Transcriber's Note: The symbol "[=o]" isused to represent an "o" with macron. SHEA'S LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS. III. GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF THE HEVE LANGUAGE, TRANSLATED FROM AN UNPUBLISHED SPANISH MANUSCRIPT, BY BUCKINGHAM SMITH. * * * * * 1861. * * * * * NOTICES OF THE HEVE; THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE EUDEVE, A PEOPLE OF THE DÓHME. [1] * * * * * BY BUCKINGHAM SMITH. * * * * * HISTORICAL. This tongue was spoken in the middle of the last century over aregion of country principally within Sonora, the northernmost ofthe seven Provinces then comprising the kingdom of New Galiciaunder the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The limit of Sonora on the eastwas continuous along the chain of mountains that divides it fromTaraumara, --from Sateche, the farthest of the Indian settlements inthat district, southwardly eighty leagues to Bacoa Sati the first ofits towns. On the west the Province was washed by the sea of Cortezfrom the mouth of the Hiaqui to the Tomosatzi, or Colorado, the watersof the Hiaqui forming its limit to the south; and on the north by acourse from the Mission of Baseraca westwardly through the Presidiode Fronteras to that of Pitic (Terrenate), a distance of seventyleagues. According to the opinion of a Jesuit Father, the author ofan anonymous work in, manuscript on that country, written in the year1762 at Alamo, it was thought also to be the most important amongthe many Provinces of Mexico, whether for fertility of soil, goldwashings, or silver mines; and not less distinguishable for thedocility and loyalty of those aboriginal inhabitants who hadearly given their adhesion to the government to secure religiousinstruction. [Footnote 1: The title of the work, in manuscript, from which thegrammatical notices have been elaborated is Arte y Vocabulario dela lingua Dohema, Heve ó Eudeva; the adjective termination of thelast and first name being evidently Spanish, as is also the pluralterminations used elsewhere in some of the modifications of thosewords. We have only the definition of Heve with certainty given as"people;" to the word "nation" in the vocabulary, there being attachedthe remark: "I find no generic term: each (nation) has its specificname; the Eudeves are called Dóhme. " Another like work, alsounpublished, with the title _Arte cíe In lengua Pinea_ has thedictionary inscribed _Vocabulario en lengua Nevome_. In the uncertain relationship of the tribes to each other, bettermarked and measured perhaps by the proximity of their idioms than byany other means with which we are acquainted, a thought has been takenfrom the indistinct manner in which these different people are spokenof by those who have been among them to advance in the present title, (since we may not be at liberty to reject, ) the word Dóhme for thefamily; and Pima generally for the common language, under which theOpata, Heve, Nevome, Sobahipurls and the rest may be placed, as theyshall become known, each by its separate dialect. ] The Missions of Sonora included moreover a section to the southbounded by the River Chico within the Province of Ostimuri. To thenorth, within the religious precinct, was the Pimeria Alta through theSobahipuris up to the junction of the river of that name, (otherwisethe San Pedro, ) with the Gila; thence for a distance of more thanone hundred and thirty leagues, after passing among _rancherías_ ofPima, Opa, and Cocomaricopa, and having received in its course theAsumpcion, or Compuesto--from its being formed by the united watersof two streams, the Salado and Verde--it enters the Tomosatzi, closingthat Pimeria of innumerable tribes described by the missionaries assealed in productive places, and in a genial climate. Other Indians ofthe same names, the Yuma also and Papapootam (Papago) lived beyond, as appears from the accounts given by the spiritual invaders of thoseremote regions, chiefly the Fathers Kino, Keller, and Sedelmayer. The two principal nations of Sonora are spoken of as the Opata andTima, since the Eudeve should be reckoned with the Opata, for thereason that its language differs as little from that of the other asthe Portuguese from the Castilian, or the Provençal from the French;and likewise should also be added the Jove, who, having mingled withthe Opata, no longer use their own tongue, except in some instances ofthe aged. It is one difficult to acquire, and different from any otherin the Province. The Opata are the best of the native Christians, having never turnedupon their teachers, nor once risen against the royal authorities; nordo they, like other Indians, make the women bear the heavier share ofthe labor in the fields. They are industrious husbandmen; but they arenot any the less wanting in valor on that account, having oftentimesshown their good conduct when bearing arms with the king's forcesat the expense of the Missions. Individuals there were, and perhapsstill are, who did the work of blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, stonecutters, masons, learning any craft readily, and practicing it withskill. They and some of the Endeve, although in a less degree, are tothe other Indians what the people who live in towns are to those inthe country, still for all it was remarked, they were none the lessIndians. Such was the general character of the Opata, which is thesame that is given of them in our time by that curious and instructiveobserver, John R. Bartlett, in his narrative of an expedition intothat country. The Jove were a rural people, quite the greater number of them, unwilling to be brought together in communities, lived in chasmsamong the ridges where they were born, proof to the solicitations ofkindness and conveniences of civilized life. The other portion of themdwelt in Ponida, Teopari and Mochoba. The good missionary at Bacadequeendeavored to bring into towns those who inhabited the rancheríaof Sathechi and the margins of the Mulatos and Arcos, rivers to thesouth, without avail. They live among briars, owning a few animals, subsisting on wild fruits and vegetables, gathering an occasionalstalk of maize or a pumpkin that nature suffers to grow in somecrevice here and there made by torrents bursting from the mountains. These nations, the Pima and the Opata, Eudeve, Jove, forming twopeople, occupy the greater portion of Sonora, seated far inward tothe west from the Cordillera. The limit on the south is where stoodthe deserted town of Ivatora thence to Arivetze, Bacanora, Tonitzi, Soyopa, Nacori; on the west from Alamos, through parts of Ures andNacomeri to Opedepe, and Cucurpe; on the