English Synonyms and Antonyms _A Practical and Invaluable Guide to Clear and Precise Diction for Writers, Speakers, Students, Business and Professional Men_ Connectives of English Speech "The work is likely to prove of great value to all writers. "--_WashingtonEvening Star. _ "The book will receive high appreciation from thoughtful students whoseek the most practical help. "--_Grand Rapids Herald. _ "It is written in a clear and pleasing style and so arranged that but amoment's time is needed to find any line of the hundreds of importantthough small words which this book discusses. "--_Chattanooga Times. _ "Its practical reference value is great, and it is a great satisfactionto note the care and attention to detail and fine shades of meaning theauthor has bestowed upon the words he discusses. "--_Church Review_, Hartford. "A work of great practical helpfulness to a large class ofpeople. "--_Louisville Courier-Journal. _ "This is one of the most useful books for writers, speakers, and all whocare for the use of language, which has appeared in a longtime. "--_Cumberland Presbyterian_, Nashville. "It is a book of great value to all who take any interest in correct andelegant language. "--_Methodist_, Baltimore. "This work is a welcome aid to good writing and good speech. It isworthy the close study of all who would cultivate finished style. Itsadmirable arrangement and a good index make it easy forreference. "--_Christian Observer. _ "His book has some excellent qualities. In the first place, it isabsolutely free from dogmatic assertion; in the second place, itcontains copious examples from good authors, which should guide arightthe person investigating any word, if he is thoroughly conversant withEnglish. "--_The Sun_, New York. _STANDARD EDUCATIONAL SERIES_ ENGLISH SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS WITH NOTES ON THE CORRECT USE OF PREPOSITIONS DESIGNED AS A COMPANION FOR THE STUDY AND AS A TEXT-BOOK FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS BY JAMES C. FERNALD, L. H. D. _Editor of Synonyms, Antonyms, and Prepositions in the Standard Dictionary_ _NINETEENTH EDITION_ FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON _Copyright, 1896, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY. _ _Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, Eng. _ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note, whilst a list of significant amendments can be found at the end of the text. Inconsistent hyphenation and conflicting variant spellings have been standardised, except where used for emphasis. Non-standard characters have been represented as follows: [=a] _a_ with upper macron; [=o] _o_ with upper macron. CONTENTS. PAGE. PREFACE vii PART I. SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS AND PREPOSITIONS 1 PART II. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 377 INDEX 509 PREFACE. The English language is peculiarly rich in synonyms, as, with such ahistory, it could not fail to be. From the time of Julius Cæsar, Britons, Romans, Northmen, Saxons, Danes, and Normans fighting, fortifying, and settling upon the soil of England, with Scotch and Irishcontending for mastery or existence across the mountain border and theChannel, and all fenced in together by the sea, could not but influenceeach other's speech. English merchants, sailors, soldiers, andtravelers, trading, warring, and exploring in every clime, of necessitybrought back new terms of sea and shore, of shop and camp andbattlefield. English scholars have studied Greek and Latin for athousand years, and the languages of the Continent and of the Orient inmore recent times. English churchmen have introduced words from Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, through Bible and prayer-book, sermon and tract. Fromall this it results that there is scarcely a language ever spoken amongmen that has not some representative in English speech. The spirit ofthe Anglo-Saxon race, masterful in language as in war and commerce, hassubjugated all these various elements to one idiom, making not apatchwork, but a composite language. Anglo-Saxon thrift, finding oftenseveral words that originally expressed the same idea, has detailed themto different parts of the common territory or to different service, sothat we have an almost unexampled variety of words, kindred in meaningbut distinct in usage, for expressing almost every shade of humanthought. Scarcely any two of such words, commonly known as synonyms, areidentical at once in signification and in use. They have certain commonground within which they are interchangeable; but outside of that eachhas its own special province, within which any other word comes as anintruder. From these two qualities arises the great value of synonyms ascontributing to beauty and effectiveness of expression. Asinterchangeable, they make possible that freedom and variety by whichthe diction of an accomplished writer or speaker differs from the woodenuniformity of a legal document. As distinct and specific, they enable amaster of style to choose in every instance the one term that is themost perfect mirror of his thought. To write or speak to the bestpurpose, one should know in the first place all the words from which hemay choose, and then the exact reason why in any case any particularword should be chosen. To give such knowledge in these two directions isthe office of a book of synonyms. Of Milton's diction Macaulay writes: "His poetry acts like an incantation. Its merit lies less in its obvious meaning than in its occult power. There would seem, at first sight, to be no more in his words than in other words. But they are words of enchantment. No sooner are they pronounced, than the past is present and the distant near. New forms of beauty start at once into existence, and all the burial places of the memory give up their dead. Change the structure of the sentence; _substitute one synonym for another_, and the whole effect is destroyed. The spell loses its power; and he who should then hope to conjure with it would find himself as much mistaken as Cassim in the Arabian tale, when he stood crying, 'Open Wheat, ' 'Open Barley, ' to the door which obeyed no sound but 'Open Sesame. ' The miserable failure of Dryden in his attempt to translate into his own diction some parts of the 'Paradise Lost' is a remarkable instance of this. " Macaulay's own writings abound in examples of that exquisite precisionin the choice of words, which never seems to be precise, but has all theaspect of absolute freedom. Through his language his thought bursts uponthe mind as a landscape is seen instantly, perfectly, and beautifullyfrom a mountain height. A little vagueness of thought, a slightinfelicity in the choice of words would be like a cloud upon themountain, obscuring the scene with a damp and chilling mist. Let anyonetry the experiment with a poem like Gray's "Elegy, " or Goldsmith's"Traveller" or "Deserted Village, " of substituting other words for thosethe poet has chosen, and he will readily perceive how much of the charmof the lines depends upon their fine exactitude of expression. In our own day, when so many are eager to write, and confident that theycan write, and when the press is sending forth by the ton that which iscalled literature, but which somehow lacks the imprint of immortality, it is of the first importance to revive the study of synonyms as adistinct branch of rhetorical culture. Prevalent errors need at times tobe noted and corrected, but the teaching of pure English speech is thebest defense against all that is inferior, unsuitable, or repulsive. Themost effective condemnation of an objectionable word or phrase is thatit is not found in scholarly works, and a student who has once learnedthe rich stores of vigorous, beautiful, exact, and expressive words thatmake up our noble language, is by that very fact put beyond the reach ofall temptation to linguistic corruption. Special instruction in the use of synonyms is necessary, for the reasonthat few students possess the analytical power and habit of mindrequired to hold a succession of separate definitions in thought atonce, compare them with each other, and determine just where and howthey part company; and the persons least able to do this are the veryones most in need of the information. The distinctions between wordssimilar in meaning are often so fine and elusive as to tax the ingenuityof the accomplished scholar; yet when clearly apprehended they are asimportant for the purposes of language as the minute differences betweensimilar substances are for the purposes of chemistry. Often definitionitself is best secured by the comparison of kindred terms and thepointing out where each differs from the other. We perceive more clearlyand remember better what each word is, by perceiving where each dividesfrom another of kindred meaning; just as we see and remember better thesituation and contour of adjacent countries, by considering them asboundaries of each other, rather than by an exact statement of thelatitude and longitude of each as a separate portion of the earth'ssurface. The great mass of untrained speakers and writers need to be reminded, inthe first place, _that there are synonyms_--a suggestion which theywould not gain from any precision of separate definitions in adictionary. The deplorable repetition with which many slightly educatedpersons use such words as "elegant, " "splendid, " "clever, " "awful, ""horrid, " etc. , to indicate (for they can not be said to express) almostany shade of certain approved or objectionable qualities, shows alimited vocabulary, a poverty of language, which it is of the firstimportance to correct. Many who are not given to such gross misuse wouldyet be surprised to learn how often they employ a very limited number ofwords in the attempt to give utterance to thoughts and feelings sounlike, that what is the right word on one occasion must of necessity bethe wrong word at many other times. Such persons are simply unconsciousof the fact that there are other words of kindred meaning from whichthey might choose; as the United States surveyors of Alaska found "theshuddering tenant of the frigid zone" wrapping himself in furs andcowering over a fire of sticks with untouched coal-mines beneath hisfeet. Such poverty of language is always accompanied with poverty of thought. One who is content to use the same word for widely different ideas haseither never observed or soon comes to forget that there is anydifference between the ideas; or perhaps he retains a vague notion of adifference which he never attempts to define to himself, and dimly hintsto others by adding to his inadequate word some such phrase as "you see"or "you know, " in the helpless attempt to inject into another mind bysuggestion what adequate words would enable him simply and distinctly tosay. Such a mind resembles the old maps of Africa in which the interiorwas filled with cloudy spaces, where modern discovery has revealed greatlakes, fertile plains, and mighty rivers. One main office of a book ofsynonyms is to reveal to such persons the unsuspected riches of theirown language; and when a series of words is given them, from which theymay choose, then, with intelligent choice of words there comes ofnecessity a clearer perception of the difference of the ideas that areto be expressed by those different words. Thus, copiousness andclearness of language tend directly to affluence and precision ofthought. Hence there is an important use for mere lists of classified synonyms, like Roget's Thesaurus and the works of Soule and Fallows. Not one in athousand of average students would ever discover, by independent studyof the dictionary, that there are fifteen synonyms for _beautiful_, twenty-one for _beginning_, fifteen for _benevolence_, twenty for_friendly_, and thirty-seven for _pure_. The mere mention of suchnumbers opens vistas of possible fulness, freedom, and variety ofutterance, which will have for many persons the effect of a revelation. But it is equally important to teach _that synonyms are not identical_and to explain why and how they differ. A person of extensive readingand study, with a fine natural sense of language, will often find allthat he wants in the mere list, which recalls to his memory theappropriate word. But for the vast majority there is needed some workthat compares or contrasts synonymous words, explains their differencesof meaning or usage, and shows in what connections one or the other maybe most fitly used. This is the purpose of the present work, to be aguide to selection from the varied treasures of English speech. This work treats within 375 pages more than 7500 synonyms. It has beenthe study of the author to give every definition or distinction in thefewest possible words consistent with clearness of statement, and thisnot merely for economy of space, but because such condensed statementsare most easily apprehended and remembered. The method followed has been to select from every group of synonyms oneword, or two contrasted words, the meaning of which may be settled byclear definitive statement, thus securing some fixed point or points towhich all the other words of the group may be referred. The great sourceof vagueness, error, and perplexity in many discussions of synonyms is, that the writer merely associates stray ideas loosely connected with thedifferent words, sliding from synonym to synonym with no definite pointof departure or return, so that a smooth and at first sight pleasingstatement really gives the mind no definite resting-place and no sureconclusion. A true discussion of synonyms is definition by comparison, and for this there must be something definite with which to compare. When the standard is settled, approximation or differentiation can bedetermined with clearness and certainty. It is not enough to tellsomething about each word. The thing to tell is how each word is relatedto others of that particular group. When a word has more than oneprominent meaning, the synonyms for one signification are treated in onegroup and a reference is made to some other group in which the synonymsfor another signification are treated, as may be seen by noting thesynonyms given under APPARENT, and following the reference to EVIDENT. It has been impossible within the limits of this volume to treat in fullall the words of each group of synonyms. Sometimes it has been necessaryto restrict the statement to a mere suggestion of the correct use; insome cases only the chief words of a group could be considered, givingthe key to the discussion, and leaving the student to follow out theprinciple in the case of other words by reference to the definitivestatements of the dictionary. It is to be hoped that at some time adictionary of synonyms may be prepared, giving as full a list as that ofRoget or of Soule, with discriminating remarks upon every word. Such awork would be of the greatest value, but obviously beyond the scope of atext-book for the class-room. The author has here incorporated, by permission of the publishers of theStandard Dictionary, much of the synonym matter prepared by him for thatwork. All has been thoroughly revised or reconstructed, and much whollynew matter has been added. The book contains also more than 3700 antonyms. These are valuable assupplying definition by contrast or by negation, one of the mosteffective methods of defining being in many cases to tell what a thingis not. To speakers and writers antonyms are useful as furnishingoftentimes effective antitheses. Young writers will find much help from the indication of the correct useof prepositions, the misuse of which is one of the most common oferrors, and one of the most difficult to avoid, while their right usegives to style cohesion, firmness, and compactness, and is an importantaid to perspicuity. To the text of the synonyms is appended a set ofQuestions and Examples to adapt the work for use as a text-book. Asidefrom the purposes of the class-room, this portion will be found of valueto the individual student. Excepting those who have made a thoroughstudy of language most persons will discover with surprise how difficultit is to answer any set of the Questions or to fill the blanks in theExamples without referring to the synonym treatment in Part I. , or to adictionary, and how rarely they can give any intelligent reason forpreference even among familiar words. There are few who can study such awork without finding occasion to correct some errors into which theyhave unconsciously fallen, and without coming to a new delight in theuse of language from a fuller knowledge of its resources and a clearersense of its various capabilities. _West New Brighton, N. Y. _, Sept. 4, 1896. PART I. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Crabb's "English Synonymes Explained. " [H. ] Soule's "Dictionary of English Synonyms. " [L. ] Smith's "Synonyms Discriminated. " [BELL. ] Graham's "English Synonyms. " [A. ] Whateley's "English Synonyms Discriminated. " [L. & S. ] Campbell's "Handbook of Synonyms. " [L. & S. ] Fallows' "Complete Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. " [F. H. R. ] Roget's "Thesaurus of English Words. " [F. & W. CO. ] Trench's "Study of English Words. " [W. J. W. ] Richard Grant White, "Words and their Uses, " and "Every Day English. " [H. M. & CO. ] Geo. P. Marsh, "Lectures on the English Language, " and "Origin and History of the English Language. " [S. ] Fitzedward Hall, "False Philology. " [S. ] Maetzner's "English Grammar, " tr. By Grece. [J. M. ] The Synonyms of the Century and International Dictionaries have alsobeen consulted and compared. The Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary has been used as the authoritythroughout. * * * * * ABBREVIATIONS USED. A. D. Appleton & Co. | K. -F. Krauth-Fleming AS. Anglo-Saxon | "Vocabulary of Philosophy. " BELL; B. & S. Bell & Sons | L. Latin; Lippincott & Co. F. French | L. & S. Lee & Shepard F. H. R. Fleming H. Revell | M. Murray's New English Dictionary F. & W. CO. Funk & Wagnalls Co. | MACM. Macmillan & Co. G. German | S. Chas. Scribner's Sons Gr. Greek | Sp. Spanish H. Harper & Bros. | T. & F. Ticknor & Fields H. M. & CO. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. | T. & H. Troutman & Hayes It. Italian | T. & M. Taylor, Walton & Maberley J. M. John Murray | W. J. W. W. J. Widdleton PART I. SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS AND PREPOSITIONS. * * * * * ABANDON. Synonyms: abdicate, desert, leave, resign, abjure, discontinue, quit, retire from, cast off, forego, recant, retract, cease, forsake, relinquish, surrender, cede, forswear, renounce, vacate, depart from, give up, repudiate, withdraw from. _Abandon_ is a word of wide signification, applying to persons or thingsof any kind; _abdicate_ and _resign_ apply to office, authority, orpower; _cede_ to territorial possessions; _surrender_ especially tomilitary force, and more generally to any demand, claim, passion, etc. _Quit_ carries an idea of suddenness or abruptness not necessarilyimplied in _abandon_, and may not have the same suggestion of finality. The king _abdicates_ his throne, _cedes_ his territory, _deserts_ hisfollowers, _renounces_ his religion, _relinquishes_ his titles, _abandons_ his designs. A cowardly officer _deserts_ his ship; thehelpless passengers _abandon_ it. We _quit_ business, _give up_property, _resign_ office, _abandon_ a habit or a trust. _Relinquish_commonly implies reluctance; the fainting hand _relinquishes_ its grasp;the creditor _relinquishes_ his claim. _Abandon_ implies previousassociation with responsibility for or control of; _forsake_ impliesprevious association with inclination or attachment, real or assumed; aman may _abandon_ or _forsake_ house or friends; he _abandons_ anenterprise; _forsakes_ God. _Abandon_ is applied to both good and evilaction; a thief _abandons_ his designs, a man his principles. _Forsake_, like _abandon_, may be used either in the favorable or unfavorablesense; _desert_ is always unfavorable, involving a breach of duty, except when used of mere localities; as, "the Deserted Village. " While amonarch _abdicates_, a president or other elected or appointed officer_resigns_. It was held that James II. _abdicated_ his throne by_deserting_ it. Antonyms: adopt, defend, occupy, seek, advocate, favor, prosecute, support, assert, haunt, protect, undertake, cherish, hold, pursue, uphold, claim, keep, retain, vindicate. Court, maintain, * * * * * ABASE. Synonyms: bring low, depress, dishonor, lower, cast down, discredit, humble, reduce, debase, disgrace, humiliate, sink. Degrade, _Abase_ refers only to outward conditions. "Exalt him that is low, and_abase_ him that is high. " _Ezek. _ xxi, 26. _Debase_ applies to qualityor character. The coinage is _debased_ by excess of alloy, the man byvice. _Humble_ in present use refers chiefly to feeling of heart;_humiliate_ to outward conditions; even when one is said to _humble_himself, he either has or affects to have humility of heart. To_disgrace_ may be to bring or inflict odium upon others, but the word ischiefly and increasingly applied to such moral odium as one by his ownacts brings upon himself; the noun _disgrace_ retains more of thepassive sense than the verb; he _disgraced_ himself by his conduct; hebrought _disgrace_ upon his family. To _dishonor_ a person is to deprivehim of honor that should or might be given. To _discredit_ one is toinjure his reputation, as for veracity or solvency. A sense ofunworthiness _humbles_; a shameful insult _humiliates_; imprisonment forcrime _disgraces_. _Degrade_ may refer to either station or character. An officer is _degraded_ by being _reduced_ to the ranks, _disgraced_ bycowardice; vile practises _degrade_; drunkenness is a _degrading_ vice. Misfortune or injustice may _abase_ the good; nothing but their ownill-doing can _debase_ or _disgrace_ them. Antonyms: advance, elevate, honor, raise, aggrandize, exalt, promote, uplift. Dignify, * * * * * ABASH. Synonyms: bewilder, daunt, embarrass, mortify, chagrin, discompose, humble, overawe, confound, disconcert, humiliate, shame. Confuse, dishearten, Any sense of inferiority _abashes_, with or without the sense of wrong. The poor are _abashed_ at the splendor of wealth, the ignorant at thelearning of the wise. "I might have been _abashed_ by their authority. "GLADSTONE _Homeric Synchron. _, p. 72. [H. '76. ] To _confuse_ is to bringinto a state of mental bewilderment; to _confound_ is to overwhelm themental faculties; to _daunt_ is to subject to a certain degree of fear. _Embarrass_ is a strong word, signifying primarily hamper, hinder, impede. A solitary thinker may be _confused_ by some difficulty in asubject, or some mental defect; one is _embarrassed_ in the presence ofothers, and because of their presence. Confusion is of the intellect, embarrassment of the feelings. A witness may be _embarrassed_ byannoying personalities, so as to become _confused_ in statements. To_mortify_ a person is to bring upon him a painful sense of humiliation, whether because of his own or another's fault or failure. A pupil is_confused_ by a perplexing question, a general _confounded_ byoverwhelming defeat. A hostess is _discomposed_ by the tardiness ofguests, a speaker _disconcerted_ by a failure of memory. The criminalwho is not _abashed_ at detection may be _daunted_ by the officer'sweapon. Sudden joy may _bewilder_, but will not _abash_. The trueworshiper is _humbled_ rather than _abashed_ before God. The parent is_mortified_ by the child's rudeness, the child _abashed_ at the parent'sreproof. The _embarrassed_ speaker finds it difficult to proceed. Themob is _overawed_ by the military, the hypocrite _shamed_ by exposure. "A man whom no denial, no scorn could _abash_. " FIELDING _Amelia_ bk. Iii, ch. 9, p. 300. [B. & S. '71. ] Compare CHAGRIN; HINDER. Antonyms: animate, cheer, encourage, rally, buoy, embolden, inspirit, uphold. * * * * * ABATE. Synonyms: decline, ebb, mitigate, reduce, decrease, lessen, moderate, subside. Diminish, lower, The storm, the fever, the pain _abates_. Interest _declines_. Misfortunes may be _mitigated_, desires _moderated_, intense anger_abated_, population _decreased_, taxes _reduced_. We _abate_ anuisance, _terminate_ a controversy, _suppress_ a rebellion. SeeALLEVIATE. Antonyms: aggravate, enhance, foment, rage, amplify, enlarge, increase, raise, continue, extend, magnify, revive. Develop, Prepositions: Abate _in_ fury; abated _by_ law. * * * * * ABBREVIATION. Synonyms: abridgment, contraction. An _abbreviation_ is a shortening by any method; a _contraction_ is areduction of size by the drawing together of the parts. A _contraction_of a word is made by omitting certain letters or syllables and bringingtogether the first and last letters or elements; an _abbreviation_ maybe made either by omitting certain portions from the interior or bycutting off a part; a _contraction_ is an _abbreviation_, but an_abbreviation_ is not necessarily a _contraction_; _rec't_ for receipt, _mdse. _ for merchandise, and _Dr. _ for debtor are _contractions_; theyare also _abbreviations_; _Am. _ for American is an _abbreviation_, butnot a _contraction_. _Abbreviation_ and _contraction_ are used of wordsand phrases, _abridgment_ of books, paragraphs, sentences, etc. CompareABRIDGMENT. * * * * * ABET. Synonyms: advocate, countenance, incite, sanction, aid, embolden, instigate, support, assist, encourage, promote, uphold. _Abet_ and _instigate_ are now used almost without exception in a badsense; one may _incite_ either to good or evil. One _incites_ or_instigates_ to the doing of something not yet done, or to increasedactivity or further advance in the doing of it; one _abets_ by givingsympathy, countenance, or substantial aid to the doing of that which isalready projected or in process of commission. _Abet_ and _instigate_apply either to persons or actions, _incite_ to persons only; one_incites_ a person _to_ an action. A clergyman will _advocate_ theclaims of justice, _aid_ the poor, _encourage_ the despondent, _support_ the weak, _uphold_ the constituted authorities; but he willnot _incite_ to a quarrel, _instigate_ a riot, or _abet_ a crime. Theoriginator of a crime often _instigates_ or _incites_ others to _abet_him in it, or one may _instigate_ or _incite_ others to a crime in thecommission of which he himself takes no active part. Compare HELP. Antonyms: baffle, deter, dissuade, hinder, confound, disapprove, expose, impede, counteract, disconcert, frustrate, obstruct. Denounce, discourage, * * * * * ABHOR. Synonyms: abominate, dislike, loathe, scorn, despise, hate, nauseate, shun. Detest, _Abhor_ is stronger than _despise_, implying a shuddering recoil, especially a moral recoil. "How many _shun_ evil as inconvenient who donot _abhor_ it as hateful. " TRENCH _Serm. In Westm. Abbey_ xxvi, 297. [M. ] _Detest_ expresses indignation, with something of contempt. _Loathe_ implies disgust, physical or moral. We _abhor_ a traitor, _despise_ a coward, _detest_ a liar. We _dislike_ an uncivil person. We_abhor_ cruelty, _hate_ tyranny. We _loathe_ a reptile or a flatterer. We _abhor_ Milton's heroic Satan, but we can not _despise_ him. Antonyms: admire, crave, esteem, love, approve, desire, like, relish. Covet, enjoy, * * * * * ABIDE. Synonyms: anticipate, dwell, remain, stop, await, endure, reside, tarry, bear, expect, rest, tolerate, bide, inhabit, sojourn, wait, confront, live, stay, watch. Continue, lodge, To _abide_ is to remain continuously without limit of time unlessexpressed by the context: "to-day I must _abide_ at thy house, " _Luke_xix, 5; "a settled place for thee to _abide_ in forever, " _1 Kings_viii, 13; "_Abide_ with me! fast falls the eventide, " LYTE _Hymn_. _Lodge_, _sojourn_, _stay_, _tarry_, and _wait_ always imply a limitedtime; _lodge_, to pass the night; _sojourn_, to _remain_ temporarily;_live_, _dwell_, _reside_, to have a permanent home. _Stop_, in thesense of _stay_ or _sojourn_, is colloquial, and not in approved use. Compare ENDURE; REST. Antonyms: abandon, forfeit, migrate, reject, avoid, forfend, move, resist, depart, journey, proceed, shun. Prepositions: Abide _in_ a place, _for_ a time, _with_ a person, _by_ a statement. * * * * * ABOLISH. Synonyms: abate, eradicate, prohibit, stamp out, abrogate, exterminate, remove, subvert, annihilate, extirpate, repeal, supplant, annul, nullify, reverse, suppress, destroy, obliterate, revoke, terminate. End, overthrow, set aside, _Abolish_, to do away with, bring absolutely to an end, especially assomething hostile, hindering, or harmful, was formerly used of personsand material objects, a usage now obsolete except in poetry or highlyfigurative speech. _Abolish_ is now used of institutions, customs, andconditions, especially those wide-spread and long existing; as, to_abolish_ slavery, ignorance, intemperance, poverty. A building that isburned to the ground is said to be _destroyed_ by fire. _Annihilate_, asa philosophical term, signifies to put absolutely out of existence. Asfar as our knowledge goes, matter is never _annihilated_, but onlychanges its form. Some believe that the wicked will be _annihilated_. _Abolish_ is not said of laws. There we use _repeal_, _abrogate_, _nullify_, etc. : _repeal_ by the enacting body, _nullify_ byrevolutionary proceedings; a later statute _abrogates_, without formally_repealing_, any earlier law with which it conflicts. An appellate courtmay _reverse_ or _set aside_ the decision of an inferior court. _Overthrow_ may be used in either a good or a bad sense; _suppress_ iscommonly in a good, _subvert_ always in a bad sense; as, to _subvert_our liberties; to _suppress_ a rebellion. The law _prohibits_ what maynever have existed; it _abolishes_ an existing evil. We _abate_ anuisance, _terminate_ a controversy. Compare CANCEL; DEMOLISH;EXTERMINATE. Antonyms: authorize, establish, reinstate, revive, cherish, institute, renew, set up, confirm, introduce, repair, support, continue, legalize, restore, sustain. Enact, promote, * * * * * ABOMINATION. Synonyms: abhorrence, curse, hatred, plague, abuse, detestation, horror, shame, annoyance, disgust, iniquity, villainy, aversion, evil, nuisance, wickedness. Crime, execration, offense, _Abomination_ (from the L. _ab omen_, a thing of ill omen) wasoriginally applied to anything held in religious or ceremonial_aversion_ or _abhorrence_; as, "The things which are highly esteemedamong men are _abomination_ in the sight of God. " _Luke_ xvi, 15. Theword is oftener applied to the object of such _aversion_ or _abhorrence_than to the state of mind that so regards it; in common use_abomination_ signifies something very much disliked or loathed, or thatdeserves to be. Choice food may be an object of _aversion_ and _disgust_to a sick person; vile food would be an _abomination_. A toad is to manyan object of _disgust_; a foul sewer is an _abomination_. As applied tocrimes, _abomination_ is used of such as are especially brutal, shameful, or revolting; theft is an _offense_; infanticide is an_abomination_. Antonyms: affection, blessing, enjoyment, joy, appreciation, delight, esteem, satisfaction, approval, desire, gratification, treat. Benefit, * * * * * ABRIDGMENT. Synonyms: abbreviation, compend, epitome, summary, abstract, compendium, outline, synopsis. Analysis, digest, An _abridgment_ gives the most important portions of a worksubstantially as they stand. An _outline_ or _synopsis_ is a kind ofsketch closely following the plan. An _abstract_ or _digest_ is anindependent statement of what the book contains. An _analysis_ draws outthe chief thoughts or arguments, whether expressed or implied. A_summary_ is the most condensed statement of results or conclusions. An_epitome_, _compend_, or _compendium_ is a condensed view of a subject, whether derived from a previous publication or not. We may have an_abridgment_ of a dictionary, but not an _analysis_, _abstract_, _digest_, or _summary_. We may have an _epitome_ of religion, a_compendium_ of English literature, but not an _abridgment_. CompareABBREVIATION. * * * * * ABSOLUTE. Synonyms: arbitrary, compulsory, haughty, peremptory, arrogant, controlling, imperative, positive, authoritative, despotic, imperious, supreme, autocratic, dictatorial, irresponsible, tyrannical, coercive, dogmatic, lordly, unconditional, commanding, domineering, overbearing, unequivocal. Compulsive, exacting, In the strict sense, _absolute_, free from all limitation or control, and _supreme_, superior to all, can not properly be said of any beingexcept the divine. Both words are used, however, in a modified sense, ofhuman authorities; _absolute_ then signifying free from limitation byother authority, and _supreme_ exalted over all other; as, an _absolute_monarch, the _supreme_ court. _Absolute_, in this use, does notnecessarily carry any unfavorable sense, but as _absolute_ power inhuman hands is always abused, the unfavorable meaning predominates. _Autocratic_ power knows no limits outside the ruler's self; _arbitrary_power, none outside the ruler's will or judgment, _arbitrary_ carryingthe implication of wilfulness and capriciousness. _Despotic_ is commonlyapplied to a masterful or severe use of power, which is expressed moredecidedly by _tyrannical_. _Arbitrary_ may be used in a good sense; as, the pronunciation of proper names is _arbitrary_; but the bad sense isthe prevailing one; as, an _arbitrary_ proceeding. _Irresponsible_ poweris not necessarily bad, but eminently dangerous; an executor or trusteeshould not be _irresponsible_; an _irresponsible_ ruler is likely to be_tyrannical_. A perfect ruler might be _irresponsible_ and not_tyrannical_. _Authoritative_ is used always in a good sense, implyingthe right to claim authority; _imperative_, _peremptory_, and _positive_are used ordinarily in the good sense; as, an _authoritative_definition; an _imperative_ demand; a _peremptory_ command; _positive_instructions; _imperious_ signifies assuming and determined to command, rigorously requiring obedience. An _imperious_ demand or requirement mayhave in it nothing offensive; it is simply one that resolutely insistsupon compliance, and will not brook refusal; an _arrogant_ demand isoffensive by its tone of superiority, an _arbitrary_ demand by itsunreasonableness; an _imperious_ disposition is liable to become_arbitrary_ and _arrogant_. A person of an independent spirit isinclined to resent an _imperious_ manner in any one, especially in onewhose superiority is not clearly recognized. _Commanding_ is always usedin a good sense; as, a _commanding_ appearance; a _commanding_eminence. Compare DOGMATIC; INFINITE; PERFECT. Antonyms: accountable, constitutional, gentle, lowly, responsible, complaisant, contingent, humble, meek, submissive, compliant, docile, lenient, mild, yielding. Conditional, ductile, limited, * * * * * ABSOLVE. Synonyms: acquit, exculpate, forgive, pardon, clear, exempt, free, release, discharge, exonerate, liberate, set free. To _absolve_, in the strict sense, is to _set free_ from any bond. Onemay be _absolved_ from a promise by a breach of faith on the part of oneto whom the promise was made. To _absolve_ from sins is formally toremit their condemnation and penalty, regarded as a bond upon the soul. "Almighty God . . . _pardoneth_ and _absolveth_ all those who trulyrepent, and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel. " _Book of CommonPrayer, Declar. Of Absol. _ To _acquit_ of sin or crime is to _free_ fromthe accusation of it, pronouncing one guiltless; the innocent arerightfully _acquitted_; the guilty may be mercifully _absolved_. ComparePARDON. Antonyms: accuse, charge, condemn, impeach, obligate, bind, compel, convict, inculpate, oblige. Preposition: One is absolved _from_ (rarely _of_) a promise, a sin, etc. * * * * * ABSORB. Synonyms: consume, engross, suck up, take in, drink in, exhaust, swallow, take up. Drink up, imbibe, swallow up, A fluid that is _absorbed_ is _taken up_ into the mass of the_absorbing_ body, with which it may or may not permanently combine. Woodexpands when it _absorbs_ moisture, iron when it _absorbs_ heat, thesubstance remaining perhaps otherwise substantially unchanged;quicklime, when it _absorbs_ water, becomes a new substance withdifferent qualities, hydrated or slaked lime. A substance is _consumed_which is destructively appropriated by some other substance, being, oragency, so that it ceases to exist or to be recognized as existing inits original condition; fuel is _consumed_ in the fire, food in thebody; _consume_ is also applied to whatever is removed from the marketfor individual use; as, silk and woolen goods are _consumed_. A greattalker _engrosses_ the conversation. A credulous person _swallows_ themost preposterous statement. A busy student _imbibes_ or _drinks in_knowledge; he is _absorbed_ in a subject that takes his whole attention. "I only postponed it because I happened to get _absorbed_ in a book. "KANE _Grinnell Exped. _ ch. 43, page 403. [H. '54. ] Antonyms: cast out, dissipate, emit, put forth, shoot forth, disgorge, distract, exude, radiate, throw off, disperse, eject, give up, send out, vomit. Prepositions: Plants absorb moisture _from_ the air; the student is absorbed _in_thought; nutriment may be absorbed _into_ the system _through_ the skin. * * * * * ABSTINENCE. Synonyms: abstemiousness, frugality, self-denial, sobriety, continence, moderation, self-restraint, temperance. Fasting, self-control, _Abstinence_ from food commonly signifies going without;_abstemiousness_, partaking moderately; _abstinence_ may be for a singleoccasion, _abstemiousness_ is habitual _moderation_. _Self-denial_ isgiving up what one wishes; _abstinence_ may be refraining from what onedoes not desire. _Fasting_ is _abstinence_ from food for a limited time, and generally for religious reasons. _Sobriety_ and _temperance_ signifymaintaining a quiet, even temper by moderate indulgence in some things, complete _abstinence_ from others. We speak of _temperance_ in eating, but of _abstinence_ from vice. _Total abstinence_ has come to signifythe entire abstaining from intoxicating liquors. Antonyms: drunkenness, greed, reveling, sensuality, excess, intemperance, revelry, wantonness. Gluttony, intoxication, self-indulgence, Preposition: The negative side of virtue is abstinence _from_ vice. * * * * * ABSTRACT, _v. _ Synonyms: appropriate, distract, purloin, steal, detach, divert, remove, take away, discriminate, eliminate, separate, withdraw. Distinguish, The central idea of _withdrawing_ makes _abstract_ in common speech aeuphemism for _appropriate_ (unlawfully), _purloin_, _steal_. In mentalprocesses we _discriminate_ between objects by _distinguishing_ theirdifferences; we _separate_ some one element from all that does notnecessarily belong to it, _abstract_ it, and view it alone. We may_separate_ two ideas, and hold both in mind in comparison or contrast;but when we _abstract_ one of them, we drop the other out of thought. The mind is _abstracted_ when it is _withdrawn_ from all other subjectsand concentrated upon one, _diverted_ when it is drawn away from what itwould or should attend to by some other interest, _distracted_ when theattention is divided among different subjects, so that it can not begiven properly to any. The trouble with the _distracted_ person is thathe is not _abstracted_. Compare DISCERN. Antonyms: add, complete, fill up, restore, unite. Combine, conjoin, increase, strengthen, Prepositions: The purse may be abstracted _from_ the pocket; the substance _from_ theaccidents; a book _into_ a compend. * * * * * ABSTRACTED. Synonyms: absent, heedless, listless, preoccupied, absent-minded, inattentive, negligent, thoughtless. Absorbed, indifferent, oblivious, As regards mental action, _absorbed_, _abstracted_, and _preoccupied_refer to the cause, _absent_ or _absent-minded_ to the effect. The man_absorbed_ in one thing will appear _absent_ in others. A _preoccupied_person may seem _listless_ and _thoughtless_, but the really _listless_and _thoughtless_ have not mental energy to be _preoccupied_. The_absent-minded_ man is _oblivious_ of ordinary matters, because histhoughts are elsewhere. One who is _preoccupied_ is intensely busy inthought; one may be _absent-minded_ either through intense concentrationor simply through inattention, with fitful and aimless wandering ofthought. Compare ABSTRACT. Antonyms: alert, on hand, ready, wide-awake. Attentive, prompt, thoughtful, * * * * * ABSURD. Synonyms: anomalous, ill-considered, ludicrous, ridiculous, chimerical, ill-judged, mistaken, senseless, erroneous, inconclusive, monstrous, stupid, false, incorrect, nonsensical, unreasonable, foolish, infatuated, paradoxical, wild. Ill-advised, irrational, preposterous, That is _absurd_ which is contrary to the first principles of reasoning;as, that a part should be greater than the whole is _absurd_. A_paradoxical_ statement appears at first thought contradictory or_absurd_, while it may be really true. Anything is _irrational_ whenclearly contrary to sound reason, _foolish_ when contrary to practicalgood sense, _silly_ when petty and contemptible in its folly, _erroneous_ when containing error that vitiates the result, _unreasonable_ when there seems a perverse bias or an intent to gowrong. _Monstrous_ and _preposterous_ refer to what is overwhelmingly_absurd_; as, "_O monstrous!_ eleven buckram men grown out of two, "SHAKESPEARE _1 King Henry IV_, act ii, sc. 4. The _ridiculous_ or the_nonsensical_ is worthy only to be laughed at. The lunatic's claim to bea king is _ridiculous_; the Mother Goose rimes are _nonsensical_. Compare INCONGRUOUS. Antonyms: certain, incontrovertible, rational, substantial, consistent, indisputable, reasonable, true, demonstrable, indubitable, sagacious, undeniable, demonstrated, infallible, sensible, unquestionable, established, logical, sound, wise. Incontestable, * * * * * ABUSE. Synonyms: aggrieve, impose on _or_ oppress, ruin, damage, upon, persecute, slander, defame, injure, pervert, victimize, defile, malign, prostitute, vilify, disparage, maltreat, rail at, violate, harm, misemploy, ravish, vituperate, ill-treat, misuse, reproach, wrong. Ill-use, molest, revile, _Abuse_ covers all unreasonable or improper use or treatment by word oract. A tenant does not _abuse_ rented property by "reasonable wear, "though that may _damage_ the property and _injure_ its sale; he may_abuse_ it by needless defacement or neglect. It is possible to _abuse_a man without _harming_ him, as when the criminal _vituperates_ thejudge; or to _harm_ a man without _abusing_ him, as when the witnesstells the truth about the criminal. _Defame_, _malign_, _rail at_, _revile_, _slander_, _vilify_, and _vituperate_ are used always in a badsense. One may be justly _reproached_. To _impose on_ or to _victimize_one is to _injure_ him by _abusing_ his confidence. To _persecute_ oneis to _ill-treat_ him for opinion's sake, commonly for religious belief;to _oppress_ is generally for political or pecuniary motives. "Thoushalt not _oppress_ an hired servant that is poor and needy, " _Deut. _xxiv, 14. _Misemploy_, _misuse_, and _pervert_ are commonly applied toobjects rather than to persons. A dissolute youth _misemploys_ his time, _misuses_ his money and opportunities, _harms_ his associates, _perverts_ his talents, _wrongs_ his parents, _ruins_ himself, _abuses_every good gift of God. Antonyms: applaud, conserve, favor, protect, sustain, benefit, consider, laud, regard, tend, care for, eulogize, panegyrize, respect, uphold, cherish, extol, praise, shield, vindicate. * * * * * ACCESSORY. Synonyms: abetter _or_ abettor, associate, companion, henchman, accomplice, attendant, confederate, participator, ally, coadjutor, follower, partner, assistant, colleague, helper, retainer. _Colleague_ is used always in a good sense, _associate_ and _coadjutor_generally so; _ally_, _assistant_, _associate_, _attendant_, _companion_, _helper_, either in a good or a bad sense; _abetter_, _accessory_, _accomplice_, _confederate_, almost always in a bad sense. _Ally_ is oftenest used of national and military matters, or of someother connection regarded as great and important; as, _allies_ ofdespotism. _Colleague_ is applied to civil and ecclesiasticalconnections; members of Congress from the same State are _colleagues_, even though they may be bitter opponents politically and personally. An_Associate_ Justice of the Supreme Court is near in _rank_ to the ChiefJustice. A surgeon's _assistant_ is a physician or medical student whoshares in the treatment and care of patients; a surgeon's _attendant_ isone who rolls bandages and the like. _Follower_, _henchman_, _retainer_are persons especially devoted to a chief, and generally bound to him bynecessity, fee, or reward. _Partner_ has come to denote almostexclusively a business connection. In law, an _abettor_ (the generallegal spelling) is always present, either actively or constructively, atthe commission of the crime; an _accessory_ never. An _accomplice_ isusually a principal; an _accessory_ never. If present, though only tostand outside and keep watch against surprise, one is an _abettor_, andnot an _accessory_. At common law, an _accessory_ implies a principal, and can not be convicted until after the conviction of the principal;the _accomplice_ or _abettor_ can be convicted as a principal. _Accomplice_ and _abettor_ have nearly the same meaning, but the formeris the popular, the latter more distinctively the legal term. CompareAPPENDAGE; AUXILIARY. Antonyms: adversary, chief, foe, leader, principal, antagonist, commander, hinderer, opponent, rival. Betrayer, enemy, instigator, opposer, Prepositions: An accessory _to_ the crime; _before_ or _after_ the fact; theaccessories _of_ a figure _in_ a painting. * * * * * ACCIDENT. Synonyms: adventure, contingency, happening, misfortune, calamity, disaster, hazard, mishap, casualty, fortuity, incident, possibility. Chance, hap, misadventure, An _accident_ is that which happens without any one's direct intention;a _chance_ that which happens without any known cause. If the directcause of a railroad _accident_ is known, we can not call it a _chance_. To the theist there is, in strictness, no _chance_, all things being bydivine causation and control; but _chance_ is spoken of where no specialcause is manifest: "By _chance_ there came down a certain priest thatway, " _Luke_ x, 31. We can speak of a game of _chance_, but not of agame of _accident_. An _incident_ is viewed as occurring in the regularcourse of things, but subordinate to the main purpose, or aside from themain design. _Fortune_ is the result of inscrutable controlling forces. _Fortune_ and _chance_ are nearly equivalent, but _chance_ can be usedof human effort and endeavor as _fortune_ can not be; we say "he has a_chance_ of success, " or "there is one _chance_ in a thousand, " where wecould not substitute _fortune_; as personified, _Fortune_ is regarded ashaving a fitful purpose, _Chance_ as purposeless; we speak of fickle_Fortune_, blind _Chance_; "_Fortune_ favors the brave. " The slaughterof men is an _incident_ of battle; unexpected defeat, the _fortune_ ofwar. Since the unintended is often the undesirable, _accident_ tends tosignify some _calamity_ or _disaster_, unless the contrary is expressed, as when we say a fortunate or happy _accident_. An _adventure_ is thatwhich may turn out ill, a _misadventure_ that which does turn out ill. Aslight disturbing _accident_ is a _mishap_. Compare EVENT; HAZARD. Antonyms: appointment, decree, intention, ordainment, preparation, calculation, fate, law, ordinance, provision, certainty, foreordination, necessity, plan, purpose. Prepositions: The accident _of_ birth; an accident _to_ the machinery. * * * * * ACQUAINTANCE. Synonyms: association, experience, fellowship, intimacy, companionship, familiarity, friendship, knowledge. _Acquaintance_ between persons supposes that each knows the other; wemay know a public man by his writings or speeches, and by sight, but cannot claim _acquaintance_ unless he personally knows us. There may bepleasant _acquaintance_ with little _companionship_; and conversely, much _companionship_ with little _acquaintance_, as between busy clerksat adjoining desks. So there may be _association_ in business without_intimacy_ or _friendship_. _Acquaintance_ admits of many degrees, froma slight or passing to a familiar or intimate _acquaintance_; but_acquaintance_ unmodified commonly signifies less than _familiarity_ or_intimacy_. As regards persons, _familiarity_ is becoming restricted tothe undesirable sense, as in the proverb, "_Familiarity_ breedscontempt;" hence, in personal relations, the word _intimacy_, whichrefers to mutual knowledge of thought and feeling, is now uniformlypreferred. _Friendship_ includes _acquaintance_ with some degree of_intimacy_, and ordinarily _companionship_, though in a wider sense_friendship_ may exist between those who have never met, but know eachother only by word and deed. _Acquaintance_ does not involve_friendship_, for one may be well acquainted with an enemy. _Fellowship_involves not merely _acquaintance_ and _companionship_, but sympathy aswell. There may be much _friendship_ without much _fellowship_, asbetween those whose homes or pursuits are far apart. There may bepleasant _fellowship_ which does not reach the fulness of _friendship_. Compare ATTACHMENT; FRIENDSHIP; LOVE. As regards studies, pursuits, etc. , _acquaintance_ is less than _familiarity_, which supposes minute_knowledge_ of particulars, arising often from long _experience_ or_association_. Antonyms: ignorance, ignoring, inexperience, unfamiliarity. Prepositions: Acquaintance _with_ a subject; _of_ one person _with_ another; _between_persons. * * * * * ACRIMONY. Synonyms: acerbity, harshness, severity, tartness, asperity, malignity, sharpness, unkindness, bitterness, moroseness, sourness, virulence. Causticity, _Acerbity_ is a _sharpness_, with a touch of _bitterness_, which mayarise from momentary annoyance or habitual impatience; _asperity_ iskeener and more pronounced, denoting distinct irritation or vexation; inspeech _asperity_ is often manifested by the tone of voice rather thanby the words that are spoken. _Acrimony_ in speech or temper is like acorrosive acid; it springs from settled character or deeply rootedfeeling of aversion or unkindness. One might speak with momentary_asperity_ to his child, but not with _acrimony_, unless estrangementhad begun. _Malignity_ is the extreme of settled ill intent; _virulence_is an envenomed hostility. _Virulence_ of speech is a quality inlanguage that makes the language seem as if exuding poison. _Virulence_is outspoken; _malignity_ may be covered with smooth and courteousphrase. We say intense _virulence_, deep _malignity_. _Severity_ isalways painful, and may be terrible, but carries ordinarily theimplication, true or false, of justice. Compare ANGER; BITTER; ENMITY. Antonyms: amiability, gentleness, kindness, smoothness, courtesy, good nature, mildness, sweetness. * * * * * ACT, _n. _ Synonyms: accomplishment, execution, movement, achievement, exercise, operation, action, exertion, performance, consummation, exploit, proceeding, deed, feat, transaction, doing, motion, work. Effect, An _act_ is strictly and originally something accomplished by anexercise of power, in which sense it is synonymous with _deed_ or_effect_. _Action_ is a _doing_. _Act_ is therefore single, individual, momentary; _action_ a complex of _acts_, or a process, state, or habitof exerting power. We say a virtuous _act_, but rather a virtuous courseof _action_. We speak of the _action_ of an acid upon a metal, not ofits _act_. _Act_ is used, also, for the simple _exertion_ of power; as, an _act_ of will. In this sense an _act_ does not necessarily imply anexternal _effect_, while an _action_ does. Morally, the _act_ of murderis in the determination to kill; legally, the _act_ is not completewithout the striking of the fatal blow. _Act_ and _deed_ are both usedfor the thing done, but _act_ refers to the power put forth, _deed_ tothe result accomplished; as, a voluntary _act_, a bad _deed_. Inconnection with other words _act_ is more usually qualified by the useof another noun, _action_ by an adjective preceding; we may say a kind_act_, though oftener an _act_ of kindness, but only a kind _action_, not an _action_ of kindness. As between _act_ and _deed_, _deed_ iscommonly used of great, notable, and impressive _acts_, as are_achievement_, _exploit_, and _feat_. _Festus_: We live in _deeds_, not years; in thoughts, not breaths. BAILEY _Festus, A Country Town_, sc. 7. A _feat_ exhibits strength, skill, personal power, whether mental orphysical, especially the latter; as, a _feat_ of arms, a _feat_ ofmemory. An _exploit_ is a conspicuous or glorious _deed_, involvingvalor or heroism, usually combined with strength, skill, loftiness ofthought, and readiness of resource; an _achievement_ is the doing ofsomething great and noteworthy; an _exploit_ is brilliant, but itseffect may be transient; an _achievement_ is solid, and its effectenduring. _Act_ and _action_ are both in contrast to all that is merelypassive and receptive. The intensest _action_ is easier than passiveendurance. Antonyms: cessation, immobility, inertia, quiet, suffering, deliberation, inaction, passion, [A] repose, suspension. Endurance, inactivity, quiescence, rest, [A] In philosophic sense. * * * * * ACTIVE. Synonyms: agile, energetic, officious, sprightly, alert, expeditious, prompt, spry, brisk, industrious, quick, supple, bustling, lively, ready, vigorous, busy, mobile, restless, wide awake. Diligent, nimble, _Active_ refers to both quickness and constancy of action; in the formersense it is allied with _agile_, _alert_, _brisk_, etc. ; in the latter, with _busy_, _diligent_, _industrious_. The _active_ love employment, the _busy_ are actually employed, the _diligent_ and the _industrious_are habitually _busy_. The _restless_ are _active_ from inability tokeep quiet; their activity may be without purpose, or out of allproportion to the purpose contemplated. The _officious_ are undesirably_active_ in the affairs of others. Compare ALERT; ALIVE; MEDDLESOME. Antonyms: dull, inactive, lazy, slow, heavy, indolent, quiescent, sluggish, idle, inert, quiet, stupid. Prepositions: Active _in_ work, _in_ a cause; _for_ an object, as _for_ justice;_with_ persons or instrumentalities; _about_ something, as _about_ otherpeople's business. * * * * * ACUMEN. Synonyms: acuteness, insight, perspicacity, sharpness, cleverness, keenness, sagacity, shrewdness. Discernment, penetration, _Sharpness_, _acuteness_, and _insight_, however keen, and_penetration_, however deep, fall short of the meaning of _acumen_, which implies also ability to use these qualities to advantage. Thereare persons of keen _insight_ and great _penetration_ to whom thesepowers are practically useless. _Acumen_ is _sharpness_ to some purpose, and belongs to a mind that is comprehensive as well as keen. _Cleverness_ is a practical aptitude for study or learning. _Insight_and _discernment_ are applied oftenest to the judgment of character;_penetration_ and _perspicacity_ to other subjects of knowledge. _Sagacity_ is an uncultured skill in using quick perceptions for adesired end, generally in practical affairs; _acumen_ may increase withstudy, and applies to the most erudite matters. _Shrewdness_ is_keenness_ or _sagacity_, often with a somewhat evil bias, as ready totake advantage of duller intellects. _Perspicacity_ is the power to seeclearly through that which is difficult or involved. We speak of the_acuteness_ of an observer or a reasoner, the _insight_ and_discernment_ of a student, a clergyman, or a merchant, the _sagacity_of a hound, the _keenness_ of a debater, the _shrewdness_ of a usurer, the _penetration_, _perspicacity_, and _acumen_ of a philosopher. Antonyms: bluntness, dulness, obtuseness, stupidity. * * * * * ADD. Synonyms: adjoin, annex, augment, extend, make up, affix, append, cast up, increase, subjoin, amplify, attach, enlarge, join on, sum up. To _add_ is to _increase_ by _adjoining_ or _uniting_: in distinctionfrom multiply, which is to _increase_ by repeating. To _augment_ a thingis to _increase_ it by any means, but this word is seldom used directlyof material objects; we do not _augment_ a house, a farm, a nation, etc. We may _enlarge_ a house, a farm, or an empire, _extend_ influence ordominion, _augment_ riches, power or influence, _attach_ or _annex_ abuilding to one that it _adjoins_ or papers to the document they referto, _annex_ a clause or a codicil, _affix_ a seal or a signature, _annex_ a territory, _attach_ a condition to a promise. A speaker may_amplify_ a discourse by a fuller treatment throughout than wasoriginally planned, or he may _append_ or _subjoin_ certain remarkswithout change of what has gone before. We _cast up_ or _sum up_ anaccount, though _add up_ and _make up_ are now more usual expressions. Antonyms: abstract, diminish, lessen, remove, withdraw. Deduct, dissever, reduce, subtract, Preposition: Other items are to be added _to_ the account. * * * * * ADDICTED. Synonyms: abandoned, devoted, given over, inclined, accustomed, disposed, given up, prone, attached, given, habituated, wedded. One is _addicted_ to that which he has allowed to gain a strong, habitual, and enduring hold upon action, inclination, or involuntarytendency, as to a habit or indulgence. A man may be _accustomed_ tolabor, _attached_ to his profession, _devoted_ to his religion, _given_to study or to gluttony (in the bad sense, _given over_, or _given up_, is a stronger and more hopeless expression, as is _abandoned_). One_inclined_ to luxury may become _habituated_ to poverty. One is _wedded_to that which has become a second nature; as, one is _wedded_ to scienceor to art. _Prone_ is used only in a bad sense, and generally of naturaltendencies; as, our hearts are _prone_ to evil. _Abandoned_ tells of theacquired viciousness of one who has given himself up to wickedness. _Addicted_ may be used in a good, but more frequently a bad sense; as, _addicted_ to study; _addicted_ to drink. _Devoted_ is used chiefly inthe good sense; as, a mother's _devoted_ affection. Antonyms: averse, disinclined, indisposed, unaccustomed. Preposition: Addicted _to_ vice. * * * * * ADDRESS, _v. _ Synonyms: cost, approach, hail, speak to, apostrophize, court, salute, woo. Appeal, greet, To _accost_ is to speak first, to friend or stranger, generally with aview to opening conversation; _greet_ is not so distinctly limited, since one may return another's _greeting_; _greet_ and _hail_ may implybut a passing word; _greeting_ may be altogether silent; to _hail_ is to_greet_ in a loud-voiced and commonly hearty and joyous way, as appearsin the expression "_hail_ fellow, well met. " To _salute_ is to _greet_with special token of respect, as a soldier his commander. To_apostrophize_ is to solemnly _address_ some person or personifiedattribute apart from the audience to whom one is speaking; as, apreacher may _apostrophize_ virtue, the saints of old, or even theDeity. To _appeal_ is strictly to call for some form of help or support. _Address_ is slightly more formal than _accost_ or _greet_, though itmay often be interchanged with them. One may _address_ another atconsiderable length or in writing; he _accosts_ orally and briefly. Antonyms: avoid, elude, overlook, pass by, cut, ignore, pass, shun. Prepositions: Address the memorial _to_ the legislature; the president addressed thepeople _in_ an eloquent speech; he addressed an intruder _with_indignation. * * * * * ADDRESS, _n. _ Synonyms: adroitness, discretion, manners, readiness, courtesy, ingenuity, politeness, tact. Dexterity, _Address_ is that indefinable something which enables a man to gain hisobject without seeming exertion or contest, and generally with the favorand approval of those with whom he deals. It is a general power todirect to the matter in hand whatever qualities are most needed for itat the moment. It includes _adroitness_ and _discretion_ to know what todo or say and what to avoid; _ingenuity_ to devise; _readiness_ to speakor act; the _dexterity_ that comes of practise; and _tact_, which is thepower of fine touch as applied to human character and feeling. _Courtesy_ and _politeness_ are indispensable elements of good_address_. Compare SPEECH. Antonyms: awkwardness, clumsiness, ill-breeding, stupidity, boorishness, fatuity, ill manners, unmannerliness, clownishness, folly, rudeness, unwisdom. Prepositions: Address _in_ dealing with opponents; the address _of_ an accomplishedintriguer; an address _to_ the audience. * * * * * ADEQUATE. Synonyms: able, competent, fitted, satisfactory, adapted, equal, fitting, sufficient, capable, fit, qualified, suitable. Commensurate, _Adequate_, _commensurate_, and _sufficient_ signify _equal_ to somegiven occasion or work; as, a sum _sufficient_ to meet expenses; an_adequate_ remedy for the disease. _Commensurate_ is the more preciseand learned word, signifying that which exactly measures the matter inquestion. _Adapted_, _fit_, _suitable_, and _qualified_ refer to thequalities which match or suit the occasion. A clergyman may havestrength _adequate_ to the work of a porter; but that would not be a_fit_ or _suitable_ occupation for him. Work is _satisfactory_ if itsatisfies those for whom it is done, though it may be very poor workjudged by some higher standard. _Qualified_ refers to acquiredabilities; _competent_ to both natural and acquired; a _qualified_teacher may be no longer _competent_, by reason of ill health. _Able_and _capable_ suggest general ability and reserved power, _able_ beingthe higher word of the two. An _able_ man will do something well in anyposition. A _capable_ man will come up to any ordinary demand. We say an_able_ orator, a _capable_ accountant. Antonyms: disqualified, inferior, unequal, unsatisfactory, useless, inadequate, insufficient, unfit, unsuitable, worthless. Incompetent, poor, unqualified, Prepositions: Adequate _to_ the demand; _for_ the purpose. * * * * * ADHERENT. Synonyms: aid, ally, disciple, partisan, supporter. Aider, backer, follower, An _adherent_ is one who is devoted or attached to a person, party, principle, cause, creed, or the like. One may be an _aider_ and_supporter_ of a party or church, while not an _adherent_ to all itsdoctrines or claims. An _ally_ is more independent still, as he maydiffer on every point except the specific ground of union. The _Allies_who overthrew Napoleon were united only against him. _Allies_ areregarded as equals; _adherents_ and _disciples_ are followers. The_adherent_ depends more on his individual judgment, the _disciple_ ismore subject to command and instruction; thus we say the _disciples_rather than the _adherents_ of Christ. _Partisan_ has the narrow andodious sense of adhesion to a party, right or wrong. One may be an_adherent_ or _supporter_ of a party and not a _partisan_. _Backer_ is asporting and theatrical word, personal in its application, and not inthe best usage. Compare ACCESSORY. Antonyms: adversary, betrayer, enemy, opponent, traitor. Antagonist, deserter, hater, renegade, Prepositions: Adherents _to_ principle; adherents _of_ Luther. * * * * * ADHESIVE. Synonyms: cohesive, gummy, sticky, viscous. Glutinous, sticking, viscid, _Adhesive_ is the scientific, _sticking_ or _sticky_ the popular word. That which is _adhesive_ tends to join itself to the surface of anyother body with which it is placed in contact; _cohesive_ expresses thetendency of particles of the same substance to hold together. Polishedplate glass is not _adhesive_, but such plates packed together areintensely _cohesive_. An _adhesive_ plaster is in popular language a_sticking_-plaster. _Sticky_ expresses a more limited, and generallyannoying, degree of the same quality. _Glutinous_, _gummy_, _viscid_, and _viscous_ are applied to fluid or semi-fluid substances, as pitch ortar. Antonyms: free, inadhesive, loose, separable. Preposition: The stiff, wet clay, adhesive _to_ the foot, impeded progress. * * * * * ADJACENT. Synonyms: abutting, bordering, contiguous, neighboring, adjoining, close, coterminous, next, attached, conterminous, near, nigh. Beside, _Adjacent_ farms may not be connected; if _adjoining_, they meet at theboundary-line. _Conterminous_ would imply that their dimensions wereexactly equal on the side where they adjoin. _Contiguous_ may be usedfor either _adjacent_ or _adjoining_. _Abutting_ refers rather to theend of one building or estate than to the neighborhood of another. Buildings may be _adjacent_ or _adjoining_ that are not _attached_. _Near_ is a relative word, places being called _near_ upon the railroadwhich would elsewhere be deemed remote. _Neighboring_ always impliessuch proximity that the inhabitants may be neighbors. _Next_ views someobject as the nearest of several or many; _next_ neighbor implies aneighborhood. Antonyms: detached, disconnected, disjoined, distant, remote, separate. Preposition: The farm was adjacent _to_ the village. * * * * * ADMIRE. Synonyms: adore, delight in, extol, respect, venerate, applaud, enjoy, honor, revere, wonder. Approve, esteem, love, In the old sense of _wonder_, _admire_ is practically obsolete; the wordnow expresses a delight and approval, in which the element of wonderunconsciously mingles. We _admire_ beauty in nature and art, _delightin_ the innocent happiness of children, _enjoy_ books or society, a walkor a dinner. We _approve_ what is excellent, _applaud_ heroic deeds, _esteem_ the good, _love_ our friends. We _honor_ and _respect_ noblecharacter wherever found; we _revere_ and _venerate_ it in the aged. We_extol_ the goodness and _adore_ the majesty and power of God. Antonyms: abhor, contemn, detest, execrate, ridicule, abominate, despise, dislike, hate, scorn. Preposition: _Admire at_ may still very rarely be found in the old sense of _wonderat_. * * * * * ADORN. Synonyms: beautify, decorate, garnish, illustrate, bedeck, embellish, gild, ornament. Deck, To _embellish_ is to brighten and enliven by adding something that isnot necessarily or very closely connected with that to which it isadded; to _illustrate_ is to add something so far like in kind as tocast a side-light upon the principal matter. An author _embellishes_ hisnarrative with fine descriptions, the artist _illustrates_ it withbeautiful engravings, the binder _gilds_ and _decorates_ the volume. _Garnish_ is on a lower plane; as, the feast was _garnished_ withflowers. _Deck_ and _bedeck_ are commonly said of apparel; as, a mother_bedecks_ her daughter with silk and jewels. To _adorn_ and to_ornament_ alike signify to add that which makes anything beautiful andattractive, but _ornament_ is more exclusively on the material plane;as, the gateway was _ornamented_ with delicate carving. _Adorn_ is morelofty and spiritual, referring to a beauty which is not material, andcan not be put on by ornaments or decorations, but seems in perfectharmony and unity with that to which it adds a grace; if we say, thegateway was _adorned_ with beautiful carving, we imply a unity andloftiness of design such as _ornamented_ can not express. We say of someadmirable scholar or statesman, "he touched nothing that he did not_adorn_. " At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His looks _adorned_ the venerable place. GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. 