =--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders ofswamps. Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55° north latitude. Maine, --along the St. John and its tributaries, especially in the Frenchvillages, the commonest roadside tree, brought in from the wild stateaccording to the people there; thoroughly established young trees, originating from planted specimens, in various parts of the state; NewHampshire, --occasional along the Connecticut, abundant at Walpole;extending northward as far as South Charlestown (W. F. Flint _in lit. _);Vermont, --shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain;Connecticut, --banks of the Housatonic river at New Milford, CornwallBridge, and Lime Rock station. South to Florida; west to the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains, reaching its greatest size in the river bottoms of the Ohio and its tributaries. =Habit. =--A small but handsome tree, 30-40 feet high, with a diameter of1-2 feet. Trunk separating at a small height, occasionally a foot or twofrom the ground, into several wide-spreading branches, forming a broad, roundish, open head, characterized by lively green branchlets andfoliage, delicate flowers and abundant, long, loose racemes ofyellowish-green keys hanging till late autumn, the stems clingingthroughout the winter. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk when young, smooth, yellowish-green, in old treesbecoming grayish-brown and ridgy; smaller branchlets greenish-yellow;season's shoots pale green or sometimes reddish-purple, smooth andshining or sometimes glaucous. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, ovate, enclosed in two dull-red, minutely pubescent scales. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite; leafletsusually 3, sometimes 5 or 7, 2-4 inches long, 1-1/2-2-1/2 inches broad, light green above, paler beneath and woolly when opening, slightlypubescent at maturity, ovate or oval, irregularly and remotelycoarse-toothed mostly above the middle, 3-lobed or nearly entire; apexacute; base extremely variable; veins prominent; petioles 2-3 incheslong, enlarging at the base, leaving, when they fall, conspicuousleaf-scars which unite at an angle midway between the winter buds. =Inflorescence. =--April 1-15. Flowers appearing at the ends of thepreceding year's shoots as the leaf-buds begin to open, small, greenish-yellow; sterile and fertile on separate trees, --the sterile inclusters, on long, hairy, drooping, thread-like stems; the calyx hairy, 5-lobed, with about 5 hairy-stemmed, much-projecting linear anthers;pistil none: the fertile in delicate, pendent racemes, scarcelydistinguishable at a distance from the foliage; ovary pubescent, risingout of the calyx; styles long, divergent; stamens none. =Fruit. =--Loose, pendent, greenish-yellow racemes, 6-8 inches long, theslender-pediceled keys joined at a wide angle, broadest and oftensomewhat wavy near the extremity, dropping in late autumn from thereddish stems, which hang on till spring. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; flourishes best inmoist soil near running water or on rocky slopes, but accommodatesitself to almost any situation; easily transplanted. Plants of the sameage are apt to vary so much in size and habit as to make them unsuitablefor street planting. An attractive tree when young, especially when laden with fruit in thefall. There are several horticultural varieties with colored foliage, some of which are occasionally offered in nurseries. A western form, having the new growth covered with a glaucous bloom, is said to belonger-lived and more healthy than the type. [Illustration: PLATE LXXVII. --Acer Negundo. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. TILIACEÆ. LINDEN FAMILY. =Tilia Americana, L. = BASSWOOD. LINDEN. LIME. WHITEWOOD. =Habitat and Range. =--In rich woods and loamy soils. Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg. Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet. South along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas. =Habit. =--A large tree, 5O-75 feet high, rising in the upper valley ofthe Connecticut river to the height of 100 feet; trunk 2-4 feet indiameter, erect, diminishing but slightly to the branching point; head, in favorable situations, broadly ovate to oval, rather compact, symmetrical; branches mostly straight, striking out in different treesat varying angles; the numerous secondary branches mostly horizontal, slender, often drooping at the extremities, repeatedly subdividing, forming a dense spray set at broad angles. Foliage very abundant, greenwhen fully grown, almost impervious to sunlight; the small creamyflowers in numerous clusters; the pale, odd-shaped bracts and pea-likefruit conspicuous among the leaves till late autumn. =Bark. =--Dark gray, very thick, smooth in young trees, later becomingbroadly and firmly ridged; in old trees irregularly furrowed; branches, especially upon the upper side, dark brown and blackish; the season'sshoots yellowish-green to reddish-brown, and numerously rough-dotted. The inner bark is fibrous and tough. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds small, conical, brownish red, contrasting strongly with the dark stems. Leaves simple, alternate, 4-5inches long, three-fourths as wide, green and smooth on both sides, thickish, paler beneath, broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate, the pointoften incurved; apex acuminate or acute; base heart-shaped to truncate;midrib and veins conspicuous on the under surface with minute, reddishtufts of down at the angles; stems smooth, 1-1-1/2 inches long; stipulessoon falling. =Inflorescence. =--Late June or early July. In loose, slightly fragrant, drooping cymes, the peduncle attached about half its length to anarrowly oblong, yellowish bract, obtuse at both ends, free at the top, and tapering slightly at the base, pedicels slender; calyx of 5 coloredsepals united toward the base; corolla of 5 petals alternate with thesepals, often obscurely toothed at the apex; 5 petal-like scales infront of the petals and nearly as long; calyx, petals, and scalesyellowish-white; stamens indefinite, mostly in clusters inserted withthe scales; anthers 2-celled, ovary 5-celled; style 1; stigma 5-toothed. =Fruit. =--About the size of a pea, woody, globose, pale green, 1-celledby abortion: 1-2 seeds. =Horticultural Value. =--Useful as an ornamental or street tree; hardythroughout New England, easily transplanted, and grows rapidly in almostany well-drained soil; comes into leaf late and drops its foliage inearly fall. The European species are more common in nurseries. They are, however, seriously affected by wood borers, while the native tree hasfew disfiguring insect enemies. Usually propagated from the seed. Ahorticultural form with weeping branches is sometimes cultivated. =Note. =--There is so close a resemblance between the lindens that it isdifficult to distinguish the American species from each other, or fromtheir European relatives. American species sometimes found in cultivation: _Tilia pubescens, Ait. _, is distinguished from _Americana_ by itssmaller, thinner leaves and densely pubescent shoots. _Tilia heterophylla, Vent. _, is easily recognized by the pale or silverwhite under-surface of the leaves. There are several European species more or less common in cultivation, indiscriminately known in nurseries as _Tilia Europæa_. They are alleasily distinguished from the American species by the absence ofpetal-like scales. [Illustration: PLATE LXXVIII. --Tilia Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower enlarged. 4. Pistil with cluster of stamens, petaloid scale, petal, and sepal. 5. Fruiting branch. CORNACEÆ. DOGWOOD FAMILY. =Cornus florida, L. = FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD. =Habitat and Range. =--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravellyridges. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine, --Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire, --along theAtlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther norththan its junction with the West river; Vermont, --southern andsouthwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts, --occasional throughout thestate, common in the Connecticut river valley, frequent eastward; RhodeIsland and Connecticut, --common. South to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas. =Habit. =--A small tree, 15-30 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 6-10inches. The spreading branches form an open, roundish head, the youngtwigs curving upwards at their extremities. In spring, when decked withits abundant, showy white blossoms, it is the fairest of the minor treesof the forest; in autumn, scarcely less beautiful in the rich reds ofits foliage and fruit. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in old trees blackish, broken-ridged, rough, often separating into small, firm, 4-angled or roundish plates; branchesgrayish, streaked with white lines; season's twigs purplish-green, downy; taste bitter. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Terminal leaf-buds narrowly conical, acute;flower-buds spherical or vertically flattened, grayish. Leaves simple, opposite, 3-5 inches long, two-thirds as wide, dark green above, whitishbeneath, turning to reds, purples, and yellows in the autumn, ovate tooval, nearly smooth, with minute appressed pubescence on both surfaces;apex pointed; base acutish; veins distinctly indented above, ribscurving upward and parallel; leafstalk short-grooved. =Inflorescence. =--May to June. Appearing with the unfolding leaves inclose clusters at the ends of the branches, each cluster subtended bya very conspicuous 4-leafed involucre (often mistaken for the corollaand constituting all the beauty of the blossom), the leaves of which arewhite or pinkish, 1-1/2 inches long, obovate, curiously notched at therounded end. The real flowers are insignificant, suggesting the tubulardisk flowers of the Compositæ; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, surmounting it by 4 small teeth; petals greenish-yellow, oblong, reflexed; stamens 4; pistil with capitate style. =Fruit. =--Ovoid, scarlet drupes, about 1/2 inch long, united inclusters, persistent till late autumn or till eaten by the birds. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy in southern and southern-central NewEngland, but liable farther north to be killed outright or as far downas the surface of the snow; not only one of the most attractive smalltrees on account of its flowers, habit, and foliage, but one of the mostuseful for shady places or under tall trees. The species, ared-flowering and also a weeping variety are obtainable in leadingnurseries. Collected plants can be made to succeed. It is a plant ofrather slow growth. [Illustration: PLATE LXXIX. --Cornus florida. ] 1. Leaf-buds. 2. Flower-buds. 3. Flowering branch. 4. Flower. 5. Fruiting branch. =Cornus alternifolia, L. F. = DOGWOOD. GREEN OSIER. =Habitat and Range. =--Hillsides, open woods and copses, borders ofstreams and swamps. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick along the valley of the St. Lawrence river to the western shores of Lake Superior. Common throughout New England. South to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota. =Habit. =--A shrub or small tree, 6-20 feet high, trunk diameter 3-6inches; head usually widest near the top, flat; branches nearlyhorizontal with lateral spray, the lively green, dense foliage lying inbroad planes. =Bark. =--Trunk and larger branches greenish, warty, streaked with gray;season's shoots bright yellowish-green or purplish, oblong-dotted. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds small, acute. Leaves simple, alternateor sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, 2-4inches long, dark green on the upper side, paler beneath, with minuteappressed pubescence on both sides, ovate to oval, almost entire; apexlong-pointed; base acutish or rounded; veins indented above, ribscurving upward and parallel; petiole long, slender, and grooved. =Inflorescence. =--June. From shoots of the season, in irregular opencymes; calyx coherent with ovary, surmounting it by 4 minute teeth;corolla white or pale yellow, with the 4 oblong petals at lengthreflexed: stamens 4, exserted; style short, with capitate stigma. =Fruit. =--October. Globular, blue or blue black, on slender, reddishstems. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England, adapting itself toa great variety of situations, but preferring a soil that is constantlymoist. Nursery or good collected plants are easily transplanted. Adisease, similar in its effect to the pear blight, so often disfiguresit that it is not desirable for use in important plantations. [Illustration: PLATE LXXX. --Cornus alternifolia. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower with one petal and two stamens removed, side view. 4. Flower, view from above. 5. Fruiting branch. =Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. = TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE. =Habitat and Range. =--In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the bordersof rivers and ponds. Ontario. Maine, --Waterville on the Kennebec, the most northern stationyet reported (Dr. Ezekiel Holmes); New Hampshire, --mostcommon in the Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the Whitemountains; Vermont, --occasional; Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, --rather common. South to Florida; west to Michigan, Missouri, and Texas. =Habit. =--Tree 20-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, rising in the forest to the height of 60-80 feet; attaining greaterdimensions farther south; lower branches horizontal or declining, oftentouching the ground at their tips, the upper horizontal or slightlyrising, angular, repeatedly subdividing; branchlets very numerous, shortand stiff, making a flat spray; head extremely variable, unique inpicturesqueness of outline; usually broad-spreading, flat-topped orsomewhat rounded; often reduced in Nantucket and upon the southern shoreof Cape Cod to a shrub or small tree of 10-15 feet in height, forminglow, dense, tangled thickets. Foliage very abundant, dark lustrousgreen, turning early in the fall to a brilliant crimson. =Bark. =--Trunk of young trees grayish-white, with irregular and shallowstriations, in old trees darker, breaking up into somewhat hexagonal orlozenge-shaped scales; branches smooth and brown; season's shootsreddish-green, with a few minute dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds ovoid, 1/8-1/4 inch long, obtuse. Leavessimple, irregularly alternate, often apparently whorled when clusteredat the ends of the shoots, 2-5 inches long, one-half as wide; at firstbright green beneath, dullish-green above, becoming dark glossy greenabove, paler beneath, obovate or oblanceolate to oval; entire, few orobscurely toothed, or wavy-margined above the center; apex more or lessabruptly acute; base acutish; firm, smooth, finely sub-veined; stemshort, flat, grooved, minutely ciliate, at least when young; stipulesnone. =Inflorescence. =--May or early June. Appearing with the leaves inaxillary clusters of small greenish flowers, sterile and fertile usuallyon separate trees, sometimes on the same tree, --sterile flowers insimple or compound clusters; calyx minutely 5-parted, petals 5, small orwanting; stamens 5-12, inserted on the outside of a disk; pistil none:fertile flowers larger, solitary, or several sessile in a bractedcluster; petals 5, small or wanting; calyx minutely 5-toothed. =Fruit. =--Drupes 1-several, ovoid, blue black, about 1/2 inch long, sour: stone striated lengthwise. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; adapts itselfreadily to most situations but prefers deep soil near water. Seldomoffered in nurseries and difficult to transplant unless frequentlyroot-pruned or moved; collected plants do not thrive well; seedlings areraised with little difficulty. Few trees are of greater ornamentalvalue. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXI. --Nyssa sylvatica. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3-4. Sterile flowers. 5. Branch with fertile flowers. 6. Fertile flower. 7. Fruiting branch. EBENACEÆ. EBONY FAMILY. =Diospyros Virginiana, L. = PERSIMMON. =Habitat and Range. =--Rhode Island, --occasional but doubtfully native;Connecticut, --at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Havenboundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundredtwenty-five small trees not more than a hundred feet from the water'sedge, in sandy soil just above the beach grass, exposed to thebuffeting of fierce winds and the incursions of salt water, which comesup around them during the heavy winter storms. These trees are not inthriving condition; several are dead or dying, and no new plants arespringing up to take their places. A cross-section of the trunk of adead tree, as large as any of those living, shows about fifty annualrings. There is no reason to suppose that the survivors are older. Thisstation is said to have been known as early as 1846, at which date theground where they stand was grassy and fertile. These trees, if standingat that time, must assuredly have been in their infancy. Theencroachment of the sea and subsequent change of conditions account wellenough for the present decrepitude, but their general similarity in sizeand apparent age point rather to introduction than native growth. South to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana; west to Iowa, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--One of the Rhode Island trees measured 3 feet 11 inches girthat the base, and gradually tapered to a height of more than 40 feet (L. W. Russell). The trees at New Haven are 15-20 feet in height, with atrunk diameter of 6-10 inches, trunk and limbs much twisted by thewinds. Their branches, beginning to put out at a height of 6-8 feet, liein almost horizontal planes, forming a roundish, open head. =Bark. =--Trunk in old trees dark, rough, deeply furrowed, separatinginto small, firm sections; large limbs dark reddish-brown; season'sshoots green, turning to brown. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds oblong, conical, short. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-6 inches long, about half as wide, dark green and mostlyglossy above, somewhat lighter and minutely downy (at least when young)beneath, ovate to oval, entire; apex acute to acuminate; base acute, rounded or truncate; leafstalk short; stipules none. =Inflorescence. =--June. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate or onthe same trees; not conspicuous, axillary; sterile often in clusters, fertile solitary; calyx 4-6-parted; corolla 4-6-parted; about 1/2 inchlong, pale yellow, thickish, urn-shaped, constricted at the mouth andsomewhat smaller in the sterile flowers; stamens 16 in the sterileflowers, in fertile flowers 8 or less, imperfect; styles 4, ovary8-celled. =Fruit. =--A berry, ripe in late fall, roundish, about an inch indiameter, larger farther south, with thick, spreading, persistent calyx, yellow to yellowish-brown, very astringent when immature, edible andagreeable to the taste after exposure to the frost; several-seeded. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy along the south shore of New England;prefers well-drained soil in open situations; free from disfiguringenemies; occasionally cultivated in nurseries but difficult totransplant. Propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXII. --Diospyros Virginiana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Vertical section of sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Section of fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. OLEACEÆ. OLIVE FAMILY. Fraxinus Americana, L. WHITE ASH. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, nearstreams. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine, --very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other NewEngland states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in largemasses. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. =Habit. =--A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet ormore, often in the forest half its height without a limb. In openground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off twoor three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gentlycurving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or nearthe base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse, glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at somedistance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridgesprominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with finetransverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel orconnecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smallerbranches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green;leaf-scars prominent. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark orpale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long;petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep greenand smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least whenyoung) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apexpointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short, smooth; stipules and stipels none. =Inflorescence. =--May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal budsof the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for themost part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterileflowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx infertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petalsnone, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft. =Fruit. =--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into thewinter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginlessbelow, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as longas the body. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich, moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easilytransplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collectedsuccessfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscapeand street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth, freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage. As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it isdesirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated fromseed. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXIII. --Fraxinus Americana. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flowers. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. =Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. = _Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. _ RED ASH. BROWN ASH. RIVER ASH. =Habitat and Range. =--River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streamsand ponds. New Brunswick to Manitoba. Maine, --infrequent; New Hampshire, --occasional, extending as far northas Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont, --common along LakeChamplain and its tributaries (_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); occasional inother sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island, --sparingly scatteredthroughout; Connecticut, --reported from East Hartford, Westville, Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop). South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. =Habit. =--Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in generalappearance resembling the white ash. =Bark. =--Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed inold, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish;young shoots greenish-gray with a rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescencelasting often into the second year. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more orless downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered bythe swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 incheslong; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite, 3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate, narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightlytoothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalksshort, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none. =Inflorescence. =--May. Similar to that of the white ash. =Fruit. =--Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into thewinter; samara or key about 1-1/2 inches long; body of the fruitnarrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the centerinto linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimesmucronate. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows readily inany good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapidgrowing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected byinsects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantationsand on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXIV. --Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flowers. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Mature leaf. =Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. Lanceolata, Sarg. = _Fraxinus viridis, Michx. F. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh. _ GREEN ASH. River valleys and wet woods. Ontario to Saskatchewan. Maine, --common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor;Vermont, --along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end ofSouth Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut, --frequent (J. N. Bishop, _Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture_, 1895). South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains. The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence ofpubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of theleaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), theusually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather moreacuminate apex. Apparently an extreme form of _F. Pubescens_, connected with it bynumerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXV. --Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. Lanceolata. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Fruiting branch. =Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. = _Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. _ BLACK ASH. SWAMP ASH. BASKET ASH. HOOP ASH. BROWN ASH. =Habitat and Range. =--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps. Anticosti through Ontario. Maine, --common; New Hampshire, --south of the White mountains;Vermont, --common; Massachusetts, --more common in central and westernsections; Rhode Island, --infrequent; Connecticut, --occasionalthroughout. South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri. =Habit. =--A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunkdiameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps, when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender, scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations underfavorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easilydistinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets. =Bark. =--Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallelridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray, rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shootsolive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, theterminal 1/8 inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long;stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently9, 3-5 inches long, 1-1/2-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighterbeneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, moreusually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuseto rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none. =Inflorescence. =--May. Appearing before the leaves in loose paniclesfrom lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile andfertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none. =Fruit. =--August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; grows in any goodsoil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makesit a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable innurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXVI. --Fraxinus nigra. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Branch with sterile flowers. 3. Sterile flower. 4. Branch with fertile flowers. 5. Fertile flower. 6. Fruiting branch. 7. Fruit. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. =Viburnum Lentago, L. = SHEEP BERRY. SWEET VIBURNUM. NANNY PLUM. =Habitat and Range. =--Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences. Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan. Frequent throughout New England. South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri. =Habit. =--A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerousbranches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous byrich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long, drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple whenfully ripe. =Bark. =--Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown, separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchletsgrayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or lessscurfy. =Winter Buds and Leaves. =--Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy, brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base, with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leavessimple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lowerpaler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular, sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; baseacute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeledabove; stipules none. =Inflorescence. =--May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped, compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed;corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5, projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate. =Fruit. =--Profuse, in clusters; drupes 1/2 inch long, oval, crimson whenripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval, rough, obscurely striate lengthwise. =Horticultural Value. =--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a richsoil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthyfoliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrubplantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale bycollectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted;propagated from seed or from cuttings. [Illustration: PLATE LXXXVII. --Viburnum Lentago. ] 1. Winter buds. 2. Flowering branch. 3. Flower. 4. Flower, side view. 5. Flower with petals and stamens removed. 6. Fruiting branch. APPENDIX. The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended bydiscoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late forincorporation in its proper place. _Populus balsamifera_, L. , var. _candicans_, Gray. --One of the commonestand stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Coldrivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming atall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fallmountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles andthe ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish thistree from the usually smaller but more common _P. Balsamifera_ ("SomeTrees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H. " Mr. M. L. Fernald, in _Rhodora_, III, 233). The above is the _Populus candicans_, Ait. , of the text. _Salix discolor_, Muhl. --There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine, one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit. _, September, 1901. ) _Salix balsamifera_, Barrett. --A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feethigh, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald _in lit. _, September, 1901. ) _Cratægus Crus-Galli_, L. --Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees wereset out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. Themost flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and atrunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established, probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and uponhill-slopes. (L. L. D. ) _Prunus Americana_, Marsh. --One clump of small trees in a thicket atAlstead Centre, N. H. , has the characteristic spherical fruit of thisspecies. _P. Nigra_, Ait. , with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, isabundant. (_Rhodora_, III, 234. ) _Acer Saccharum_, Marsh. , var. _barbatum_, Trelease. --Characteristictrees (Cheshire County, N. H. ), with small, firm, deep green, three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are notedbetween this and the typical _Acer Saccharum_. (_Rhodora_, III, 234. ) _Acer Saccharum_, Marsh. , var. _nigrum_, Britton. --Occasional inalluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H. ). The large, darkgreen, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescentpetioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from theordinary forms of the sugar maple. (_Rhodora_, III. 234. ) _Fraxinus Pennsylvanica_. Marsh. , var. _lanceolata_, Sarg. --Common alongthe Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald _in lit. _, September, 1901. ) GLOSSARY. =Abortive. = Defective or barren, through non-development of a part. =Acuminate. = Long-pointed. =Acute. = Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point. =Adherent. = Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its wholelength to the ovary. =Adnate. = Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea ofcongenital adhesion. =Aggregate fruits. = Formed by crowding together all the carpels of thesame flower; as in the blackberry. =Ament. = Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow, birch, poplar, etc. =Anther. = The part of the stamen which bears the pollen. =Appressed. = Lying close against another organ. =Ascending. = Rising upward, or obliquely upward. =Axil. = Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flowerstem and the branch from which it springs. =Bract. = Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster. =Branches, primary. = The leading or main branches thrown out directlyfrom the trunk, giving a general shape to the head. =Branches, secondary. = Never directly from the trunk but from otherbranches. =Buttressed. = Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuousridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several ofthese buttresses often give a tree a square appearance. =Caducous. = Dropping off very early after development. =Calyx. = The outer set of the leaves of the flower. =Campanulate. = Bell-shaped. =Capitate. = Head-shaped or collected in a head. =Capsule. = A dry compound fruit. =Carpel. = A simple pistil. =Catkin. = See ament. =Ciliate. = Margin with hairs or bristles. =Coherent. = One organ uniting with another. =Compound. = See leaf, ovary, etc. =Connate. = Similar organs, more or less grown together. =Connective. = The part of the anther connecting its two cells. =Coriaceous. = Thick, leathery in texture. =Corolla. = Leaves of the flower within the calyx. =Corymb. = That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arrangedalong the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top, the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center. =Crenate. = Edge with rounded teeth. =Crenulate. = Edge with small rounded teeth. =Cyme. = Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower openingfirst; blossoming outward. =Deciduous. = Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corollabefore fruit grows. =Declining. = Bent downwards. =Decurrent. = Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion:branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as thefeathering along the trunk of elms, etc. =Dentate. = With teeth pointing outwards. =Disk. = Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of thereceptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface. =Drupe. = A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, asthe cherry and peach. =Erose. = Eroded, as if gnawed. =Exserted. = Protruding, projecting out of. =Falcate. = Scythe-shaped. =Fertile. = Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit. Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive. =Fibrovascular. = Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc. =Filament. = Part of stamen supporting anther. =Fungus. = A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc. =Furcation. = Branching. =Glabrous. = Smooth without hairiness or roughness. =Glandular. = Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance ofglands. =Glaucous. = Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary. =Globose= or =globous. = Spherical or nearly so. =Habit. = The general appearance of a plant. =Habitat. = The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, inwater, upon dry hillsides, etc. =Hybrid. = A cross between two species. =Imbricated. = Overlapping. =Inflorescence. = Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied tothe flower-cluster itself. =Involucre. = Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers. =Keeled. = Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat. =Key. = A winged fruit; a samara. =Lacerate. = Irregularly cleft, as if torn. =Lanceolate. = Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowingto the apex. =Leaf. = Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, afootstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consistingof blade only. =Leaf, compound. = Having two to many distinct blades on a commonleafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks oftheir own. =Leaf, pinnately compound. = With the leaflets arranged along the sidesof the rachis. =Leaf, palmately compound. = With leaflets all standing on summit ofpetiole. =Leaf-cushions. = Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, uponwhich leaves of spruces, etc. , stand; sterigmata. =Leaf-scar. = The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached. =Lenticel. = Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, andperpendicular or transverse lines. =Linear. = Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel. =Monopetalous. = Having petals more or less united. =Mucronate. = Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point. =Nerved. = Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins. =Obcordate. = Inversely heart-shaped. =Obovate. = Ovate with the broader end towards the apex. =Obtuse. = Blunt or rounded at the end. =Orbicular. = Having a circular or nearly circular outline. =Ovary. = The part of the pistil containing the ovules. =Ovoid. = A solid with an oval or ovate outline. =Ovuliferous. = Bearing ovules. =Panicle. = General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster, commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers. =Pedicel. = The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of aninflorescence. =Peduncle. = The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster. =Perfect. = Having both pistils and stamens. =Perianth. = The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both. =Persistent. = Not falling for a long time. =Petal. = A division of the corolla. =Petiole. = The stalk of a leaf. =Petiolule. = The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf. =Pistil. = The seed-bearing organ of the