north from Arispe, Chinapa, Bacoquetzi, Cuquiaratzi to Babispe, and from that Mission of Babispeon the east by mountains of low elevation returning to Natora. The Pima occupy a still wider territory, extending on the south intoCinaloa, on the east in to the Province of Taraumara. The Upper Pimaare found far to the north living by the Sobahipuris to its outlet, and on both banks of the Gila to the Tomosatzi, in vales of luxuriantbeauty, and in wastes of sand and sterility between those riversand the sea, --having still other tribes beyond them using the samelanguage in different dialects. The Lower Pima are in the west ofthe Province, having many towns extending to the frontier of theindomitable Seri, who live some thirty leagues to the north of themouth of the Hiaqui and have their farthest limit inland, some dozenleagues from the sea, finding shelter among the ridges, and in theneighboring island of Tiburon. [2] Those of the Pima who reside onthe south, in the Province of Cinaloa, the history of their migrationthither is of the earliest, and belongs to that which should relatethe closing scene in the journey of Cabeza de Vaca, with the strangesuccess that eventually, at the close of a century, attended hisChristian purpose. [Footnote 2: The Guaima speak nearly the same language as the Seri, are few in number, and live among the Hiaqui in Belén and elsewhere, having retreated before the sanguinary fury of their congeners _MS. _] All these nations, save the last, and all others who inhabit thecountry excepting the Apaches--including a numerous people on the Gilaand on the farther bank of the Colorado--speak the same language, withso slight differences, say the missionaries, that they who shall haveattained the one of the Opata and Eudeve with little difficulty willmaster the rest. And for this we have that early authority referredto, of three centuries since: "They made known to us what they wouldsay by means of a language they have among them through which we andthey understood each other. Those to whom it properly belongs we callPrimahaitu, which is equivalent to when we say Biscayans. We foundit in use over more than four hundred leagues (miles?) of our travel, without another in the whole extent. " The name thus given by thenarrator of the Naufragios seemingly exists in these words, theirdefinitions taken from a dictionary in MS. Of the Pima languagewritten by a missionary. No, _pima_: Nothing, _pim' haitu_. Ques. What, _Ai_? Ans. _Pimahaitu_ (nihil). GRAMMAR OF THE HEVE LANGUAGE. * * * * * PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. It has been thought proper to use nineteen characters in the language, among which are not included f, j, k, w, x, y, nor l, although thesound of l is somewhat heard in the soft enunciation given by theIndian to the letter r. The k is sufficiently supplied in the syllabic sounds que and qui, where the u is silent, although gue and gui are each of two syllables. There has been a disposition to omit the g also, the sound of which, as in go, if the natives had not originally, they certainly possessat present, got from the Spaniards. This should excuse its appearancehere. The sound of z is strong as heard in _fits_. The vowels are sounded as in t_a_r, b_e_ar, s_i_lk, d_o_e, r_u_e. * * * * * PART II. ETYMOLOGY. SUBSTANTIVE. _Substantives_ in this language are declined without the use ofarticles. 2. Those which may be called _verbal_, from their origin in verbs, are much used: hiósguadauh, painting, or writing, is the passive (ispainted) of the present active hiósguan, I paint. They have theirtimes: hiósguadauh is in the present, expressing the picture I formnow of the passive preterite hiósguacauh, the work I have executed, ofwhich hiósguatzidaugh, the picture I will make, is the future passive:and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, itdenotes place, as, No hiósguadaubgua, the place where I paint, etc. GUA. 3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in guaalso, for which see section 16. SIVEN, RINA. 4, 5. _Other verbal substantives_, signifying instruments, are madefrom the future active: thus, the verb métecan, I chop, having métetzein the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makesthe substantive, métesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many ofthese words likewise terminate in rina, as bícusirina, flute, frombícudan, I whistle, and bíhirina, shovel, from bihán, I scrape. RAGUA, SURA. 6, 7. Many _abstract nouns_ are formed by the addition of the particleragua, as váde, joyously; váderagua, joy; déni, good; déniragua, goodness; dóhme, man, or people; dóhmeragua, humanity; and sodiósragua, divinity. Others, substantive nouns, applied to certainplaces end in súra, as, omásúra, canebrake, from om, cane, and súra, in or among; huérigosúra, reedfield; húparosúra, mesquitscrub: and soa town is called Opósúra, because it is among some trees called opó, elm. 8. The _verbs are substantives_ likewise, and as such are declined asmuch so as the same words are conjugated when verbs: thus, nemútzan, I bewitch, is also wizard, and hiósguan, I write, is scrivener; butit is to be observed of these substantives, as well as of those whichend in daugh, that they too have equally their times, as nemútzan, the wizard--that is now, in the present; nemútzari, the preterite thathas; nemútzatze, the future that will, with the difference that theseterminations are active, while those in daugh, etc. , are passive. * * * * * ADJECTIVE NOUNS. TERI, EI, RAVE, E, I, O, U. 9, 10, 11, 12. The many _adjective nouns_ ending in téri, and ei, signify quality, as, bavitéri, elegant; aresumetéri, different ordistinct; tasúquei, narrow; asóquei, thick; sútei, white; and so ofthe rest signifying color. Some ending in ráve, denote plenitude; forexample, sitoráve, full of honey; composed of sitóri, honey, and ráve, full; seborráve, full of flies; ateráve of até, louse, etc. ; others, ending in e, i, o, u, signify possession, as, esé, she that haspetticoats; cúne, she that has a husband; guásue, he that has land forplanting; húvi, the married man, from hub, woman; nóno, he that hasa father, from nónogua, father, and sutúu, he that has finger-nails, from sutú: and they, moreover, have their times like verbs, since, from esé is formed esei, preterite, she that had petticoats; cúnetze, future, she that will marry, etc. ; and afterwards they are declinedas nouns, as, _Nom. _, eséi; _Gen. _ eséigue. (For other form of thepossessive, see section 19. ) CA, SARI, SCOR, SGUARI. 