178. Antonyms: deface, deform, disfigure, mar, spoil. Preposition: Adorn his temples _with_ a coronet. * * * * * AFFRONT. Synonyms: aggravate, exasperate, offend, vex, annoy, insult, provoke, wound. Displease, irritate, tease, One may be _annoyed_ by the well-meaning awkwardness of a servant, _irritated_ by a tight shoe or a thoughtless remark, _vexed_ at somecareless neglect or needless misfortune, _wounded_ by the ingratitude ofchild or friend. To _tease_ is to give some slight and perhaps playfulannoyance. _Aggravate_ in the sense of _offend_ is colloquial. To_provoke_, literally to call out or challenge, is to begin a contest;one _provokes_ another to violence. To _affront_ is to offer somedefiant offense or indignity, as it were, to one's face; it is somewhatless than to _insult_. Compare PIQUE. Antonyms: conciliate, content, gratify, honor, please. * * * * * AGENT. Synonyms: actor, factor, means, operator, promoter. Doer, instrument, mover, performer, In strict philosophical usage, the prime _mover_ or _doer_ of an act isthe _agent_. Thus we speak of man as a voluntary _agent_, a free_agent_. But in common usage, especially in business, an _agent_ is notthe prime _actor_, but only an _instrument_ or _factor_, acting underorders or instructions. Compare CAUSE. Antonyms: chief, inventor, originator, principal. Prepositions: An agent _of_ the company _for_ selling, etc. * * * * * AGREE. Synonyms: accede, admit, coincide, concur, accept, approve, combine, consent, accord, assent, comply, harmonize. Acquiesce, _Agree_ is the most general term of this group, signifying to have likequalities, proportions, views, or inclinations, so as to be free fromjar, conflict, or contradiction in a given relation. To _concur_ is to_agree_ in general; to _coincide_ is to _agree_ in every particular. Whether in application to persons or things, _concur_ tends toexpression in action more than _coincide_; we may either _concur_ or_coincide_ in an opinion, but _concur_ in a decision; views _coincide_, causes _concur_. One _accepts_ another's terms, _complies_ with hiswishes, _admits_ his statement, _approves_ his plan, _conforms_ to hisviews of doctrine or duty, _accedes_ or _consents_ to his proposal. _Accede_ expresses the more formal agreement, _consent_ the morecomplete. To _assent_ is an act of the understanding; to _consent_, ofthe will. We may _concur_ or _agree_ with others, either in opinion ordecision. One may silently _acquiesce_ in that which does not meet hisviews, but which he does not care to contest. He _admits_ the chargebrought, or the statement made, by another--_admit_ always carrying asuggestion of reluctance. _Assent_ is sometimes used for a mild form of_consent_, as if agreement in the opinion assured approval of thedecision. Antonyms: contend, demur, disagree, oppose, contradict, deny, dispute, protest, decline, differ, dissent, refuse. Prepositions: I agree _in_ opinion _with_ the speaker; _to_ the terms proposed;persons agree _on_ or _upon_ a statement of principles, rules, etc. ; wemust agree _among_ ourselves. * * * * * AGRICULTURE. Synonyms: cultivation, gardening, kitchen-gardening, culture, horticulture, market-gardening, farming, husbandry, tillage. Floriculture, _Agriculture_ is the generic term, including at once the science, theart, and the process of supplying human wants by raising the products ofthe soil, and by the associated industries; _farming_ is the practise of_agriculture_ as a business; there may be theoretical _agriculture_, butnot theoretical _farming_; we speak of the science of _agriculture_, thebusiness of _farming_; scientific _agriculture_ may be wholly in books;scientific _farming_ is practised upon the land; we say an_agricultural_ college rather than a college of _farming_. _Farming_refers to the _cultivation_ of considerable portions of land, and theraising of the coarser crops; _gardening_ is the close _cultivation_ ofa small area for small fruits, flowers, vegetables, etc. , and while itmay be done upon a farm is yet a distinct industry. _Gardening_ ingeneral, _kitchen-gardening_, the _cultivation_ of vegetables, etc. , forthe household, _market-gardening_, the raising of the same for sale, _floriculture_, the _culture_ of flowers, and _horticulture_, the_culture_ of fruits, flowers, or vegetables, are all departments of_agriculture_, but not strictly nor ordinarily of _farming_; _farming_is itself one department of _agriculture_. _Husbandry_ is a general wordfor any form of practical _agriculture_, but is now chiefly poetical. _Tillage_ refers directly to the work bestowed upon the land, asplowing, manuring, etc. ; _cultivation_ refers especially to theprocesses that bring forward the crop; we speak of the _tillage_ of thesoil, the _cultivation_ of corn; we also speak of land as in a state of_cultivation_, under _cultivation_, etc. _Culture_ is now applied to thecareful development of any product to a state of perfection, especiallyby care through successive generations; the choice varieties of thestrawberry have been produced by wise and patient _culture_; a good cropin any year is the result of good _cultivation_. * * * * * AIM. Synonyms: aspiration, endeavor, intention, tendency. Design, goal, mark, determination, inclination, object, end, intent, purpose, The _aim_ is the direction in which one shoots, or sometimes that whichis aimed at. The _mark_ is that at which one shoots; the _goal_, thattoward which one runs. All alike indicate the direction of _endeavor_. The _end_ is the point at which one expects or hopes to close hislabors; the _object_, that which he would grasp as the reward of hislabors. _Aspiration_, _design_, _endeavor_, _purpose_, referring to themental acts by which the _aim_ is attained, are often used asinterchangeable with _aim_. _Aspiration_ applies to what are viewed asnoble _aims_; _endeavor_, _design_, _intention_, _purpose_, indifferently to the best or worst. _Aspiration_ has less of decisionthan the other terms; one may aspire to an _object_, and yet lack thefixedness of _purpose_ by which alone it can be attained. _Purpose_ isstronger than _intention_. _Design_ especially denotes the adaptationof means to an end; _endeavor_ refers to the exertions by which it is tobe attained. One whose _aims_ are worthy, whose _aspirations_ are high, whose _designs_ are wise, and whose _purposes_ are steadfast, may hopeto reach the _goal_ of his ambition, and will surely win some _object_worthy of a life's _endeavor_. Compare AMBITION; DESIGN. Antonyms: aimlessness, heedlessness, negligence, purposelessness, avoidance, neglect, oversight, thoughtlessness. Carelessness, * * * * * AIR. Synonyms: appearance, demeanor, manner, sort, bearing, expression, mien, style, behavior, fashion, port, way. Carriage, look, _Air_ is that combination of qualities which makes the entire impressionwe receive in a person's presence; as, we say he has the _air_ of ascholar, or the _air_ of a villain. _Appearance_ refers more to thedress and other externals. We might say of a travel-soiled pedestrian, he has the _appearance_ of a tramp, but the _air_ of a gentleman. _Expression_ and _look_ especially refer to the face. _Expression_ isoftenest applied to that which is habitual; as, he has a pleasant_expression_ of countenance; _look_ may be momentary; as, a _look_ ofdismay passed over his face. We may, however, speak of the _look_ or_looks_ as indicating all that we look at; as, he had the _look_ of anadventurer; I did not like his _looks_. _Bearing_ is rather a loftyword; as, he has a noble _bearing_; _port_ is practically identical inmeaning with _bearing_, but is more exclusively a literary word. _Carriage_, too, is generally used in a good sense; as, that lady has agood _carriage_. _Mien_ is closely synonymous with _air_, but less oftenused in a bad sense. We say a rakish _air_ rather than a rakish _mien_. _Mien_ may be used to express some prevailing feeling; as, "an indignant_mien_. " _Demeanor_ goes beyond _appearance_, including conduct, behavior; as, a modest _demeanor_. _Manner_ and _style_ are, in largepart at least, acquired. Compare BEHAVIOR. * * * * * AIRY. Synonyms: aerial, ethereal, frolicsome, joyous, lively, animated, fairylike, gay, light, sprightly. _Aerial_ and _airy_ both signify of or belonging to the air, but _airy_also describes that which seems as if made of air; we speak of _airy_shapes, _airy_ nothings, where we could not well say _aerial_;_ethereal_ describes its object as belonging to the upper air, the pureether, and so, often, heavenly. _Sprightly_, spiritlike, refers tolight, free, cheerful activity of mind and body. That which is _lively_or _animated_ may be agreeable or the reverse; as, an _animated_discussion; a _lively_ company. Antonyms: clumsy, heavy, ponderous, sluggish, wooden. Dull, inert, slow, stony, * * * * * ALARM. Synonyms: affright, disquietude, fright, solicitude, apprehension, dread, misgiving, terror, consternation, fear, panic, timidity. Dismay, _Alarm_, according to its derivation _all'arme_, "to arms, " is anarousing to meet and repel danger, and may be quite consistent with truecourage. _Affright_ and _fright_ express sudden _fear_ which, for thetime at least, overwhelms courage. The sentinel discovers with _alarm_the sudden approach of the enemy; the unarmed villagers view it with_affright_. _Apprehension_, _disquietude_, _dread_, _misgiving_, and_solicitude_ are in anticipation of danger; _consternation_, _dismay_, and _terror_ are overwhelming _fear_, generally in the actual presenceof that which is terrible, though these words also may have ananticipative force. _Timidity_ is a quality, habit, or condition, areadiness to be affected with _fear_. A person of great _timidity_ isconstantly liable to needless _alarm_ and even _terror_. Compare FEAR. Antonyms: assurance, calmness, confidence, repose, security. Prepositions: Alarm was felt _in_ the camp, _among_ the soldiers, _at_ the news. * * * * * ALERT. Synonyms: active, lively, prepared, vigilant, brisk, nimble, prompt, watchful, hustling, on the watch, ready, wide-awake. _Alert_, _ready_, and _wide-awake_ refer to a watchful promptness foraction. _Ready_ suggests thoughtful preparation; the wandering Indian is_alert_, the trained soldier is _ready_. _Ready_ expresses more life andvigor than _prepared_. The gun is _prepared_; the man is _ready_. _Prompt_ expresses readiness for appointment or demand at the requiredmoment. The good general is _ready_ for emergencies, _alert_ to perceiveopportunity or peril, _prompt_ to seize occasion. The sense of _brisk_, _nimble_ is the secondary and now less common signification of _alert_. Compare ACTIVE; ALIVE; NIMBLE; VIGILANT. Antonyms: drowsy, dull, heavy, inactive, slow, sluggish, stupid. * * * * * ALIEN, _a. _ Synonyms: conflicting, distant, inappropriate, strange, contradictory, foreign, irrelevant, unconnected, contrary, hostile, opposed, unlike. Contrasted, impertinent, remote, _Foreign_ refers to difference of birth, _alien_ to difference ofallegiance. In their figurative use, that is _foreign_ which is_remote_, _unlike_, or _unconnected_; that is _alien_ which is_conflicting_, _hostile_, or _opposed_. _Impertinent_ and _irrelevant_matters can not claim consideration in a certain connection;_inappropriate_ matters could not properly be considered. Compare ALIEN, _n. _; CONTRAST, _v. _ Antonyms: akin, apropos, germane, proper, appropriate, essential, pertinent, relevant. Prepositions: Such a purpose was alien _to_ (or _from_) my thought: _to_ preferable. * * * * * ALIEN, _n. _ Synonyms: foreigner, stranger. A naturalized citizen is not an _alien_, though a _foreigner_ by birth, and perhaps a _stranger_ in the place where he resides. A person offoreign birth not naturalized is an _alien_, though he may have beenresident in the country a large part of a lifetime, and ceased to be a_stranger_ to its people or institutions. He is an _alien_ in onecountry if his allegiance is to another. The people of any country stillresiding in their own land are, strictly speaking, _foreigners_ to thepeople of all other countries, rather than _aliens_; but _alien_ and_foreigner_ are often used synonymously. Antonyms: citizen, fellow-countryman, native-born inhabitant, countryman, native, naturalized person. Prepositions: Aliens _to_ (more rarely _from_) our nation and laws; aliens _in_ ourland, _among_ our people. * * * * * ALIKE. Synonyms: akin, equivalent, kindred, same, analogous, homogeneous, like, similar, equal, identical, resembling, uniform. _Alike_ is a comprehensive word, signifying as applied to two or moreobjects that some or all qualities of one are the same as those of theother or others; by modifiers _alike_ may be made to express more orless resemblance; as, these houses are somewhat (_i. E. _, partially)_alike_; or, these houses are exactly (_i. E. _, in all respects)_alike_. Cotton and wool are _alike_ in this, that they can both bewoven into cloth. Substances are _homogeneous_ which are made up ofelements of the _same_ kind, or which are the _same_ in structure. Twopieces of iron may be _homogeneous_ in material, while not _alike_ insize or shape. In geometry, two triangles are _equal_ when they can belaid over one another, and fit, line for line and angle for angle; theyare _equivalent_ when they simply contain the same amount of space. An_identical_ proposition is one that says the same thing precisely insubject and predicate. _Similar_ refers to close resemblance, which yetleaves room for question or denial of complete likeness or identity. Tosay "this is the _identical_ man, " is to say not merely that he is_similar_ to the one I have in mind, but that he is the very _same_person. Things are _analogous_ when they are _similar_ in idea, plan, use, or character, tho perhaps quite unlike in appearance; as, the gillsof fishes are said to be _analogous_ to the lungs in terrestrialanimals. Antonyms: different, dissimilar, distinct, heterogeneous, unlike. Prepositions: The specimens are alike _in_ kind; they are all alike _to_ me. * * * * * ALIVE. Synonyms: active, breathing, live, quick, alert, brisk, lively, subsisting, animate, existent, living, vivacious. Animated, existing, _Alive_ applies to all degrees of life, from that which shows one to bebarely _existing_ or _existent_ as a living thing, as when we say he isjust _alive_, to that which implies the very utmost of vitality andpower, as in the words "he is all _alive_, " "thoroughly _alive_. " So theword _quick_, which began by signifying "having life, " is now mostlyapplied to energy of life as shown in swiftness of action. _Breathing_is capable of like contrast. We say of a dying man, he is still_breathing_; or we speak of a _breathing_ statue, or "_breathing_ andsounding, beauteous battle, " TENNYSON _Princess_ can. V, l. 155, whereit means having, or seeming to have, full and vigorous breath, abundantlife. Compare ACTIVE; ALERT; NIMBLE. Antonyms: dead, defunct, dull, lifeless, deceased, dispirited, inanimate, spiritless. Prepositions: Alive _in_ every nerve; alive _to_ every noble impulse; alive _with_fervor, hope, resolve; alive _through_ all his being. * * * * * ALLAY. Synonyms: alleviate, compose, quiet, still, appease, mollify, soothe, tranquilize. Calm, pacify, _Allay_ and _alleviate_ are closely kindred in signification, and havebeen often interchanged in usage. But, in strictness, to _allay_ is tolay to rest, _quiet_ or _soothe_ that which is excited; to _alleviate_, on the other hand, is to lighten a burden. We _allay_ suffering by usingmeans to _soothe_ and _tranquilize_ the sufferer; we _alleviate_suffering by doing something toward removal of the cause, so that thereis less to suffer; where the trouble is wholly or chiefly in theexcitement, to _allay_ the excitement is virtually to remove thetrouble; as, to _allay_ rage or panic; we _alleviate_ poverty, but donot _allay_ it. _Pacify_, directly from the Latin, and _appease_, fromthe Latin through the French, signify to bring to peace; to _mollify_ isto soften; to _calm_, _quiet_, or _tranquilize_ is to make still;_compose_, to place together, unite, adjust to a calm and settledcondition; to _soothe_ (originally to assent to, humor) is to bring topleased quietude. We _allay_ excitement, _appease_ a tumult, _calm_agitation, _compose_ our feelings or countenance, _pacify_ thequarrelsome, _quiet_ the boisterous or clamorous, _soothe_ grief ordistress. Compare ALLEVIATE. Antonyms: agitate, excite, kindle, rouse, stir up. Arouse, fan, provoke, stir, * * * * * ALLEGE. Synonyms: adduce, asseverate, claim, maintain, produce, advance, assign, declare, offer, say, affirm, aver, introduce, plead, state. Assert, cite, To _allege_ is formally to state as true or capable of proof, butwithout proving. To _adduce_, literally to lead to, is to bring theevidence up to what has been _alleged_. _Adduce_ is a secondary word;nothing can be _adduced_ in evidence till something has been _stated_ or_alleged_, which the evidence is to sustain. An _alleged_ fact standsopen to question or doubt. To speak of an _alleged_ document, an_alleged_ will, an _alleged_ crime, is either to question, or at leastvery carefully to refrain from admitting, that the document exists, thatthe will is genuine, or that the crime has been committed. _Alleged_ is, however, respectful; to speak of the "so-called" will or deed, etc. , would be to cast discredit upon the document, and imply that the speakerwas ready to brand it as unquestionably spurious; _alleged_ simplyconcedes nothing and leaves the question open. To _produce_ is to bringforward, as, for instance, papers or persons. _Adduce_ is not used ofpersons; of them we say _introduce_ or _produce_. When an _alleged_criminal is brought to trial, the counsel on either side are accustomedto _advance_ a theory, and _adduce_ the strongest possible evidence inits support; they will _produce_ documents and witnesses, _cite_precedents, _assign_ reasons, _introduce_ suggestions, _offer_ pleas. The accused will usually _assert_ his innocence. Compare STATE. * * * * * ALLEGIANCE. Synonyms: devotion, fealty, loyalty, obedience, subjection. Faithfulness, homage, _Allegiance_ is the obligation of fidelity and obedience that anindividual owes to his government or sovereign, in return for theprotection he receives. The feudal uses of these words have mostlypassed away with the state of society that gave them birth; but theirorigin still colors their present meaning. A patriotic American feels anenthusiastic _loyalty_ to the republic; he takes, on occasion, an oathof _allegiance_ to the government, but his _loyalty_ will lead him to domore than mere _allegiance_ could demand; he pays _homage_ to God alone, as the only king and lord, or to those principles of right that arespiritually supreme; he acknowledges the duty of _obedience_ to allrightful authority; he resents the idea of _subjection_. _Fealty_ isbecoming somewhat rare, except in elevated or poetic style. We prefer tospeak of the _faithfulness_ rather than the _fealty_ of citizen, wife, or friend. Antonyms: disaffection, disloyalty, rebellion, sedition, treason. Prepositions: We honor the allegiance _of_ the citizen _to_ the government; thegovernment has a right to allegiance _from_ the citizen. * * * * * ALLEGORY. Synonyms: fable, fiction, illustration, metaphor, parable, simile. In modern usage we may say that an _allegory_ is an extended _simile_, while a _metaphor_ is an abbreviated _simile_ contained often in aphrase, perhaps in a word. The _simile_ carries its comparison on thesurface, in the words _as_, _like_, or similar expressions; the_metaphor_ is given directly without any note of comparison. The_allegory_, _parable_, or _fable_ tells its story as if true, leavingthe reader or hearer to discover its fictitious character and learn itslesson. All these are, in strict definition, _fictions_; but the word_fiction_ is now applied almost exclusively to novels or romances. An_allegory_ is a moral or religious tale, of which the moral lesson isthe substance, and all descriptions and incidents but accessories, as in"The Pilgrim's Progress. " A _fable_ is generally briefer, representinganimals as the speakers and actors, and commonly conveying some lessonof practical wisdom or shrewdness, as "The _Fables_ of Æsop. " A_parable_ is exclusively moral or religious, briefer and less adornedthan an _allegory_, with its lesson more immediately discernible, given, as it were, at a stroke. Any comparison, analogy, instance, example, tale, anecdote, or the like which serves to let in light upon a subjectmay be called an _illustration_, this word in its widest use includingall the rest. Compare FICTION; STORY. Antonyms: chronicle, fact, history, narrative, record. * * * * * ALLEVIATE. Synonyms: abate, lighten, reduce, remove, assuage, mitigate, relieve, soften. Lessen, moderate, Etymologically, to _alleviate_ is to lift a burden toward oneself, andso _lighten_ it for the bearer; to _relieve_ is to lift it back from thebearer, nearly or quite away; to _remove_ is to take it away altogether. _Alleviate_ is thus less than _relieve_; _relieve_, ordinarily, lessthan _remove_. We _alleviate_, _relieve_ or _remove_ the trouble; we_relieve_, not _alleviate_, the sufferer. _Assuage_ is, by derivation, to sweeten; _mitigate_, to make mild; _moderate_, to bring withinmeasure; _abate_, to beat down, and so make less. We _abate_ a fever;_lessen_ anxiety; _moderate_ passions or desires; _lighten_ burdens;_mitigate_ or _alleviate_ pain; _reduce_ inflammation; _soften_, _assuage_, or _moderate_ grief; we _lighten_ or _mitigate_ punishments;we _relieve_ any suffering of body or mind that admits of help, comfort, or remedy. _Alleviate_ has been often confused with _allay_. CompareALLAY. Antonyms: aggravate, embitter, heighten, intensify, make worse. Augment, enhance, increase, magnify, * * * * * ALLIANCE. Synonyms: coalition, confederation, fusion, partnership, compact, federation, league, union. Confederacy, _Alliance_ is in its most common use a connection formed by treatybetween sovereign states as for mutual aid in war. _Partnership_ is amercantile word; _alliance_ chiefly political or matrimonial. _Coalition_ is oftenest used of political parties; _fusion_ is now themore common word in this sense. In an _alliance_ between nations thereis no surrender of sovereignty, and no _union_ except for a specifiedtime and purpose. _League_ and _alliance_ are used with scarcelyperceptible difference of meaning. In a _confederacy_ or _confederation_there is an attempt to unite separate states in a general governmentwithout surrender of sovereignty. _Union_ implies so much concession asto make the separate states substantially one. _Federation_ is mainly apoetic and rhetorical word expressing something of the same thought, asin Tennyson's "_federation_ of the world, " _Locksley Hall_, l. 128. TheUnited States is not a _confederacy_ nor an _alliance_; the nation mightbe called a _federation_, but prefers to be styled a federal _union_. Antonyms: antagonism, disunion, enmity, schism, separation, discord, divorce, hostility, secession, war. Prepositions: Alliance _with_ a neighboring people; _against_ the common enemy; _for_offense and defense; alliance _of_, _between_, or _among_ nations. * * * * * ALLOT. Synonyms: appoint, destine, give, portion out, apportion, distribute, grant, select, assign, divide, mete out, set apart. Award, _Allot_, originally to assign by lot, applies to the giving of adefinite thing to a certain person. A portion or extent of time is_allotted_; as, I expect to live out my _allotted_ time. A definiteperiod is _appointed_; as, the audience assembled at the _appointed_hour. _Allot_ may also refer to space; as, to _allot_ a plot of groundfor a cemetery; but we now oftener use _select_, _set apart_, or_assign_. _Allot_ is not now used of persons. _Appoint_ may be used oftime, space, or person; as, the _appointed_ day; the _appointed_ place;an officer was _appointed_ to this station. _Destine_ may also refer totime, place, or person, but it always has reference to what isconsiderably in the future; a man _appoints_ to meet his friend in fiveminutes; he _destines_ his son to follow his own profession. _Assign_ israrely used of time, but rather of places, persons, or things. We_assign_ a work to be done and _assign_ a man to do it, who, if hefails, must _assign_ a reason for not doing it. That which is_allotted_, _appointed_, or _assigned_ is more or less arbitrary; thatwhich is _awarded_ is the due requital of something the receiver hasdone, and he has right and claim to it; as, the medal was _awarded_ forvalor. Compare APPORTION. Antonyms: appropriate, deny, resume, seize, confiscate, refuse, retain, withhold. Prepositions: Allot _to_ a company _for_ a purpose. * * * * * ALLOW. Synonyms: admit, consent to, let, sanction, tolerate, concede, grant, permit, suffer, yield. We _allow_ that which we do not attempt to hinder; we _permit_ that towhich we give some express authorization. When this is given verbally itis called permission; when in writing it is commonly called a permit. There are establishments that any one will be _allowed_ to visit withoutchallenge or hindrance; there are others that no one is _allowed_ tovisit without a permit from the manager; there are others to whichvisitors are _admitted_ at specified times, without a formal permit. We_allow_ a child's innocent intrusion; we _concede_ a right; _grant_ arequest; _consent_ to a sale of property; _permit_ an inspection ofaccounts; _sanction_ a marriage; _tolerate_ the rudeness of awell-meaning servant; _submit_ to a surgical operation; _yield_ to ademand or necessity against our wish or will, or _yield_ something undercompulsion; as, the sheriff _yielded_ the keys at the muzzle of arevolver, and _allowed_ the mob to enter. _Suffer_, in the sense of mildconcession, is now becoming rare, its place being taken by _allow_, _permit_, or _tolerate_. Compare PERMISSION. Antonyms: deny, disapprove, protest, reject, withstand. Disallow, forbid, refuse, resist, See also synonyms for PROHIBIT. Prepositions: To allow _of_ (in best recent usage, simply to _allow_) such an action;allow one _in_ such a course; allow _for_ spending-money. * * * * * ALLOY. Synonyms: admixture, adulteration, debasement, deterioration. _Alloy_ may be either some admixture of baser with precious metal, asfor giving hardness to coin or the like, or it may be a compound ormixture of two or more metals. _Adulteration_, _debasement_, and_deterioration_ are always used in the bad sense; _admixture_ isneutral, and may be good or bad; _alloy_ is commonly good in the literalsense. An excess of _alloy_ virtually amounts to _adulteration_; but_adulteration_ is now mostly restricted to articles used for food, drink, medicine, and kindred uses. In the figurative sense, as appliedto character, etc. , _alloy_ is unfavorable, because there the onlystandard is perfection. * * * * * ALLUDE. Synonyms: advert, indicate, intimate, point, signify, hint, insinuate, mention, refer, suggest. Imply, _Advert_, _mention_, and _refer_ are used of language that more or lessdistinctly utters a certain thought; the others of language from whichit may be inferred. We _allude_ to a matter slightly, perhaps by a wordor phrase, as it were in byplay; we _advert_ to it when we turn from ourpath to treat it; we _refer_ to it by any clear utterance thatdistinctly turns the mind or attention to it; as, marginal figures_refer_ to a parallel passage; we _mention_ a thing by explicit word, asby naming it. The speaker _adverted_ to the recent disturbances and theremissness of certain public officers; tho he _mentioned_ no name, itwas easy to see to whom he _alluded_. One may _hint_ at a thing in afriendly way, but what is _insinuated_ is always unfavorable, generallyboth hostile and cowardly. One may _indicate_ his wishes, _intimate_ hisplans, _imply_ his opinion, _signify_ his will, _suggest_ a course ofaction. Compare SUGGESTION. Preposition: The passage evidently alludes _to_ the Jewish Passover. * * * * * ALLURE. Synonyms: attract, captivate, decoy, entice, lure, tempt, cajole, coax, draw, inveigle, seduce, win. To _allure_ is to _draw_ as with a lure by some charm or some prospectof pleasure or advantage. We may _attract_ others to a certain thingwithout intent; as, the good unconsciously _attract_ others to virtue. We may _allure_ either to that which is evil or to that which is goodand noble, by purpose and endeavor, as in the familiar line, "_Allured_to brighter worlds, and led the way, " GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. 170. _Lure_ is rather more akin to the physical nature. It is the wordwe would use of drawing on an animal. _Coax_ expresses the attraction ofthe person, not of the thing. A man may be _coaxed_ to that which is byno means _alluring_. _Cajole_ and _decoy_ carry the idea of deceivingand ensnaring. To _inveigle_ is to lead one blindly in. To _tempt_ is toendeavor to lead one wrong; to _seduce_ is to succeed in _winning_ onefrom good to ill. _Win_ may be used in either a bad or a good sense, inwhich latter it surpasses the highest sense of _allure_, because itsucceeds in that which _allure_ attempts; as, "He that _winneth_ soulsis wise, " _Prov. _ xi, 30. Antonyms: chill, damp, deter, dissuade, drive away, repel, warn. Prepositions: Allure _to_ a course; allure _by_ hopes; allure _from_ evil _to_ good. * * * * * ALSO. Synonyms: as well, in addition, likewise, too, as well as, in like manner, similarly, withal. Besides, While some distinctions between these words and phrases will appear tothe careful student, yet in practise the choice between them is largelyto secure euphony and avoid repetition. The words fall into two groups;_as well as_, _besides_, _in addition_, _too_, _withal_, simply add afact or thought; _also_ (all so), _in like manner_, _likewise_, _similarly_, affirm that what is added is like that to which it isadded. _As well_ follows the word or phrase to which it is joined. Wecan say the singers _as well as_ the players, or the players, and thesingers _as well_. Antonyms: but, nevertheless, on the contrary, yet. In spite of, notwithstanding, on the other hand, * * * * * ALTERNATIVE. Synonyms: choice, election, option, pick, preference, resource. A _choice_ may be among many things; an _alternative_ is in thestrictest sense a _choice_ between two things; oftener it is one of twothings between which a _choice_ is to be made, and either of which isthe _alternative_ of the other; as, the _alternative_ of surrender isdeath; or the two things between which there is a _choice_ may be calledthe _alternatives_; both Mill and Gladstone are quoted as extending themeaning of _alternative_ to include several particulars, Gladstone evenspeaking of "the fourth and last of these _alternatives_. " _Option_ isthe right or privilege of choosing; _choice_ may be either the right tochoose, the act of choosing, or the thing chosen. A person of abilityand readiness will commonly have many _resources_. _Pick_, from theSaxon, and _election_, from the Latin, picture the objects before one, with freedom and power to choose which he will; as, there were twelvehorses, among which I could take my _pick_. A _choice_, _pick_, _election_, or _preference_ is that which suits one best; an_alternative_ is that to which one is restricted; a _resource_, that towhich one is glad to betake oneself. Antonyms: compulsion, necessity. * * * * * AMASS. Synonyms: accumulate, collect, heap up, hoard up, store up. Aggregate, gather, hoard, pile up, To _amass_ is to bring together materials that make a mass, a great bulkor quantity. With some occasional exceptions, _accumulate_ is applied tothe more gradual, _amass_ to the more rapid gathering of money ormaterials, _amass_ referring to the general result or bulk, _accumulate_to the particular process or rate of gain. We say interest is_accumulated_ (or _accumulates_) rather than is _amassed_; he_accumulated_ a fortune in the course of years; he rapidly _amassed_ afortune by shrewd speculations. Goods or money for immediatedistribution are said to be _collected_ rather than _amassed_. They maybe _stored up_ for a longer or shorter time; but to _hoard_ is alwayswith a view of permanent retention, generally selfish. _Aggregate_ isnow most commonly used of numbers and amounts; as, the expenses will_aggregate_ a round million. Antonyms: disperse, divide, portion, spend, waste. Dissipate, parcel, scatter, squander, Prepositions: Amass _for_ oneself; _for_ a purpose; _from_ a distance; _with_ greatlabor; _by_ industry. * * * * * AMATEUR. Synonyms: connoisseur, critic, dilettante, novice, tyro. Etymologically, the _amateur_ is one who loves, the _connoisseur_ onewho knows. In usage, the term _amateur_ is applied to one who pursuesany study or art simply from the love of it; the word carries a naturalimplication of superficialness, tho marked excellence is at timesattained by _amateurs_. A _connoisseur_ is supposed to be so thoroughlyinformed regarding any art or work as to be able to criticize or selectintelligently and authoritatively; there are many incompetent _critics_, but there can not, in the true sense, be an incompetent _connoisseur_. The _amateur_ practises to some extent that in regard to which he maynot be well informed; the _connoisseur_ is well informed in regard tothat which he may not practise at all. A _novice_ or _tyro_ may be a_professional_; an _amateur_ never is; the _amateur_ may be skilled andexperienced as the _novice_ or _tyro_ never is. _Dilettante_, which hadoriginally the sense of _amateur_, has to some extent come to denote onewho is superficial, pretentious, and affected, whether in theory orpractise. Preposition: An amateur _in_ art. * * * * * AMAZEMENT. Synonyms: admiration, awe, confusion, surprise, astonishment, bewilderment, perplexity, wonder. _Amazement_ and _astonishment_ both express the momentary overwhelmingof the mind by that which is beyond expectation. _Astonishment_especially affects the emotions, _amazement_ the intellect. _Awe_ is theyielding of the mind to something supremely grand in character orformidable in power, and ranges from apprehension or dread to reverentworship. _Admiration_ includes delight and regard. _Surprise_ liesmidway between _astonishment_ and _amazement_, and usually respectsmatters of lighter consequence or such as are less startling incharacter. _Amazement_ may be either pleasing or painful, as wheninduced by the grandeur of the mountains, or by the fury of the storm. We can say pleased _surprise_, but scarcely pleased _astonishment_. _Amazement_ has in it something of _confusion_ or _bewilderment_; but_confusion_ and _bewilderment_ may occur without _amazement_, as when amultitude of details require instant attention. _Astonishment_ may bewithout _bewilderment_ or _confusion_. _Wonder_ is often pleasing, andmay be continuous in view of that which surpasses our comprehension; as, the magnitude, order, and beauty of the heavens fill us with increasing_wonder_. Compare PERPLEXITY. Antonyms: anticipation, composure, expectation, preparation, steadiness, calmness, coolness, indifference, self-possession, stoicism. Preposition: I was filled with amazement _at_ such reckless daring. * * * * * AMBITION. Synonyms: aspiration, competition, emulation, opposition, rivalry. _Aspiration_ is the desire for excellence, pure and simple. _Ambition_, literally a going around to solicit votes, has primary reference to theaward or approval of others, and is the eager desire of power, fame, orsomething deemed great and eminent, and viewed as a worthy prize. Theprizes of _aspiration_ are virtue, nobility, skill, or other highqualities. The prizes of _ambition_ are advancement, fame, honor, andthe like. There is a noble and wise or an ignoble, selfish, and harmful_ambition_. _Emulation_ is not so much to win any excellence or successfor itself as to equal or surpass other persons. There is such a thingas a noble _emulation_, when those we would equal or surpass are noble, and the means we would use worthy. But, at the highest, _emulation_ isinferior as a motive to _aspiration_, which seeks the high quality orcharacter for its own sake, not with reference to another. _Competition_is the striving for something that is sought by another at the sametime. _Emulation_ regards the abstract, _competition_ the concrete;_rivalry_ is the same in essential meaning with _competition_, butdiffers in the nature of the objects contested for, which, in the caseof _rivalry_, are usually of the nobler sort and less subject to directgaging, measurement, and rule. We speak of _competition_ in business, _emulation_ in scholarship, _rivalry_ in love, politics, etc. ;_emulation_ of excellence, success, achievement; _competition_ for aprize; _rivalry_ between persons or nations. _Competition_ may befriendly, _rivalry_ is commonly hostile. _Opposition_ is becoming afrequent substitute for _competition_ in business language; it impliesthat the competitor is an opponent and hinderer. Antonyms: carelessness, contentment, humility, indifference, satisfaction. * * * * * AMEND. Synonyms: advance, correct, meliorate, rectify, ameliorate, emend, mend, reform, better, improve, mitigate, repair. Cleanse, make better, purify, To _amend_ is to change for the better by removing faults, errors, ordefects, and always refers to that which at some point falls short of astandard of excellence. _Advance_, _better_, and _improve_ may refereither to what is quite imperfect or to what has reached a high degreeof excellence; we _advance_ the kingdom of God, _improve_ the minds ofour children, _better_ the morals of the people. But for matters belowthe point of ordinary approval we seldom use these words; we do notspeak of _bettering_ a wretched alley, or _improving_ a foul sewer. There we use _cleanse_, _purify_, or similar words. We _correct_ evils, _reform_ abuses, _rectify_ incidental conditions of evil or error; we_ameliorate_ poverty and misery, which we can not wholly remove. We_mend_ a tool, _repair_ a building, _correct_ proof; we _amend_character or conduct that is faulty, or a statement or law that isdefective. A text, writing, or statement is _amended_ by the author orby some adequate authority; it is often _emended_ by conjecture. Amotion is _amended_ by the mover or by the assembly; a constitution is_amended_ by the people; an ancient text is _emended_ by a critic whobelieves that what seems to him the better reading is what the authorwrote. Compare ALLEVIATE. Antonyms: aggravate, debase, harm, mar, tarnish, blemish, depress, impair, spoil, vitiate. Corrupt, deteriorate, injure, * * * * * AMIABLE. Synonyms: agreeable, engaging, lovable, pleasing, attractive, gentle, lovely, sweet, benignant, good-natured, loving, winning, harming, kind, pleasant, winsome. _Amiable_ combines the senses of _lovable_ or _lovely_ and _loving_; the_amiable_ character has ready affection and kindliness for others, withthe qualities that are adapted to win their love; _amiable_ is a higherand stronger word than _good-natured_ or _agreeable_. _Lovely_ is oftenapplied to externals; as, a _lovely_ face. _Amiable_ denotes adisposition desirous to cheer, please, and make happy. A selfish man ofthe world may have the art to be _agreeable_; a handsome, brilliant, andwitty person may be _charming_ or even _attractive_, while by no means_amiable_. The _engaging_, _winning_, and _winsome_ add to amiabilitysomething of beauty, accomplishments, and grace. The _benignant_ arecalmly kind, as from a height and a distance. _Kind_, _good-natured_people may be coarse and rude, and so fail to be _agreeable_ or_pleasing_; the really _amiable_ are likely to avoid such faults bytheir earnest desire to please. The _good-natured_ have an easydisposition to get along comfortably with every one in allcircumstances. A _sweet_ disposition is very sure to be _amiable_, the_loving_ heart bringing out all that is _lovable_ and _lovely_ incharacter. Antonyms: acrimonious, crusty, hateful, ill-tempered, surly, churlish, disagreeable, ill-conditioned, morose, unamiable, crabbed, dogged, ill-humored, sour, unlovely, cruel, gruff, ill-natured, sullen, * * * * * AMID. Synonyms: amidst, amongst, betwixt, mingled with, among, between, in the midst of, surrounded by. _Amid_ or _amidst_ denotes _surrounded by_; _among_ or _amongst_ denotes_mingled with_. _Between_ (archaic or poetic, _betwixt_) is said of twopersons or objects, or of two groups of persons or objects. "Let therebe no strife, I pray thee, _between_ me and thee, and _between_ myherdmen and thy herdmen, " _Gen. _ xiii, 9; the reference being to twobodies of herdmen. _Amid_ denotes mere position; _among_, some activerelation, as of companionship, hostility, etc. Lowell's "_Among_ myBooks" regards the books as companions; _amid_ my books would suggestpacking, storing, or some other incidental circumstance. We say _among_friends, or _among_ enemies, _amidst_ the woods, _amid_ the shadows. _Inthe midst of_ may have merely the local meaning; as, I found myself _inthe midst of_ a crowd; or it may express even closer association than_among_; as, "I found myself _in the midst of_ friends" suggests theirpressing up on every side, oneself the central object; so, "where two orthree are met together in my name, there am I _in the midst of_ them, "_Matt. _ xviii, 20; in which case it would be feebler to say "_among_them, " impossible to say "_amid_ them, " not so well to say "_amidst_them. " Antonyms: afar from, away from, beyond, far from, outside, without. * * * * * AMPLIFY. Synonyms: augment, dilate, expand, extend, unfold, develop, enlarge, expatiate, increase, widen. _Amplify_ is now rarely used in the sense of _increase_, to add materialsubstance, bulk, volume, or the like; it is now almost wholly applied todiscourse or writing, signifying to make fuller in statement, whetherwith or without adding matter of importance, as by stating fully whatwas before only implied, or by adding illustrations to make the meaningmore readily apprehended, etc. The chief difficulty of very youngwriters is to _amplify_, to get beyond the bare curt statement by_developing_, _expanding_, _unfolding_ the thought. The chief difficultyof those who have more material and experience is to condensesufficiently. So, in the early days of our literature _amplify_ was usedin the favorable sense; but at present this word and most kindred wordsare coming to share the derogatory meaning that has long attached to_expatiate_. We may _develop_ a thought, _expand_ an illustration, _extend_ a discussion, _expatiate_ on a hobby, _dilate_ on somethingjoyous or sad, _enlarge_ a volume, _unfold_ a scheme, _widen_ the rangeof treatment. Antonyms: abbreviate, amputate, condense, cut down, reduce, summarize, abridge, "boil down, " curtail, epitomize, retrench, sum up. Prepositions: To amplify _on_ or _upon_ the subject is needless. Amplify this matter_by_ illustrations. * * * * * ANALOGY. Synonyms: affinity, likeness, relation, similarity, coincidence, parity, resemblance, simile, comparison, proportion, semblance, similitude. _Analogy_ is specifically a _resemblance_ of relations; a _resemblance_that may be reasoned from, so that from the _likeness_ in certainrespects we may infer that other and perhaps deeper relations exist. _Affinity_ is a mutual attraction with or without seeming likeness; as, the _affinity_ of iron for oxygen. _Coincidence_ is complete agreementin some one or more respects; there may be a _coincidence_ in time ofmost dissimilar events. _Parity_ of reasoning is said of an argumentequally conclusive on subjects not strictly analogous. _Similitude_ is arhetorical comparison of one thing to another with which it has somepoints in common. _Resemblance_ and _similarity_ are external orsuperficial, and may involve no deeper relation; as, the _resemblance_of a cloud to a distant mountain. Compare ALLEGORY. Antonyms: disagreement, disproportion, dissimilarity, incongruity, unlikeness. Prepositions: The analogy _between_ (or _of_) nature and revelation; the analogy _of_sound _to_ light; a family has some analogy _with_ (or _to_) a state. * * * * * ANGER. Synonyms: animosity, fury, offense, rage, choler, impatience, passion, resentment, displeasure, indignation, peevishness, temper, exasperation, ire, pettishness, vexation, fretfulness, irritation, petulance, wrath. _Displeasure_ is the mildest and most general word. _Choler_ and _ire_, now rare except in poetic or highly rhetorical language, denote a still, and the latter a persistent, _anger_. _Temper_ used alone in the senseof _anger_ is colloquial, tho we may correctly say a hot _temper_, afiery _temper_, etc. _Passion_, tho a word of far wider application, may, in the singular, be employed to denote _anger_; "did put me in atowering _passion_, " SHAKESPEARE _Hamlet_ act v, sc. 2. _Anger_ isviolent and vindictive emotion, which is sharp, sudden, and, like allviolent passions, necessarily brief. _Resentment_ (a feeling back orfeeling over again) is persistent, the bitter brooding over injuries. _Exasperation_, a roughening, is a hot, superficial intensity of_anger_, demanding instant expression. _Rage_ drives one beyond thebounds of prudence or discretion; _fury_ is stronger yet, and sweeps oneaway into uncontrollable violence. _Anger_ is personal and usuallyselfish, aroused by real or supposed wrong to oneself, and directedspecifically and intensely against the person who is viewed asblameworthy. _Indignation_ is impersonal and unselfish _displeasure_ atunworthy acts (L. _indigna_), _i. E. _, at wrong as wrong. Pure_indignation_ is not followed by regret, and needs no repentance; it isalso more self-controlled than _anger_. _Anger_ is commonly a sin;_indignation_ is often a duty. _Wrath_ is deep and perhaps vengeful_displeasure_, as when the people of Nazareth were "filled with _wrath_"at the plain words of Jesus (_Luke_ iv, 28); it may, however, simplyexpress the culmination of righteous _indignation_ without malice in apure being; as, the _wrath_ of God. _Impatience_, _fretfulness_, _irritation_, _peevishness_, _pettishness_, _petulance_, and _vexation_express the slighter forms of anger. _Irritation_, _petulance_, and_vexation_ are temporary and for immediate cause. _Fretfulness_, _pettishness_, and _peevishness_ are chronic states finding in any pettymatter an occasion for their exercise. Compare ACRIMONY; ENMITY; HATRED. Antonyms: amiability, leniency, mildness, peacefulness, charity, lenity, patience, self-control, forbearance, long-suffering, peace, self-restraint. Gentleness, love, peaceableness, Prepositions: Anger _at_ the insult prompted the reply. Anger _toward_ the offenderexaggerates the offense. * * * * * ANIMAL. Synonyms: beast, fauna, living organism, sentient being. Brute, living creature, An _animal_ is a _sentient being_, distinct from inanimate matter andfrom vegetable life on the one side and from mental and spiritualexistence on the other. Thus man is properly classified as an _animal_. But because the animal life is the lowest and rudest part of his beingand that which he shares with inferior _creatures_, to call anyindividual man an _animal_ is to imply that the animal nature has unduesupremacy, and so is deep condemnation or utter insult. The _brute_ isthe _animal_ viewed as dull to all finer feeling; the _beast_ is lookedupon as a being of appetites. To call a man a _brute_ is to imply thathe is unfeeling and cruel; to call him a _beast_ is to indicate that heis vilely sensual. We speak of the cruel father as a _brute_ to hischildren; of the drunkard as making a _beast_ of himself. So firmly arethese figurative senses established that we now incline to avoidapplying _brute_ or _beast_ to any creature, as a horse or dog, forwhich we have any affection; we prefer in such cases the word _animal_. _Creature_ is a word of wide signification, including all the thingsthat God has created, whether inanimate objects, plants, animals, angels, or men. The _animals_ of a region are collectively called its_fauna_. Antonyms: angel, man, mind, soul, substance (material), inanimate object, matter, mineral, spirit, vegetable. * * * * * ANNOUNCE. Synonyms: advertise, give notice (of), proclaim, reveal, circulate, give out, promulgate, say, communicate, herald, propound, spread abroad, declare, make known, publish, state, enunciate, notify, report, tell. To _announce_ is to give intelligence of in some formal or public way. We may _announce_ that which has occurred or that which is to occur, thothe word is chiefly used in the anticipative sense; we _announce_ a bookwhen it is in press, a guest when he arrives. We _advertise_ ourbusiness, _communicate_ our intentions, _enunciate_ our views; we_notify_ an individual, _give notice_ to the public. _Declare_ has oftenan authoritative force; to _declare_ war is to cause war to be, wherebefore there may have been only hostilities; we say _declare_ war, _proclaim_ peace. We _propound_ a question or an argument, _promulgate_the views of a sect or party, or the decision of a court, etc. We_report_ an interview, _reveal_ a secret, _herald_ the coming of somedistinguished person or great event. _Publish_, in popular usage, isbecoming closely restricted to the sense of issuing through the press;we _announce_ a book that is to be _published_. Antonyms: bury, cover (up), hush, keep secret, suppress, conceal, hide, keep back, secrete, withhold. Prepositions: The event was announced _to_ the family _by_ telegraph. * * * * * ANSWER. Synonyms: rejoinder, repartee, reply, response, retort. A verbal _answer_ is a return of words to something that seems to callfor them, and is made to a charge as well as to a question; an _answer_may be even made to an unspoken implication or manifestation; see _Luke_v, 22. In a wider sense, anything said or done in return for some word, action, or suggestion of another may be called an _answer_. The blow ofan enraged man, the whinny of a horse, the howling of the wind, themovement of a bolt in a lock, an echo, etc. , may each be an _answer_ tosome word or movement. A _reply_ is an unfolding, and ordinarilyimplies thought and intelligence. A _rejoinder_ is strictly an _answer_to a _reply_, tho often used in the general sense of _answer_, butalways with the implication of something more or less controversial oropposed, tho lacking the conclusiveness implied in _answer_; an_answer_, in the full sense, to a charge, an argument, or an objectionis adequate, and finally refutes and disposes of it; a _reply_ or_rejoinder_ may be quite inadequate, so that one may say, "This _reply_is not an _answer_;" "I am ready with an _answer_" means far more than"I am ready with a _reply_. " A _response_ is accordant or harmonious, designed or adapted to carry on the thought of the words that called itforth, as the _responses_ in a liturgical service, or to meet the wishof him who seeks it; as, the appeal for aid met a prompt and hearty_response_. _Repartee_ is a prompt, witty, and commonly good-natured_answer_ to some argument or attack; a _retort_ may also be witty, butis severe and may be even savage in its intensity. Prepositions: An answer _in_ writing, or _by_ word of mouth, _to_ the question. * * * * * ANTICIPATE. Synonyms: apprehend, forecast, hope, expect, foretaste, look forward to. To _anticipate_ may be either to take before in fact or to take beforein thought; in the former sense it is allied with _prevent_; in thelatter, with the synonyms above given. This is coming to be theprevalent and favorite use. We _expect_ that which we have good reasonto believe will happen; as, a boy _expects_ to grow to manhood. We_hope_ for that which we much desire and somewhat _expect_. We_apprehend_ what we both _expect_ and fear. _Anticipate_ is commonlyused now, like _foretaste_, of that which we _expect_ both withconfidence and pleasure. In this use it is a stronger word than _hope_, where often "the wish is father to the thought. " I _hope_ for a visitfrom my friend, tho I have no word from him; I _expect_ it when hewrites that he is coming; and as the time draws near I _anticipate_ itwith pleasure. Compare ABIDE; PREVENT. Antonyms: despair of, doubt, dread, fear, recall, recollect, remember. Distrust, * * * * * ANTICIPATION. Synonyms: antepast, expectation, foresight, hope, apprehension, foreboding, foretaste, presentiment, expectancy, forecast, forethought, prevision. _Expectation_ may be either of good or evil; _presentiment_ almostalways, _apprehension_ and _foreboding_ always, of evil; _anticipation_and _antepast_, commonly of good. Thus, we speak of the pleasures of_anticipation_. A _foretaste_ may be of good or evil, and is more thanimaginary; it is a part actually received in advance. _Foresight_ and_forethought_ prevent future evil and secure future good by timelylooking forward, and acting upon what is foreseen. Compare ANTICIPATE. Antonyms: astonishment, despair, dread, fear, surprise, consummation, doubt, enjoyment, realization, wonder. * * * * * ANTIPATHY. Synonyms: abhorrence, disgust, hatred, repugnance, antagonism, dislike, hostility, repulsion, aversion, distaste, opposition, uncongeniality. Detestation, _Antipathy_, _repugnance_, and _uncongeniality_ are instinctive; otherforms of _dislike_ may be acquired or cherished for cause. _Uncongeniality_ is negative, a want of touch or sympathy. An_antipathy_ to a person or thing is an instinctive recoil fromconnection or association with that person or thing, and may be physicalor mental, or both. _Antagonism_ may result from the necessity ofcircumstances; _opposition_ may spring from conflicting views orinterests; _abhorrence_ and _detestation_ may be the result of religiousand moral training; _distaste_ and _disgust_ may be acquired; _aversion_is a deep and permanent _dislike_. A natural _antipathy_ may give riseto _opposition_ which may result in _hatred_ and _hostility_. CompareACRIMONY; ANGER; ENMITY; HATRED. Antonyms: affinity, attraction, fellow-feeling, kindliness, sympathy. Agreement, congeniality, harmony, regard, Prepositions: Antipathy _to_ (less frequently _for_ or _against_) a person or thing;antipathy _between_ or _betwixt_ two persons or things. * * * * * ANTIQUE. Synonyms: ancient, old-fashioned, quaint, superannuated. Antiquated, _Antique_ refers to an _ancient_, _antiquated_ to a discarded style. _Antique_ is that which is either _ancient_ in fact or _ancient_ instyle. The reference is to the style rather than to the age. We canspeak of the _antique_ architecture of a church just built. Thedifference between _antiquated_ and _antique_ is not in the age, for aPuritan style may be scorned as _antiquated_, while a Roman orRenaissance style may be prized as _antique_. The _antiquated_ is not somuch out of date as out of vogue. _Old-fashioned_ may be usedapprovingly or contemptuously. In the latter case it becomes a synonymfor _antiquated_; in the good sense it approaches the meaning of_antique_, but indicates less duration. We call a wide New Englandfireplace _old-fashioned_; a coin of the Cæsars, _antique_. _Quaint_combines the idea of age with a pleasing oddity; as, a _quaint_gambrel-roofed house. _Antiquated_ is sometimes used of persons in asense akin to _superannuated_. The _antiquated_ person is out of styleand out of sympathy with the present generation by reason of age; the_superannuated_ person is incapacitated for present activities by reasonof age. Compare OLD. Antonyms: fashionable, fresh, modern, modish, new, recent, stylish. * * * * * ANXIETY. Synonyms: anguish, disquiet, foreboding, perplexity, apprehension, disturbance, fretfulness, solicitude, care, dread, fretting, trouble, concern, fear, misgiving, worry. _Anxiety_ is, according to its derivation, a choking _disquiet_, akin to_anguish_; _anxiety_ is mental; _anguish_ may be mental or physical;_anguish_ is in regard to the known, _anxiety_ in regard to the unknown;_anguish_ is because of what has happened, _anxiety_ because of what mayhappen. _Anxiety_ refers to some future event, always suggesting hopefulpossibility, and thus differing from _apprehension_, _fear_, _dread_, _foreboding_, _terror_, all of which may be quite despairing. In matterswithin our reach, _anxiety_ always stirs the question whether somethingcan not be done, and is thus a valuable spur to doing; in this respectit is allied to _care_. _Foreboding_, _dread_, etc. , commonlyincapacitate for all helpful thought or endeavor. _Worry_ is a morepetty, restless, and manifest _anxiety_; _anxiety_ may be quiet andsilent; _worry_ is communicated to all around. _Solicitude_ is a milder_anxiety_. _Fretting_ or _fretfulness_ is a weak complaining withoutthought of accomplishing or changing anything, but merely as a reliefto one's own _disquiet_. _Perplexity_ often involves _anxiety_, butmay be quite free from it. A student may be _perplexed_ regarding atranslation, yet, if he has time enough, not at all anxious regardingit. Antonyms: apathy, calmness, confidence, light-heartedness, satisfaction, assurance, carelessness, ease, nonchalance, tranquillity. Prepositions: Anxiety _for_ a friend's return; anxiety _about_, _in regard to_, or_concerning_ the future. * * * * * APATHY. Synonyms: calmness, indifference, quietness, stoicism, composure, insensibility, quietude, tranquillity, immobility, lethargy, sluggishness, unconcern, impassibility, phlegm, stillness, unfeelingness. _Apathy_, according to its Greek derivation, is a simple absence offeeling or emotion. There are persons to whom a certain degree of_apathy_ is natural, an innate _sluggishness_ of the emotional nature. In the _apathy_ of despair, a person gives up, without resistance orsensibility, to what he has fiercely struggled to avoid. While _apathy_is want of feeling, _calmness_ is feeling without agitation. _Calmness_is the result of strength, courage, or trust; _apathy_ is the result