GHOSTS

By Henrik Ibsen

Translated, with an Introduction, by William Archer

INTRODUCTION. 

The winter of 1879-80 Ibsen spent in Munich, and the greater part of thesummer of 1880 at Berchtesgaden. November 1880 saw him back in Rome, andhe passed the summer of 1881 at Sorrento. There, fourteen years earlier, he had written the last acts of _Peer Gynt_; there he now wrote, or atany rate completed, _Gengangere_. It was published in December 1881, after he had returned to Rome. On December 22 he wrote to LudwigPassarge, one of his German translators, "My new play has now appeared, and has occasioned a terrible uproar in the Scandinavian press; everyday I receive letters and newspaper articles decrying or praising it. .. . I consider it utterly impossible that any German theatre will accept theplay at present. I hardly believe that they will dare to play it in theScandinavian countries for some time to come. " How rightly he judged weshall see anon. 

In the newspapers there was far more obloquy than praise. Two men, however, stood by him from the first: Björnson, from whom he had beenpractically estranged ever since _The League of Youth_, and GeorgBrandes. The latter published an article in which he declared (I quotefrom memory) that the play might or might not be Ibsen's greatestwork, but that it was certainly his noblest deed. It was, doubtless, inacknowledgment of this article that Ibsen wrote to Brandes on January 3, 1882: "Yesterday I had the great pleasure of receiving your brilliantlyclear and so warmly appreciative review of _Ghosts_. .. . All who readyour article must, it seems to me, have their eyes opened to what Imeant by my new book--assuming, that is, that they have any _wish_ tosee. For I cannot get rid of the impression that a very large number ofthe false interpretations which have appeared in the newspapers arethe work of people who know better. In Norway, however, I am willing tobelieve that the stultification has in most cases been unintentional;and the reason is not far to seek. In that country a great many of thecritics are theologians, more or less disguised; and these gentlemenare, as a rule, quite unable to write rationally about creativeliterature. That enfeeblement of judgment which, at least in the caseof the average man, is an inevitable consequence of prolonged occupationwith theological studies, betrays itself more especially in the judgingof human character, human actions, and human motives. Practical businessjudgment, on the other hand, does not suffer so much from studies ofthis order. Therefore the reverend gentlemen are very often excellentmembers of local boards; but they are unquestionably our worst critics. "This passage is interesting as showing clearly the point of view fromwhich Ibsen conceived the character of Manders. In the next paragraphof the same letter he discusses the attitude of "the so-called Liberalpress"; but as the paragraph contains the germ of _An Enemy of thePeople_, it may most fittingly be quoted in the introduction to thatplay. 

Three days later (January 6) Ibsen wrote to Schandorph, the Danishnovelist: "I was quite prepared for the hubbub. If certain of ourScandinavian reviewers have no talent for anything else, they havean unquestionable talent for thoroughly misunderstanding andmisinterpreting those authors whose books they undertake to judge. .. . They endeavour to make me responsible for the opinions which certain ofthe personages of my drama express. And yet there is not in the wholebook a single opinion, a single utterance, which can be laid to theaccount of the author. I took good care to avoid this. The very method, the order of technique which imposes its form upon the play, forbidsthe author to appear in the speeches of his characters. My object wasto make the reader feel that he was going through a piece of realexperience; and nothing could more effectually prevent such animpression than the intrusion of the author's private opinions into thedialogue. Do they imagine at home that I am so inexpert in the theory ofdrama as not to know this? Of course I know it, and act accordingly. In no other play that I have written is the author so external to theaction, so entirely absent from it, as in this last one. "

"They say, " he continued, "that the book preaches Nihilism. Not at all. It is not concerned to preach anything whatsoever. It merely pointsto the ferment of Nihilism going on under the surface, at home aselsewhere. A Pastor Manders will always goad one or other Mrs. Alvingto revolt. And just because she is a woman, she will, when once she hasbegun, go to the utmost extremes. "

Towards the end of January Ibsen wrote from Rome to Olaf Skavlan:"These last weeks have brought me a wealth of experiences, lessons, anddiscoveries. I, of course, foresaw that my new play would call forth ahowl from the camp of the stagnationists; and for; this I care no morethan for the barking of a pack of chained dogs. But the pusillanimitywhich I have observed among the so-called Liberals has given me causefor reflection. The very day after my play was published the _Dagblad_rushed out a hurriedly-written article, evidently designed to purgeitself of all suspicion of complicity in my work. This was entirelyunnecessary. I myself am responsible for what I write, I and no oneelse. I cannot possibly embarrass any party, for to no party do Ibelong. I stand like a solitary franc-tireur at the outposts, andfight for my own hand. The only man in Norway who has stood up freely, frankly, and courageously for me is Björnson. It is just like him. Hehas in truth a great, kingly soul, and I shall never forget his actionin this matter. "

One more quotation completes the history of these stirring Januarydays, as written by Ibsen himself. It occurs in a letter to a Danishjournalist, Otto Borchsenius. "It may well be, " the poet writes, "thatthe play is in several respects rather daring. But it seemed to methat the time had come for moving some boundary-posts. And this was anundertaking for which a man of the older generation, like myself, wasbetter fitted than the many younger authors who might desire to dosomething of the kind. I was prepared for a storm; but such storms onemust not shrink from encountering. That would be cowardice. "

It happened that, just in these days, the present writer had frequentopportunities of conversing with Ibsen, and of hearing from his own lipsalmost all the views expressed in the above extracts. He was especiallyemphatic, I remember, in protesting against the notion that the opinionsexpressed by Mrs. Alving or Oswald were to be attributed to himself. Heinsisted, on the contrary, that Mrs. Alving's views were merely typicalof the moral chaos inevitably produced by re-action from the narrowconventionalism represented by Manders. 

With one consent, the leading theatres of the three Scandinaviancapitals declined to have anything to do with the play. It was morethan eighteen months old before it found its way to the stage at all. InAugust 1883 it was acted for the first time at Helsingborg, Sweden, bya travelling company under the direction of an eminent Swedish actor, August Lindberg, who himself played Oswald. He took it on tour round theprincipal cities of Scandinavia, playing it, among the rest, at a minortheatre in Christiania. It happened that the boards of the ChristianiaTheatre were at the same time occupied by a French farce; and publicdemonstrations of protest were made against the managerial policy whichgave _Tête de Linotte_ the preference over _Gengangere_. Gradually theprejudice against the play broke down. Already in the autumn of 1883 itwas produced at the Royal (Dramatiska) Theatre in Stockholm. When thenew National Theatre was opened in Christiania in 1899, _Gengangere_found an early place in its repertory; and even the Royal Theatre inCopenhagen has since opened its doors to the tragedy. 

Not until April 1886 was _Gespenster_ acted in Germany, and then only ata private performance, at the Stadttheater, Augsburg, the poet himselfbeing present. In the following winter it was acted at the famous CourtTheatre at Meiningen, again in the presence of the poet. The first(private) performance in Berlin took place on January 9, 1887, at theResidenz Theater; and when the Freie Bühne, founded on the model of theParis Theatre Libre, began its operations two years later (September 29, 1889), _Gespenster_ was the first play that it produced. The Freie Bühnegave the initial impulse to the whole modern movement which has givenGermany a new dramatic literature; and the leaders of the movement, whether authors or critics, were one and all ardent disciples of Ibsen, who regarded _Gespenster_ as his typical masterpiece. In Germany, then, the play certainly did, in Ibsen's own words, "move someboundary-posts. " The Prussian censorship presently withdrew its veto, and on, November 27, 1894, the two leading literary theatres of Berlin, the Deutsches Theater and the Lessing Theater, gave simultaneousperformances of the tragedy. Everywhere in Germany and Austria it isnow freely performed; but it is naturally one of the least popular ofIbsen's plays. 

It was with _Les Revenants_ that Ibsen made his first appearance on theFrench stage. The play was produced by the Théâtre Libre (at theThéâtre des Menus-Plaisirs) on May 29, 1890. Here, again, it became thewatchword of the new school of authors and critics, and aroused a gooddeal of opposition among the old school. But the most hostile Frenchcriticisms were moderation itself compared with the torrents of abusewhich were poured upon _Ghosts_ by the journalists of London when, onMarch 13, 1891, the Independent Theatre, under the direction of Mr. J. T. Grein, gave a private performance of the play at the Royalty Theatre, Soho. I have elsewhere [Note: See "The Mausoleum of Ibsen, " _FortnightlyReview_, August 1893. See also Mr. Bernard Shaw's _Quintessence ofIbsenism_, p. 89, and my introduction to Ghosts in the single-volumeedition. ] placed upon record some of the amazing feats of vituperationachieved of the critics, and will not here recall them. It is sufficientto say that if the play had been a tenth part as nauseous as theepithets hurled at it and its author, the Censor's veto would have beenamply justified. That veto is still (1906) in force. England enjoys theproud distinction of being the one country in the world where _Ghosts_may not be publicly acted. In the United States, the first performanceof the play in English took place at the Berkeley Lyceum, New York City, on January 5, 1894. The production was described by Mr. W. D. Howells as"a great theatrical event--the very greatest I have ever known. " Otherleading men of letters were equally impressed by it. Five years later, asecond production took place at the Carnegie Lyceum; and an adventurousmanager has even taken the play on tour in the United States. TheItalian version of the tragedy, _Gli Spettri_, has ever since 1892taken a prominent place in the repertory of the great actors Zaccone andNovelli, who have acted it, not only throughout Italy, but in Austria, Germany, Russia, Spain, and South America. 

In an interview, published immediately after Ibsen's death, BjörnstjerneBjörnson, questioned as to what he held to be his brother-poet'sgreatest work, replied, without a moment's hesitation, _Gengangere_. This dictum can scarcely, I think, be accepted without somequalification. Even confining our attention to the modern plays, andleaving out of comparison _The Pretenders_, _Brand_, and _Peer Gynt_, we can scarcely call _Ghosts_ Ibsen's richest or most human play, andcertainly not his profoundest or most poetical. If some omnipotentCensorship decreed the annihilation of all his works save one, fewpeople, I imagine, would vote that that one should be _Ghosts_. Even ifhalf a dozen works were to be saved from the wreck, I doubt whether I, for my part, would include _Ghosts_ in the list. It is, in my judgment, a little bare, hard, austere. It is the first work in which Ibsenapplies his new technical method--evolved, as I have suggested, duringthe composition of _A Doll's House_--and he applies it with somethingof fanaticism. He is under the sway of a prosaic ideal--confessed in thephrase, "My object was to make the reader feel that he was going througha piece of real experience"--and he is putting some constraint uponthe poet within him. The action moves a little stiffly, and all in onerhythm. It lacks variety and suppleness. Moreover, the play affords someslight excuse for the criticism which persists in regarding Ibsen as apreacher rather than as a creator--an author who cares more for ideasand doctrines than for human beings. Though Mrs. Alving, Engstrand andRegina are rounded and breathing characters, it cannot be denied thatManders strikes one as a clerical type rather than an individual, whileeven Oswald might not quite unfairly be described as simply and solelyhis father's son, an object-lesson in heredity. We cannot be said toknow him, individually and intimately, as we know Helmer or Stockmann, Hialmar Ekdal or Gregors Werle. Then, again, there are one or twocurious flaws in the play. The question whether Oswald's "case" is onewhich actually presents itself in the medical books seems to me of verytrifling moment. It is typically true, even if it be not true in detail. The suddenness of the catastrophe may possibly be exaggerated, itspremonitions and even its essential nature may be misdescribed. On theother hand, I conceive it, probable that the poet had documents to foundupon, which may be unknown to his critics. I have never taken any painsto satisfy myself upon the point, which seems to me quite immaterial. There is not the slightest doubt that the life-history of a CaptainAlving may, and often does, entail upon posterity consequences quiteas tragic as those which ensue in Oswald's case, and far morewide-spreading. That being so, the artistic justification of the poet'spresentment of the case is certainly not dependent on its absolutescientific accuracy. The flaws above alluded to are of another nature. One of them is the prominence given to the fact that the Asylumis uninsured. No doubt there is some symbolical purport in thecircumstance; but I cannot think that it is either sufficiently clear orsufficiently important to justify the emphasis thrown upon it at theend of the second act. Another dubious point is Oswald's argument inthe first act as to the expensiveness of marriage as compared with freeunion. Since the parties to free union, as he describes it, accept allthe responsibilities of marriage, and only pretermit the ceremony, thedifference of expense, one would suppose, must be neither more nor lessthan the actual marriage fee. I have never seen this remark of Oswald'sadequately explained, either as a matter of economic fact, or as atrait of character. Another blemish, of somewhat greater moment, is theinconceivable facility with which, in the third act, Manders suffershimself to be victimised by Engstrand. All these little things, takentogether, detract, as it seems to me, from the artistic completeness ofthe play, and impair its claim to rank as the poet's masterpiece. Evenin prose drama, his greatest and most consummate achievements were yetto come. 

Must we, then, wholly dissent from Björnson's judgment? I think not. Ina historical, if not in an aesthetic, sense, _Ghosts_ may well rank asIbsen's greatest work. It was the play which first gave the full measureof his technical and spiritual originality and daring. It has donefar more than any other of his plays to "move boundary-posts. " It hasadvanced the frontiers of dramatic art and implanted new ideals, bothtechnical and intellectual, in the minds of a whole generation ofplaywrights. It ranks with _Hernani_ and _La Dame aux Camélias_ amongthe epoch-making plays of the nineteenth century, while in point ofessential originality it towers above them. We cannot, I think, getnearer to the truth than Georg Brandes did in the above-quoted phrasefrom his first notice of the play, describing it as not, perhaps, thepoet's greatest work, but certainly his noblest deed. In another essay, Brandes has pointed to it, with equal justice, as marking Ibsen's finalbreach with his early-one might almost say his hereditary romanticism. He here becomes, at last, "the most modern of the moderns. " "This, I amconvinced, " says the Danish critic, "is his imperishable glory, and willgive lasting life to his works. "

GHOSTS

A FAMILY-DRAMA IN THREE ACTS. 

(1881)

CHARACTERS. 

 MRS. HELEN ALVING, widow of Captain Alving, late Chamberlain to the King. [Note: Chamberlain (Kammerherre) is the only title of honour now existing in Norway. It is a distinction conferred by the King on men of wealth and position, and is not hereditary. ] OSWALD ALVING, her son, a painter. PASTOR MANDERS. JACOB ENGSTRAND, a carpenter. REGINA ENGSTRAND, Mrs. Alving's maid. 

The action takes place at Mrs. Alving's country house, beside one of thelarge fjords in Western Norway. 

ACT FIRST. 

[A spacious garden-room, with one door to the left, and two doors to theright. In the middle of the room a round table, with chairs about it. Onthe table lie books, periodicals, and newspapers. In the foreground tothe left a window, and by it a small sofa, with a worktable in front ofit. In the background, the room is continued into a somewhat narrowerconservatory, the walls of which are formed by large panes of glass. Inthe right-hand wall of the conservatory is a door leading down intothe garden. Through the glass wall a gloomy fjord landscape is faintlyvisible, veiled by steady rain. ]

[ENGSTRAND, the carpenter, stands by the garden door. His left legis somewhat bent; he has a clump of wood under the sole of his boot. REGINA, with an empty garden syringe in her hand, hinders him fromadvancing. ]

REGINA. [In a low voice. ] What do you want? Stop where you are. You'repositively dripping. 

ENGSTRAND. It's the Lord's own rain, my girl. 

REGINA. It's the devil's rain, _I_ say. 

ENGSTRAND. Lord, how you talk, Regina. [Limps a step or two forward intothe room. ] It's just this as I wanted to say--

REGINA. Don't clatter so with that foot of yours, I tell you! The youngmaster's asleep upstairs. 

ENGSTRAND. Asleep? In the middle of the day?

REGINA. It's no business of yours. 

ENGSTRAND. I was out on the loose last night--

REGINA. I can quite believe that. 

ENGSTRAND. Yes, we're weak vessels, we poor mortals, my girl--

REGINA. So it seems. 

ENGSTRAND. --and temptations are manifold in this world, you see. But allthe same, I was hard at work, God knows, at half-past five this morning. 

REGINA. Very well; only be off now. I won't stop here and have_rendezvous's_ [Note: This and other French words by Regina are in thatlanguage in the original] with you. 