13, 14. It is usual for the want of many positive affirmatives in thelanguage to express by the positive of the opposite signification, adding the negation ca, as, nucuatéri, perishable; canucuatéri, everlasting; cúne, married, f. ; cacúne, not married; húbi, married, m. ; cahúbi, not married, etc. Those ending in sári, and scor, mark abad, or vicious quality, as, dedensári, tobacco-smoker, from déinan, Isuck; and hibesári, gluttonous, from hibáan, I eat; nehrisári, talker, from néhren, I talk; capasári, old rags, from capát; baníscor, weeper, from báanan; cotzíscor, sleeper, from cotzom; dióscor, vagabond, fromdion, I walk, or vacosári, which has the same signification, fromvácon. The termination, sguari, is used in this sense: dotzi, old man;dotzísguari, very old man; hóit, female of middle age; hoísguari, veryold woman. DECLENSION. Substantives of the First Declension form their genitive in _que_, andusually are such as terminate in a vowel. _Nominative_, Siibì, hawk, _Genitive_, Sìiibíque, of hawk, _Dative_, Siibt, to hawk, _Accusative_, Siibìe, hawk, _Vocative_, Siibì, hawk, _Ablative_, Sibítze, in \ Sibíde, by > hawk. Sibíquema, with / The plural of substantives (requiring a special notice) will betreated of hereafter. Substantives of the Second Declension form theirgenitive in _te_ and _t_. _N. _ Mavirot, Lion. _G. _ Mavirote, _D. And A. _ Mavírota, _V. _ Mavírot, _A. _ Mavírotze, in, Mavírode, by, Mavírotema, with lion. The verb-noun hiósguadauh, painting, is thus declined. _N. _ Hiósgnadauh, _G. _ Hiósguadauhte, _D. And A. _ Hiósguadauhta, _Ab. _ Hiósguadautze, in, Hiósguadauhde, by, Hiósguadauhtema, with painting. And so likewise decline the preterite passive hiósguacauh, and thefuture passive hiósguatzidauh. But verbs in the present time, when they serve as substantives, arethus declined _N. _ Nemútzan, wizard. _G. _ Nemútzante, _D. And A. _ Nemútzanta, _V. _ Nemútzan, _A. _ Nemútzantze, in, Nemútzade, by, Nemútzantema, with wizard. Some ending in _t_ while they form the genitive in _te_, part with avowel, as follows: _N. _ Arit, Ant. _G. _ Arte, _D. And A. _ Arta, _V. _ Arit; _A. _ Artze, in, Arde, by, Artema, with ant. Nónoguat, father, belongs to this declension, and forms the genitivenónauhte; but when preceded by a possessive pronoun, it loses thefinal guat, as has been stated, and the termination is left in _o_, toform the genitive in the first declension, as, no, my, no nónoque, ofmy father, which rule applies equally to other names of kindred. Sometimes an ablative is formed in _u_, as teópatu, in the church, from teópa, hecátu, in the shade, from hecát. Substantives of the Third Declension end in _s_, _r_, _z_, and formthe genitive by the addition of _e_, and the accusative by _i_. _N. _ Utzvor, Pitahaya. _G. _ Utzv[=o]re, _D. And A. _ Utzvori, _V. _ Utzvor, _A. _ Utzvortze, in, Utzvorde, by, Utzvorema, with pitahaya. In this way decline tatas, crabapple, --gen. Tatáse, dat. And acc. Tatási, &c. , also, porótz, wildcat, gen. Porótze, dat. And acc. Porótzi, &c. To Adjective Nouns there has been an inclination to assign a separateplace, but they terminate _in a vowel_, and there appears to beno reason why they should not go with substantives of the firstdeclension. _N. _ Sóvei, obscure. _G. _ Sóveique, _D. And A. _ Sóvec, _V. _ Sóvei, _A. _ Sóvetze in, Sóveide, by, Sóveiquema, with obscure. OF THE PLURAL. 15. Substantives, especially those animate of rational beings, usuallyform the plural by doubling the first syllable, as, dor, man, or male;dódor, men; hoit, woman, pl. Hóhoit; déni, good, pl. Dedéni. Some other words form their plural irregularly, as, doritzi, boy, pl. Vus, applied to both sexes, though when intended only for malesdódorus is used; hoquis, large girls, pl. Hórquir; temátzi, big boy, pl. Tetemtzi; to which when the particle _te_ is added it marks theabsence of any of the other sex, as dodórte, men only; hohóite, women only; hórquirte, girls only. The declension of these plurals isaccording to the rules before given. OF KINDRED. 16. The language is remarkable for another peculiarity, which is, thatthe females in many instances employ different words from the males:the father says to his son, Nognàt, to his daughter, Mórqua; themother to either says, Nótzgua; the son to the father says, Nonógua, and the daughter says, Mósgua. The elder brother likewise is calledVátzgua, pl. Vapàtz, the younger Vángua, pl. Vopon, the elder sisterCotzgua, pl. Cocátz, the younger Víngua, pl. Vipim, to which addingthe possessive pronouns no, amo, and the like, the gua is omitted tosuch as have that termination. There is much to be learned about thenames of the kindred, but the subject is one too wide for presentexplanation. PRONOUNS. 17. The _Personal Pronoun_ nee, I, followed by another word becomesne; nap, thou or you, becomes na, tamide becomes ta; emet or emídebecomes em, veride and iride become ver and ir; meride becomes mer. SINGULAR. PLURAL. _Nom. _ Nee, I, Tamide, we, _Gen. _ No, of me, Tamo, of us, _Dat. And Acc. _ Netz, to me, Tame, to us, _Voc. _ (if there be any, ) Nee, O, Tamide, O we, _Abl. _ Noma, with me, Tamóma, with us, Node, by me; Tamóde, by us. The ma in this case being that of cause, manner and instrument. _N. _ Nap, thou, Emet, or Emíde, ye, _G. _ Amo, of thee, Emo, of you, _D. And A. _ Eme, to thee, Emé, to you, _V. _ Nap, O thou, Emèt, O ye, _Ab. _ Amóma, with thee, Emóma, with you, Amóde, by thee, Emóde, by you. _N. _ Veride, or Iride, this, Meride, these, _G. _ Vére, of this, Mere, of these, _D. And A. _ Véra, to this, Mera, to these, _Ab. _ Veréma, with this, Meréma, with these, Veréde, by this, Merede, by these. _N. _ Véte, that, _G. _ Véte, of that. No more appear to exist _N. _ Id, At, or Ar, that, (he, she), Amét, or Met, these, _G. _ Ide, or Are, of that, Ame, or Mere, of those, _D. And A. _ Ia, to that, Ame, to those, _Ab. _ Arema, or Idema, with that, Améma or Meréma, with those, Aréde or Idéde, by that Amede, or Herede, by those. No arácade, by my will, is more used than Nóvide, by my will, Amóvide, by your will, Tamóvide, by our will, Verévide, by the will of this, Emóvide, by your will. Arevide, by the will of that, Merevide, by the will of these, Amévide, by the will of those, Nosa, Nósava, I myself, Tomósa, Temósava, we ourselves. Amósa, Amósava, then thyself, Emósa, Emósava, ye yourselves. Arésa, Arésava, he himself, Amétva, they themselves. These are all without inflections save this last, which has itsgenitive améva, being declined like amet. Nee vasu, likewise means Imyself. Nee senéva is, I alone; the plural, tamide améve, we alone; butneither senéva nor améve are declined, only the pronouns thataccompany them. GUAGUA, VUT. 18, 19. _Possessive Pronouns_ are the genitives of the primitive;thus, no