ofdulness or weakness. _Composure_ is freedom from agitation ordisturbance, resulting ordinarily from force of will, or from perfectconfidence in one's own resources. _Impassibility_ is a philosophicalterm applied to the Deity, as infinitely exalted above all stir ofpassion or emotion. _Unfeelingness_, the Saxon word that should be theexact equivalent of _apathy_, really means more, a lack of the feelingone ought to have, a censurable hardness of heart. _Indifference_ and_insensibility_ designate the absence of feeling toward certain personsor things; _apathy_, entire absence of feeling. _Indifference_ is a wantof interest; _insensibility_ is a want of feeling; _unconcern_ hasreference to consequences. We speak of _insensibility_ of heart, _immobility_ of countenance. _Stoicism_ is an intentional suppression offeeling and deadening of sensibilities, while _apathy_ is involuntary. Compare CALM; REST; STUPOR. Antonyms: agitation, disturbance, feeling, sensibility, sympathy, alarm, eagerness, frenzy, sensitiveness, turbulence, anxiety, emotion, fury, storm, vehemence, care, excitement, passion, susceptibility, violence. Distress, Prepositions: The apathy _of_ monastic life; apathy _toward_ good. * * * * * APIECE. Synonyms: distributively, each, individually, separately, severally. There is no discernible difference in sense between so much _apiece_ andso much _each_; the former is the more common and popular, the latterthe more elegant expression. _Distributively_ is generally used ofnumbers and abstract relations. _Individually_ emphasizes theindependence of the individuals; _separately_ and _severally_ still moreemphatically hold them apart. The signers of a note may become jointlyand _severally_ responsible, that is, _each_ liable for the entireamount, as if he had signed it alone. Witnesses are often brought_separately_ into court, in order that no one may be influenced by thetestimony of another. If a company of laborers demand a dollar _apiece_, that is a demand that _each_ shall receive that sum; if they_individually_ demand a dollar, _each_ individual makes the demand. Antonyms: accumulatively, confusedly, indiscriminately, together, unitedly. Collectively, _en masse_, synthetically, * * * * * APOLOGY. Synonyms: acknowledgment, defense, excuse, plea, confession, exculpation, justification, vindication. All these words express one's answer to a charge of wrong or error thatis or might be made. _Apology_ has undergone a remarkable change fromits old sense of a valiant _defense_--as in Justin Martyr's _Apologies_for the Christian faith--to its present meaning of humble _confession_and concession. He who offers an _apology_ admits himself, at leasttechnically and seemingly, in the wrong. An _apology_ is for what onehas done or left undone; an _excuse_ may be for what one proposes to door leave undone as well; as, one sends beforehand his _excuse_ for notaccepting an invitation; if he should fail either to be present or toexcuse himself, an _apology_ would be in order. An _excuse_ for a faultis an attempt at partial justification; as, one alleges haste as an_excuse_ for carelessness. _Confession_ is a full _acknowledgment_ ofwrong, generally of a grave wrong, with or without _apology_ or_excuse_. _Plea_ ranges in sense from a prayer for favor or pardon to anattempt at full _vindication_. _Defense_, _exculpation_, _justification_, and _vindication_ are more properly antonyms thansynonyms of _apology_ in its modern sense, and should be so given, butfor their connection with its historic usage. Compare CONFESS; DEFENSE. Antonyms: accusation, charge, condemnation, injury, offense, censure, complaint, imputation, insult, wrong. Prepositions: An apology _to_ the guest _for_ the oversight would be fitting. * * * * * APPARENT. Synonyms: likely, presumable, probable, seeming. The _apparent_ is that which appears; the word has two contrastedsenses, either of that which is manifest, visible, certain, or of thatwhich merely seems to be and may be very different from what is; as, the_apparent_ motion of the sun around the earth. _Apparent_ kindness castsa doubt on the reality of the kindness; _apparent_ neglect implies thatmore care and pains may have been bestowed than we are aware of. _Presumable_ implies that a thing may be reasonably supposed beforehandwithout any full knowledge of the facts. _Probable_ implies that we knowfacts enough to make us moderately confident of it. _Seeming_ expressesgreat doubt of the reality; _seeming_ innocence comes very near inmeaning to _probable_ guilt. _Apparent_ indicates less assurance than_probable_, and more than _seeming_. A man's _probable_ intent webelieve will prove to be his real intent; his _seeming_ intent webelieve to be a sham; his _apparent_ intent may be the true one, tho wehave not yet evidence on which to pronounce with certainty or even withconfidence. _Likely_ is a word with a wide range of usage, but alwaysimplying the belief that the thing is, or will be, true; it is oftenused with the infinitive, as the other words of this list can not be;as, it is _likely_ to happen. Compare EVIDENT. Antonyms: doubtful, dubious, improbable, unimaginable, unlikely. Prepositions: (When _apparent_ is used in the sense of evident): His guilt is apparent_in_ every act _to_ all observers. * * * * * APPEAR. Synonyms: have the appearance _or_ semblance, look, seem. _Appear_ and _look_ refer to what manifests itself to the senses; to asemblance or probability presented directly to the mind. _Seem_ appliesto what is manifest to the mind on reflection. It suddenly _appears_ tome that there is smoke in the distance; as I watch, it _looks_ like afire; from my knowledge of the locality and observation of particulars, it _seems_ to me a farmhouse must be burning. Antonyms: be, be certain, real, _or_ true, be the fact, exist. Prepositions: Appear _at_ the front; _among_ the first; _on_ or _upon_ the surface;_to_ the eye; _in_ evidence, _in_ print; _from_ reports; _near_ theharbor; _before_ the public; _in_ appropriate dress; _with_ the insigniaof his rank; _above_ the clouds; _below_ the surface; _under_ the lee;_over_ the sea; _through_ the mist; appear _for_, _in behalf of_, or_against_ one in court. * * * * * APPENDAGE. Synonyms: accessory, addition, appurtenance, concomitant, accompaniment, adjunct, attachment, extension, addendum, appendix, auxiliary, supplement. An _adjunct_ (something joined to) constitutes no real part of the thingor system to which it is joined, tho perhaps a valuable _addition_; an_appendage_ is commonly a real, tho not an essential or necessary partof that with which it is connected; an _appurtenance_ belongssubordinately to something by which it is employed, especially as aninstrument to accomplish some purpose. A horse's tail is at once anornamental _appendage_ and a useful _appurtenance_; we could not call itan _adjunct_, tho we might use that word of his iron shoes. An_attachment_ in machinery is some mechanism that can be brought intooptional connection with the principal movement; a hemmer is a valuable_attachment_ of a sewing-machine. An _extension_, as of a railroad or ofa franchise, carries out further something already existing. We add an_appendix_ to a book, to contain names, dates, lists, etc. , which wouldencumber the text; we add a _supplement_ to supply omissions, as, forinstance, to bring it up to date. An _appendix_ may be called an_addendum_; but _addendum_ may be used of a brief note, which would notbe dignified by the name of _appendix_; such notes are often grouped as_addenda_. An _addition_ might be matter interwoven in the body of thework, an index, plates, editorial notes, etc. , which might be valuable_additions_, but not within the meaning of _appendix_ or _supplement_. Compare ACCESSORY; AUXILIARY. Antonyms: main body, original, total, whole. Prepositions: That which is thought of as added we call an appendage _to_; that whichis looked upon as an integral part is called an appendage _of_. * * * * * APPETITE. Synonyms: appetency, impulse, lust, propensity, craving, inclination, passion, relish, desire, liking, proclivity, thirst, disposition, longing, proneness, zest. _Appetite_ is used only of the demands of the physical system, unlessotherwise expressly stated, as when we say an _appetite_ for knowledge;_passion_ includes all excitable impulses of our nature, as anger, fear, love, hatred, etc. _Appetite_ is thus more animal than _passion_; andwhen we speak of _passions_ and _appetites_ as conjoined or contrasted, we think of the _appetites_ as wholly physical and of the _passions_ as, in part at least, mental or spiritual. We say an _appetite_ for food, a_passion_ for fame. Compare DESIRE. Antonyms: antipathy, disgust, distaste, indifference, repugnance, aversion, dislike, hatred, loathing, repulsion. Detestation, disrelish, Compare ANTIPATHY. Preposition: He had an insatiable appetite _for_ the marvellous. * * * * * APPORTION. Synonyms: allot, appropriate, deal, distribute, grant, appoint, assign, dispense, divide, share. To _allot_ or _assign_ may be to make an arbitrary division; the same istrue of _distribute_ or _divide_. That which is _apportioned_ is givenby some fixed rule, which is meant to be uniform and fair; as, representatives are _apportioned_ among the States according topopulation. To _dispense_ is to give out freely; as, the sun _dispenses_light and heat. A thing is _appropriated_ to or for a specific purpose(to which it thus becomes _proper_, in the original sense of being itsown); money _appropriated_ by Congress for one purpose can not beexpended for any other. One may _apportion_ what he only holds in trust;he _shares_ what is his own. Compare ALLOT. Antonyms: cling to, consolidate, gather together, receive, collect, divide arbitrarily, keep together, retain. Prepositions: Apportion _to_ each a fair amount; apportion the property _among_ theheirs, _between_ two claimants; apportion _according to_ numbers, etc. * * * * * APPROXIMATION. Synonyms: approach, likeness, neighborhood, resemblance, contiguity, nearness, propinquity, similarity. In mathematics, _approximation_ is not guesswork, not looseness, and noterror. The process of _approximation_ is as exact and correct at everypoint as that by which an absolute result is secured; the result onlyfails of exactness because of some inherent difficulty in the problem. The attempt to "square the circle" gives only an _approximate_ result, because of the impossibility of expressing the circumference in terms ofthe radius. But the limits of error on either side are known, and the_approximation_ has practical value. Outside of mathematics, the correctuse of _approximation_ (and the kindred words _approximate_ and_approximately_) is to express as near an approach to accuracy andcertainty as the conditions of human thought or action in any given casemake possible. _Resemblance_ and _similarity_ may be but superficial andapparent; _approximation_ is real. _Approach_ is a relative term, indicating that one has come nearer than before, tho the distance mayyet be considerable; an _approximation_ brings one really near. _Nearness_, _neighborhood_, and _propinquity_ are commonly used ofplace; _approximation_, of mathematical calculations and abstractreasoning; we speak of _approach_ to the shore, _nearness_ to the town, _approximation_ to the truth. Antonyms: difference, distance, error, remoteness, unlikeness, variation. Prepositions: The approximation _of_ the vegetable _to_ the animal type. * * * * * ARMS. Synonyms: accouterments, armor, harness, mail, weapons. _Arms_ are implements of attack; _armor_ is a defensive covering. Theknight put on his _armor_; he grasped his _arms_. With the disuse ofdefensive _armor_ the word has practically gone out of military use, butit is still employed in the navy, where the distinction is clearlypreserved; any vessel provided with cannon is an _armed_ vessel; an_armored_ ship is an ironclad. Anything that can be wielded in fight maybecome a _weapon_, as a pitchfork or a paving-stone; _arms_ areespecially made and designed for conflict. * * * * * ARMY. Synonyms: armament, forces, military, soldiers, array, host, multitude, soldiery, force, legions, phalanx, troops. An _army_ is an organized body of men armed for war, ordinarilyconsiderable in numbers, always independent in organization so far asnot to be a constituent part of any other command. Organization, unity, and independence, rather than numbers are the essentials of an _army_. We speak of the invading _army_ of Cortes or Pizarro, tho either bodywas contemptible in numbers from a modern military standpoint. We mayhave a little _army_, a large _army_, or a vast _army_. _Host_ is usedfor any vast and orderly assemblage; as, the stars are called theheavenly _host_. _Multitude_ expresses number without order ororganization; a _multitude_ of armed men is not an _army_, but a mob. _Legion_ (from the Latin) and _phalanx_ (from the Greek) are applied bya kind of poetic license to modern _forces_; the plural _legions_ ispreferred to the singular. _Military_ is a general word forland-_forces_; the _military_ may include all the armed _soldiery_ of anation, or the term may be applied to any small detached company, as ata fort, in distinction from civilians. Any organized body of men by whomthe law or will of a people is executed is a _force_; the word is ausual term for the police of any locality. * * * * * ARRAIGN. Synonyms: accuse, charge, impeach, prosecute, censure, cite, indict, summon. _Arraign_ is an official word; a person accused of crime is _arraigned_when he is formally called into court, the indictment read to him, andthe demand made of him to plead guilty or not guilty; in more extendeduse, to _arraign_ is to call in question for fault in any formal, public, or official way. One may _charge_ another with any fault, greator trifling, privately or publicly, formally or informally. _Accuse_ isstronger than _charge_, suggesting more of the formal and criminal; aperson may _charge_ a friend with unkindness or neglect; he may_accuse_ a tramp of stealing. _Censure_ carries the idea of fault, butnot of crime; it may be private and individual, or public and official. A judge, a president, or other officer of high rank may be _impeached_before the appropriate tribunal for high crimes; the veracity of awitness may be _impeached_ by damaging evidence. A person of the highestcharacter may be _summoned_ as defendant in a civil suit; or he may be_cited_ to answer as administrator, etc. _Indict_ and _arraign_ applystrictly to criminal proceedings, and only an alleged criminal is_indicted_ or _arraigned_. One is _indicted_ by the grand jury, and_arraigned_ before the appropriate court. Antonyms: acquit, discharge, exonerate, overlook, release, condone, excuse, forgive, pardon, set free. Prepositions: Arraign _at_ the bar, _before_ the tribunal, _of_ or _for_ a crime; _on_or _upon_ an indictment. * * * * * ARRAY. Synonyms: army, collection, line of battle, parade, arrangement, disposition, order, show, battle array, exhibition, order of battle, sight. The phrase _battle array_ or _array of battle_ is archaic and poetic; wenow say in _line_ or _order of battle_. The _parade_ is for _exhibition_and oversight, and partial rehearsal of military manual and maneuvers. _Array_ refers to a continuous _arrangement_ of men, so that all may beseen or reviewed at once. This is practically impossible with the vast_armies_ of our day. We say rather the _disposition_ of troops, whichexpresses their location so as to sustain and support, though unable tosee or readily communicate with each other. Compare DRESS. * * * * * ARREST. Synonyms: apprehend, detain, restrain, stop, capture, hold, secure, take into custody, catch, make prisoner, seize, take prisoner. The legal term _arrest_ carries always the implication of a legaloffense; this is true even of _arresting_ for debt. But one may be_detained_ by process of law when no offense is alleged against him, asin the case of a witness who is _held_ in a house of detention till acase comes to trial. One may be _restrained_ of his liberty withoutarrest, as in an insane asylum; an individual or corporation may be_restrained_ by injunction from selling certain property. In case of anarrest, an officer may _secure_ his prisoner by fetters, by a lockeddoor, or other means effectually to prevent escape. _Capture_ iscommonly used of seizure by armed force; as, to _capture_ a ship, afort, etc. Compare HINDER; OBSTRUCT. Antonyms: discharge, dismiss, free, liberate, release, set free. Prepositions: Arrested _for_ crime, _on_ suspicion, _by_ the sheriff; _on_, _upon_, or_by virtue of_ a warrant; _on_ final process; _in_ execution. * * * * * ARTIFICE. Synonyms: art, craft, finesse, invention, stratagem, blind, cunning, fraud, machination, subterfuge, cheat, device, guile, maneuver, trick, contrivance, dodge, imposture, ruse, wile. A _contrivance_ or _device_ may be either good or bad. A _cheat_ is amean advantage in a bargain; a _fraud_, any form of covert robbery orinjury. _Imposture_ is a deceitful _contrivance_ for securing charity, credit, or consideration. A _stratagem_ or _maneuver_ may be of the goodagainst the bad, as it were a skilful movement of war. A _wile_ isusually but not necessarily evil. E'en children followed with endearing _wile_. GOLDSMITH _Deserted Village_, l. 184. A _trick_ is often low, injurious, and malicious; we say a mean _trick_;the word is sometimes used playfully with less than its full meaning. A_ruse_ or a _blind_ may be quite innocent and harmless. An _artifice_ isa carefully and delicately prepared _contrivance_ for doing indirectlywhat one could not well do directly. A _device_ is something studied outfor promoting an end, as in a mechanism; the word is used of indirectaction, often, but not necessarily directed to an evil, selfish, orinjurious end. _Finesse_ is especially subtle _contrivance_, delicate_artifice_, whether for good or evil. Compare FRAUD. Antonyms: artlessness, frankness, ingenuousness, openness, sincerity, candor, guilelessness, innocence, simplicity, truth. Fairness, honesty, * * * * * ARTIST. Synonyms: artificer, artisan, mechanic, operative, workman. _Artist_, _artificer_ and _artisan_ are all from the root of _art_, but_artist_ holds to the esthetic sense, while _artificer_ and _artisan_follow the mechanical or industrial sense of the word (see ART underSCIENCE). _Artist_ thus comes only into accidental association with theother words of this group, not being a synonym of any one of them andhaving practically no synonym of its own. The work of the _artist_ iscreative; that of the _artisan_ mechanical. The man who paints abeautiful picture is an _artist_; the man who makes pin-heads all day isan _artisan_. The _artificer_ is between the two, putting more thought, intelligence, and taste into his work than the _artisan_, but less ofthe idealizing, creative power than the _artist_. The sculptor, shapinghis model in clay, is _artificer_, as well as _artist_; patient_artisans_, working simply by rule and scale, chisel and polish thestone. The man who constructs anything by mere routine and rule is a_mechanic_. The man whose work involves thought, skill, and constructivepower is an _artificer_. The hod-carrier is a _laborer_; the bricklayeris a _mechanic_; the master mason is an _artificer_. Those who operatemachinery nearly self-acting are _operatives_. * * * * * ASK. Synonyms: beg, crave, entreat, petition, request, solicit, beseech, demand, implore, pray, require, supplicate. One _asks_ what he feels that he may fairly claim and reasonably expect;"if a son shall _ask_ bread of any of you that is a father, " _Luke_ xi, 11; he _begs_ for that to which he advances no claim but pity. _Demand_is a determined and often an arrogant word; one may rightfully _demand_what is his own or his due, when it is withheld or denied; or he maywrongfully _demand_ that to which he has no claim but power. _Require_is less arrogant and obtrusive than _demand_, but is exceedinglystrenuous; as, the court _requires_ the attendance of witnesses. _Entreat_ implies a special earnestness of asking, and _beseech_, astill added and more humble intensity; _beseech_ was formerly often usedas a polite intensive for _beg_ or _pray_; as, I _beseech_ you to tellme. To _implore_ is to _ask_ with weeping and lamentation; to_supplicate_ is to _ask_, as it were, on bended knees. _Crave_ and_request_ are somewhat formal terms; _crave_ has almost disappeared fromconversation; _request_ would seem distant between parent and child. _Pray_ is now used chiefly of address to the Supreme Being; _petition_is used of written request to persons in authority; as, to _petition_the legislature to pass an act, or the governor to pardon an offender. Antonyms: claim, deny, enforce, exact, extort, insist, refuse, reject. Command, Prepositions: Ask a person _for_ a thing; ask a thing _of_ or _from_ a person; ask_after_ or _about_ one's health, welfare, friends, etc. * * * * * ASSOCIATE. Synonyms: accomplice, coadjutor, comrade, fellow, mate, ally, colleague, confederate, friend, partner, chum, companion, consort, helpmate, peer. An _associate_ as used officially implies a chief, leader, or principal, to whom the _associate_ is not fully equal in rank. _Associate_ ispopularly used of mere friendly relations, but oftener implies somework, enterprise, or pursuit in which the associated persons unite. Werarely speak of _associates_ in crime or wrong, using _confederates_ or_accomplices_ instead. _Companion_ gives itself with equal readiness tothe good or evil sense, as also does _comrade_. One may be a _companion_in travel who would not readily become an _associate_ at home. A ladyadvertises for a _companion_; she would not advertise for an_associate_. _Peer_ implies equality rather than companionship; as, ajury of his _peers_. _Comrade_ expresses more fellowship and goodfeeling than _companion_. _Fellow_ has almost gone out of use in thisconnection, except in an inferior or patronizing sense. _Consort_ is aword of equality and dignity, as applied especially to the marriagerelation. Compare ACCESSORY; ACQUAINTANCE; FRIENDSHIP. Antonyms: antagonist, foe, hinderer, opponent, opposer, rival, stranger. Enemy, Prepositions: These were the associates _of_ the leader _in_ the enterprise. * * * * * ASSOCIATION. Synonyms: alliance, confederacy, familiarity, lodge, club, confederation, federation, participation, community, conjunction, fellowship, partnership, companionship, connection, fraternity, society, company, corporation, friendship, union. We speak of an _alliance_ of nations, a _club_ of pleasure-seekers, a_community_ of Shakers, a _company_ of soldiers or of friends, a_confederacy_, _confederation_, _federation_, or _union_ of separatestates under one general government, a _partnership_ or _company_ ofbusiness men, a _conjunction_ of planets. The whole body of Freemasonsconstitute a _fraternity_; one of their local organizations is called a_lodge_. A _corporation_ or _company_ is formed for purposes ofbusiness; an _association_ or _society_ (tho also incorporated) is forlearning, literature, benevolence, religion, etc. Compare ASSOCIATE;ACQUAINTANCE; FRIENDSHIP. Antonyms: disintegration, independence, isolation, separation, solitude. Prepositions: An association _of_ scholars _for_ the advancement of knowledge;association _with_ the good is ennobling. * * * * * ASSUME. Synonyms: accept, arrogate, postulate, put on, affect, claim, presume, take, appropriate, feign, pretend, usurp. The distinctive idea of _assume_ is to _take_ by one's own independentvolition, whether well or ill, rightfully or wrongfully. One may_accept_ an obligation or _assume_ an authority that properly belongs tohim, or he may _assume_ an obligation or indebtedness that could not berequired of him. He may _assume_ authority or office that is his right;if he _assumes_ what does not belong to him, he is said to _arrogate_ or_usurp_ it. A man may _usurp_ the substance of power in the mostunpretending way; what he _arrogates_ to himself he _assumes_ with ahaughty and overbearing manner. One _assumes_ the robes or insignia ofoffice by _putting_ them _on_, with or without right. If he _takes_ tohimself the credit and appearance of qualities he does not possess, heis said to _affect_ or _feign_, or to _pretend_ to, the character hethus _assumes_. What a debater _postulates_ he openly states and _takes_for granted without proof; what he _assumes_ he may take for grantedwithout mention. A favorite trick of the sophist is quietly to _assume_as true what would at once be challenged if expressly stated. What a man_claims_ he asserts his right to _take_; what he _assumes_ he _takes_. * * * * * ASSURANCE. Synonyms: arrogance, boldness, impudence, self-confidence, assertion, confidence, presumption, self-reliance, assumption, effrontery, self-assertion, trust. _Assurance_ may have the good sense of a high, sustained _confidence_and _trust_; as, the saint's _assurance_ of heaven. _Confidence_ isfounded upon reasons; _assurance_ is largely a matter of feeling. In thebad sense, _assurance_ is a vicious courage, with belief of one'sability to outwit or defy others; the hardened criminal is remarkablefor habitual _assurance_. For the calm conviction of one's own rectitudeand ability, _self-confidence_ is a better word than _assurance_;_self-reliance_ expresses confidence in one's own resources, independently of others' aid. In the bad sense _assurance_ is less grossthan _impudence_, which is (according to its etymology) a shameless_boldness_. _Assurance_ is in act or manner; _impudence_ may be inspeech. _Effrontery_ is _impudence_ defiantly displayed. Compare FAITH;PRIDE. Antonyms: bashfulness, consternation, distrust, hesitancy, shyness, confusion, dismay, doubt, misgiving, timidity. * * * * * ASTUTE. Synonyms: acute, discerning, penetrating, sharp, clear-sighted, discriminating, penetrative, shrewd, crafty, keen, perspicacious, subtile, cunning, knowing, sagacious, subtle. _Acute_, from the Latin, suggests the sharpness of the needle's point;_keen_, from the Saxon, the sharpness of the cutting edge. _Astute_, from the Latin, with the original sense of _cunning_ has come to have ameaning that combines the sense of _acute_ or _keen_ with that of_sagacious_. The _astute_ mind adds to _acuteness_ and _keenness_ anelement of cunning or finesse. The _astute_ debater leads his opponentsinto a snare by getting them to make admissions, or urge arguments, ofwhich he sees a result that they do not perceive. The _acute_, _keen_intellect may take no special advantage of these qualities; the _astute_mind has always a point to make for itself, and seldom fails to make it. A _knowing_ look, air, etc. , in general indicates practical knowledgewith a touch of shrewdness, and perhaps of cunning; in regard to somespecial matter, it indicates the possession of reserved knowledge whichthe person could impart if he chose. _Knowing_ has often a slightlyinvidious sense. We speak of a _knowing_ rascal, meaning _cunning_ or_shrewd_ within a narrow range, but of a _knowing_ horse or dog, in thesense of _sagacious_, implying that he knows more than could be expectedof such an animal. A _knowing_ child has more knowledge than would belooked for at his years, perhaps more than is quite desirable, while tospeak of a child as _intelligent_ is altogether complimentary. Antonyms: blind, idiotic, shallow, stolid, undiscerning, dull, imbecile, short-sighted, stupid, unintelligent. * * * * * ATTACHMENT. Synonyms: adherence, devotion, friendship, regard, adhesion, esteem, inclination, tenderness, affection, estimation, love, union. An _attachment_ is a feeling that binds a person by ties of heart toanother person or thing; we speak of a man's _adherence_ to his purpose, his _adhesion_ to his party, or to anything to which he clingstenaciously, tho with no special tenderness; of his _attachment_ to hischurch, to the old homestead, or to any persons or objects that he mayhold dear. _Affection_ expresses more warmth of feeling; we should notspeak of a mother's _attachment_ to her babe, but of her _affection_ orof her _devotion_. _Inclination_ expresses simply a tendency, which maybe good or bad, yielded to or overcome; as, an _inclination_ to study;an _inclination_ to drink. _Regard_ is more distant than _affection_ or_attachment_, but closer and warmer than _esteem_; we speak of high_esteem_, kind _regard_. Compare ACQUAINTANCE; APPENDAGE; FRIENDSHIP;LOVE; UNION. Antonyms: alienation, aversion, distance, estrangement, repugnance, animosity, coolness, divorce, indifference, separation, antipathy, dislike, enmity, opposition, severance. Prepositions: Attachment _of_ a true man _to_ his friends; attachment _to_ a leader_for_ his nobility of character; the attachments _between_ two personsor things; attachment _by_ muscular fibers, or _by_ a rope, etc. * * * * * ATTACK, _v. _ Synonyms: assail, beset, combat, invade, assault, besiege, encounter, set upon, beleaguer, charge, fall upon, storm. To _attack_ is to begin hostilities of any kind. A general _invades_ acountry by marching in troops; he _attacks_ a city by drawing up an armyagainst it; he _assaults_ it by hurling his troops directly upon itsdefenses. _Assail_ and _assault_, tho of the same original etymology, have diverged in meaning, so that _assault_ alone retains the meaning ofdirect personal violence. One may _assail_ another with reproaches; he_assaults_ him with a blow, a brandished weapon, etc. Armies orsquadrons _charge_; _combat_ and _encounter_ may be said of individualcontests. To _beset_ is to set around, or, so to speak, to stud one'spath, with menaces, attacks, or persuasions. To _besiege_ and_beleaguer_ are the acts of armies. To _encounter_ is to meet face toface, and may be said either of the _attacking_ or of the resistingforce or person, or of both. Antonyms: aid, cover, protect, shelter, support, uphold, befriend, defend, resist, shield, sustain, withstand. Prepositions: We were attacked _by_ the enemy _with_ cannon and musketry. * * * * * ATTACK, _n. _ Synonyms: aggression, incursion, invasion, onslaught, assault, infringement, onset, trespass. Encroachment, intrusion, An _attack_ may be by word; an _aggression_ is always by deed. An_assault_ may be upon the person, an _aggression_ is upon rights, possessions, etc. An _invasion_ of a nation's territories is an act of_aggression_; an _intrusion_ upon a neighboring estate is a _trespass_. _Onslaught_ signifies intensely violent _assault_, as by an army or adesperado, tho it is sometimes used of violent speech. Antonyms: defense, repulsion, resistance, retreat, submission, surrender. Prepositions: The enemy made an attack _upon_ (or _on_) our works. * * * * * ATTAIN. Synonyms: accomplish, arrive at, gain, master, reach, achieve, compass, get, obtain, secure, acquire, earn, grasp, procure, win. A person may _obtain_ a situation by the intercession of friends, he_procures_ a dinner by paying for it. _Attain_ is a lofty word, pointingto some high or desirable result; a man _attains_ the mountain summit, he _attains_ honor or learning as the result of strenuous and earnestlabor. Even that usage of _attain_ which has been thought to refer tomere progress of time carries the thought of a result desired; as, to_attain_ to old age; the man desires to live to a good old age; weshould not speak of his _attaining_ his dotage. One may _attain_ anobject that will prove not worth his labor, but what he _achieves_ is initself great and splendid; as, the Greeks at Marathon _achieved_ aglorious victory. Compare DO; GET; REACH. Antonyms: abandon, fail, forfeit, give up, let go, lose, miss. * * * * * ATTITUDE. Synonyms: pose, position, posture. _Position_ as applied to the arrangement or situation of the human bodyor limbs may denote that which is conscious or unconscious, of theliving or the dead; but we do not speak of the _attitude_, _pose_, or_posture_ of a corpse; unless, in some rare case, we might say the bodywas found in a sitting _posture_, where the _posture_ is thought of asassumed in life, or as, at first glance, suggesting life. A _posture_ isassumed without any special reference to expression of feeling; as, anerect _posture_, a reclining _posture_; _attitude_ is the _position_appropriate to the expression of some feeling; the _attitude_ may beunconsciously taken through the strength of the feeling; as, an_attitude_ of defiance; or it may be consciously assumed in the attemptto express the feeling; as, he assumed an _attitude_ of humility. A_pose_ is a _position_ studied for artistic effect, or considered withreference to such effect; the unconscious _posture_ of a spectator orlistener may be an admirable _pose_ from an artist's standpoint. * * * * * ATTRIBUTE, _v. _ Synonyms: ascribe, associate, connect, impute, refer. Assign, charge, We may _attribute_ to a person either that which belongs to him or thatwhich we merely suppose to be his. We _attribute_ to God infinite power. We may _attribute_ a wrong intent to an innocent person. We may_attribute_ a result, rightly or wrongly, to a certain cause; in suchcase, however, _attribute_ carries always a concession of uncertainty orpossible error. Where we are quite sure, we simply _refer_ a matter tothe cause or class to which it belongs or _ascribe_ to one what issurely his, etc. Many diseases formerly _attributed_ to witchcraft arenow _referred_ to the action of micro-organisms. We may _attribute_ amatter in silent thought; we _ascribe_ anything openly in speech orwriting; King Saul said of the singing women, "They have _ascribed_ untoDavid ten thousands, and to me they have _ascribed_ but thousands. " We_associate_ things which may have no necessary or causal relation; as, we may _associate_ the striking of a clock with the serving of dinner, tho the two are not necessarily connected. We _charge_ a person withwhat we deem blameworthy. We may _impute_ good or evil, but morecommonly evil. Antonyms: deny, disconnect, dissociate, separate, sever, sunder. Prepositions: It is uncharitable to attribute evil motives _to_ (archaic _unto_)others. * * * * * ATTRIBUTE, _n. _ Synonyms: property, quality. A _quality_ (L. _qualis_, such)--the "suchness" of anything, accordingto the German idiom--denotes what a thing really is in some one respect;an _attribute_ is what we conceive a thing to be in some one respect;thus, while _attribute_ may, _quality_ must, express something of thereal nature of that to which it is ascribed; we speak of the_attributes_ of God, the _qualities_ of matter. "Originally 'the_attributes_ of God' was preferred, probably, because men assumed noknowledge of the actual _qualities_ of the Deity, but only of those moreor less fitly attributed to him. " J. A. H. MURRAY. [M. ] Holiness is an_attribute_ of God; the _attributes_ of many heathen deities have beenonly the _qualities_ of wicked men joined to superhuman power. A_property_ (L. _proprius_, one's own) is what belongs especially to onething as its own peculiar possession, in distinction from all otherthings; when we speak of the _qualities_ or the _properties_ of matter, _quality_ is the more general, _property_ the more limited term. A_quality_ is inherent; a _property_ may be transient; physicists now, however, prefer to term those _qualities_ manifested by all bodies (suchas impenetrability, extension, etc. ), _general properties_ of matter, while those peculiar to certain substances or to certain states of thosesubstances (as fluidity, malleability, etc. ) are termed _specificproperties_; in this wider use of the word _property_, it becomesstrictly synonymous with _quality_. Compare CHARACTERISTIC; EMBLEM. Antonyms: being, essence, nature, substance. * * * * * AUGUR. Synonyms: betoken, divine, foretell, predict, prognosticate, bode, forebode, portend, presage, prophesy. "Persons or things _augur_; persons only _forebode_ or _presage_; thingsonly _betoken_ or _portend_. " CRABB _English Synonymes_. We _augur_ wellfor a voyage from past good fortune and a good start; we _presage_success from the stanchness of the ship and the skill of the captain. We _forebode_ misfortune either from circumstances that _betoken_failure, or from gloomy fancies for which we could not give a reason. Dissipation among the officers and mutiny among the crew _portend_disaster. _Divine_ has reference to the ancient soothsayers' arts (as in_Gen. _ xliv, 5, 15), and refers rather to reading hearts than to readingthe future. We say I could not _divine_ his motive, or his intention. Antonyms: assure, demonstrate, establish, make sure, settle, calculate, determine, insure, prove, warrant. Prepositions: I augur _from_ all circumstances a prosperous result; I augur ill _of_the enterprise; "augurs ill _to_ the rights of the people, " THOMASJEFFERSON _Writings_ vol. Ii, p. 506. [T. & M. '53. ] I augur well, orthis augurs well, _for_ your cause. * * * * * AUTHENTIC. Synonyms: accepted, certain, original, sure, accredited, current, real, true, authoritative, genuine, received, trustworthy, authorized, legitimate, reliable, veritable. That is _authentic_ which is true to the facts; that is _genuine_ whichis true to its own claims; as, _authentic_ history; _genuine_ money. A '_genuine_' work is one written by the author whose name it bears; an '_authentic_' work is one which relates truthfully the matters of which it treats. For example, the apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas is neither '_genuine_' nor '_authentic_. ' It is not '_genuine_, ' for St. Thomas did not write it; it is not '_authentic_, ' for its contents are mainly fables and lies. TRENCH _On the Study of Words_ lect. Vi, p. 189. [W. J. W. ] _Authentic_ is, however, used by reputable writers as synonymous with_genuine_, tho usually where genuineness carries a certain authority. Wespeak of _accepted_ conclusions, _certain_ evidence, _current_ money, _genuine_ letters, a _legitimate_ conclusion or _legitimate_ authority, _original_ manuscripts, _real_ value, _received_ interpretation, _sure_proof, a _true_ statement, a _trustworthy_ witness, a _veritable_discovery. Antonyms: apocryphal, counterfeit, exploded, false, spurious, baseless, disputed, fabulous, fictitious, unauthorized. * * * * * AUXILIARY. Synonyms: accessory, ally, coadjutor, helper, promoter, aid, assistant, confederate, mercenary, subordinate. An _auxiliary_ is a person or thing that helps in a subordinatecapacity. _Allies_ unite as equals; _auxiliaries_ are, at leasttechnically, inferiors or subordinates. Yet the _auxiliary_ is more thana mere _assistant_. The word is oftenest found in the plural, and in themilitary sense; _auxiliaries_ are troops of one nation uniting with thearmies, and acting under the orders, of another. _Mercenaries_ serveonly for pay; _auxiliaries_ often for reasons of state, policy, orpatriotism as well. Compare ACCESSORY; APPENDAGE. Antonyms: antagonist, hinderer, opponent, opposer. Prepositions: The auxiliaries _of_ the Romans; an auxiliary _in_ a good cause; anauxiliary _to_ learning. * * * * * AVARICIOUS. Synonyms: close, greedy, niggardly, penurious, sordid, covetous, miserly, parsimonious, rapacious, stingy. _Avaricious_ and _covetous_ refer especially to acquisition, _miserly_, _niggardly_, _parsimonious_, and _penurious_ to expenditure. The_avaricious_ man has an eager craving for money, and ordinarily desiresboth to get and to keep, the _covetous_ man to get something away fromits possessor; tho one may be made _avaricious_ by the pressure of greatexpenditures. _Miserly_ and _niggardly_ persons seek to gain by mean andpetty savings; the _miserly_ by stinting themselves, the _niggardly_ bystinting others. _Parsimonious_ and _penurious_ may apply to one'soutlay either for himself or for others; in the latter use, they aresomewhat less harsh and reproachful terms than _niggardly_. The _close_man holds like a vise all that he gets. _Near_ and _nigh_ are provincialwords of similar import. The _rapacious_ have the robber instinct, andput it in practise in some form, as far as they dare. The _avaricious_and _rapacious_ are ready to reach out for gain; the _parsimonious_, _miserly_, and _niggardly_ prefer the safer and less adventurous way ofavoiding expenditure. _Greedy_ and _stingy_ are used not only of money, but often of other things, as food, etc. The _greedy_ child wishes toenjoy everything himself; the _stingy_ child, to keep others fromgetting it. Antonyms: bountiful, free, generous, liberal, munificent, prodigal, wasteful. Preposition: The monarch was avaricious _of_ power. * * * * * AVENGE. Synonyms: punish, retaliate, revenge, vindicate, visit. _Avenge_ and _revenge_, once close synonyms, are now far apart inmeaning. To _avenge_ is to _visit_ some offense with punishment, inorder to _vindicate_ the righteous, or to uphold and illustrate theright by the suffering or destruction of the wicked. "And seeing one ofthem suffer wrong, he _avenged_ him that was oppressed, and smote theEgyptian, " _Acts_ vii, 24. To _revenge_ is to inflict harm or sufferingupon another through personal anger and resentment at something done toourselves. _Avenge_ is unselfish; _revenge_ is selfish. _Revenge_, according to present usage, could not be said of God. To _retaliate_ maybe necessary for self-defense, without the idea of _revenge_. CompareREVENGE. Prepositions: Avenge _on_ or _upon_ (rarely, avenge oneself _of_) a wrong-doer. * * * * * AVOW. Synonyms: knowledge, aver, confess, own, profess, testify, admit, avouch, declare, proclaim, protest, witness. _Acknowledge_, _admit_, and _declare_ refer either to oneself or toothers; all the other words refer only to one's own knowledge or action. To _avow_ is to declare boldly and openly, commonly as something one isready to justify, maintain, or defend. A man _acknowledges_ another'sclaim or his own promise; he _admits_ an opponent's advantage or his ownerror; he _declares_ either what he has seen or experienced or what hehas received from another; he _avers_ what he is sure of from his ownknowledge or consciousness; he gives his assurance as the voucher forwhat he _avouches_; he _avows_ openly a belief or intention that he hassilently held. _Avow_ and _avouch_ take a direct object; _aver_ isfollowed by a conjunction: a man _avows_ his faith, _avouches_ a deed, _avers_ that he was present. _Avow_ has usually a good sense; what aperson _avows_ he at least does not treat as blameworthy, criminal, orshameful; if he did, he would be said to _confess_ it; yet there isalways the suggestion that some will be ready to challenge or censurewhat one _avows_; as, the clergyman _avowed_ his dissent from thedoctrine of his church. _Own_ applies to all things, good or bad, greator small, which one takes as his own. Compare CONFESS; STATE. Antonyms: contradict, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, ignore, repudiate. * * * * * AWFUL. Synonyms: alarming, direful, frightful, majestic, solemn, appalling, dread, grand, noble, stately, august, dreadful, horrible, portentous, terrible, dire, fearful, imposing, shocking, terrific. _Awful_ should not be used of things which are merely disagreeable orannoying, nor of all that are _alarming_ and _terrible_, but only ofsuch as bring a solemn awe upon the soul, as in the presence of asuperior power; as, the _awful_ hush before the battle. That which is_awful_ arouses an oppressive, that which is _august_ an admiringreverence; we speak of the _august_ presence of a mighty monarch, the_awful_ presence of death. We speak of an _exalted_ station, a _grand_mountain, an _imposing_ presence, a _majestic_ cathedral, a _noble_mien, a _solemn_ litany, a _stately_ march, an _august_ assembly, the_awful_ scene of the Judgment Day. Antonyms: base, contemptible, inferior, paltry, beggarly, despicable, lowly, undignified, commonplace, humble, mean, vulgar. * * * * * AWKWARD. Synonyms: boorish, clumsy, rough, unhandy, bungling, gawky, uncouth, unskilful. Clownish, maladroit, ungainly, _Awkward_, from _awk_ (kindred with _off_, from the Norwegian), is_off-ward_, turned the wrong way; it was anciently used of a back-handedor left-handed blow in battle, of squinting eyes, etc. _Clumsy_, on theother hand (from _clumse_, also through the Norwegian), signifiesbenumbed, stiffened with cold; this is the original meaning of _clumsy_fingers, _clumsy_ limbs. Thus, _awkward_ primarily refers to action, _clumsy_ to condition. A tool, a vehicle, or the human frame may be_clumsy_ in shape or build, _awkward_ in motion. The _clumsy_ man isalmost of necessity _awkward_, but the _awkward_ man may not benaturally _clumsy_. The finest untrained colt is _awkward_ in harness; ahorse that is _clumsy_ in build can never be trained out of awkwardness. An _awkward_ statement has an uncomfortable, and perhaps recoilingforce; a statement that contains ill-assorted and incongruous materialin ill-chosen language is _clumsy_. We speak of an _awkward_predicament, an _awkward_ scrape. An _awkward_ excuse commonly reflectson the one who offers it. We say the admitted facts have an _awkward_appearance. In none of these cases could _clumsy_ be used. _Clumsy_ is, however, applied to movements that seem as unsuitable as those ofbenumbed and stiffened limbs. A dancing bear is both _clumsy_ and_awkward_. Antonyms: adroit, clever, dexterous, handy, skilful. Prepositions: The raw recruit is awkward _in_ action; _at_ the business. * * * * * AXIOM. Synonym: truism. Both the _axiom_ and the _truism_ are instantly seen to be true, andneed no proof; but in an _axiom_ there is progress of thought, while the_truism_ simply says the same thing over again, or says what is toomanifest to need saying. The _axiom_ that "things which are equal to thesame thing are equal to one another" unfolds in the latter part of thesentence the truth implied in the first part, which might have beenoverlooked if not stated. In the _truism_ that "a man can do all he iscapable of, " the former and the latter part of the sentence are simplyidentical, and the mind is left just where it started. Hence the _axiom_is valuable and useful, while the _truism_ is weak and flat, unless theform of statement makes it striking or racy, as "all fools are out oftheir wits. " Compare PROVERB. Antonyms: absurdity, contradiction, demonstration, nonsense, paradox, sophism. * * * * * BABBLE. Synonyms: blab, cackle, gabble, murmur, prattle, blurt, chat, gossip, palaver, tattle, blurt out, chatter, jabber, prate, twaddle. Most of these words are onomatopoetic. The _cackle_ of a hen, the_gabble_ of a goose, the _chatter_ of a magpie, the _babble_ of arunning stream, as applied to human speech, indicate a rapid successionof what are to the listener meaningless sounds. _Blab_ and _blurt_(commonly _blurt out_) refer to the letting out of what the lips can nolonger keep in; _blab_, of a secret; _blurt out_, of passionate feeling. To _chat_ is to talk in an easy, pleasant way, not without sense, butwithout special purpose. _Chatting_ is the practise of adults, _prattling_ that of children. To _prate_ is to talk idly, presumptuously, or foolishly, but not necessarily incoherently. To_jabber_ is to utter a rapid succession of unintelligible sounds, generally more noisy than _chattering_. To _gossip_ is to talk of pettypersonal matters, as for pastime or mischief. To _twaddle_ is to talkfeeble nonsense. To _murmur_ is to utter suppressed or even inarticulatesounds, suggesting the notes of a dove, or the sound of a runningstream, and is used figuratively of the half suppressed utterances ofaffection or pity, or of complaint, resentment, etc. Compare SPEAK. Prepositions: Babies babble _for_ the moon; the crowd babbles _of_ a hero; the sickman babbles _of_ home. * * * * * BANISH. Synonyms: ban, dismiss, evict, expatriate, ostracize, discharge, drive out, exile, expel, oust. Dislodge, eject, _Banish_, primarily to put under _ban_, to compel by authority to leavea place or country, perhaps with restriction to some other place orcountry. From a country, a person may be _banished_, _exiled_, or_expatriated_; _banished_ from any country where he may happen to be, but _expatriated_ or _exiled_ only from his own. One may _expatriate_ or_exile_ himself; he is _banished_ by others. _Banish_ is a word of wideimport; one may _banish_ disturbing thoughts; care may _banish_ sleep. To _expel_ is to _drive out_ with violence or rudeness, and so oftenwith disgrace. Prepositions: Cataline was banished _from_ Rome; John the Apostle was banished _to_Patmos. * * * * * BANK. Synonyms: beach, bound, brink, edge, margin, shore, border, brim, coast, marge, rim, strand. _Bank_ is a general term for the land along the edge of a water course;it may also denote a raised portion of the bed of a river, lake, orocean; as, the _Banks_ of Newfoundland. A _beach_ is a strip or expanseof incoherent wave-worn sand, which is often pebbly or full of boulders;we speak of the _beach_ of a lake or ocean; a _beach_ is sometimes foundin the bend of a river. _Strand_ is a more poetic term for a wave-washedshore, especially as a place for landing or embarking; as, the keelgrates on the _strand_. The whole line of a country or continent thatborders the sea is a _coast_. _Shore_ is any land, whether cliff, orsand, or marsh, bordering water. We do not speak of the _coast_ of ariver, nor of the _banks_ of the ocean, tho there may be _banks_ by orunder the sea. _Edge_ is the line where land and water meet; as, thewater's _edge_. _Brink_ is the place from which one may fall; as, theriver's _brink_; the _brink_ of a precipice; the _brink_ of ruin. * * * * * BANTER. Synonyms: badinage, derision, jeering, raillery, sarcasm, chaff, irony, mockery, ridicule, satire. _Banter_ is the touching upon some fault, weakness, or fancied secret ofanother in a way half to pique and half to please; _badinage_ isdelicate, refined _banter_. _Raillery_ has more sharpness, but isusually good-humored and well meant. _Irony_, the saying one thing thatthe reverse may be understood, may be either mild or bitter. All theother words have a hostile intent. _Ridicule_ makes a person or thingthe subject of contemptuous merriment; _derision_ seeks to make theobject derided seem utterly despicable--to laugh it to scorn. _Chaff_ isthe coarse witticism of the streets, perhaps merry, oftener malicious;_jeering_ is loud, rude _ridicule_, as of a hostile crowd or mob. _Mockery_ is more studied, and may include mimicry and personalviolence, as well as scornful speech. A _satire_ is a formalcomposition; a _sarcasm_ may be an impromptu sentence. The _satire_shows up follies to keep people from them; the _sarcasm_ hits thembecause they are foolish, without inquiring whether it will do good orharm; the _satire_ is plainly uttered; the _sarcasm_ is covert. * * * * * BARBAROUS. Synonyms: atrocious, brutal, merciless, uncivilized, barbarian, cruel, rude, uncouth, barbaric, inhuman, savage, untamed. Whatever is not civilized is _barbarian_; _barbaric_ indicates rudemagnificence, uncultured richness; as, _barbaric_ splendor, a _barbaric_melody. _Barbarous_ refers to the worst side of _barbarian_ life, and torevolting acts, especially of cruelty, such as a civilized man would notbe expected to do; as, a _barbarous_ deed. We may, however, say_barbarous_ nations, _barbarous_ tribes, without implying anything morethan want of civilization and culture. _Savage_ is more distinctlybloodthirsty than _barbarous_. In this sense we speak of a _savage_beast and of _barbarous_ usage. Antonyms: civilized, cultured, elegant, humane, polite, tender, courtly, delicate, graceful, nice, refined, urbane. * * * * * BARRIER. Synonyms: bar, bulwark, obstruction, rampart, barricade, hindrance, parapet, restraint, breastwork, obstacle, prohibition, restriction. A _bar_ is something that is or may be firmly fixed, ordinarily withintent to prevent entrance or egress; as, the _bars_ of a prison cell;the _bars_ of a wood-lot. A _barrier_ obstructs, but is not necessarilyimpassable. _Barrier_ is used of objects more extensive than those towhich _bar_ is ordinarily applied. A mountain range may be a _barrier_to exploration; but a mass of sand across the entrance to a harbor iscalled a _bar_. Discovered falsehood is a _bar_ to confidence. _Barricade_ has become practically a technical name for an improvisedstreet fortification, and, unless in some way modified, is usually sounderstood. A _parapet_ is a low or breast-high wall, as about the edgeof a roof, terrace, etc. , especially, in military use, such a wall forthe protection of troops; a _rampart_ is the embankment surrounding afort, on which the _parapet_ is raised; the word _rampart_ is often usedas including the _parapet_. _Bulwark_ is a general word for anydefensive wall or _rampart_; its only technical use at present is innautical language, where it signifies the raised side of a ship abovethe upper deck, topped by the rail. Compare BOUNDARY; IMPEDIMENT. Antonyms: admittance, opening, road, transit, entrance, passage, thoroughfare, way. Prepositions: A barrier _to_ progress, _against_ invasion; a barrier _between_nations. * * * * * BATTLE. Synonyms: action, combat, encounter, passage of arms, affair, conflict, engagement, skirmish, bout, contest, fight, strife. _Conflict_ is a general word which describes opponents, whetherindividuals or hosts, as dashed together. One continuous _conflict_between entire armies is a _battle_. Another _battle_ may be fought uponthe same field after a considerable interval; or a new _battle_ mayfollow immediately, the armies meeting upon a new field. An _action_ isbrief and partial; a _battle_ may last for days. _Engagement_ is asomewhat formal expression for _battle_; as, it was the commander'spurpose to avoid a general _engagement_. A protracted war, includingmany _battles_, may be a stubborn _contest_. _Combat_, originally ahostile _encounter_ between individuals, is now used also for extensive_engagements_. A _skirmish_ is between small detachments or scatteredtroops. An _encounter_ may be either purposed or accidental, betweenindividuals or armed forces. _Fight_ is a word of less dignity than_battle_; we should not ordinarily speak of Waterloo as a _fight_, unless where the word is used in the sense of fighting; as, I was in thethick of the _fight_. Antonyms: armistice, concord, peace, suspension of hostilities, truce. Prepositions: A battle _of_ giants; battle _between_ armies; a battle _for_ life, _against_ invaders; a battle _to_ the death; the battle _of_ (morerarely _at_) Marathon. * * * * * BEAT. Synonyms: bastinado, chastise, overcome, spank, thrash, batter, conquer, pommel, strike, vanquish, belabor, cudgel, pound, surpass, whip, bruise, defeat, scourge, switch, worst. Castigate, flog, smite, _Strike_ is the word for a single blow; to _beat_ is to _strike_repeatedly, as a bird _beats_ the air with its wings. Others of theabove words describe the manner of _beating_, as _bastinado_, to _beat_on the soles of the feet; _belabor_, to inflict a comprehensive andexhaustive _beating_; _cudgel_, to _beat_ with a stick; _thrash_, aswheat was _beaten_ out with the old hand-flail; to _pound_ (akin to L. _pondus_, a weight) is to _beat_ with a heavy, and _pommel_ with ablunt, instrument. To _batter_ and to _bruise_ refer to the results of_beating_; that is _battered_ which is broken or defaced by repeatedblows on the surface (compare synonyms for SHATTER); that is _bruised_which has suffered even one severe contusion. The metaphorical sense of_beat_, however, so far preponderates that one may be very badly_bruised_ and _battered_, and yet not be said to be _beaten_, unless hehas got the worst of the _beating_. To _beat_ a combatant is to disableor dishearten him for further fighting. Hence _beat_ becomes thesynonym for every word which implies getting the advantage of another. Compare CONQUER. Antonyms: fail, fall, get the worst of, go down, go under, surrender. Almost all antonyms in this class are passive, and can be formedindefinitely from the conquering words by the use of the auxiliary _be_;as, be beaten, be defeated, be conquered, etc. Prepositions: Beat _with_ a stick _over_ the head; beat _by_ a trick; _out of_ town;beat _to_ the ground; _into_ submission. * * * * * BEAUTIFUL. Synonyms: attractive, charming, exquisite, handsome, beauteous, comely, fair, lovely, bewitching, delightful, fine, picturesque, bonny, elegant, graceful, pretty. The definition of beauty, "perfection of form, " is a good key to themeaning of _beautiful_, if we understand "form" in its widest sense. There must also be harmony and unity, and in human beings spiritualloveliness, to constitute an object or a person really _beautiful_. Thus, we speak of a _beautiful_ landscape, a _beautiful_ poem. But_beautiful_ implies also, in concrete objects, softness of outline anddelicacy of mold; it is opposed to all that is hard and rugged, hence wesay a _beautiful_ woman, but not a _beautiful_ man. _Beautiful_ has thefurther limit of not transcending our powers of appreciation. _Pretty_expresses in a far less degree that which is pleasing to a refined tastein objects comparatively small, slight, and dainty; as, a _pretty_bonnet; a _pretty_ girl. That is _handsome_ which is not onlysuperficially pleasing, but well and harmoniously proportioned, withusually the added idea that it is made so by art, breeding, or training;as, a _handsome_ horse; a _handsome_ house. _Handsome_ is a term farinferior to _beautiful_; we may even say a _handsome_ villain. _Fair_denotes what is bright, smooth, clear, and without blemish; as, a _fair_face. The word applies wholly to what is superficial; we can say"_fair_, yet false. " In a specific sense, _fair_ has the sense of blond, as opposed to dark or brunette. One who possesses vivacity, wit, goodnature, or other pleasing qualities may be _attractive_ without beauty. _Comely_ denotes an aspect that is smooth, genial, and wholesome, with acertain fulness of contour and pleasing symmetry, tho falling short ofthe _beautiful_; as, a _comely_ matron. That is _picturesque_ whichwould make a striking picture. Antonyms: awkward, frightful, grotesque, repulsive, uncouth, clumsy, ghastly, hideous, shocking, ungainly, deformed, grim, horrid, ugly, unlovely, disgusting, grisly, odious, unattractive, unpleasant. Prepositions: Beautiful _to_ the eye; beautiful _in_ appearance, _in_ spirit;"beautiful _for_ situation, " _Ps. _ xlviii, 2; beautiful _of_ aspect, _of_ its kind. * * * * * BECAUSE. Synonyms: as, for, inasmuch as, since. _Because_, literally _by_-cause, is the most direct and complete wordfor giving the reason of a thing. _Since_, originally denotingsuccession in time, signifies a succession in a chain of reasoning, anatural inference or result. _As_ indicates something like, coordinate, parallel. _Since_ is weaker than _because_; _as_ is weaker than _since_;either may introduce the reason before the main statement; thus, _since_or _as_ you are going, I will accompany you. Often the weaker word isthe more courteous, implying less constraint; for example, _as_ yourequest it, I will come, rather than I will come _because_ you requestit. _Inasmuch as_ is a formal and qualified expression, implying by justso much, and no more; thus, _inasmuch as_ the debtor has no property, Iabandon the claim. _For_ is a loose connective, giving often meresuggestion or indication rather than reason or cause; as, it is morning, _for_ (not _because_) the birds are singing. Antonyms: altho, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet. Compare synonyms for BUT; NOTWITHSTANDING. * * * * * BECOMING. Synonyms: befitting, congruous, fit, meet, seemly, beseeming, decent, fitting, neat, suitable, comely, decorous, graceful, proper, worthy. That is _becoming_ in dress which suits the complexion, figure, andother qualities of the wearer, so as to produce on the whole a pleasingeffect. That is _decent_ which does not offend modesty or propriety. That is _suitable_ which is adapted to the age, station, situation, andother circumstances of the wearer; coarse, heavy boots are _suitable_for farm-work; a juvenile style of dress is not _suitable_ for an oldlady. In conduct much the same rules apply. The dignity and gravity of apatriarch would not be _becoming_ to a child; at a funeral lively, cheery sociability would not be _decorous_, while noisy hilarity wouldnot be _decent_; sumptuous display would not be _suitable_ for a poorperson. _Fit_ is a compendious term for whatever fits the person, time, place, occasion, etc. ; as, a _fit_ person; a _fit_ abode; a _fit_ place. _Fitting_, or _befitting_, is somewhat more elegant, implying a niceradaptation. _Meet_, a somewhat archaic word, expresses a moral fitness;as, _meet_ for heaven. Compare BEAUTIFUL. Antonyms: awkward, ill-fitting, indecent, unbecoming, unseemly, ill-becoming, improper, indecorous, unfit, unsuitable. Prepositions: The dress was becoming _to_ the wearer. Such conduct was becoming _in_him. * * * * * BEGINNING. Synonyms: arising, inauguration, origin, source, commencement, inception, outset, spring, fount, initiation, rise, start. Fountain, opening, The Latin _commencement_ is more formal than the Saxon _beginning_, asthe verb _commence_, is more formal than _begin_. _Commencement_ is forthe most part restricted to some form of action, while _beginning_ hasno restriction, but may be applied to action, state, material, extent, enumeration, or to whatever else may be conceived of as having a firstpart, point, degree, etc. The letter A is at the _beginning_ (not the_commencement_) of every alphabet. If we were to speak of the_commencement_ of the Pacific Railroad, we should be understood to referto the enterprise and its initiatory act; if we were to refer to theroadway we should say "Here is the _beginning_ of the Pacific Railroad. "In the great majority of cases _begin_ and _beginning_ are preferable to_commence_ and _commencement_ as the simple, idiomatic English words, always accurate and expressive. "In the _beginning_ was the word, "_John_ i, 1. An _origin_ is the point from which something starts orsets out, often involving, and always suggesting causal connection; as, the _origin_ of evil; the _origin_ of a nation, a government, or afamily. A _source_ is that which furnishes a first and continuoussupply, that which flows forth freely or may be readily recurred to; as, the _source_ of a river; a _source_ of knowledge; a _source_ ofinspiration; fertile land is a _source_ (not an _origin_) of wealth. A_rise_ is thought of as in an action; we say that a lake is the _source_of a certain river, or that the river takes its _rise_ from the lake. Motley wrote of "The _Rise_ of the Dutch Republic. " _Fount_, _fountain_, and _spring_, in their figurative senses, keep close to their literalmeaning. Compare CAUSE. Antonyms: See synonyms for END. * * * * * BEHAVIOR. Synonyms: action, breeding, conduct, deportment, manner, bearing, carriage, demeanor, life, manners. _Behavior_ is our _action_ in the presence of others; _conduct_ includesalso that which is known only to ourselves and our Maker. _Carriage_expresses simply the manner of holding the body, especially in sittingor walking, as when it is said of a lady "she has a fine _carriage_. "_Bearing_ refers to the bodily expression of feeling or disposition; as, a haughty _bearing_; a noble _bearing_. _Demeanor_ is the bodilyexpression, not only of feelings, but of moral states; as, a devout_demeanor_. _Breeding_, unless with some adverse limitation, denotesthat _manner_ and _conduct_ which result from good birth and training. _Deportment_ is _behavior_ as related to a set of rules; as, the pupil's_deportment_ was faultless. A person's _manner_ may be that of a moment, or toward a single person; his _manners_ are his habitual style of_behavior_ toward or before others, especially in matters of etiquetteand politeness; as, good _manners_ are always pleasing. Prepositions: The behavior _of_ the pastor _to_ or _toward_ his people, _on_ or _upon_the streets, _before_ the multitude, or _in_ the church, _with_ thegodly, or _with_ the worldly, was alike faultless. * * * * * BEND. Synonyms: bias, curve, diverge, mold, submit, twist, bow, deflect, incline, persuade, turn, warp, crook, deviate, influence, stoop, twine, yield. In some cases a thing is spoken of as _bent_ where the parts make anangle; but oftener to _bend_ is understood to be to draw to or through acurve; as, to _bend_ a bow. To _submit_ or _yield_ is to _bend_ the mindhumbly to another's wishes. To _incline_ or _influence_ is to _bend_another's wishes toward our own; to _persuade_ is to draw them quiteover. To _warp_ is to _bend_ silently through the whole fiber, as aboard in the sun. To _crook_ is to _bend_ irregularly, as a _crooked_stick. _Deflect_, _deviate_, and _diverge_ are said of any turning away;_deviate_ commonly of a slight and gradual movement, _diverge_ of a moresharp and decided one. To _bias_ is to cut across the texture, orincline to one side; in figurative use always with an unfavorableimport. _Mold_ is a stronger work than _bend_; we may _bend_ by asuperior force that which still resists the constraint; as, a _bent_bow; we _mold_ something plastic entirely to some desired form. * * * * * BENEVOLENCE. Synonyms: almsgiving, charity, kind-heartedness, munificence, beneficence, generosity, kindliness, philanthropy, benignity, good-will, kindness, sympathy, bounty, humanity, liberality, unselfishness. According to the etymology and original usage, _beneficence_ is thedoing well, _benevolence_ the wishing or willing well to others; but_benevolence_ has come to include _beneficence_, and to displace it. Weshould not now speak of _benevolence_ which did not help, unless wherethere was no power to help; even then we should rather say _good-will_or _sympathy_. _Charity_, which originally meant the purest love for Godand man (as in _1 Cor. _ xiii), is now almost universally applied to someform of _almsgiving_, and is much more limited in meaning than_benevolence_. _Benignity_ suggests some occult power of blessing, suchas was formerly ascribed to the stars; we may say a good man has an airof _benignity_. _Kindness_ and _tenderness_ are personal; _benevolence_and _charity_ are general. _Kindness_ extends to all sentient beings, whether men or animals, in prosperity or in distress. _Tenderness_especially goes out toward the young, feeble, and needy, or even to thedead. _Humanity_ is so much _kindness_ and _tenderness_ toward man orbeast as it would be inhuman not to have; we say of some act of care or_kindness_, "common _humanity_ requires it. " _Generosity_ isself-forgetful _kindness_ in disposition or action; it includes muchbesides giving; as, the _generosity_ of forgiveness. _Bounty_ applies toample giving, which on a larger scale is expressed by _munificence_. _Liberality_ indicates broad, genial kindly views, whether manifested ingifts or otherwise. We speak of the _bounty_ of a generous host, the_liberality_ or _munificence_ of the founder of a college, or of the_liberality_ of a theologian toward the holders of conflicting beliefs. _Philanthropy_ applies to wide schemes for human welfare, often, but notalways, involving large expenditures in _charity_ or _benevolence_. Compare MERCY. Antonyms: barbarity, greediness, ill-will, malignity, self-seeking, brutality, harshness, inhumanity, niggardliness, stinginess, churlishness, illiberality, malevolence, selfishness, unkindness. Prepositions: Benevolence _of_, _on the part of_, or _from_ the wealthy, _to_ or_toward_ the poor. * * * * * BIND. Synonyms: compel, fetter, oblige, restrict, shackle, engage, fix, restrain, secure, tie. Fasten, _Binding_ is primarily by something flexible, as a cord or bandage drawnclosely around an object or group of objects, as when we _bind_ up awounded limb. We _bind_ a sheaf of wheat with a cord; we _tie_ the cordin a knot; we _fasten_ by any means that will make things hold together, as a board by nails, or a door by a lock. The verbs _tie_ and _fasten_are scarcely used in the figurative sense, tho, using the noun, we speakof the _ties_ of affection. _Bind_ has an extensive figurative use. Oneis _bound_ by conscience or honor; he is _obliged_ by some imperiousnecessity; _engaged_ by his own promise; _compelled_ by physical forceor its moral equivalent. Antonyms: free, loose, set free, unbind, unfasten, unloose, untie. Prepositions: Bind _to_ a pillar; _unto_ an altar; _to_ a service; bind one _with_chains or _in_ chains; one is bound _by_ a contract; a splint is bound_upon_ a limb; the arms may be bound _to_ the sides or _behind_ theback; bind a wreath _about_, _around_, or _round_ the head; twigs arebound _in_ or _into_ fagots; for military purposes, they are bound _at_both ends and _in_ the middle; one is bound _by_ a contract, or bound_under_ a penalty to fulfil a contract. * * * * * BITTER. Synonyms: acerb, acidulous, caustic, pungent, stinging, acetous, acrid, cutting, savage, tart, acid, acrimonious, harsh, sharp, vinegarish, acidulated, biting, irate, sour, virulent. _Acid_, _sour_, and _bitter_ agree in being contrasted with _sweet_, but the two former are sharply distinguished from the latter. _Acid_ or_sour_ is the taste of vinegar or lemon-juice; _bitter_ that of quassia, quinine, or strychnine. _Acrid_ is nearly allied to _bitter_. _Pungent_suggests the effect of pepper or snuff on the organs of taste or smell;as, a _pungent_ odor. _Caustic_ indicates the corroding effect of somestrong chemical, as nitrate of silver. In a figurative sense, as appliedto language or character, these words are very closely allied. We say a_sour_ face, _sharp_ words, _bitter_ complaints, _caustic_ wit, _cutting_ irony, _biting_ sarcasm, a _stinging_ taunt, _harsh_ judgment, a _tart_ reply. _Harsh_ carries the idea of intentional and severeunkindness, _bitter_ of a severity that arises from real or supposed illtreatment. The _bitter_ speech springs from the sore heart. _Tart_ and_sharp_ utterances may not proceed from an intention to wound, butmerely from a wit recklessly keen; _cutting_, _stinging_, and _biting_speech indicates more or less of hostile intent, the latter being themore deeply malicious. The _caustic_ utterance is meant to burn, perhapswholesomely, as in the satire of Juvenal or Cervantes. Compare MOROSE. Antonyms: dulcet, honeyed, luscious, nectared, saccharine, sweet. * * * * * BLEACH, _v. _ Synonyms: blanch, make white, whiten, whitewash. To _whiten_ is to _make white_ in general, but commonly it means tooverspread with white coloring-matter. _Bleach_ and _blanch_ bothsignify to _whiten_ by depriving of color, the former permanently, aslinen; the latter either permanently (as, to _blanch_ celery) ortemporarily (as, to _blanch_ the cheek with fear). To _whitewash_ is to_whiten_ superficially, especially by false approval. Antonyms: blacken, color, darken, dye, soil, stain. * * * * * BLEMISH. Synonyms: blot, defacement, disgrace, injury, spot, blur, defect, dishonor, reproach, stain, brand, deformity, fault, smirch, stigma, crack, dent, flaw, soil, taint, daub, disfigurement, imperfection, speck, tarnish. Whatever mars the beauty or completeness of an object is a _blemish_, whether original, as squinting eyes, or the result of accident ordisease, etc. , as the pits of smallpox. A _blemish_ is superficial; a_flaw_ or _taint_ is in structure or substance. In the moral sense, wespeak of a _blot_ or _stain_ upon reputation; a _flaw_ or _taint_ incharacter. A _defect_ is the want or lack of something; _fault_, primarily a failing, is something that fails of an apparent intent ordisappoints a natural expectation; thus a sudden dislocation ordisplacement of geological strata is called a _fault_. Figuratively, a_blemish_ comes from one's own ill-doing; a _brand_ or _stigma_ isinflicted by others; as, the _brand_ of infamy. * * * * * BLOW. Synonyms: box, concussion, disaster, misfortune, stripe, buffet, cuff, knock, rap, stroke, calamity, cut, lash, shock, thump. A _blow_ is a sudden impact, as of a fist or a club; a _stroke_ is asweeping movement; as, the _stroke_ of a sword, of an oar, of the arm inswimming. A _shock_ is the sudden encounter with some heavy body; as, colliding railway-trains meet with a _shock_; the _shock_ of battle. A_slap_ is given with the open hand, a _lash_ with a whip, thong, or thelike; we speak also of the _cut_ of a whip. A _buffet_ or _cuff_ isgiven only with the hand; a _blow_ either with hand or weapon. A _cuff_is a somewhat sidelong _blow_, generally with the open hand; as, a_cuff_ or _box_ on the ear. A _stripe_ is the effect or mark of a_stroke_. In the metaphorical sense, _blow_ is used for sudden, stunning, staggering _calamity_ or sorrow; _stroke_ for sweeping_disaster_, and also for sweeping achievement and success. We say a_stroke_ of paralysis, or a _stroke_ of genius. We speak of the_buffets_ of adverse fortune. _Shock_ is used of that which is at oncesudden, violent, and prostrating; we speak of a _shock_ of electricity, the _shock_ of an amputation, a _shock_ of surprise. Compare BEAT. * * * * * BLUFF. Synonyms: abrupt, brusk, impolite, rough, blunt, coarse, inconsiderate, rude, blustering, discourteous, open, uncivil, bold, frank, plain-spoken, unmannerly. _Bluff_ is a word of good meaning, as are _frank_ and _open_. The_bluff_ man talks and laughs loudly and freely, says and does whateverhe pleases with fearless good nature, and with no thought of annoying orgiving pain to others. The _blunt_ man says things which he is perfectlyaware are disagreeable, either from a defiant indifference to others'feelings, or from the pleasure of tormenting. Antonyms: bland, genial, polished, polite, refined, reserved, urbane. Courteous, * * * * * BODY. Synonyms: ashes, clay, dust, frame, system, carcass, corpse, form, remains, trunk. _Body_ denotes the entire physical structure, considered as a whole, ofman or animal; _form_ looks upon it as a thing of shape and outline, perhaps of beauty; _frame_ regards it as supported by its bonyframework; _system_ views it as an assemblage of many related andharmonious organs. _Body_, _form_, _frame_, and _system_ may be eitherdead or living; _clay_ and _dust_ are sometimes so used in religious orpoetic style, tho ordinarily these words are used only of the dead. _Corpse_ and _remains_ are used only of the dead. _Corpse_ is the plaintechnical word for a dead body still retaining its unity; _remains_ maybe used after any lapse of time; the latter is also the more refined andless ghastly term; as, friends are invited to view the _remains_. _Carcass_ applies only to the _body_ of an animal, or of a human beingregarded with contempt and loathing. Compare COMPANY. Antonyms: intellect, intelligence, mind, soul, spirit. * * * * * BOTH. Synonyms: twain, two. _Both_ refers to _two_ objects previously _mentioned_, or had in mind, viewed or acting in connection; as, _both_ men fired at once; "_two_ menfired" might mean any two, out of any number, and without reference toany previous thought or mention. _Twain_ is a nearly obsolete form of_two_. _The two_, or _the twain_, is practically equivalent to _both_;_both_, however, expresses a closer unity. We would say _both_ menrushed against the enemy; the _two_ men flew at each other. CompareEVERY. Antonyms: each, either, every, neither, none, no one, not any. * * * * * BOUNDARY. Synonyms: barrier, confines, limit, margin, border, edge, line, term, bound, enclosure, marches, termination, bourn, frontier, marge, verge. Bourne, landmark, The _boundary_ was originally the _landmark_, that which marked off onepiece of territory from another. The _bound_ is the _limit_, marked orunmarked. Now, however, the difference between the two words has come tobe simply one of usage. As regards territory, we speak of the_boundaries_ of a nation or of an estate; the _bounds_ of a college, aball-ground, etc. _Bounds_ may be used for all within the _limits_, _boundary_ for the limiting line only. _Boundary_ looks to that which iswithout; _bound_ only to that which is within. Hence we speak of the_bounds_, not the _boundaries_, of a subject, of the universe, etc. ; wesay the students were forbidden to go beyond the _bounds_. A _barrier_is something that bars ingress or egress. A _barrier_ may be a_boundary_, as was the Great Wall of China. _Bourn_, or _bourne_, is apoetical expression for _bound_ or _boundary_. A _border_ is a strip ofland along the _boundary_. _Edge_ is a sharp terminal line, as whereriver or ocean meets the land. _Limit_ is now used almost wholly in thefigurative sense; as, the _limit_ of discussion, of time, ofjurisdiction. _Line_ is a military term; as, within the _lines_, orthrough the _lines_, of an army. Compare BARRIER; END. Antonyms: center, citadel, estate, inside, interior, land, region, territory. Prepositions: The boundaries _of_ an estate; the boundary _between_ neighboringterritories. * * * * * BRAVE. Synonyms: adventurous, courageous, fearless, undaunted, bold, daring, gallant, undismayed, chivalric, dauntless, heroic, valiant, chivalrous, doughty, intrepid, venturesome. The _adventurous_ man goes in quest of danger; the _bold_ man stands outand faces danger or censure; the _brave_ man combines confidence withresolution in presence of danger; the _chivalrous_ man puts himself inperil for others' protection. The _daring_ step out to defy danger; the_dauntless_ will not flinch before anything that may come to them; the_doughty_ will give and take limitless hard knocks. The _adventurous_find something romantic in dangerous enterprises; the _venturesome_ maybe simply heedless, reckless, or ignorant. All great explorers have been_adventurous_; children, fools, and criminals are _venturesome_. The_fearless_ and _intrepid_ possess unshaken nerves in any place ofdanger. _Courageous_ is more than _brave_, adding a moral element: the_courageous_ man steadily encounters perils to which he may be keenlysensitive, at the call of duty; the _gallant_ are _brave_ in a dashing, showy, and splendid way; the _valiant_ not only dare great dangers, butachieve great results; the _heroic_ are nobly _daring_ and _dauntless_, truly _chivalrous_, sublimely _courageous_. Compare FORTITUDE. Antonyms: afraid, cringing, fearful, pusillanimous, timid, cowardly, faint-hearted, frightened, shrinking, timorous. * * * * * BREAK. Synonyms: bankrupt, crack, destroy, rive, shatter, split, burst, crush, fracture, rupture, shiver, sunder, cashier, demolish, rend, sever, smash, transgress. To _break_ is to divide sharply, with severance of particles, as by ablow or strain. To _burst_ is to _break_ by pressure from within, as abombshell, but it is used also for the result of violent force otherwiseexerted; as, to _burst_ in a door, where the door yields as if to anexplosion. To _crush_ is to _break_ by pressure from without, as anegg-shell. To _crack_ is to _break_ without complete severance of parts;a _cracked_ cup or mirror may still hold together. _Fracture_ has asomewhat similar sense. In a _fractured_ limb, the ends of the _broken_bone may be separated, tho both portions are still retained within thecommon muscular tissue. A _shattered_ object is _broken_ suddenly and innumerous directions; as, a vase is _shattered_ by a blow, a building byan earthquake. A _shivered_ glass is _broken_ into numerous minute, needle-like fragments. To _smash_ is to _break_ thoroughly to pieceswith a crashing sound by some sudden act of violence; a watch once_smashed_ will scarcely be worth repair. To _split_ is to cause wood tocrack or part in the way of the grain, and is applied to any other casewhere a natural tendency to separation is enforced by an external cause;as, to _split_ a convention or a party. To _demolish_ is to beat down, as a mound, building, fortress, etc. ; to _destroy_ is to put by anyprocess beyond restoration physically, mentally, or morally; to_destroy_ an army is so to _shatter_ and scatter it that it can not berallied or reassembled as a fighting force. Compare REND. Antonyms: attach, bind, fasten, join, mend, secure, solder, unite, weld. Prepositions: Break _to_ pieces, or _in_ pieces, _into_ several pieces (when theobject is thought of as divided rather than shattered); break _with_ afriend; _from_ or _away from_ a suppliant; break _into_ a house; _outof_ prison; break _across_ one's knee; break _through_ a hedge; break_in upon_ one's retirement; break _over_ the rules; break _on_ or _upon_the shore, _against_ the rocks. * * * * * BRUTISH. Synonyms: animal, brutal, ignorant, sensual, swinish, base, brute, imbruted, sottish, unintellectual, beastly, carnal, insensible, stolid, unspiritual, bestial, coarse, lascivious, stupid, vile. A _brutish_ man simply follows his _animal_ instincts, without specialinclination to do harm; the _brutal_ have always a spirit of malice andcruelty. _Brute_ has no special character, except as indicating what abrute might possess; much the same is true of _animal_, except that_animal_ leans more to the side of sensuality, _brute_ to that of force, as appears in the familiar phrase "_brute_ force. " Hunger is an _animal_appetite; a _brute_ impulse suddenly prompts one to strike a blow inanger. _Bestial_, in modern usage, implies an intensified and degradinganimalism. Any supremacy of the _animal_ or _brute_ instincts over theintellectual and spiritual in man is _base_ and _vile_. _Beastly_ referslargely to the outward and visible consequences of excess; as, _beastly_drunkenness. Compare ANIMAL. Antonyms: elevated, exalted, great, intellectual, noble, enlightened, grand, humane, intelligent, refined. * * * * * BURN. Synonyms: blaze, char, flame, incinerate, set fire to, brand, consume, flash, kindle, set on fire, cauterize, cremate, ignite, scorch, singe. To _burn_ is to subject to the action of fire, or of intense heat so asto effect either partial change or complete combustion; as, to _burn_wood in the fire; to _burn_ one's hand on a hot stove; the sun _burns_the face. One _brands_ with a hot iron, but _cauterizes_ with somecorrosive substance, as silver nitrate. _Cremate_ is now usedspecifically for _consuming_ a dead body by intense heat. To_incinerate_ is to reduce to ashes; the sense differs little from thatof _cremate_, but it is in less popular use. To _kindle_ is to _set onfire_, as if with a candle; _ignite_ is the more learned and scientificword for the same thing, extending even to the heating of metals to astate of incandescence without burning. To _scorch_ and to _singe_ aresuperficial, and to _char_ usually so. Both _kindle_ and _burn_ have anextensive figurative use; as, to _kindle_ strife; to _burn_ with wrath, love, devotion, curiosity. Compare LIGHT. Antonyms: cool, extinguish, put out, smother, stifle, subdue. Prepositions: To burn _in_ the fire, burn _with_ fire; burn _to_ the ground, burn _to_ashes; burn _through_ the skin, or the roof; burn _into_ the soil, etc. * * * * * BUSINESS. Synonyms: affair, commerce, handicraft, trading, art, concern, job, traffic, avocation, craft, occupation, transaction, barter, duty, profession, vocation, calling, employment, trade, work. A _business_ is what one follows regularly; an _occupation_ is what hehappens at any time to be engaged in; trout-fishing may be one's_occupation_ for a time, as a relief from _business_; _business_ isordinarily for profit, while the _occupation_ may be a matter oflearning, philanthropy, or religion. A _profession_ implies scholarship;as, the learned _professions_. _Pursuit_ is an _occupation_ which onefollows with ardor. An _avocation_ is what calls one away from otherwork; a _vocation_ or _calling_, that to which one is called by somespecial fitness or sense of duty; thus, we speak of the gospel ministryas a _vocation_ or _calling_, rather than a _business_. _Trade_ or_trading_ is, in general, the exchanging of one thing for another; inthe special sense, a _trade_ is an _occupation_ involving manualtraining and skilled labor; as, the ancient Jews held that every boyshould learn a _trade_. A _transaction_ is a single action, whether in_business_, diplomacy, or otherwise; _affair_ has a similar, but lightermeaning; as, this little _affair_; an important _transaction_. Theplural _affairs_ has a distinctive meaning, including all activitieswhere men deal with one another on any considerable scale; as, a man of_affairs_. A _job_ is a piece of work viewed as a single undertaking, and ordinarily paid for as such. _Trade_ and _commerce_ may be used asequivalents, but _trade_ is capable of a more limited application; wespeak of the _trade_ of a village, the _commerce_ of a nation. _Barter_is the direct exchange of commodities; _business_, _trade_, and_commerce_ are chiefly transacted by means of money, bills of exchange, etc. _Business_, _occupation_, etc. , may be what one does independently;_employment_ may be in the service of another. _Work_ is any applicationof energy to secure a result, or the result thus secured; thus, we speakof the _work_ of God. _Art_ in the industrial sense is a system of rulesand accepted methods for the accomplishment of some practical result;as, the _art_ of printing; collectively, the _arts_. A _craft_ is someoccupation requiring technical skill or manual dexterity, or thepersons, collectively, engaged in its exercise; as, the weaver's_craft_. Prepositions: The business _of_ a druggist; in business _with_ his father; doingbusiness _for_ his father; have you business _with_ me? business _in_New York; business _about_, _concerning_, or _in regard to_ certainproperty. * * * * * BUT. Synonyms: and, however, notwithstanding, that, barely, just, only, tho, besides, merely, provided, unless, except, moreover, save, yet. Further, nevertheless, still, _But_ ranges from the faintest contrast to absolute negation; as, I amwilling to go, _but_ (on the other hand) content to stay; he is not anhonest man, _but_ (on the contrary) a villain. The contrast may be witha silent thought; as, _but_ let us go (it being understood that we mightstay longer). In restrictive use, _except_ and _excepting_ are slightlymore emphatic than _but_; we say, no injury _but_ a scratch; or, noinjury _except_ some painful bruises. Such expressions as "words are_but_ breath" (nothing _but_) may be referred to the restrictive use byellipsis. So may the use of _but_ in the sense of _unless_; as, "itnever rains _but_ it pours. " To the same head must be referred theconditional use; as, "you may go, _but_ with your father's consent" (_i. E. _, "_provided_ you have, " "_except_ that you must have, " etc. ). "Doubt_but_" is now less used than the more logical "doubt _that_. " _But_never becomes a full synonym for _and_; _and_ adds something like, _but_adds something different; "brave _and_ tender" implies that tendernessis natural to the brave; "brave _but_ tender" implies that bravery andtenderness are rarely combined. For the concessive use, compareNOTWITHSTANDING. * * * * * BY. Synonyms: by dint of, by means of, through, with. _By_ refers to the agent; _through_, to the means, cause, or condition;_with_, to the instrument. _By_ commonly refers to persons; _with_, tothings; _through_ may refer to either. The road having become impassable_through_ long disuse, a way was opened _by_ pioneers _with_ axes. _By_may, however, be applied to any object which is viewed as partaking ofaction and agency; as, the metal was corroded _by_ the acid; skill isgained _by_ practise. We speak of communicating _with_ a person _by_letter. _Through_ implies a more distant connection than _by_ or _with_, and more intervening elements. Material objects are perceived _by_ themind _through_ the senses. * * * * * CABAL. Synonyms: combination, confederacy, crew, gang, conclave, conspiracy, faction, junto. A _conspiracy_ is a _combination_ of persons for an evil purpose, or theact of so combining. _Conspiracy_ is a distinct crime under common, andgenerally under statutory, law. A _faction_ is more extensive than a_conspiracy_, less formal in organization, less definite in plan. _Faction_ and its adjective, _factious_, have always an unfavorablesense. _Cabal_ commonly denotes a _conspiracy_ of leaders. A _gang_ is acompany of workmen all doing the same work under one leader; the word isused figuratively only of _combinations_ which it is meant to stigmatizeas rude and mercenary; _crew_ is used in a closely similar sense. A_conclave_ is secret, but of larger numbers, ordinarily, than a _cabal_, and may have honorable use; as, the _conclave_ of cardinals. * * * * * CALCULATE. Synonyms: account, consider, enumerate, rate, cast, count, estimate, reckon, compute, deem, number, sum up. _Number_ is the generic term. To _count_ is to _number_ one by one. To_calculate_ is to use more complicated processes, as multiplication, division, etc. , more rapid but not less exact. _Compute_ allows more ofthe element of probability, which is still more strongly expressed by_estimate_. We _compute_ the slain in a great war from the number knownto have fallen in certain great battles; _compute_ refers to the presentor the past, _estimate_ more frequently to the future; as, to _estimate_the cost of a proposed building. To _enumerate_ is to mention item byitem; as, to _enumerate_ one's grievances. To _rate_ is to _estimate_ bycomparison, as if the object were one of a series. We _count_ upon adesired future; we do not _count_ upon the undesired. As applied to thepresent, we _reckon_ or _count_ a thing precious or worthless. CompareESTEEM. Prepositions: It is vain to calculate _on_ or _upon_ an uncertain result. * * * * * CALL, _v. _ Synonyms: bawl, cry (out), roar, shriek, bellow, ejaculate, scream, vociferate, clamor, exclaim, shout, yell. To _call_ is to send out the voice in order to attract another'sattention, either by word or by inarticulate utterance. Animals _call_their mates, or their young; a man _calls_ his dog, his horse, etc. Thesense is extended to include summons by bell, or any signal. To _shout_is to _call_ or _exclaim_ with the fullest volume of sustained voice; to_scream_ is to utter a shriller cry; to _shriek_ or to _yell_ refers tothat which is louder and wilder still. We _shout_ words; in _screaming_, _shrieking_, or _yelling_ there is often no attempt at articulation. To_bawl_ is to utter senseless, noisy cries, as of a child in pain oranger. _Bellow_ and _roar_ are applied to the utterances of animals, andonly contemptuously to those of persons. To _clamor_ is to utter withnoisy iteration; it applies also to the confused cries of a multitude. To _vociferate_ is commonly applied to loud and excited speech wherethere is little besides the exertion of voice. In _exclaiming_, theutterance may not be strikingly, tho somewhat, above the ordinary toneand pitch; we may _exclaim_ by mere interjections, or by connectedwords, but always by some articulate utterance. To _ejaculate_ is tothrow out brief, disconnected, but coherent utterances of joy, regret, and especially of appeal, petition, prayer; the use of such devotionalutterances has received the special name of "ejaculatory prayer. " To_cry out_ is to give forth a louder and more excited utterance than in_exclaiming_ or _calling_; one often _exclaims_ with sudden joy as wellas sorrow; if he _cries out_, it is oftener in grief or agony. In themost common colloquial usage, to _cry_ is to express grief or pain byweeping or sobbing. One may _exclaim_, _cry out_, or _ejaculate_ with nothought of others' presence; when he _calls_, it is to attract another'sattention. Antonyms: be silent, be still, hark, hearken, hush, list, listen. * * * * * CALM. Synonyms: collected, imperturbable, sedate, still, composed, peaceful, self-possessed, tranquil, cool, placid, serene, undisturbed, dispassionate, quiet, smooth, unruffled. That is _calm_ which is free from disturbance or agitation; in thephysical sense, free from violent motion or action; in the mental orspiritual realm, free from excited or disturbing emotion or passion. Wespeak of a _calm_ sea, a _placid_ lake, a _serene_ sky, a _still_ night, a _quiet_ day, a _quiet_ home. We speak, also, of "_still_ waters, ""_smooth_ sailing, " which are different modes of expressing freedom frommanifest agitation. Of mental conditions, one is _calm_ who triumphsover a tendency to excitement; _cool_, if he scarcely feels thetendency. One may be _calm_ by the very reaction from excitement, or bythe oppression of overpowering emotion, as we speak of the calmness ofdespair. One is _composed_ who has subdued excited feeling; he is_collected_ when he has every thought, feeling, or perception awake andat command. _Tranquil_ refers to a present state, _placid_, to aprevailing tendency. We speak of a _tranquil_ mind, a _placid_disposition. The _serene_ spirit dwells as if in the clear upper air, above all storm and shadow. The star of the unconquered will, He rises in my breast, _Serene_, and resolute, and _still_, And _calm_, and _self-possessed_. LONGFELLOW _Light of Stars_ st. 7. Antonyms: agitated, excited, frenzied, passionate, ruffled, violent, boisterous, fierce, furious, raging, stormy, wild, disturbed, frantic, heated, roused, turbulent, wrathful. * * * * * CANCEL. Synonyms: abolish, discharge, nullify, rescind, abrogate, efface, obliterate, revoke, annul, erase, quash, rub off _or_ out, blot out, expunge, remove, scratch out, cross off _or_ out, make void, repeal, vacate. _Cancel_, _efface_, _erase_, _expunge_, and _obliterate_ have as theirfirst meaning the removal of written characters or other forms ofrecord. To _cancel_ is, literally, to make a lattice by cross-lines, exactly our English _cross out_; to _efface_ is to _rub off_, smoothaway the face, as of an inscription; to _erase_ is to _scratch out_, commonly for the purpose of writing something else in the same space; to_expunge_, is to punch out with some sharp instrument, so as to showthat the words are no longer part of the writing; to _obliterate_ is tocover over or remove, as a letter, as was done by reversing the Romanstylus, and _rubbing out_ with the rounded end what had been writtenwith the point on the waxen tablet. What has been _canceled_, _erased_, _expunged_, may perhaps still be traced; what is _obliterated_ is goneforever, as if it had never been. In many establishments, when a debtis _discharged_ by payment, the record is _canceled_. The figurative useof the words keeps close to the primary sense. Compare ABOLISH. Antonyms: approve, enact, establish, perpetuate, reenact, uphold, confirm, enforce, maintain, record, sustain, write. * * * * * CANDID. Synonyms: aboveboard, honest, open, truthful, artless, impartial, simple, unbiased, fair, ingenuous, sincere, unprejudiced, frank, innocent, straightforward, unreserved, guileless, naive, transparent, unsophisticated. A _candid_ statement is meant to be true to the real facts and just toall parties; a _fair_ statement is really so. _Fair_ is applied to theconduct; _candid_ is not; as, _fair_ treatment, "a _fair_ field, and nofavor. " One who is _frank_ has a fearless and unconstrainedtruthfulness. _Honest_ and _ingenuous_ unite in expressing contempt fordeceit. On the other hand, _artless_, _guileless_, _naive_, _simple_, and _unsophisticated_ express the goodness which comes from want of theknowledge or thought of evil. As truth is not always agreeable ortimely, _candid_ and _frank_ have often an objectionable sense; "to be_candid_ with you, " "to be perfectly _frank_, " are regarded as surepreludes to something disagreeable. _Open_ and _unreserved_ may implyunstudied truthfulness or defiant recklessness; as, _open_ admiration, _open_ robbery. There may be _transparent_ integrity or _transparent_fraud. _Sincere_ applies to the feelings, as being all that one's wordswould imply. Antonyms: adroit, cunning, diplomatic, intriguing, sharp, subtle, artful, deceitful, foxy, knowing, shrewd, tricky, crafty, designing, insincere, maneuvering, sly, wily. Prepositions: Candid _in_ debate; candid _to_ or _toward_ opponents; candid _with_friend or foe; to be candid _about_ or _in regard to_ the matter. * * * * * CAPARISON. Synonyms: accouterments, harness, housings, trappings. _Harness_ was formerly used of the armor of a knight as well as of ahorse; it is now used almost exclusively of the straps and appurtenancesworn by a horse when attached to a vehicle; the animal is said to be"kind in _harness_. " The other words apply to the ornamental outfit of ahorse, especially under saddle. We speak also of the _accouterments_ ofa soldier. _Caparison_ is used rarely and somewhat slightingly, and_trappings_ quite contemptuously, for showy human apparel. Compare ARMS;DRESS. * * * * * CAPITAL. Synonyms: chief city, metropolis, seat of government. The _metropolis_ is the chief city in the commercial, the _capital_ inthe political sense. The _capital_ of an American State is rarely its_metropolis_. * * * * * CARE. Synonyms: anxiety, concern, oversight, trouble, attention, direction, perplexity, vigilance, caution, forethought, precaution, wariness, charge, heed, prudence, watchfulness, circumspection, management, solicitude, worry. _Care_ concerns what we possess; _anxiety_, often, what we do not;riches bring many _cares_; poverty brings many _anxieties_. _Care_ alsosignifies watchful _attention_, in view of possible harm; as, "This sideup with _care_;" "Take _care_ of yourself;" or, as a sharp warning, "Take _care_!" _Caution_ has a sense of possible harm and risk only tobe escaped, if at all, by careful deliberation and observation. _Care_inclines to the positive, _caution_ to the negative; _care_ is shown indoing, _caution_ largely in not doing. _Precaution_ is allied with_care_, _prudence_ with _caution_; a man rides a dangerous horse with_care_; _caution_ will keep him from mounting the horse; _precaution_looks to the saddle-girths, bit and bridle, and all that may make therider secure. _Circumspection_ is watchful observation and calculation, but without the timidity implied in _caution_. _Concern_ denotes aserious interest, milder than _anxiety_; as, _concern_ for the safety ofa ship at sea. _Heed_ implies _attention_ without disquiet; it is nowlargely displaced by _attention_ and _care_. _Solicitude_ involvesespecially the element of desire, not expressed in _anxiety_, and ofhopefulness, not implied in _care_. A parent feels constant _solicitude_for his children's welfare, _anxiety_ as to dangers that threaten it, with _care_ to guard against them. _Watchfulness_ recognizes thepossibility of danger, _wariness_ the probability. A man who is notinfluenced by _caution_ to keep out of danger may display great_wariness_ in the midst of it. _Care_ has also the sense ofresponsibility, with possible control, as expressed in _charge_, _management_, _oversight_; as, these children are under my _care_; sendthe money to me in _care_ of the firm. Compare ALARM; ANXIETY; PRUDENCE. Antonyms: carelessness, inattention, negligence, oversight, remissness, disregard, indifference, omission, recklessness, slight. Heedlessness, neglect, Prepositions: Take care _of_ the house; _for_ the future; _about_ the matter. * * * * * CAREER. Synonyms: charge, flight, passage, race, course, line of achievement, public life, rush. A _career_ was originally the ground for a race, or, especially, for aknight's _charge_ in tournament or battle; whence _career_ was earlyapplied to the _charge_ itself. If you will use the lance, take ground for your _career_. . . . The four horsemen met in full _career_. SCOTT _Quentin Durward_ ch. 14, p. 194. [D. F. & CO. ] In its figurative use _career_ signifies some continuous and conspicuouswork, usually a life-work, and most frequently one of honorableachievement. Compare BUSINESS. * * * * * CARESS. Synonyms: coddle, embrace, fondle, pamper, court, flatter, kiss, pet. To _caress_ is less than to _embrace_; more dignified and less familiarthan to _fondle_. A visitor _caresses_ a friend's child; a mother_fondles_ her babe. _Fondling_ is always by touch; _caressing_ may bealso by words, or other tender and pleasing attentions. Antonyms: See synonyms for AFFRONT. Prepositions: Caressed _by_ or _with_ the hand; caressed _by_ admirers, _at_ court. * * * * * CARICATURE. Synonyms: burlesque, extravaganza, mimicry, take-off, exaggeration, imitation, parody, travesty. A _caricature_ is a grotesque _exaggeration_ of striking features orpeculiarities, generally of a person; a _burlesque_ treats any subjectin an absurd or incongruous manner. A _burlesque_ is written or acted; a_caricature_ is more commonly in sketch or picture. A _parody_ changesthe subject, but keeps the style; a _travesty_ keeps the subject, butchanges the style; a _burlesque_ does not hold itself to either subjector style; but is content with a general resemblance to what it mayimitate. A _caricature_, _parody_, or _travesty_ must have an original;a _burlesque_ may be an independent composition. An account of aschoolboys' quarrel after the general manner of Homer's Iliad would be a_burlesque_; the real story of the Iliad told in newspaper style wouldbe a _travesty_. An _extravaganza_ is a fantastic composition, musical, dramatic, or narrative. _Imitation_ is serious; _mimicry_ is eitherintentionally or unintentionally comical. * * * * * CARRY. Synonyms: bear, convey, move, sustain, transmit, bring, lift, remove, take, transport. A person may _bear_ a load either when in motion or at rest; he_carries_ it only when in motion. The stooping Atlas _bears_ the worldon his shoulders; swiftly moving Time _carries_ the hour-glass andscythe; a person may be said either to _bear_ or to _carry_ a scar, since it is upon him whether in motion or at rest. If an object is to be_moved_ from the place we occupy, we say _carry_; if to the place weoccupy, we say _bring_. A messenger _carries_ a letter to acorrespondent, and _brings_ an answer. _Take_ is often used in thissense in place of _carry_; as, _take_ that letter to the office. _Carry_often signifies to _transport_ by personal strength, without referenceto the direction; as, that is more than he can _carry_; yet, even so, itwould not be admissible to say _carry_ it to me, or _carry_ it here; insuch case we must say _bring_. To _lift_ is simply to raise from theground, tho but for an instant, with no reference to holding or moving;one may be able to _lift_ what he could not _carry_. The figurative usesof _carry_ are very numerous; as, to _carry_ an election, _carry_ thecountry, _carry_ (in the sense of _capture_) a fort, _carry_ anaudience, _carry_ a stock of goods, etc. Compare CONVEY; KEEP; SUPPORT. Antonyms: drop, fall under, give up, let go, shake off, throw down, throw off. Prepositions: To carry coals _to_ Newcastle; carry nothing _from_, or _out of_, thishouse; he carried these qualities _into_ all he did; carry _across_ thestreet, _over_ the bridge, _through_ the woods, _around_ or _round_ thecorner; _beyond_ the river; the cable was carried _under_ the sea. * * * * * CATASTROPHE. Synonyms: calamity, denouement, mischance, mishap, cataclysm, disaster, misfortune, sequel. A _cataclysm_ or _catastrophe_ is some great convulsion or momentousevent that may or may not be a cause of misery to man. In _calamity_, or_disaster_, the thought of human suffering is always present. It hasbeen held by many geologists that numerous _catastrophes_ or_cataclysms_ antedated the existence of man. In literature, the finalevent of a drama is the _catastrophe_, or _denouement_. _Misfortune_ordinarily suggests less of suddenness and violence than _calamity_ or_disaster_, and is especially applied to that which is lingering orenduring in its effects. In history, the end of every great war or thefall of a nation is a _catastrophe_, tho it may not be a _calamity_. Yetsuch an event, if not a _calamity_ to the race, will always involve muchindividual _disaster_ and _misfortune_. Pestilence is a _calamity_; adefeat in battle, a shipwreck, or a failure in business is a _disaster_;sickness or loss of property is a _misfortune_; failure to meet a friendis a _mischance_; the breaking of a teacup is a _mishap_. Antonyms: benefit, boon, favor, pleasure, prosperity, blessing, comfort, help, privilege, success. Preposition: The catastrophe _of_ a play; _of_ a siege; rarely, _to_ a person, etc. * * * * * CATCH. Synonyms: apprehend, comprehend, grasp, overtake, snatch, capture, discover, grip, secure, take, clasp, ensnare, gripe, seize, take hold of. Clutch, entrap, lay hold of (on, upon), To _catch_ is to come up with or take possession of something departing, fugitive, or illusive. We _catch_ a runaway horse, a flying ball, amouse in a trap. We _clutch_ with a swift, tenacious movement of thefingers; we _grasp_ with a firm but moderate closure of the whole hand;we _grip_ or _gripe_ with the strongest muscular closure of the wholehand possible to exert. We _clasp_ in the arms. We _snatch_ with aquick, sudden, and usually a surprising motion. In the figurative sense, _catch_ is used of any act that brings a person or thing into our poweror possession; as, to _catch_ a criminal in the act; to _catch_ an idea, in the sense of _apprehend_ or _comprehend_. Compare ARREST. Antonyms: fail of, give up, lose, release, throw aside, fall short of, let go, miss, restore, throw away. Prepositions: To catch _at_ a straw; to catch a fugitive _by_ the collar; to catch aball _with_ the left hand; he caught the disease _from_ the patient; thethief was caught _in_ the act; the bird _in_ the snare. * * * * * CAUSE. Synonyms: actor, causality, designer, occasion, precedent, agent, causation, former, origin, reason, antecedent, condition, fountain, originator, source, author, creator, motive, power, spring. The efficient _cause_, that which makes anything to be or be done, isthe common meaning of the word, as in the saying "There is no effectwithout a _cause_. " Every man instinctively recognizes himself actingthrough will as the _cause_ of his own actions. The _Creator_ is theGreat First _Cause_ of all things. A _condition_ is something thatnecessarily precedes a result, but does not produce it. An _antecedent_simply precedes a result, with or without any agency in producing it;as, Monday is the invariable _antecedent_ of Tuesday, but not the_cause_ of it. The direct antonym of _cause_ is _effect_, while that of_antecedent_ is _consequent_. An _occasion_ is some event which brings a_cause_ into action at a particular moment; gravitation and heat are the_causes_ of an avalanche; the steep incline of the mountain-side is anecessary _condition_, and the shout of the traveler may be the_occasion_ of its fall. _Causality_ is the doctrine or principle ofcauses, _causation_ the action or working of causes. Compare DESIGN;REASON. Antonyms: consequence, development, end, fruit, outcome, product, creation, effect, event, issue, outgrowth, result. Prepositions: The cause _of_ the disaster; cause _for_ interference. * * * * * CEASE. Synonyms: abstain, desist, give over, quit, bring to an end, discontinue, intermit, refrain, come to an end, end, leave off, stop, conclude, finish, pause, terminate. Strains of music may gradually or suddenly _cease_. A man _quits_ workon the instant; he may _discontinue_ a practise gradually; he _quits_suddenly and completely; he _stops_ short in what he may or may notresume; he _pauses_ in what he will probably resume. What _intermits_ oris _intermitted_ returns again, as a fever that _intermits_. CompareABANDON; DIE; END; REST. Antonyms: begin, inaugurate, originate, set going, set on foot, commence, initiate, set about, set in operation, start. Enter upon, institute, Preposition: Cease _from_ anger. * * * * * CELEBRATE. Synonyms: commemorate, keep, observe, solemnize. To _celebrate_ any event or occasion is to make some demonstration ofrespect or rejoicing because of or in memory of it, or to perform suchpublic rites or ceremonies as it properly demands. We _celebrate_ thebirth, _commemorate_ the death of one beloved or honored. We _celebrate_a national anniversary with music and song, with firing of guns andringing of bells; we _commemorate_ by any solemn and thoughtful service, or by a monument or other enduring memorial. We _keep_ the Sabbath, _solemnize_ a marriage, _observe_ an anniversary; we _celebrate_ or_observe_ the Lord's Supper in which believers _commemorate_ thesufferings and death of Christ. Antonyms: contemn, dishonor, forget, neglect, profane, despise, disregard, ignore, overlook, violate. Prepositions: We celebrate the day _with_ appropriate ceremonies; the victory wascelebrated _by_ the people, _with_ rejoicing. * * * * * CENTER. Synonyms: middle, midst. We speak of the _center_ of a circle, the _middle_ of a room, the_middle_ of the street, the _midst_ of a forest. The _center_ is equallydistant from every point of the circumference of a circle, or from theopposite boundaries on each axis of a parallelogram, etc. ; the _middle_is more general and less definite. The _center_ is a point; the _middle_may be a line or a space. We say _at_ the _center_; _in_ the _middle_. _Midst_ commonly implies a group or multitude of surrounding objects. Compare synonyms for AMID. Antonyms: bound, boundary, circumference, perimeter, rim. * * * * * CHAGRIN. Synonyms: confusion, discomposure, humiliation, shame, disappointment, dismay, mortification, vexation. _Chagrin_ unites _disappointment_ with some degree of _humiliation_. Arainy day may bring _disappointment_; needless failure in someenterprise brings _chagrin_. _Shame_ involves the consciousness offault, guilt, or impropriety; _chagrin_ of failure of judgment, or harmto reputation. A consciousness that one has displayed his own ignorancewill cause him _mortification_, however worthy his intent; if there wasa design to deceive, the exposure will cover him with _shame_. Antonyms: delight, exultation, glory, rejoicing, triumph. Prepositions: He felt deep chagrin _at_ (_because of_, _on account of_) failure. * * * * * CHANGE, _v. _ Synonyms: alter, exchange, shift, transmute, commute, metamorphose, substitute, turn, convert, modify, transfigure, vary, diversify, qualify, transform, veer. To _change_ is distinctively to make a thing other than it has been, insome respect at least; to _exchange_ to put or take something else inits place; to _alter_ is ordinarily to _change_ partially, to makedifferent in one or more particulars. To _exchange_ is often to transferownership; as, to _exchange_ city for country property. _Change_ isoften used in the sense of _exchange_; as, to _change_ horses. To_transmute_ is to _change_ the qualities while the substance remains thesame; as, to _transmute_ the baser metals into gold. To _transform_ isto _change_ form or appearance, with or without deeper and moreessential change; it is less absolute than _transmute_, tho sometimesused for that word, and is often used in a spiritual sense as_transmute_ could not be; "Be ye _transformed_ by the renewing of yourmind, " _Rom. _ xii, 2. _Transfigure_ is, as in its Scriptural use, tochange in an exalted and glorious spiritual way; "Jesus . . . Was_transfigured_ before them, and his face did shine as the sun, and hisraiment was white as the light, " _Matt. _ xvii, 1, 2. To _metamorphose_is to make some remarkable change, ordinarily in external qualities, butoften in structure, use, or chemical constitution, as of a caterpillarinto a butterfly, of the stamens of a plant into petals, or of thecrystalline structure of rocks, hence called "metamorphic rocks, " aswhen a limestone is _metamorphosed_ into a marble. To _vary_ is to_change_ from time to time, often capriciously. To _commute_ is to putsomething easier, lighter, milder, or in some way more favorable inplace of that which is _commuted_; as, to _commute_ capital punishmentto imprisonment for life; to _commute_ daily fares on a railway to amonthly payment. To _convert_ (L. _con_, with, and _verto_, turn) is toprimarily _turn_ about, and signifies to _change_ in form, character, use, etc. , through a wide range of relations; iron is _converted_ intosteel, joy into grief, a sinner into a saint. To _turn_ is a popularword for _change_ in any sense short of the meaning of _exchange_, beingoften equivalent to _alter_, _convert_, _transform_, _transmute_, etc. We _modify_ or _qualify_ a statement which might seem too strong; we_modify_ it by some limitation, _qualify_ it by some addition. Antonyms: abide, continue, hold, persist, retain, bide, endure, keep, remain, stay. Prepositions: To change a home toilet _for_ a street dress; to change _from_ acaterpillar _to_ or _into_ a butterfly; to change clothes _with_ abeggar. * * * * * CHANGE, _n. _ Synonyms: alteration, mutation, renewing, transmutation, conversion, novelty, revolution, variation, diversity, regeneration, transformation, variety, innovation, renewal, transition, vicissitude. A _change_ is a passing from one state or form to another, any act orprocess by which a thing becomes unlike what it was before, or theunlikeness so produced; we say a _change_ was taking place, or the_change_ that had taken place was manifest. _Mutation_ is a more formalword for _change_, often suggesting repeated or continual _change_; as, the _mutations_ of fortune. _Novelty_ is a _change_ to what is new, orthe newness of that to which a change is made; as, he was perpetuallydesirous of _novelty_. _Revolution_ is specifically and most commonly a_change_ of government. _Variation_ is a partial _change_ in form, qualities, etc. , but especially in position or action; as, the_variation_ of the magnetic needle or of the pulse. _Variety_ is asuccession of _changes_ or an intermixture of different things, and isalways thought of as agreeable. _Vicissitude_ is sharp, sudden, orviolent _change_, always thought of as surprising and often asdisturbing or distressing; as, the _vicissitudes_ of politics. _Transition_ is _change_ by passing from one place or state to another, especially in a natural, regular, or orderly way; as, the _transition_from spring to summer, or from youth to manhood. An _innovation_ is a_change_ that breaks in upon an established order or custom; as, an_innovation_ in religion or politics. For the distinctions between theother words compare the synonyms for CHANGE, _v. _ In the religious sense_regeneration_ is the vital _renewing_ of the soul by the power of thedivine Spirit; _conversion_ is the conscious and manifest _change_ fromevil to good, or from a lower to a higher spiritual state; as, in _Luke_xxii, 32, "when thou art _converted_, strengthen thy brethren. " Inpopular use _conversion_ is the most common word to express the idea of_regeneration_. Antonyms: constancy, fixedness, invariability, steadiness, continuance, fixity, permanence, unchangeableness, firmness, identity, persistence, uniformity. Prepositions: We have made a change _for_ the better; the change _from_ winter tospring; the change _of_ a liquid _to_ or _into_ a gas; a change _in_quality; a change _by_ absorption or oxidation. * * * * * CHARACTER. Synonyms: constitution, genius, personality, reputation, temper, disposition, nature, record, spirit, temperament. _Character_ is what one is; _reputation_, what he is thought to be; his_record_ is the total of his known action or inaction. As a rule, aman's _record_ will substantially express his _character_; his_reputation_ may be higher or lower than his _character_ or _record_will justify. _Repute_ is a somewhat formal word, with the same generalsense as _reputation_. One's _nature_ includes all his originalendowments or propensities; _character_ includes both natural andacquired traits. We speak of one's physical _constitution_ as strong orweak, etc. , and figuratively, always with the adjective, of his mentalor moral _constitution_. Compare CHARACTERISTIC. Prepositions: The witness has a character _for_ veracity; his character is _above_suspicion; the character _of_ the applicant. * * * * * CHARACTERISTIC. Synonyms: attribute, feature, peculiarity, sign, trace, character, indication, property, singularity, trait. Distinction, mark, quality, A _characteristic_ belongs to the nature or _character_ of the person, thing, or class, and serves to identify an object; as, a copper-coloredskin, high cheek-bones, and straight, black hair are _characteristics_of the American Indian. A _sign_ is manifest to an observer; a _mark_ ora _characteristic_ may be more difficult to discover; an insensibleperson may show _signs_ of life, while sometimes only close examinationwill disclose _marks_ of violence. Pallor is ordinarily a _mark_ offear; but in some brave natures it is simply a _characteristic_ ofintense earnestness. _Mark_ is sometimes used in a good, but often in abad sense; we speak of the _characteristic_ of a gentleman, the _mark_of a villain. Compare ATTRIBUTE; CHARACTER. * * * * * CHARMING. Synonyms: bewitching, delightful, enrapturing, fascinating, captivating, enchanting, entrancing, winning. That is _charming_ or _bewitching_ which is adapted to win others as bya magic spell. _Enchanting_, _enrapturing_, _entrancing_ represent theinfluence as not only supernatural, but irresistible and _delightful_. That which is _fascinating_ may win without delighting, drawing by someunseen power, as a serpent its prey; we can speak of horrible_fascination_. _Charming_ applies only to what is external to oneself;_delightful_ may apply to personal experiences or emotions as well; wespeak of a _charming_ manner, a _charming_ dress, but of _delightful_anticipations. Compare AMIABLE; BEAUTIFUL. * * * * * CHASTEN. Synonyms: afflict, chastise, discipline, punish, refine, subdue, castigate, correct, humble, purify, soften, try. _Castigate_ and _chastise_ refer strictly to corporal punishment, thoboth are somewhat archaic; _correct_ and _punish_ are often used aseuphemisms in preference to either. _Punish_ is distinctly retributivein sense; _chastise_, partly retributive, and partly corrective;_chasten_, wholly corrective. _Chasten_ is used exclusively in thespiritual sense, and chiefly of the visitation of God. Prepositions: "We are chastened _of_ the Lord, " _1 Cor. _ xi, 32; "they . . . Chastenedus _after_ their own pleasure, but He _for_ our profit, " _Heb. _ xii, 10;"chasten _in_ thy hot displeasure, " _Ps. _ iv, 7; chasten _with_ pain;_by_ trials and sorrows. * * * * * CHERISH. Synonyms: cheer, encourage, harbor, nurse, shelter, cling to, entertain, hold dear, nurture, treasure, comfort, foster, nourish, protect, value. To _cherish_ is both to _hold dear_ and to treat as dear. Mereunexpressed esteem would not be _cherishing_. In the marriage vow, "tolove, honor, and _cherish_, " the word _cherish_ implies all that eachcan do by love and tenderness for the welfare and happiness of theother, as by support, protection, care in sickness, comfort in sorrow, sympathy, and help of every kind. To _nurse_ is to tend the helpless orfeeble, as infants, or the sick or wounded. To _nourish_ is strictly tosustain and build up by food; to _nurture_ includes careful mental andspiritual training, with something of love and tenderness; to _foster_is simply to maintain and care for, to bring up; a _foster_-child willbe _nourished_, but may not be as tenderly _nurtured_ or as lovingly_cherished_ as if one's own. In the figurative sense, the opinion one_cherishes_ he holds, not with mere cold conviction, but with lovingdevotion. Antonyms: See synonyms for ABANDON; CHASTEN. * * * * * CHOOSE. Synonyms: cull, elect, pick, pick out, prefer, select. _Prefer_ indicates a state of desire and approval; _choose_, an act ofwill. Prudence or generosity may lead one to _choose_ what he does not_prefer_. _Select_ implies a careful consideration of the reasons forpreference and choice. Among objects so nearly alike that we have noreason to _prefer_ any one to another we may simply _choose_ thenearest, but we could not be said to _select_ it. Aside from theology, _elect_ is popularly confined to the political sense; as, a free people_elect_ their own rulers. _Cull_, from the Latin _colligere_, commonlymeans to collect, as well as to _select_. In a garden we _cull_ thechoicest flowers. Antonyms: cast away, decline, dismiss, refuse, repudiate, cast out, disclaim, leave, reject, throw aside. Prepositions: Choose _from_ or _from among_ the number; choose _out of_ the army;choose _between_ (or _betwixt_) two; _among_ many; choose _for_ thepurpose. * * * * * CIRCUMLOCUTION. Synonyms: diffuseness, prolixity, surplusage, verbiage, periphrasis, redundance, tautology, verbosity, pleonasm, redundancy, tediousness, wordiness. _Circumlocution_ and _periphrasis_ are roundabout ways of expressingthought; _circumlocution_ is the more common, _periphrasis_ the moretechnical word. Constant _circumlocution_ produces an affected and heavystyle; occasionally, skilful _periphrasis_ conduces both to beauty andto simplicity. Etymologically, _diffuseness_ is a scattering, both ofwords and thought; _redundancy_ is an overflow. _Prolixity_ goes intoendless petty details, without selection or perspective. _Pleonasm_ isthe expression of an idea already plainly implied; _tautology_ is therestatement in other words of an idea already stated, or a uselessrepetition of a word or words. _Pleonasm_ may add emphasis; _tautology_is always a fault. "I saw it with my eyes" is a _pleonasm_; "all themembers agreed unanimously" is _tautology_. _Verbiage_ is the use ofmere words without thought. _Verbosity_ and _wordiness_ denote an excessof words in proportion to the thought. _Tediousness_ is the sure resultof any of these faults of style. Antonyms: brevity, compression, condensation, plainness, succinctness, compactness, conciseness, directness, shortness, terseness. * * * * * CIRCUMSTANCE. Synonyms: accompaniment, fact, item, point, concomitant, feature, occurrence, position, detail, incident, particular, situation. Event, A _circumstance_ (L. _circum_, around, and _sto_, stand), is somethingexisting or occurring in connection with or relation to some other factor event, modifying or throwing light upon the principal matter withoutaffecting its essential character; an _accompaniment_ is something thatunites with the principal matter, tho not necessary to it; as, the piano_accompaniment_ to a song; a _concomitant_ goes with a thing in naturalconnection, but in a subordinate capacity, or perhaps in contrast; as, cheerfulness is a _concomitant_ of virtue. A _circumstance_ is notstrictly, nor usually, an occasion, condition, effect, or result. (Seethese words under CAUSE. ) Nor is the _circumstance_ properly an_incident_. (See under ACCIDENT. ) We say, "My decision will depend upon_circumstances_"--not "upon _incidents_. " That a man wore a blue necktiewould not probably be the cause, occasion, condition, or _concomitant_of his committing murder; but it might be a very important_circumstance_ in identifying him as the murderer. All the_circumstances_ make up the _situation_. A certain disease is the causeof a man's death; his suffering is an _incident_; that he is in his ownhome, that he has good medical attendance, careful nursing, etc. , areconsolatory _circumstances_. With the same idea of subordination, weoften say, "This is not a _circumstance_ to that. " So a person is saidto be in easy _circumstances_. Compare EVENT. Prepositions: "Mere situation is expressed by '_in_ the circumstances'; actionaffected is performed '_under_ the circumstances. '" [M. ] * * * * * CLASS. Synonyms: association, circle, clique, company, grade, rank, caste, clan, club, coterie, order, set. A _class_ is a number or body of persons or objects having commonpursuits, purposes, attributes, or characteristics. A _caste_ ishereditary; a _class_ may be independent of lineage or descent;membership in a _caste_ is supposed to be for life; membership in a_class_ may be very transient; a religious and ceremonial sacrednessattaches to the _caste_, as not to the _class_. The rich and the poorform separate _classes_; yet individuals are constantly passing fromeach to the other; the _classes_ in a college remain the same, but theirmembership changes every year. We speak of _rank_ among hereditarynobility or military officers; of various _orders_ of the priesthood; byaccommodation, we may refer in a general way to the higher _ranks_, thelower _orders_ of any society. _Grade_ implies some regular scale ofvaluation, and some inherent qualities for which a person or thing isplaced higher or lower in the scale; as, the coarser and finer _grades_of wool; a man of an inferior _grade_. A _coterie_ is a small company ofpersons of similar tastes, who meet frequently in an informal way, rather for social enjoyment than for any serious purpose. _Clique_ hasalways an unfavorable meaning. A _clique_ is always fractional, implyingsome greater gathering of which it is a part; the association breaks upinto _cliques_. Persons unite in a _coterie_ through simple liking forone another; they withdraw into a _clique_ largely through aversion tooutsiders. A _set_, while exclusive, is more extensive than a _clique_, and chiefly of persons who are united by common social station, etc. _Circle_ is similar in meaning to _set_, but of wider application; wespeak of scientific and religious as well as of social _circles_. Prepositions: A class _of_ merchants; the senior class _at_ (sometimes _of_) Harvard;the classes _in_ college. * * * * * CLEANSE. Synonyms: brush, dust, purify, scour, sponge, wash, clean, lave, rinse, scrub, sweep, wipe. Disinfect, mop, To _clean_ is to make clean by removing dirt, impurities, or soil of anykind. _Cleanse_ implies a worse condition to start from, and more to do, than _clean_. Hercules _cleansed_ the Augean stables. _Cleanse_ isespecially applied to purifying processes where liquid is used, as inthe flushing of a street, etc. We _brush_ clothing if dusty, _sponge_it, or _sponge_ it off, if soiled; or _sponge_ off a spot. Furniture, books, etc. , are _dusted_; floors are _mopped_ or _scrubbed_; metallicutensils are _scoured_; a room is _swept_; soiled garments are _washed_;foul air or water is _purified_. _Cleanse_ and _purify_ are usedextensively in a moral sense; _wash_ in that sense is archaic. CompareAMEND. Antonyms: befoul, bespatter, debase, deprave, soil, stain, taint, besmear, contaminate, defile, pollute, spoil, sully, vitiate. Besmirch, corrupt, Prepositions: Cleanse _of_ or _from_ physical or moral defilement; cleanse _with_ aninstrument; _by_ an agent; the room was cleansed _by_ the attendants_with_ soap and water. * * * * * CLEAR. Synonyms: apparent, intelligible, pellucid, transparent, diaphanous, limpid, perspicuous, unadorned, distinct, lucid, plain, unambiguous, evident, manifest, straightforward, unequivocal, explicit, obvious, translucent, unmistakable. _Clear_ (L. _clarus_, bright, brilliant) primarily refers to that whichshines, and impresses the mind through the eye with a sense of lusteror splendor. A substance is said to be _clear_ that offers no impedimentto vision--is not dim, dark, or obscure. _Transparent_ refers to themedium through which a substance is seen, _clear_ to the substanceitself, without reference to anything to be seen through it; we speak ofa stream as _clear_ when we think of the water itself; we speak of it as_transparent_ with reference to the ease with which we see the pebblesat the bottom. _Clear_ is also said of that which comes to the senseswithout dimness, dulness, obstruction, or obscurity, so that there is nouncertainty as to its exact form, character, or meaning, with somethingof the brightness or brilliancy implied in the primary meaning of theword _clear_; as, the outlines of the ship were _clear_ against the sky;a _clear_ view; a _clear_ note; "_clear_ as a bell;" a _clear_, frostyair; a _clear_ sky; a _clear_ statement; hence, the word is used forthat which is free from any kind of obstruction; as, a _clear_ field. _Lucid_ and _pellucid_ refer to a shining clearness, as of crystal. A_transparent_ body allows the forms and colors of objects beyond to beseen through it; a _translucent_ body allows light to pass through, butmay not permit forms and colors to be distinguished; plate glass is_transparent_, ground glass is _translucent_. _Limpid_ refers to aliquid clearness, or that which suggests it; as, _limpid_ streams. Thatwhich is _distinct_ is well defined, especially in outline, each part orobject standing or seeming apart from any other, not confused, indefinite, or blurred; _distinct_ enunciation enables the hearer tocatch every word or vocal sound without perplexity or confusion; a_distinct_ statement is free from indefiniteness or ambiguity; a_distinct_ apprehension of a thought leaves the mind in no doubt oruncertainty regarding it. That is _plain_, in the sense here considered, which is, as it were, level to the thought, so that one goes straight onwithout difficulty or hindrance; as, _plain_ language; a _plain_statement; a _clear_ explanation. _Perspicuous_ is often equivalent to_plain_, but _plain_ never wholly loses the meaning of _unadorned_, sothat we can say the style is _perspicuous_ tho highly ornate, when wecould not call it at once ornate and _plain_. Compare EVIDENT. Antonyms: ambiguous, dim, foggy, mysterious, opaque, unintelligible, cloudy, dubious, indistinct, obscure, turbid, vague. Prepositions: Clear _to_ the mind; clear _in_ argument; clear _of_ or _from_annoyances. * * * * * CLEVER. Synonyms: able, capable, happy, keen, sharp, adroit, dexterous, ingenious, knowing, skilful, apt, expert, intellectual, quick, smart, bright, gifted, intelligent, quick-witted, talented. _Clever_, as used in England, especially implies an aptitude for studyor learning, and for excellent tho not preeminent mental achievement. The early New England usage as implying simple and weak good nature haslargely affected the use of the word throughout the United States, whereit has never been much in favor. _Smart_, indicating dashing ability, isnow coming to have a suggestion of unscrupulousness, similar to that ofthe word _sharp_, which makes its use a doubtful compliment. Thediscriminating use of such words as _able_, _gifted_, _talented_, etc. , is greatly preferable to an excessive use of the word _clever_. CompareACUMEN; ASTUTE; POWER. Antonyms: awkward, clumsy, foolish, ignorant, slow, thick-headed, bungling, dull, idiotic, senseless, stupid, witless. * * * * * COLLISION. Synonyms: clash, concussion, contact, impact, opposition, clashing, conflict, encounter, meeting, shock. _Collision_, the act or fact of striking violently together, is theresult of motion or action, and is sudden and momentary; _contact_ maybe a condition of rest, and be continuous and permanent; _collision_ issudden and violent _contact_. _Concussion_ is often by transmitted forcerather than by direct _impact_; two railway-trains come into_collision_; an explosion of dynamite shatters neighboring windows by_concussion_. _Impact_ is the blow given by the striking body; as, the_impact_ of the cannon-shot upon the target. An _encounter_ is alwaysviolent, and generally hostile. _Meeting_ is neutral, and may be of thedearest friends or of the bitterest foes; of objects, of persons, or ofopinions; of two or of a multitude. _Shock_ is the result of_collision_. In the figurative use, we speak of _clashing_ of views, _collision_ of persons. _Opposition_ is used chiefly of persons, morerarely of opinions or interests; _conflict_ is used indifferently ofall. Antonyms: agreement, coincidence, concord, conformity, unison, amity, concert, concurrence, harmony, unity. Prepositions: Collision _of_ one object _with_ another; _of_ or _between_ opposingobjects. * * * * * COMFORTABLE. Synonyms: agreeable, cheery, genial, snug, at ease, commodious, pleasant, well-off, at rest, contented, satisfactory, well-provided, cheerful, convenient, satisfied, well-to-do. A person is _comfortable_ in mind when _contented_ and measurably_satisfied_. A little additional brightness makes him _cheerful_. He is_comfortable_ in body when free from pain, quiet, _at ease_, _at rest_. He is _comfortable_ in circumstances, or in _comfortable_ circumstances, when things about him are generally _agreeable_ and _satisfactory_, usually with the suggestion of sufficient means to secure that result. Antonyms: cheerless, discontented, distressed, forlorn, uncomfortable, disagreeable, dissatisfied, dreary, miserable, wretched. * * * * * COMMIT. Synonyms: assign, confide, consign, entrust, relegate, trust. _Commit_, in the sense here considered, is to give in charge, put intocare or keeping; to _confide_ or _entrust_ is to _commit_ especially toone's fidelity, _confide_ being used chiefly of mental or spiritual, _entrust_ also of material things; we _assign_ a duty, _confide_ asecret, _entrust_ a treasure; we _commit_ thoughts to writing; _commit_a paper to the flames, a body to the earth; a prisoner is _committed_ tojail. _Consign_ is a formal word in mercantile use; as, to _consign_goods to an agent. Religiously, we _consign_ the body to the grave, _commit_ the soul to God. Compare DO. Prepositions: Commit _to_ a friend _for_ safe-keeping; in law, commit _to_ prison;_for_ trial; _without_ bail; in default _of_ bail; _on_ suspicion. * * * * * COMPANY. Synonyms: assemblage, concourse, convocation, host, assembly, conference, crowd, meeting, collection, congregation, gathering, multitude, conclave, convention, group, throng. _Company_, from the Latin _cum_, with, and _panis_, bread, denotesprimarily the association of those who eat at a common table, or thepersons so associated, table-companions, messmates, friends, and henceis widely extended to include any association of those unitedpermanently or temporarily, for business, pleasure, festivity, travel, etc. , or by sorrow, misfortune, or wrong; _company_ may denote anindefinite number (ordinarily more than two), but less than a_multitude_; in the military sense a _company_ is a limited and definitenumber of men; _company_ implies more unity of feeling and purpose than_crowd_, and is a less formal and more familiar word than _assemblage_or _assembly_. An _assemblage_ may be of persons or of objects; an_assembly_ is always of persons. An _assemblage_ is promiscuous andunorganized; an _assembly_ is organized and united in some commonpurpose. A _conclave_ is a secret _assembly_. A _convocation_ is an_assembly_ called by authority for a special purpose; the term_convention_ suggests less dependence upon any superior authority orsummons. A _group_ is small in number and distinct in outline, clearlymarked off from all else in space or time. _Collection_, _crowd_, _gathering_, _group_, and _multitude_ have the unorganized andpromiscuous character of the _assemblage_; the other terms come underthe general idea of _assembly_. _Congregation_ is now almost exclusivelyreligious; _meeting_ is often so used, but is less restricted, as we mayspeak of a _meeting_ of armed men. _Gathering_ refers to a comingtogether, commonly of numbers, from far and near; as, the _gathering_ ofthe Scottish clans. Antonyms: dispersion, loneliness, privacy, retirement, seclusion, solitude. * * * * * COMPEL. Synonyms: coerce, drive, make, oblige. Constrain, force, necessitate, To _compel_ one to an act is to secure its performance by the use ofirresistible physical or moral force. _Force_ implies primarily anactual physical process, absolutely subduing all resistance. _Coerce_implies the actual or potential use of so much force as may be necessaryto secure the surrender of the will; the American secessionistscontended that the Federal government had no right to _coerce_ a State. _Constrain_ implies the yielding of judgment and will, and in some casesof inclination or affection, to an overmastering power; as, "the love ofChrist _constraineth_ us, " _2 Cor. _ v, 14. Compare DRIVE; INFLUENCE. Antonyms: See synonyms for HINDER. Prepositions: The soldiers were compelled _to_ desertion: preferably with theinfinitive, compelled _to_ desert. * * * * * COMPLAIN. Synonyms: croak, growl, grunt, remonstrate, find fault, grumble, murmur, repine. To _complain_ is to give utterance to dissatisfaction or objection, express a sense of wrong or ill treatment. One _complains_ of a real orassumed grievance; he may _murmur_ through mere peevishness or illtemper; he _repines_, with vain distress, at the irrevocable or theinevitable. _Complaining_ is by speech or writing; _murmuring_ iscommonly said of half-repressed utterance; _repining_ of the mental actalone. One may _complain_ of an offense to the offender or to others; he_remonstrates_ with the offender only. _Complain_ has a formal and legalmeaning, which the other words have not, signifying to make a formalaccusation, present a specific charge; the same is true of the noun_complaint_. Antonyms: applaud, approve, commend, eulogize, laud, praise. Prepositions: Complain _of_ a thing _to_ a person; _of_ one person _to_ another, _of_or _against_ a person _for_ an act; _to_ an officer; _before_ the court;_about_ a thing. * * * * * COMPLEX. Synonyms: abstruse, confused, intricate, mixed, complicated, conglomerate, involved, multiform, composite, entangled, manifold, obscure, compound, heterogeneous, mingled, tangled. That is _complex_ which is made up of several connected parts. That is_compound_ in which the parts are not merely connected, but fused, orotherwise combined into a single substance. In a _composite_ object thedifferent parts have less of unity than in that which is _complex_ or_compound_, but maintain their distinct individuality. In a_heterogeneous_ body unlike parts or particles are intermingled, oftenwithout apparent order or plan. _Conglomerate_ (literally, globedtogether) is said of a _confused_ mingling of masses or lumps of varioussubstances. The New England pudding-stone is a _conglomerate_ rock. In a_complex_ object the arrangement and relation of parts may be perfectlyclear; in a _complicated_ mechanism the parts are so numerous, or socombined, that the mind can not readily grasp their mutual relations; inan _intricate_ arrangement the parts are so intertwined that it isdifficult to follow their windings; things are _involved_ which arerolled together so as not to be easily separated, either in thought orin fact; things which are _tangled_ or _entangled_ mutually hold anddraw upon each other. The conception of a material object is usually_complex_, involving form, color, size, and other elements; a clock is a_complicated_ mechanism; the Gordian knot was _intricate_; the twiningserpents of the Laocoon are _involved_. We speak of an _abstruse_statement, a _complex_ conception, a _confused_ heap, a _heterogeneous_mass, a _tangled_ skein, an _intricate_ problem; of _composite_architecture, an _involved_ sentence; of the _complicated_ or_intricate_ accounts of a great business, the _entangled_ accounts of anincompetent or dishonest bookkeeper. Antonyms: clear, homogeneous, plain, uncombined, uniform, direct, obvious, simple, uncompounded, unraveled. * * * * * CONDEMN. Synonyms: blame, convict, doom, reprove, censure, denounce, reprobate, sentence. To _condemn_ is to pass judicial sentence or render judgment or decisionagainst. We may _censure_ silently; we _condemn_ ordinarily by open andformal utterance. _Condemn_ is more final than _blame_ or _censure_; a_condemned_ criminal has had his trial; a _condemned_ building can notstand; a _condemned_ ship can not sail. A person is _convicted_ when hisguilt is made clearly manifest to others; in somewhat archaic use, aperson is said to be _convicted_ when guilt is brought clearly home tohis own conscience (_convict_ in this sense being allied with_convince_, which see under PERSUADE); in legal usage one is said to be_convicted_ only by the verdict of a jury. In stating the penalty of anoffense, the legal word _sentence_ is now more common than _condemn_;as, he was _sentenced_ to imprisonment; but it is good usage to say, hewas _condemned_ to imprisonment. To _denounce_ is to make public orofficial declaration against, especially in a violent and threateningmanner. From the pulpits in the northern States Burr was _denounced_ as an assassin. COFFIN _Building the Nation_ ch. 10, p. 137. [H. '83. ] To _doom_ is to _condemn_ solemnly and consign to evil or destruction orto predetermine to an evil destiny; an inferior race in presence of asuperior is _doomed_ to subjugation or extinction. Compare ARRAIGN;REPROVE. Antonyms: absolve, applaud, exonerate, pardon, acquit, approve, justify, praise. Prepositions: The bandit was condemned _to_ death _for_ his crime. * * * * * CONFESS. Synonyms: accept, allow, concede, grant, acknowledge, avow, disclose, own, admit, certify, endorse, recognize. We _accept_ another's statement; _admit_ any point made against us;_acknowledge_ what we have said or done, good or bad; _avow_ ourindividual beliefs or feelings; _certify_ to facts within our knowledge;_confess_ our own faults; _endorse_ a friend's note or statement;_grant_ a request; _own_ our faults or obligations; _recognize_ lawfulauthority; _concede_ a claim. _Confess_ has a high and sacred use in thereligious sense; as, to _confess_ Christ before men. It may have also aplayful sense (often with _to_); as, one _confesses to_ a weakness forconfectionery. The chief present use of the word, however, is in thesense of making known to others one's own wrong-doing; in this sense_confess_ is stronger than _acknowledge_ or _admit_, and more specificthan _own_; a person _admits_ a mistake; _acknowledges_ a fault;_confesses_ sin or crime. Compare APOLOGY; AVOW. Antonyms: cloak, deny, disown, hide, screen, conceal, disavow, dissemble, mask, secrete, cover, disguise, dissimulate, repudiate, veil. * * * * * CONFIRM. Synonyms: assure, fix, sanction, substantiate, corroborate, prove, settle, sustain, establish, ratify, strengthen, uphold. _Confirm_ (L. _con_, together, and _firmus_, firm) is to add firmness orgive stability to. Both _confirm_ and _corroborate_ presuppose somethingalready existing to which the confirmation or corroboration is added. Testimony is _corroborated_ by concurrent testimony or by circumstances;_confirmed_ by _established_ facts. That which is thoroughly _proved_ issaid to be _established_; so is that which is official and has adequatepower behind it; as, the _established_ government; the _established_church. The continents are _fixed_. A treaty is _ratified_; anappointment _confirmed_. An act is _sanctioned_ by any person orauthority that passes upon it approvingly. A statement is_substantiated_; a report _confirmed_; a controversy _settled_; thedecision of a lower court _sustained_ by a higher. Just governmentshould be _upheld_. The beneficent results of Christianity _confirm_ ourfaith in it as a divine revelation. Antonyms: abrogate, cancel, overthrow, shatter, upset, annul, destroy, shake, unsettle, weaken. Prepositions: Confirm a statement _by_ testimony; confirm a person _in_ a belief. * * * * * CONGRATULATE. Synonym: felicitate. To _felicitate_ is to pronounce one happy or wish one joy; to_congratulate_ is to express hearty sympathy in his joys or hopes. _Felicitate_ is cold and formal. We say one _felicitates_ himself; thoto _congratulate_ oneself, which is less natural, is becoming prevalent. Antonyms: condole with, console. Prepositions: Congratulate one _on_ or _upon_ his success. * * * * * CONQUER. Synonyms: beat, humble, overthrow, subject, checkmate, master, prevail over, subjugate, crush, overcome, put down, surmount, defeat, overmaster, reduce, vanquish, discomfit, overmatch, rout, win, down, overpower, subdue, worst. To _defeat_ an enemy is to gain an advantage for the time; to _vanquish_is to win a signal victory; to _conquer_ is to _overcome_ so effectuallythat the victory is regarded as final. _Conquer_, in many cases, carriesthe idea of possession; as, to _conquer_ respect, affection, peace, etc. A country is _conquered_ when its armies are defeated and its territoryis occupied by the enemy; it may be _subjected_ to indemnity or tovarious disabilities; it is _subjugated_ when it is held helplessly andcontinuously under military control; it is _subdued_ when all resistancehas died out. An army is _defeated_ when forcibly driven back; it is_routed_ when it is converted into a mob of fugitives. Compare BEAT. Antonyms: capitulate, fail, fly, lose, retire, submit, surrender, cede, fall, forfeit, resign, retreat, succumb, yield. * * * * * CONSCIOUS. Synonyms: advised, assured, certain, cognizant, sensible, apprised, aware, certified, informed, sure. One is _aware_ of that which exists without him; he is _conscious_ ofthe inner workings of his own mind. _Sensible_ may be used in the exactsense of _conscious_, or it may partake of both the senses mentionedabove. One may be _sensible_ of his own or another's error; he is_conscious_ only of his own. A person may feel _assured_ or _sure_ ofsomething false or non-existent; what he is _aware_ of, still more whathe is _conscious_ of, must be fact. _Sensible_ has often a reference tothe emotions where _conscious_ might apply only to the intellect; to saya culprit is _sensible_ of his degradation is more forcible than to sayhe is _conscious_ of it. Antonyms: cold, dead, deaf, ignorant, insensible, unaware, unconscious. Preposition: On the stormy sea, man is conscious _of_ the limitation of human power. * * * * * CONSEQUENCE. Synonyms: consequent, end, issue, outgrowth, sequel, effect, event, outcome, result, upshot. _Effect_ is the strongest of these words; it is that which is directlyproduced by the action of an efficient cause; we say, "Every _effect_must have an adequate cause" (compare CAUSE). In regard to humanactions, _effect_ commonly relates to intention; as, the shot took_effect_, _i. E. _, the _effect_ intended. A _consequence_ is that whichfollows an act naturally, but less directly than the _effect_. Themotion of the piston is the _effect_, and the agitation of the waterunder the paddle-wheels a _consequence_ of the expansion of steam in thecylinder. The _result_ is, literally, the rebound of an act, dependingon many elements; the _issue_ is that which flows forth directly; we saythe _issue_ of a battle, the _result_ of a campaign. A _consequent_commonly is that which follows simply in order of time, or by logicalinference. The _end_ is the actual _outcome_ without determination ofits relation to what has gone before; it is ordinarily viewed as eitherthe necessary, natural, or logical _outcome_, any _effect_, _consequence_, or _result_ being termed an _end_; as, the _end_ of sucha course must be ruin. The _event_ (L. _e_, out, and _venio_, come) isprimarily exactly the same in meaning as _outcome_; but in use it ismore nearly equivalent to _upshot_ signifying the sum and substance ofall _effects_, _consequences_, and _results_ of a course of action. Compare ACCIDENT; CAUSE; CIRCUMSTANCE; END; EVENT. * * * * * CONSOLE. Synonyms: comfort, condole with, encourage, sympathize with. One _condoles with_ another by the expression of kindly sympathy in histrouble; he _consoles_ him by considerations adapted to soothe andsustain the spirit, as by the assurances and promises of the gospel; he_encourages_ him by the hope of some relief or deliverance; he_comforts_ him by whatever act or word tends to bring mind or body to astate of rest and cheer. We _sympathize with_ others, not only insorrow, but in joy. Compare ALLEVIATE; PITY. Antonyms: annoy, distress, disturb, grieve, hurt, sadden, trouble, wound. * * * * * CONTAGION. Synonym: infection. _Infection_ is frequently confused with _contagion_, even by medicalmen. The best usage now limits _contagion_ to diseases that aretransmitted by contact with the diseased person, either directly bytouch or indirectly by use of the same articles, by breath, effluvia, etc. _Infection_ is applied to diseases produced by no known ordefinable influence of one person upon another, but where commonclimatic, malarious, or other wide-spread conditions are believed to bechiefly instrumental. * * * * * CONTINUAL. Synonyms: ceaseless, incessant, regular, uninterrupted, constant, invariable, unbroken, unremitting, continuous, perpetual, unceasing, unvarying. _Continuous_ describes that which is absolutely without pause or break;_continual_, that which often intermits, but as regularly begins again. A _continuous_ beach is exposed to the _continual_ beating of the waves. A similar distinction is made between _incessant_ and _ceaseless_. The_incessant_ discharge of firearms makes the _ceaseless_ roar of battle. _Constant_ is sometimes used in the sense of _continual_; but its chiefuses are mental and moral. * * * * * CONTRACT. Synonyms: agreement, cartel, engagement, pledge, arrangement, compact, obligation, promise, bargain, covenant, pact, stipulation. All these words involve at least two parties, tho an _engagement_ or_promise_ may be the act of but one. A _contract_ is a formal agreementbetween two or more parties for the doing or leaving undone somespecified act or acts, and is ordinarily in writing. Mutual _promises_may have the force of a _contract_. A consideration, or compensation, isessential to convert an _agreement_ into a _contract_. A _contract_ maybe oral or written. A _covenant_ in law is a written _contract_ underseal. _Covenant_ is frequent in religious usage, as _contract_ is in lawand business. _Compact_ is essentially the same as _contract_, but isapplied to international _agreements_, treaties, etc. A _bargain_ is amutual _agreement_ for an exchange of values, without the formality of a_contract_. A _stipulation_ is a single item in an _agreement_ or_contract_. A _cartel_ is a military _agreement_ for the exchange ofprisoners or the like. * * * * * CONTRAST. Synonyms: compare, differentiate, discriminate, oppose. To _compare_ (L. _con_, together, and _par_, equal) is to place togetherin order to show likeness or unlikeness; to _contrast_ (L. _contra_, against, and _sto_, stand) is to set in opposition in order to showunlikeness. We _contrast_ objects that have been already _compared_. Wemust _compare_ them, at least momentarily, even to know that they aredifferent. We _contrast_ them when we observe their unlikeness in ageneral way; we _differentiate_ them when we note the difference exactlyand point by point. We distinguish objects when we note a differencethat may fall short of _contrast_; we _discriminate_ them when weclassify or place them according to their differences. Preposition: We contrast one object _with_ another. * * * * * CONVERSATION. Synonyms: chat, communion, converse, intercourse, colloquy, confabulation, dialogue, parley, communication, conference, discourse, talk. _Conversation_ (Latin _con_, with) is, etymologically, an interchange ofideas with some other person or persons. _Talk_ may be whollyone-sided. Many brilliant talkers have been incapable of _conversation_. There may be _intercourse_ without _conversation_, as by looks, signs, etc. ; _communion_ is of hearts, with or without words; _communication_is often by writing, and may be uninvited and unreciprocated. _Talk_ maydenote the mere utterance of words with little thought; thus, we sayidle _talk_, empty _talk_, rather than idle or empty _conversation_. _Discourse_ is now applied chiefly to public addresses. A _conference_is more formal than a _conversation_. _Dialog_ denotes ordinarily anartificial or imaginary _conversation_, generally of two persons, butsometimes of more. A _colloquy_ is indefinite as to number, andgenerally somewhat informal. Compare BEHAVIOR. Prepositions: Conversation _with_ friends; _between_ or _among_ the guests; _about_ amatter. * * * * * CONVERT. Synonyms: disciple, neophyte, proselyte. The name _disciple_ is given to the follower of a certain faith, withoutreference to any previous belief or allegiance; a _convert_ is a personwho has come to one faith from a different belief or from unbelief. A_proselyte_ is one who has been led to accept a religious system, whether with or without true faith; a _convert_ is always understood tobe a believer. A _neophyte_ is a new _convert_, not yet fullyindoctrinated, or not admitted to full privileges. The antonyms_apostate_, _pervert_, and _renegade_ are condemnatory names applied tothe _convert_ by those whose faith he forsakes. * * * * * CONVEY. Synonyms: carry, give, remove, shift, transmit, change, move, sell, transfer, transport. _Convey_, _transmit_, and _transport_ all imply delivery at adestination; as, I will _convey_ the information to your friend; air_conveys_ sound (to a listener); _carry_ does not necessarily implydelivery, and often does not admit of it. A man _carries_ an appearance, _conveys_ an impression, the appearance remaining his own, theimpression being given to another; I will _transmit_ the letter;_transport_ the goods. A horse _carries_ his mane and tail, but does not_convey_ them. _Transfer_ may or may not imply delivery to anotherperson; as, items may be _transferred_ from one account to another or aword _transferred_ to the following line. In law, real estate, which cannot be moved, is _conveyed_ by simply _transferring_ title andpossession. _Transport_ usually refers to material, _transfer_, _transmit_, and _convey_ may refer to immaterial objects; we _transfer_possession, _transmit_ intelligence, _convey_ ideas, but do not_transport_ them. In the case of _convey_ the figurative sense nowpredominates. Compare CARRY. Antonyms: cling to, hold, keep, possess, preserve, retain. Prepositions: Convey _to_ a friend, a purchaser, etc. ; convey _from_ the house _to_the station; convey _by_ express, _by_ hand, etc. * * * * * CONVOKE. Synonyms: assemble, call together, convene, muster, call, collect, gather, summon. A convention is _called_ by some officer or officers, as by itspresident, its executive committee, or some eminent leaders; thedelegates are _assembled_ or _convened_ in a certain place, at a certainhour. _Convoke_ implies an organized body and a superior authority;_assemble_ and _convene_ express more independent action; Parliament is_convoked_; Congress _assembles_. Troops are _mustered_; witnesses andjurymen are _summoned_. Antonyms: adjourn, disband, dismiss, dissolve, scatter, break up, discharge, disperse, prorogue, separate. * * * * * CRIMINAL. Synonyms: abominable, flagitious, immoral, sinful, vile, culpable, guilty, iniquitous, unlawful, wicked, felonious, illegal, nefarious, vicious, wrong. Every _criminal_ act is _illegal_ or _unlawful_, but _illegal_ or_unlawful_ acts may not be _criminal_. Offenses against public law are_criminal_; offenses against private rights are merely _illegal_ or_unlawful_. As a general rule, all acts punishable by fine orimprisonment or both, are _criminal_ in view of the law. It is _illegal_for a man to trespass on another's land, but it is not _criminal_; thetrespasser is liable to a civil suit for damages, but not to indictment, fine, or imprisonment. A _felonious_ act is a _criminal_ act of anaggravated kind, which is punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiaryor by death. A _flagitious_ crime is one that brings public odium. _Vicious_ refers to the indulgence of evil appetites, habits, orpassions; _vicious_ acts are not necessarily _criminal_, or even_illegal_; we speak of a _vicious_ horse. That which is _iniquitous_, _i. E. _, contrary to equity, may sometimes be done under the forms oflaw. Ingratitude is _sinful_, hypocrisy is _wicked_, but neither ispunishable by human law; hence, neither is _criminal_ or _illegal_. Compare SIN. Antonyms: innocent, lawful, meritorious, right, just, legal, moral, virtuous. * * * * * DAILY. Synonym: diurnal. _Daily_ is the Saxon and popular, _diurnal_ the Latin and scientificterm. In strict usage, _daily_ is the antonym of _nightly_ as _diurnal_is of _nocturnal_. _Daily_ is not, however, held strictly to this use; aphysician makes _daily_ visits if he calls at some time within eachperiod of twenty-four hours. _Diurnal_ is more exact in all its uses; a_diurnal_ flower opens or blooms only in daylight; a _diurnal_ bird oranimal flies or ranges only by day: in contradistinction to _nocturnal_flowers, birds, etc. A _diurnal_ motion exactly fills an astronomicalday or the time of one rotation of a planet on its axis, while a _daily_motion is much less definite. Antonyms: nightly, nocturnal. * * * * * DANGER. Synonyms: hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, risk. _Danger_ is exposure to possible evil, which may be either near andprobable or remote and doubtful; _peril_ is exposure to imminent andsharply threatening evil, especially to such as results from violence. An invalid may be in _danger_ of consumption; a disarmed soldier is in_peril_ of death. _Jeopardy_ is nearly the same as _peril_, butinvolves, like _risk_, more of the element of chance or uncertainty; aman tried upon a capital charge is said to be put in _jeopardy_ of life. _Insecurity_ is a feeble word, but exceedingly broad, applying to theplacing of a dish, or the possibilities of a life, a fortune, or agovernment. Compare HAZARD. Antonyms: defense, immunity, protection, safeguard, safety, security, shelter. * * * * * DARK. Synonyms: black, dusky, mysterious, sable, somber, dim, gloomy, obscure, shadowy, swart, dismal, murky, opaque, shady, swarthy. Strictly, that which is _black_ is absolutely destitute of color; thatwhich is _dark_ is absolutely destitute of light. In common speech, however, a coat is _black_, tho not optically colorless; the night is_dark_, tho the stars shine. That is _obscure_, _shadowy_, or _shady_from which the light is more or less cut off. _Dusky_ is applied toobjects which appear as if viewed in fading light; the word is oftenused, as are _swart_ and _swarthy_, of the human skin when quite _dark_, or even verging toward _black_. _Dim_ refers to imperfection of outline, from distance, darkness, mist, etc. , or from some defect of vision. _Opaque_ objects, as smoked glass, are impervious to light. _Murky_ issaid of that which is at once _dark_, _obscure_, and _gloomy_; as, a_murky_ den; a _murky_ sky. Figuratively, _dark_ is emblematic ofsadness, agreeing with _somber_, _dismal_, _gloomy_, also of moral evil;as, a _dark_ deed. Of intellectual matters, _dark_ is now rarely used inthe old sense of a _dark_ saying, etc. See MYSTERIOUS; OBSCURE. Antonyms: bright, crystalline, glowing, lucid, shining, brilliant, dazzling, illumined, luminous, transparent, clear, gleaming, light, radiant, white. Compare synonyms for LIGHT. * * * * * DECAY. Synonyms: corrupt, decompose, molder, putrefy, rot, spoil. _Rot_ is a strong word, ordinarily esteemed coarse, but on occasioncapable of approved emphatic use; as, "the name of the wicked shall_rot_, " _Prov. _ x, 7; _decay_ and _decompose_ are now common euphemisms. A substance is _decomposed_ when resolved into its original elements byany process; it is _decayed_ when resolved into its original elements bynatural processes; it _decays_ gradually, but may be instantly_decomposed_, as water into oxygen and hydrogen; to say that a thing is_decayed_ may denote only a partial result, but to say it is_decomposed_ ordinarily implies that the change is complete or nearlyso. _Putrefy_ and the adjectives _putrid_ and _putrescent_, and thenouns _putridity_ and _putrescence_, are used almost exclusively ofanimal matter in a state of decomposition, the more general word _decay_being used of either animal or vegetable substances. * * * * * DECEPTION. Synonyms: craft, dissimulation, finesse, lie, cunning, double-dealing, fraud, lying, deceit, duplicity, guile, prevarication, deceitfulness, fabrication, hypocrisy, trickery, delusion, falsehood, imposition, untruth. _Deceit_ is the habit, _deception_ the act; _guile_ applies to thedisposition out of which _deceit_ and _deception_ grow, and also totheir actual practise. A _lie_, _lying_, or _falsehood_, is the utteringof what one knows to be false with intent to deceive. The novel or dramais not a _lie_, because not meant to deceive; the ancient teaching thatthe earth was flat was not a _lie_, because not then known to be false. _Untruth_ is more than lack of accuracy, implying always lack ofveracity; but it is a somewhat milder and more dignified word than_lie_. _Falsehood_ and _lying_ are in utterance; _deceit_ and_deception_ may be merely in act or implication. _Deception_ may beinnocent, and even unintentional, as in the case of an optical illusion;_deceit_ always involves injurious intent. _Craft_ and _cunning_ havenot necessarily any moral quality; they are common traits of animals, but stand rather low in the human scale. _Duplicity_ is the habitualspeaking or acting with intent to appear to mean what one does not. _Dissimulation_ is rather a concealing of what is than a pretense ofwhat is not. _Finesse_ is simply an adroit and delicate management of amatter for one's own side, not necessarily involving _deceit_. CompareARTIFICE; FICTION; FRAUD; HYPOCRISY. Antonyms: candor, frankness, honesty, simplicity, truth, fair dealing, guilelessness, openness, sincerity, veracity. * * * * * DEFENSE. Synonyms: apology, guard, rampart, shelter, bulwark, justification, resistance, shield, fortress, protection, safeguard, vindication. The weak may speak or act in _defense_ of the strong; none but thepowerful can assure others of _protection_. A _defense_ is ordinarilyagainst actual attack; _protection_ is against possible as well asactual dangers. We speak of _defense_ against an assault, _protection_from the cold. _Vindication_ is a triumphant _defense_ of character andconduct against charges of error or wrong. Compare APOLOGY. Antonyms: abandonment, betrayal, capitulation, desertion, flight, surrender. Prepositions: Defense _against_ assault or assailants; in law, defense _to_ an action, _from_ the testimony. * * * * * DEFILE. Synonyms: befoul, corrupt, pollute, spoil, sully, tarnish, contaminate, infect, soil, stain, taint, vitiate. The hand may be _defiled_ by a touch of pitch; swine that have beenwallowing in the mud are _befouled_. _Contaminate_ and _infect_ refer tosomething evil that deeply pervades and permeates, as the human body ormind. _Pollute_ is used chiefly of liquids; as, water _polluted_ withsewage. _Tainted_ meat is repulsive; _infected_ meat contains germs ofdisease. A _soiled_ garment may be cleansed by washing; a _spoiled_garment is beyond cleansing or repair. Bright metal is _tarnished_ byexposure; a fair sheet is _sullied_ by a dirty hand. In figurative use, _defile_ may be used merely in the ceremonial sense; "they themselveswent not into the judgment hall, lest they should be _defiled_, " _John_xviii, 28; _contaminate_ refers to deep spiritual injury. _Pollute_ hasalso a reference to sacrilege; as, to _pollute_ a sanctuary, an altar, or an ordinance. The innocent are often _contaminated_ by associationwith the wicked; the vicious are more and more _corrupted_ by their ownexcesses. We speak of a _vitiated_ taste or style; fraud _vitiates_ atitle or a contract. Antonyms: clean, cleanse, disinfect, hallow, purify, sanctify, wash. Prepositions: The temple was defiled _with_ blood; defiled _by_ sacrilegious deeds. * * * * * DEFINITION. Synonyms: comment, description, exposition, rendering, commentary, explanation, interpretation, translation. A _definition_ is exact, an _explanation_ general; a _definition_ isformal, a _description_ pictorial. A _definition_ must include all thatbelongs to the object defined, and exclude all that does not; a_description_ may include only some general features; an _explanation_may simply throw light upon some point of special difficulty. An_exposition_ undertakes to state more fully what is compactly given oronly implied in the text; as, an _exposition_ of Scripture. _Interpretation_ is ordinarily from one language into another, or fromthe language of one period into that of another; it may also be astatement giving the doubtful or hidden meaning of that which isrecondite or perplexing; as, the _interpretation_ of a dream, a riddle, or of some difficult passage. _Definition_, _explanation_, _exposition_, and _interpretation_ are ordinarily blended in a _commentary_, which mayalso include _description_. A _comment_ is upon a single passage; a_commentary_ may be the same, but is usually understood to be a volumeof _comments_. * * * * * DELEGATE. Synonyms: deputy, legate, proxy, representative, substitute. These words agree in designating one who acts in the place of some otheror others. The _legate_ is an ecclesiastical officer representing thePope. In strict usage the _deputy_ or _delegate_ is more limited infunctions and more closely bound by instructions than a_representative_. A single officer may have a _deputy_; many personscombine to choose a _delegate_ or _representative_. In the United Statesinformal assemblies send _delegates_ to nominating conventions with nolegislative authority; _representatives_ are legally elected to Congressand the various legislatures, with lawmaking power. * * * * * DELIBERATE. Synonyms: confer, consult, meditate, reflect, consider, debate, ponder, weigh. An individual _considers_, _meditates_, _ponders_, _reflects_, byhimself; he _weighs_ a matter in his own mind, and is sometimes saideven to _debate_ with himself. _Consult_ and _confer_ always imply twoor more persons, as does _debate_, unless expressly limited as above. _Confer_ suggests the interchange of counsel, advice, or information;_consult_ indicates almost exclusively the receiving of it. A man_confers_ with his associates about a new investment; he _consults_ hisphysician about his health; he may _confer_ with him on matters ofgeneral interest. He _consults_ a dictionary, but does not _confer_ withit. _Deliberate_, which can be applied to a single individual, is alsothe word for a great number, while _consult_ is ordinarily limited to afew; a committee _consults_; an assembly _deliberates_. _Deliberating_always carries the idea of slowness; _consulting_ is compatible withhaste; we can speak of a hasty consultation, not of a hastydeliberation. _Debate_ implies opposing views; _deliberate_, simply agathering and balancing of all facts and reasons. We _consider_ or_deliberate_ with a view to action, while _meditation_ may be quitepurposeless. Prepositions: We deliberate _on_ or _upon_, also _about_ or _concerning_ a matter: thefirst two are preferable. * * * * * DELICIOUS. Synonyms: dainty, delightful, exquisite, luscious, savory. That is _delicious_ which affords a gratification at once vivid anddelicate to the senses, especially to those of taste and smell; as, _delicious_ fruit; a _delicious_ odor; _luscious_ has a kindred but morefulsome meaning, inclining toward a cloying excess of sweetness orrichness. _Savory_ is applied chiefly to cooked food made palatable byspices and condiments. _Delightful_ may be applied to the highergratifications of sense, as _delightful_ music, but is chiefly used forthat which is mental and spiritual. _Delicious_ has a limited use inthis way; as, a _delicious_ bit of poetry; the word is sometimes usedironically for some pleasing absurdity; as, this is _delicious_! CompareDELIGHTFUL. Antonyms: acrid, loathsome, nauseous, repulsive, unpalatable, unsavory. Bitter, * * * * * DELIGHTFUL. Synonyms: acceptable, delicious, pleasant, refreshing, agreeable, grateful, pleasing, satisfying, congenial, gratifying, pleasurable, welcome. _Agreeable_ refers to whatever gives a mild degree of pleasure; as, an_agreeable_ perfume. _Acceptable_ indicates a thing to be worthy ofacceptance; as, an _acceptable_ offering. _Grateful_ is stronger than_agreeable_ or _gratifying_, indicating whatever awakens a feeling akinto gratitude. A _pleasant_ face and _pleasing_ manners arouse_pleasurable_ sensations, and make the possessor an _agreeable_companion; if possessed of intelligence, vivacity, and goodness, such aperson's society will be _delightful_. Criminals may find each other'scompany _congenial_, but scarcely _delightful_. _Satisfying_ denotesanything that is received with calm acquiescence, as substantial food, or established truth. That is _welcome_ which is received with joyfulheartiness; as, _welcome_ tidings. Compare BEAUTIFUL; CHARMING;DELICIOUS. Antonyms: depressing, hateful, miserable, painful, woful, disappointing, horrible, mournful, saddening, wretched. Distressing, melancholy, * * * * * DELUSION. Synonyms: error, fallacy, hallucination, illusion, phantasm. A _delusion_ is a mistaken conviction, an _illusion_ a mistakenperception or inference. An _illusion_ may be wholly of the senses; a_delusion_ always involves some mental error. In an optical _illusion_the observer sees either what does not exist, or what exists otherwisethan as he sees it, as when in a mirage distant springs and trees appearclose at hand. We speak of the _illusions_ of fancy or of hope, but ofthe _delusions_ of the insane. A _hallucination_ is a false image orbelief which has nothing, outside of the disordered mind, to suggest it;as, the _hallucinations_ of delirium tremens. Compare DECEPTION;INSANITY. Antonyms: actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. * * * * * DEMOLISH. Synonyms: destroy, overthrow, overturn, raze, ruin. A building, monument, or other structure is _demolished_ when reduced toa shapeless mass; it is _razed_ when leveled with the ground; it is_destroyed_ when its structural unity is gone, whether or not itscomponent parts remain. An edifice is _destroyed_ by fire or earthquake;it is _demolished_ by bombardment; it is _ruined_ when, by violence orneglect, it has become unfit for human habitation. Compare ABOLISH;BREAK. Antonyms: build, construct, create, make, repair, restore. * * * * * DEMONSTRATION. Synonyms: certainty, consequence, evidence, inference, conclusion, deduction, induction, proof. _Demonstration_, in the strict and proper sense, is the highest form of_proof_, and gives the most absolute _certainty_, but can not be appliedoutside of pure mathematics or other strictly deductive reasoning; therecan be _proof_ and _certainty_, however, in matters that do not admit of_demonstration_. A _conclusion_ is the absolute and necessary result ofthe admission of certain premises; an _inference_ is a probable_conclusion_ toward which known facts, statements, or admissions point, but which they do not absolutely establish; sound premises, togetherwith their necessary _conclusion_, constitute a _demonstration_. _Evidence_ is that which tends to show a thing to be true; in thewidest sense, as including self-_evidence_ or consciousness, it is thebasis of all knowledge. _Proof_ in the strict sense is complete, irresistible _evidence_; as, there was much _evidence_ against theaccused, but not amounting to _proof_ of guilt. Moral _certainty_ is aconviction resting on such _evidence_ as puts a matter beyond reasonabledoubt, while not so irresistible as _demonstration_. Compare HYPOTHESIS;INDUCTION. * * * * * DESIGN. Synonyms: aim, final cause, object, proposal, device, intent, plan, purpose, end, intention, project, scheme. _Design_ refers to the adaptation of means to an _end_, thecorrespondence and coordination of parts, or of separate acts, toproduce a result; _intent_ and _purpose_ overleap all particulars, andfasten on the _end_ itself. _Intention_ is simply the more familiar formof the legal and philosophical _intent_. _Plan_ relates to details ofform, structure, and action, in themselves; _design_ considers thesesame details all as a means to an _end_. The _plan_ of a campaign may befor a series of sharp attacks, with the _design_ of thus surprising andoverpowering the enemy. A man comes to a fixed _intention_ to kill hisenemy; he forms a _plan_ to entrap him into his power, with the _design_of then compassing his death; as the law can not read the heart, it canonly infer the _intent_ from the evidences of _design_. _Intent_ denotesa straining, stretching forth toward an _object_; _purpose_ simply theplacing it before oneself; hence, we speak of the _purpose_ rather thanthe _intent_ or _intention_ of God. We hold that the marks of _design_in nature prove it the work of a great Designer. _Intention_contemplates the possibility of failure; _purpose_ looks to assuredsuccess; _intent_ or _intention_ refers especially to the state of mindof the actor; _purpose_ to the result of the action. Compare AIM; CAUSE;IDEA; MODEL. Prepositions: The design _of_ defrauding; the design _of_ a building; a design _for_ astatue. * * * * * DESIRE. Synonyms: appetency, concupiscence, hankering, proclivity, appetite, coveting, inclination, propensity, aspiration, craving, longing, wish. _Inclination_ is the mildest of these terms; it is a quiet, or even avague or unconscious, tendency. Even when we speak of a strong ordecided _inclination_ we do not express the intensity of _desire_. _Desire_ has a wide range, from the highest objects to the lowest;_desire_ is for an object near at hand, or near in thought, and viewedas attainable; a _wish_ may be for what is remote or uncertain, or evenfor what is recognized as impossible. _Craving_ is stronger than_hankering_; _hankering_ may be the result of a fitful and capricious_appetite_; _craving_ may be the imperious and reasonable demand of thewhole nature. _Longing_ is a reaching out with deep and persistentdemand for that which is viewed as now distant but at some timeattainable; as, the captive's _longing_ for release. _Coveting_ordinarily denotes wrong _desire_ for that which is another's. CompareAPPETITE. Antonyms: See synonyms for ANTIPATHY. Prepositions: The desire _of_ fame; a desire _for_ excellence. * * * * * DESPAIR. Synonyms: desperation, despondency, discouragement, hopelessness. _Discouragement_ is the result of so much repulse or failure as wearsout courage. _Discouragements_ too frequent and long continued mayproduce a settled _hopelessness_. _Hopelessness_ is negative, and mayresult from simple apathy; _despondency_ and _despair_ are more emphaticand decided. _Despondency_ is an incapacity for the present exercise ofhope; _despair_ is the utter abandonment of hope. _Despondency_ relaxesenergy and effort and is always attended with sadness or distress;_despair_ may produce a stony calmness, or it may lead to _desperation_. _Desperation_ is energized _despair_, vigorous in action, reckless ofconsequences. Antonyms: anticipation, confidence, encouragement, expectation, hopefulness, assurance, courage, expectancy, hope, trust. Cheer, elation, * * * * * DEXTERITY. Synonyms: adroitness, aptitude, cleverness, expertness, readiness, skill. _Adroitness_ (F. _à_, to, and _droit_, right) and _dexterity_ (L. _dexter_, right, right-hand) might each be rendered "right-handedness;"but _adroitness_ carries more of the idea of eluding, parrying, orchecking some hostile movement, or taking advantage of another incontroversy; _dexterity_ conveys the idea of doing, accomplishingsomething readily and well, without reference to any action of others. We speak of _adroitness_ in fencing, boxing, or debate; of _dexterity_in horsemanship, in the use of tools, weapons, etc. _Aptitude_ (L. _aptus_, fit, fitted) is a natural _readiness_, which by practise may bedeveloped into _dexterity_. _Skill_ is more exact to line, rule, andmethod than _dexterity_. _Dexterity_ can not be communicated, and, oftentimes can not even be explained by its possessor; _skill_ to a verygreat extent can be imparted; "_skilled_ workmen" in various trades arenumbered by thousands. Compare ADDRESS; CLEVER; POWER; SKILFUL. Prepositions: Dexterity _of_ hand, _of_ movement, _of_ management; _with_ the pen;_in_ action, _in_ manipulating men; _at_ cards. * * * * * DICTION. Synonyms: expression, phrase, style, vocabulary, language, phraseology, verbiage, wording. An author's _diction_ is strictly his choice and use of words, with nospecial reference to thought; _expression_ regards the words simply asthe vehicle of the thought. _Phrase_ and _phraseology_ apply to words orcombinations of words which are somewhat technical; as, in legal_phraseology_; in military _phrase_. _Diction_ is general; _wording_ islimited; we speak of the _diction_ of an author or of a work, the_wording_ of a proposition, of a resolution, etc. _Verbiage_ never bearsthis sense (see CIRCUMLOCUTION. ) The _language_ of a writer or speakermay be the national speech he employs; as, the English or French_language_; or the word may denote his use of that _language_; as, theauthor's _language_ is well (or ill) chosen. _Style_ includes _diction_, _expression_, rhetorical figures such as metaphor and simile, the effectof an author's prevailing tone of thought, of his personal traits--inshort, all that makes up the clothing of thought in words; thus, wespeak of a figurative _style_, a frigid or an argumentative _style_, etc. , or of the _style_ of Macaulay, Prescott, or others. An author's_vocabulary_ is the range of words which he brings into his use. CompareLANGUAGE. * * * * * DIE. Synonyms: cease, decline, expire, perish, decease, depart, fade, wither. _Die_, to go out of life, become destitute of vital power and action, is figuratively applied to anything which has the appearance of life. Where the _dying_ night-lamp flickers. TENNYSON _Locksley Hall_ st. 40. An echo, a strain of music, a tempest, a topic, an issue, _dies_. _Expire_ (literally, to breathe out) is a softer word for _die_; it isused figuratively of things that _cease_ to exist by reaching a naturallimit; as, a lease _expires_; the time has _expired_. To _perish_(literally, in Latin, to go through, as in English we say, "the firegoes out") is oftenest used of death by privation or exposure; as, "I_perish_ with hunger, " _Luke_ xv, 17; sometimes, of death by violence. Knowledge and fame, art and empires, may be said to _perish_; the worddenotes utter destruction and decay. Antonyms: be born, come into being, flourish, rise again, begin, come to life, grow, rise from the dead, be immortal, exist, live, survive. Prepositions: To die _of_ fever; _by_ violence; rarely, _with_ the sword, famine, etc. (_Ezek. _ vii, 15); to die _for_ one's country; to die _at_ sea; _in_one's bed; _in_ agony; die _to_ the world. * * * * * DIFFERENCE. Synonyms: contrariety, discrimination, distinction, inequality, contrast, disparity, divergence, unlikeness, disagreement, dissimilarity, diversity, variation, discrepancy, dissimilitude, inconsistency, variety. _Difference_ is the state or quality of being unlike or the amount ofsuch unlikeness. A _difference_ is in the things compared; a_discrimination_ is in our judgment of them; a _distinction_ is in ourdefinition or description or mental image of them. Careful_discrimination_ of real _differences_ results in clear _distinctions_. _Disparity_ is stronger than _inequality_, implying that one thing fallsfar below another; as, the _disparity_ of our achievements when comparedwith our ideals. _Dissimilarity_ is between things sharply contrasted;there may be a _difference_ between those almost alike. There is a_discrepancy_ in accounts that fail to balance. _Variety_ involves morethan two objects; so, in general, does _diversity_; _variation_ is a_difference_ in the condition or action of the same object at differenttimes. _Disagreement_ is not merely the lack, but the opposite, ofagreement; it is a mild word for opposition and conflict; _difference_is sometimes used in the same sense. Antonyms: agreement, harmony, likeness, sameness, uniformity, consonance, identity, resemblance, similarity, unity. Prepositions: Difference _between_ the old and the new; differences _among_ men; adifference _in_ character; _of_ action; _of_ style; (less frequently) adifference (controversy) _with_ a person; a difference _of_ one thing_from_ (incorrectly _to_) another. * * * * * DIFFICULT. Synonyms: arduous, hard, onerous, toilsome, exhausting, laborious, severe, trying. _Arduous_ (L. _arduus_, steep) signifies primarily so steep and lofty asto be difficult of ascent, and hence applies to that which involvesgreat and sustained exertion and ordinarily for a lofty aim; greatlearning can only be won by _arduous_ toil. _Hard_ applies to anythingthat resists our endeavors as a scarcely penetrable mass resists ourphysical force. Anything is _hard_ that involves tax and strain whetherof the physical or mental powers. _Difficult_ is not used of that whichmerely taxes physical force; a dead lift is called _hard_ rather than_difficult_; breaking stone on the road would be called _hard_ ratherthan _difficult_ work; that is _difficult_ which involves skill, sagacity, or address, with or without a considerable expenditure ofphysical force; a geometrical problem may be _difficult_ to solve, atangled skein to unravel; a mountain _difficult_ to ascend. _Hard_ maybe active or passive; a thing may be _hard_ to do or _hard_ to bear. _Arduous_ is always active. That which is _laborious_ or _toilsome_simply requires the steady application of labor or toil tillaccomplished; _toilsome_ is the stronger word. That which is _onerous_(L. _onus_, a burden) is mentally burdensome or oppressive. Responsibility may be _onerous_ even when it involves no specialexertion. Antonyms: easy, facile, light, pleasant, slight, trifling, trivial. * * * * * DIRECTION. Synonyms: aim, bearing, course, inclination, tendency, way. The _direction_ of an object is the line of motion or of vision towardit, or the line in which the object is moving, considered from our ownactual or mental standpoint. _Way_, literally the road or path, comesnaturally to mean the _direction_ of the road or path; conversationally, _way_ is almost a perfect synonym of _direction_; as, which _way_ did hego? or, in which _direction_? _Bearing_ is the _direction_ in which anobject is seen with reference to another, and especially with referenceto the points of the compass. _Course_ is the _direction_ of a movingobject; _inclination_, that toward which a stationary object leans;_tendency_, the _direction_ toward which anything stretches or reachesout; _tendency_ is stronger and more active than _inclination_. CompareAIM; CARE; ORDER; OVERSIGHT. * * * * * DISCERN. Synonyms: behold, discriminate, observe, recognize, descry, distinguish, perceive, see. What we _discern_ we _see_ apart from all other objects; what we_discriminate_ we judge apart; what we _distinguish_ we mark apart, orrecognize by some special mark or manifest difference. We _discriminate_by real differences; we _distinguish_ by outward signs; an officer isreadily _distinguished_ from a common soldier by his uniform. Objectsmay be dimly _discerned_ at twilight, when yet we can not clearly_distinguish_ one from another. We _descry_ (originally _espy_) what isdifficult to discover. Compare DISCOVER; LOOK. * * * * * DISCOVER. Synonyms: ascertain, detect, disclose, ferret out, find out, descry, discern, expose, find, invent. Of human actions or character, _detect_ is used, almost withoutexception, in a bad sense; _discover_ may be used in either the good orthe bad sense, oftener in the good; he was _detected_ in a fraud; realmerit is sure to be _discovered_. In scientific language, _detect_ isused of delicate indications that appear in course of careful watching;as, a slight fluttering of the pulse could be _detected_. We _discover_what has existed but has not been known to us; we _invent_ combinationsor arrangements not before in use; Columbus _discovered_ America; Morse_invented_ the electric telegraph. _Find_ is the most general word forevery means of coming to know what was not before certainly known. A man_finds_ in the road some stranger's purse, or _finds_ his own which heis searching for. The expert _discovers_ or _detects_ an error in anaccount; the auditor _finds_ the account to be correct. Compare DISCERN. Antonyms: See synonyms for HIDE. * * * * * DISEASE. Synonyms: affection, disorder, indisposition, sickness, ailment, distemper, infirmity, unhealthiness, complaint, illness, malady, unsoundness. _Disease_ is the general term for any deviation from health; in a morelimited sense it denotes some definite morbid condition; _disorder_ and_affection_ are rather partial and limited; as, a nervous _affection_; a_disorder_ of the digestive system. _Sickness_ was generally used inEnglish speech and literature, till the close of the eighteenth centuryat least, for every form of physical _disorder_, as abundantly appearsin the English Bible: "Jesus went about . . . Healing all manner of_sickness_ and all manner of _disease_ among the people, " _Matt. _ iv, 23; "Elisha was fallen _sick_ of his _sickness_ whereof he died, " _2Kings_ xiii, 14. There is now, in England, a tendency to restrict thewords _sick_ and _sickness_ to nausea, or "_sickness_ at the stomach, "and to hold _ill_ and _illness_ as the only proper words to use in ageneral sense. This distinction has received but a very limitedacceptance in the United States, where _sick_ and _sickness_ have theearlier and wider usage. We speak of trifling _ailments_, a slight_indisposition_, a serious or a deadly _disease_; a slight or severe_illness_; a painful _sickness_. _Complaint_ is a popular term, whichmay be applied to any degree of ill health, slight or severe. _Infirmity_ denotes a chronic or lingering weakness or disability, asblindness or lameness. Antonyms: health, robustness, soundness, strength, sturdiness, vigor. * * * * * DISPARAGE. Synonyms: belittle, depreciate, discredit, underestimate, carp at, derogate from, dishonor, underrate, decry, detract from, lower, undervalue. To _decry_ is to cry down, in some noisy, public, or conspicuous manner. A witness or a statement is _discredited_; the currency is_depreciated_; a good name is _dishonored_ by unworthy conduct; we_underestimate_ in our own minds; we may _underrate_ or _undervalue_ instatement to others. These words are used, with few exceptions, ofthings such as qualities, merits, attainments, etc. To _disparage_ is to_belittle_ by damaging comparison or suggestion; it is used only ofthings. A man's achievements are _disparaged_, his motives_depreciated_, his professions _discredited_; he himself is calumniated, slandered, etc. Compare SLANDER. Antonyms: See synonyms for PRAISE. * * * * * DISPLACE. Synonyms: confuse, derange, disturb, mislay, remove, crowd out, disarrange, jumble, misplace, unsettle. Objects are _displaced_ when moved out of the place they have occupied;they are _misplaced_ when put into a place where they should not be. Onemay know where to find what he has _misplaced_; what he has _mislaid_ hecan not locate. Antonyms: adjust, assort, dispose, order, put in order, set in order, array, classify, group, place, put in place, sort. * * * * * DO. Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, discharge, perform, achieve, carry through, effect, perpetrate, actualize, commit, execute, realize, bring about, complete, finish, transact, bring to pass, consummate, fulfil, work out. _Do_ is the one comprehensive word which includes this whole class. Wemay say of the least item of daily work, "It is _done_, " and of thegrandest human achievement, "Well _done_!" _Finish_ and _complete_signify to bring to an end what was previously begun; there isfrequently the difference in usage that _finish_ is applied to the finedetails and is superficial, while _complete_ is comprehensive, beingapplied to the whole ideal, plan, and execution; as, to _finish_ astatue; to _complete_ a scheme of philosophy. To _discharge_ is to _do_what is given in charge, expected, or required; as, to _discharge_ theduties of the office. To _fulfil_ is to _do_ or to be what has beenpromised, expected, hoped, or desired; as, a son _fulfils_ a father'shopes. _Realize_, _effect_, _execute_, and _consummate_ all signify toembody in fact what was before in thought. One may _realize_ that whichhe has done nothing to _bring about_; he may _realize_ the dreams ofyouth by inheriting a fortune; but he can not _effect_ his early designsexcept by _doing_ the utmost that is necessary to make them fact. _Effect_ includes all that is _done_ to _accomplish_ the intent;_execute_ refers rather to the final steps; _consummate_ is limitedquite sharply to the concluding act. An officer _executes_ the law whenhe proceeds against its violators; a purchase is _consummated_ when themoney is paid and the property delivered. _Execute_ refers more commonlyto the commands of another, _effect_ and _consummate_ to one's owndesigns; as, the commander _effected_ the capture of the fort, becausehis officers and men promptly _executed_ his commands. _Achieve_--to_do_ something worthy of a chief--signifies always to _perform_ somegreat and generally some worthy exploit. _Perform_ and _accomplish_ bothimply working toward the end; but _perform_ always allows a possibilityof not attaining, while _accomplish_ carries the thought of fullcompletion. In Longfellow's lines, "Patience; _accomplish_ thy labor, "etc. , _perform_ could not be substituted without great loss. As between_complete_ and _accomplish_, _complete_ considers rather the thing as_done_; _accomplish_, the whole process of doing it. _Commit_, asapplied to actions, is used only of those that are bad, whether grave ortrivial; _perpetrate_ is used chiefly of aggravated crimes or, somewhathumorously, of blunders. A man may _commit_ a sin, a trespass, or amurder; _perpetrate_ an outrage or a felony. We _finish_ a garment or aletter, _complete_ an edifice or a life-work, _consummate_ a bargain ora crime, _discharge_ a duty, _effect_ a purpose, _execute_ a command, _fulfil_ a promise, _perform_ our daily tasks, _realize_ an ideal, _accomplish_ a design, _achieve_ a victory. Compare TRANSACT;TRANSACTION. Antonyms: baffle, defeat, fail, mar, miss, ruin, come short, destroy, frustrate, miscarry, neglect, spoil. * * * * * DOCILE. Synonyms: amenable, manageable, pliant, teachable, compliant, obedient, submissive, tractable, gentle, pliable, tame, yielding. One who is _docile_ is easily taught; one who is _tractable_ is easilyled; one who is _pliant_ is easily bent in any direction; _compliant_represents one as inclined or persuaded to agreement with another'swill. Compare DUTY. Antonyms: determined, inflexible, opinionated, self-willed, wilful, dogged, intractable, resolute, stubborn, unyielding. Firm, obstinate, * * * * * DOCTRINE. Synonyms: article of belief, belief, precept, teaching, article of faith, dogma, principle, tenet. _Doctrine_ primarily signifies that which is taught; _principle_, thefundamental basis on which the _teaching_ rests. A _doctrine_ isreasoned out, and may be defended by reasoning; a _dogma_ rests onauthority, as of direct revelation, the decision of the church, etc. A_doctrine_ or _dogma_ is a statement of some one item of _belief_; a_creed_ is a summary of _doctrines_ or _dogmas_. _Dogma_ has commonly, at the present day, an offensive signification, as of a _belief_arrogantly asserted. _Tenet_ is simply that which is held, and isapplied to a single item of _belief_; it is a neutral word, neitherapproving nor condemning; we speak of the _doctrines_ of our own church;of the _tenets_ of others. A _precept_ relates not to _belief_, but toconduct. Compare FAITH; LAW. * * * * * DOGMATIC. Synonyms: arrogant, doctrinal, magisterial, positive, authoritative, domineering, opinionated, self-opinionated, dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, systematic. _Dogmatic_ is technically applied in a good sense to that which isformally enunciated by adequate authority; _doctrinal_ to that which isstated in the form of doctrine to be taught or defended. _Dogmatic_theology, called also "dogmatics, " gives definite propositions, which itholds to be delivered by authority; _systematic_ theology considers thesame propositions in their logical connection and order as parts of asystem; a _doctrinal_ statement is less absolute in its claims than a_dogmatic_ treatise, and may be more partial than the term _systematic_would imply. Outside of theology, _dogmatic_ has generally an offensivesense; a _dogmatic_ statement is one for which the author does nottrouble himself to give a reason, either because of the strength of hisconvictions, or because of his contempt for those whom he addresses;thus _dogmatic_ is, in common use, allied with _arrogant_ and kindredwords. * * * * * DOUBT, _v. _ Synonyms: distrust, mistrust, surmise, suspect. To _doubt_ is to lack conviction. Incompleteness of evidence may compelone to _doubt_, or some perverse bias of mind may incline him to. _Distrust_ may express simply a lack of confidence; as, I _distrust_ myown judgment; or it may be nearly equivalent to _suspect_; as, I_distrusted_ that man from the start. _Mistrust_ and _suspect_ implythat one is almost assured of positive evil; one may _distrust_ himselfor others; he _suspects_ others. _Mistrust_ is now rarely, if ever, usedof persons, but only of motives, intentions, etc. _Distrust_ is alwaysserious; _mistrust_ is often used playfully. Compare SUPPOSE. Comparesynonyms for DOUBT, _n. _ Antonyms: believe, depend on, depend upon, rely on, rely upon, trust. Confide in, * * * * * DOUBT, _n. _ Synonyms: disbelief, incredulity, perplexity, suspense, distrust, indecision, question, suspicion, hesitancy, irresolution, scruple, unbelief, hesitation, misgiving, skepticism, uncertainty. _Doubt_ is a lack of conviction that may refer either to matters ofbelief or to matters of practise. As regards belief, while _doubt_ islack of conviction, _disbelief_ is conviction, to the contrary;_unbelief_ refers to a settled state of mind, generally accompanied withopposition of heart. _Perplexity_ is active and painful; _doubt_ may bequiescent. _Perplexity_ presses toward a solution; _doubt_ may becontent to linger unresolved. Any improbable statement awakens_incredulity_. In theological usage _unbelief_ and _skepticism_ have acondemnatory force, as implying wilful rejection of manifest truth. Asregards practical matters, _uncertainty_ applies to the unknown orundecided; _doubt_ implies some negative evidence. _Suspense_ regardsthe future, and is eager and anxious; _uncertainty_ may relate to anyperiod, and be quite indifferent. _Misgiving_ is ordinarily in regard tothe outcome of something already done or decided; _hesitation_, _indecision_, and _irresolution_ have reference to something thatremains to be decided or done, and are due oftener to infirmity of willthan to lack of knowledge. _Distrust_ and _suspicion_ apply especiallyto the motives, character, etc. , of others, and are more decidedlyadverse than _doubt_. _Scruple_ relates to matters of conscience andduty. Antonyms: assurance, certainty, conviction, determination, resolution, belief, confidence, decision, persuasion, resolve. * * * * * DRAW. Synonyms: allure, drag, haul, induce, lure, tow, attract, entice, incline, lead, pull, tug. One object _draws_ another when it moves it toward itself or in thedirection of its own motion by the exertion of adequate force, whetherslight or powerful. To _attract_ is to exert a force that tends to_draw_, tho it may produce no actual motion; all objects are _attracted_toward the earth, tho they may be sustained from falling. To _drag_ isto _draw_ against strong resistance; as, to _drag_ a sled over bareground, or a carriage up a steep hill. To _pull_ is to exert a _drawing_force, whether adequate or inadequate; as, the fish _pulls_ on theline; a dentist _pulls_ a tooth. To _tug_ is to _draw_, or try to_draw_, a resisting object with a continuous straining motion; as, to_tug_ at the oar. To _haul_ is to _draw_ somewhat slowly a heavy object;as, to _haul_ a seine; to _haul_ logs. One vessel _tows_ another. In thefigurative sense, _attract_ is more nearly akin to _incline_, _draw_ to_induce_. We are _attracted_ by one's appearance, _drawn_ to his side. Compare ALLURE; ARRAY; INFLUENCE. Antonyms: alienate, estrange, rebuff, reject, repel, repulse. See synonyms for DRIVE. Prepositions: To draw water _from_ or _out of_ the well; draw the boat _through_ thewater, _to_ the shore; draw air _into_ the lungs; draw _with_ cords oflove; the wagon is drawn _by_ horses, _along_ the road, _across_ thefield, _over_ the stones, _through_ the woods, _to_ the barn. * * * * * DREAM. Synonyms: day-dream, fantasy, reverie, trance, fancy, hallucination, romance, vision. A _dream_ is strictly a train of thoughts, fantasies, and images passingthrough the mind during sleep; a _vision_ may occur when one is awake, and in clear exercise of the senses and mental powers; _vision_ is oftenapplied to something seen by the mind through supernatural agency, whether in sleep or wakefulness, conceived as more real andauthoritative than a _dream_; a _trance_ is an abnormal state, which isdifferent from normal sleep or wakefulness. A _reverie_ is a purposelessdrifting of the mind when awake, under the influence of mental images; a_day-dream_ that which passes before the mind in such condition. A_fancy_ is some image presented to the mind, often in the fullestexercise of its powers. _Hallucination_ is the seeming perception ofnon-existent objects, as in insanity or delirium. In the figurativesense, we speak of _dreams_ of fortune, _visions_ of glory, with littledifference of meaning except that the _vision_ is thought of as fullerand more vivid. We speak of a _trance_ of delight when the emotionalmost sweeps one away from the normal exercise of the faculties. Antonyms: certainty, fact, reality, realization, substance, verity. * * * * * DRESS. Synonyms: apparel, clothes, garb, habit, uniform, array, clothing, garments, raiment, vestments, attire, costume, habiliments, robes, vesture. _Clothing_ denotes the entire covering of the body, taken as a whole;_clothes_ and _garments_ view it as composed of separate parts. _Clothes_, _clothing_, and _garments_ may be used of inner or outercovering; all the other words in the list (with possible rare exceptionsin the case of _raiment_) refer to the outer _garments_. _Array_, _raiment_, and _vesture_ are archaic or poetic; so, too, is _habit_, except in technical use to denote a lady's riding-_dress_. The word_vestments_ is now rare, except in ecclesiastical use. _Apparel_ and_attire_ are most frequently used of somewhat complete and elegant outer_clothing_, tho Shakespeare speaks of "poor and mean _attire_. " _Dress_may be used, specifically, for a woman's gown, and in that sense may beeither rich or shabby; but in the general sense it denotes outer_clothing_ which is meant to be elegant, complete, and appropriate tosome social or public occasion; as, full _dress_, court _dress_, evening_dress_, etc. _Dress_ has now largely displaced _apparel_ and _attire_. _Garb_ denotes the _clothing_ characteristic of some class, profession, or the like; as, the _garb_ of a priest. _Costume_ is chiefly used forthat which befits an assumed character; as, a theatrical _costume_; wesometimes speak of a national _costume_, etc. Antonyms: bareness, dishabille, exposure, nakedness, nudity, undress. Disarray, * * * * * DRIVE. Synonyms: compel, propel, repel, resist, thrust, impel, push, repulse, ride, urge on. To _drive_ is to move an object with some force or violence before oraway from oneself; it is the direct reverse of _draw_, _lead_, etc. Aman leads a horse by the halter, _drives_ him with whip and rein. Onemay be _driven_ to a thing or from it; hence, _drive_ is a synonymequally for _compel_ or for _repel_ or _repulse_. _Repulse_ is strongerand more conclusive than _repel_; one may be _repelled_ by the veryaspect of the person whose favor he seeks, but is not _repulsed_ exceptby the direct refusal or ignoring of his suit. A certain conventionalmodern usage, especially in England, requires us to say that we _drive_in a carriage, _ride_ upon a horse; tho in Scripture we read of _riding_in a chariot (_2 Kings_ ix, 16; _Jer. _ xvii, 25, etc. ); good examples ofthe same usage may be found abundantly in the older English. Thepropriety of a person's saying that he is going to _drive_ when he issimply to be conveyed in a carriage, where some one else, as thecoachman, does all the _driving_, is exceedingly questionable. Many goodauthorities prefer to use _ride_ in the older and broader sense assignifying to be supported and borne along by any means of conveyance. Compare BANISH; COMPEL; INFLUENCE. Antonyms: See synonyms for DRAW. Prepositions: Drive _to_ market; _to_ despair; drive _into_ exile; _from_ one'spresence; _out of_ the city; drive _by_, _with_, or _under_ the lash;drive _by_ or _past_ beautiful estates; _along_ the beach; _beside_ theriver; _through_ the park; _across_ the field; _around_ the square; _to_the door; _into_ the barn; _out of_ the sunshine. * * * * * DUPLICATE. Synonyms: copy, facsimile, likeness, reproduction, counterpart, imitation, replica, transcript. A _copy_ is as nearly like the original as the copyist has power to makeit; a _duplicate_ is exactly like the original; a carbon _copy_ of atypewritten document must be a _duplicate_; we may have an inaccurate_copy_, but never an inaccurate _duplicate_. A _facsimile_ is like theoriginal in appearance; a _duplicate_ is the same as the original insubstance and effect; a _facsimile_ of the Declaration of Independenceis not a _duplicate_. A _facsimile_ of a key might be quite useless; a_duplicate_ will open the lock. A _counterpart_ exactly corresponds toanother object, but perhaps without design, while a _copy_ isintentional. An _imitation_ is always thought of as inferior to theoriginal; as, an _imitation_ of Milton. A _replica_ is a _copy_ of awork of art by the maker of the original. In law, a _copy_ of aninstrument has in itself no authority; the signatures, as well as othermatters, may be copied; a _duplicate_ is really an original, containingthe same provisions and signed by the same persons, so that it may havein all respects the same force and effect; a _transcript_ is an official_copy_, authenticated by the signature of the proper officer, and by theseal of the appropriate court. While strictly there could be but one_duplicate_, the word is now extended to an indefinite number of exact_copies_. _Reproduction_ is chiefly applied to living organisms. Antonyms: archetype, model, original, pattern, prototype. * * * * * DUTY. Synonyms: accountability, function, office, right, business, obligation, responsibility, righteousness. Etymologically, _duty_ is that which is owed or due; _obligation_, thatto or by which one is bound; _right_, that which is correct, straight, or in the direct line of truth and goodness; _responsibility_, that forwhich one must answer. _Duty_ and _responsibility_ are thought of as tosome person or persons; _right_ is impersonal. One's _duty_ may be toothers or to himself; his _obligations_ and _responsibilities_ are toothers. _Duty_ arises from the nature of things; _obligation_ and_responsibility_ may be created by circumstances, as by one's ownpromise, or by the acceptance of a trust, etc. We speak of a parent's_duty_, a debtor's _obligation_; or of a child's _duty_ of obedience, and a parent's _responsibility_ for the child's welfare. _Right_ is thatwhich accords with the moral system of the universe. _Righteousness_ is_right_ incarnated in action. In a more limited sense, _right_ may beused of what one may rightly claim, and so be the converse of _duty_. Itis the creditor's _right_ to demand payment, and the debtor's _duty_ topay. Compare BUSINESS. * * * * * EAGER. Synonyms: animated, desirous, glowing, importunate, longing, anxious, earnest, hot, intense, vehement, ardent, enthusiastic, impatient, intent, yearning, burning, fervent, impetuous, keen, zealous. One is _eager_ who impatiently desires to accomplish some end; one is_earnest_ with a desire that is less impatient, but more deep, resolute, and constant; one is _anxious_ with a desire that foresees rather thepain of disappointment than the delight of attainment. One is _eager_for the gratification of any appetite or passion; he is _earnest_ inconviction, purpose, or character. _Eager_ usually refers to somespecific and immediate satisfaction, _earnest_ to something permanentand enduring; the patriotic soldier is _earnest_ in his devotion to hiscountry, _eager_ for a decisive battle. Antonyms: apathetic, cool, indifferent, regardless, unconcerned, calm, dispassionate, negligent, stolid, uninterested, careless, frigid, phlegmatic, stony, unmindful, cold, heedless, purposeless, stupid, unmoved. Prepositions: Eager _for_ (more rarely _after_) favor, honor, etc. ; eager _in_pursuit. * * * * * EASE. Synonyms: easiness, expertness, facility, knack, readiness. _Ease_ in the sense here considered denotes freedom from conscious orapparent effort, tax, or strain. _Ease_ may be either of condition or ofaction; _facility_ is always of action; _readiness_ is of action or ofexpected action. One lives at _ease_ who has no pressing cares; onestands at _ease_, moves or speaks with _ease_, when wholly withoutconstraint. _Facility_ is always active; _readiness_ may be active orpassive; the speaker has _facility_ of expression, _readiness_ of wit;any appliance is in _readiness_ for use. _Ease_ of action may implymerely the possession of ample power; _facility_ always implies practiseand skill; any one can press down the keys of a typewriter with _ease_;only the skilled operator works the machine with _facility_. _Readiness_in the active sense includes much of the meaning of _ease_ with theadded idea of promptness or alertness. _Easiness_ applies to the thingdone, rather than to the doer. _Expertness_ applies to the moremechanical processes of body and mind; we speak of the _readiness_ of anorator, but of the _expertness_ of a gymnast. Compare COMFORTABLE;DEXTERITY; POWER. Antonyms: annoyance, difficulty, irritation, trouble, vexation, awkwardness, discomfort, perplexity, uneasiness, worry. Constraint, disquiet, * * * * * EDUCATION. Synonyms: breeding, discipline, learning, study, cultivation, information, nurture, teaching, culture, instruction, reading, training, development, knowledge, schooling, tuition. _Education_ (L. _educere_, to lead or draw out) is the systematicdevelopment and cultivation of the mind and other natural powers. "_Education_ is the harmonious development of all our faculties. Itbegins in the nursery, and goes on at school, but does not end there. Itcontinues through life, whether we will or not. . . . 'Every person, ' saysGibbon, 'has two educations, one which he receives from others, and onemore important, which he gives himself. '" JOHN LUBBOCK _The Use of Life_ch. Vii, p. 111. [MACM. '94. ] _Instruction_, the impartation of_knowledge_ by others (L. _instruere_, to build in or into) is but apart of education, often the smallest part. _Teaching_ is the morefamiliar and less formal word for _instruction_. _Training_ refers notmerely to the impartation of _knowledge_, but to the exercising of onein actions with the design to form habits. _Discipline_ is systematicand rigorous _training_, with the idea of subjection to authority andperhaps of punishment. _Tuition_ is the technical term for _teaching_ asthe business of an instructor or as in the routine of a school;_tuition_ is narrower than _teaching_, not, like the latter word, including _training_. _Study_ is emphatically what one does for himself. We speak of the _teaching_, _training_, or _discipline_, but not of the_education_ or _tuition_ of a dog or a horse. _Breeding_ and _nurture_include _teaching_ and _training_, especially as directed by anddependent upon home life and personal association; _breeding_ havingreference largely to manners with such qualities as are deemeddistinctively characteristic of high birth; _nurture_ (literally_nourishing_) having more direct reference to moral qualities, notoverlooking the physical and mental. _Knowledge_ and _learning_ tellnothing of mental development apart from the capacity to acquire andremember, and nothing whatever of that moral development which isincluded in _education_ in its fullest and noblest sense; _learning_, too, may be acquired by one's unaided industry, but any full _education_must be the result in great part of _instruction_, _training_, andpersonal association. _Study_ is emphatically what one does for himself, and in which _instruction_ and _tuition_ can only point the way, encourage the student to advance, and remove obstacles; vigorous, persevering _study_ is one of the best elements of _training_. _Study_is also used in the sense of the thing studied, a subject to be masteredby _study_, a studious pursuit. Compare KNOWLEDGE; REFINEMENT; WISDOM. Antonyms: ignorance, illiteracy. Compare synonyms for IGNORANT. * * * * * EFFRONTERY. Synonyms: assurance, boldness, hardihood, insolence, audacity, brass, impudence, shamelessness. _Audacity_, in the sense here considered, is a reckless defiance of law, decency, public opinion, or personal rights, claims, or views, approaching the meaning of _impudence_ or _shamelessness_, but alwayscarrying the thought of the personal risk that one disregards in suchdefiance; the merely _impudent_ or _shameless_ person may take nothought of consequences; the _audacious_ person recognizes andrecklessly braves them. _Hardihood_ defies and disregards the rationaljudgment of men. _Effrontery_ (L. _effrons_, barefaced, shameless) addsto _audacity_ and _hardihood_ the special element of defiance ofconsiderations of propriety, duty, and respect for others, yet not tothe extent implied in _impudence_ or _shamelessness_. _Impudence_disregards what is due to superiors; _shamelessness_ defies decency. _Boldness_ is forward-stepping courage, spoken of with reference to thepresence and observation of others; _boldness_, in the good sense, iscourage viewed from the outside; but the word is frequently used in anunfavorable sense to indicate a lack of proper sensitiveness andmodesty. Compare ASSURANCE; BRAVE. Antonyms: bashfulness, diffidence, sensitiveness, shyness, coyness, modesty, shrinking, timidity. * * * * * EGOTISM. Synonyms: conceit, self-assertion, self-confidence, self-esteem, egoism, self-conceit, self-consciousness, vanity. _Egoism_ is giving the "I" undue supremacy in thought; _egotism_ isgiving the "I" undue prominence in speech. _Egotism_ is sometimes usedin the sense of _egoism_, or supreme regard for oneself. _Self-assertion_ is the claim by word, act, or manner of what onebelieves to be his due; _self-conceit_ is an overestimate of one's ownpowers or deserts. _Conceit_ is a briefer expression for _self-conceit_, with always an offensive implication; _self-conceit_ is ridiculous orpitiable; _conceit_ arouses resentment. There is a worthy_self-confidence_ which springs from consciousness of rectitude and ofpower equal to demands. _Self-assertion_ at times becomes a duty; but_self-conceit_ is always a weakness. _Self-consciousness_ is the keepingof one's thoughts upon oneself, with the constant anxious question ofwhat others will think. _Vanity_ is an overweening admiration of self, craving equal admiration from others; _self-consciousness_ is commonlypainful to its possessor, _vanity_ always a source of satisfaction, except as it fails to receive its supposed due. _Self-esteem_ is moresolid and better founded than _self-conceit_; but is ordinarily aweakness, and never has the worthy sense of _self-confidence_. CompareASSURANCE; PRIDE. Antonyms: bashfulness, humility, self-forgetfulness, unobtrusiveness, deference, modesty, shyness, unostentatiousness. Diffidence, self-distrust, * * * * * EMBLEM. Synonyms: attribute, figure, image, sign, symbol, token, type. _Emblem_ is the English form of _emblema_, a Latin word of Greek origin, signifying a figure beaten out on a metallic vessel by blows fromwithin; also, a figure inlaid in wood, stone, or other material as acopy of some natural object. The Greek word _symbolon_ denoted avictor's wreath, a check, or any object that might be compared with, orfound to correspond with another, whether there was or was not anythingin the objects compared to suggest the comparison. Thus an _emblem_resembles, a _symbol_ represents. An _emblem_ has some natural fitnessto suggest that for which it stands; a _symbol_ has been chosen oragreed upon to suggest something else, with or without natural fitness;a _sign_ does actually suggest the thing with or without reason, andwith or without intention or choice. A _symbol_ may be also an _emblem_;thus the elements of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper are bothappropriate _emblems_ and his own chosen _symbols_ of suffering anddeath. A statement of doctrine is often called a _symbol_ of faith; butit is not an _emblem_. On the other hand, the same thing may be both a_sign_ and a _symbol_; a letter of the alphabet is a _sign_ whichindicates a sound; but letters are often used as mathematical, chemical, or astronomical _symbols_. A _token_ is something given or done as apledge or expression of feeling or intent; while the _sign_ may beunintentional, the _token_ is voluntary; kind looks may be _signs_ ofregard; a gift is a _token_; a ring, which is a natural _emblem_ ofeternity, and also its accepted _symbol_, is frequently given as a_token_ of friendship or love. A _figure_ in the sense here consideredis something that represents an idea to the mind somewhat as a form isrepresented to the eye, as in drawing, painting, or sculpture; asrepresenting a future reality, a _figure_ may be practically the same asa _type_. An _image_ is a visible representation, especially insculpture, having or supposed to have a close resemblance to that whichit represents. A _type_ is in religion a representation of a greaterreality to come; we speak of one object as the _type_ of the class whosecharacteristics it exhibits, as in the case of animal or vegetable_types_. An _attribute_ in art is some accessory used to characterize a_figure_ or scene; the _attribute_ is often an _emblem_ or _symbol_;thus the eagle is the _attribute_ of St. John as an _emblem_ of loftyspiritual vision. Compare SIGN. * * * * * EMIGRATE. Synonyms: immigrate, migrate. To _migrate_ is to change one's dwelling-place, usually with the idea ofrepeated change, or of periodical return; it applies to wandering tribesof men, and to many birds and animals. _Emigrate_ and _immigrate_ carrythe idea of a permanent change of residence to some other country orsome distant region; the two words are used distinctively of humanbeings, and apply to the same person and the same act, according to theside from which the action is viewed. Prepositions: A person emigrates _from_ the land he leaves, and immigrates _to_ theland where he takes up his abode. * * * * * EMPLOY. Synonyms: call, engage, engross, hire, make use of, use, use up. In general terms it may be said that to _employ_ is to devote to one'spurpose, to _use_ is to render subservient to one's purpose; what is_used_ is viewed as more absolutely an instrument than what is_employed_; a merchant _employs_ a clerk; he _uses_ pen and paper; as arule, _use_ is not said of persons, except in a degrading sense; as, theconspirators _used_ him as a go-between. Hence the expression common insome religious circles "that God would _use_ me" is not to be commended;it has also the fault of representing the human worker as absolutely apassive and helpless instrument; the phrase is altogether unscriptural;the Scripture says, "We are laborers together with (co-workers with)God. " That which is _used_ is often consumed in the _using_, or infamiliar phrase _used up_; as, we _used_ twenty tons of coal lastwinter; in such cases we could not substitute _employ_. A person may be_employed_ in his own work or in that of another; in the latter case theservice is always understood to be for pay. In this connection _employ_is a word of more dignity than _hire_; a general is _employed_ in hiscountry's service; a mercenary adventurer is _hired_ to fight a tyrant'sbattles. It is unsuitable, according to present usage, to speak of_hiring_ a pastor; the Scripture, indeed, says of the preacher, "Thelaborer is worthy of his hire;" but this sense is archaic, and _hire_now implies that the one _hired_ works directly and primarily for thepay, as expressed in the noun "hireling;" a Pastor is properly said tobe _called_, or when the business side of the transaction is referredto, _engaged_, or possibly _employed_, at a certain salary. Prepositions: Employ _in_, _on_, _upon_, or _about_ a work, business, etc. ; _for_ apurpose; _at_ a stipulated salary. * * * * * END, _v. _ Synonyms: break off, close, conclude, expire, quit, terminate, cease, complete, desist, finish, stop, wind up. That _ends_, or is _ended_, of which there is no more, whether or notmore was intended or needed; that is _closed_, _completed_, _concluded_, or _finished_ which has come to an expected or appropriate end. A speechmay be _ended_ almost as soon as begun, because of the speaker'sillness, or of tumult in the audience; in such a case, the speech isneither _closed_, _completed_, nor _finished_, nor, in the strict sense, _concluded_. An argument may be _closed_ with nothing proved; when anargument is _concluded_ all that is deemed necessary to prove the pointhas been stated. To _finish_ is to do the last thing there is to do; as, "I have _finished_ my course, " _2 Tim. _ iv, 7. _Finish_ has come tomean, not merely to _complete_ in the essentials, but to perfect in allthe minute details, as in the expression "to add the _finishing_touches. " The enumeration is _completed_; the poem, the picture, thestatue is _finished_. To _terminate_ may be either to bring to anarbitrary or to an appropriate end; as, he _terminated_ his remarksabruptly; the spire _terminates_ in a cross. A thing _stops_ that comesto rest from motion; or the motion _stops_ or _ceases_ when the objectcomes to rest; _stop_ frequently signifies to bring or come to a suddenand decided cessation of motion, progress, or action of any kind. Compare DO; TRANSACT. Antonyms: See synonyms for BEGIN. * * * * * END, _n. _ Synonyms: accomplishment, effect, limit, achievement, expiration, outcome, bound, extent, period, boundary, extremity, point, cessation, finale, purpose, close, finis, result, completion, finish, termination, conclusion, fulfilment, terminus, consequence, goal, tip, consummation, intent, utmost, design, issue, uttermost. The _end_ is the terminal part of a material object that has length; the_extremity_ is distinctively the terminal _point_, and may thus be butpart of the _end_ in the general sense of that word; the _extremity_ isviewed as that which is most remote from some center, or some mean orstandard position; the southern _end_ of South America includes allPatagonia, the southern _extremity_ or _point_ is Cape Horn. _Tip_ hasnearly the same meaning as _extremity_, but is said of small or slightand tapering objects; as, the _tip_ of the finger; _point_ in suchconnections is said of that which is drawn out to exceeding fineness orsharpness, as the _point_ of a needle, a fork, or a sword; _extremity_is said of something considerable; we do not speak of the _extremity_ ofa needle. _Terminus_ is chiefly used to designate the _end_ of a line oftravel or transportation: specifically, the furthermost station in anydirection on a railway, or by extension the town or village where it issituated. _Termination_ is the Latin and more formal word for the Saxon_end_, but is chiefly used of time, words, undertakings, or abstractionsof any kind. _Expiration_ signifies the coming to an _end_ in thenatural course of things; as, the _expiration_ of a year, or of a lease;it is used of things of some consequence; we do not ordinarily speak ofthe _expiration_ of an hour or of a day. _Limit_ implies some check toor restraint upon further advance, right, or privilege; as, the _limits_of an estate (compare BOUNDARY). A _goal_ is an _end_ sought or strivenfor, as in a race. For the figurative senses of _end_ and its associatedwords, compare the synonyms for the verb END; also for AIM; CONSEQUENCE;DESIGN. Antonyms: See synonyms for BEGINNING. * * * * * ENDEAVOR, _v. _ Synonyms: attempt, essay, strive, try, undertake. To _attempt_ is to take action somewhat experimentally with the hope andpurpose of accomplishing a certain result; to _endeavor_ is to _attempt_strenuously and with firm and enduring purpose. To _attempt_ expresses asingle act; to _endeavor_, a continuous exertion; we say I will_endeavor_ (not I will _attempt_) while I live. To _attempt_ is with theview of accomplishing; to _essay_, with a view of testing our ownpowers. To _undertake_ is to accept or take upon oneself as anobligation, as some business, labor, or trust; the word often impliescomplete assurance of success; as, I will _undertake_ to produce thewitness. To _strive_ suggests little of the result, much of toil, strain, and contest, in seeking it; I will _strive_ to fulfil yourwishes, _i. E. _, I will spare no labor and exertion to do it. _Try_ isthe most comprehensive of these words. The original idea of testing orexperimenting is not thought of when a man says "I will _try_. " To_attempt_ suggests giving up, if the thing is not accomplished at astroke; to _try_ implies using other means and studying out other waysif not at first successful. _Endeavor_ is more mild and formal; thepilot in the burning pilot-house does not say "I will _endeavor_" or "Iwill _attempt_ to hold the ship to her course, " but "I'll _try_, sir!" Antonyms: abandon, give up, omit, throw away, dismiss, let go, overlook, throw over, drop, neglect, pass by, throw up. * * * * * ENDEAVOR, _n. _ Synonyms: attempt, effort, essay, exertion, struggle, trial. _Effort_ denotes the voluntary putting forth of power to attain oraccomplish some specific thing; it reaches toward a definite end;_exertion_ is a putting forth of power without special reference to anobject. Every _effort_ is an _exertion_, but not every _exertion_ is an_effort_. _Attempt_ is more experimental than _effort_, _endeavor_ lessstrenuous but more continuous. An _effort_ is a single act, an_endeavor_ a continued series of acts; an _endeavor_ is sustained andenduring, and may be lifelong; we do not have a society of Christian_Attempt_, or of Christian _Effort_, but of Christian _Endeavor_. A_struggle_ is a violent _effort_ or strenuous _exertion_. An _essay_ isan _attempt_, _effort_, or _endeavor_ made as a test of the powers ofthe one who makes it. Compare ENDEAVOR, _v. _ * * * * * ENDURE. Synonyms: abide, bear, brook, submit to, sustain, afford, bear up under, permit, suffer, tolerate, allow, bear with, put up with, support, undergo. _Bear_ is the most general of these words; it is metaphorically to holdup or keep up a burden of care, pain, grief, annoyance, or the like, without sinking, lamenting, or repining. _Allow_ and _permit_ involvelarge concession of the will; _put up with_ and _tolerate_ imply decidedaversion and reluctant withholding of opposition or interference;whispering is _allowed_ by the school-teacher who does not forbid norcensure it; one _puts up with_ the presence of a disagreeable visitor; astate _tolerates_ a religion which it would be glad to suppress. To_endure_ is to _bear with_ strain and resistance, but with consciouspower; _endure_ conveys a fuller suggestion of contest and conquest than_bear_. One may choose to _endure_ the pain of a surgical operationrather than take anesthetics; he _permits_ the thing to come which hemust brace himself to _endure_ when it comes. To _afford_ is to be equalto a pecuniary demand, _i. E. _, to be able to _bear_ it. To _brook_ isquietly to _put up with_ provocation or insult. _Abide_ combines thesenses of await and _endure_; as, I will _abide_ the result. CompareABIDE; SUPPORT. Antonyms: break, despair, fail, fall, give out, sink, surrender, break down, droop, faint, falter, give up, succumb, yield. * * * * * ENEMY. Synonyms: adversary, antagonist, competitor, foe, opponent, rival. An _enemy_ in private life is one who is moved by hostile feeling withactive disposition to injure; but in military language all who fight onthe opposite side are called _enemies_ or collectively "the _enemy_, "where no personal animosity may be implied; _foe_, which is rather apoetical and literary word, implies intensely hostile spirit andpurpose. An _antagonist_ is one who opposes and is opposed actively andwith intensity of effort; an _opponent_, one in whom the attitude ofresistance is the more prominent; a _competitor_, one who seeks the sameobject for which another is striving; _antagonists_ in wrestling, _competitors_ in business, _opponents_ in debate may contend with nopersonal ill will; _rivals_ in love, ambition, etc. , rarely avoidinimical feeling. _Adversary_ was formerly much used in the generalsense of _antagonist_ or _opponent_, but is now less common, and largelyrestricted to the hostile sense; an _adversary_ is ordinarily one whonot only opposes another in fact, but does so with hostile spirit, orperhaps out of pure malignity; as, the great _Adversary_. Comparesynonyms for AMBITION. Antonyms: abettor, accessory, accomplice, ally, friend, helper, supporter. Prepositions: He was the enemy _of_ my friend _in_ the contest. * * * * * ENMITY. Synonyms: acrimony, bitterness, ill will, malignity, animosity, hatred, malevolence, rancor, antagonism, hostility, malice, spite. _Enmity_ is the state of being an enemy or the feeling and dispositioncharacterizing an enemy (compare ENEMY). _Animosity_ denotes a feelingmore active and vehement, but often less enduring and determined, than_enmity_. _Enmity_ distinctly recognizes its object as an enemy, to bemet or dealt with accordingly. _Hostility_ is _enmity_ in action; theterm _hostilities_ between nations denotes actual armed collision. _Bitterness_ is a resentful feeling arising from a belief that one hasbeen wronged; _acrimony_ is a kindred feeling, but deeper and morepersistent, and may arise from the crossing of one's wishes or plans byanother, where no injustice or wrong is felt. _Antagonism_, as betweentwo competing authors or merchants, does not necessarily imply _enmity_, but ordinarily suggests a shade, at least, of hostile feeling. _Malice_is a disposition or intent to injure others, for the gratification ofsome evil passion; _malignity_ is intense and violent _enmity_, _hatred_, or _malice_. Compare synonyms for ACRIMONY; ANGER; HATRED. Antonyms: agreement, amity, friendship, kindliness, regard, alliance, concord, harmony, kindness, sympathy. * * * * * ENTERTAIN. Synonyms: amuse, cheer, disport, enliven, interest, please, beguile, delight, divert, gratify, occupy, recreate. To _entertain_, in the sense here considered, is to engage andpleasantly occupy the attention; to _amuse_ is to occupy the attentionin an especially bright and cheerful way, often with that which excitesmerriment or laughter; as, he _entertained_ us with an _amusing_ story. To _divert_ is to turn from serious thoughts or laborious pursuits tosomething that lightly and agreeably occupies the mind; one may be_entertained_ or _amused_ who has nothing serious or laborious fromwhich to be _diverted_. To _recreate_, literally to re-create, is toengage mind or body in some pleasing activity that restores strength andenergy for serious work. To _beguile_ is, as it were, to cheat intocheer and comfort by something that insensibly draws thought or feelingaway from pain or disquiet. We _beguile_ a weary hour, _cheer_ thedespondent, _divert_ the preoccupied, _enliven_ a dull evening orcompany, _gratify_ our friends' wishes, _entertain_, _interest_, _please_ a listening audience, _occupy_ idle time, _disport_ ourselveswhen merry, _recreate_ when worn with toil; we _amuse_ ourselves orothers with whatever pleasantly passes the time without specialexertion, each according to his taste. Antonyms: annoy, bore, busy, disquiet, distract, disturb, tire, weary. * * * * * ENTERTAINMENT. Synonyms: amusement, diversion, fun, pleasure, cheer, enjoyment, merriment, recreation, delight, frolic, pastime, sport. _Entertainment_ and _recreation_ imply thought and mental occupation, tho in an agreeable, refreshing way; they are therefore words of a highorder. _Entertainment_, apart from its special senses of a publicperformance or a social party, and predominantly even there, is used ofsomewhat mirthful mental delight; _recreation_ may, and usually does, combine the mental with the physical. _Amusement_ and _pastime_ arenearly equivalent, the latter probably the lighter word; many slightthings may be _pastimes_ which we should hardly dignify by the name of_amusements_. _Sports_ are almost wholly on the physical plane, thoinvolving a certain grade of mental action; fox-hunting, horse-racing, and baseball are _sports_. Certain _sports_ may afford _entertainment_or _recreation_ to certain persons, according to their individualtastes; but _entertainment_ and _recreation_ are capable of a meaning sohigh as never to be approached by any meaning of _sport_. _Cheer_ may bevery quiet, as the _cheer_ of a bright fire to an aged traveler;_merriment_ is with liveliness and laughter; _fun_ and _frolic_ are aptto be boisterous. _Amusement_ is a form of _enjoyment_, but _enjoyment_may be too keen to be called _amusement_. Compare synonyms forENTERTAIN. Antonyms: ennui, fatigue, labor, lassitude, toil, weariness, work. * * * * * ENTHUSIASM. Synonyms: ardor, excitement, frenzy, transport, devotion, extravagance, inspiration, vehemence, eagerness, fanaticism, intensity, warmth, earnestness, fervency, passion, zeal. Ecstasy, fervor, rapture, The old meaning of _enthusiasm_ implies a pseudo-_inspiration_, analmost frantic _extravagance_ in behalf of something supposed to be anexpression of the divine will. This sense remains as the controlling onein the kindred noun _enthusiast_. _Enthusiasm_ has now chiefly themeaning of an earnest and commendable _devotion_, an intense and eagerinterest. Against the hindrances of the world, nothing great and goodcan be carried without a certain _fervor_, _intensity_, and _vehemence_;these joined with faith, courage, and hopefulness make _enthusiasm_. _Zeal_ is burning _earnestness_, always tending to vigorous action withall the _devotion_ of _enthusiasm_, tho often without its hopefulness. Compare EAGER. Antonyms: calculation, caution, deadness, indifference, policy, timidity, calmness, coldness, dulness, lukewarmness, prudence, wariness. * * * * * ENTRANCE. Synonyms: access, approach, gate, introduction, accession, door, gateway, opening, adit, doorway, ingress, penetration, admission, entrée, inlet, portal. Admittance, entry, _Entrance_, the act of entering, refers merely to the fact of passingfrom without to within some enclosure; _admission_ and _admittance_refer to entering by or with some one's consent, or at least toopportunity afforded by some one's act or neglect. We may effect orforce an _entrance_, but not _admittance_ or _admission_; those we gain, procure, obtain, secure, win. _Admittance_ refers to place, _admission_refers also to position, privilege, favor, friendship, etc. An intrudermay gain _admittance_ to the hall of a society who would not be allowed_admission_ to its membership. _Approach_ is a movement toward another;_access_ is coming all the way to his presence, recognition, andconsideration. An unworthy favorite may prevent even those who gain_admittance_ to a king's audience from obtaining any real _access_ tothe king. _Entrance_ is also used figuratively for setting out upon somecareer, or becoming a member of some organization; as, we speak of one's_entrance_ upon college life, or of _entrance_ into the ministry. Antonyms: departure, ejection, exit, refusal, withdrawal. Egress, exclusion, expulsion, rejection, Prepositions: Entrance _into_ a place; _on_ or _upon_ a work or course of action;_into_ or _upon_ office; _into_ battle; _by_ or _through_ the door;_within_ the gates; _into_ or _among_ the company. * * * * * ENVIOUS. Synonyms: jealous, suspicious. One is _envious_ who cherishes selfish ill will toward another becauseof his superior success, endowments, possessions, or the like. A personis _envious_ of that which is another's, and to which he himself has noright or claim; he is _jealous_ of intrusion upon that which is his own, or to which he maintains a right or claim. An _envious_ spirit is alwaysbad; a _jealous_ spirit may be good or bad, according to its object andtendency. A free people must be _jealous_ of their liberties if theywould retain them. One is _suspicious_ of another from unfavorableindications or from a knowledge of wrong in his previous conduct, oreven without reason. Compare DOUBT. Antonyms: contented, friendly, kindly, satisfied, trustful, well-disposed. Prepositions: Envious _of_ (formerly _at_ or _against_) a person; envious _of_ hiswealth or power; envious _of_ him _for_, _because of_, _on account of_his wealth or power. * * * * * EQUIVOCAL. Synonyms: ambiguous, enigmatical, indistinct, questionable, doubtful, indefinite, obscure, suspicious, dubious, indeterminate, perplexing, uncertain. Enigmatic, _Equivocal_ (L. _equus_, equal, and _vox_, voice, word) denotes thatwhich may equally well be understood in either of two or more ways. _Ambiguous_ (L. _ambi_, around, and _ago_, drive, lead) signifieslacking in distinctness or certainty, obscure or doubtful throughindefiniteness of expression. _Ambiguous_ is applied only to spoken orwritten statements; _equivocal_ has other applications. A statement is_ambiguous_ when it leaves the mind of the reader or hearer to fluctuatebetween two meanings, which would fit the language equally well; it is_equivocal_ when it would naturally be understood in one way, but iscapable of a different interpretation; an _equivocal_ expression is, asa rule, intentionally deceptive, while an _ambiguous_ utterance may besimply the result of a want either of clear thought or of adequateexpression. That which is _enigmatical_ must be guessed like a riddle; astatement may be purposely made _enigmatical_ in order to provokethought and study. That is _doubtful_ which is fairly open to doubt;that is _dubious_ which has become the subject of doubts so grave asscarcely to fall short of condemnation; as, a _dubious_ reputation. _Questionable_ may be used nearly in the sense either of _dubious_ or of_doubtful_; a _questionable_ statement is one that must be proved beforeit can be accepted. To say that one's honesty is _questionable_ is amild way of saying that in the opinion of the speaker he is likely toprove dishonest. _Equivocal_ is sometimes, tho more rarely, used in thissense. A _suspicious_ character gives manifest reason to be suspected; a_suspicious_ temper is inclined to suspect the motives and intentions ofothers, with or without reason. Compare CLEAR. Antonyms: certain, evident, lucid, perspicuous, unequivocal, clear, indisputable, manifest, plain, unquestionable, distinct, indubitable, obvious, unambiguous, unquestioned. * * * * * ESTEEM, _v. _ Synonyms: appreciate, consider, estimate, prize, think, calculate, deem, hold, regard, value. _Esteem_ and _estimate_ alike imply to set a certain mental value upon, but _esteem_ is less precise and mercantile than _calculate_ or_estimate_. We _esteem_ a jewel precious; we _estimate_ it to be worthso much money. This sense of _esteem_ is now chiefly found in literaryor oratorical style, and in certain conventional phrases; as, I _esteem_it an honor, a favor. In popular usage _esteem_, as said of persons, denotes a union of respect and kindly feeling and, in the highest sense, of moral approbation; as, one whom I highly _esteem_; the word may beused in a similar sense of material things or abstractions; as, onewhose friendship I _esteem_; a shell greatly _esteemed_ for inlaid work. To _appreciate_ anything is to be deeply or keenly sensible of orsensitive to its qualities or influence, to see its full import, bealive to its value, importance, or worth; as, to _appreciate_ beauty orharmony; to _appreciate_ one's services in a cause; the word issimilarly, tho rarely, used of persons. To _prize_ is to set a highvalue on for something more than merely commercial reasons. One may_value_ some object, as a picture, beyond all price, as a familyheirloom, or may _prize_ it as the gift of an _esteemed_ friend, withoutat all _appreciating_ its artistic merit or commercial value. To_regard_ (F. _regarder_, look at, observe) is to have a certain mentalview favorable or unfavorable; as, I _regard_ him as a friend; or, I_regard_ him as a villain; _regard_ has a distinctively favorable senseas applied to institutions, proprieties, duties, etc. , but does notshare the use of the noun _regard_ as applied to persons; we _regard_the Sabbath; we _regard_ a person's feelings; we have a _regard_ for theperson. Compare ESTEEM, _n. _ * * * * * ESTEEM, _n. _ Synonyms: estimate, estimation, favor, regard, respect. _Esteem_ for a person is a favorable opinion on the basis of worth, especially of moral worth, joined with a feeling of interest in andattraction toward the person. _Regard_ for a person is the mental viewor feeling that springs from a sense of his value, excellence, orsuperiority, with a cordial and hearty friendliness. _Regard_ is morepersonal and less distant than _esteem_, and adds a special kindliness;_respect_ is a more distant word than _esteem_. _Respect_ may be whollyon one side, while _regard_ is more often mutual; _respect_ in thefullest sense is given to what is lofty, worthy, and honorable, or to aperson of such qualities; we may pay an external _respect_ to one oflofty station, regardless of personal qualities, showing _respect_ forthe office. _Estimate_ has more of calculation; as, my _estimate_ of theman, or of his abilities, is very high. _Estimation_ involves the ideaof calculation or appraisal with that of _esteem_ or _regard_, and isespecially used of the feeling entertained by numbers of people; as, hestood high in public _estimation_. Compare ESTEEM, _v. _; FRIENDSHIP;LOVE. Antonyms: abhorrence, aversion, dislike, loathing, antipathy, contempt, hatred, repugnance. * * * * * ETERNAL. Synonyms: deathless, fadeless, never-failing, undying, endless, immortal, perennial, unending, eonian, imperishable, perpetual, unfading, everlasting, interminable, timeless, unfailing, ever-living, never-ending, unceasing, without end. _Eternal_ strictly signifies without beginning or end, in which sense itapplies to God alone; _everlasting_ applies to that which may or may nothave beginning, but will never cease; _eternal_ is also used in thismore limited sense; _endless_, without end, in its utmost reach, is notdistinguishable from _everlasting_; but _endless_ is constantly used ininferior senses, especially in mechanics, as in the phrases an _endless_screw, an _endless_ chain. _Everlasting_ and _endless_ are both used ina limited sense of protracted, indefinite, but not infinite duration;as, the _everlasting_ hills; _endless_ debates; so we speak of_interminable_ quarrels. _Eternal_ holds quite strictly to the vast andsacred meaning in which it is applied to the Divine Being and the futurestate. _Everlasting_, _endless_, and _eternal_ may be applied to thatwhich has no life; as, _everlasting_ chains, _endless_ night, _eternal_death; _immortal_ applies to that which now has life, and is foreverexempt from death. _Timeless_ carries, perhaps, the fullest idea of_eternal_, as above and beyond time, and not to be measured by it. * * * * * EVENT. Synonyms: case, contingency, fortune, outcome, chance, end, incident, possibility, circumstance, episode, issue, result, consequence, fact, occurrence, sequel. Etymologically, the _incident_ is that which falls in, the _event_ thatwhich comes out; _event_ is thus greater and more signal than_incident_; we speak of trifling _incidents_, great _events_;_incidents_ of daily life, _events_ of history. _Circumstance_ agreeswith _incident_ in denoting a matter of relatively slight importance, but implies a more direct connection with the principal matter;"circumstantial evidence" is evidence from seemingly minor mattersdirectly connected with a case; "incidental evidence" would be someevidence that happened unexpectedly to touch it. An _occurrence_ is, etymologically, that which we run against, without thought of itsorigin, connection or tendency. An _episode_ is connected with the maincourse of _events_, like an _incident_ or _circumstance_, but is of moreindependent interest and importance. _Outcome_ is the Saxon, and _event_the Latin for expressing the same original idea. _Consequence_ or_result_ would express more of logical connection, and be morecomprehensive. The _end_ may be simple cessation; the _event_ is whathas been accomplished; the _event_ of a war is victory or defeat; the_end_ of the war is reached when a treaty of peace is signed. Since thefuture is contingent, _event_ comes to have the meaning of a_contingency_; as, in the _event_ of his death, the policy will at oncefall due. Compare CIRCUMSTANCE; CONSEQUENCE; END. * * * * * EVERY. Synonyms: all, any, both, each, either. _All_ and _both_ are collective; _any_, _each_, and _every_ aredistributive. _Any_ makes no selection and may not reach to the fulllimits of _all_; _each_ and _every_ make no exception or omission, andmust extend to _all_; _all_ sweeps in the units as part of a total, _each_ and _every_ proceed through the units to the total. A promisemade to _all_ omits none; a promise made to _any_ may not reach _all_; apromise made to _every_ one is so made that no individual shall fail tobe aware of it; a promise made to _each_ is made to the individualspersonally, one by one. _Each_ is thus more individual and specific than_every_; _every_ classifies, _each_ individualizes. _Each_ divides, _both_ unites; if a certain sum is given to _each_ of two persons, _both_ (together) must receive twice the amount; _both_ must be aware ofwhat has been separately communicated to _each_; a man may fire _both_barrels of a gun by a single movement; if he fires _each_ barrel, hedischarges them separately. _Either_ properly denotes one of two, indefinitely, to the exclusion of the other. The use of _either_ in thesense of _each_ or _both_, tho sustained by good authority, isobjectionable because ambiguous. His friends sat on _either_ side of theroom would naturally mean on one side or the other; if the meaning is on_both_ sides, it would be better to say so. * * * * * EVIDENT. Synonyms: apparent, glaring, overt, tangible, clear, indubitable, palpable, transparent, conspicuous, manifest, patent, unmistakable, discernible, obvious, perceptible, visible. Distinct, open, plain, That is _apparent_ which clearly appears to the senses or to the mind assoon as the attention is directed toward it; that is _evident_ of whichthe mind is made sure by some inference that supplements the facts ofperception; the marks of a struggle were _apparent_ in broken shrubberyand trampled ground, and the finding of a mutilated body and a rifledpurse made it _evident_ that robbery and murder had been committed. Thatis _manifest_ which we can lay the hand upon; _manifest_ is thusstronger than _evident_, as touch is more absolute than sight; that thepicture was a modern copy of an ancient work was _evident_, and oncomparison with the original its inferiority was _manifest_. That is_obvious_ which is directly in the way so that it can not be missed; as, the application of the remark was _obvious_. _Visible_ applies to allthat can be perceived by the sense of sight, whether the noonday sun, aship on the horizon, or a microscopic object. _Discernible_ applies tothat which is dimly or faintly _visible_, requiring strain and effort inorder to be seen; as, the ship was _discernible_ through the mist. Thatis _conspicuous_ which stands out so as necessarily or strikingly toattract the attention. _Palpable_ and _tangible_ express moreemphatically the thought of _manifest_. Antonyms: concealed, impalpable, latent, secret, unknown, covert, impenetrable, obscure, undiscovered, unseen, dark, imperceptible, occult, unimagined, unthought-of. Hidden, invisible, * * * * * EXAMPLE. Synonyms: archetype, ideal, prototype, type, ensample, model, sample, warning. Exemplar, pattern, specimen, exemplification, precedent, standard, From its original sense of _sample_ or _specimen_ (L. _exemplum_)_example_ derives the seemingly contradictory meanings, on the one handof a _pattern_ or _model_, and on the other hand of a _warning_--a_sample_ or _specimen_ of what is to be followed, or of what is to beshunned. An _example_, however, may be more than a _sample_ or_specimen_ of any class; it may be the very _archetype_ or _prototype_to which the whole class must conform, as when Christ is spoken of asbeing an _example_ or leaving an _example_ for his disciples. _Example_comes nearer to the possible freedom of the _model_ than to thenecessary exactness of the _pattern_; often we can not, in a given case, exactly imitate the best _example_, but only adapt its teachings toaltered circumstances. In its application to a person or thing, _exemplar_ can scarcely be distinguished from _example_; but _example_is most frequently used for an act, or course of action, for which_exemplar_ is not used; as, one sets a good (or a bad) _example_. An_exemplification_ is an illustrative working out in action of aprinciple or law, without any reference to its being copied or repeated;an _example_ guides, an _exemplification_ illustrates or explains. _Ensample_ is the same as _example_, but is practically obsolete outsideof Scriptural or theological language. Compare MODEL; SAMPLE. * * * * * EXCESS. Synonyms: dissipation, lavishness, redundance, surplus, exorbitance, overplus, redundancy, waste, extravagance, prodigality, superabundance, wastefulness. Intemperance, profusion, superfluity, _Excess_ is more than enough of anything, and, since this in very manycases indicates a lack either of judgment or of self-control, the wordis used frequently in an unfavorable sense. Careless expenditure in_excess_ of income is _extravagance_; we may have also _extravagance_ oflanguage, professions, etc. As _extravagance_ is _excess_ in outlay, _exorbitance_ is _excess_ in demands, and especially in pecuniarydemands upon others. _Overplus_ and _superabundance_ denote in the maina satisfactory, and _superfluity_ an undesirable, _excess_; _lavishness_and _profusion_, a generous, bountiful, or amiable _excess_; as, a_profusion_ of fair hair; _lavishness_ of hospitality. _Surplus_ isneutral, having none of the unfavorable meaning that often attaches to_excess_; a _surplus_ is that which remains over after all demands aremet. _Redundance_ or _redundancy_ refers chiefly to literary style, denoting an _excess_ of words or matter. _Excess_ in the moral sense isexpressed by _dissipation_, _prodigality_, _intemperance_, etc. Antonyms: dearth, destitution, frugality, lack, scantiness, defect, economy, inadequacy, need, shortcoming, deficiency, failure, insufficiency, poverty, want. * * * * * EXECUTE. Synonyms: administer, carry out, do, enforce, perform. To _execute_ is to follow through to the end, put into absolute andfinal effect in action; to _administer_ is to conduct as one holding atrust, as a minister and not an originator; the sheriff _executes_ awrit; the trustee _administers_ an estate, a charity, etc. ; to _enforce_is to put into effect by force, actual or potential. To _administer_ thelaws is the province of a court of justice; to _execute_ the laws is theprovince of a sheriff, marshal, constable, or other executive officer;to _administer_ the law is to declare or apply it; to _execute_ the lawis to put it in force; for this _enforce_ is the more general word, _execute_ the more specific. From signifying to superintend officiallysome application or infliction, _administer_ passes by a naturaltransition to signify _inflict_, _mete out_, _dispense_, and blows, medicine, etc. , are said to be _administered_: a usage thoroughlyestablished and reputable in spite of pedantic objections. _Enforce_signifies also to present and urge home by intellectual and moral force;as, to _enforce_ a precept or a duty. Compare DO; KILL; MAKE. * * * * * EXERCISE. Synonyms: act, application, exertion, performance, action, drill, occupation, practise, activity, employment, operation, use. _Exercise_, in the ordinary sense, is the easy natural action of anypower; _exertion_ is the putting of any power to strain and tax. An_exercise_-drive for a horse is so much as will develop strength andhealth and not appreciably weary. But by qualifying adjectives we maybring _exercise_ up to the full sense of _exertion_; as, violent_exercise_. _Exercise_ is action taken at any time with a view toemploying, maintaining, or increasing power, or merely for enjoyment;_practise_ is systematic _exercise_ with a view to the acquirement offacility and skill in some pursuit; a person takes a walk for_exercise_, or takes time for _practise_ on the piano. _Practise_ isalso used of putting into action and effect what one has learned orholds as a theory; as, the _practise_ of law or medicine; a professionof religion is good, but the _practise_ of it is better. _Drill_ issystematic, rigorous, and commonly enforced _practise_ under a teacheror commander. Compare HABIT. Antonyms: idleness, inaction, inactivity, relaxation, rest. * * * * * EXPENSE. Synonyms: cost, expenditure, outgo, outlay. The _cost_ of a thing is whatever one surrenders or gives up for it, intentionally or unintentionally, or even unconsciously; _expense_ iswhat is laid out by calculation or intention. We say, "he won his fameat the _cost_ of his life;" "I know it to my _cost_;" we speak of a jokeat another's _expense_; at another's _cost_ would seem to make it a moreserious matter. There is a tendency to use _cost_ of what we pay for apossession, _expense_ of what we pay for a service; we speak of the_cost_ of goods, the _expense_ of making up. _Outlay_ is used of somedefinite _expenditure_, as for the purchase of supplies; _outgo_ of asteady drain or of incidental _expenses_. See PRICE. Antonyms: gain, proceeds, profit, receipt, return, income, product, profits, receipts, returns. * * * * * EXPLICIT. Synonym: express. Both _explicit_ and _express_ are opposed to what is merely implicit orimplied. That which is _explicit_ is unfolded, so that it may not beobscure, doubtful, or ambiguous; that which is _express_ is uttered orstated so decidedly that it may not be forgotten nor overlooked. An_explicit_ statement is too clear to be misunderstood; an _express_command is too emphatic to be disregarded. Compare CLEAR. Antonyms: ambiguous, implicit, indefinite, uncertain, doubtful, implied, indeterminate, vague. * * * * * EXTEMPORANEOUS. Synonyms: extemporary, impromptu, offhand, extempore, improvised, unpremeditated. _Extemporaneous_, originally signifying _of_ or _from the time_ or_occasion_, has come to mean done or made with but little (if any)preparation, and is now chiefly