flower. =Pistillate. = Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers withoutstamens. =Pollen. = The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers. =Puberulent. = Minutely pubescent. =Pubescent. = Covered with short soft or downy hairs. =Raceme. = A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis. =Rachis. = The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike. =Ramification. = Branching. =Range. = The geographical extent and limits of a species. =Reflexed. = Turned backward. =Reticulated. = Netted; in the form of a network. =Revolute. = Rolled backward from the margin or apex. =Samara. = Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple. =Scarf-bark. = The thin, outermost layer which often peels off. =Segment. = One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as aleaf, may be divided. =Sepal. = A calyx leaf. =Serrate. = With teeth inclining forward. =Serrulate. = With small teeth inclining forward. =Sessile. = Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directlyupon the twig. =Simple leaf. = Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem. =Sinuate. = Strongly wavy-margined. =Sinus. = Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimessharp-angular, sometimes rounded. =Spatulate. = Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. =Spike. = A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on anelongated axis. =Spray. = The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken asa whole. =Stamens. = The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consistingof a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen. =Staminate. = Having stamens. =Sterile. = Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamenswithout anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producingseed, etc. =Stigma. = Part of pistil which receives the pollen. =Stipels. = Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf. =Stipules. = Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion. =Striate. = Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise. =Style. = Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting. =Sucker. = A shoot of subterranean origin. =Suture. = The line of union between parts which have grown together;most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens. =Terete. = Cylindrical. =Ternate. = In threes. =Tomentose. = Densely pubescent or woolly. =Truncate. = As if cut off at the end. =Umbel. = An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the samepoint like the rays of an umbrella. =Verticillate. = Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled. =Villose= or =villous. = With long, soft hairs. =Whorl. = Arranged in a circle about an axis. INDEX. A Abele. (Populus alba, L. ) 39, 40 Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam_ 20-22 =Abietacæ. = (=Pinoideæ=) 1-22 Larix 1-4 Pinus 4-12 Picea 12-18 Tsuga 19, 20 Abies 20-22 Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L. ) 131, 132 (Robinia viscosa, Vent. ) 132 Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L. ) 129, 130 =Aceraceæ. = (Maple family). 140-153 Acer barbatum, Michx. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146 barbatum, var. Nigrum, Sarg. _Black maple_ 146, 147 dasycarpum, Ehrh. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144 Negundo, L. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153 nigrum, Michx. _Black maple_ 146, 147 Pennsylvanicum, L. _Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood_ 149-151 platanoides _Norway maple_ 146 rubrum, L. _Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple_ 140-142 saccharinum, L. _Silver, Soft, White, River maple_ 142-144 saccharinum, Wang. _Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146 saccharinum, var. Nigrum, T. And G. _Black maple_ 146, 147 Saccharum, Marsh. _Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree_ 144-146 Saccharum, Marsh. , var. Barbatum, Trelease 172 Saccharum, Marsh. , var. Nigrum, Britton. _Black maple_ 146, 147, 172 spicatum, Lam. _Mountain maple_ 148, 149 Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153 Negundo, Karst, _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153 Ailanthus family. (=Simarubaceæ=) 133 Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus, Desf. ) 133 Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic. ) 70 Alnus glutinosa, Medic, _European alder_ 70 Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_, 116, 117 American elm (Ulmus Americana, L. ) 95-97 holly. (Hex opaca, Alt. ) 138-146 =Anacardiaceæ. = (Sumac family) 134-137 Rhus copallina. _Dwarf sumac_, 137 glabra. _Smooth sumac_, 137 hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135 toxicodendron. _Poison ivy_, 137 typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_, 134, 135 venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137 vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder_, 136, 137 Apple family. (=Pomaceæ=) 112-121 Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L. ) 1 =Aquifoliaceæ. = (Holly family) 138-140 Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138, 140 Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167-168 European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115 Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. Lanceolata, Sarg. ) 166, 172 Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC. ) 112, 113 Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. ) 113-115 Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam. ) 164, 165 White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L. ) 162-164 Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L. ) 151-153 Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx. ) 31, 32 (Populus tremuloides, Michx. ) 29, 30 B Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L. ) 36, 37 (Populus candicans, Alt. ). 37-39, 171 Balsam. (Abies balsamea, Mill. ) 20-22 (Populus balsamifera, L. ) 36, 37 Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167, 168 Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L. ) 153-155 Bear oak. (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. ) 93, 94 Beech family. (=Fagaceæ=) 70-94 Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt. ) 70-72 Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt. ) 59, 60 Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62 lutea, Michx. L. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64 nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 55, 66 papyrifera. Marsh. _White, Canoe. Paper birch, _ 68-70 Betula papyrifera, var. Minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68 populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch_ 66-68 =Betulaceæ. = (Birch family) 57-70 Alnus glutinosa, Medic. _European alder_ 70 Betula lenta, L. _Black, Cherry, Sweet birch_ 61, 62 lutea, Michx. F. _Yellow, Gray birch_ 63, 64 nigra, L. _Red, River birch_ 65, 66 papyrifera, Marsh. _White, Canoe, Paper birch_ 68-70 var. Minor, Tuckerman. _Dwarf birch_ 68 populifolia, Marsh. _Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch_ 66-68 Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood, Water beech_ 59, 60 Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58 Birch family. (=Betulaceæ=) 57-70 Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L. ) 61, 62 Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh. ) 68-70 Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L. ) 65, 66 White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. F. ) 63, 64 Bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. F. ) 124, 125 Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt. ) 55-57 Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167, 168 birch (Betula lenta, L. ) 61, 62 cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh. ) 127, 128 maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. , _var_. Nigrum, Britton) 146, 147, 172 oak (Quercus velutina, Lam. ) 89-91 spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14 walnut (Juglans nigra, L. ) 48, 49 willow (Salix nigra, Marsh. ) 42, 43 Blue beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. ) 59, 60 Box elder (Acer negundo, L. ) 151-153 white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang. ) 77, 78 Boxwood (Cornus florida, L. ) 156, 157 Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of _Ilex opaca_ on farm of Col. Minot Thayer 139 Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L. ) 43-45 Brown ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167, 168 (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. ) 164, 165 Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. ) 79, 80 Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L. ) 46, 47 Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis, L. ) 110, 111 Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis, L. ) 110, 111 C Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait. ), 122, 123 Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh. ), 68-70 =Caprifoliaceæ. = (Honeysuckle family) 168, 169 Viburnum Lentas L. _Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum_ 168, 169 Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. _Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood. Water beech_ 59, 60 Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51 amara, Nutt. _Bitter nut. Swamp hickory_ 55-57 porcina, Nutt. _Pignut. White hickory_ 53-55 tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53 Castanea dentata. Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74 sativa, _var. _ Americana, Watson & Coulter. _Chestnut_ 72-74 vesca, _var. _ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74 Cat spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18 Cedar, Arbor vitæ. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L. ) 23, 24 Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L. ) 26-28 White cedar. (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach) 25, 26 Celtis occidentalis. L. _Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry_ 100-102 Chamæcyparis sphæroidea. Spach. White cedar 25, 26 Cherry. (Primus Avium, L. ) 128 Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L. ) 125, 126 Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh. ) 127, 128 Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. F. 124, 125 Cherry birch. (Betula lenta, L. ) 61, 62 Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, _var_. Americana, Watson & Coulter) 72-74 Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. ) 84, 85 (Quercus prinus, L. ) 82-84 Chinese sumac. (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. ) 133 Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L. ) 125, 126 Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent. ) 132 Cockspur thorn (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. ) 117, 118, 171 Conifer family, (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28 Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100 =Cornaceæ. = (Dogwood family) 150-160 Cornus alternifolia, L, f. _Dogwood, Green osier_ 157, 158 florida, L _Flowering dogwood, Boxwood_ 156, 157 Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160 Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh. ) 34, 35 (Populus heterophylla. L. ) 33, 34 Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L. ) 43-45 Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121 coccinea, L. _Thorn_ 118, 119 coccinea, _var. _ mollis, T. & G. _Thorn_, 120, 121 Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171 mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121 punctata, Jacq. _Cockspur thorn_ 118 submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121 subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121 =Cupressaceæ. = (Pinoideæ) 23-28 Cupressus 25, 26 Juniperus 26-28 Thuja 23, 24 Cupressus thyoides, L. _White cedar_ 25, 26 D Diospyros Virginiana, L. _Persimmon_ 160-162 Dogwood family. (=Cornaceæ=) 156-160 Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L. ) 136, 137 Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L. ) 156, 157 Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. F. ) 157, 158 Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14 =Drupaceæ. = (Plum family) 122-128 Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171 Americana, _var. _ nigra, Waugh. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123 Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128 nigra, Ait. _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171 Pennsylvanica, L. F. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125 serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128 Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126 Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, _var. _ minor, Tuckerman) 68 black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. Semiprostrata) 12 sumac. (Rhus copallina) 137 E =Ebenaceæ. = (Ebony family) 160-162 Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon 160-162 Ebony family. (=Ebenaceæ=) 160-162 Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L. ) 136, 137 Elm family. (=Ulmaceæ=) 95-102 Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L. ) 95-97 Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas) 99, 100 Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx. ) 97, 98 European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic. ) 70 mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) 113-115 F =Fagaceæ. = (Beech family) 70-94 Castanea dentata, Borkh. _Chestnut_ 72-74 sativa, _var. _ Americana, Watson & Coulter _Chestnut_ 72-74 vesca, _var. _ Americana, Michx. _Chestnut_ 72-74 Fagus Americana, Sweet _Beech_ 70-72 atropunicea, Sudw. _Beech_ 70-72 ferruginea, Ait. _Beech_ 70-72 Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85 alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77 bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82 coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89 coccinea, _var. _ tinctoria, Gray. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91 ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94 macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80 minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77-78 Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85 nana, Sarg. _Scrub oak, Bear oak_ 93, 94 obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78 palustris, Du Roi _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93 platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82 prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak_ 85 prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84 pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94 rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87 stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78 tinctoria, Bartram _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91 velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91 Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill. ) 20-22 Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill. ) 20-22 Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164 lanceolata. Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172 nigra. Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168 Pennsylvanica, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165 Fraxinus Pennsylvania, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172 pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165 sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168 viridis, Michx. F. _Green ash_ 166, 172 G Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl. ) 40, 41 Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust_ 129, 130 Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. F. ) 63, 64 (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam. ) 8, 9 Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. ) 166, 172 osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. F. ) 157, 158 Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass. , Willow. (_Salix fragilis_, 1890) 44 Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. ) 108, 109 Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. ) 159, 160 H Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L. ) 100-102 Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx. ) 2-4 =Hamamelidaceæ. = (Witch Hazel family) 108, 109 Liquidambar styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109 Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. ) 144-146 pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill. ) 6, 7 Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. ) 19, 20 Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt. ) 55-57 Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt. ) 51-53 Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt. ) 53-55 Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt. ) 49-51 Hicoria alba, Britton. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut_ 51-53 glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55 minima, Britton. _Butternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57 ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51 Holly family. (=Aquifoliaceæ=) 138-140 Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait. ) 138-140 Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L. ) 129, 130 Honeysuckle family. (=Caprifoliaceæ=) 168, 169 Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L. ) 100-102 (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167, 168 Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd. ) 57, 58 Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. ) 59, 60 Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait. ) 122, 123 I Ilex opaca, Ait. _American holly_ 138-140 Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. ) 59, 60 (Ostrya Virginica, Willd. ) 57, 58 Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron) 137 J Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9 =Juglandaceæ. = (Walnut family) 47-57 Carya alba, Nutt. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_ 49-51 amara, Nutt. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57 porcina, Nutt. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55 tomentosa, Nutt. _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53 Hicoria alba, Britton _Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut_ 51-53 glabra, Britton. _Pignut, White hickory_ 53-55 minima, Britton. _Bitternut, Swamp hickory_ 55-57 ovata, Britton. _Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut_, 49-51 Juglans cinerea, L. _Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut_, 46, 47 nigra, L. _Black walnut_ 48, 49 June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. ) 116, 117 Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx. ) 2-4 Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28 L Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18 Laconia, N. H. , Pussy willow, 35 ft. High. (Salix discolor, Muhl. ) 41 Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx. ) 2-4 Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx. ) 31, 32 Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4 laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4 =Lauraceæ. = (Laurel family) 106-108 Sassafras officinale. Nees. _Sassafras_ 106-108 Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108 Laurel family. (=Lauraceæ=) 106-108 =Leguminosæ. = (Pulse family) 129-132 Gleditsia triacanthos, L. _Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia_ 129, 130 Robinia pseudacacia. L. _Locust_ 131, 132 viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132 Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L. ) 46, 47 Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd. ) 57, 58 Lime. (Tilia Americana, L. ) 153-155 