ENGSTRAND. What do you say you won't have?

REGINA. I won't have any one find you here; so just you go about yourbusiness. 

ENGSTRAND. [Advances a step or two. ] Blest if I go before I've hada talk with you. This afternoon I shall have finished my work at theschool house, and then I shall take to-night's boat and be off home tothe town. 

REGINA. [Mutters. ] Pleasant journey to you!

ENGSTRAND. Thank you, my child. To-morrow the Orphanage is to be opened, and then there'll be fine doings, no doubt, and plenty of intoxicatingdrink going, you know. And nobody shall say of Jacob Engstrand that hecan't keep out of temptation's way. 

REGINA. Oh!

ENGSTRAND. You see, there's to be heaps of grand folks here to-morrow. Pastor Manders is expected from town, too. 

REGINA. He's coming to-day. 

ENGSTRAND. There, you see! And I should be cursedly sorry if he foundout anything against me, don't you understand?

REGINA. Oho! is that your game?

ENGSTRAND. Is what my game?

REGINA. [Looking hard at him. ] What are you going to fool Pastor Mandersinto doing, this time?

ENGSTRAND. Sh! sh! Are you crazy? Do _I_ want to fool Pastor Manders? Ohno! Pastor Manders has been far too good a friend to me for that. But Ijust wanted to say, you know--that I mean to be off home again to-night. 

REGINA. The sooner the better, say I. 

ENGSTRAND. Yes, but I want you with me, Regina. 

REGINA. [Open-mouthed. ] You want me--? What are you talking about?

ENGSTRAND. I want you to come home with me, I say. 

REGINA. [Scornfully. ] Never in this world shall you get me home withyou. 

ENGSTRAND. Oh, we'll see about that. 

REGINA. Yes, you may be sure we'll see about it! Me, that have beenbrought up by a lady like Mrs Alving! Me, that am treated almost as adaughter here! Is it me you want to go home with you?--to a house likeyours? For shame!

ENGSTRAND. What the devil do you mean? Do you set yourself up againstyour father, you hussy?

REGINA. [Mutters without looking at him. ] You've sail often enough I wasno concern of yours. 

ENGSTRAND. Pooh! Why should you bother about that--

REGINA. Haven't you many a time sworn at me and called me a--? _Fidonc_!

ENGSTRAND. Curse me, now, if ever I used such an ugly word. 

REGINA. Oh, I remember very well what word you used. 

ENGSTRAND. Well, but that was only when I was a bit on, don't you know?Temptations are manifold in this world, Regina. 

REGINA. Ugh!

ENGSTRAND. And besides, it was when your mother was that aggravating--Ihad to find something to twit her with, my child. She was always settingup for a fine lady. [Mimics. ] "Let me go, Engstrand; let me be. Remember I was three years in Chamberlain Alving's family at Rosenvold. "[Laughs. ] Mercy on us! She could never forget that the Captain was madea Chamberlain while she was in service here. 

REGINA. Poor mother! you very soon tormented her into her grave. 

ENGSTRAND. [With a twist of his shoulders. ] Oh, of course! I'm to havethe blame for everything. 

REGINA. [Turns away; half aloud. ] Ugh--! And that leg too!

ENGSTRAND. What do you say, my child?

REGINA. _Pied de mouton_. 

ENGSTRAND. Is that English, eh?

REGINA. Yes. 

ENGSTRAND. Ay, ay; you've picked up some learning out here; and that maycome in useful now, Regina. 

REGINA. [After a short silence. ] What do you want with me in town?

ENGSTRAND. Can you ask what a father wants with his only child? A'n't Ia lonely, forlorn widower?

REGINA. Oh, don't try on any nonsense like that with me! Why do you wantme?

ENGSTRAND. Well, let me tell you, I've been thinking of setting up in anew line of business. 

REGINA. [Contemptuously. ] You've tried that often enough, and much goodyou've done with it. 

ENGSTRAND. Yes, but this time you shall see, Regina! Devil take me--

REGINA. [Stamps. ] Stop your swearing!

ENGSTRAND. Hush, hush; you're right enough there, my girl. What I wantedto say was just this--I've laid by a very tidy pile from this Orphanagejob. 

REGINA. Have you? That's a good thing for you. 

ENGSTRAND. What can a man spend his ha'pence on here in this countryhole?

REGINA. Well, what then?

ENGSTRAND. Why, you see, I thought of putting the money into some payingspeculation. I thought of a sort of a sailor's tavern--

REGINA. Pah!

ENGSTRAND. A regular high-class affair, of course; not any sort ofpig-sty for common sailors. No! damn it! it would be for captains andmates, and--and--regular swells, you know. 

REGINA. And I was to--?

ENGSTRAND. You were to help, to be sure. Only for the look of the thing, you understand. Devil a bit of hard work shall you have, my girl. Youshall do exactly what you like. 

REGINA. Oh, indeed!

ENGSTRAND. But there must be a petticoat in the house; that's as clearas daylight. For I want to have it a bit lively like in the evenings, with singing and dancing, and so on. You must remember they're wearywanderers on the ocean of life. [Nearer. ] Now don't be a fool andstand in your own light, Regina. What's to become of you out here? Yourmistress has given you a lot of learning; but what good is that to you?You're to look after the children at the new Orphanage, I hear. Is thatthe sort of thing for you, eh? Are you so dead set on wearing your lifeout for a pack of dirty brats?

REGINA. No; if things go as I want them to--Well there's nosaying--there's no saying. 

ENGSTRAND. What do you mean by "there's no saying"?

REGINA. Never you mind. --How much money have you saved?

ENGSTRAND. What with one thing and another, a matter of seven oreight hundred crowns. [A "krone" is equal to one shilling andthree-halfpence. ]

REGINA. That's not so bad. 

ENGSTRAND. It's enough to make a start with, my girl. 

REGINA. Aren't you thinking of giving me any?

ENGSTRAND. No, I'm blest if I am!

REGINA. Not even of sending me a scrap of stuff for a new dress?

ENGSTRAND. Come to town with me, my lass, and you'll soon get dressesenough. 

REGINA. Pooh! I can do that on my own account, if I want to. 

ENGSTRAND. No, a father's guiding hand is what you want, Regina. Now, I've got my eye on a capital house in Little Harbour Street. They don'twant much ready-money; and it could be a sort of a Sailors' Home, youknow. 

REGINA. But I will not live with you! I have nothing whatever to do withyou. Be off!

ENGSTRAND. You wouldn't stop long with me, my girl. No such luck! Ifyou knew how to play your cards, such a fine figure of a girl as you'vegrown in the last year or two--

REGINA. Well?

ENGSTRAND. You'd soon get hold of some mate--or maybe even a captain--

REGINA. I won't marry any one of that sort. Sailors have no _savoirvivre_. 

ENGSTRAND. What's that they haven't got?

REGINA. I know what sailors are, I tell you. They're not the sort ofpeople to marry. 

ENGSTRAND. Then never mind about marrying them. You can make it pay allthe same. [More confidentially. ] He--the Englishman--the man with theyacht--he came down with three hundred dollars, he did; and she wasn't abit handsomer than you. 

REGINA. [Making for him. ] Out you go!

ENGSTRAND. [Falling back. ] Come, come! You're not going to hit me, Ihope. 

REGINA. Yes, if you begin talking about mother I shall hit you. Get awaywith you, I say! [Drives him back towards the garden door. ] And don'tslam the doors. Young Mr. Alving--

ENGSTRAND. He's asleep; I know. You're mightily taken up about young Mr. Alving--[More softly. ] Oho! you don't mean to say it's him as--?

REGINA. Be off this minute! You're crazy, I tell you! No, not that way. There comes Pastor Manders. Down the kitchen stairs with you. 

ENGSTRAND. [Towards the right. ] Yes, yes, I'm going. But just you talkto him as is coming there. He's the man to tell you what a child owesits father. For I am your father all the same, you know. I can prove itfrom the church register. 

[He goes out through the second door to the right, which REGINA hasopened, and closes again after him. REGINA glances hastily at herself inthe mirror, dusts herself with her pocket handkerchief; and settles hernecktie; then she busies herself with the flowers. ]

[PASTOR MANDERS, wearing an overcoat, carrying an umbrella, and witha small travelling-bag on a strap over his shoulder, comes through thegarden door into the conservatory. ]

MANDERS. Good-morning, Miss Engstrand. 

REGINA. [Turning round, surprised and pleased. ] No, really! Goodmorning, Pastor Manders. Is the steamer in already?

MANDERS. It is just in. [Enters the sitting-room. ] Terrible weather wehave been having lately. 

REGINA. [Follows him. ] It's such blessed weather for the country, sir. 

MANDERS. No doubt; you are quite right. We townspeople give too littlethought to that. [He begins to take of his overcoat. ]

REGINA. Oh, mayn't I help you?--There! Why, how wet it is? I'll justhang it up in the hall. And your umbrella, too--I'll open it and let itdry. 

[She goes out with the things through the second door on the right. PASTOR MANDERS takes off his travelling bag and lays it and his hat on achair. Meanwhile REGINA comes in again. ]

MANDERS. Ah, it's a comfort to get safe under cover. I hope everythingis going on well here?

REGINA. Yes, thank you, sir. 

MANDERS. You have your hands full, I suppose, in preparation forto-morrow?

REGINA. Yes, there's plenty to do, of course. 

MANDERS. And Mrs. Alving is at home, I trust?

REGINA. Oh dear, yes. She's just upstairs, looking after the youngmaster's chocolate. 

MANDERS. Yes, by-the-bye--I heard down at the pier that Oswald hadarrived. 

REGINA. Yes, he came the day before yesterday. We didn't expect himbefore to-day. 

MANDERS. Quite strong and well, I hope?

REGINA. Yes, thank you, quite; but dreadfully tired with the journey. Hehas made one rush right through from Paris--the whole way in one train, I believe. He's sleeping a little now, I think; so perhaps we'd bettertalk a little quietly. 

MANDERS. Sh!--as quietly as you please. 

REGINA. [Arranging an arm-chair beside the table. ] Now, do sit down, Pastor Manders, and make yourself comfortable. [He sits down; she placesa footstool under his feet. ] There! Are you comfortable now, sir?

MANDERS. Thanks, thanks, extremely so. [Looks at her. ] Do you know, MissEngstrand, I positively believe you have grown since I last saw you. 

REGINA. Do you think so, Sir? Mrs. Alving says I've filled out too. 

MANDERS. Filled out? Well, perhaps a little; just enough. 

[Short pause. ]

REGINA. Shall I tell Mrs. Alving you are here?

MANDERS. Thanks, thanks, there is no hurry, my dear child. --By-the-bye, Regina, my good girl, tell me: how is your father getting on out here?

REGINA. Oh, thank you, sir, he's getting on well enough. 

MANDERS. He called upon me last time he was in town. 

REGINA. Did he, indeed? He's always so glad of a chance of talking toyou, sir. 

MANDERS. And you often look in upon him at his work, I daresay?

REGINA. I? Oh, of course, when I have time, I--

MANDERS. Your father is not a man of strong character, Miss Engstrand. He stands terribly in need of a guiding hand. 

REGINA. Oh, yes; I daresay he does. 

MANDERS. He requires some one near him whom he cares for, and whosejudgment he respects. He frankly admitted as much when he last came tosee me. 

REGINA. Yes, he mentioned something of the sort to me. But I don't knowwhether Mrs. Alving can spare me; especially now that we've got thenew Orphanage to attend to. And then I should be so sorry to leave Mrs. Alving; she has always been so kind to me. 

MANDERS. But a daughter's duty, my good girl--Of course, we should firsthave to get your mistress's consent. 

REGINA. But I don't know whether it would be quite proper for me, at myage, to keep house for a single man. 

MANDERS. What! My dear Miss Engstrand! When the man is your own father!

REGINA. Yes, that may be; but all the same--Now, if it were in athoroughly nice house, and with a real gentleman--

MANDERS. Why, my dear Regina--

REGINA. --one I could love and respect, and be a daughter to--

MANDERS. Yes, but my dear, good child--

REGINA. Then I should be glad to go to town. It's very lonely out here;you know yourself, sir, what it is to be alone in the world. And I canassure you I'm both quick and willing. Don't you know of any such placefor me, sir?

MANDERS. I? No, certainly not. 

REGINA. But, dear, dear Sir, do remember me if--

MANDERS. [Rising. ] Yes, yes, certainly, Miss Engstrand. 

REGINA. For if I--

MANDERS. Will you be so good as to tell your mistress I am here?

REGINA. I will, at once, sir. [She goes out to the left. ]

MANDERS. [Paces the room two or three times, stands a moment in thebackground with his hands behind his back, and looks out over thegarden. Then he returns to the table, takes up a book, and looks at thetitle-page; starts, and looks at several books. ] Ha--indeed!

[MRS. ALVING enters by the door on the left; she is followed by REGINA, who immediately goes out by the first door on the right. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Holds out her hand. ] Welcome, my dear Pastor. 

MANDERS. How do you do, Mrs. Alving? Here I am as I promised. 

MRS. ALVING. Always punctual to the minute. 

MANDERS. You may believe it was not so easy for me to get away. With allthe Boards and Committees I belong to--

MRS. ALVING. That makes it all the kinder of you to come so early. Now we can get through our business before dinner. But where is yourportmanteau?

MANDERS. [Quickly. ] I left it down at the inn. I shall sleep thereto-night. 

MRS. ALVING. [Suppressing a smile. ] Are you really not to be persuaded, even now, to pass the night under my roof?

MANDERS. No, no, Mrs. Alving; many thanks. I shall stay at the inn, asusual. It is so conveniently near the landing-stage. 

MRS. ALVING. Well, you must have your own way. But I really should havethought we two old people--

MANDERS. Now you are making fun of me. Ah, you're naturally in greatspirits to-day--what with to-morrow's festival and Oswald's return. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; you can think what a delight it is to me! It's morethan two years since he was home last. And now he has promised to staywith me all the winter. 

MANDERS. Has he really? That is very nice and dutiful of him. For I canwell believe that life in Rome and Paris has very different attractionsfrom any we can offer here. 

MRS. ALVING. Ah, but here he has his mother, you see. My own darlingboy--he hasn't forgotten his old mother!

MANDERS. It would be grievous indeed, if absence and absorption in artand that sort of thing were to blunt his natural feelings. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, you may well say so. But there's nothing of that sortto fear with him. I'm quite curious to see whether you know him again. He'll be down presently; he's upstairs just now, resting a little on thesofa. But do sit down, my dear Pastor. 

MANDERS. Thank you. Are you quite at liberty--?

MRS. ALVING. Certainly. [She sits by the table. ]

MANDERS. Very well. Then let me show you--[He goes to the chair wherehis travelling-bag lies, takes out a packet of papers, sits down onthe opposite side of the table, and tries to find a clear space forthe papers. ] Now, to begin with, here is--[Breaking off. ] Tell me, Mrs. Alving, how do these books come to be here?

MRS. ALVING. These books? They are books I am reading. 

MANDERS. Do you read this sort of literature?

MRS. ALVING. Certainly I do. 

MANDERS. Do you feel better or happier for such reading?

MRS. ALVING. I feel, so to speak, more secure. 

MANDERS. That is strange. How do you mean?

MRS. ALVING. Well, I seem to find explanation and confirmation of allsorts of things I myself have been thinking. For that is the wonderfulpart of it, Pastor Minders--there is really nothing new in these books, nothing but what most people think and believe. Only most people eitherdon't formulate it to themselves, or else keep quiet about it. 

MANDERS. Great heavens! Do you really believe that most people--?

MRS. ALVING. I do, indeed. 

MANDERS. But surely not in this country? Not here among us?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, certainly; here as elsewhere. 

MANDERS. Well, I really must say--!

MRS. ALVING. For the rest, what do you object to in these books?

MANDERS. Object to in them? You surely do not suppose that I havenothing better to do than to study such publications as these?

MRS. ALVING. That is to say, you know nothing of what you arecondemning?

MANDERS. I have read enough about these writings to disapprove of them. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; but your own judgment--

MANDERS. My dear Mrs. Alving, there are many occasions in life when onemust rely upon others. Things are so ordered in this world; and it iswell that they are. Otherwise, what would become of society?

MRS. ALVING. Well, well, I daresay you're right there. 