vónama, means, my hat, no being the genitive of nee, andthe same with the rest. But in order to say, this is mine, guagua isused applied to inanimate things, as, veride quit no guagua, this ismy house; or vut applied to animate, as, veride cavadu no vut, thishorse is mine; and with the change of person those genitives of theprimitive must be added, as, no guagua, mine; amo guagua, thine, areguagua, his, &c. , no vut, mine, &c. (Another manner of expressing thepossessive has been given in section 12. ) * * * * * VERB. Here opens a very broad field whereon may be observed the excellenceof this language that is considered barbarous. Conjugation of the verb hiósguan, I write, or paint. INDICATIVE MOOD. --PRESENT TIME. _Singular. _ ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Nee hiósgnan, I write, Nee hiósguadauh, I am written, Nap hiosguan, You write, Náp hiósguadauh, You are written, Id, or At, hiosguan, He writes, Id, or At, hiósguadauh, He is written. _Plural. _ Tamide hiósguame, We write, Tamide \ Emét hiósguame, Ye write, Emét > hiósguadagua, Amet [3]hiósguame, They write, Amet / We are written, &c. [Footnote 3: In all moods and tenses when the person is put afterward, which it is very common to do, the form is this: ACTIVE. PASSIVE. _Singular_, hiósguamne, hiósguadauhne, hiósguanna, hiósguadauhna, hiósguanar, hiésguadauhar, _Plural_, hiósguameta, hiósguadaguata, hiósguametem, hiósguadaguatem, hiósguametam, hiósguadaguatam, and so on, according to their condition. ] IMPERFECT. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. _Singular_. Nee \ I wrote, Nee \ Nap > hiosguamru, You wrote, Nap > hiósguadauhru Id, or At, / He wrote, Id, or At, / I was written, &c. _Plural_. Tamid \ We wrote, Tamide \ Emét > hiósguameru Ye wrote, Emét, > hiósguadauaru, Ame / They wrote. Amet / We were written, &c. PERFECT. _Singular_. Nee \ I have written, Nee \ Nap > hiósguari, Thou hast written, Nap > hiósguacauh, Id, or At, / He has written, Id, or At, / I have been written, &c. _Plural_. Tamide, \ We have written, Tamide, \ Emét, > hiósguarim, Ye have written, Emét, > hiósguacagua, Amet, / They have written, Amet, / We have been written, etc. ANOTHER PERFECT. Nee, hiósguarit, &c. , I have been written, etc. Tamide, hiósguarit, &c. , We have been written, etc. PLUPERFECT. _Singular_. Nee \ I had written. Nee, \ Nap > hiósgnariru, Thou hadst written, Nap, > hiósguacuahrutu Id, or At, / He had written, Id or At, / I had been written, etc. _Plural_. Tamide\ We had written, Tamide\ Emét > hiósguarimru, Ye had written, Emét > hiósguacaguaru, Ámet / They had written. Amet / We had been written, etc. FUTURE. _Singular. _ Nee \ I will write, Nee \ Nap > hiósguatze, You will write. Nap > hiósguatzidauh, Id, or At, / He will write, Id, or At, / I will be written, &c. _Plural. _ Tamide\ We will write, Tamide\ Emét > hiósguatze, Ye will write, Emét > hiósguatzidagua, Amet / They will write. Amét / We will be written, etc. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Singular. _ Hiósgua, write thou. Wanting. _Plural. _ Hiósguavu, write ye. Another form of the IMPERATIVE made with ásma, to see. _Singular. _ Asmane\ Asmane\ Asmana > hiósguatze, Asmana > hiósguatzidauh, Asmair/ I will see that I write, &c. , Asmair/ I shall see that I be written, &c. , ANOTHER IMPERATIVE. Venésmana hiósguam, Even though you write. Venesmatze em hiósguame, Even though ye write. ANOTHER IMPERATIVE. _Singular. _ Nee eme hiósguaco naquém, Nee eme hiósguarico naquém. I will that you write. I will that thou be written. _Plural. _ Nee emé hiósguaco noquim, Nee ame hiósguarico naquém, I will that they write. I will that they be written. OPTATIVE MOOD. This mood appears to have been anciently used with cáne, would that itmight be! but now in general it is not so understood. The phrase maybe deemed to be in the Optative, although it does not express thatentirely, being formed by the union of the Imperative above withvenesma, even though. Venésmane hiósguam, Venésmane hiósguadauh, I would that it might be, or, I would that it might be, or, Even though I may write. Even though I may be written. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. This mode of speech, If I should write, I should have written, &c. , the natives express by adding the particle _ru_ to the future. _Singular. _ Nee \ Nee \ Nap > ghiósuatzeru, Nap > hiósquatzidauhru Id / If I should write, &c. Id / If I should be written, &c. _Plural. _ Tamide\ Tamide\ Emét > hiósguatzeru, Emét > hiósguatzidauru, Amet / If we should write, &c. Amet / If we should be written, &c. [4] [Footnote 4: Conjunctions, corresponding to _aunque, paraque, cuando_, and the like which it is common to make use of with the subjunctive inSpanish do not exist in the language. ] INFINITIVE MOOD. Although this mode does not exist in the language, still the nativeshave ways to express the thought, some of which are these: One mode is by the verb erám, I wish or think; so that to say, Iwish to write, Nee hiósguavaerám may be used, which is the futurehiósguatze, with the final syllable omitted for the particle va, andfollowed by the erám. In the same manner, other verbs may be proceededwith, they remaining stable through all the mutations that erámundergoes, as in the following: ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present_, Erám, I wish. _Pluperfect_, Ehritu, I had wished. _Imperfect_, Eramtu, I wished. _Future_, Erátze, I shall wish. _Perfect_, Ehri, I have wished. SUBJUNCTIVE, (Impt?) Erátzern, I might wish, etc. In the passive erám is not used, but naquém, which also means, I wish, and with the preterite particle, in the manner that is stated in thefourth form of the imperative, the infinitive mood in this voice isexpressed, as, Nee no hiósguarico naquém, I desire to be written. Another mode that serves for the Infinitive, is that after a verbof motion, the future of the verb is used, as to express, I come toyou to say, Nee eme queitudetze güerem: here, Nee is I; eme, to you;güerem, or üerem, I come, and queitudetze the future of the verbqueituden, I say, or make known. GERUNDS. The gerund in _di_ is found in the expression: Already arrived thetime of labor; for which, taking the preterite pánauhri, the verbpánauan signifying labor, add dagua, time, and for arrived usehassíde, the preterite of hássem, followed by the de, particle, signifying already, and the phrase is formed pánauhridagua hasside. The gerund in _do_ is found in the phrase Vus hóquedo panavame, theboys playing, work, in which vus is boys, hóquedo or hóqueco, thegerund of hoquen, play, and panavame, the plural of pánavan, work. Thepassive voice has likewise