applied to addresses of which thethought has been prepared, and only the language and incidentaltreatment left to the suggestion of the moment, so that an_extemporaneous_ speech is understood to be any one that is not read orrecited; _impromptu_ keeps its original sense, denoting something thatsprings from the instant; the _impromptu_ utterance is generally brief, direct, and vigorous; the _extemporaneous_ speech may chance to beprosy. _Offhand_ is still more emphatic as to the readiness and freedomof the utterance. _Unpremeditated_ is graver and more formal, denotingabsolute want of preparation, but is rather too heavy a word to beapplied to such apt, ready utterance as is generally designated by_impromptu_. Antonyms: elaborated, premeditated, prepared, read, recited, studied, written. * * * * * EXTERMINATE. Synonyms: annihilate, eradicate, overthrow, uproot, banish, expel, remove, wipe out. Destroy, extirpate, root out, _Exterminate_ (L. _ex_, out, and _terminus_, a boundary) signifiedprimarily to drive beyond the bounds or limits of a country; the word isapplied to races of men or animals, and is now almost exclusively usedfor removal by death; individuals are now said to be _banished_ or_expelled_. _Eradicate_ (L. _e_, out, and _radix_, root) is primarilyapplied to numbers or groups of plants which it is desired to removeeffectually from the soil; a single tree may be _uprooted_, but is notsaid to be _eradicated_; we labor to _eradicate_ or _root out_ noxiousweeds. To _extirpate_ (L. _ex_, out, and _stirps_, stem, stock) is notonly to _destroy_ the individuals of any race of plants or animals, butthe very stock, so that the race can never be restored; we speak of_eradicating_ a disease, of _extirpating_ a cancer, _exterminating_ wildbeasts or hostile tribes; we seek to _eradicate_ or _extirpate_ allvices and evils. Compare ABOLISH. Antonyms: augment, build up, develop, increase, populate, replenish, beget, cherish, foster, plant, propagate, settle. Breed, colonize, * * * * * FAINT. Synonyms: dim, fatigued, irresolute, weak, exhausted, feeble, languid, wearied, faded, half-hearted, listless, worn, faint-hearted, ill-defined, purposeless, worn down, faltering, indistinct, timid, worn out. _Faint_, with the general sense of lacking strength or effectiveness, covers a wide range of meaning, signifying overcome with physicalweakness or exhaustion, or lacking in purpose, courage, or energy, assaid of persons; or lacking definiteness or distinctness of color orsound, as said of written characters, voices, or musical notes. A personmay be _faint_ when physically _wearied_, or when overcome with fear; hemay be a _faint_ adherent because naturally _feeble_ or _purposeless_, or because _half-hearted_ in the cause; he may be a _faltering_supporter because naturally _irresolute_ or because _faint-hearted_ and_timid_ in view of perils that threaten, a _listless_ worker, throughwant of mental energy and purpose. Written characters may be _faint_ or_dim_, either because originally written with poor ink, or because theyhave become _faded_ by time and exposure. Antonyms: bright, clear, daring, fresh, resolute, sturdy, brilliant, conspicuous, energetic, hearty, strong, vigorous. Prepositions: Faint _with_ hunger; faint _in_ color. * * * * * FAITH. Synonyms: assent, confidence, credit, opinion, assurance, conviction, creed, reliance, belief, credence, doctrine, trust. _Belief_, as an intellectual process, is the acceptance of some thingas true on other grounds than personal observation and experience. Wegive _credence_ to a report, _assent_ to a proposition or to a proposal. _Belief_ is stronger than _credence_; _credence_ might be described as aprima facie _belief_; _credence_ is a more formal word than _belief_, and seems to imply somewhat more of volition; we speak of giving_credence_ to a report, but not of giving _belief_. Goods are sold on_credit_; we give one _credit_ for good intentions. _Conviction_ is a_belief_ established by argument or evidence; _assurance_ is _belief_beyond the reach of argument; as, the Christian's _assurance_ ofsalvation. An _opinion_ is a general conclusion held as probable, thowithout full certainty; a _persuasion_ is a more confident _opinion_, involving the heart as well as the intellect. In religion, a _doctrine_is a statement of _belief_ regarding a single point; a _creed_ is asummary statement of _doctrines_. _Confidence_ is a firm dependence upona statement as true, or upon a person as worthy. _Reliance_ is_confidence_ on which we act or are ready to act unquestioningly; wehave a calm _reliance_ upon the uniformity of nature. _Trust_ is apractical and tranquil resting of the mind upon the integrity, kindness, friendship, or promises of a person; we have _trust_ in God. _Faith_ isa union of _belief_ and _trust_. _Faith_ is chiefly personal; _belief_may be quite impersonal; we speak of _belief_ of a proposition, _faith_in a promise, because the promise emanates from a person. But _belief_in a person is often used with no appreciable difference from _faith_. In religion it is common to distinguish between intellectual _belief_ ofreligious truth, as any other truth might be believed, and _belief_ ofthe heart, or saving _faith_. Antonyms: denial, dissent, doubt, infidelity, rejection, suspicion, disbelief, distrust, incredulity, misgiving, skepticism, unbelief. Prepositions: Have faith _in_ God; the faith _of_ the gospel. * * * * * FAITHFUL. Synonyms: devoted, incorruptible, stanch, true, trusty, firm, loyal, sure, trustworthy, unwavering. A person is _faithful_ who will keep faith, whether with or withoutpower to aid or serve; a person or thing is _trusty_ that possesses suchqualities as to justify the fullest confidence and dependence. We mayspeak of a _faithful_ but feeble friend; we say a _trusty_ agent, a_trusty_ steed, a _trusty_ sword. Antonyms: capricious, false, unfaithful, untrustworthy, faithless, fickle, untrue, wavering. Prepositions: Faithful _in_ service; _to_ duty; _to_ comrade or commander; faithful_among_ the faithless. * * * * * FAME. Synonyms: celebrity, eminence, honor, notoriety, reputation, credit, glory, laurels, renown, repute. Distinction, _Fame_ is the widely disseminated report of a person's character, deeds, or abilities, and is oftenest used in the favorable sense. _Reputation_and _repute_ are more limited than _fame_, and may be either good orbad. _Notoriety_ is evil _repute_ or a dishonorable counterfeit of_fame_. _Eminence_ and _distinction_ may result from rank, station, orcharacter. _Celebrity_ is limited in range; we speak of local_celebrity_, or world-wide _fame_. _Fame_ in its best sense may bedefined as the applause of numbers; _renown_, as such applause worthilywon; we speak of the conqueror's _fame_, the patriot's _renown_. _Glory_and _honor_ are of good import; _honor_ may be given for qualities oracts that should not win it, but it is always given as something goodand worthy; we can speak of an evil _fame_, but not of evil _honor_;_glory_ has a more exalted and often a sacred sense. Antonyms: contempt, discredit, dishonor, humiliation, infamy, obscurity, contumely, disgrace, disrepute, ignominy, oblivion, shame. * * * * * FANATICISM. Synonyms: bigotry, credulity, intolerance, superstition. _Fanaticism_ is extravagant or even frenzied zeal; _bigotry_ isobstinate and unreasoning attachment to a cause or creed; _fanaticism_and _bigotry_ usually include _intolerance_, which is unwillingness totolerate beliefs or opinions contrary to one's own; _superstition_ isignorant and irrational religious belief. _Credulity_ is notdistinctively religious, but is a general readiness to believe withoutsufficient evidence, with a proneness to accept the marvellous. _Bigotry_ is narrow, _fanaticism_ is fierce, _superstition_ is ignorant, _credulity_ is weak, _intolerance_ is severe. _Bigotry_ has not thecapacity to reason fairly, _fanaticism_ has not the patience, _superstition_ has not the knowledge and mental discipline, _intolerance_ has not the disposition. _Bigotry_, _fanaticism_, and_superstition_ are perversions of the religious sentiment; _credulity_and _intolerance_ often accompany skepticism or atheism. Antonyms: cynicism, free-thinking, indifference, latitudinarianism. * * * * * FANCIFUL. Synonyms: chimerical, fantastic, grotesque, imaginative, visionary. That is _fanciful_ which is dictated or suggested by fancy independentlyof more serious considerations; the _fantastic_ is the _fanciful_ withthe added elements of whimsicalness and extravagance. The _fanciful_swings away from the real or the ordinary lightly and pleasantly, the_fantastic_ extravagantly, the _grotesque_ ridiculously. A _fanciful_arrangement of objects is commonly pleasing, a _fantastic_ arrangementis striking, a _grotesque_ arrangement is laughable. A _fanciful_ theoryor suggestion may be clearly recognized as such; a _visionary_ scheme iserroneously supposed to have a basis in fact. Compare synonyms forDREAM; IDEA; IMAGINATION. Antonyms: accurate, commonplace, prosaic, regular, sound, calculable, literal, real, sensible, sure, calculated, ordinary, reasonable, solid, true. * * * * * FANCY. Synonyms: belief, desire, imagination, predilection, caprice, humor, inclination, supposition, conceit, idea, liking, vagary, conception, image, mood, whim. An intellectual _fancy_ is a mental _image_ or picture founded uponslight or whimsical association or resemblance; a _conceit_ has less ofthe picturesque and more of the theoretic than a _fancy_; a _conceit_ issomewhat aside from the common laws of reasoning, as a _fancy_ islighter and more airy than the common mode of thought. A _conceit_ or_fancy_ may be wholly unfounded, while a _conception_ always has, or isbelieved to have, some answering reality. (Compare REASON. ) Anintellectual _fancy_ or _conceit_ may be pleasing or amusing, but isnever worth serious discussion; we speak of a mere _fancy_, a droll orodd _conceit_. An emotional or personal _fancy_ is a capricious _liking_formed with slight reason and no exercise of judgment, and liable tofade as lightly as it was formed. In a broader sense, the _fancy_signifies the faculty by which _fancies_ or mental images are formed, associated, or combined. Compare synonyms for DREAM; IDEA; IMAGINATION. Antonyms: actuality, certainty, fact, reality, truth, verity. Prepositions: To have a fancy _for_ or take a fancy _to_ a person or thing. * * * * * FAREWELL. Synonyms: adieu, good-by, parting salutation, valedictory. Congé, leave-taking, valediction, _Good-by_ is the homely and hearty, _farewell_ the formal English wordat parting. _Adieu_, from the French, is still more ceremonious than_farewell_; _congé_, also from the French, is commonly contemptuous orsupercilious, and equivalent to dismissal. _Valediction_ is a learnedword never in popular use. A _valedictory_ is a public farewell to acompany or assembly. Prepositions: I bade farewell _to_ my comrades, or (without preposition) I bade mycomrades farewell; I took a sad farewell _of_ my friends. * * * * * FEAR. Synonyms: affright, dismay, horror, timidity, apprehension, disquietude, misgiving, trembling, awe, dread, panic, tremor, consternation, fright, terror, trepidation. _Fear_ is the generic term denoting an emotion excited by threateningevil with a desire to avoid or escape it; _fear_ may be sudden orlingering, in view of present, of imminent, or of distant and onlypossible danger; in the latter sense _dread_ is oftener used. _Horror_(etymologically a shivering or shuddering) denotes a shuddering _fear_accompanied with abhorrence or such a shock to the feelings andsensibilities as may exist without _fear_, as when one suddenlyencounters some ghastly spectacle; we say of a desperate but fetteredcriminal, "I looked upon him with _horror_. " Where _horror_ includes_fear_, it is _fear_ mingled with abhorrence. (See ABHOR. ) _Affright_, _fright_, and _terror_ are always sudden, and in actual presence of thatwhich is terrible. _Fear_ may overwhelm, or may nerve one to desperatedefense; _fright_ and _terror_ render one incapable of defense; _fear_may be controlled by force of will; _fright_ and _terror_ overwhelm thewill; _terror_ paralyzes, _fright_ may cause one to fly, to scream, orto swoon. _Fright_ is largely a matter of the nerves; _fear_ of theintellect and the imagination; _terror_ of all the faculties, bodily andmental. _Panic_ is a sudden _fear_ or _fright_, affecting numbers atonce; vast armies or crowded audiences are liable to _panic_ upon slightoccasion. In a like sense we speak of a financial _panic_. _Dismay_ is ahelpless sinking of heart in view of some overwhelming peril or sorrow. _Dismay_ is more reflective, enduring, and despairing than _fright_; ahorse is subject to _fright_ or _terror_, but not to _dismay_. _Awe_ isa reverential _fear_. Compare ALARM. Antonyms: See synonyms for FORTITUDE. * * * * * FEMININE. Synonyms: effeminate, female, womanish, womanly. We apply _female_ to the sex, _feminine_ to the qualities, especiallythe finer physical or mental qualities that distinguish the _female_ sexin the human family, or to the objects appropriate for or especiallyemployed by them. A _female_ voice is the voice of a woman; a _feminine_voice may belong to a man. _Womanish_ denotes the undesirable, _womanly_the admirable or lovely qualities of woman. _Womanly_ tears wouldsuggest respect and sympathy, _womanish_ tears a touch of contempt. Theword _effeminate_ is always used reproachfully, and only of men aspossessing _womanly_ traits such as are inconsistent with truemanliness. Antonyms: See synonyms for MASCULINE. * * * * * FETTER. Synonyms: bondage, custody, gyves, irons, bonds, durance, handcuffs, manacles, chains, duress, imprisonment, shackles. _Bonds_ may be of cord, leather, or any other substance that can bind;_chains_ are of linked metal. _Manacles_ and _handcuffs_ are for thehands, _fetters_ are primarily chains or jointed iron fastenings for thefeet; _gyves_ may be for either. A _shackle_ is a metallic ring, clasp, or bracelet-like fastening for encircling and restraining a limb:commonly one of a pair, used either for hands or feet. _Bonds_, _fetters_, and _chains_ are used in a general way for almost any formof restraint. _Gyves_ is now wholly poetic, and the other words aremostly restricted to the literary style; _handcuffs_ is the specific and_irons_ the general term in popular usage; as, the prisoner was put in_irons_. _Bonds_, _chains_, and _shackles_ are frequently used in themetaphorical sense. * * * * * FEUD. Synonyms: affray, brawl, contest, dissension, hostility, animosity, broil, controversy, enmity, quarrel, bitterness, contention, dispute, fray, strife. A _feud_ is _enmity_ between families, clans, or parties, with acts of_hostility_ mutually retaliated and avenged; _feud_ is rarely used ofindividuals, never of nations. While all the other words of the groupmay refer to that which is transient, a _feud_ is long-enduring, andoften hereditary. _Dissension_ is used of a number of persons, of aparty or other organization. _Bitterness_ is in feeling only; _enmity_and _hostility_ involve will and purpose to oppose or injure. A_quarrel_ is in word or act, or both, and is commonly slight andtransient, as we speak of childish _quarrels_; _contention_ and _strife_may be in word or deed; _contest_ ordinarily involves some form ofaction. _Contest_ is often used in a good sense, _contention_ and_strife_ very rarely so. _Controversy_ is commonly in words; _strife_extends from verbal _controversy_ to the _contests_ of armies. _Affray_, _brawl_, and _broil_, like _quarrel_, are words of inferior dignity. An_affray_ or _broil_ may arise at a street corner; the _affray_ alwaysinvolves physical force; the _brawl_ or _broil_ may be confined toviolent language. * * * * * FICTION. Synonyms: allegory, fabrication, invention, myth, romance, apologue, falsehood, legend, novel, story. Fable, figment, _Fiction_ is now chiefly used of a prose work in narrative form in whichthe characters are partly or wholly imaginary, and which is designed toportray human life, with or without a practical lesson; a _romance_portrays what is picturesque or striking, as a mere _fiction_ may notdo; _novel_ is a general name for any continuous fictitious narrative, especially a love-story; _fiction_ and _novel_ are used with littledifference of meaning, except that _novel_ characterizes a work in whichthe emotional element is especially prominent. The moral of the _fable_is expressed formally; the lesson of the _fiction_, if any, isinwrought. A _fiction_ is studied; a _myth_ grows up without intent. A_legend_ may be true, but can not be historically verified; a _myth_ hasbeen received as true at some time, but is now known to be false. A_fabrication_ is designed to deceive; it is a less odious word than_falsehood_, but is really stronger, as a _falsehood_ may be a suddenunpremeditated statement, while a _fabrication_ is a series ofstatements carefully studied and fitted together in order to deceive;the _falsehood_ is all false; the _fabrication_ may mingle the true withthe false. A _figment_ is something imaginary which the one who uttersit may or may not believe to be true; we say, "That statement is a_figment_ of his imagination. " The _story_ may be either true or false, and covers the various senses of all the words in the group. _Apologue_, a word simply transferred from Greek into English, is the same as_fable_. Compare ALLEGORY. Antonyms: certainty, fact, history, literalness, reality, truth, verity. * * * * * FIERCE. Synonyms: ferocious, furious, raging, uncultivated, violent, fiery, impetuous, savage, untrained, wild. _Fierce_ signifies having a _furious_ and cruel nature, or being in a_furious_ and cruel mood, more commonly the latter. It applies to thatwhich is now intensely excited, or liable to intense and suddenexcitement. _Ferocious_ refers to a state or disposition; that which is_fierce_ flashes or blazes; that which is _ferocious_ steadily burns; wespeak of a _ferocious_ animal, a _fierce_ passion. A _fiery_ spirit witha good disposition is quickly excitable in a good cause, but may not be_fierce_ or _ferocious_. _Savage_ signifies _untrained_, _uncultivated_. _Ferocious_ always denotes a tendency to violence; it is more distinctlybloodthirsty than the other words; a person may be deeply, intenselycruel, and not at all _ferocious_; a _ferocious_ countenance expresseshabitual ferocity; a _fierce_ countenance may express habitualfierceness, or only the sudden anger of the moment. That which is _wild_is simply unrestrained; the word may imply no anger or harshness; as, _wild_ delight, _wild_ alarm. Antonyms: affectionate, gentle, kind, patient, submissive, tame, docile, harmless, mild, peaceful, sweet, tender. * * * * * FINANCIAL. Synonyms: fiscal, monetary, pecuniary. These words all relate to money, receipts, or expenditures. _Monetary_relates to actual money, coin, currency; as, the _monetary_ system; a_monetary_ transaction is one in which money is transferred. _Pecuniary_refers to that in which money is involved, but less directly; we speakof one's _pecuniary_ affairs or interests, with no special reference tothe handling of cash. _Financial_ applies especially to governmentalrevenues or expenditures, or to private transactions of considerablemoment; we speak of a _pecuniary_ reward, a _financial_ enterprise; wegive a needy person _pecuniary_ (not _financial_) assistance. It iscommon to speak of the _fiscal_ rather than the _financial_ year. * * * * * FINE. Synonyms: beautiful, excellent, polished, small, clarified, exquisite, pure, smooth, clear, gauzy, refined, splendid, comminuted, handsome, sensitive, subtile, dainty, keen, sharp, subtle, delicate, minute, slender, tenuous, elegant, nice, slight, thin. _Fine_ (L. _finis_, end) denotes that which has been brought to a fullend, finished. From this root-sense many derived meanings branch out, causing words quite remote from each other to be alike synonyms of_fine_. That which is truly finished, brought to an ideal end, is_excellent_ of its kind, and _beautiful_, if a thing that admits ofbeauty; as, a _fine_ house, _fine_ trees, a _fine_ woman, a _fine_morning; if a thing that admits of the removal of impurities, it is notfinished till these are removed, and hence _fine_ signifies _clarified_, _clear_, _pure_, _refined_; as, _fine_ gold. That which is finished isapt to be _polished_, smooth to the touch, minutely exact in outline;hence _fine_ comes to be a synonym for all words like _dainty_, _delicate_, _exquisite_; as, _fine_ manners, a _fine_ touch, _fine_perceptions. As that which is _delicate_ is apt to be small, by an easyextension of meaning _fine_ becomes a synonym for _slender_, _slight_, _minute_, _comminuted_; as, a _fine_ thread, _fine_ sand; or for_filmy_, _tenuous_, _thin_; as, a _fine_ lace, _fine_ wire; and as a_thin_ edge is _keen_, _sharp_, _fine_ becomes also a synonym for thesewords; as, a _fine_ point, a _fine_ edge. Compare BEAUTIFUL; MINUTE. Antonyms: big, clumsy, great, huge, large, stout, blunt, coarse, heavy, immense, rude, thick. * * * * * FIRE. Synonyms: blaze, burning, combustion, conflagration, flame. _Combustion_ is the essential fact which is at the basis of thatassemblage of visible phenomenon which we call _fire_; _combustion_being the continuous chemical combination of a substance with someelement, as oxygen, evolving heat, and extending from slow processes, such as those by which the heat of the human body is maintained, to theprocesses producing the most intense light also, as in a blast-furnace, or on the surface of the sun. _Fire_ is always attended with light, aswell as heat; _blaze_, _flame_, etc. , designate the mingled light andheat of a _fire_. _Combustion_ is the scientific, _fire_ the popularterm. A _conflagration_ is an extensive _fire_. Compare LIGHT. * * * * * FLOCK. Synonyms: bevy, covey, group, herd, lot, set, brood, drove, hatch, litter, pack, swarm. _Group_ is the general word for any gathering of a small number ofobjects, whether of persons, animals, or inanimate things. Theindividuals in a _brood_ or _litter_ are related to each other; those inthe other _groups_ may not be. _Brood_ is used chiefly of fowls andbirds, _litter_ of certain quadrupeds which bring forth many young at abirth; we speak of a _brood_ of chickens, a _litter_ of puppies; _brood_is sometimes applied to a family of young children. _Bevy_ is used ofbirds, and figuratively of any bright and lively _group_ of women orchildren, but rarely of men. _Flock_ is applied to birds and to some ofthe smaller animals; _herd_ is confined to the larger animals; we speakof a _bevy_ of quail, a _covey_ of partridges, a _flock_ of blackbirds, or a _flock_ of sheep, a _herd_ of cattle, horses, buffaloes, orelephants, a _pack_ of wolves, a _pack_ of hounds, a _swarm_ of bees. Acollection of animals driven or gathered for driving is called a_drove_. * * * * * FLUCTUATE. Synonyms: hesitate, swerve, vacillate, veer, oscillate, undulate, vary, waver. To _fluctuate_ (L. _fluctus_, a wave) is to move like a wave withalternate rise and fall. A pendulum _oscillates_; waves _fluctuate_ or_undulate_; a light or a flame _wavers_; a frightened steed _swerves_from his course; a tool or weapon _swerves_ from the mark or line; thetemperature _varies_; the wind _veers_ when it suddenly changes itsdirection. That which _veers_ may steadily hold the new direction; thatwhich _oscillates_, _fluctuates_, _undulates_, or _wavers_ returns uponits way. As regards mental states, he who _hesitates_ sticks (L. _hærere_) on the verge of decision; he who _wavers_ does not stick to adecision; he who _vacillates_ decides now one way, and now another; one_vacillates_ between contrasted decisions or actions; he may _waver_between decision and indecision, or between action and inaction. Persons_hesitate_, _vacillate_, _waver_; feelings _fluctuate_ or _vary_. Compare SHAKE. Antonyms: abide, adhere, hold fast, persist, stand fast, stay, stick. * * * * * FLUID. Synonyms: gas, liquid. A _fluid_ is a substance that, like air or water, yields to any forcethat tends to change its form; a _liquid_ is a body in that state inwhich the particles move freely among themselves, but remain in onemass, keeping the same volume, but taking always the form of thecontaining vessel; a _liquid_ is an inelastic _fluid_; a _gas_ is anelastic _fluid_ that tends to expand to the utmost limits of thecontaining space. All _liquids_ are _fluids_, but not all _fluids_ are_liquids_; air and all the _gases_ are _fluids_, but they are not_liquids_ under ordinary circumstances, tho capable of being reduced toa _liquid_ form by special means, as by cold and pressure. Water at theordinary temperature is at once a _fluid_ and a _liquid_. * * * * * FOLLOW. Synonyms: accompany, come after, go after, obey, pursue, attend, copy, heed, observe, result, chase, ensue, imitate, practise, succeed. Anything that _comes after_ or _goes after_ another, either in space orin time, is said to _follow_ it. A servant _follows_ or _attends_ hismaster; a victorious general may _follow_ the retiring enemy merely towatch and hold him in check; he _chases_ or _pursues_ with intent toovertake and attack; the chase is closer and hotter than the pursuit. (Compare synonyms for HUNT. ) One event may _follow_ another either withor without special connection; if it _ensues_, there is some orderlyconnection; as, the _ensuing_ year; if it _results_ from another, thereis some relation of effect, consequence, or inference. A clerk_observes_ his employer's directions. A child _obeys_ his parent'scommands, _follows_ or _copies_ his example, _imitates_ his speech andmanners. The compositor _follows_ copy; the incoming _succeeds_ theoutgoing official. * * * * * FOOD. Synonyms: aliment, feed, nourishment, pabulum, sustenance, diet, fodder, nutriment, provender, viands, fare, forage, nutrition, regimen, victuals. _Food_ is, in the popular sense, whatever one eats in contradistinctionto what one drinks. Thus, we speak of _food_ and drink, of wholesome, unwholesome, or indigestible _food_; but in a more scientific sensewhatever, when taken into the digestive organs, serves to build upstructure or supply waste may be termed _food_; the word is extended toplants to signify whatever taken in any way into the organism servessimilar purposes; thus, we speak of liquid _food_, plant _food_, etc. ;in this wider sense _food_ is closely synonymous with _nutriment_, _nourishment_, and _sustenance_. _Diet_ refers to the quantity andquality of _food_ habitually taken, with reference to preservation ofhealth. _Victuals_ is a plain, homely word for whatever may be eaten; wespeak of choice _viands_, cold _victuals_. _Nourishment_ and_sustenance_ apply to whatever can be introduced into the system as ameans of sustaining life; we say of a convalescent, he is taking_nourishment_. _Nutriment_ and _nutrition_ have more of scientificreference to the vitalizing principles of various _foods_; thus, wheatis said to contain a great amount of _nutriment_. _Regimen_ considers_food_ as taken by strict rule, but applies more widely to the wholeordering of life. _Fare_ is a general word for all table supplies, goodor bad; as, sumptuous _fare_; wretched _fare_. _Feed_, _fodder_, and_provender_ are used only of the food of the lower animals, _feed_denoting anything consumed, but more commonly grain, _fodder_ denotinghay, cornstalks, or the like, sometimes called "long _feed_;"_provender_ is dry _feed_, whether grain or hay, straw, etc. _Forage_denotes any kind of _food_ suitable for horses and cattle, primarily asobtained by a military force in scouring the country, especially anenemy's country. * * * * * FORMIDABLE. Synonyms: dangerous, redoubted, terrible, tremendous. That which is _formidable_ is worthy of fear if encountered or opposed;as, a _formidable_ array of troops, or of evidence. _Formidable_ is aword of more dignity than _dangerous_, and suggests more calm andcollected power than _terrible_; _formidable_ is less overwhelming than_tremendous_. A loaded gun is _dangerous_; a park of artillery is_formidable_; a charge of cavalry is _terrible_; the full shock of greatarmies is _tremendous_. A _dangerous_ man is likely to do mischief, andneeds watching; a _formidable_ man may not be _dangerous_ if notattacked; an enraged maniac is _terrible_; the force of ocean waves in astorm, and the silent pressure in the ocean depths, are _tremendous_. Antonyms: contemptible, feeble, harmless, helpless, powerless, weak. Despicable, Prepositions: Formidable _by_ or _in_ numbers; _in_ strength; formidable _to_ theenemy. * * * * * FORTIFICATION. Synonyms: castle, citadel, fastness, fort, fortress, stronghold. _Fortification_ is the general word for any artificial defensive work; a_fortress_ is a _fortification_ of especial size and strength; a_fortress_ is regarded as permanent, and is ordinarily an independentwork; a _fort_ or _fortification_ may be temporary; a _fortification_may be but part of a defensive system; we speak of the _fortifications_of a city. A _citadel_ is a _fortification_ within a city, or thefortified inner part of a city or _fortress_, within which a garrisonmay be placed to overawe the citizens, or to which the defenders mayretire if the outer works are captured; the medieval _castle_ was thefortified residence of a king or baron. _Fort_ is the common militaryterm for a detached fortified building or enclosure of moderate sizeoccupied or designed to be occupied by troops. The _fortifications_ of amodern city usually consist of a chain of _forts_. Any defensible place, whether made so by nature or by art, is a _fastness_ or _stronghold_. * * * * * FORTITUDE. Synonyms: courage, endurance, heroism, resolution. _Fortitude_ (L. _fortis_, strong) is the strength or firmness of mindor soul to endure pain or adversity patiently and determinedly. _Fortitude_ has been defined as "passive _courage_, " which is a gooddefinition, but not complete. _Fortitude_ might be termed "still_courage_, " or "enduring _courage_;" it is that quality which is ablenot merely to endure pain or trial, but steadily to confront dangersthat can not be actively opposed, or against which one has no adequatedefense; it takes _courage_ to charge a battery, _fortitude_ to standstill under an enemy's fire. _Resolution_ is of the mind; _endurance_ ispartly physical; it requires _resolution_ to resist temptation, _endurance_ to resist hunger and cold. Compare BRAVE; PATIENCE. * * * * * FORTUNATE. Synonyms: favored, lucky, prospered, prosperous, successful. Happy, A man is _successful_ in any case if he achieves or gains what he seeks;he is known as a _successful_ man if he has achieved or gained worthyobjects of endeavor; he is _fortunate_ or _lucky_ if advantages havecome to him without or beyond his direct planning or achieving. _Lucky_is the more common and colloquial, _fortunate_ the more elegant word;_fortunate_ is more naturally applied to the graver matters, as we speakof the _fortunate_, rather than the _lucky_, issue of a great battle;_lucky_ more strongly emphasizes the element of chance, as when we speakof a _lucky_ hit, a _lucky_ guess, or of one as "born under a _lucky_star. " _Favored_ is used in a religious sense, implying that one is theobject of divine favor. _Happy_, in this connection, signifies possessedof the means of happiness. One is said to be _happy_ or _prosperous_whether his prosperity be the result of fortune or of achievement;_prospered_ rather denotes the action of a superintending Providence. Antonyms: broken, fallen, miserable, unhappy, woful, crushed, ill-starred, unfortunate, unlucky, wretched. * * * * * FRAUD. Synonyms: artifice, deceit, duplicity, swindle, treason, cheat, deception, imposition, swindling, trick. Cheating, dishonesty, imposture, treachery, A _fraud_ is an act of deliberate _deception_ with the design ofsecuring something by taking unfair advantage of another. A _deceit_ or_deception_ may be designed merely to gain some end of one's own, withno intent of harming another; an _imposition_, to take some smalladvantage of another, or simply to make another ridiculous. An_imposture_ is designed to obtain money, credit, or position to whichone is not entitled, and may be practised by a street beggar or by thepretender to a throne. All action that is not honest is _dishonesty_, but the term _dishonesty_ is generally applied in business, politics, etc. , to deceitful practises which are not directly criminal. _Fraud_includes _deceit_, but _deceit_ may not reach the gravity of _fraud_; a_cheat_ is of the nature of _fraud_, but of a petty sort; a _swindle_ ismore serious than a _cheat_, involving larger values and more flagrant_dishonesty_. _Fraud_ is commonly actionable at law; _cheating_ and_swindling_ are for the most part out of the reach of legal proceedings. _Treachery_ is chiefly used of _dishonesty_ in matters of friendship, social relations, government, or war; _treachery_ may be more harmfulthan _fraud_, but is not so gross, and is not ordinarily open to legalredress. _Treason_ is a specific form of _treachery_ of a subject to thegovernment to which he owes allegiance, and is definable and punishableat law. Compare ARTIFICE; DECEPTION. Antonyms: fairness, good faith, honesty, integrity, truth, uprightness. * * * * * FRIENDLY. Synonyms: accessible, companionable, genial, neighborly, affable, complaisant, hearty, sociable, affectionate, cordial, kind, social, amicable, favorable, kindly, tender, brotherly, fond, loving, well-disposed. _Friendly_, as said of persons, signifies having the disposition of afriend; as said of acts, it signifies befitting or worthy of a friend. The adjective _friendly_ does not reach the full significance of thenouns "friend" and "friendship;" one may be _friendly_ to those who arenot his friends, and to be in _friendly_ relations often signifieslittle more than not to be hostile. In its application to persons, _accessible_ is used of public and eminent persons, who might, ifdisposed, hold themselves at a distance from others. _Companionable_ and_sociable_ refer to manner and behavior, _cordial_ and _genial_ expressgenuine kindliness of heart. We speak of a _cordial_ greeting, a_favorable_ reception, a _neighborly_ call, a _sociable_ visitor, an_amicable_ settlement, a _kind_ interest, a _friendly_ regard, a_hearty_ welcome. The Saxon _friendly_ is stronger than the Latin_amicable_; the _amicable_ may be merely formal; the _friendly_ is fromthe heart. _Fond_ is commonly applied to an affection that becomes, orat least appears, excessive. _Affectionate_, _devoted_, and _tender_ arealmost always used in a high and good sense; as, an _affectionate_ son;a _devoted_ friend; "the _tender_ mercy of our God, " _Luke_ i, 78. Compare FRIENDSHIP. Antonyms: adverse, belligerent, distant, ill-disposed, unfriendly, alienated, cold, estranged, indifferent, unkind, antagonistic, contentious, frigid, inimical, warlike. Bellicose, disaffected, hostile, * * * * * FRIENDSHIP. Synonyms: affection, comity, esteem, good will, amity, consideration, favor, love, attachment, devotion, friendliness, regard. _Friendship_ is a deep, quiet, enduring _affection_, founded upon mutualrespect and _esteem_. _Friendship_ is always mutual; there may beunreciprocated _affection_ or _attachment_, unrequited _love_, or evenunrecognized and unappreciated _devotion_, but never unreciprocated orunrequited _friendship_; one may have friendly feelings toward an enemy, but while there is hostility or coldness on one side there can not be_friendship_ between the two. _Friendliness_ is a quality of friendlyfeeling, without the deep and settled _attachment_ implied in the stateof _friendship_. _Comity_ is mutual kindly courtesy, with care of eachother's right, and _amity_ a friendly feeling and relation, notnecessarily implying special _friendliness_; as, the _comity_ ofnations, or _amity_ between neighboring countries. _Affection_ may bepurely natural; _friendship_ is a growth. _Friendship_ is moreintellectual and less emotional than _love_; it is easier to givereasons for _friendship_ than for _love_; _friendship_ is more calm andquiet, _love_ more fervent; _love_ often rises to intensest passion; wecan not speak of the passion of _friendship_. _Friendship_ implies somedegree of equality, while _love_ does not; we can speak of man's _love_toward God, not of his _friendship_ for God. (There is more latitude inthe use of the concrete noun _friend_; Abraham was called "the friend ofGod;" Christ was called "the friend of sinners. ") Compare ACQUAINTANCE;LOVE. Antonyms: See synonyms for BATTLE; ENMITY; FEUD; HATRED. Prepositions: The friendship _of_ one person _for_ or _toward_ another, or thefriendship _between_ them. * * * * * FRIGHTEN. Synonyms: affright, appal, cow, dismay, scare, alarm, browbeat, daunt, intimidate, terrify. One is _frightened_ by a cause of fear addressed directly and suddenlyto the senses; he is _intimidated_ by an apprehension of contingentconsequences dependent on some act of his own to be done or forborne;the means of intimidation may act through the senses, or may appeal onlyto the intellect or the sensibilities. The sudden rush of an armedmadman may _frighten_; the quiet leveling of a highwayman's pistol_intimidates_. A savage beast is _intimidated_ by the keeper's whip. Employers may _intimidate_ their employees from voting contrary to theirwill by threat of discharge; a mother may be _intimidated_ through fearfor her child. To _browbeat_ or _cow_ is to bring into a state ofsubmissive fear; to _daunt_ is to give pause or check to a violent, threatening, or even a brave spirit. To _scare_ is to cause sudden, unnerving fear; to _terrify_ is to awaken fear that is overwhelming. Compare ALARM. * * * * * FRUGALITY. Synonyms: economy, parsimony, saving, sparing, miserliness, providence, scrimping, thrift. Parsimoniousness, prudence, _Economy_ is a wise and careful administration of the means at one'sdisposal; _frugality_ is a withholding of expenditure, or _sparing_ ofsupplies or provision, to a noticeable and often to a painful degree;_parsimony_ is excessive and unreasonable _saving_ for the sake of_saving_. _Frugality_ exalted into a virtue to be practised for its ownsake, instead of as a means to an end, becomes the vice of _parsimony_. _Miserliness_ is the denying oneself and others the ordinary comforts oreven necessaries of life, for the mere sake of hoarding money. _Prudence_ and _providence_ look far ahead, and sacrifice the present tothe future, saving as much as may be necessary for that end. (SeePRUDENCE. ) _Thrift_ seeks not merely to save, but to earn. _Economy_manages, _frugality_ saves, _providence_ plans, _thrift_ at once earnsand saves, with a view to wholesome and profitable expenditure at afitting time. See ABSTINENCE. Antonyms: abundance, bounty, liberality, opulence, waste, affluence, extravagance, luxury, riches, wealth. * * * * * GARRULOUS. Synonyms: chattering, loquacious, talkative, verbose. _Garrulous_ signifies given to constant trivial talking. _Chattering_signifies uttering rapid, noisy, and unintelligible, or scarcelyintelligible, sounds, whether articulate words or such as resemble them;_chattering_ is often used of vocal sounds that may be intelligible bythemselves but are ill understood owing to confusion of many voices orother cause. The _talkative_ person has a strong disposition to talk, with or without an abundance of words, or many ideas; the _loquacious_person has an abundant flow of language and much to say on any subjectsuggested; either may be lively and for a time entertaining; the_garrulous_ person is tedious, repetitious, petty, and self-absorbed. _Verbose_ is applied to utterances more formal than conversation, as towritings or public addresses. We speak of a _chattering_ monkey or a_chattering_ idiot, a _talkative_ child, a _talkative_ or _loquacious_woman, a _garrulous_ old man, a _verbose_ writer. CompareCIRCUMLOCUTION. Antonyms: laconic, reserved, reticent, silent, speechless, taciturn. * * * * * GENDER. Synonym: sex. _Sex_ is a distinction among living beings; it is also thecharacteristic by which most living beings are distinguished frominanimate things, which are of no _sex_; _gender_ is a distinction inlanguage partially corresponding to this distinction in nature; whilethere are but two _sexes_, there are in some languages, as in Englishand German, three _genders_. The French language has but two _genders_and makes the names of all inanimate objects either masculine orfeminine; some languages are without the distinction of _gender_, andthose that maintain it are often quite arbitrary in its application. Wespeak of the masculine or feminine _gender_, the male or female _sex_. * * * * * GENERAL. Synonyms: common, familiar, ordinary, universal, commonplace, frequent, popular, usual. Customary, habitual, prevalent, everyday, normal, public, _Common_ signifies frequently occurring, not out of the regular course, not exceptional; hence, not above the average, not excellent ordistinguished, inferior, or even low; _common_ also signifies pertainingto or participated in by two or more persons or things; as, sorrow is_common_ to the race. _General_ may signify pertaining equally to all ofa class, race, etc. , but very commonly signifies pertaining to thegreater number, but not necessarily to all. _Universal_ applies to allwithout exception; _general_ applies to all with possible orcomparatively slight exceptions; _common_ applies to very many withoutdeciding whether they are even a majority. A _common_ remark is one weoften hear; a _general_ experience is one that comes to the majority ofpeople; a _universal_ experience is one from which no human being isexempt. It is dangerous for a debater to affirm a _universal_proposition, since that can be negatived by a single exception, while a_general_ statement is not invalidated even by adducing many exceptions. We say a _common_ opinion, _common_ experience, a _general_ rule, _general_ truth, a _universal_ law. Compare synonyms for NORMAL; USUAL. Antonyms: exceptional, infrequent, rare, singular, uncommon, unknown, unusual. * * * * * GENEROUS. Synonyms: bountiful, free, liberal, noble, chivalrous, free-handed, magnanimous, open-handed, disinterested, free-hearted, munificent, open-hearted. _Generous_ (L. _genus_, a race) primarily signifies having the qualitiesworthy of noble or honorable birth; hence, free and abundant in giving, giving freely, heartily, and self-sacrificingly. As regards giving, _generous_ refers rather to the self-sacrificing heartiness of thegiver, _liberal_ to the amount of the gift; a child may show himself_generous_ in the gift of an apple, a millionaire makes a _liberal_donation; a _generous_ gift, however, is commonly thought of as bothample and hearty. A _munificent_ gift is vast in amount, whatever themotive of its bestowal. One may be _free_ with another's money; he canbe _generous_ only with his own. _Disinterested_ suggests rather thethought of one's own self-denial; _generous_, of one's hearty interestin another's welfare or happiness. One is _magnanimous_ by a greatnessof soul (L. _magnus_, great, and _animus_, soul) that rises above allthat is poor, mean, or weak, especially above every petty or ignoblemotive or feeling pertaining to one's self, and thus above resentmentof injury or insult; one is _generous_ by a kindness of heart that wouldrejoice in the welfare rather than in the punishment of the offender. Antonyms: avaricious, greedy, mean, niggardly, penurious, rapacious, close, ignoble, miserly, parsimonious, petty, stingy. Covetous, illiberal, * * * * * GENIUS. Synonyms: talent, talents. _Genius_ is exalted intellectual power capable of operatingindependently of tuition and training, and marked by an extraordinaryfaculty for original creation, invention, discovery, expression, etc. _Talent_ is marked mental ability, and in a special sense, a particularand uncommon aptitude for some special mental work or attainment. _Genius_ is higher than _talent_, more spontaneous, less dependent uponinstruction, less amenable to training; _talent_ is largely the capacityto learn, acquire, appropriate, adapt oneself to demand. Yet the_genius_ that has won the largest and most enduring success has beenjoined with tireless industry and painstaking. Compare synonyms forMIND; POWER. Antonyms: dulness, folly, imbecility, obtuseness, senselessness, stupidity. * * * * * GET. Synonyms: achieve, attain, gain, procure, secure, acquire, earn, obtain, receive, win. _Get_ is a most comprehensive word. A person _gets_ whatever he comes topossess or experience, whether with or without endeavor, expectation, ordesire; he _gets_ a bargain, a blow, a fall, a fever; he _gains_ what hecomes to by effort or striving; the swimmer _gains_ the shore; a man_acquires_ by continuous and ordinarily by slow process; as, one_acquires_ a foreign language. A person is sometimes said to _gain_ andoften to _acquire_ what has not been an object of direct endeavor; inthe pursuits of trade, he incidentally _gains_ some knowledge of foreigncountries; he _acquires_ by association with others a correct orincorrect accent; he _acquires_ a bronzed complexion by exposure to atropical sun; in such use, what he _gains_ is viewed as desirable, whathe _acquires_ as slowly and gradually resulting. A person _earns_ whathe gives an equivalent of labor for, tho he may not _get_ it. On theother hand, he may _get_ what he has not _earned_; the temptation toall dishonesty is the desire to _get_ a living or a fortune without_earning_ it. When one _gets_ the object of his desire, he is said to_obtain_ it, whether he has _gained_ or _earned_ it or not. _Win_denotes contest, with a suggestion of chance or hazard; in popularlanguage, a person is often said to _win_ a lawsuit, or to _win_ in asuit at law, but in legal phrase he is said to _gain_ his suit, case, orcause. In _receiving_, one is strictly passive; he may _get_ an estateby his own exertions or by inheritance; in the latter case he is said to_receive_ it. One _obtains_ a thing commonly by some direct effort ofhis own; he _procures_ it commonly by the intervention of some one else;he _procures_ a dinner or an interview; he _secures_ what has seemeduncertain or elusive, when he _gets_ it firmly into his possession orunder his control. Compare synonyms for ATTAIN; MAKE; REACH. Antonyms: See synonyms for ABANDON. * * * * * GIFT. Synonyms: benefaction, boon, bribe, grant, largess, bequest, bounty, donation, gratuity, present. A _gift_ is in the popular, and also in the legal sense that which isvoluntarily bestowed without expectation of return or compensation. _Gift_ is now almost always used in the good sense, _bribe_ always inthe evil sense to signify payment for a dishonorable service under thesemblance of a _gift_. In Scriptural language _gift_ is often used for_bribe_. "The king by judgment establisheth the land; but he thatreceiveth _gifts_ overthroweth it. " _Prov. _ xxix, 4. A _benefaction_ isa charitable _gift_, generally of large amount, and viewed as ofenduring value, as an endowment for a college. A _donation_ issomething, perhaps of great, never of trivial value, given usually onsome public ground, as to a cause or to a person representing a cause, but not necessarily of value beyond the immediate present; as, a_donation_ to a pastor. A _gratuity_ is usually something of moderatevalue and is always given as to an inferior, and as of favor, not ofright; as, a _gratuity_ to a waiter. _Largess_ is archaic for abountiful _gratuity_, usually to be distributed among many, as among theheralds at ancient tournaments. A _present_ is a _gift_ of friendship, or conciliation, and given as to an equal or a superior; no one's prideis hurt by accepting what is viewed as strictly a _present_. A _boon_ isa _gift_ that has been desired or craved or perhaps asked, or somethingfreely given that meets some great desire. A _grant_ is commonlyconsiderable in amount and given by public authority; as, a _grant_ ofpublic lands for a college. Antonyms: compensation, earnings, guerdon, penalty, remuneration, wages. * * * * * GIVE. Synonyms: bestow, communicate, deliver, grant, supply. Cede, confer, furnish, impart, To _give_ is primarily to transfer to another's possession or ownershipwithout compensation; in its secondary sense in popular use, it is toput into another's possession by any means and on any terms whatever; abuyer may say "_Give_ me the goods, and I will _give_ you the money;" wespeak of _giving_ answers, information, etc. , and often of _giving_ whatis not agreeable to the recipient, as blows, medicine, reproof; but whenthere is nothing in the context to indicate the contrary, _give_ isalways understood in its primary sense; as, this book was _given_ me. _Give_ thus becomes, like _get_, a term of such general import as to bea synonym for a wide variety of words. To _grant_ is to put into one'spossession in some formal way, or by authoritative act; as, Congress_grants_ lands to a railroad corporation. To speak of _granting_ a favorcarries a claim or concession of superiority on the part of the one bywhom the _grant_ may be made; to _confer_ has a similar sense; as, to_confer_ a degree or an honor; we _grant_ a request or petition, but donot _confer_ it. To _impart_ is to _give_ of that which one still, to agreater or less degree, retains; the teacher _imparts_ instruction. To_bestow_ is to _give_ that of which the receiver stands in especialneed; we _bestow_ alms. Prepositions: We give money _to_ a person _for_ a thing, _for_ a purpose, etc. (orwithout proposition, _give_ a person a sum of money); we give a thing_to_ or _into_ one's care or keeping; the weary fugitive gave himself up_to_ his pursuers. * * * * * GOVERN. Synonyms: command, curb, influence, mold, reign over, rule, control, direct, manage, reign, restrain, sway. _Govern_ carries the idea of authoritative administration or someexercise of authority that is at once effective and continuous;_control_ is effective, but may be momentary or occasional. One_controls_ what he holds or can hold at will absolutely in check; as, askilful horseman _controls_ a spirited horse; a person _controls_ histemper; we say to one who is excited, "_control_ yourself. " A person_commands_ another when he has, or claims, the right to make that otherdo his will, with power of inflicting penalty if not obeyed; he_controls_ another whom he can effectually prevent from doing anythingcontrary to his will; he _governs_ one whom he actually does cause, regularly or constantly, to obey his will; a parent may _command_ achild whom he can not _govern_ or _control_. The best teachers are notgreatly prone to _command_, but _govern_ or _control_ their pupilslargely by other means. _Command_ is, however, often used in the senseof securing, as well as requiring, submission or obedience, as when wespeak of a _commanding_ influence; a man _commands_ the situation whenhe can shape events as he pleases; a fortress _commands_ the region whenno enemy can pass against its resistance. _Govern_ implies the exerciseof knowledge and judgment as well as power. To _rule_ is more absoluteand autocratic than to _govern_; to _sway_ is to move by quiet buteffectual influence; to _mold_ is not only to influence feeling andaction, but to shape character; to _manage_ is to secure by skilfulcontrivance the doing of one's will by those whom one can not directly_control_; a wise mother, by gentle means, _sways_ the feelings and_molds_ the lives of her children; to be able to _manage_ servants is animportant element of good housekeeping. The word _reign_, once soabsolute, now simply denotes that one holds the official station ofsovereign in a monarchy, with or without effective power; the Queen ofEngland _reigns_; the Czar of Russia both _reigns_ and _rules_. Antonyms: be in subjection, be subject, comply, obey, submit, yield. * * * * * GRACEFUL. Synonym: beautiful. That which is _graceful_ is marked by elegance and harmony, with ease ofaction, attitude, or posture, or delicacy of form. _Graceful_ commonlysuggests motion or the possibility of motion; _beautiful_ may apply toabsolute fixity; a landscape or a blue sky is _beautiful_, but neitheris _graceful_. _Graceful_ commonly applies to beauty as addressed tothe eye, tho we often speak of a _graceful_ poem or a _graceful_compliment. _Graceful_ applies to the perfection of motion, especiallyof the lighter motions, which convey no suggestion of stress or strain, and are in harmonious curves. Apart from the thought of motion, _graceful_ denotes a pleasing harmony of outline, proportion, etc. , witha certain degree of delicacy; a Hercules is massive, an Apollo is_graceful_. We speak of a _graceful_ attitude, _graceful_ drapery. Compare BEAUTIFUL; BECOMING. Antonyms: See synonyms for AWKWARD. * * * * * GRIEF. Synonyms: affliction, melancholy, regret, sorrow, trouble, distress, mourning, sadness, tribulation, wo. _Grief_ is acute mental pain resulting from loss, misfortune, or deepdisappointment. _Grief_ is more acute and less enduring than _sorrow_. _Sorrow_ and _grief_ are for definite cause; _sadness_ and _melancholy_may arise from a vague sense of want or loss, from a low state ofhealth, or other ill-defined cause; _sadness_ may be momentary;_melancholy_ is more enduring, and may become chronic. _Affliction_expresses a deep heart-sorrow and is applied also to the misfortuneproducing such _sorrow_; _mourning_ most frequently denotes sorrowpublicly expressed, or the public expression of such _sorrow_ as mayreasonably be expected; as, it is common to observe thirty days of_mourning_ on the death of an officer of state. Antonyms: See synonyms for HAPPINESS. Prepositions: Grief _at_ a loss; _for_ a friend. * * * * * HABIT. Synonyms: custom, habitude, routine, system, use, fashion, practise, rule, usage, wont. _Habit_ is a tendency or inclination toward an action or condition, which by repetition has become easy, spontaneous, or even unconscious, or an action or regular series of actions, or a condition so induced. _Custom_ is the uniform doing of the same act in the same circumstancefor a definite reason; _routine_ is the doing of customary acts in aregular and uniform sequence and is more mechanical than _custom_. It isthe _custom_ of tradesmen to open at a uniform hour, and to follow aregular _routine_ of business until closing-time. _Habit_ alwaysincludes an involuntary tendency, natural or acquired, greatlystrengthened by frequent repetition of the act, and may beuncontrollable, or even unconscious. _Habitude_ is habitual relation orassociation. _Custom_ is chiefly used of the action of many; _habit_ ofthe action of one; we speak of the _customs_ of society, the _habits_ ofan individual. _Fashion_ is the generally recognized _custom_ in thesmaller matters, especially in dress. A _rule_ is prescribed either bysome external authority or by one's own will; as, it is the _rule_ ofthe house; or, I make it my invariable _rule_. _System_ is thecoordination of many acts or things into a unity, and is more and betterthan _routine_. _Use_ and _usage_ denote the manner of using something;we speak of one person's _use_ of language, but of the _usage_ of many;a _use_ or _usage_ is almost always a _habit_. _Practise_ is the activedoing of something in a systematic way; we do not speak of the_practise_, but of the _habit_ of going to sleep; we speak of atradesman's _custom_, a lawyer's or a physician's _practise_. Educationally, _practise_ is the voluntary and persistent attempt tomake skill a _habit_; as, _practise_ in penmanship. _Wont_ is blind andinstinctive _habit_ like that which attaches an animal to a locality:the word is now almost wholly poetic. Compare DRESS. * * * * * HAPPEN. Synonyms: bechance, chance, fall out, supervene, befall, come to pass, occur, take place. Betide, fall, A thing is said to _happen_ when no design is manifest, or noneespecially thought of; it is said to _chance_ when it appears to be theresult of accident (compare synonyms for ACCIDENT). An incident_happens_ or _occurs_; something external or actual _happens_ to one; athought or fancy _occurs_ to him. _Befall_ and _betide_ are transitive;_happen_ is intransitive; something _befalls_ or _betides_ a person or_happens_ to him. _Betide_ is especially used for anticipated evil, thought of as waiting and coming at its appointed time; as, wo _betide_him! One event _supervenes_ upon another event, one disease uponanother, etc. ["Transpire, " in the sense of _happen_, is not authorizedby good usage: a thing that has _happened_ is properly said to_transpire_ when it becomes known. ] Prepositions: An event happens _to_ a person; a person happens _on_ or _upon_ a fact, discovery, etc. * * * * * HAPPINESS. Synonyms: blessedness, delight, gladness, pleasure, bliss, ecstasy, gratification, rapture, cheer, enjoyment, joy, rejoicing, comfort, felicity, merriment, satisfaction, contentment, gaiety, mirth, triumph. _Gratification_ is the giving any mental or physical desire somethingthat it craves; _satisfaction_ is the giving such a desire all that itcraves. _Happiness_ is the positively agreeable experience that springsfrom the possession of good, the _gratification_ or _satisfaction_ ofthe desires or the relief from pain and evil. _Comfort_ may be almostwholly negative, being found in security or relief from that which painsor annoys; there is _comfort_ by a warm fireside on a wintry night; thesympathy of a true friend affords _comfort_ in sorrow. _Enjoyment_ ismore positive, always implying something to be definitely andconsciously delighted in; a sick person finds _comfort_ in relief frompain, while he may be far from a state of _enjoyment_. _Pleasure_ isstill more vivid, being an arousing of the faculties to an intenselyagreeable activity; _satisfaction_ is more tranquil than _pleasure_, being the agreeable consciousness of having all that our facultiesdemand or crave; when a worthy _pleasure_ is past, a worthy_satisfaction_ remains. As referring to a mental state, _gratification_is used to denote a mild form of _happiness_ resulting from someincident not of very great importance; _satisfaction_ should properlyexpress a _happiness_ deeper, more complete, and more abiding; but asintellect or sensibilities of a low order may find _satisfaction_ inthat which is very poor or unworthy, the word has come to be feeble andtame in ordinary use. _Happiness_ is more positive than _comfort_, _enjoyment_, or _satisfaction_, more serene and rational than_pleasure_; _pleasure_ is of necessity transient; _happiness_ isabiding, and may be eternal; thus, we speak of _pleasures_, but theplural of _happiness_ is scarcely used. _Happiness_, in the full sense, is mental or spiritual or both, and is viewed as resulting from someworthy _gratification_ or _satisfaction_; we may speak of a brute asexperiencing _comfort_ or _pleasure_, but scarcely as in possession of_happiness_; we speak of vicious _pleasure_, _delight_, or _joy_, butnot of vicious _happiness_. _Felicity_ is a philosophical term, colderand more formal than _happiness_. _Gladness_ is _happiness_ thatoverflows, expressing itself in countenance, voice, manner, and action. _Joy_ is more intense than _happiness_, deeper than _gladness_, to whichit is akin, nobler and more enduring than _pleasure_. _Gaiety_ is moresuperficial than _joy_, more demonstrative than _gladness_. _Rejoicing_is _happiness_ or _joy_ that finds utterance in word, song, festivity, etc. _Delight_ is vivid, overflowing _happiness_ of a somewhat transientkind; _ecstasy_ is a state of extreme or extravagant _delight_ so thatthe one affected by it seems almost beside himself with _joy_; _rapture_is closely allied to _ecstasy_, but is more serene, exalted, andenduring. _Triumph_ is such _joy_ as results from victory, success, achievement. _Blessedness_ is at once the state and the sense of beingdivinely blessed; as, the _blessedness_ of the righteous. _Bliss_ isecstatic, perfected _happiness_; as, the _bliss_ of heaven. CompareCOMFORT. Antonyms: See synonyms for GRIEF. * * * * * HAPPY. Synonyms: blessed, cheering, gay, lucky, rejoiced, blissful, cheery, glad, merry, rejoicing, blithe, delighted, jocund, mirthful, smiling, blithesome, delightful, jolly, pleased, sprightly, bright, dexterous, joyful, prosperous, successful, buoyant, felicitous, joyous, rapturous, sunny. Cheerful, fortunate, _Happy_ primarily refers to something that comes "by good hap, " a chancethat brings prosperity, benefit, or success. And grasps the skirts of _happy_ chance. TENNYSON _In Memoriam_ lxiii, st. 2. In this sense _happy_ is closely allied to _fortunate_ and _lucky_. (SeeFORTUNATE. ) _Happy_ has, however, so far diverged from this originalsense as to apply to advantages where chance is not recognized, or iseven excluded by direct reference to the divine will, when it becomesalmost equivalent to _blessed_. Behold, _happy_ is the man whom God correcteth. _Job_ v, 17. _Happy_ is also applied to the ready dexterity or skill by whichfavorable results (usually in minor matters) are secured, when itbecomes a synonym for _dexterous_, _felicitous_, and the associatedwords; as, he has a _happy_ wit; _happy_ at retort (compare CLEVER). Inits most frequent present use, _happy_ is applied to the state of oneenjoying happiness, or to that by which happiness is expressed; as, a_happy_ heart; a _happy_ face; _happy_ laughter; _happy_ tears (comparesynonyms for HAPPINESS). _Cheerful_ applies to the possession orexpression of a moderate and tranquil happiness. A _cheery_ wordspontaneously gives cheer to others; a _cheering_ word is moredistinctly planned to cheer and encourage. _Gay_ applies to an effusiveand superficial happiness (often not really worthy of that name) perhapsresulting largely from abundant animal spirits: we speak of _gay_revelers or a _gay_ horse. A _buoyant_ spirit is, as it were, borne upby joy and hope. A _sunny_ disposition has a constant tranquilbrightness that irradiates all who come within its influence. Antonyms: Compare synonyms for GRIEF. Prepositions: A happy event _for_ him; happy _at_ a reply; happy _in_ his home, _with_his friends, _among_ his children; happy _at_ the discovery, _over_ hissuccess. * * * * * HARMONY. Synonyms: accord, concurrence, consistency, uniformity, accordance, conformity, consonance, union, agreement, congruity, symmetry, unison, amity, consent, unanimity, unity. Concord, When tones, thoughts, or feelings, individually different, combine toform a consistent and pleasing whole, there is _harmony_. _Harmony_ isdeeper and more essential than _agreement_; we may