MANDERS. Besides, I of course do not deny that there may be much thatis attractive in such books. Nor can I blame you for wishing to keepup with the intellectual movements that are said to be going on in thegreat world-where you have let your son pass so much of his life. But--

MRS. ALVING. But?

MANDERS. [Lowering his voice. ] But one should not talk about it, Mrs. Alving. One is certainly not bound to account to everybody for what onereads and thinks within one's own four walls. 

MRS. ALVING. Of course not; I quite agree with you. 

MANDERS. Only think, now, how you are bound to consider the interestsof this Orphanage, which you decided on founding at a time when--ifI understand you rightly--you thought very differently on spiritualmatters. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, yes; I quite admit that. But it was about theOrphanage--

MANDERS. It was about the Orphanage we were to speak; yes. All I sayis: prudence, my dear lady! And now let us get to business. [Opens thepacket, and takes out a number of papers. ] Do you see these?

MRS. ALVING. The documents?

MANDERS. All--and in perfect order. I can tell you it was hard work toget them in time. I had to put on strong pressure. The authorities arealmost morbidly scrupulous when there is any decisive step to be taken. But here they are at last. [Looks through the bundle. ] See! here is theformal deed of gift of the parcel of ground known as Solvik in the Manorof Rosenvold, with all the newly constructed buildings, schoolrooms, master's house, and chapel. And here is the legal fiat for the endowmentand for the Bye-laws of the Institution. Will you look at them? [Reads. ]"Bye-laws for the Children's Home to be known as 'Captain Alving'sFoundation. '"

MRS. ALVING. (Looks long at the paper. ) So there it is. 

MANDERS. I have chosen the designation "Captain" rather than"Chamberlain. " "Captain" looks less pretentious. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, yes; just as you think best. 

MANDERS. And here you have the Bank Account of the capital lying atinterest to cover the current expenses of the Orphanage. 

MRS. ALVING. Thank you; but please keep it--it will be more convenient. 

MANDERS. With pleasure. I think we will leave the money in the Bank forthe present. The interest is certainly not what we could wish--four percent. And six months' notice of withdrawal. If a good mortgage couldbe found later on--of course it must be a first mortgage and anunimpeachable security--then we could consider the matter. 

MRS. ALVING. Certainly, my dear Pastor Manders. You are the best judgein these things. 

MANDERS. I will keep my eyes open at any rate. --But now there is onething more which I have several times been intending to ask you. 

MRS. ALVING. And what is that?

MANDERS. Shall the Orphanage buildings be insured or not?

MRS. ALVING. Of course they must be insured. 

MANDERS. Well, wait a moment, Mrs. Alving. Let us look into the matter alittle more closely. 

MRS. ALVING. I have everything insured; buildings and movables and stockand crops. 

MANDERS. Of course you have--on your own estate. And so have I--ofcourse. But here, you see, it is quite another matter. The Orphanage isto be consecrated, as it were, to a higher purpose. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, but that's no reason--

MANDERS. For my own part, I should certainly not see the smallestimpropriety in guarding against all contingencies--

MRS. ALVING. No, I should think not. 

MANDERS. But what is the general feeling in the neighbourhood? You, ofcourse, know better than I. 

MRS. ALVING. Well--the general feeling--

MANDERS. Is there any considerable number of people--really responsiblepeople--who might be scandalised?

MRS. ALVING. What do you mean by "really responsible people"?

MANDERS. Well, I mean people in such independent and influentialpositions that one cannot help attaching some weight to their opinions. 

MRS. ALVING. There are several people of that sort here, who would verylikely be shocked if--

MANDERS. There, you see! In town we have many such people. Think of allmy colleague's adherents! People would be only too ready to interpretour action as a sign that neither you nor I had the right faith in aHigher Providence. 

MRS. ALVING. But for your own part, my dear Pastor, you can at leasttell yourself that--

MANDERS. Yes, I know--I know; my conscience would be quite easy, thatis true enough. But nevertheless we should not escape gravemisinterpretation; and that might very likely react unfavourably uponthe Orphanage. 

MRS. ALVING. Well, in that case--

MANDERS. Nor can I entirely lose sight of the difficult--I may even saypainful--position in which _I_ might perhaps be placed. In the leadingcircles of the town, people take a lively interest in this Orphanage. Itis, of course, founded partly for the benefit of the town, as well;and it is to be hoped it will, to a considerable extent, result inlightening our Poor Rates. Now, as I have been your adviser, and havehad the business arrangements in my hands, I cannot but fear that I mayhave to bear the brunt of fanaticism--

MRS. ALVING. Oh, you mustn't run the risk of that. 

MANDERS. To say nothing of the attacks that would assuredly be made uponme in certain papers and periodicals, which--

MRS. ALVING. Enough, my dear Pastor Manders. That consideration is quitedecisive. 

MANDERS. Then you do not wish the Orphanage to be insured?

MRS. ALVING. No. We will let it alone. 

MANDERS. [Leaning hack in his chair. ] But if, now, a disaster were tohappen? One can never tell--Should you be able to make good the damage?

MRS. ALVING. No; I tell you plainly I should do nothing of the kind. 

MANDERS. Then I must tell you, Mrs. Alving--we are taking no smallresponsibility upon ourselves. 

MRS. ALVING. Do you think we can do otherwise?

MANDERS. No, that is just the point; we really cannot do otherwise. Weought not to expose ourselves to misinterpretation; and we have no rightwhatever to give offence to the weaker brethren. 

MRS. ALVING. You, as a clergyman, certainly should not. 

MANDERS. I really think, too, we may trust that such an institution hasfortune on its side; in fact, that it stands under a special providence. 

MRS. ALVING. Let us hope so, Pastor Manders. 

MANDERS. Then we will let it take its chance?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, certainly. 

MANDERS. Very well. So be it. [Makes a note. ] Then--no insurance. 

MRS. ALVING. It's odd that you should just happen to mention the matterto-day--

MANDERS. I have often thought of asking you about it--

MRS. ALVING. --for we very nearly had a fire down there yesterday. 

MANDERS. You don't say so!

MRS. ALVING. Oh, it was a trifling matter. A heap of shavings had caughtfire in the carpenter's workshop. 

MANDERS. Where Engstrand works?

MRS. ALVING. Yes. They say he's often very careless with matches. 

MANDERS. He has so much on his mind, that man--so many things to fightagainst. Thank God, he is now striving to lead a decent life, I hear. 

MRS. ALVING. Indeed! Who says so?

MANDERS. He himself assures me of it. And he is certainly a capitalworkman. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, yes; so long as he's sober--

MANDERS. Ah, that melancholy weakness! But, a is often driven to itby his injured leg, lie says, ' Last time he was in town I was reallytouched by him. He came and thanked me so warmly for having got him workhere, so that he might be near Regina. 

MRS. ALVING. He doesn't see much of her. 

MANDERS. Oh, yes; he has a talk with her every day. He told me sohimself. 

MRS. ALVING. Well, it may be so. 

MANDERS. He feels so acutely that he needs some one to keep a firm holdon him when temptation comes. That is what I cannot help liking aboutJacob Engstrand: he comes to you so helplessly, accusing himself andconfessing his own weakness. The last time he was talking to me--Believeme, Mrs. Alving, supposing it were a real necessity for him to haveRegina home again--

MRS. ALVING. [Rising hastily. ] Regina!

MANDERS. --you must not set yourself against it. 

MRS. ALVING. Indeed I shall set myself against it. And besides--Reginais to have a position in the Orphanage. 

MANDERS. But, after all, remember he is her father--

MRS. ALVING. Oh, I know very well what sort of a father he has been toher. No! She shall never go to him with my goodwill. 

MANDERS. [Rising. ] My dear lady, don't take the matter so warmly. Yousadly misjudge poor Engstrand. You seem to be quite terrified--

MRS. ALVING. [More quietly. ] It makes no difference. I have taken Reginainto my house, and there she shall stay. [Listens. ] Hush, my dear Mr. Manders; say no more about it. [Her face lights up with gladness. ]Listen! there is Oswald coming downstairs. Now we'll think of no one buthim. 

[OSWALD ALVING, in a light overcoat, hat in hand, and smoking a largemeerschaum, enters by the door on the left; he stops in the doorway. ]

OSWALD. Oh, I beg your pardon; I thought you were in the study. [Comesforward. ] Good-morning, Pastor Manders. 

MANDERS. [Staring. ] Ah--! How strange--!

MRS. ALVING. Well now, what do you think of him, Mr. Manders?

MANDERS. I--I--can it really be--?

OSWALD. Yes, it's really the Prodigal Son, sir. 

MANDERS. [Protesting. ] My dear young friend--

OSWALD. Well, then, the Lost Sheep Found. 

MRS. ALVING. Oswald is thinking of the time when you were so muchopposed to his becoming a painter. 

MANDERS. To our human eyes many a step seems dubious, which afterwardsproves--[Wrings his hand. ] But first of all, welcome, welcome home! Donot think, my dear Oswald--I suppose I may call you by your Christianname?

OSWALD. What else should you call me?

MANDERS. Very good. What I wanted to say was this, my dear Oswald youmust not think that I utterly condemn the artist's calling. I have nodoubt there are many who can keep their inner self unharmed in thatprofession, as in any other. 

OSWALD. Let us hope so. 

MRS. ALVING. [Beaming with delight. ] I know one who has kept both hisinner and his outer self unharmed. Just look at him, Mr. Manders. 

OSWALD. [Moves restlessly about the room. ] Yes, yes, my dear mother;let's say no more about it. 

MANDERS. Why, certainly--that is undeniable. And you have begun to makea name for yourself already. The newspapers have often spoken of you, most favourably. Just lately, by-the-bye, I fancy I haven't seen yourname quite so often. 

OSWALD. [Up in the conservatory. ] I haven't been able to paint so muchlately. 

MRS. ALVING. Even a painter needs a little rest now and then. 

MANDERS. No doubt, no doubt. And meanwhile he can be preparing himselfand mustering his forces for some great work. 

OSWALD. Yes. --Mother, will dinner soon be ready?

MRS. ALVING. In less than half an hour. He has a capital appetite, thankGod. 

MANDERS. And a taste for tobacco, too. 

OSWALD. I found my father's pipe in my room--

MANDERS. Aha--then that accounts for it!

MRS. ALVING. For what?

MANDERS. When Oswald appeared there, in the doorway, with the pipe inhis mouth, I could have sworn I saw his father, large as life. 

OSWALD. No, really?

MRS. ALVING. Oh, how can you say so? Oswald takes after me. 

MANDERS. Yes, but there is an expression about the corners of themouth--something about the lips--that reminds one exactly of Alving: atany rate, now that he is smoking. 

MRS. ALVING. Not in the least. Oswald has rather a clerical curve abouthis mouth, I think. 

MANDERS. Yes, yes; some of my colleagues have much the same expression. 

MRS. ALVING. But put your pipe away, my dear boy; I won't have smokingin here. 

OSWALD. [Does so. ] By all means. I only wanted to try it; for I oncesmoked it when I was a child. 

MRS. ALVING. You?

OSWALD. Yes. I was quite small at the time. I recollect I came up tofather's room one evening when he was in great spirits. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, you can't recollect anything of those times. 

OSWALD. Yes, I recollect it distinctly. He took me on his knee, and gaveme the pipe. "Smoke, boy, " he said; "smoke away, boy!" And I smokedas hard as I could, until I felt I was growing quite pale, and theperspiration stood in great drops on my forehead. Then he burst outlaughing heartily--

MANDERS. That was most extraordinary. 

MRS. ALVING. My dear friend, it's only something Oswald has dreamt. 

OSWALD. No, mother, I assure you I didn't dream it. For--don't youremember this?--you came and carried me out into the nursery. Then Iwas sick, and I saw that you were crying. --Did father often play suchpractical jokes?

MANDERS. In his youth he overflowed with the joy of life--

OSWALD. And yet he managed to do so much in the world; so much that wasgood and useful; although he died so early. 

MANDERS. Yes, you have inherited the name of an energetic and admirableman, my dear Oswald Alving. No doubt it will be an incentive to you--

OSWALD. It ought to, indeed. 

MANDERS. It was good of you to come home for the ceremony in his honour. 

OSWALD. I could do no less for my father. 

MRS. ALVING. And I am to keep him so long! That is the best of all. 

MANDERS. You are going to pass the winter at home, I hear. 

OSWALD. My stay is indefinite, sir. -But, ah! it is good to be at home!

MRS. ALVING. [Beaming. ] Yes, isn't it, dear?

MANDERS. [Looking sympathetically at him. ] You went out into the worldearly, my dear Oswald. 

OSWALD. I did. I sometimes wonder whether it wasn't too early. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, not at all. A healthy lad is all the better for it;especially when he's an only child. He oughtn't to hang on at home withhis mother and father, and get spoilt. 

MANDERS. That is a very disputable point, Mrs. Alving. A child's properplace is, and must be, the home of his fathers. 

OSWALD. There I quite agree with you, Pastor Manders. 

MANDERS. Only look at your own son--there is no reason why we should notsay it in his presence--what has the consequence been for him? He is sixor seven and twenty, and has never had the opportunity of learning whata well-ordered home really is. 

OSWALD. I beg your pardon, Pastor; there you're quite mistaken. 

MANDERS. Indeed? I thought you had lived almost exclusively in artisticcircles. 

OSWALD. So I have. 

MANDERS. And chiefly among the younger artists?

OSWALD. Yes, certainly. 

MANDERS. But I thought few of those young fellows could afford to set uphouse and support a family. 

OSWALD. There are many who cannot afford to marry, sir. 

MANDERS. Yes, that is just what I say. 

OSWALD. But they may have a home for all that. And several of them have, as a matter of fact; and very pleasant, well-ordered homes they are, too. 

[MRS. ALVING follows with breathless interest; nods, but says nothing. ]

MANDERS. But I'm not talking of bachelors' quarters. By a "home" Iunderstand the home of a family, where a man lives with his wife andchildren. 

OSWALD. Yes; or with his children and his children's mother. 

MANDERS. [Starts; clasps his hands. ] But, good heavens--

OSWALD. Well?

MANDERS. Lives with--his children's mother!

OSWALD. Yes. Would you have him turn his children's mother out of doors?

MANDERS. Then it is illicit relations you are talking of! Irregularmarriages, as people call them!

OSWALD. I have never noticed anything particularly irregular about thelife these people lead. 

MANDERS. But how is it possible that a--a young man or young woman withany decency of feeling can endure to live in that way?--in the eyes ofall the world!

OSWALD. What are they to do? A poor young artist--a poor girl--marriagecosts a great deal. What are they to do?

MANDERS. What are they to do? Let me tell you, Mr. Alving, what theyought to do. They ought to exercise self-restraint from the first; thatis what they ought to do. 

OSWALD. That doctrine will scarcely go down with warm-blooded youngpeople who love each other. 

MRS. ALVING. No, scarcely!

MANDERS. [Continuing. ] How can the authorities tolerate such things!Allow them to go on in the light of day! [Confronting MRS. ALVING. ] HadI not cause to be deeply concerned about your son? In circles where openimmorality prevails, and has even a sort of recognised position--!

OSWALD. Let me tell you, sir, that I have been in the habit of spendingnearly all my Sundays in one or two such irregular homes--

MANDERS. Sunday of all days!

OSWALD. Isn't that the day to enjoy one's self? Well, never have I heardan offensive word, and still less have I witnessed anything that couldbe called immoral. No; do you know when and where I have come acrossimmorality in artistic circles?

MANDERS. No, thank heaven, I don't!

OSWALD. Well, then, allow me to inform you. I have met with it when oneor other of our pattern husbands and fathers has come to Paris to havea look round on his own account, and has done the artists the honour ofvisiting their humble haunts. They knew what was what. These gentlemencould tell us all about places and things we had never dreamt of. 

MANDERS. What! Do you mean to say that respectable men from home herewould--?

OSWALD. Have you never heard these respectable men, when they got homeagain, talking about the way in which immorality runs rampant abroad?

MANDERS. Yes, no doubt--

MRS. ALVING. I have too. 

OSWALD. Well, you may take their word for it. They know what they aretalking about! [Presses has hands to his head. ] Oh! that that great, free, glorious life out there should be defiled in such a way!

MRS. ALVING. You mustn't get excited, Oswald. It's not good for you. 