the gerund, as for example: Nap sícriuhdocotzóm, Whilst thou art shorn, sleepest; here nap cotzóm is, yousleep, sícriuhdo is the gerund in do passive of the verb sicán, andtoasquilo, hair. The gerund in _dum_, and supine joined to a verb of motion isequivalent to the future as before stated in the second mode of theinfinitive; but should there be no verb of movement with the gerundin dum, the particle betzéuai, for, is used, as this suffices forpayment, (hoc ad solvendum sufficit, ) Veride hasem ovíde betzéguai;veride meaning this, hasem, suffices; ovide betzévai, for payment;ovíden signifying pay. Thus much it has been found necessary to say of the verb in its activeand passive voice, of its modes and times, which will serve as aparadigm for the conjugation of any verb observant of the form of itspreterite and future (the roots whence rise the other tenses) to bediscovered in the vocabulary. FREQUENTATIVE VERB. 21. This verb signifies the frequent repetition of the same action, and is formed by adding the adverb tátze, peace-meal, as, I writeoften, tátze ne hiósgan. COMPULSIVE VERB. 22. It is thus called because it signifies to cause or compel to doany thing, and is formed by taking away the last syllable of any verband replacing it with tudem or tuden, which alone is conjugated, andhas the perfect tudari, and future tudetze, as varuhtúden, I cause tosin; verúhtze being the future of varúuen. APPLICATIVE VERB. 23. When the action is for, by, or through, ("para ó por, ") this verbis used, having its termination in dem or den, perfect, deri, andfuture, detze; as pánauan, work; whence is formed pánauiden, which isthe applicative, so that to say, I work for you, the phrase is Nee emepánauiden; and the mother to express, My son has failed me, (died), says, No nótzi múquideri; although in the place of this applicativethe preposition betzéguai, for, is used likewise, or de, by; as, Christ died for us, Cristo tamo betzéguai, or tamóde múqui. CONTINUATIVE VERB. 24. This verb serves to continue the action, and is made from thefuture, omitting the tze and substituting sem or sen, as nenérsem, Iam continually talking, from nehren, I speak; the future, nenértze;biquesen, I am thus singing, from biquen, I sing; future, bequetze, for which there appearing to be no perfect, the imperfect, bíquesenrumay be used, and the same is the case with the words that end in hon, as merihon, go running; nenerhon, be speaking; biquehon, be singing, of which the future termination is sintze, as nenérsintze. COMPLETIVE VERB. 25. This gives completeness to the signification of the word out ofwhich it is made so full that nothing remains further, and is formedof the future taking away the final tze, and placing suam instead, as, baán, I eat; bétze, I will eat; besuam, I eat until I have finishedit all; todam, I leave; todetz, I will leave; todesuam, I leaveforever, --at once. The penitent may say, Oquine haóna no cananacemcatodesuatze, Now, forevermore, I will leave my sins; the perfect beingformed in coari, and the future in uatze. ESTIMATIVE VERB. 26. This denotes the judgment that one forms of anything, as, dénitzem, I judge it good; déni meaning good; hana Diosi denitzem, perhaps you esteem God? nee eme deosaritzem, I judge you happy;deosari meaning happy; nee eme náventzem, I consider you poor--pityyou; náven meaning poor: and they form the perfect, tziui, and futuretziúhtze. CONVERSIVE VERB. 27. When a thing changes so as to pass from one to another formor quality, this verb is used. Earth, tevat; genitive, teuhte;accusative, teuhta, whence comes the verb teúhtuun, I make meearth, --as do the sticks become, and bodies that rot. So dóhmetum, make man, explains the mystery of the incarnation, as, God the Sonmade himself man for us, Dios noquát tamóde, or tamo, betzeguaidóhmetui. So batuum, is made water, bat, water; nasórtaan, I throwaway; nasórtuun, is thrown away, to become corruption; of which theperfect is tui, the future, tutze. 28. There are some _Compound Verbs_ which end in donon, signifyingto go to do something, which appear to be formed from the future, omitting the last syllable tze, and substituting donon, as amúdonon, Igo to hunt; amún being, I hunt; the future amútze; cumándonon, I go togather wood, from cumánan, I gather wood, future cumantze; baudónon, I go to bring water, formed of bat, water; vun, the future of vtze, bring, and donon, which has the perfect doni, and future dontze. 29. The termination guan, is usually a sign of the _Active Verb_, asin mótzguan, I begin: máguan, or máhuan, I plough, and is added bythe natives to some Spanish words they use, such are perdonároguan, I pardon; ayunároguan, I fast; velároguan, I watch. Some form theperfect in guari, and future in guatze; others the perfect in uhri, and future in úhtze, úitze, or in guatze. 30. To form _Compound Neuter Verbs_, the verb dáan, I go, isfrequently used, as bahútunan, I melt (active); bahútudaan, I melt, or am melting, the neuter, barínan, I soften; baricdaan, I go on tosoften; zicónan, I break; zicócdaan, I break (neuter); the perfectbeing dai, the future, détze. 31. _Other Neuters_ are formed of active verbs ending in an bychanging it into en, as sebán, I freeze; seben, freeze; basán, Iripen; basen, ripen; sepán, cool; sepen, cool; nacuan, hurt; nacuen, hurt. To form the perfect, the en is changed into i; but the future, although it always ends in tze, differs, as will appear by thevocabulary. 32. In the same manner as of Active Verbs in an, _Neuter Verbs_ inen are made, so from other actives in an, neuters are made in un, as, busán, I awake another; busún, I awake me; tutzan, I quench; tucún, Iquench me, in the perfect changing the un to i, and the future to tze. PLURAL OF VERBS. 