Linden family. (=Tiliaceæ=) 153-155 Linden. (Tilia Americana, L. ) 153-155 Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. _Sweet gum_ 108, 109 Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106 Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L. ) 131, 132 Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent. ) 132 Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L. ) 129, 130 M Magnolia family. (=Magnoliaceæ=) 104-106 =Magnoliaceæ. = (Magnolia family) 104-106 Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. _Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar_ 104-106 Malus Malus, Britton. Apple tree 115 Maple family. (=Aceraceæ=) 140-153 Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. , _var. _ nigrum, Britton) 127, 146, 172 Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L. ) 151-153 Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam. ) 148, 149 Norway maple (_cultivated_) (Acer platanoides) 146 Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L. ) 140-142 Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. ) 144-146, 172 Silver, Soft, White maple, River (Acer saccharinum, L. ) 142-144 Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. ) 149-151 Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L. ) 128 Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt. ) 51-53 Moosewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. ) 149-151 =Moraceæ. = (Mulberry family) 102-104 Morus alba, L. _White mulberry_ 104 rubra, L. _Red mulberry_ 102, 103 Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. ) 79, 80 Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC. ) 112, 113 (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. ) 113-115 Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) 113, 115 maple (Acer spicatum, Lam. ) 148, 149 Mulberry family. (=Moraceæ=) 102-104 Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L. ) 102, 103 White mulberry. (Morus alba, L. ) 104 N Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L. ) 168, 169 Negundo aceroides, Moench. _Box elder, Ash-leaved maple_ 151-153 Negundo, Karst. 151-153 Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L. ) 100-102 Norway maple. (Acer platanoides) 146 pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait. ) 10, 11 Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. _Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge_ 159, 160 O Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam. ) 89-91 Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. ) 79, 80 Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii) 84, 85 Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L. ) 82-84 Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-08 Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang. ) 77, 78 Red oak (Quercus rubra, L. ) 86, 87 Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang. ) 88, 89 Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. ) 93, 94 Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd. ) 85 Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd. ), 80-82 White oak (Quercus alba, L. ) 75-77 Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L. ) 46, 47 Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 =Oleaceæ. = (Olive family) 162-168 Fraxinus Americana, L. _White ash_ 162-164 lanceolata, Borkh. _Green ash_ 166, 172 nigra, Marsh. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168 Pennsylvania, Marsh. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165 Pennsylvania, _var. _ lanceolata, Sarg. _Green ash_ 166, 172 pubescens, Lam. _Red, Brown, River ash_ 164, 165 sambucifolia, Lam. _Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash_ 167, 168 viridis, Michx. F. _Green ash_ 166 Olive family. (=Oleaceæ=) 162-168 Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. F. ) 157, 158 Ostrya Virginica, Willd. _Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood_ 57, 58 Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. ) 79, 80 P Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh. ) 68-70 Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L. ) 115 Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. ) 159, 160 Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L. ) 160-162 Picea alba, Link _White spruce_ 16-18 Canadensis, B. S. P. _White spruce_ 16-18 nigra, Link. _Black spruce_ 12-14 nigra, _var. _ semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12 rubra, Link _Red spruce_ 15, 16 Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. F. ) 124, 125 Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt. ) 53-55 Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. F. ) 124, 125 oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93 Pine family: Conifers. (=Pinoideæ=) 1-28 Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9 Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill. ) 6, 7 Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait. ) 10, 11 Scotch pine (_dit_ incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris, L. ) 11, 12 White pine (Pinus Strobus, L. ) 4-6 =Pinoideæ. = (Pine family: Conifers) 1-28 =Abietaceæ. = 1-22 Abies balsamea, Mill. _Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir_ 20-22 Larix Americana, Michx. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4 laricina, Koch. _Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper_ 2-4 Picea alba, Link _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18 Canadensis, B. S. P. _White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce_ 16-18 nigra, Link. _Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce_ 12-14 rubra, Link. _Red spruce_ 15, 16 semiprostrata _Dwarf black spruce_ 12 Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. _Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine_ 8, 9 resinosa, Ait. _Red, Norway pine_ 10, 11 rigida, Mill. _Pitch, Hard pine_ 6, 7 Strobus, L. _White pine_ 4-6 sylvestris, L. _Scotch pine_ 11, 12 Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20 =Cupressaceæ. = 2, 23-28 Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26 thyoides, L. _White cedar, Cedar_ 25, 26 Juniperus Virginiana, L. _Red cedar, Savin_ 26-28 Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar_ 23, 24 Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill. ) 6, 7 Plane tree family. (=Platanaceæ=) 110, 111 =Platanaceæ. = (Plane tree family) 110, 111 Platanus occidentalis, L. _Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball, Plane tree_ 110, 111 Plum family. (=Drupaceæ=) 122-128 Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh. ) 123, 124, 171 Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait. ) 122, 123, 171 Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L. ) 136, 137 ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 137 sumac (Rhus vernix, L. ) 136, 137 =Pomaceæ. = (Apple family) 112-121 Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. _Shadbush, June-berry_ 116, 117 Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. , _Thorn_ 121 coccinea, L, . _Thorn_ 118, 119 coccinea, _var. _ mollis, T. & G. 120, 121 Crus-Galli, L. _Cockspur thorn_ 117, 118, 171 mollis, Scheele _Thorn_ 120, 121 punctata, Jacq..... _Cockspur thorn_ 118 submollis, Sarg. _Thorn_ 121 subvillosa, Schr. _Thorn_ 120, 121 Malus malus, Britton _Apple tree_ 115 Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113 aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115 communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115 malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115 sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115 Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113 sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115 Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. ) 104-106 Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx. ) 29, 30 Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L. ) 36, 37 Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh. ) 34, 35 Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx. ) 31, 32 Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L. ) 33, 34 White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L. ) 39, 40 Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar_ 39, 40 balsamifera, L. _Balsam_ 3, 36, 37 balsamifera, _var. _ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171 balsamifera, _var. _ intermedia _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36 Populus balsamifera, _var. _ latifolia _Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead_ 36 candicans, Ait. , _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171 deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35 grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32 heterophylla, L. _Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34 monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood_ 34, 35 tremuloides, Michx. _Aspen, Poplar_ 29, 30 Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang. ) 77, 78 Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 Prunus Americana, Marsh. _Wild plum_ 123, 124, 171 _var_. Nigra, Waugh _Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum_ 122, 123, 171 Avium, L. _Mazard cherry_ 128 nigra, Ait. _Wild plum_ 122, 123, 171 Pennsylvanica, L. F. _Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry_ 124, 125 serotina, Ehrh. _Rum, Black cherry_ 127, 128 Virginiana, L. _Chokecherry_ 125, 126 Pulse family. (=Leguminosæ=) 129-132 Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl. ) 40, 41, 171 Pyrus Americana, DC. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113 aucuparia _European mountain ash_ 113, 115 communis, L. _Pear tree_ 115 malus, L. _Apple tree_ 115 sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. _Mountain ash_ 113-115 Q Quercus acuminata, Sarg. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85 alba, L. _White oak_ 75-77 bicolor, Willd. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82 coccinea, Wang. _Scarlet oak_ 88, 89 coccinea, _var. _ tinctoria, Gray. _Black oak_ 89-91 ilicifolia, Wang. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94 macrocarpa, Michx. _Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak_ 79, 80 minor, Sarg. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78 Muhlenbergii, Engelm. _Chestnut oak_ 84, 85 nana, Sarg. .... _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94 obtusiloba, Michx. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78 palustris, Du Roi. _Pin, Swamp, Water oak_ 91-93 platanoides, Sudw. _Swamp white oak_ 80-82 prinoides, Willd. _Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak_ 85 prinus, L. _Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak_ 82-84 pumila, Sudw. _Scrub, Bear oak_ 93, 94 Quercus rubra, L. _Red oak_ 86, 87 stellata, Wang. _Post, Box white oak_ 77, 78 tinctoria, Bartram. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91 velutina, Lam. _Black, Yellow oak_ 89-91 R Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. ) 164, 165 birch (Betula nigra, L. ) 65, 66 cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L. ) 26-28 elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx. ) 97, 98 maple (Acer rubrum, L. ) 140-142 mulberry (Morus rubra, L. ) 102, 103 oak (Quercus rubra, L. ) 86, 87 pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait. ) 10, 11 plum (Prunus nigra, Ait. ) 22, 123 spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16 Rhus copallina _Dwarf sumac_ 137 glabra _Smooth sumac_ 137 hirta, Sudw. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135 toxicodendron _Poison ivy_ 137 typhina, L. _Staghorn sumac_ 134, 135 venenata, DC. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137 vernix, L. _Dogwood, Poison sumac_ 136, 137 River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. ) 164, 165 birch (Betula nigra, L. ) 65, 66 maple (Acer saccharinum, L. ) 142-144 Robinia pseudacacia, L. _Locust_ 131, 132 viscosa, Vent. _Clammy locust_ 132 Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L. ) 82-84 elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) 99, 100 maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. ) 144-146, 172 Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh. ) 127, 128 S =Salicaceæ. = (Willow family) 28-46 Populus alba, L. _Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar_ 39, 40 balsamifera, L. _Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead_ 36, 37 balsamifera, _var. _ candicans, Gray. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171 balsamifera, _var. _ intermedia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36 balsamifera, _var. _ latifolia _Poplar, Balsam_ 36 candicans, Ait. _Balm of Gilead_ 37-39, 171 deltoides, Marsh. _Cottonwood, Poplar_ 34, 35 Populus grandidentata, Michx. _Poplar, Large-toothed aspen_ 31, 32 heterophylla, L. _Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood_ 33, 34 monilifera, Ait. _Cottonwood poplar_ 34, 35 tremuloides, Michx. _Poplar, Aspen_ 29, 30 Salix alba, L. _White willow_ 43, 45, 46 _var. _ cærulea, Koch _White willow_ 45 _var. _ vitellina, Koch _White willow_ 4 balsamifera, Barrett 171 discolor, Muhl. _Pussy willow, Glaucous willow_ 40, 41, 171 falcata, Pursh _Black willow_ 42 fragilis, L. _Crack willow, Brittle willow_ 43-45 nigra, Marsh. _Black willow_ 42, 43 Sassafras officinale, Nees _Sassafras_ 106-108 Sassafras, Karst. _Sassafras_ 106-108 Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L. ) 26-28 Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang. ) 88, 89 Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L. ) 11, 12 Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd. ) 85 oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. ) 93, 94 pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9 white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd. ) 85 Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. ) 116, 117 Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt. ) 49-51 Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L. ) 168, 169 Silver-leaf poplar (Populus alba, L. ) 39, 40 maple (Acer saccharinum, L. ) 142-144 =Simarubaceæ. = (Ailanthus family) 133 Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. _Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac_ 133 Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18 Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx. ) 97, 98 Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137 Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L. ) 140-142 (Acer saccharinum, L. ), 142-144 Sorbus Americana, Marsh. _Mountain ash_ 112, 113 sambucifolia, R[oe]m. _Mountain ash_ 113, 115 Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. ) 159, 160 Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14 Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link) 15, 16 White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link) 16-18 Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb) 8, 9 Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L. ) 134, 135 Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. ) 149-151 Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L. ) 100-102 Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. ) 144-146 tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh. ) 144-146 Sumac family. (=Anacardiaceæ=) 134-137 Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. ) 133 Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L. ) 136, 137 Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina) 137 Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) 137 Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L. ) 134, 135 Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. ) 167, 168 hickory (Carya amara, Nutt. ) 55-57 maple (Acer rubrum, L. ), 140-142 oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93 poplar (Populus heterophylla, L. ) 33, 34 spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14 white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd. ) 80-82 Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L. ) 61, 62 gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. ) 108, 109 viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L. ) 168, 169 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L. ) 110, 111 T Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx. ) 2-4 Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass. , _Ilex opaca_, fine specimen 139 Thorn. Cockspur (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. ) 117, 118, 171 (Cratægus coccinea, L. ) 118, 119 (Cratægus mollis, Scheele) 120, 121 Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L. ) 129, 130 Thuja occidentalis, L. _Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, Cedar_ 23, 24 =Tiliaceæ. = (Linden family) 153-155 Tilia Americana, L. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 153-155 Europæa _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155 heterophylla, Vent. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155 puebescens, Ait. _Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood_ 155 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. ) 183 Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. _Hemlock_ 19, 20 Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. ) 104-106 Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. ) 159, 160 U =Ulmaceæ. = (Elm family) 95-102 Celtis occidentalis, L. _Hackberry_, _Nettle tree_, _Hoop ash_, _Sugar berry_ 100-102 Ulmus Americana, L. _American_, _White elm_ 95-97 fulva, Michx. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98 puebescens, Walt. _Slippery_, _Red elm_ 97, 98 racemosa, Thomas. _Cork_, _Rock elm_ 99, 100 V Viburnum Lentago, L. _Sheep berry_ 168, 169 W Walnut family. (=Juglandaceæ=) 47-57 Walnut, Black walnut (Juglans nigra, L. ) 48, 49 Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L. ) 46, 47 Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt. ) 51-53 Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt. ) 49-51 Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. ) 59, 60 oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) 91-93 spruce (Picea nigra, Link) 12-14 Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass. , _Ilex opaca_, on estate of 139 Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. ) 149-151 White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L. ) 162-164 birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh. ) 68-70 (Betula populifolia, Marsh. ) 66-68 cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L. ) 25, 26 (Thuja occidentalis, L. ) 23, 24 elm (Ulmus Americana, L. ) 95-97 hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt. ) 53-55 maple (Acer rubrum, L. ) 140-142 (Acer saccharinum, L. ) 142-144 mulberry (Morus alba, L. ) 104 oak (Quercus alba, L. ) 75-77 pine (Pinus Strobus, L. ) 4-6 poplar (Populus alba, L. ) 39, 40 spruce (Picea alba, Link) 16-18 willow (Salix alba) 43, 45, 46 White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) 51-53 Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. ) 104-106 Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L. ) 153-155 Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh. ) 171 (Prunus nigra, Ait. ) 122, 123, 171 red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. F. ) 124, 125 Willow family. (=Salicaceæ=) 28-46 Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh. ) 42, 43 Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L. ) 43-45 Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl. ) 40, 41, 171 White willow. (Salix alba, L. , _var. _ vitellina, Koch) 45, 46 Witch hazel family. (=Hamamelidaceæ=) 108, 109 Y Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. F. ) 63, 64 oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam. ) 89-91