OSWALD. Yes; you're quite right, mother. It's bad for me, I know. You see, I'm wretchedly worn out. I shall go for a little turn beforedinner. Excuse me, Pastor: I know you can't take my point of view; butI couldn't help speaking out. [He goes out by the second door to theright. ]

MRS. ALVING. My poor boy!

MANDERS. You may well say so. Then this is what he has come to!

[MRS. ALVING looks at him silently. ]

MANDERS. [Walking up and down. ] He called himself the Prodigal Son. Alas! alas!

[MRS. ALVING continues looking at him. ]

MANDERS. And what do you say to all this?

MRS. ALVING. I say that Oswald was right in every word. 

MANDERS. [Stands still. ] Right? Right! In such principles?

MRS. ALVING. Here, in my loneliness, I have come to the same way ofthinking, Pastor Manders. But I have never dared to say anything. Well!now my boy shall speak for me. 

MANDERS. You are greatly to be pitied, Mrs. Alving. But now I must speakseriously to you. And now it is no longer your business manager andadviser, your own and your husband's early friend, who stands beforeyou. It is the priest--the priest who stood before you in the moment ofyour life when you had gone farthest astray. 

MRS. ALVING. And what has the priest to say to me?

MANDERS. I will first stir up your memory a little. The moment is wellchosen. To-morrow will be the tenth anniversary of your husband's death. To-morrow the memorial in his honour will be unveiled. To-morrow I shallhave to speak to the whole assembled multitude. But to-day I will speakto you alone. 

MRS. ALVING. Very well, Pastor Manders. Speak. 

MANDERS. Do you remember that after less than a year of married life youstood on the verge of an abyss? That you forsook your house and home?That you fled from your husband? Yes, Mrs. Alving--fled, fled, andrefused to return to him, however much he begged and prayed you?

MRS. ALVING. Have you forgotten how infinitely miserable I was in thatfirst year?

MANDERS. It is the very mark of the spirit of rebellion to crave forhappiness in this life. What right have we human beings to happiness?We have simply to do our duty, Mrs. Alving! And your duty was to holdfirmly to the man you had once chosen, and to whom you were bound by theholiest ties. 

MRS. ALVING. You know very well what sort of life Alving wasleading--what excesses he was guilty of. 

MANDERS. I know very well what rumours there were about him; and I amthe last to approve the life he led in his young days, if report did notwrong him. But a wife is not appointed to be her husband's judge. It wasyour duty to bear with humility the cross which a Higher Power had, inits wisdom, laid upon you. But instead of that you rebelliously throwaway the cross, desert the backslider whom you should have supported, goand risk your good name and reputation, and--nearly succeed in ruiningother people's reputation into the bargain. 

MRS. ALVING. Other people's? One other person's, you mean. 

MANDERS. It was incredibly reckless of you to seek refuge with me. 

MRS. ALVING. With our clergyman? With our intimate friend?

MANDERS. Just on that account. Yes, you may thank God that I possessedthe necessary firmness; that I succeeded in dissuading you from yourwild designs; and that it was vouchsafed me to lead you back to the pathof duty, and home to your lawful husband. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, Pastor Manders, that was certainly your work. 

MANDERS. I was but a poor instrument in a Higher Hand. And what ablessing has it not proved to you, all the days of your life, that Iinduced you to resume the yoke of duty and obedience! Did not everythinghappen as I foretold? Did not Alving turn his back on his errors, asa man should? Did he not live with you from that time, lovingly andblamelessly, all his days? Did he not become a benefactor to the wholedistrict? And did he not help you to rise to his own level, so that you, little by little, became his assistant in all his undertakings? And acapital assistant, too--oh, I know, Mrs. Alving, that praise is due toyou. --But now I come to the next great error in your life. 

MRS. ALVING. What do you mean?

MANDERS. Just as you once disowned a wife's duty, so you have sincedisowned a mother's. 

MRS. ALVING. Ah--!

MANDERS. You have been all your life under the dominion of a pestilentspirit of self-will. The whole bias of your mind has been towardsinsubordination and lawlessness. You have never known how to endure anybond. Everything that has weighed upon you in life you have cast awaywithout care or conscience, like a burden you were free to throw off atwill. It did not please you to be a wife any longer, and you left yourhusband. You found it troublesome to be a mother, and you sent yourchild forth among strangers. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, that is true. I did so. 

MANDERS. And thus you have become a stranger to him. 

MRS. ALVING. No! no! I am not. 

MANDERS. Yes, you are; you must be. And in what state of mind has hereturned to you? Bethink yourself well, Mrs. Alving. You sinned greatlyagainst your husband;--that you recognise by raising yonder memorial tohim. Recognise now, also, how you have sinned against your son--theremay yet be time to lead him back from the paths of error. Turn backyourself, and save what may yet be saved in him. For [With upliftedforefinger] verily, Mrs. Alving, you are a guilt-laden mother! This Ihave thought it my duty to say to you. 

[Silence. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Slowly and with self-control. ] You have now spoken out, Pastor Manders; and to-morrow you are to speak publicly in memory of myhusband. I shall not speak to-morrow. But now I will speak frankly toyou, as you have spoken to me. 

MANDERS. To be sure; you will plead excuses for your conduct--

MRS. ALVING. No. I will only tell you a story. 

MANDERS. Well--?

MRS. ALVING. All that you have just said about my husband and me, andour life after you had brought me back to the path of duty--as youcalled it--about all that you know nothing from personal observation. From that moment you, who had been our intimate friend, never set footin our house gain. 

MANDERS. You and your husband left the town immediately after. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; and in my husband's lifetime you never came to seeus. It was business that forced you to visit me when you undertook theaffairs of the Orphanage. 

MANDERS. [Softly and hesitatingly. ] Helen--if that is meant as areproach, I would beg you to bear in mind--

MRS. ALVING. --the regard you owed to your position, yes; and that I wasa runaway wife. One can never be too cautious with such unprincipledcreatures. 

MANDERS. My dear--Mrs. Alving, you know that is an absurd exaggeration--

MRS. ALVING. Well well, suppose it is. My point is that your judgmentas to my married life is founded upon nothing but common knowledge andreport. 

MANDERS. I admit that. What then?

MRS. ALVING. Well, then, Pastor Manders--I will tell you the truth. Ihave sworn to myself that one day you should know it--you alone!

MANDERS. What is the truth, then?

MRS. ALVING. The truth is that my husband died just as dissolute as hehad lived all his days. 

MANDERS. [Feeling after a chair. ] What do you say?

MRS. ALVING. After nineteen years of marriage, as dissolute--in hisdesires at any rate--as he was before you married us. 

MANDERS. And those-those wild oats--those irregularities--thoseexcesses, if you like--you call "a dissolute life"?

MRS. ALVING. Our doctor used the expression. 

MANDERS. I do not understand you. 

MRS. ALVING. You need not. 

MANDERS. It almost makes me dizzy. Your whole married life, the seemingunion of all these years, was nothing more than a hidden abyss!

MRS. ALVING. Neither more nor less. Now you know it. 

MANDERS. This is--this is inconceivable to me. I cannot grasp it! Icannot realise it! But how was it possible to--? How could such a stateof things be kept secret?

MRS. ALVING. That has been my ceaseless struggle, day after day. AfterOswald's birth, I thought Alving seemed to be a little better. But itdid not last long. And then I had to struggle twice as hard, fighting asthough for life or death, so that nobody should know what sort of manmy child's father was. And you know what power Alving had of winningpeople's hearts. Nobody seemed able to believe anything but good ofhim. He was one of those people whose life does not bite upon theirreputation. But at last, Mr. Manders--for you must know the wholestory--the most repulsive thing of all happened. 

MANDERS. More repulsive than what you have told me?

MRS. ALVING. I had gone on bearing with him, although I knew very wellthe secrets of his life out of doors. But when he brought the scandalwithin our own walls--

MANDERS. Impossible! Here!

MRS. ALVING. Yes; here in our own home. It was there [Pointing towardsthe first door on the right], in the dining-room, that I first cameto know of it. I was busy with something in there, and the door wasstanding ajar. I heard our housemaid come up from the garden, with waterfor those flowers. 

MANDERS. Well--?

MRS. ALVING. Soon after, I heard Alving come in too. I heard him saysomething softly to her. And then I heard--[With a short laugh]--oh! itstill sounds in my ears, so hateful and yet so ludicrous--I heard my ownservant-maid whisper, "Let me go, Mr. Alving! Let me be!"

MANDERS. What unseemly levity on his part'! But it cannot have been morethan levity, Mrs. Alving; believe me, it cannot. 

MRS. ALVING. I soon knew what to believe. Mr. Alving had his way withthe girl; and that connection had consequences, Mr. Manders. 

MANDERS. [As though petrified. ] Such things in this house--in thishouse!

MRS. ALVING. I had borne a great deal in this house. To keep him at homein the evenings, and at night, I had to make myself his boon companionin his secret orgies up in his room. There I have had to sit alone withhim, to clink glasses and drink with him, and to listen to his ribald, silly talk. I have had to fight with him to get him dragged to bed--

MANDERS. [Moved. ] And you were able to bear all this!

MRS. ALVING. I had to bear it for my little boy's sake. But when thelast insult was added; when my own servant-maid--; then I swore tomyself: This shall come to an end! And so I took the reins into my ownhand--the whole control--over him and everything else. For now I had aweapon against him, you see; he dared not oppose me. It was then I sentOswald away from home. He was nearly seven years old, and was beginningto observe and ask questions, as children do. That I could not bear. Itseemed to me the child must be poisoned by merely breathing the air ofthis polluted home. That was why I sent him away. And now you can see, too, why he was never allowed to set foot inside his home so long as hisfather lived. No one knows what that cost me. 

MANDERS. You have indeed had a life of trial. 

MRS. ALVING. I could never have borne it if I had not had my work. ForI may truly say that I have worked! All the additions to the estate--allthe improvements--all the labour-saving appliances, that Alving was somuch praised for having introduced--do you suppose he had energy foranything of the sort?--he, who lay all day on the sofa, reading an oldCourt Guide! No; but I may tell you this too: when he had his betterintervals, it was I who urged him on; it was I who had to drag thewhole load when he relapsed into his evil ways, or sank into querulouswretchedness. 

MANDERS. And it is to this man that you raise a memorial?

MRS. ALVING. There you see the power of an evil conscience. 

MANDERS. Evil--? What do you mean?

MRS. ALVING. It always seemed to me impossible but that the truth mustcome out and be believed. So the Orphanage was to deaden all rumours andset every doubt at rest. 

MANDERS. In that you have certainly not missed your aim, Mrs. Alving. 

MRS. ALVING. And besides, I had one other reason. I was determined thatOswald, my own boy, should inherit nothing whatever from his father. 

MANDERS. Then it is Alving's fortune that--?

MRS. ALVING. Yes. The sums I have spent upon the Orphanage, year byyear, make up the amount--I have reckoned it up precisely--the amountwhich made Lieutenant Alving "a good match" in his day. 

MANDERS. I don't understand--

MRS. ALVING. It was my purchase-money. I do not choose that that moneyshould pass into Oswald's hands. My son shall have everything fromme--everything. 

[OSWALD ALVING enters through the second door to the right; he has takenof his hat and overcoat in the hall. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Going towards him. ] Are you back again already? My dear, dear boy!

OSWALD. Yes. What can a fellow do out of doors in this eternal rain? ButI hear dinner is ready. That's capital!

REGINA. [With a parcel, from the dining-room. ] A parcel has come foryou, Mrs. Alving. [Hands it to her. ]

MRS. ALVING. [With a glance at MR. MANDERS. ] No doubt copies of the odefor to-morrow's ceremony. 

MANDERS. H'm--

REGINA. And dinner is ready. 

MRS. ALVING. Very well. We will come directly. I will just--[Begins toopen the parcel. ]

REGINA. [To OSWALD. ] Would Mr. Alving like red or white wine?

OSWALD. Both, if you please. 

REGINA. _Bien_. Very well, sir. [She goes into the dining-room. ]

OSWALD. I may as well help to uncork it. [He also goes into the diningroom, the door of which swings half open behind him. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Who has opened the parcel. ] Yes, I thought so. Here is theCeremonial Ode, Pastor Manders. 

MANDERS. [With folded hands. ] With what countenance I am to deliver mydiscourse to-morrow--!

MRS. ALVING. Oh, you will get through it somehow. 

MANDERS. [Softly, so as not to be heard in the dining-room. ] Yes; itwould not do to provoke scandal. 

MRS. ALVING. [Under her breath, but firmly. ] No. But then this long, hateful comedy will be ended. From the day after to-morrow, I shall actin every way as though he who is dead had never lived in this house. There shall be no one here but my boy and his mother. 

[From the dining-room comes the noise of a chair overturned, and at thesame moment is heard:]

REGINA. [Sharply, but in a whisper. ] Oswald! take care! are you mad? Letme go!

MRS. ALVING. [Starts in terror. ] Ah--!

[She stares wildly towards the half-open door. OSWALD is heard laughingand humming. A bottle is uncorked. ]

MANDERS. [Agitated. ] What can be the matter? What is it, Mrs. Alving?

MRS. ALVING. [Hoarsely. ] Ghosts! The couple from the conservatory--risenagain!

MANDERS. Is it possible! Regina--? Is she--?

MRS. ALVING. Yes. Come. Not a word--!

[She seizes PASTOR MANDERS by the arm, and walks unsteadily towards thedining-room. ]

ACT SECOND. 

[The same room. The mist still lies heavy over the landscape. ]

[MANDERS and MRS. ALVING enter from the dining-room. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Still in the doorway. ] _Velbekomme_ [Note: A phraseequivalent to the German _Prosit die Mahlzeit_--May good digestion waiton appetite. ], Mr. Manders. [Turns back towards the dining-room. ] Aren'tyou coming too, Oswald?

OSWALD. [From within. ] No, thank you. I think I shall go out a little. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, do. The weather seems a little brighter now. [Sheshuts the dining-room door, goes to the hall door, and calls:] Regina!

REGINA. [Outside. ] Yes, Mrs. Alving?

MRS. ALVING. Go down to the laundry, and help with the garlands. 

REGINA. Yes, Mrs. Alving. 

[MRS. ALVING assures herself that REGINA goes; then shuts the door. ]

MANDERS. I suppose he cannot overhear us in there?

MRS. ALVING. Not when the door is shut. Besides, he's just going out. 

MANDERS. I am still quite upset. I don't know how I could swallow amorsel of dinner. 

MRS. ALVING. [Controlling her nervousness, walks up and down. ] Nor I. But what is to be done now?

MANDERS. Yes; what is to be done? I am really quite at a loss. I am soutterly without experience in matters of this sort. 

MRS. ALVING. I feel sure that, so far, no mischief has been done. 

MANDERS. No; heaven forbid! But it is an unseemly state of things, nevertheless. 

MRS. ALVING. It is only an idle fancy on Oswald's part; you may be sureof that. 

MANDERS. Well, as I say, I am not accustomed to affairs of the kind. ButI should certainly think--

MRS. ALVING. Out of the house she must go, and that immediately. That isas clear as daylight--

MANDERS. Yes, of course she must. 

MRS. ALVING. But where to? It would not be right to--

MANDERS. Where to? Home to her father, of course. 

MRS. ALVING. To whom did you say?

MANDERS. To her--But then, Engstrand is not--? Good God, Mrs. Alving, it's impossible! You must be mistaken after all. 

MRS. ALVING. Unfortunately there is no possibility of mistake. Johannaconfessed everything to me; and Alving could not deny it. So there wasnothing to be done but to get the matter hushed up. 

MANDERS. No, you could do nothing else. 

MRS. ALVING. The girl left our service at once, and got a good sum ofmoney to hold her tongue for the time. The rest she managed for herselfwhen she got to town. She renewed her old acquaintance with Engstrand, no doubt let him see that she had money in her purse, and told him sometale about a foreigner who put in here with a yacht that summer. So sheand Engstrand got married in hot haste. Why, you married them yourself. 

MANDERS. But then how to account for--? I recollect distinctly Engstrandcoming to give notice of the marriage. He was quite overwhelmed withcontrition, and bitterly reproached himself for the misbehaviour he andhis sweetheart had been guilty of. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; of course he had to take the blame upon himself. 