33. This language has the notable peculiarity of the verbs oftentimesdiffering greatly in the plural from the singular, as, vaquén, enterone; múume, enter many; vóon, one to lay down; medáguame, lay downmany; méran, one to run; vóome, many to run; batémucun, to drownoneself; betécoome, many to drown themselves; batemean, drown one;batecódan, drown many. 34. There are many _Compound Active Verbs_ ending in puguan or puuan, which signify to pluck, as beguát, skin, genitive; beúhte, accusative;beúhta, whence beuhpuuan, tear off the skin is formed, and from mo, hair of the human head comes mópuuan, pluck the hair, etc. ; sequát, flower, genitive, seúhte; accusative, seúhta gives seúhpuuan, topluck flowers; nágua; root, genitive, naúhte; accusative, naúhta, whennaúhpuuan, eradicate, is formed, their perfect being in uhri, theirfuture in natze. ZEM, ZEN. 35. Estimative Verbs it has already been said end in tzem, but thereare other verbs of that termination that signify certain passion, failing, or quality, as, hisumtzem, I am hungry; veráctzem, I amthirsty; vrútzen, I am hot; vtétzen, I am cold, which form theirperfects in tziui, the futures in tzíuhtze. TAAN. 36. _The Particle_ taan compounded with a substantive, signifies todo, as, sibúrtaan, to make girdles composed of sibúra, band; zántaan, to make arrows, zamát signifying arrow; vacotaan, to make bow, fromvácotzi, that instrument; but when it is component of the verb itsignifies, I say that I wish, thus from nósquen, I return, nósquitaanis made, signifying, I say that I wish to return, and from pánauan, labor, is pánauataan, I say that I wish to labor. ENI, MANI, HABI, Being the English substantive verb AM. 37. Such is the condition of this part of speech: yonder is a man, anát sei dor _eni_, and if he live there, or is there standing, anátcatzí, etc. , which catzí is used only for persons. Yonder is water, anát, or aguát bat _maní_, yonder is grass, anát dósa _habí_, and alsomay be said, bat eni, dosa eni, but bat habí, dosa mani would not becorrect. Further than this the substantive verb am appears not to showitself clearly: thus that utterance of God, I am that I am, has nocorresponding words in the tongue: it could seemingly be made somewhatintelligible in this wise: Nee uehva nee, which word for word means, I greatly I, and am is not expressed though understood. So in asking, Who is it, the answer is, Nee, and not I with the verb. This method ofspeaking should be regarded: to say the house of Pedro was my house, it should be, Pevroque qui no quiru, of which qui means house, andPevroque qui, house of Pedro. The verb was, does not now exist in itapart, but in expression it appears, or nearly so, in the substantivequi, which is put in the imperfect by the termination of that tense, ru being added, as, quiru, was house; no quiru, was my house. The sameis otherwise said: Pevroque qui no guaguaru, the house of Pedro wasmine; the guagua, if alone, signifies, is mine. MAGUAN. 38. There are several _Compound Verbs_ that end in maguan, whichsignify, to throw something to another, as, ermaguan, to throw blood(erát) on him; dósmaguan, to throw grass (dosát) on him; teúhmaguan, to throw dirt (tevát) on him; sitórimaguan, to throw honey (sitóri) onhim, which form the perfect in guari, the future in guatze. TADEN. 39 The _Particle_ táden, the terminal of several verbs, expresses thelike or dislike the good or evil appearance of anything according tothe name or adverb to which it is joined, as, neve sodóta nanactáden, or hidenatóden, I do not like this bower; tamide naven tamo tademe, we find ourselves poor; nee deosári no taden, I find myself fortunate, the perfect being found in taderi, the future in tadetze. MUCUN. 40. Of the Verb _Mucún_, I die, compounds such as these are made:vrumucún, I die of heat; vrúcóome, they die of heat; hisú-mucún, Idie of hunger; hisúmcóome, they die of hunger; varótmucún, I die ofthirst; varó-coóme, they die of thirst; cúmemucún, I die of envy;cumecoáme, they die of envy. Vrútzen is, I have heat; hisúmtzen, Ihave hunger; veráctzen, I have thirst; cúmen, I have envy. The reasonof changing mucún to form the plural may be seen in section 36. NEOQUEN. 41. Neóquen, means I command, and observe this method as respects itsuse: Nee uneóquen, and I command to bring; nee nerta neóquen, and Icommand, to pray; nee ouit neóquen, and I command to call. Vtze isthe future of vun, I bring; nertátze, I pray, the future of nértaan:ouictze the future of ouican, I call; so that the tze is taken fromthe future, and neóquen is placed in its stead. Notice, likewise, thismethod: Nap ca istutándauh, It is commanded not to lie. So far of the verbs, which as well other parts of speech all theIndians use with nicety and elegance. For their conjugation, asingle exemplar has been given; but their perfects and futures beingdifferently formed, which are the roots whence the other tensesspring, they have been placed in the vocabulary added to the verbs, aknowledge of which will suffice to form all the other times. * * * * * PARTICIPLE. 42. The verbs become participles without undergoing change of form, as, hiósguam, I write, or he that writes, is the present participle;hiósguari, I have written, or he that has written; hiósguatze, I willwrite, or he that will, is the preterite (future?) participle. Thesame in its proportion is to be understood of the passive voice. The _Present Participle_ is of the second declension, forming thegenitive in te, thus Nominative, hiósguan; Genitive, hiósgnante, etc. The imperfect participle is of the same declension, with thedifference that the mark of the imperfect, ru, is the final, as, Nom. Hiósguamru, Gen. Hiósguamteru, etc. The _Perfect Participle_ is of the first declension, having itsgenitive in que, as, Nom. Hiósguari, Gen. Hiósguarique. _Pluperfect Participle_ is declined like the perfect, observingwhat has been said of the imperfect, as, Nom. Hiósguariru, Gen. Hiósguariqueru, etc. The _Future Participle_ belongs to the second declension, thegenitive ending in te, preceded by n or m, as, Nom. Hiósguatze, Gen. Hiósguatzente. The plural, it appears, should be declined in the same manner as thesingular in respect of its termination in te or que. * * * * * PREPOSITION. 43. The prepositions that govern the genitive might with reason becalled postpositions, since they follow the case; for Pedro Pedroquebetzégnai, with you amó ma. * * * * * ADVERB. The adverbs are very many, and by them more especially is expressedthe manner of walking, of sitting, of sounding, etc. , and oftentimesthe enunciation copies after the sense, as, cúusan, I sound; catzcatzecúusan, clattering sound. * * * * * INTERJECTION. 45. Some of the interjections are these: Ari! and when repeated ari, ari! are those of one feeling pain; Asioma is of one that menaces, like, You will see! and Asma is like, I desire to see! Hábesamatzi, Well, then! Ahéne is exclaimed by one who recollects himself;Navehtzemne, Alas! Woe to me! * * * * * CONJUNCTION. 46. The conjunctions to the extent they can, will be treated ofseparately; for although the language of Indians is exact, there aredifficulties to be encountered, and from those not brought up in theiruse, requiring special study. 