MANDERS. But such a piece of duplicity on his part! And towards me too!I never could have believed it of Jacob Engstrand. I shall not failto take him seriously to task; he may be sure of that. --And then theimmorality of such a connection! For money--! How much did the girlreceive?

MRS. ALVING. Three hundred dollars. 

MANDERS. Just think of it--for a miserable three hundred dollars, to goand marry a fallen woman!

MRS. ALVING. Then what have you to say of me? I went and married afallen man. 

MANDERS. Why--good heavens!--what are you talking about! A fallen man!

MRS. ALVING. Do you think Alving was any purer when I went with him tothe altar than Johanna was when Engstrand married her?

MANDERS. Well, but there is a world of difference between the twocases--

MRS. ALVING. Not so much difference after all--except in the price:--amiserable three hundred dollars and a whole fortune. 

MANDERS. How can you compare such absolutely dissimilar cases? You hadtaken counsel with your own heart and with your natural advisers. 

MRS. ALVING. [Without looking at him. ] I thought you understood wherewhat you call my heart had strayed to at the time. 

MANDERS. [Distantly. ] Had I understood anything of the kind, I shouldnot have been a daily guest in your husband's house. 

MRS. ALVING. At any rate, the fact remains that with myself I took nocounsel whatever. 

MANDERS. Well then, with your nearest relatives--as your duty badeyou--with your mother and your two aunts. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, that is true. Those three cast up the account for me. Oh, it's marvellous how clearly they made out that it would be downrightmadness to refuse such an offer. If mother could only see me now, andknow what all that grandeur has come to!

MANDERS. Nobody can be held responsible for the result. This, at least, remains clear: your marriage was in full accordance with law and order. 

MRS. ALVING. [At the window. ] Oh, that perpetual law and order! I oftenthink that is what does all the mischief in this world of ours. 

MANDERS. Mrs. Alving, that is a sinful way of talking. 

MRS. ALVING. Well, I can't help it; I must have done with all thisconstraint and insincerity. I can endure it no longer. I must work myway out to freedom. 

MANDERS. What do you mean by that?

MRS. ALVING. [Drumming on the window frame. ] I ought never to haveconcealed the facts of Alving's life. But at that time I dared notdo anything else-I was afraid, partly on my own account. I was such acoward. 

MANDERS. A coward?

MRS. ALVING. If people had come to know anything, they would havesaid--"Poor man! with a runaway wife, no wonder he kicks over thetraces. "

MANDERS. Such remarks might have been made with a certain show of right. 

MRS. ALVING. [Looking steadily at him. ] If I were what I ought to be, Ishould go to Oswald and say, "Listen, my boy: your father led a viciouslife--"

MANDERS. Merciful heavens--!

MRS. ALVING. --and then I should tell him all I have told you--every wordof it. 

MANDERS. You shock me unspeakably, Mrs. Alving. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; I know that. I know that very well. I myself amshocked at the idea. [Goes away from the window. ] I am such a coward. 

MANDERS. You call it "cowardice" to do your plain duty? Have youforgotten that a son ought to love and honour his father and mother?

MRS. ALVING. Do not let us talk in such general terms. Let us ask: OughtOswald to love and honour Chamberlain Alving?

MANDERS. Is there no voice in your mother's heart that forbids you todestroy your son's ideals?

MRS. ALVING. But what about the truth?

MANDERS. But what about the ideals?

MRS. ALVING. Oh--ideals, ideals! If only I were not such a coward!

MANDERS. Do not despise ideals, Mrs. Alving; they will avenge themselvescruelly. Take Oswald's case: he, unfortunately, seems to have few enoughideals as it is; but I can see that his father stands before him as anideal. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, that is true. 

MANDERS. And this habit of mind you have yourself implanted and fosteredby your letters. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; in my superstitious awe for duty and the proprieties, I lied to my boy, year after year. Oh, what a coward--what a coward Ihave been!

MANDERS. You have established a happy illusion in your son's heart, Mrs. Alving; and assuredly you ought not to undervalue it. 

MRS. ALVING. H'm; who knows whether it is so happy after all--? But, atany rate, I will not have any tampering wide Regina. He shall not go andwreck the poor girl's life. 

MANDERS. No; good God--that would be terrible!

MRS. ALVING. If I knew he was in earnest, and that it would be for hishappiness--

MANDERS. What? What then?

MRS. ALVING. But it couldn't be; for unfortunately Regina is not theright sort of woman. 

MANDERS. Well, what then? What do you mean?

MRS. ALVING. If I weren't such a pitiful coward, I should say to him, "Marry her, or make what arrangement you please, only let us havenothing underhand about it. "

MANDERS. Merciful heavens, would you let them marry! Anything sodreadful--! so unheard of--

MRS. ALVING. Do you really mean "unheard of"? Frankly, Pastor Manders, do you suppose that throughout the country there are not plenty ofmarried couples as closely akin as they?

MANDERS. I don't in the least understand you. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh yes, indeed you do. 

MANDERS. Ah, you are thinking of the possibility that--Alas! yes, familylife is certainly not always so pure as it ought to be. But in such acase as you point to, one can never know--at least with any certainty. Here, on the other hand--that you, a mother, can think of letting yourson--

MRS. ALVING. But I cannot--I wouldn't for anything in the world; that isprecisely what I am saying. 

MANDERS. No, because you are a "coward, " as you put it. But if you werenot a "coward, " then--? Good God! a connection so shocking!

MRS. ALVING. So far as that goes, they say we are all sprung fromconnections of that sort. And who is it that arranged the world so, Pastor Manders?

MANDERS. Questions of that kind I must decline to discuss with you, Mrs. Alving; you are far from being in the right frame of mind for them. Butthat you dare to call your scruples "cowardly"--!

MRS. ALVING. Let me tell you what I mean. I am timid and faint-heartedbecause of the ghosts that hang about me, and that I can never quiteshake off. 

MANDERS. What do you say hangs about you?

MRS. ALVING. Ghosts! When I heard Regina and Oswald in there, it wasas though ghosts rose up before me. But I almost think we are all of usghosts, Pastor Manders. It is not only what we have inherited from ourfather and mother that "walks" in us. It is all sorts of dead ideas, and lifeless old beliefs, and so forth. They have no vitality, but theycling to us all the same, and we cannot shake them off. Whenever I takeup a newspaper, I seem to see ghosts gliding between the lines. Theremust be ghosts all the country over, as thick as the sands of the sea. And then we are, one and all, so pitifully afraid of the light. 

MANDERS. Aha--here we have the fruits of your reading. And pretty fruitsthey are, upon my word! Oh, those horrible, revolutionary, free-thinkingbooks!

MRS. ALVING. You are mistaken, my dear Pastor. It was you yourself whoset me thinking; and I thank you for it with all my heart. 

MANDERS. I!

MRS. ALVING. Yes--when you forced me under the yoke of what you calledduty and obligation; when you lauded as right and proper what my wholesoul rebelled against as something loathsome. It was then that I beganto look into the seams of your doctrines. I wanted only to pick at asingle knot; but when I had got that undone, the whole thing ravelledout. And then I understood that it was all machine-sewn. 

MANDERS. [Softly, with emotion. ] And was that the upshot of my life'shardest battle?

MRS. ALVING. Call it rather your most pitiful defeat. 

MANDERS. It was my greatest victory, Helen--the victory over myself. 

MRS. ALVING. It was a crime against us both. 

MANDERS. When you went astray, and came to me crying, "Here I am; takeme!" I commanded you, saying, "Woman, go home to your lawful husband. "Was that a crime?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, I think so. 

MANDERS. We two do not understand each other. 

MRS. ALVING. Not now, at any rate. 

MANDERS. Never--never in my most secret thoughts have I regarded youotherwise than as another's wife. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh--indeed?

MANDERS. Helen--!

MRS. ALVING. People so easily forget their past selves. 

MANDERS. I do not. I am what I always was. 

MRS. ALVING. [Changing the subject. ] Well well well; don't let us talkof old times any longer. You are now over head and ears in Boards andCommittees, and I am fighting my battle with ghosts, both within me andwithout. 

MANDERS. Those without I shall help you to lay. After all the terriblethings I have heard from you today, I cannot in conscience permit anunprotected girl to remain in your house. 

MRS. ALVING. Don't you think the best plan would be to get her providedfor?--I mean, by a good marriage. 

MANDERS. No doubt. I think it would be desirable for her in everyrespect. Regina is now at the age when--Of course I don't know muchabout these things, but--

MRS. ALVING. Regina matured very early. 

MANDERS. Yes, I thought so. I have an impression that she was remarkablywell developed, physically, when I prepared her for confirmation. But inthe meantime, she ought to be at home, under her father's eye--Ah! butEngstrand is not--That he--that he--could so hide the truth from me! [Aknock at the door into the hall. ]

MRS. ALVING. Who can this be? Come in!

ENGSTRAND. [In his Sunday clothes, in the doorway. ] I humbly beg yourpardon, but--

MANDERS. Aha! H'm--

MRS. ALVING. Is that you, Engstrand?

ENGSTRAND. --there was none of the servants about, so I took the greatliberty of just knocking. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, very well. Come in. Do you want to speak to me?

ENGSTRAND. [Comes in. ] No, I'm obliged to you, ma'am; it was with hisReverence I wanted to have a word or two. 

MANDERS. [Walking up and down the room. ] Ah--indeed! You want to speakto me, do you?

ENGSTRAND. Yes, I'd like so terrible much to--

MANDERS. [Stops in front of him. ] Well; may I ask what you want?

ENGSTRAND. Well, it was just this, your Reverence: we've been paid offdown yonder--my grateful thanks to you, ma'am, --and now everything'sfinished, I've been thinking it would be but right and proper if we, that have been working so honestly together all this time--well, I wasthinking we ought to end up with a little prayer-meeting to-night. 

MANDERS. A prayer-meeting? Down at the Orphanage?

ENGSTRAND. Oh, if your Reverence doesn't think it proper--

MANDERS. Oh yes, I do; but--h'm--

ENGSTRAND. I've been in the habit of offering up a little prayer in theevenings, myself--

MRS. ALVING. Have you?

ENGSTRAND. Yes, every now and then just a little edification, in amanner of speaking. But I'm a poor, common man, and have little enoughgift, God help me!--and so I thought, as the Reverend Mr. Mandershappened to be here, I'd--

MANDERS. Well, you see, Engstrand, I have a question to put to youfirst. Are you in the right frame of mind for such a meeting! Do youfeel your conscience clear and at ease?

ENGSTRAND. Oh, God help us, your Reverence! we'd better not talk aboutconscience. 

MANDERS. Yes, that is just what we must talk about. What have you toanswer?

ENGSTRAND. Why--a man's conscience--it can be bad enough now and then. 

MANDERS. Ah, you admit that. Then perhaps you will make a clean breastof it, and tell me--the real truth about Regina?

MRS. ALVING. [Quickly. ] Mr. Manders!

MANDERS. [Reassuringly. ] Please allow me--

ENGSTRAND. About Regina! Lord, what a turn you gave me! [Looks at MRS. ALVING. ] There's nothing wrong about Regina, is there?

MANDERS. We will hope not. But I mean, what is the truth about you andRegina? You pass for her father, eh!

ENGSTRAND. [Uncertain. ] Well--h'm--your Reverence knows all about me andpoor Johanna. 

MANDERS. Come now, no more prevarication! Your wife told Mrs. Alving thewhole story before quitting her service. 

ENGSTRAND. Well, then, may--! Now, did she really?

MANDERS. You see we know you now, Engstrand. 

ENGSTRAND. And she swore and took her Bible oath--

MANDERS. Did she take her Bible oath?

ENGSTRAND. No; she only swore; but she did it that solemn-like. 

MANDERS. And you have hidden the truth from me all these years? Hiddenit from me, who have trusted you without reserve, in everything. 

ENGSTRAND. Well, I can't deny it. 

MANDERS. Have I deserved this of you, Engstrand? Have I not always beenready to help you in word and deed, so far as it lay in my power? Answerme. Have I not?

ENGSTRAND. It would have been a poor look-out for me many a time but forthe Reverend Mr. Manders. 

MANDERS. And this is how you reward me! You cause me to enter falsehoodsin the Church Register, and you withhold from me, year after year, theexplanations you owed alike to me and to the truth. Your conduct hasbeen wholly inexcusable, Engstrand; and from this time forward I havedone with you!

ENGSTRAND. [With a sigh. ] Yes! I suppose there's no help for it. 

MANDERS. How can you possibly justify yourself?

ENGSTRAND. Who could ever have thought she'd have gone and made badworse by talking about it? Will your Reverence just fancy yourself inthe same trouble as poor Johanna--

MANDERS. I!

ENGSTRAND. Lord bless you, I don't mean just exactly the same. But Imean, if your Reverence had anything to be ashamed of in the eyes of theworld, as the saying goes. We menfolk oughtn't to judge a poor woman toohardly, your Reverence. 

MANDERS. I am not doing so. It is you I am reproaching. 

ENGSTRAND. Might I make so bold as to ask your Reverence a bit of aquestion?

MANDERS. Yes, if you want to. 

ENGSTRAND. Isn't it right and proper for a man to raise up the fallen?

MANDERS. Most certainly it is. 

ENGSTRAND. And isn't a man bound to keep his sacred word?

MANDERS. Why, of course he is; but--

ENGSTRAND. When Johanna had got into trouble through that Englishman--orit might have been an American or a Russian, as they call them--well, you see, she came down into the town. Poor thing, she'd sent me aboutmy business once or twice before: for she couldn't bear the sight ofanything as wasn't handsome; and I'd got this damaged leg of mine. YourReverence recollects how I ventured up into a dancing saloon, whereseafaring men was carrying on with drink and devilry, as the sayinggoes. And then, when I was for giving them a bit of an admonition tolead a new life--

MRS. ALVING. [At the window. ] H'm--

MANDERS. I know all about that, Engstrand; the ruffians threw youdownstairs. You have told me of the affair already. Your infirmity is anhonour to you. 

ENGSTRAND. I'm not puffed up about it, your Reverence. But what I wantedto say was, that when she cane and confessed all to me, with weeping andgnashing of teeth, I can tell your Reverence I was sore at heart to hearit. 

MANDERS. Were you indeed, Engstrand? Well, go on. 

ENGSTRAND. So I says to her, "The American, he's sailing about on theboundless sea. And as for you, Johanna, " says I, "you've committed agrievous sin, and you're a fallen creature. But Jacob Engstrand, "says I, "he's got two good legs to stand upon, he has--" You see, yourReverence, I was speaking figurative-like. 

MANDERS. I understand quite well. Go on. 

ENGSTRAND. Well, that was how I raised her up and made an honest womanof her, so as folks shouldn't get to know how as she'd gone astray withforeigners. 

MANDERS. In all that you acted very well. Only I cannot approve of yourstooping to take money--

ENGSTRAND. Money? I? Not a farthing!

MANDERS. [Inquiringly to MRS. ALVING. ] But--

ENGSTRAND. Oh, wait a minute!--now I recollect. Johanna did have atrifle of money. But I would have nothing to do with that. "No, " says I, "that's mammon; that's the wages of sin. This dirty gold--or notes, orwhatever it was--we'll just flint, that back in the American's face, "says I. But he was off and away, over the stormy sea, your Reverence. 

MANDERS. Was he really, my good fellow?

ENGSTRAND. He was indeed, sir. So Johanna and I, we agreed that themoney should go to the child's education; and so it did, and I canaccount for every blessed farthing of it. 

MANDERS. Why, this alters the case considerably. 

ENGSTRAND. That's just how it stands, your Reverence. And I make so boldas to say as I've been an honest father to Regina, so far as my poorstrength went; for I'm but a weak vessel, worse luck!

MANDERS. Well, well, my good fellow--

ENGSTRAND. All the same, I bear myself witness as I've brought up thechild, and lived kindly with poor Johanna, and ruled over my own house, as the Scripture has it. But it couldn't never enter my head to go toyour Reverence and puff myself up and boast because even the likes ofme had done some good in the world. No, sir; when anything of thatsort happens to Jacob Engstrand, he holds his tongue about it. It don'thappen so terrible often, I daresay. And when I do come to see yourReverence, I find a mortal deal that's wicked and weak to talk about. For I said it before, and I says it again--a man's conscience isn'talways as clean as it might be. 

MANDERS. Give me your hand, Jacob Engstrand. 