47. The word _And_ is represented by aui, as, Nee aui nap, I and you, and also by vai placed afterward used in this way, Nee nap vai. 48. Whether the sentence consist of one or of two parts, thisconjunction If is nowhere found, but the gerund in do or co is used;and in this manner should it be of a single part or an individual: IfI do it well, I shall be content, hidénane éndo, or énco, nanacerátze;when of two, thus: If I did it well, you will be content, hidénanetzendo, or emco, nap nanacerátze: whence it may be seen that in thefirst passage is put the nominative nee, having but one part, and inthe second the dative or accusative netz, since another member comesin which is nap, you. These are other examples: If I should be well, I will go to see you, Nee hidéna crádo, osét eme teuhdontze, which isan expression of one proposition, for though two persons enter therethe action is single: If I shall have worked well you will pay me, Neehidéna pananhriuhco, nap netz ovidetze, which is of two positions, theaction being of two. 49. In the examples about to be given, it will be observed that_That_ is never used, whether it correspond to the quod or the utof the Latin. Nee eme vitzán, nap hibe, I see that you are lax; Neeaguáteran, Domincotze amo misa ea vitzaca, I know that you have notheard mass Sunday; where vitzaca or vitzácauh is passive perfect, andthe literal rendering is, I know, on Sunday your mass was not heard. I desire that you may live here, Nee eme iuide cáteo naquém, in whichcáteo is an active perfect participle, and the verb naquém, I desire, ever requires this construction. The verb óqueem, I command, ispeculiar likewise in one respect: in order to say I command you thatyou work, Nee eme panaúaoqueem is said; panaúaoqueem being composed oftwo words, of which panauatze, I will work, is from panaúan, work, thetze final being taken away and substituted by óqueem. 50. The equivalent of _Because_, nanévari, can be thus shown. I becomeangry because you are lax, Nee zínauan, ne néuari nap híbeen: with theparticle aréde, which means because, it may be elegantly expressed, Nap híbeen, aredene zinauan, which, word for word, is, You are lax, for that I become angry. Here are other instances: Because I am sickI do not work, Nee ca panauan, nanéuarine cocotzem; in another manner, Nee cocotzem, arédene ca panauan, or Nee no cócotzihdade ca panauan, which corresponds to this, I, because of my infirmity, do not work. Icome, because you called me, Nee eue hasi, naneuari nap netz ouíqui. Eue, signifying hither, is used because to the Indian ear, I camehither, is more euphonious than only I came. Nap netzoúiqui, arédenehási, I am glad, because you come to see me, Nee nánaceran, nanéuarinap netzeue teúhdóniueren, or otherwise, Nap netz eue teúhdóniuerenarédene nanaceran. 51. The equivalent of _Before_ is caque, the translation of which isnot yet. Before you could come I was already here, Nap caque hasdo neevínu iuide énitude, of which hasdo is the gerund of hásem, that partof speech being thus used with caque, when it signifies before, and isliterally, You not arrived yet, already was I here. Another instance:Before you can go, you will pay me: Caquena dado, netz ovidetze; also, Before the wheat could be planted, it rained: Perilon caque étzihdauh, duqui. 52. _After_ is rendered likewise by the gerunds with the adverb vaar, after. After he had sinned, he was converted to God: Varúhruco vaàr, Diosse vené are viranari, that is, having sinned afterward, etc. ; andalso it may be without vaár, as, After it had rained much, the rivercarried away the earth: Muic duco, bata guasta údari. Again: After thewheat had been cut, it got wet, and was lost: Pericon are tepúnaricouasánhruco nasórtui. 53. _When_ may be rendered by héco, as, When you had come to see me, Ihad gone for wood: Hècona netz eue teuhdòni, nee cumandóniru. Another:When Christ had died, so much as was man died, and had not diedso much as was God: Héco múcruco Cristo, are dóremcade muqui, areDiósemeade ca muqui; where also mucruco is gerund, and likewise maybe said, héco muqui Cristo etc. If the question be asked, When? theaccent is placed upon the last letter. NUMERALS. 54, 55, 57. The native having counted to ten, says ten and one on it, etc. , and at twenty says one man, sei dóhme, for the reason of thatbeing his full number of fingers and toes: for forty he says, twomen, got dóhme, and so on to a hundred, marqui dóhme. After twenty thecount is the same as with the ten, twenty and one on it, etc. Thesenumerals have also their inflections: 1, sei, once, ses, 6, vusani, six times, vusanis, 2, godum, twice, gos, 7, seniovusáni, seven times, seniovusánis, 3, veidum, thrice, veis, 8, gos návoi, eight times, gos návos, 4, nauoi, four times, návos, 9, vesmácoi, nine times, vesmácois, 5, marqui, five times, marquis, 10, macoi, ten times, mácois. The word _Already_, de, is thus added: Gósade, Márquisade, Gosnavosade, Veisade, Vusánisade, Vesmácoisade, Navósade, Seniovusánisade, Mácoisade. ORDINALS. 56. To form these the numerals are put in the ablative with in, _tze_, which is placed afterward as the prepositions ever are. Sétze, first;góctze, second; véictze, third; návoctze, fourth; márquitze, fifth;vusánitze, sixth; seniovásanitze, seventh; gosnávoctze, eighth;vesmácoitze, ninth; mácoitze, tenth. First is also called vatzutneréntze. 58. On the third day, is expressed, Veie queco; on the fourth day, Navoe queco, etc. * * * * * THE LORD'S PRAYER. IN SPANISH AND HEVE. Nuestro Padre, que estás en el cielo. Tu nombre sea grandemente creido. A nosotros venga tu reino. Tu voluntad aqui en la tierra se haga, come se hace en el cielo. Nuestra comida cotidiana danosla hoy. Ten nos lástima limpiandonos nuestros pecados, asi como tenemos lástima á nuestros enemigos. No dexaras al Diablo, que nos hace caer en el pecado; mas guárdanos del mal. Amen. Tamo Nóno, tevíetze catzi, canné tegua uéhva vitzua terádauh. Tomo canne vené hasém amo Quéidagua. Amo canne hinádocauh iuhtépatz éndaugh, teníctze endahtevén. Quécovi tamo bádagua óqui tame mie. Tame náventziuh tame piuidcdo tamo canáde émea; ein tamide tamo. Ovi tamo páven tziuhdahteven. Cana tótzi Díablo tatacóritze tame huétudenta; nassa tame hipur eadénitzenai Amen. ENGLISH FROM THE SPANISH. Our Father, who art in heaven. Thy name be greatly believed in. To us come thy kingdom. Thy will here on earth be done, as it is done in heaven. Our daily bread give us this day. Have pity on us, cleansing us of our sins, as we have pity on our enemies. Leave us not to the Devil, that he cause us to fall into sin, but keep us from evil. Amen. * * * * * VOCABULARY. Acorn, _tohátacat_. Adobe, _saamí_; to make _saamítaan_. Air, _vaheia_. Amoli, soap-plant, _baròt_, Gen. _baróte_, Ac. _baròta_. Arm, _nocat_. Arrow, _zamát_, to make _zántaan_, to poison with vegetable _hithutzaguan_. Arrowhead of stone, _tavit_. Autumn, _mahuákis_. Axe, _métesiuen_. Bad, _cadéni_. To