ENGSTRAND. Oh, Lord! your Reverence--

MANDERS. Come, no nonsense [wrings his hand]. There we are!

ENGSTRAND. And if I might humbly beg your Reverence's pardon--

MANDERS. You? On the contrary, it is I who ought to beg your pardon--

ENGSTRAND. Lord, no, Sir!

MANDERS. Yes, assuredly. And I do it with all my heart. Forgive me formisunderstanding you. I only wish I could give you some proof of myhearty regret, and of my good-will towards you--

ENGSTRAND. Would your Reverence do it?

MANDERS. With the greatest pleasure. 

ENGSTRAND. Well then, here's the very chance. With the bit of money I'vesaved here, I was thinking I might set up a Sailors' Home down in thetown. 

MRS. ALVING. You?

ENGSTRAND. Yes; it might be a sort of Orphanage, too, in a manner ofspeaking. There's such a many temptations for seafaring folk ashore. Butin this Home of mine, a man might feel like as he was under a father'seye, I was thinking. 

MANDERS. What do you say to this, Mrs. Alving?

ENGSTRAND. It isn't much as I've got to start with, Lord help me! But ifI could only find a helping hand, why--

MANDERS. Yes, yes; we will look into the matter more closely. I entirelyapprove of your plan. But now, go before me and make everythingready, and get the candles lighted, so as to give the place an air offestivity. And then we will pass an edifying hour together, my goodfellow; for now I quite believe you are in the right frame of mind. 

ENGSTRAND. Yes, I trust I am. And so I'll say good-bye, ma'am, and thankyou kindly; and take good care of Regina for me--[Wipes a tear from hiseye]--poor Johanna's child. Well, it's a queer thing, now; but it's justlike as if she'd growd into the very apple of my eye. It is, indeed. [Hebows and goes out through the hall. ]

MANDERS. Well, what do you say of that man now, Mrs. Alving? That was avery different account of matters, was it not?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, it certainly was. 

MANDERS. It only shows how excessively careful one ought to be injudging one's fellow creatures. But what a heartfelt joy it is toascertain that one has been mistaken! Don't you think so?

MRS. ALVING. I think you are, and will always be, a great baby, Manders. 

MANDERS. I?

MRS. ALVING. [Laying her two hands upon his shoulders. ] And I say that Ihave half a mind to put my arms round your neck, and kiss you. 

MANDERS. [Stepping hastily back. ] No, no! God bless me! What an idea!

MRS. ALVING. [With a smile. ] Oh, you needn't be afraid of me. 

MANDERS. [By the table. ] You have sometimes such an exaggerated way ofexpressing yourself. Now, let me just collect all the documents, and putthem in my bag. [He does so. ] There, that's all right. And now, good-byefor the present. Keep your eyes open when Oswald comes back. I shalllook in again later. [He takes his hat and goes out through the halldoor. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Sighs, looks for a moment out of the window, sets the roomin order a little, and is about to go into the dining-room, but stops atthe door with a half-suppressed cry. ] Oswald, are you still at table?

OSWALD. [In the dining room. ] I'm only finishing my cigar. 

MRS. ALVING. I thought you had gone for a little walk. 

OSWALD. In such weather as this?

[A glass clinks. MRS. ALVING leaves the door open, and sits down withher knitting on the sofa by the window. ]

OSWALD. Wasn't that Pastor Manders that went out just now?

MRS. ALVING. Yes; he went down to the Orphanage. 

OSWALD. H'm. [The glass and decanter clink again. ]

MRS. ALVING. [With a troubled glance. ] Dear Oswald, you should take careof that liqueur. It is strong. 

OSWALD. It keeps out the damp. 

MRS. ALVING. Wouldn't you rather come in here, to me?

OSWALD. I mayn't smoke in there. 

MRS. ALVING. You know quite well you may smoke cigars. 

OSWALD. Oh, all right then; I'll come in. Just a tiny drop more first. There! [He comes into the room with his cigar, and shuts the door afterhim. A short silence. ] Where has the pastor gone to?

MRS. ALVING. I have just told you; he went down to the Orphanage. 

OSWALD. Oh, yes; so you did. 

MRS. ALVING. You shouldn't sit so long at table, Oswald. 

OSWALD. [Holding his cigar behind him. ] But I find it so pleasant, mother. [Strokes and caresses her. ] Just think what it is for me to comehome and sit at mother's own table, in mother's room, and eat mother'sdelicious dishes. 

MRS. ALVING. My dear, dear boy!

OSWALD. [Somewhat impatiently, walks about and smokes. ] And what elsecan I do with myself here? I can't set to work at anything. 

MRS. ALVING. Why can't you?

OSWALD. In such weather as this? Without a single ray of sunshine thewhole day? [Walks up the room. ] Oh, not to be able to work--!

MRS. ALVING. Perhaps it was not quite wise of you to come home?

OSWALD. Oh, yes, mother; I had to. 

MRS. ALVING. You know I would ten times rather forgo the joy of havingyou here, than let you--

OSWALD. [Stops beside the table. ] Now just tell me, mother: does itreally make you so very happy to have me home again?

MRS. ALVING. Does it make me happy!

OSWALD. [Crumpling up a newspaper. ] I should have thought it must bepretty much the same to you whether I was in existence or not. 

MRS. ALVING. Have you the heart to say that to your mother, Oswald?

OSWALD. But you've got on very well without me all this time. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes; I have got on without you. That is true. 

[A silence. Twilight slowly begins to fall. OSWALD paces to and froacross the room. He has laid his cigar down. ]

OSWALD. [Stops beside MRS. ALVING. ] Mother, may I sit on the sofa besideyou?

MRS. ALVING. [Makes room for him. ] Yes, do, my dear boy. 

OSWALD. [Sits down. ] There is something I must tell you, mother. 

MRS. ALVING. [Anxiously. ] Well?

OSWALD. [Looks fixedly before him. ] For I can't go on hiding it anylonger. 

MRS. ALVING. Hiding what? What is it?

OSWALD. [As before. ] I could never bring myself to write to you aboutit; and since I've come home--

MRS. ALVING. [Seizes him by the arm. ] Oswald, what is the matter?

OSWALD. Both yesterday and to-day I have tried to put the thoughts awayfrom me--to cast them off; but it's no use. 

MRS. ALVING. [Rising. ] Now you must tell me everything, Oswald!

OSWALD. [Draws her down to the sofa again. ] Sit still; and then I willtry to tell you. --I complained of fatigue after my journey--

MRS. ALVING. Well? What then?

OSWALD. But it isn't that that is the matter with me; not any ordinaryfatigue--

MRS. ALVING. [Tries to jump up. ] You are not ill, Oswald?

OSWALD. [Draws her down again. ] Sit still, mother. Do take it quietly. I'm not downright ill, either; not what is commonly called "ill. "[Clasps his hands above his head. ] Mother, my mind is brokendown--ruined--I shall never be able to work again! [With his handsbefore his face, he buries his head in her lap, and breaks into bittersobbing. ]

MRS. ALVING. [White and trembling. ] Oswald! Look at me! No, no; it's nottrue. 

OSWALD. [Looks up with despair in his eyes. ] Never to be able to workagain! Never!--never! A living death! Mother, can you imagine anythingso horrible?

MRS. ALVING. My poor boy! How has this horrible thing come upon you?

OSWALD. [Sitting upright again. ] That's just what I cannot possiblygrasp or understand. I have never led a dissipated life never, in anyrespect. You mustn't believe that of me, mother! I've never done that. 

MRS. ALVING. I am sure you haven't, Oswald. 

OSWALD. And yet this has come upon me just the same--this awfulmisfortune!

MRS. ALVING. Oh, but it will pass over, my dear, blessed boy. It'snothing but over-work. Trust me, I am right. 

OSWALD. [Sadly. ] I thought so too, at first; but it isn't so. 

MRS. ALVING. Tell me everything, from beginning to end. 

OSWALD. Yes, I will. 

MRS. ALVING. When did you first notice it?

OSWALD. It was directly after I had been home last time, and had gotback to Paris again. I began to feel the most violent pains in myhead--chiefly in the back of my head, they seemed to come. It was asthough a tight iron ring was being screwed round my neck and upwards. 

MRS. ALVING. Well, and then?

OSWALD. At first I thought it was nothing but the ordinary headache Ihad been so plagued with while I was growing up--

MRS. ALVING. Yes, yes--

OSWALD. But it wasn't that. I soon found that out. I couldn't work anymore. I wanted to begin upon a big new picture, but my powers seemed tofail me; all my strength was crippled; I could form no definite images;everything swam before me--whirling round and round. Oh, it was an awfulstate! At last I sent for a doctor--and from him I learned the truth. 

MRS. ALVING. How do you mean?

OSWALD. He was one of the first doctors in Paris. I told him mysymptoms; and then he set to work asking me a string of questions whichI thought had nothing to do with the matter. I couldn't imagine what theman was after--

MRS. ALVING. Well?

OSWALD. At last he said: "There has been something worm-eaten in youfrom your birth. " He used that very word--_vermoulu_. 

MRS. ALVING. [Breathlessly. ] What did he mean by that?

OSWALD. I didn't understand either, and begged him to explain himselfmore clearly. And then the old cynic said--[Clenching his fist] Oh--!

MRS. ALVING. What did he say?

OSWALD. He said, "The sins of the fathers are visited upon thechildren. "

MRS. ALVING. [Rising slowly. ] The sins of the fathers--!

OSWALD. I very nearly struck him in the face--

MRS. ALVING. [Walks away across the room. ] The sins of the fathers--

OSWALD. [Smiles sadly. ] Yes; what do you think of that? Of course Iassured him that such a thing was out of the question. But do you thinkhe gave in? No, he stuck to it; and it was only when I produced yourletters and translated the passages relating to father--

MRS. ALVING. But then--?

OSWALD. Then of course he had to admit that he was on the wrong track;and so I learned the truth--the incomprehensible truth! I ought not tohave taken part with my comrades in that lighthearted, glorious life oftheirs. It had been too much for my strength. So I had brought it uponmyself!

MRS. ALVING. Oswald! No, no; do not believe it!

OSWALD. No other explanation was possible, he said. That's the awfulpart of it. Incurably ruined for life--by my own heedlessness! All thatI meant to have done in the world--I never dare think of it again--I'mnot able to think of it. Oh! if I could only live over again, and undoall I have done! [He buries his face in the sofa. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Wrings her hands and walks, in silent struggle, backwardsand forwards. ]

OSWALD. [After a while, looks up and remains resting upon his elbow. ] Ifit had only been something inherited--something one wasn't responsiblefor! But this! To have thrown away so shamefully, thoughtlessly, recklessly, one's own happiness, one's own health, everything in theworld--one's future, one's very life--!

MRS. ALVING. No, no, my dear, darling boy; this is impossible! [Bendsover him. ] Things are not so desperate as you think. 

OSWALD. Oh, you don't know--[Springs up. ] And then, mother, to causeyou all this sorrow! Many a time I have almost wished and hoped that atbottom you didn't care so very much about me. 

MRS. ALVING. I, Oswald? My only boy! You are all I have in the world!The only thing I care about!

OSWALD. [Seizes both her hands and kisses them. ] Yes, yes, I see it. When I'm at home, I see it, of course; and that's almost the hardestpart for me. --But now you know the whole story and now we won't talk anymore about it to-day. I daren't think of it for long together. [Goes upthe room. ] Get me something to drink, mother. 

MRS. ALVING. To drink? What do you want to drink now?

OSWALD. Oh, anything you like. You have some cold punch in the house. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, but my dear Oswald--

OSWALD. Don't refuse me, mother. Do be kind, now! I must have somethingto wash down all these gnawing thoughts. [Goes into the conservatory. ]And then--it's so dark here! [MRS. ALVING pulls a bell-rope on theright. ] And this ceaseless rain! It may go on week after week, formonths together. Never to get a glimpse of the sun! I can't recollectever having seen the sun shine all the times I've been at home. 

MRS. ALVING. Oswald--you are thinking of going away from me. 

OSWALD. H'm--[Drawing a heavy breath. ]--I'm not thinking of anything. Icannot think of anything! [In a low voice. ] I let thinking alone. 

REGINA. [From the dining-room. ] Did you ring, ma'am?

MRS. ALVING. Yes; let us have the lamp in. 

REGINA. Yes, ma'am. It's ready lighted. [Goes out. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Goes across to OSWALD. ] Oswald, be frank with me. 

OSWALD. Well, so I am, mother. [Goes to the table. ] I think I have toldyou enough. 

[REGINA brings the lamp and sets it upon the table. ]

MRS. ALVING. Regina, you may bring us a small bottle of champagne. 

REGINA. Very well, ma'am. [Goes out. ]

OSWALD. [Puts his arm round MRS. ALVING's neck. ] That's just what Iwanted. I knew mother wouldn't let her boy go thirsty. 

MRS. ALVING. My own, poor, darling Oswald; how could I deny you anythingnow?

OSWALD. [Eagerly. ] Is that true, mother? Do you mean it?

MRS. ALVING. How? What?

OSWALD. That you couldn't deny me anything. 

MRS. ALVING. My dear Oswald--

OSWALD. Hush!

REGINA. [Brings a tray with a half-bottle of champagne and two glasses, which she sets on the table. ] Shall I open it?

OSWALD. No, thanks. I will do it myself. 

[REGINA goes out again. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Sits down by the table. ] What was it you meant--that Imusn't deny you?

OSWALD. [Busy opening the bottle. ] First let us have a glass--or two. 

[The cork pops; he pours wine into one glass, and is about to pour itinto the other. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Holding her hand over it. ] Thanks; not for me. 

OSWALD. Oh! won't you? Then I will!

[He empties the glass, fells, and empties it again; then he sits down bythe table. ]

MRS. ALVING. [In expectancy. ] Well?

OSWALD. [Without looking at her. ] Tell me--I thought you and PastorManders seemed so odd--so quiet--at dinner to-day. 

MRS. ALVING. Did you notice it?

OSWALD. Yes. H'm--[After a short silence. ] Tell me: what do you think ofRegina?

MRS. ALVING. What do I think?

OSWALD. Yes; isn't she splendid?

MRS. ALVING. My dear Oswald, you don't know her as I do--

OSWALD. Well?

MRS. ALVING. Regina, unfortunately, was allowed to stay at home toolong. I ought to have taken her earlier into my house. 

OSWALD. Yes, but isn't she splendid to look at, mother? [He fills hisglass. ]

MRS. ALVING. Regina has many serious faults--

OSWALD. Oh, what does that matter? [He drinks again. ]

MRS. ALVING. But I am fond of her, nevertheless, and I am responsiblefor her. I wouldn't for all the world have any harm happen to her. 

OSWALD. [Springs up. ] Mother, Regina is my only salvation!

MRS. ALVING. [Rising. ] What do you mean by that?

OSWALD. I cannot go on bearing all this anguish of soul alone. 

MRS. ALVING. Have you not your mother to share it with you?

OSWALD. Yes; that's what I thought; and so I came home to you. But thatwill not do. I see it won't do. I cannot endure my life here. 

MRS. ALVING. Oswald!

OSWALD. I must live differently, mother. That is why I must leave you. Iwill not have you looking on at it. 

MRS. ALVING. My unhappy boy! But, Oswald, while you are so ill as this--

OSWALD. If it were only the illness, I should stay with you, mother, youmay be sure; for you are the best friend I have in the world. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, indeed I am, Oswald; am I not?

OSWALD. [Wanders restlessly about. ] But it's all the torment, thegnawing remorse--and then, the great, killing dread. Oh--that awfuldread!

MRS. ALVING. [Walking after him. ] Dread? What dread? What do you mean?

OSWALD. Oh, you mustn't ask me any more. I don't know. I can't describeit. 

MRS. ALVING. [Goes over to the right and pulls the bell. ]

OSWALD. What is it you want?

MRS. ALVING. I want my boy to be happy--that is what I want. He sha'n'tgo on brooding over things [To REGINA, who appears at the door:] Morechampagne--a large bottle. [REGINA goes. ]

OSWALD. Mother!

MRS. ALVING. Do you think we don't know how to live here at home?

OSWALD. Isn't she splendid to look at? How beautifully she's built! Andso thoroughly healthy!

MRS. ALVING. [Sits by the table. ] Sit down, Oswald; let us talk quietlytogether. 

OSWALD. [Sits. ] I daresay you don't know, mother, that I owe Regina somereparation. 

MRS. ALVING. You!

OSWALD. For a bit of thoughtlessness, or whatever you like to callit--very innocent, at any rate. When I was home last time--

MRS. ALVING. Well?

OSWALD. She used often to ask me about Paris, and I used to tell her onething and another. Then I recollect I happened to say to her one day, "Shouldn't you like to go there yourself?"

MRS. ALVING. Well?

OSWALD. I saw her face flush, and then she said, "Yes, I should like itof all things. " "Ah, well, " I replied, "it might perhaps be managed"--orsomething like that. 

MRS. ALVING. And then?

OSWALD. Of course I had forgotten all about it; but the day beforeyesterday I happened to ask her whether she was glad I was to stay athome so long--

MRS. ALVING. Yes?

OSWALD. And then she gave me such a strange look, and asked, "But what'sto become of my trip to Paris?"

MRS. ALVING. Her trip!

OSWALD. And so it came out that she had taken the thing seriously; thatshe had been thinking of me the whole time, and had set to work to learnFrench--

MRS. ALVING. So that was why--!

OSWALD. Mother--when I saw that fresh, lovely, splendid girl standingthere before me--till then I had hardly noticed her--but when she stoodthere as though with open arms ready to receive me--

MRS. ALVING. Oswald!

OSWALD. --then it flashed upon me that in her lay my salvation; for I sawthat she was full of the joy of life. 

MRS. ALVING. [Starts. ] The joy of life? Can there be salvation in that?

REGINA. [From the dining room, with a bottle of champagne. ] I'm sorry tohave been so long, but I had to go to the cellar. [Places the bottle onthe table. ]

OSWALD. And now bring another glass. 

REGINA. [Looks at him in surprise. ] There is Mrs. Alving's glass, Mr. Alving. 

OSWALD. Yes, but bring one for yourself, Regina. [REGINA starts andgives a lightning-like side glance at MRS. ALVING. ] Why do you wait?

REGINA. [Softly and hesitatingly. ] Is it Mrs. Alving's wish?

MRS. ALVING. Bring the glass, Regina. 

[REGINA goes out into the dining-room. ]

OSWALD. [Follows her with his eyes. ] Have you noticed how she walks?--sofirmly and lightly!

MRS. ALVING. This can never be, Oswald!

OSWALD. It's a settled thing. Can't you see that? It's no use sayinganything against it. 

[REGINA enters with an empty glass, which she keeps in her hand. ]

OSWALD. Sit down, Regina. 

[REGINA looks inquiringly at MRS. ALVING. ]

MRS. ALVING. Sit down. [REGINA sits on a chair by the dining room door, still holding the empty glass in her hand. ] Oswald--what were you sayingabout the joy of life?

OSWALD. Ah, the joy of life, mother--that's a thing you don't know muchabout in these parts. I have never felt it here. 

MRS. ALVING. Not when you are with me?

OSWALD. Not when I'm at home. But you don't understand that. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, yes; I think I almost understand it--now. 

OSWALD. And then, too, the joy of work! At bottom, it's the same thing. But that, too, you know nothing about. 

MRS. ALVING. Perhaps you are right. Tell me more about it, Oswald. 

OSWALD. I only mean that here people are brought up to believe thatwork is a curse and a punishment for sin, and that life is somethingmiserable, something; it would be best to have done with, the sooner thebetter. 

MRS. ALVING. "A vale of tears, " yes; and we certainly do our best tomake it one. 

OSWALD. But in the great world people won't hear of such things. There, nobody really believes such doctrines any longer. There, you feel it apositive bliss and ecstasy merely to draw the breath of life. Mother, have you noticed that everything I have painted has turned upon the joyof life?--always, always upon the joy of life?--light and sunshine andglorious air-and faces radiant with happiness. That is why I'm afraid ofremaining at home with you. 

MRS. ALVING. Afraid? What are you afraid of here, with me?

OSWALD. I'm afraid lest all my instincts should be warped into ugliness. 

MRS. ALVING. [Looks steadily at him. ] Do you think that is what wouldhappen?

OSWALD. I know it. You may live the same life here as there, and yet itwon't be the same life. 

MRS. ALVING. [Who has been listening eagerly, rises, her eyes big withthought, and says:] Now I see the sequence of things. 

OSWALD. What is it you see?

MRS. ALVING. I see it now for the first time. And now I can speak. 

OSWALD. [Rising. ] Mother, I don't understand you. 

REGINA. [Who has also risen. ] Perhaps I ought to go?

MRS. ALVING. No. Stay here. Now I can speak. Now, my boy, you shall knowthe whole truth. And then you can choose. Oswald! Regina!

OSWALD. Hush! The Pastor--

MANDERS. [Enters by the hall door. ] There! We have had a most edifyingtime down there. 

OSWALD. So have we. 

MANDERS. We must stand by Engstrand and his Sailors' Home. Regina mustgo to him and help him--

REGINA. No thank you, sir. 

MANDERS. [Noticing her for the first tine. ] What--? You here? And with aglass in your hand!

REGINA. [Hastily putting the glass down. ] Pardon!

OSWALD. Regina is going with me, Mr. Manders. 

MANDERS. Going! With you!

OSWALD. Yes; as my wife--if she wishes it. 

MANDERS. But, merciful God--!

REGINA. I can't help it, sir. 

OSWALD. Or she'll stay here, if I stay. 

REGINA. [Involuntarily. ] Here!

MANDERS. I am thunderstruck at your conduct, Mrs. Alving. 

MRS. ALVING. They will do neither one thing nor the other; for now I canspeak out plainly. 

MANDERS. You surely will not do that! No, no, no!

MRS. ALVING. Yes, I can speak and I will. And no ideals shall sufferafter all. 

OSWALD. Mother--what is it you are hiding from me?

REGINA. [Listening. ] Oh, ma'am, listen! Don't you hear shouts outside. [She goes into the conservatory and looks out. ]

OSWALD. [At the window on the left. ] What's going on? Where does thatlight come from?

REGINA. [Cries out. ] The Orphanage is on fire!

MRS. ALVING. [Rushing to the window. ] On fire!

MANDERS. On fire! Impossible! I've just come from there. 

OSWALD. Where's my hat? Oh, never mind it--Father's Orphanage--! [Herushes out through the garden door. ]

MRS. ALVING. My shawl, Regina! The whole place is in a blaze!

MANDERS. Terrible! Mrs. Alving, it is a judgment upon this abode oflawlessness. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, of course. Come, Regina. [She and REGINA hasten outthrough the hall. ]

MANDERS. [Clasps his hands together. ] And we left it uninsured! [He goesout the same way. ]

ACT THIRD. 

[The room as before. All the doors stand open. The lamp is still burningon the table. It is dark out of doors; there is only a faint glow fromthe conflagration in the background to the left. ]

[MRS. ALVING, with a shawl over her head, stands in the conservatory, looking out. REGINA, also with a shawl on, stands a little behind her. ]

MRS. ALVING. The whole thing burnt!--burnt to the ground!

REGINA. The basement is still burning. 

MRS. ALVING. How is it Oswald doesn't come home? There's nothing to besaved. 

REGINA. Should you like me to take down his hat to him?

MRS. ALVING. Has he not even got his hat on?

REGINA. [Pointing to the hall. ] No; there it hangs. 

MRS. ALVING. Let it be. He must come up now. I shall go and look for himmyself. [She goes out through the garden door. ]

MANDERS. [Comes in from the hall. ] Is not Mrs. Alving here?

REGINA. She has just gone down the garden. 

MANDERS. This is the most terrible night I ever went through. 

REGINA. Yes; isn't it a dreadful misfortune, sir?

MANDERS. Oh, don't talk about it! I can hardly bear to think of it. 

REGINA. How can it have happened--?

MANDERS. Don't ask me, Miss Engstrand! How should _I_ know? Do you, too--? Is it not enough that your father--?

REGINA. What about him?

MANDERS. Oh, he has driven me distracted--

ENGSTRAND. [Enters through the hall. ] Your Reverence--

MANDERS. [Turns round in terror. ] Are you after me here, too?

ENGSTRAND. Yes, strike me dead, but I must--! Oh, Lord! what am Isaying? But this is a terrible ugly business, your Reverence. 

MANDERS. [Walks to and fro. ] Alas! alas!

REGINA. What's the matter?

ENGSTRAND. Why, it all came of this here prayer-meeting, you see. [Softly. ] The bird's limed, my girl. [Aloud. ] And to think it should bemy doing that such a thing should be his Reverence's doing!

MANDERS. But I assure you, Engstrand--

ENGSTRAND. There wasn't another soul except your Reverence as ever laida finger on the candles down there. 

MANDERS. [Stops. ] So you declare. But I certainly cannot recollect thatI ever had a candle in my hand. 

ENGSTRAND. And I saw as clear as daylight how your Reverence took thecandle and snuffed it with your fingers, and threw away the snuff amongthe shavings. 

MANDERS. And you stood and looked on?

ENGSTRAND. Yes; I saw it as plain as a pike-staff, I did. 

MANDERS. It's quite beyond my comprehension. Besides, it has never beenmy habit to snuff candles with my fingers. 

ENGSTRAND. And terrible risky it looked, too, that it did! But is theresuch a deal of harm done after all, your Reverence?

MANDERS. [Walks restlessly to and fro. ] Oh, don't ask me!

ENGSTRAND. [Walks with him. ] And your Reverence hadn't insured it, neither?

MANDERS. [Continuing to walk up and down. ] No, no, no; I have told youso. 

ENGSTRAND. [Following him. ] Not insured! And then to go straight awaydown and set light to the whole thing! Lord, Lord, what a misfortune!

MANDERS. [Wipes the sweat from his forehead. ] Ay, you may well say that, Engstrand. 

ENGSTRAND. And to think that such a thing should happen to a benevolentInstitution, that was to have been a blessing both to town and country, as the saying goes! The newspapers won't be for handling your Reverencevery gently, I expect. 

MANDERS. No; that is just what I am thinking of. That is almost theworst of the whole matter. All the malignant attacks and imputations--!Oh, it makes me shudder to think of it!

MRS. ALVING. [Comes in from the garden. ] He is not to be persuaded toleave the fire. 

MANDERS. Ah, there you are, Mrs. Alving. 

MRS. ALVING. So you have escaped your Inaugural Address, Pastor Manders. 

MANDERS. Oh, I should so gladly--

MRS. ALVING. [In an undertone. ] It is all for the best. That Orphanagewould have done no one any good. 

MANDERS. Do you think not?

MRS. ALVING. Do you think it would?

MANDERS. It is a terrible misfortune, all the same. 

MRS. ALVING. Let us speak of it plainly, as a matter of business. --Areyou waiting for Mr. Manders, Engstrand?

ENGSTRAND. [At the hall door. ] That's just what I'm a-doing of, ma'am. 

MRS. ALVING. Then sit down meanwhile. 

ENGSTRAND. Thank you, ma'am; I'd as soon stand. 

MRS. ALVING. [To MANDERS. ] I suppose you are going by the steamer?

MANDERS. Yes; it starts in an hour. 

MRS. ALVING. Then be so good as to take all the papers with you. I won'thear another word about this affair. I have other things to think of--

MANDERS. Mrs. Alving--

MRS. ALVING. Later on I shall send you a Power of Attorney to settleeverything as you please. 

MANDERS. That I will very readily undertake. The original destination ofthe endowment must now be completely changed, alas!

MRS. ALVING. Of course it must. 

MANDERS. I think, first of all, I shall arrange that the Solvik propertyshall pass to the parish. The land is by no means without value. It canalways be turned to account for some purpose or other. And the interestof the money in the Bank I could, perhaps, best apply for the benefit ofsome undertaking of acknowledged value to the town. 

MRS. ALVING. Do just as you please. The whole matter is now completelyindifferent to me. 

ENGSTRAND. Give a thought to my Sailors' Home, your Reverence. 

MANDERS. Upon my word, that is not a bad suggestion. That must beconsidered. 

ENGSTRAND. Oh, devil take considering--Lord forgive me!

MANDERS. [With a sigh. ] And unfortunately I cannot tell how long I shallbe able to retain control of these things--whether public opinion maynot compel me to retire. It entirely depends upon the result of theofficial inquiry into the fire--

MRS. ALVING. What are you talking about?

MANDERS. And the result can by no means be foretold. 

ENGSTRAND. [Comes close to him. ] Ay, but it can though. For here standsold Jacob Engstrand. 

MANDERS. Well well, but--?

ENGSTRAND. [More softy. ] And Jacob Engstrand isn't the man to desert anoble benefactor in the hour of need, as the saying goes. 

MANDERS. Yes, but my good fellow--how--?

ENGSTRAND. Jacob Engstrand may be likened to a sort of a guardian angel, he may, your Reverence. 

MANDERS. No, no; I really cannot accept that. 

ENGSTRAND. Oh, that'll be the way of it, all the same. I know a man ashas taken others' sins upon himself before now, I do. 

MANDERS. Jacob! [Wrings his hand. ] Yours is a rare nature. Well, you shall be helped with your Sailors' Home. That you may rely upon. [ENGSTRAND tries to thank him, but cannot for emotion. ]

MANDERS. [Hangs his travelling-bag over his shoulder. ] And now let usset out. We two will go together. 

ENGSTRAND. [At the dining-room door, softly to REGINA. ] You come alongtoo, my lass. You shall live as snug as the yolk in an egg. 

REGINA. [Tosses her head. ] _Merci_! [She goes out into the hall andfetches MANDERS' overcoat. ]

MANDERS. Good-bye, Mrs. Alving! and may the spirit of Law and Orderdescend upon this house, and that quickly. 

MRS. ALVING. Good-bye, Pastor Manders. [She goes up towards theconservatory, as she sees OSWALD coming in through the garden door. ]

ENGSTRAND. [While he and REGINA help MANGERS to get his coat on. ]Good-bye, my child. And if any trouble should come to you, you knowwhere Jacob Engstrand is to be found. [Softly. ] Little Harbour Street, h'm--! [To MRS. ALVING and OSWALD. ] And the refuge for wanderingmariners shall be called "Chamberlain Alving's Home, " that it shall! Andif so be as I'm spared to carry on that house in my own way, I make sobold as to promise that it shall be worthy of the Chamberlain's memory. 

MANDERS. [In the doorway. ] H'm--h'm!--Come along, my dear Enstrand. Good-bye! Good-bye! [He and ENGSTRAND go out through the hall. ]

OSWALD. [Goes towards the table. ] What house was he talking about?

MRS. ALVING. Oh, a kind of Home that he and Pastor Manders want to setup. 

OSWALD. It will burn down like the other. 

MRS. ALVING. What makes you think so?

OSWALD. Everything will burn. All that recalls father's memory isdoomed. Here am I, too, burning down. [REGINA starts and looks at him. ]

MRS. ALVING. Oswald! You oughtn't to have remained so long down there, my poor boy. 

OSWALD. [Sits down by the table. ] I almost think you are right. 

MRS. ALVING. Let me dry your face, Oswald; you are quite wet. [She drieshis face with her pocket-handkerchief. ]

OSWALD. [Stares indifferently in front of him. ] Thanks, mother. 

MRS. ALVING. Are you not tired, Oswald? Should you like to sleep?

OSWALD. [Nervously. ] No, no--not to sleep! I never sleep. I only pretendto. [Sadly. ] That will come soon enough. 

MRS. ALVING. [Looking sorrowfully at him. ] Yes, you really are ill, myblessed boy. 

REGINA. [Eagerly. ] Is Mr. Alving ill?

OSWALD. [Impatiently. ] Oh, do shut all the doors! This killing dread--

MRS. ALVING. Close the doors, Regina. 

[REGINA shuts them and remains standing by the hall door. MRS. ALVINGtakes her shawl off: REGINA does the same. MRS. ALVING draws a chairacross to OSWALD'S, and sits by him. ]

MRS. ALVING. There now! I am going to sit beside you--

OSWALD. Yes, do. And Regina shall stay here too. Regina shall be with mealways. You will come to the rescue, Regina, won't you?

REGINA. I don't understand--

MRS. ALVING. To the rescue?

OSWALD. Yes--when the need comes. 

MRS. ALVING. Oswald, have you not your mother to come to the rescue?