bark, _vüden_. Basket, _huarit_. Bear, _mavár_. Beard, _hinsi_. Bee, _mumúhuo_. Belly, _síguat_. Bird, _viguits_. Bitter, _chipúen_. Black, _sóvei_. Blanket, _estári_. Blue, _tadei_. Blood, _erát_. To boil, _tonóri_. Bone, _hógua_. Bow, _vácotzi_. Boy, _doritizi_. Brother, the elder, _vátzgua_ the younger, _róngua_. Brown, _temosei, vamei mai_. Buzzard, _tecó_. But, _nassá_. Cane, _omá_. Canoe, _vvasguasiuen_. To cheat, _istuden_. Chameleon, _itzícamúr_. Clay, _taarát_. Cloud, _mosit_. Coal, _ovi_. Cobweb, _vitoroca_. Cold, _vteri, vteragua_; it is cold, _vtéen_, to feel cold _vtetzen_. To come, _verén_. Cotton, _chin_. Coyote, _voi_. Crane, _coro_. Cricket, _vaui sorótz_. Crow, _cáratz_. Dance, _dáhdauh_, to _dáuen_. Daughter, the father says, _márgua_; the mother, _nótzgua_. Day, _taui_, to-day, _oqui táuitze_. Deaf, _nacáp_. Deer, _masót, suputz_. Difficult, _omtziteri_. Distant, _mecu_. Ditch, _vavat_. Dog, _chúchi_. Dove, _ococói_. Drizzle, _veiguat, bahú ragua_. Drown, see Water. Drunkard, _tutzan_. Dry, or thin, _huáqui_. Duck, _bavitz_, a large black variety, _humuviri_. Dumb, _nipí_. Dust, _báta_. Eagle, _páue_. Ear, _nacát_. Earth, _tóvat_. East, _sivín_, from the east hither _sivitz-cue_, for the east _sivitzuai_, to the east nearly _sivicon_. To eat, _hibáan_. Egg, _aiavora_. Elm, _vasát_. Enemy, _ovigua_. Eye, _vusit_. Face, _vúsva_. To fall, _huetzén_. Father, _nonogua_; the woman says _másgua_. Feather, _hunsa_. To fear, _scuitzen_. Female, if a child, _hoquitz_; if large, _hoquis_; if grown, _hoit_; if aged, _hoisguari_. Finger, _mamát_. Fire, _te_. To finish, _biháu_. To fight, _nácodan, nahódan_. First, _batzút_; first time, _viguat_. Fish-hook, _seiuiquirina_; fish, _cuchút_. Flesh, _sába_. Flower, _sequát_. To fly, _méen_. Flea, _tepu_. Food, _hibé, badagua_. Foot, _tarát_. Fox, _caos_. Frog, _temat_; small _sivor_. Fruit, _tacat, baságua_; of the field, _túdaugh, tudahua_. Girl, _hoquitzi_. To go, _daau_. Good, _déni_. Goodness, _denirava, dénihibéraua_. Grass, _dósa_. Gratis, _nassahitáua_. Great, _tavéi_. Green, _sidei_. Half, _nataio_. Hand, _mamát_, right, _hibe puuai_, left, _zicópeuai_. Happy, _decsari_. Hail, _tehét_. Hard, _zeen, zeitera_. Hawk, _toháuo_, the large, _sübi_, the red, _hisúntocotz_, the little _chinuópar_, the little spotted _oris_. Head, _zonit_. Heart, _hibés_. Heat, _úruri_. Heron, white _batósa_, with dark wings, _bahesó_. Hole, _hibíhi_. Honey, _vatzia_. House, _quit_, of stick _cúquit_, of adobe _saamiquit_, of grass _dosquit_, of mud _batóquit_, of mat _hipequit_. Hunger, _hisumagua_. Husband, _cúngua_. Ice, _sutéuhoi_. Idol, _hósit_. Infant, _vrátz_. To irrigate, _vanuun_. Knee, _tonót_. Language, _nerit_. Lagune, _báhri_. Lead, _temésti_. Leaf, _sagua_; of maize, _sonót_, to leaf or bud, _ziradaan_; to fall, _sauhdiórion_. Leg, _morica_. Liar, _istuneri_. To lie, _istun_. Lie, _isturagua_. Lizard, _behór_. Lime, _azot_. Lip, _ténpira_. Little, _chúpi_. Love, _hinadodauh_. To love, _naquén, hinádocon_. Maiden, _náhua hoquis_. Maize, _sunút_. Maizefield, _etzét_. Mesquit, _hupuro_, the fruit _zona_. Metal, _sati_. Moon, _metzat_. Mother, _degua_. Mouse, _zicúr_. Mouth, _tenít_. Night, _chúgoi_. North, _batén_, from the North hither _bahitz-áue_, to _bahitzuai_, to the north nearly _bútecon_. The Indian ever has the points of the compass present to his mind and expresses himself accordingly in words, although it shall be of matters in his house. No, _quáta, ca_. Nose, _dacàt_. Now, _óqui_. Oak, _tohá_, the red _vadásor_. Old man, _dotzí_. Orphan, _topini_. Owl, _haropeuátz_. Parched, _saquét_. Paroquet, _zíra_. Peak, _cauitze mógua_. People, _dóhme_. Petticoat, _esát_. Phesant, _puráva_. Pigeon, _macágua_; the wild _cucúr_. Pine, _vocot, sivér_. Pine grove, _voceura_. Plant, _zivadai, vehri_. Plume-crest, _cumisa_. Poison, _zarua_. Purple, _hácagua_. Quail, _cue_. To quarrel, _nevúden, nepúden_. Rabbit, _távu_. Rain, _dúqui_, to _dúcun_. Rainbow, _vainára_. Rat, _voiset_. Red, _siquei_. River, _haquit_. Rivulet, _bavútzque_. Road, _vouet_. Rock, _evét, sibát_. Salt, _onát_. Sand, _sa_. To say, _teén_. Scorpion, _tomúor_. Season of rain, _badás_; of heat, _cuués_, _cuuesragua_; of cold, _tomóragua_, _tomodagua_. Seed, _suvútzi_. Squirrel, _heretz_. Stomach, _voquima_. Stone, _tet_. Straw, _moquàt_. String, _tegámi, fibre_. To seek, _hiamun_. Shade, _heias, heiagua_. Shower, _dúqui_. Silver, _teoquita_. Sister, the elder, _cótzgua_; the younger, _víngua_. Skin, _peguat_. Sky, _teguica, teuica_. Sleep, _cotzàt, cotziragua_. Smoke, _morágua_. Snow, _sutéhri_. Son, the father says _nóguat_; the mother, _notzgua_. Sour, _zocáen_. South _tenún_, to the south nearly, _tenacon, tenauai, tánai_, from the south hither _ténauai áue_. Speech, _nerit_. Spring, time of drought, _túsar, cuuesragua_. Star, _sibora_; Venus, _zarin_; the three Marias, _vauróra tácsoi_. To steal, _etzbaan_. Stick, _cut_. To sting, _húhan_. Stream, _haquit_. Summer, time of rain, _badás_. Sun, _túui_. Swallow, _vaidarus_. Sweet, _quegúaen, queguateri_. Tail, _basit_. Tear, _opet_. That, _at, ar_. Thicket, _churi_. Thief, _etzbaan, etzibaras_. Thigh, _moríca_. This, _verido, vet_, with this _verema_, by this _vérede_. Thrush, _chanate, zaia_. Thorn, _vetzát_, of nopal, _nacóuetzat_. Tiger, _tutzí_. Toad, _cohar_. Tobacco, _vivát_. To-morrow, _queco_. Tongue, _nenét_. Tooth, _tanus_. Town, _hoirúgua_. Track, _darút, déruh_. Tree, _cut_. Turkey, _ziúi_. Turtle, _múri_. Valley, _haqúit_. Viper, _sameior_, the coral _mapurvúcotz_. Virgin, _naha hoquis_. Virmillion, or yellow, _basca_. War, _nahódadauh_. To wash, _vacoran_. Wasp, _huiquitunútz_. Water, _bat_, G. _bate_, Ac. _báta_; hot, _basuera_, warm, _camérabasucrari_, cold _batutáeu_. To drown one _bátemean_, Per. _bateméari_, Fut. _bateméatze_, from _mean_ to kill one: to drown many _batécodan_, Per. _batécoi_, Fut. _batécoitze_, from _codan_ to kill many: many to become drowned _batecéome_, Per. _batécoi_, Fut. _batecotze_, from _coome_ many to die: one to become drowned, _batémucun_, Per. _batémuqui_, Fut. _batémuctze_, from _múcun_ one to die. (See section 33. ) Watermelon, _himus_. To weep, _baúnan_. Well, _batécori_, to make, _batécoran_, from _tecori_, bowl. West, _huritzei_; to the west, _hurún, hurucon, huritzuai_; from the west hither _huritzcue. To whistle, _bicudaguan_. White, _sútei_. Wide, _huena_. Wife, _húhgua_. Wild-cat, _porótz_. Wind, _vahéca_. Winter, _tomó, utédo_ time of cold. Wolf, _húrue_. Word, _nerit_. Wood, _cút_. Woman, _hoquis_. Wood, _cùquit_. Wound, _vücat_, to _nacùan_. Year, _betúragua_. Yellow, _súvei_. Yes, _háue_, (more emphatically) _hai eco_; woman says, heè_. Yesterday, _tuut_.