OSWALD. You? [Smiles. ] No, mother; that rescue you will never bring me. [Laughs sadly. ] You! ha ha! [Looks earnestly at her. ] Though, after all, who ought to do it if not you? [Impetuously. ] Why can't you say "thou"to me, Regina? [Note: "Sige du" = Fr. _tutoyer_] Why do'n't you call me"Oswald"?

REGINA. [Softly. ] I don't think Mrs. Alving would like it. 

MRS. ALVING. You shall have leave to, presently. And meanwhile sit overhere beside us. 

[REGINA seats herself demurely and hesitatingly at the other side of thetable. ]

MRS. ALVING. And now, my poor suffering boy, I am going to take theburden off your mind--

OSWALD. You, mother?

MRS. ALVING. --all the gnawing remorse and self-reproach you speak of. 

OSWALD. And you think you can do that?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, now I can, Oswald. A little while ago you spoke of thejoy of life; and at that word a new light burst for me over my life andeverything connected with it. 

OSWALD. [Shakes his head. ] I don't understand you. 

MRS. ALVING. You ought to have known your father when he was a younglieutenant. He was brimming over with the joy of life!

OSWALD. Yes, I know he was. 

MRS. ALVING. It was like a breezy day only to look at him. And whatexuberant strength and vitality there was in him!

OSWALD. Well--?

MRS. ALVING. Well then, child of joy as he was--for he was like a childin those days--he had to live at home here in a half-grown town, which had no joys to offer him--only dissipations. He had no objectin life--only an official position. He had no work into which he couldthrow himself heart and soul; he had only business. He had not a singlecomrade that could realise what the joy of life meant--only loungers andboon-companions--

OSWALD. Mother--!

MRS. ALVING. So the inevitable happened. 

OSWALD. The inevitable?

MRS. ALVING. You told me yourself, this evening, what would become ofyou if you stayed at home. 

OSWALD. Do you mean to say that father--?

MRS. ALVING. Your poor father found no outlet for the overpowering joyof life that was in him. And I brought no brightness into his home. 

OSWALD. Not even you?

MRS. ALVING. They had taught me a great deal about duties and so forth, which I went on obstinately believing in. Everything was marked out intoduties--into my duties, and his duties, and--I am afraid I made his homeintolerable for your poor father, Oswald. 

OSWALD. Why have you never spoken of this in writing to me?

MRS. ALVING. I have never before seen it in such a light that I couldspeak of it to you, his son. 

OSWALD. In what light did you see it, then?

MRS. ALVING. [Slowly. ] I saw only this one thing: that your father was abroken-down man before you were born. 

OSWALD. [Softly. ] Ah--! [He rises and walks away to the window. ]

MRS. ALVING. And then; day after day, I dwelt on the one thought that byrights Regina should be at home in this house--just like my own boy. 

OSWALD. [Turning round quickly. ] Regina--!

REGINA. [Springs up and asks, with bated breath. ] I--?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, now you know it, both of you. 

OSWALD. Regina!

REGINA. [To herself. ] So mother was that kind of woman. 

MRS. ALVING. Your mother had many good qualities, Regina. 

REGINA. Yes, but she was one of that sort, all the same. Oh, I've oftensuspected it; but--And now, if you please, ma'am, may I be allowed to goaway at once?

MRS. ALVING. Do you really wish it, Regina?

REGINA. Yes, indeed I do. 

MRS. ALVING. Of course you can do as you like; but--

OSWALD. [Goes towards REGINA. ] Go away now? Your place is here. 

REGINA. _Merci_, Mr. Alving!--or now, I suppose, I may say Oswald. But Ican tell you this wasn't at all what I expected. 

MRS. ALVING. Regina, I have not been frank with you--

REGINA. No, that you haven't indeed. If I'd known that Oswald was aninvalid, why--And now, too, that it can never come to anything seriousbetween us--I really can't stop out here in the country and wear myselfout nursing sick people. 

OSWALD. Not even one who is so near to you?

REGINA. No, that I can't. A poor girl must make the best of her youngdays, or she'll be left out in the cold before she knows where she is. And I, too, have the joy of life in me, Mrs. Alving!

MRS. ALVING. Unfortunately, you leave. But don't throw yourself away, Regina. 

REGINA. Oh, what must be, must be. If Oswald takes after his father, Itake after my mother, I daresay. --May I ask, ma'am, if Pastor Mandersknows all this about me?

MRS. ALVING. Pastor Manders knows all about it. 

REGINA. [Busied in putting on her shawl. ] Well then, I'd better makehaste and get away by this steamer. The Pastor is such a nice man todeal with; and I certainly think I've as much right to a little of thatmoney as he has--that brute of a carpenter. 

MRS. ALVING. You are heartily welcome to it, Regina. 

REGINA. [Looks hard at her. ] I think you might have brought me up as agentleman's daughter, ma'am; it would have suited me better. [Tosses herhead. ] But pooh--what does it matter! [With a bitter side glance at thecorked bottle. ] I may come to drink champagne with gentlefolks yet. 

MRS. ALVING. And if you ever need a home, Regina, come to me. 

REGINA. No, thank you, ma'am. Pastor Manders will look after me, I know. And if the worst comes to the worst, I know of one house where I'veevery right to a place. 

MRS. ALVING. Where is that?

REGINA. "Chamberlain Alving's Home. "

MRS. ALVING. Regina--now I see it--you are going to your ruin. 

REGINA. Oh, stuff! Good-bye. [She nods and goes out through the hall. ]

OSWALD. [Stands at the window and looks out. ] Is she gone?

MRS. ALVING. Yes. 

OSWALD. [Murmuring aside to himself. ] I think it was a mistake, this. 

MRS. ALVING. [Goes up behind him and lays her hands on his shoulders. ]Oswald, my dear boy--has it shaken you very much?

OSWALD. [Turns his face towards her. ] All that about father, do youmean?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, about your unhappy father. I am so afraid it may havebeen too much for you. 

OSWALD. Why should you fancy that? Of course it came upon me as a greatsurprise; but it can make no real difference to me. 

MRS. ALVING. [Draws her hands away. ] No difference! That your father wasso infinitely unhappy!

OSWALD. Of course I can pity him, as I would anybody else; but--

MRS. ALVING. Nothing more! Your own father!

OSWALD. [Impatiently. ]Oh, "father, "--"father"! I never knew anything offather. I remember nothing about him, except that he once made me sick. 

MRS. ALVING. This is terrible to think of! Ought not a son to love hisfather, whatever happens?

OSWALD. When a son has nothing to thank his father for? has never knownhim? Do you really cling to that old superstition?--you who are soenlightened in other ways?

MRS. ALVING. Can it be only a superstition--?

OSWALD. Yes; surely you can see that, mother. It's one of those notionsthat are current in the world, and so--

MRS. ALVING. [Deeply moved. ] Ghosts!

OSWALD. [Crossing the room. ] Yes; you may call them ghosts. 

MRS. ALVING. [Wildly. ] Oswald--then you don't love me, either!

OSWALD. You I know, at any rate--

MRS. ALVING. Yes, you know me; but is that all!

OSWALD. And, of course, I know how fond you are of me, and I can't butbe grateful to you. And then you can be so useful to me, now that I amill. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, cannot I, Oswald? Oh, I could almost bless the illnessthat has driven you home to me. For I see very plainly that you are notmine: I have to win you. 

OSWALD. [Impatiently. ] Yes yes yes; all these are just so many phrases. You must remember that I am a sick man, mother. I can't be much taken upwith other people; I have enough to do thinking about myself. 

MRS. ALVING. [In a low voice. ] I shall be patient and easily satisfied. 

OSWALD. And cheerful too, mother!

MRS. ALVING. Yes, my dear boy, you are quite right. [Goes towards him. ]Have I relieved you of all remorse and self-reproach now?

OSWALD. Yes, you have. But now who will relieve me of the dread?

MRS. ALVING. The dread?

OSWALD. [Walks across the room. ] Regina could have been got to do it. 

MRS. ALVING. I don't understand you. What is this about dread--andRegina?

OSWALD. Is it very late, mother?

MRS. ALVING. It is early morning. [She looks out through theconservatory. ] The day is dawning over the mountains. And the weather isclearing, Oswald. In a little while you shall see the sun. 

OSWALD. I'm glad of that. Oh, I may still have much to rejoice in andlive for--

MRS. ALVING. I should think so, indeed!

OSWALD. Even if I can't work--

MRS. ALVING. Oh, you'll soon be able to work again, my dear boy--nowthat you haven't got all those gnawing and depressing thoughts to broodover any longer. 

OSWALD. Yes, I'm glad you were able to rid me of all those fancies. Andwhen I've got over this one thing more--[Sits on the sofa. ] Now we willhave a little talk, mother--

MRS. ALVING. Yes, let us. [She pushes an arm-chair towards the sofa, andsits down close to him. ]

OSWALD. And meantime the sun will be rising. And then you will know all. And then I shall not feel this dread any longer. 

MRS. ALVING. What is it that I am to know?

OSWALD. [Not listening to her. ] Mother, did you not say a little whileago, that there was nothing in the world you would not do for me, if Iasked you?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, indeed I said so!

OSWALD. And you'll stick to it, mother?

MRS. ALVING. You may rely on that, my dear and only boy! I have nothingin the world to live for but you alone. 

OSWALD. Very well, then; now you shall hear--Mother, you have a strong, steadfast mind, I know. Now you're to sit quite still when you hear it. 

MRS. ALVING. What dreadful thing can it be--?

OSWALD. You're not to scream out. Do you hear? Do you promise me that?We will sit and talk about it quietly. Do you promise me, mother?

MRS. ALVING. Yes, yes; I promise. Only speak!

OSWALD. Well, you must know that all this fatigue--and my inability tothink of work--all that is not the illness itself--

MRS. ALVING. Then what is the illness itself?

OSWALD. The disease I have as my birthright--[He points to his foreheadand adds very softly]--is seated here. 

MRS. ALVING. [Almost voiceless. ] Oswald! No--no!

OSWALD. Don't scream. I can't bear it. Yes, mother, it is seated herewaiting. And it may break out any day--at any moment. 

MRS. ALVING. Oh, what horror--!

OSWALD. Now, quiet, quiet. That is how it stands with me--

MRS. ALVING. [Springs up. ] It's not true, Oswald! It's impossible! Itcannot be so!

OSWALD. I have had one attack down there already. It was soon over. Butwhen I came to know the state I had been in, then the dread descendedupon me, raging and ravening; and so I set off home to you as fast as Icould. 

MRS. ALVING. Then this is the dread--!

OSWALD. Yes--it's so indescribably loathsome, you know. Oh, if ithad only been an ordinary mortal disease--! For I'm not so afraid ofdeath--though I should like to live as long as I can. 

MRS. ALVING. Yes, yes, Oswald, you must!

OSWALD. But this is so unutterably loathsome. To become a little babyagain! To hive to be fed! To have to--Oh, it's not to be spoken of!

MRS. ALVING. The child has his mother to nurse him. 

OSWALD. [Springs up. ] No, never that! That is just what I will not have. I can't endure to think that perhaps I should lie in that state for manyyears--and get old and grey. And in the meantime you might die andleave me. [Sits in MRS. ALVING'S chair. ] For the doctor said it wouldn'tnecessarily prove fatal at once. He called it a sort of softening of thebrain--or something like that. [Smiles sadly. ] I think that expressionsounds so nice. It always sets me thinking of cherry-colouredvelvet--something soft and delicate to stroke. 

MRS. ALVING. [Shrieks. ] Oswald!

OSWALD. [Springs up and paces the room. ] And now you have taken Reginafrom me. If I could only have had her! She would have come to therescue, I know. 

MRS. ALVING. [Goes to him. ] What do you mean by that, my darling boy? Isthere any help in the world that I would not give you?

OSWALD. When I got over my attack in Paris, the doctor told me that whenit comes again--and it will come--there will be no more hope. 

MRS. ALVING. He was heartless enough to--

OSWALD. I demanded it of him. I told him I had preparations to make--[Hesmiles cunningly. ] And so I had. [He takes a little box from his innerbreast pocket and opens it. ] Mother, do you see this?

MRS. ALVING. What is it?

OSWALD. Morphia. 

MRS. ALVING. [Looks at him horror-struck. ] Oswald--my boy!

OSWALD. I've scraped together twelve pilules--

MRS. ALVING. [Snatches at it. ] Give me the box, Oswald. 

OSWALD. Not yet, mother. [He hides the box again in his pocket. ]

MRS. ALVING. I shall never survive this!

OSWALD. It must be survived. Now if I'd had Regina here, I should havetold her how things stood with me--and begged her to come to the rescueat the last. She would have done it. I know she would. 

MRS. ALVING. Never!

OSWALD. When the horror had come upon me, and she saw me lying therehelpless, like a little new-born baby, impotent, lost, hopeless--pastall saving--

MRS. ALVING. Never in all the world would Regina have done this!

OSWALD. Regina would have done it. Regina was so splendidlylight-hearted. And she would soon have wearied of nursing an invalidlike me. 

MRS. ALVING. Then heaven be praised that Regina is not here. 

OSWALD. Well then, it is you that must come to the rescue, mother. 

MRS. ALVING. [Shrieks aloud. ] I!

OSWALD. Who should do it if not you?

MRS. ALVING. I! your mother!

OSWALD. For that very reason. 

MRS. ALVING. I, who gave you life!

OSWALD. I never asked you for life. And what sort of a life have yougiven me? I will not have it! You shall take it back again!

MRS. ALVING. Help! Help! [She runs out into the hall. ]

OSWALD. [Going after her. ] Do not leave me! Where are you going?

MRS. ALVING. [In the hall. ] To fetch the doctor, Oswald! Let me pass!

OSWALD. [Also outside. ] You shall not go out. And no one shall come in. [The locking of a door is heard. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Comes in again. ] Oswald! Oswald--my child!

OSWALD. [Follows her. ] Have you a mother's heart for me--and yet can seeme suffer from this unutterable dread?

MRS. ALVING. [After a moment's silence, commands herself, and says:]Here is my hand upon it. 

OSWALD. Will you--?

MRS. ALVING. If it should ever be necessary. But it will never benecessary. No, no; it is impossible. 

OSWALD. Well, let us hope so. And let us live together as long as wecan. Thank you, mother. [He seats himself in the arm-chair which MRS. ALVING has moved to the sofa. Day is breaking. The lamp is still burningon the table. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Drawing near cautiously. ] Do you feel calm now?

OSWALD. Yes. 

MRS. ALVING. [Bending over him. ] It has been a dreadful fancy of yours, Oswald--nothing but a fancy. All this excitement has been too much foryou. But now you shall have along rest; at home with your mother, my ownblessëd boy. Everything you point to you shall have, just as when youwere a little child. --There now. The crisis is over. You see how easilyit passed! Oh, I was sure it would. --And do you see, Oswald, what alovely day we are going to have? Brilliant sunshine! Now you can reallysee your home. [She goes to the table and puts out the lamp. Sunrise. The glacier and the snow-peaks in the background glow in the morninglight. ]

OSWALD. [Sits in the arm-chair with his back towards the landscape, without moving. Suddenly he says:] Mother, give me the sun. 

MRS. ALVING. [By the table, starts and looks at him. ] What do you say?

OSWALD. [Repeats, in a dull, toneless voice. ] The sun. The sun. 

MRS. ALVING. [Goes to him. ] Oswald, what is the matter with you?

OSWALD. [Seems to shrink together to the chair; all his muscles relax;his face is expressionless, his eyes have a glassy stare. ]

MRS. ALVING. [Quivering with terror. ] What is this? [Shrieks. ] Oswald!what is the matter with you? [Falls on her knees beside him and shakeshim. ] Oswald! Oswald! look at me! Don't you know me?

OSWALD. [Tonelessly as before. ] The sun. --The sun. 

MRS. ALVING. [Springs up in despair, entwines her hands in her hair andshrieks. ] I cannot bear it! [Whispers, as though petrified]; I cannotbear it! Never! [Suddenly. ] Where has he got them? [Fumbles hastilyin his breast. ] Here! [Shrinks back a few steps and screams:] No! No;no!--Yes!--No; no!

[She stands a few steps away from him with her hands twisted in herhair, and stares at him in speechless horror. ]

OSWALD. [Sits motionless as before and says. ] The sun. --The sun. 

THE END