have a superficial, forced, or patched-up _agreement_, but never a superficial, forced, orpatched-up _harmony_. _Concord_ is less full and spiritual than_harmony_. _Concord_ implies more volition than _accord_; as, theirviews were found to be in perfect _accord_; or, by conference _concord_was secured; we do not secure _accord_, but discover it. We may speak ofbeing in _accord_ with a person on one point, but _harmony_ is wider inrange. _Conformity_ is correspondence in form, manner, or use; the wordoften signifies submission to authority or necessity, and may be as faras possible from _harmony_; as, the attempt to secure _conformity_ to anestablished religion. _Congruity_ involves the element of suitableness;_consistency_ implies the absence of conflict or contradiction in views, statements, or acts which are brought into comparison, as in thedifferent statements of the same person or the different periods of oneman's life; _unanimity_ is the complete hearty _agreement_ of many;_consent_ and _concurrence_ refer to decision or action, but _consent_is more passive than _concurrence_; one speaks by general _consent_ whenno one in the assembly cares to make formal objection; a decision of theSupreme Court depends upon the _concurrence_ of a majority of thejudges. Compare AGREE; FRIENDSHIP; MELODY. Antonyms: antagonism, contest, discord, hostility, schism, battle, controversy, disproportion, incongruity, separation, conflict, difference, dissension, inconsistency, variance, contention, disagreement, disunion, opposition, warfare. * * * * * HARVEST. Synonyms: crop, harvest-home, ingathering, result, fruit, harvesting, proceeds, return, growth, harvest-tide, produce, yield. Harvest-feast, harvest-time, product, harvest-festival, increase, reaping, _Harvest_, from the Anglo-Saxon, signified originally "autumn, " and asthat is the usual season of gathering ripened _crops_ in Northern lands, the word came to its present meaning of the season of gathering ripenedgrain or _fruits_, whether summer or autumn, and hence a _crop_ gatheredor ready for gathering; also, the act or process of gathering a _crop_or _crops_. "The _harvest_ truly is great, but the laborers are few, "_Luke_ x, 2. "Lift up your eyes and look on the fields, for they arewhite already to _harvest_, " _John_ iv, 35. _Harvest_ is the elegant andliterary word; _crop_ is the common and commercial expression; we say aman sells his _crop_, but we should not speak of his selling his_harvest_; we speak of an ample or abundant _harvest_, a good _crop_. _Harvest_ is applied almost wholly to grain; _crop_ applies to almostanything that is gathered in; we speak of the potato-_crop_, not thepotato-_harvest_; we may say either the wheat-_crop_ or thewheat-_harvest_. _Produce_ is a collective word for all that is producedin farming or gardening, and is, in modern usage, almost whollyrestricted to this sense; we speak of _produce_ collectively, but of a_product_ or various _products_; vegetables, _fruits_, eggs, butter, etc. , may be termed farm-_produce_, or the _products_ of the farm. _Product_ is a word of wider application than _produce_; we speak of the_products_ of manufacturing, the _products_ of thought, or the _product_obtained by multiplying one number by another. The word _proceeds_ ischiefly used of the _return_ from an investment: we speak of the_produce_ of a farm, but of the _proceeds_ of the money invested infarming. The _yield_ is what the land gives up to the farmer's demand;we speak of the _return_ from an expenditure of money or labor, but ofthe _yield_ of corn or oats. _Harvest_ has also a figurative use, suchas _crop_ more rarely permits; we term a religious revival a _harvest_of souls; the _result_ of lax enforcement of law is a _harvest_ ofcrime. As regards time, _harvest_, _harvest-tide_, and _harvest-time_alike denote the period or season when the crops are or should begathered (_tide_ being simply the old Saxon word for _time_). _Harvest-home_ ordinarily denotes the _festival_ of _harvest_, and whenused to denote simply the season always gives a suggestion of festivityand rejoicing, such as _harvest_ and _harvest-time_ by themselves do notexpress. * * * * * HATRED. Synonyms: abhorrence, detestation, hostility, rancor, anger, dislike, ill will, repugnance, animosity, enmity, malevolence, resentment, antipathy, grudge, malice, revenge, aversion, hate, malignity, spite. _Repugnance_ applies to that which one feels himself summoned orimpelled to do or to endure, and from which he instinctively draws back. _Aversion_ is the turning away of the mind or feelings from some personor thing, or from some course of action, etc. _Hate_, or _hatred_, asapplied to persons, is intense and continued _aversion_, usually withdisposition to injure; _anger_ is sudden and brief, _hatred_ islingering and enduring; "Her wrath became a _hate_, " TENNYSON _Pelleasand Ettarre_ st. 16. As applied to things, _hatred_ is intense_aversion_, with desire to destroy or remove; _hatred_ of evil is arighteous passion, akin to _abhorrence_, but more vehement. _Malice_involves the active intent to injure; in the legal sense, _malice_ isthe intent to injure, even tho with no personal _ill will_; as, ahighwayman would be said to entertain _malice_ toward the unknowntraveler whom he attacks. _Malice_ is direct, pressing toward a result;_malignity_ is deep, lingering, and venomous, tho often impotent to act;_rancor_ (akin to _rancid_) is cherished _malignity_ that has soured andfestered and is virulent and implacable. _Spite_ is petty _malice_ thatdelights to inflict stinging pain; _grudge_ is deeper than _spite_; itis sinister and bitter; _grudge_, _resentment_, and _revenge_ are allretaliatory, _grudge_ being the disposition, _revenge_ the determinationto repay real or supposed offense with injury; _revenge_ may denote alsothe retaliatory act; _resentment_, the best word of the three, alwaysholds itself to be justifiable, but looks less certainly to action than_grudge_ or _revenge_. Simple goodness may arouse the _hatred_ of thewicked; they will be moved to _revenge_ only by what they deem an injuryor affront. Compare ABOMINATION; ANGER; ANTIPATHY; ENMITY. Antonyms: See synonyms for FRIENDSHIP; LOVE. * * * * * HAVE. Synonyms: be in possession of, hold, occupy, own, possess. Be possessed of, _Have_ is the most general word, and is applied to whatever belongs toor is connected with one; a man _has_ a head or a head-ache, a fortuneor an opinion, a friend or an enemy; he _has_ time, or _has_ need; hemay be said to _have_ what is his own, what he has borrowed, what hasbeen entrusted to him, or what he has stolen. To _possess_ a thing is to_have_ the ownership with control and enjoyment of it. To _hold_ is to_have_ in one's hand, or securely in one's control; a man _holds_ hisfriend's coat for a moment, or he _holds_ a struggling horse; he _holds_a promissory note, or _holds_ an office. To _own_ is to _have_ the rightof property in; to _possess_ is to _have_ that right in actual exercise;to _occupy_ is to _have_ possession and use, with some degree ofpermanency, with or without ownership. A man _occupies_ his own house ora room in a hotel; a man may _own_ a farm of which he is not inpossession because a tenant _occupies_ it and is determined to _hold_it; the proprietor _owns_ the property, but the tenant _is inpossession_. To _be in possession_ differs from _possess_ in that to_possess_ denotes both right and fact, while to _be in possession_denotes simply the fact with no affirmation as to the right. To _have_reason is to be endowed with the faculty; to _be in possession of_ one'sreason denotes that the faculty is in actual present exercise. * * * * * HAZARD. Synonyms: accident, chance, danger, jeopardy, risk, casualty, contingency, fortuity, peril, venture. _Hazard_ is the incurring the possibility of loss or harm for thepossibility of benefit; _danger_ may have no compensating alternative. In _hazard_ the possibilities of gain or loss are nearly balanced; in_risk_ the possibility of loss is the chief thought; the foolhardy takegreat _risks_ in mere wantonness; in _chance_ and _venture_ the hope ofgood predominates; we speak of a merchant's _venture_, but of aninsurance company's _risk_; one may be driven by circumstances to run a_risk_; he freely seeks a _venture_; we speak of the _chance_ ofwinning, the _hazard_ or _risk_ of losing. _Accidents_ are incalculable;_casualties_ may be to a certain extent anticipated; death and woundsare _casualties_ of battle, certain to happen to some, but uncertain asto whom or how many. A _contingency_ is simply an indeterminable futureevent, which may or may not be attended with _danger_ or _risk_. SeeACCIDENT; DANGER. Antonyms: assurance, necessity, protection, safety, surety. Certainty, plan, safeguard, security, * * * * * HEALTHY. Synonyms: hale, hygienic, sanitary, vigorous, healthful, salubrious, sound, well, hearty, salutary, strong, wholesome. _Healthy_ is most correctly used to signify possessing or enjoyinghealth or its results; as, a _healthy_ person; a _healthy_ condition. _Healthful_ signifies promotive of health, tending or adapted to confer, preserve, or promote health; as, a _healthful_ climate. _Wholesome_ foodin a _healthful_ climate makes a _healthy_ man. With _healthful_ areranged the words _hygienic_, _salubrious_, _salutary_, _sanitary_, and_wholesome_, while the other words are associated with _healthy_. _Salubrious_ is always used in the physical sense, and is chieflyapplied to air or climate. _Salutary_ is now chiefly used in the moralsense; as, a _salutary_ lesson. Antonyms: delicate, failing, ill, unsound, worn, diseased, fainting, sick, wasted, worn down, emaciated, fragile, unhealthy, weak, worn out. Exhausted, frail, * * * * * HELP. Synonyms: abet, befriend, foster, succor, uphold. Aid, cooperate, second, support, assist, encourage, stand by, sustain, _Help_ expresses greater dependence and deeper need than _aid_. Inextremity we say "God _help_ me!" rather than "God _aid_ me!" In time ofdanger we cry "_help! help!_" rather than "_aid! aid!_" To _aid_ is to_second_ another's own exertions. We can speak of _helping_ thehelpless, but not of _aiding_ them. _Help_ includes _aid_, but _aid_ mayfall short of the meaning of _help_. In law to _aid_ or _abet_ makes onea principal. (Compare synonyms for ACCESSORY. ) To _cooperate_ is to_aid_ as an equal; to _assist_ implies a subordinate and secondaryrelation. One _assists_ a fallen friend to rise; he _cooperates_ withhim in helping others. _Encourage_ refers to mental _aid_, as _uphold_now usually does; _succor_ and _support_, oftenest to materialassistance. We _encourage_ the timid or despondent, _succor_ theendangered, _support_ the weak, _uphold_ those who else might be shakenor cast down. Compare ABET; PROMOTE. Antonyms: counteract, discourage, oppose, resist, thwart, withstand. Prepositions: Help _in_ an enterprise _with_ money; help _to_ success; _against_ theenemy. * * * * * HERETIC. Synonyms: dissenter, heresiarch, non-conformist, schismatic. Etymologically, a _heretic_ is one who takes or chooses his own belief, instead of the belief of his church; hence, a _heretic_ is one whodenies commonly accepted views, or who holds opinions contrary to therecognized standard or tenets of any established religious, philosophical, or other system, school, or party; the religious sense ofthe word is the predominant one; a _schismatic_ is primarily one whoproduces a split or rent in the church. A _heretic_ differs in doctrinefrom the religious body with which he is connected; a _schismatic_differs in doctrine or practise, or in both. A _heretic_ may bereticent, or even silent; a _schismatic_ introduces divisions. A_heresiarch_ is the author of a heresy or the leader of a hereticalparty, and is thus at once a _heretic_ and a _schismatic_. Withadvancing ideas of religious liberty, the odious sense once attached tothese words is largely modified, and _heretic_ is often used playfully. _Dissenter_ and _non-conformist_ are terms specifically applied toEnglish subjects who hold themselves aloof from the Church of England;the former term is extended to non-adherents of the established churchin some other countries, as Russia. * * * * * HETEROGENEOUS. Synonyms: confused, mingled, unhomogeneous, conglomerate, miscellaneous, unlike, discordant, mixed, variant, dissimilar, non-homogeneous, various. Substances quite _unlike_ are _heterogeneous_ as regards each other. A_heterogeneous_ mixture is one whose constituents are not only unlikein kind, but unevenly distributed; cement is composed of substances suchas lime, sand, and clay, which are _heterogeneous_ as regards eachother, but the cement is said to be homogeneous if the differentconstituents are evenly mixed throughout, so that any one portion of themixture is exactly like any other. A substance may fail of beinghomogeneous and yet not be _heterogeneous_, in which case it is said tobe _non-homogeneous_ or _unhomogeneous_; a bar of iron that containsflaws, air-bubbles, etc. , or for any other reason is not of uniformstructure and density throughout, tho no foreign substance be mixed withthe iron, is said to be _non-homogeneous_. A _miscellaneous_ mixture mayor may not be _heterogeneous_; if the objects are alike in kind, butdifferent in size, form, quality, use, etc. , and without special orderor relation, the collection is _miscellaneous_; if the objects differ inkind, such a mixture is also, and more strictly, _heterogeneous_; a pileof unassorted lumber is _miscellaneous_; the contents of a school-boy'spocket are commonly _miscellaneous_ and might usually be termed_heterogeneous_ as well. See COMPLEX. Antonyms: alike, homogeneous, identical, like, pure, same, similar, uniform. * * * * * HIDE. Synonyms: bury, cover, entomb, overwhelm, suppress, cloak, disguise, inter, screen, veil. Conceal, dissemble, mask, secrete. _Hide_ is the general term, including all the rest, signifying to putout of sight or beyond ready observation or approach; a thing may be_hidden_ by intention, by accident, or by the imperfection of thefaculties of the one from whom it is _hidden_; in their games, children_hide_ the slipper, or _hide_ themselves from each other; a manunconsciously _hides_ a picture from another by standing before it, or_hides_ a thing from himself by laying something else over it. Even anunconscious object may _hide_ another; as, a cloud _hides_ the sun, or abuilding _hides_ some part of the prospect by intervening between it andthe observer's position. As an act of persons, to _conceal_ is alwaysintentional; one may _hide_ his face in anger, grief, or abstraction; he_conceals_ his face when he fears recognition. A house is _hidden_ byfoliage; the bird's nest is artfully _concealed_. _Secrete_ is astronger word than _conceal_, and is used chiefly of such materialobjects as may be separated from the person, or from their ordinarysurroundings, and put in unlooked-for places; a man _conceals_ a scaron his face, but does not _secrete_ it; a thief _secretes_ stolen goods;an officer may also be said to _secrete_ himself to watch the thief. Athing is _covered_ by putting something over or around it, whether byaccident or design; it is _screened_ by putting something before it, always with some purpose of protection from observation, inconvenience, attack, censure, etc. In the figurative use, a person may _hide_honorable feelings; he _conceals_ an evil or hostile intent. Anythingwhich is effectually _covered_ and _hidden_ under any mass oraccumulation is _buried_. Money is _buried_ in the ground; a body is_buried_ in the sea; a paper is _buried_ under other documents. Whateveris _buried_ is _hidden_ or _concealed_; but there are many ways of_hiding_ or _concealing_ a thing without _burying_ it. So a person maybe _covered_ with wraps, and not _buried_ under them. _Bury_ may be usedof any object, _entomb_ and _inter_ only of a dead body. Figuratively, one may be said to be _buried_ in business, in study, etc. CompareIMMERSE; PALLIATE. Antonyms: admit, disclose, exhume, manifest, show, advertise, discover, expose, promulgate, tell, avow, disinter, lay bare, publish, uncover, betray, divulge, lay open, raise, unmask, confess, exhibit, make known, reveal, unveil. * * * * * HIGH. Synonyms: elevated, exalted, noble, steep, towering, eminent, lofty, proud, tall, uplifted. _Deep_, while an antonym of _high_ in usage, may apply to the very samedistance simply measured in an opposite direction, _high_ applying tovertical distance measured from below upward, and _deep_ to verticaldistance measured from above downward; as, a _deep_ valley nestlingbetween _high_ mountains. _High_ is a relative term signifying greatlyraised above any object, base, or surface, in comparison with what isusual, or with some standard; a table is _high_ if it exceeds thirtyinches; a hill is not _high_ at a hundred feet. That is _tall_ whoseheight is greatly in excess of its breadth or diameter, and whose actualheight is great for an object of its kind; as, a _tall_ tree; a _tall_man; _tall_ grass. That is _lofty_ which is imposing or majestic inheight; we term a spire _tall_ with reference to its altitude, or_lofty_ with reference to its majestic appearance. That is _elevated_which is raised somewhat above its surroundings; that is _eminent_ whichis far above them; as, an _elevated_ platform; an _eminent_ promontory. In the figurative sense, _elevated_ is less than _eminent_, and thisless than _exalted_; we speak of _high_, _lofty_, or _elevated_thoughts, aims, etc. , in the good sense, but sometimes of _high_feelings, looks, words, etc. , in the invidious sense of haughty orarrogant. A _high_ ambition may be merely selfish; a _lofty_ ambition isworthy and _noble_. _Towering_, in the literal sense compares with_lofty_ and majestic; but in the figurative sense, its use is almostalways invidious; as, a _towering_ passion; a _towering_ ambitiondisregards and crushes all opposing considerations, however rational, lovely, or holy. Compare STEEP. Antonyms: base, degraded, dwarfed, inferior, low, mean, short, stunted. Deep, depressed, * * * * * HINDER. Synonyms: baffle, clog, foil, obstruct, retard, balk, counteract, frustrate, oppose, stay, bar, delay, hamper, prevent, stop, block, embarrass, impede, resist, thwart. Check, encumber, interrupt, To _hinder_ is to keep from action, progress, motion, or growth, or tomake such action, progress, motion, or growth later in beginning orcompletion than it would otherwise have been. An action is _prevented_by anything that comes in before it to make it impossible; it is_hindered_ by anything that keeps it from either beginning or ending sosoon as it otherwise would, or as expected or intended. It is morecommon, however, to say that the start is _delayed_, the progress_hindered_. An action that is _hindered_ does not take place at theappointed or appropriate time; that which is _prevented_ does not takeplace at all; to _hinder_ a thing long enough may amount to _preventing_it. A railroad-train may be _hindered_ by a snow-storm from arriving ontime; it may by special order be _prevented_ from starting. To _retard_is simply to make slow by any means whatever. To _obstruct_ is to_hinder_, or possibly to _prevent_ advance or passage by puttingsomething in the way; to _oppose_ or _resist_ is to _hinder_, orpossibly to _prevent_ by directly contrary or hostile action, _resist_being the stronger term and having more suggestion of physical force;_obstructed_ roads _hinder_ the march of an enemy, tho there may be noforce strong enough to _oppose_ it; one _opposes_ a measure, a motion, an amendment, or the like; it is a criminal offense to _resist_ anofficer in the discharge of his duty; the physical system may _resist_the attack of disease or the action of a remedy. Compare CONQUER;IMPEDIMENT; OBSTRUCT. Antonyms: See synonyms for QUICKEN. Prepositions: Hinder one _in_ his progress; _from_ acting promptly; _by_ opposition. * * * * * HISTORY. Synonyms: account, biography, muniment, record, annals, chronicle, narration, register, archives, memoir, narrative, story. Autobiography, memorial, recital, _History_ is a systematic record of past events. _Annals_ and_chronicles_ relate events with little regard to their relativeimportance, and with complete subserviency to their succession in time. _Annals_ are yearly records; _chronicles_ follow the order of time. Bothnecessarily lack emphasis, selection, and perspective. _Archives_ arepublic _records_, which may be _annals_, or _chronicles_, or deeds ofproperty, etc. _Memoirs_ generally record the lives of individuals orfacts pertaining to individual lives. A _biography_ is distinctively awritten _account_ of one person's life and actions; an _autobiography_is a _biography_ written by the person whose life it records. _Annals_, _archives_, _chronicles_, _biographies_, and _memoirs_ and other_records_ furnish the materials of _history_. _History_ recounts eventswith careful attention to their importance, their mutual relations, their causes and consequences, selecting and grouping events on theground of interest or importance. _History_ is usually applied to suchan _account_ of events affecting communities and nations, tho sometimeswe speak of the _history_ of a single eminent life. Compare RECORD. Antonyms: See synonyms for FICTION. * * * * * HOLY. Synonyms: blessed, devoted, hallowed, saintly, consecrated, divine, sacred, set apart. _Sacred_ is applied to that which is to be regarded as inviolable on anyaccount, and so is not restricted to divine things; therefore in itslower applications it is less than _holy_. That which is _sacred_ maybe made so by institution, decree, or association; that which is _holy_is so by its own nature, possessing intrinsic moral purity, and, in thehighest sense, absolute moral perfection. God is _holy_; his commandsare _sacred_. _Holy_ may be applied also to that which is _hallowed_;as, "the place whereon thou standest is _holy_ ground, " _Ex. _ iii, 5. Insuch use _holy_ is more than _sacred_, as if the very qualities of aspiritual or divine presence were imparted to the place or object. _Divine_ has been used with great looseness, as applying to anythingeminent or admirable, in the line either of goodness or of mere power, as to eloquence, music, etc. , but there is a commendable tendency torestrict the word to its higher sense, as designating that which belongsto or is worthy of the Divine Being. Compare PERFECT; PURE. Antonyms: abominable, cursed, polluted, unconsecrated, unholy, wicked, common, impure, secular, unhallowed, unsanctified, worldly. * * * * * HOME. Synonyms: abode, dwelling, habitation, hearthstone, ingleside, domicil, fireside, hearth, house, residence. _Abode_, _dwelling_, and _habitation_ are used with little difference ofmeaning to denote the place where one habitually lives; _abode_ and_habitation_ belong to the poetic or elevated style. Even _dwelling_ isnot used in familiar speech; a person says "my _house_, " "my _home_, " ormore formally "my _residence_. " _Home_, from the Anglo-Saxon, denotingoriginally a _dwelling_, came to mean an endeared _dwelling_ as thescene of domestic love and happy and cherished family life, a sense towhich there is an increasing tendency to restrict the word--desirablyso, since we have other words to denote the mere dwelling-place; we say"The wretched tenement could not be called _home_, " or "The humble cabinwas dear to him as the _home_ of his childhood. " _Home_'s not merely four square walls, Tho with pictures hung and gilded; _Home_ is where affection calls-- Where its shrine the heart has builded. Thus the word comes to signify any place of rest and peace, andespecially heaven, as the soul's peaceful and eternal dwelling-place. * * * * * HONEST. Synonyms: candid, frank, ingenuous, true, equitable, genuine, just, trustworthy, fair, good, sincere, trusty, faithful, honorable, straightforward, upright. One who is _honest_ in the ordinary sense acts or is always disposed toact with careful regard for the rights of others, especially in mattersof business or property; one who is _honorable_ scrupulously observesthe dictates of a personal honor that is higher than any demands ofmercantile law or public opinion, and will do nothing unworthy of hisown inherent nobility of soul. The _honest_ man does not steal, cheat, or defraud; the _honorable_ man will not take an unfair advantage thatwould be allowed him, or will make a sacrifice which no one couldrequire of him, when his own sense of right demands it. One who is_honest_ in the highest and fullest sense is scrupulously careful toadhere to all known truth and right even in thought. In this sense_honest_ differs from _honorable_ as having regard rather to absolutetruth and right than to even the highest personal honor. Compare CANDID;JUSTICE. Antonyms: deceitful, faithless, hypocritical, perfidious, unfaithful, dishonest, false, lying, traitorous, unscrupulous, disingenuous, fraudulent, mendacious, treacherous, untrue. * * * * * HORIZONTAL. Synonyms: even, flat, level, plain, plane. _Horizontal_ signifies in the direction of or parallel to the horizon. For practical purposes _level_ and _horizontal_ are identical, tho_level_, as the more popular word, is more loosely used of that whichhas no especially noticeable elevations or inequalities; as, a _level_road. _Flat_, according to its derivation from the Anglo-Saxon _flet_, afloor, applies to a surface only, and, in the first and most usualsense, to a surface that is _horizontal_ or _level_ in all directions; aline may be _level_, a floor is _flat_; _flat_ is also applied in aderived sense to any _plane_ surface without irregularities orelevations, as a picture may be painted on the _flat_ surface of aperpendicular wall. _Plane_ applies only to a surface, and is used withmore mathematical exactness than _flat_. The adjective _plain_, originally the same word as _plane_, is now rarely used except in thefigurative senses, but the original sense appears in the noun, as wespeak of "a wide _plain_. " We speak of a _horizontal_ line, a _flat_morass, a _level_ road, a _plain_ country, a _plane_ surface(especially in the scientific sense). That which is _level_ may not be_even_, and that which is _even_ may not be _level_; a _level_ road maybe very rough; a slope may be _even_. Antonyms: broken, inclined, rolling, rugged, sloping, hilly, irregular, rough, slanting, uneven. * * * * * HUMANE. Synonyms: benevolent, compassionate, human, pitying, benignant, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, charitable, gentle, kind-hearted, tender, clement, gracious, merciful, tender-hearted. _Human_ denotes what pertains to mankind, with no suggestion as to itsbeing good or evil; as, the _human_ race; _human_ qualities; we speak of_human_ achievements, virtues, or excellences, _human_ follies, vices, or crimes. _Humane_ denotes what may rightly be expected of mankind atits best in the treatment of sentient beings; a _humane_ enterprise orendeavor is one that is intended to prevent or relieve suffering. The_humane_ man will not needlessly inflict pain upon the meanest thingthat lives; a _merciful_ man is disposed to withhold or mitigate thesuffering even of the guilty. The _compassionate_ man sympathizes withand desires to relieve actual suffering, while one who is _humane_ wouldforestall and prevent the suffering which he sees to be possible. Compare MERCY; PITIFUL; PITY. Antonyms: See synonyms for BARBAROUS. * * * * * HUNT. Synonyms: chase, hunting, inquisition, pursuit, search. A _hunt_ may be either the act of pursuing or the act of seeking, or acombination of the two. A _chase_ or _pursuit_ is after that which isfleeing or departing; a _search_ is for that which is hidden; a _hunt_may be for that which is either hidden or fleeing; a _search_ is aminute and careful seeking, and is especially applied to a locality; wemake a _search_ of or through a house, for an object, in whichconnection it would be colloquial to say a _hunt_. _Hunt_ never quiteloses its association with field-sports, where it includes both _search_and _chase_; the _search_ till the game is hunted out, and the _chase_till it is hunted down. Figuratively, we speak of literary _pursuits_, or of the _pursuit_ of knowledge; a _search_ for reasons; the _chase_of fame or honor; _hunt_, in figurative use, inclines to the unfavorablesense of _inquisition_, but with more of dash and aggressiveness; as, a_hunt_ for heresy. * * * * * HYPOCRISY. Synonyms: affectation, formalism, pretense, sanctimony, cant, pharisaism, sanctimoniousness, sham. Dissimulation, pietism, _Pretense_ (L. _prætendo_) primarily signifies the holding somethingforward as having certain rights or claims, whether truly or falsely; inthe good sense, it is now rarely used except with a negative; as, therecan be no _pretense_ that this is due; a false _pretense_ implies thepossibility of a true _pretense_; but, alone and unlimited, _pretense_commonly signifies the offering of something for what it is not. _Hypocrisy_ is the false _pretense_ of moral excellence, either as acover for actual wrong, or for the sake of the credit and advantageattaching to virtue. _Cant_ (L. _cantus_, a song), primarily thesingsong iteration of the language of any party, school, or sect, denotes the mechanical and pretentious use of religious phraseology, without corresponding feeling or character; _sanctimoniousness_ is theassumption of a saintly manner without a saintly character. As _cant_ is_hypocrisy_ in utterance, so _sanctimoniousness_ is _hypocrisy_ inappearance, as in looks, tones, etc. _Pietism_, originally a word ofgood import, is now chiefly used for an unregulated emotionalism;_formalism_ is an exaggerated devotion to forms, rites, and ceremonies, without corresponding earnestness of heart; _sham_ (identical in originwith _shame_) is a trick or device that puts one to shame, or thatshamefully disappoints expectation or falsifies appearance. _Affectation_ is in matters of intellect, taste, etc. , much what_hypocrisy_ is in morals and religion; _affectation_ might be termedpetty _hypocrisy_. Compare DECEPTION. Antonyms: candor, genuineness, ingenuousness, sincerity, truth, frankness, honesty, openness, transparency, truthfulness. * * * * * HYPOCRITE. Synonyms: cheat, deceiver, dissembler, impostor, pretender. A _hypocrite_ (Gr. _hypokrites_, one who answers on the stage, an actor, especially a mimic actor) is one who acts a false part, or assumes acharacter other than the real. _Deceiver_ is the most comprehensiveterm, including all the other words of the group. The _deceiver_ seeksto give false impressions of any matter where he has an end to gain; the_dissembler_ or _hypocrite_ seeks to give false impressions in regard tohimself. The _dissembler_ is content if he can keep some base conduct orevil purpose from being discovered; the _hypocrite_ seeks not merely tocover his vices, but to gain credit for virtue. The _cheat_ and_impostor_ endeavor to make something out of those they may deceive. The_cheat_ is the inferior and more mercenary, as the thimble-rig gambler;the _impostor_ may aspire to a fortune or a throne. Compare HYPOCRISY. Antonyms: The antonyms of _hypocrite_ are to be found only in phrases embodyingthe adjectives candid, honest, ingenuous, sincere, true, etc. * * * * * HYPOTHESIS. Synonyms: conjecture, scheme, supposition, system, guess, speculation, surmise, theory. A _hypothesis_ is a statement of what is deemed possibly true, assumedand reasoned upon as if certainly true, with a view of reaching truthnot yet surely known; especially, in the sciences, a _hypothesis_ is acomprehensive tentative explanation of certain phenomena, which is meantto include all other facts of the same class, and which is assumed astrue till there has been opportunity to bring all related facts intocomparison; if the _hypothesis_ explains all the facts, it is regardedas verified; till then it is regarded as a working _hypothesis_, thatis, one that may answer for present practical purposes. A _hypothesis_may be termed a comprehensive _guess_. A _guess_ is a swift conclusionfrom data directly at hand, and held as probable or tentative, while oneconfessedly lacks material for absolute certainty. A _conjecture_ ismore methodical than a _guess_, while a _supposition_ is still slowerand more settled; a _conjecture_, like a _guess_, is preliminary andtentative; a _supposition_ is more nearly final; a _surmise_ is morefloating and visionary, and often sinister; as, a _surmise_ that astranger may be a pickpocket. _Theory_ is used of the mentalcoordination of facts and principles, that may or may not prove correct;a machine may be perfect in _theory_, but useless in fact. _Scheme_ maybe used as nearly equivalent to _theory_, but is more frequently appliedto proposed action, and in the sense of a somewhat visionary plan. A_speculation_ may be wholly of the brain, resting upon no facts worthyof consideration; _system_ is the highest of these terms, having most ofassurance and fixity; a _system_ unites many facts, phenomena, ordoctrines into an orderly and consistent whole; we speak of a _system_of theology, of the Copernican _system_ of the universe. Compare SYSTEM. Antonyms: certainty, demonstration, discovery, evidence, fact, proof. * * * * * IDEA. Synonyms: apprehension, design, impression, plan, archetype, fancy, judgment, purpose, belief, fantasy, model, sentiment, conceit, ideal, notion, supposition, concept, image, opinion, theory, conception, imagination, pattern, thought. _Idea_ is in Greek a _form_ or an _image_. The word signified in earlyphilosophical use the _archetype_ or primal _image_ which the Platonicphilosophy supposed to be the _model_ or _pattern_ that existing objectsimperfectly embody. This high sense has nearly disappeared from the word_idea_, and has been largely appropriated by _ideal_, tho something ofthe original meaning still appears when in theological or philosophicallanguage we speak of the _ideas_ of God. The present popular use of_idea_ makes it to signify any product of mental _apprehension_ oractivity, considered as an object of knowledge or thought; thiscoincides with the primitive sense at but a single point--that an _idea_is mental as opposed to anything substantial or physical; thus, almostany mental product, as a _belief_, _conception_, _design_, _opinion_, etc. , may now be called an _idea_. Compare FANCY; IDEAL. Antonyms: actuality, fact, reality, substance. * * * * * IDEAL. Synonyms: archetype, model, pattern, prototype, standard. Idea, original, An _ideal_ is that which is conceived or taken as the highest type ofexcellence or ultimate object of attainment. The _archetype_ is theprimal form, actual or imaginary, according to which any existing thingis constructed; the _prototype_ has or has had actual existence; in thederived sense, as in metrology, a _prototype_ may not be the originalform, but one having equal authority with that as a _standard_. An_ideal_ may be primal, or may be slowly developed even from failures andby negations; an _ideal_ is meant to be perfect, not merely the thingthat has been attained or is to be attained, but the best conceivablething that could by possibility be attained. The artist's _ideal_ is hisown mental image, of which his finished work is but an imperfectexpression. The _original_ is the first specimen, good or bad; the_original_ of a master is superior to all copies. The _standard_ may bebelow the _ideal_. The _ideal_ is imaginary, and ordinarilyunattainable; the _standard_ is concrete, and ordinarily attainable, being a measure to which all else of its kind must conform; as, the_standard_ of weights and measures, of corn, or of cotton. The _idea_ ofvirtue is the mental concept or image of virtue in general; the _ideal_of virtue is the mental concept or image of virtue in its highestconceivable perfection. Compare EXAMPLE; IDEA. Antonyms: accomplishment, action, doing, fact, practise, achievement, attainment, embodiment, incarnation, reality, act, development, execution, performance, realization. * * * * * IDIOCY. Synonyms: fatuity, foolishness, incapacity, stupidity. Folly, imbecility, senselessness, _Idiocy_ is a state of mental unsoundness amounting almost or quite tototal absence of understanding. _Imbecility_ is a condition of mentalweakness, which may or may not be as complete as that of _idiocy_, butis at least such as to incapacitate for the serious duties of life. _Incapacity_, or lack of legal qualification for certain acts, necessarily results from _imbecility_, but may also result from othercauses, as from insanity or from age, sex, etc. ; as, the _incapacity_ ofa minor to make a contract. _Idiocy_ or _imbecility_ is weakness ofmind, while insanity is disorder or abnormal action of mind. _Folly_ and_foolishness_ denote a want of mental and often of moral balance. _Fatuity_ is sometimes used as equivalent to _idiocy_, but morefrequently signifies conceited and excessive _foolishness_ or _folly_. _Stupidity_ is dulness and slowness of mental action which may range allthe way from lack of normal readiness to absolute _imbecility_. CompareINSANITY. Antonyms: acuteness, brilliancy, common sense, sagacity, soundness, astuteness, capacity, intelligence, sense, wisdom. * * * * * IDLE. Synonyms: inactive, inert, slothful, trifling, unoccupied, indolent, lazy, sluggish, unemployed, vacant. _Idle_ in all uses rests upon its root meaning, as derived from theAnglo-Saxon _idel_, which signifies vain, empty, useless. _Idle_ thusdenotes not primarily the absence of action, but vain action--theabsence of useful, effective action; the _idle_ schoolboy may be veryactively whittling his desk or tormenting his neighbors. Doing nothingwhatever is the secondary meaning of _idle_. One may be temporarily_idle_ of necessity; if he is habitually _idle_, it is his own fault. _Lazy_ signifies indisposed to exertion, averse to labor; idleness is infact; laziness is in disposition or inclination. A _lazy_ person maychance to be employed in useful work, but he acts without energy orimpetus. We speak figuratively of a _lazy_ stream. The _inert_ personseems like dead matter (characterized by inertia), powerless to move;the _sluggish_ moves heavily and toilsomely; the most active person maysometimes find the bodily or mental powers _sluggish_. _Slothful_belongs in the moral realm, denoting a self-indulgent aversion toexertion. "The _slothful_ hideth his hand in his bosom; it grieveth himto bring it again to his mouth, " _Prov. _ xxvi, 15. _Indolent_ is amilder term for the same quality; the _slothful_ man hates action; the_indolent_ man loves inaction. Compare VAIN. Antonyms: active, busy, diligent, employed, industrious, occupied, working. * * * * * IGNORANT. Synonyms: ill-informed, unenlightened, unlearned, untaught, illiterate, uninformed, unlettered, untutored. Uneducated, uninstructed, unskilled, _Ignorant_ signifies destitute of education or knowledge, or lackingknowledge or information; it is thus a relative term. The most learnedman is still _ignorant_ of many things; persons are spoken of as_ignorant_ who have not the knowledge that has become generally diffusedin the world; the _ignorant_ savage may be well instructed in matters ofthe field and the chase, and is thus more properly _untutored_ than_ignorant_. _Illiterate_ is without letters and the knowledge that comesthrough reading. _Unlettered_ is similar in meaning to _illiterate_, butless absolute; the _unlettered_ man may have acquired the art of readingand writing and some elementary knowledge; the _uneducated_ man hasnever taken any systematic course of mental training. _Ignorance_ isrelative; _illiteracy_ is absolute; we have statistics of _illiteracy_;no statistics of _ignorance_ are possible. Antonyms: educated, learned, sage, skilled, trained, well-informed, wise. Instructed, * * * * * IMAGINATION. Synonyms: fancy, fantasy, phantasy. The old psychology treated of the _Reproductive Imagination_, whichsimply reproduces the images that the mind has in any way acquired, andthe _Productive Imagination_ which modifies and combines mental imagesso as to produce what is virtually new. To this _ReproductiveImagination_ President Noah Porter and others have given the name of_phantasy_ or _fantasy_ (many psychologists preferring the formerspelling). _Phantasy_ or _fantasy_, so understood, presents numerous andvaried images, often combining them into new forms with exceedingvividness, yet without any true constructive power, but with the mindadrift, blindly and passively following the laws of association, andwith reason and will in torpor; the mental images being perhaps asvaried and as vivid, but also as purposeless and unsystematized as thevisual images in a kaleidoscope; such _fantasy_ (often loosely called_imagination_) appears in dreaming, reverie, somnambulism, andintoxication. _Fantasy_ in ordinary usage simply denotes capricious orerratic _fancy_, as appears in the adjective _fantastic_. _Imagination_and _fancy_ differ from _fantasy_ in bringing the images and theircombinations under the control of the will; _imagination_ is the broaderand higher term, including _fancy_; _imagination_ is the act or power ofimaging or of reimaging objects of perception or thought, of combiningthe products of knowledge in modified, new, or ideal forms--the creativeor constructive power of the mind; while _fancy_ is the act or power offorming pleasing, graceful, whimsical, or odd mental images, or ofcombining them with little regard to rational processes of construction;_imagination_ in its lower form. Both _fancy_ and _imagination_recombine and modify mental images; either may work with the other'smaterials; _imagination_ may glorify the tiniest flower; _fancy_ mayplay around a mountain or a star; the one great distinction between themis that _fancy_ is superficial, while _imagination_ is deep, essential, spiritual. Wordsworth, who was the first clearly to draw thedistinction between the _fancy_ and the _imagination_, states it asfollows: To aggregate and to associate, to evoke and to combine, belong as well to the _imagination_ as to the _fancy_; but either the materials evoked and combined are different; or they are brought together under a different law, and for a different purpose. _Fancy_ does not require that the materials which she makes use of should be susceptible of changes in their constitution from her touch; and where they admit of modification, it is enough for her purpose if it be slight, limited, and evanescent. Directly the reverse of these are the desires and demands of the _imagination_. She recoils from everything but the plastic, the pliant, and the indefinite. She leaves it to _fancy_ to describe Queen Mab as coming: 'In shape no bigger than an agate stone On the forefinger of an alderman. ' Having to speak of stature, she does not tell you that her gigantic angel was as tall as Pompey's Pillar; much less that he was twelve cubits or twelve hundred cubits high; or that his dimensions equalled those of Teneriffe or Atlas; because these, and if they were a million times as high, it would be the same, are bounded. The expression is, 'His stature reached the sky!' the illimitable firmament!--When the _imagination_ frames a comparison, . . . A sense of the truth of the likeness from the moment that it is perceived grows--and continues to grow--upon the mind; the resemblance depending less upon outline of form and feature than upon expression and effect, less upon casual and outstanding than upon inherent and internal properties. [B] _Poetical Works, Pref. To Ed. Of 1815_, p. 646, app. [T. & H. '51. ] So far as actual images are concerned, both _fancy_ and _imagination_are limited to the materials furnished by the external world; it isremarkable that among all the representations of gods or demigods, fiends and demons, griffins and chimæras, the human mind has neverinvented one organ or attribute that is not presented in human or animallife; the lion may have a human head and an eagle's wings and claws, butin the various features, individually, there is absolutely nothing new. But _imagination_ can transcend the work of _fancy_, and compare animage drawn from the external world with some spiritual truth born inthe mind itself, or infuse a series of images with such a spiritualtruth, molding them as needed for its more vivid expression. The _imagination_ modifies images, and gives unity to variety; it sees all things in one. . . . There is the epic _imagination_, the perfection of which is in Milton; and the dramatic, of which Shakspeare is the absolute master. COLERIDGE _Table Talk_ June 23, '34. _Fancy_ keeps the material image prominent and clear, and works not onlywith it, but for it; _imagination_ always uses the material object asthe minister of something greater than itself, and often almost losesthe object in the spiritual idea with which she has associated it, andfor which alone she values it. _Fancy_ flits about the surface, and isairy and playful, sometimes petty and sometimes false; _imagination_goes to the heart of things, and is deep, earnest, serious, and seeksalways and everywhere for essential truth. _Fancy_ sets off, variegates, and decorates; _imagination_ transforms and exalts. _Fancy_ delights andentertains; _imagination_ moves and thrills. _Imagination_ is not onlypoetic or literary, but scientific, philosophical, and practical. By_imagination_ the architect sees the unity of a building not yet begun, and the inventor sees the unity and varied interactions of a machinenever yet constructed, even a unity that no human eye ever can see, since when the machine is in actual motion, one part may hide theconnecting parts, and yet all keep the unity of the inventor's thought. By _imagination_ a Newton sweeps sun, planets, and stars into unity withthe earth and the apple that is drawn irresistibly to its surface, andsees them all within the circle of one grand law. Science, philosophy, and mechanical invention have little use for _fancy_, but the creative, penetrative power of _imagination_ is to them the breath of life, andthe condition of all advance and success. See also FANCY; IDEA. [B] The whole discussion from which the quotation is taken is worthy of, and will well repay, careful study. * * * * * IMMEDIATELY. Synonyms: at once, instanter, presently, straightway, directly, instantly, right away, this instant, forthwith, now, right off, without delay. The strong and general human tendency to procrastination is shown in theprogressive weakening of the various words in this group. _Immediately_primarily signifies without the intervention of anything as a medium, hence without the intervention of any, even the briefest, interval orlapse of time. _By and by_, which was once a synonym, has become anantonym of _immediately_, meaning at some (perhaps remote) future time. _Directly_, which once meant with no intervening time, now means aftersome little while; _presently_ no longer means in this very present, butbefore very long. Even _immediately_ is sliding from itsinstantaneousness, so that we are fain to substitute _at once_, _instantly_, etc. , when we would make promptness emphatic. _Right away_and _right off_ are vigorous conversational expressions in the UnitedStates. Antonyms: after a while, by and by, hereafter, in the future, some time. * * * * * IMMERSE. Synonyms: bury, dip, douse, duck, immerge, plunge, sink, submerge. _Dip_ is Saxon, while _immerse_ is Latin for the same initial act; _dip_is accordingly the more popular and commonplace, _immerse_ the moreelegant and dignified expression in many cases. To speak of baptism byimmersion as _dipping_ now seems rude; tho entirely proper and usual inearly English. Baptists now universally use the word _immerse_. To _dip_and to _immerse_ alike signify to _bury_ or _submerge_ some object in aliquid; but _dip_ implies that the object _dipped_ is at once removedfrom the liquid, while _immerse_ is wholly silent as to the removal. _Immerse_ also suggests more absolute completeness of the action; onemay _dip_ his sleeve or _dip_ a sponge in a liquid, if he but touchesthe edge; if he _immerses_ it, he completely _sinks_ it under, andcovers it with the liquid. _Submerge_ implies that the object can notreadily be removed, if at all; as, a _submerged_ wreck. To _plunge_ isto _immerse_ suddenly and violently, for which _douse_ and _duck_ arecolloquial terms. _Dip_ is used, also, unlike the other words, to denotethe putting of a hollow vessel into a liquid in order to remove aportion of it; in this sense we say _dip up_, _dip out_. Comparesynonyms for BURY. Preposition: The object is immersed _in_ water. * * * * * IMMINENT. Synonyms: impending, threatening. _Imminent_, from the Latin, with the sense of projecting over, signifiesliable to happen at once, as some calamity, dangerous and close at hand. _Impending_, also from the Latin, with the sense of hanging over, isclosely akin to _imminent_, but somewhat less emphatic. _Imminent_ ismore immediate, _impending_ more remote, _threatening_ more contingent. An _impending_ evil is almost sure to happen at some uncertain time, perhaps very near; an _imminent_ peril is one liable to befall veryspeedily; a _threatening_ peril may be near or remote, but always withhope that it may be averted. Antonyms: chimerical, doubtful, problematical, unexpected, unlikely. Contingent, improbable, * * * * * IMPEDIMENT. Synonyms: bar, clog, encumbrance, obstacle, barrier, difficulty, hindrance, obstruction. _Difficulty_ makes an undertaking otherwise than easy. That which restsupon one as a burden is an _encumbrance_. An _impediment_ is primarilysomething that checks the foot or in any way makes advance slow ordifficult; an _obstacle_ is something that stands across the way, an_obstruction_ something that is built or placed across the way. An_obstruction_ is always an _obstacle_, but an _obstacle_ may not alwaysbe properly termed an _obstruction_; boxes and bales placed on thesidewalk are _obstructions_ to travel; an ice-floe is an _obstacle_ tonavigation, and may become an _obstruction_ if it closes an inlet orchannel. A _hindrance_ (kindred with _hind_, _behind_) is anything thatmakes one come behind or short of his purpose. An _impediment_ may beeither what one finds in his way or what he carries with him;_impedimenta_ was the Latin name for the baggage of a soldier or of anarmy. The tendency is to view an _impediment_ as something constant or, at least for a time, continuous; as, an _impediment_ in one's speech. A_difficulty_ or a _hindrance_ may be either within one or without; aspeaker may find _difficulty_ in expressing himself, or _difficulty_ inholding the attention of restless children. An _encumbrance_ is alwayswhat one carries with him; an _obstacle_ or an _obstruction_ is alwayswithout. To a marching soldier the steepness of a mountain path is a_difficulty_, loose stones are _impediments_, a fence is an_obstruction_, a cliff or a boulder across the way is an _obstacle_; aknapsack is an _encumbrance_. Antonyms: advantage, aid, assistance, benefit, help, relief, succor. * * * * * IMPUDENCE. Synonyms: assurance, impertinence, intrusiveness, presumption, boldness, incivility, officiousness, rudeness, effrontery, insolence, pertness, sauciness. Forwardness, _Impertinence_ primarily denotes what does not pertain or belong to theoccasion or the person, and hence comes to signify interference by wordor act not consistent with the age, position, or relation of the personinterfered with or of the one who interferes; especially, forward, presumptuous, or meddlesome speech. _Impudence_ is shameless_impertinence_. What would be arrogance in a superior becomes_impertinence_ or _impudence_ in an inferior. _Impertinence_ has less ofintent and determination than _impudence_. We speak of thoughtless_impertinence_, shameless _impudence_. _Insolence_ is literally thatwhich is against custom, _i. E. _, the violation of customary respect andcourtesy. _Officiousness_ is thrusting upon others unasked and undesiredservice, and is often as well-meant as it is annoying. _Rudeness_ is thebehavior that might be expected from a thoroughly uncultured person, andmay be either deliberate and insulting or unintentional and evenunconscious. Compare ARROGANCE; ASSURANCE; EFFRONTERY; PERTNESS. Antonyms: bashfulness, diffidence, lowliness, modesty, coyness, humility, meekness, submissiveness. Prepositions: The impudence _of_, or impudence _from_, a subordinate _to_ a superior. * * * * * INCONGRUOUS. Synonyms: absurd, ill-matched, inharmonious, conflicting, inapposite, irreconcilable, contradictory, inappropriate, mismatched, contrary, incommensurable, mismated, discordant, incompatible, repugnant, discrepant, inconsistent, unsuitable. Two or more things that do not fit well together, or are not adapted toeach other, are said to be _incongruous_; a thing is said to be_incongruous_ that is not adapted to the time, place, or occasion; theterm is also applied to a thing made up of ill-assorted parts or_inharmonious_ elements. _Discordant_ is applied to all things that jarin association like musical notes that are not in accord; _inharmonious_has the same original sense, but is a milder term. _Incompatible_primarily signifies unable to sympathize or feel alike; _inconsistent_means unable to stand together. Things are _incompatible_ which can notexist together in harmonious relations, and whose action when associatedtends to ultimate extinction of one by the other. _Inconsistent_ appliesto things that can not be made to agree in thought with each other, orwith some standard of truth or right; slavery and freedom are_inconsistent_ with each other in theory, and _incompatible_ in fact. _Incongruous_ applies to relations, _unsuitable_ to purpose or use; twocolors are _incongruous_ which can not be agreeably associated; eithermay be _unsuitable_ for a person, a room, or an occasion. _Incommensurable_ is a mathematical term, applying to two or morequantities that have no common measure or aliquot part. Antonyms: accordant, agreeing, compatible, consistent, harmonious, suitable. Preposition: The illustrations were incongruous _with_ the theme. * * * * * INDUCTION. Synonyms: deduction, inference. _Deduction_ is reasoning from the general to the particular; _induction_is reasoning from the particular to the general. _Deduction_ proceedsfrom a general principle through an admitted instance to a conclusion. _Induction_, on the other hand, proceeds from a number of collatedinstances, through some attribute common to them all, to a generalprinciple. The proof of an _induction_ is by using its conclusion as thepremise of a new _deduction_. Thus what is ordinarily known asscientific _induction_ is a constant interchange of _induction_ and_deduction_. In _deduction_, if the general rule is true, and thespecial case falls under the rule, the conclusion is certain;_induction_ can ordinarily give no more than a probable conclusion, because we can never be sure that we have collated all instances. An_induction_ is of the nature of an _inference_, but while an _inference_may be partial and hasty, an _induction_ is careful, and aims to becomplete. Compare DEMONSTRATION; HYPOTHESIS. * * * * * INDUSTRIOUS. Synonyms: active, busy, employed, occupied, assiduous, diligent, engaged, sedulous. _Industrious_ signifies zealously or habitually applying oneself to anywork or business. _Busy_ applies to an activity which may be temporary, _industrious_ to a habit of life. We say a man is _busy_ just now; thatis, _occupied_ at the moment with something that takes his fullattention. It would be ridiculous or satirical to say, he is_industrious_ just now. But _busy_ can be used in the sense of_industrious_, as when we say he is a _busy_ man. _Diligent_ indicatesalso a disposition, which is ordinarily habitual, and suggests more ofheartiness and volition than _industrious_. We say one is a _diligent_, rather than an _industrious_, reader of the Bible. In the use of thenouns, we speak of plodding _industry_, but not of plodding _diligence_. Compare ACTIVE; INDUSTRY. Antonyms: See synonyms for IDLE. * * * * * INDUSTRY. Synonyms: application, diligence, labor, persistence, assiduity, effort, pains, sedulousness. Attention, exertion, patience, constancy, intentness, perseverance, _Industry_ is the quality, action, or habit of earnest, steady, andcontinued attention or devotion to any useful or productive work ortask, manual or mental. _Assiduity_ (L. _ad_, to, and _sedeo_, sit), asthe etymology suggests, sits down to a task until it is done. _Diligence_ (L. _diligo_, love, choose) invests more effort andexertion, with love of the work or deep interest in its accomplishment;_application_ (L. _ad_, to, and _plico_, fold) bends to its work andconcentrates all one's powers upon it with utmost intensity; hence, _application_ can hardly be as unremitting as _assiduity_. _Constancy_is a steady devotion of heart and principle. _Patience_ works on inspite of annoyances; _perseverance_ overcomes hindrances anddifficulties; _persistence_ strives relentlessly against opposition;_persistence_ has very frequently an unfavorable meaning, implying thatone persists in spite of considerations that should induce him todesist. _Industry_ is _diligence_ applied to some avocation, business, or profession. _Labor_ and _pains_ refer to the _exertions_ of theworker and the tax upon him, while _assiduity_, _perseverance_, etc. , refer to his continuance in the work. Antonyms: changeableness, idleness, inconstancy, neglect, remissness, fickleness, inattention, indolence, negligence, sloth. * * * * * INFINITE. Synonyms: absolute, illimitable, limitless, unconditioned, boundless, immeasurable, measureless, unfathomable, countless, innumerable, numberless, unlimited, eternal, interminable, unbounded, unmeasured. _Infinite_ (L. _in_, not, and _finis_, limit) signifies without boundsor limits in any way, and may be applied to space, time, quantity, ornumber. _Countless_, _innumerable_, and _numberless_, which should bethe same as _infinite_, are in common usage vaguely employed to denotewhat it is difficult or practically impossible to count or number, thoperhaps falling far short of _infinite_; as, _countless_ leaves, the_countless_ sands on the seashore, _numberless_ battles, _innumerable_delays. So, too, _boundless_, _illimitable_, _limitless_, _measureless_, and _unlimited_ are loosely used in reference to what has no apparent orreadily determinable limits in space or time; as, we speak of the_boundless_ ocean. _Infinite_ space is without bounds, not only in fact, but in thought; _infinite_ time is truly _eternal_. Compare synonyms forETERNAL. Antonyms: bounded, finite, measurable, restricted, small, brief, limited, moderate, shallow, transient, circumscribed, little, narrow, short, transitory. Evanescent, * * * * * INFLUENCE. Synonyms: actuate, draw, impel, induce, move, stir, compel, drive, incite, instigate, persuade, sway, dispose, excite, incline, lead, prompt, urge. To _influence_ (L. _in_, in or into, and _fluo_, flow) is to affect, modify, or act upon by physical, mental, or moral power, especially insome gentle, subtle, and gradual way; as, vegetation is _influenced_ bylight; every one is _influenced_ to some extent by public opinion;_influence_ is chiefly used of power acting from without, tho it may beused of motives regarded as forces acting upon the will. _Actuate_refers solely to mental or moral power _impelling_ one from within. Onemay _influence_, but can not directly _actuate_ another; but one may be_actuated_ to cruelty by hatred which another's misrepresentation hasaroused. _Prompt_ and _stir_ are words of mere suggestion toward somecourse of action; _dispose_, _draw_, _incline_, _influence_, and _lead_refer to the use of mild means to awaken in another a purpose ordisposition to act. To _excite_ is to arouse one from lethargy orindifference to action. _Incite_ and _instigate_, to spur or goad one toaction, differ in the fact that _incite_ may be to good, while_instigate_ is always to evil (compare ABET). To _urge_ and _impel_signify to produce strong excitation toward some act. We are _urged_from without, _impelled_ from within. _Drive_ and _compel_ implyirresistible influence accomplishing its object. One may be _driven_either by his own passions or by external force or urgency; one is_compelled_ only by some external power; as, the owner was _compelled_by his misfortunes to sell his estate. Compare COMPEL; DRIVE. Antonyms: deter, dissuade, impede, prevent, restrain, retard. Discourage, hinder, inhibit, Prepositions: Actuated _to_ crime _by_ revenge. * * * * * INHERENT. Synonyms: congenital, indispensable, innate, native, essential, indwelling, inseparable, natural, immanent, infixed, internal, subjective. Inborn, ingrained, intrinsic, inbred, inhering, inwrought, _Inherent_ signifies permanently united as an element or originalquality, naturally existent or incorporated in something so as to havebecome an integral part. _Immanent_ is a philosophic word, to denotethat which dwells in or pervades any substance or spirit withoutnecessarily being a part of it, and without reference to any working out(compare SUBJECTIVE). That which is _inherent_ is an _inseparable_ partof that in which it inheres, and is usually thought of with reference tosome outworking or effect; as, an _inherent_ difficulty. God is said tobe _immanent_ (not _inherent_) in the universe. Frequently _intrinsic_and _inherent_ can be interchanged, but _inherent_ applies to qualities, while _intrinsic_ applies to essence, so that to speak of _intrinsic_excellence conveys higher praise than if we say _inherent_ excellence. _Inherent_ and _intrinsic_ may be said of persons or things;_congenital_, _inborn_, _inbred_, _innate_, apply to living beings. _Congenital_ is frequent in medical and legal use with specialapplication to defects; as, _congenital_ idiocy. _Innate_ and _inborn_are almost identical, but _innate_ is preferred in philosophic use, aswhen we speak of _innate_ ideas; that which is _inborn_, _congenital_, or _innate_ may be original with the individual, but that which is_inbred_ is inherited. _Ingrained_ signifies dyed in the grain, anddenotes that which is deeply wrought into substance or character. Antonyms: accidental, extrinsic, outward, superficial, supplemental, casual, fortuitous, subsidiary, superfluous, transient, external, incidental, superadded, superimposed, unconnected. * * * * * INJURY. Synonyms: blemish, disadvantage, hurt, loss, prejudice, damage, evil, impairment, mischief, wrong. Detriment, harm, injustice, outrage, _Injury_ (L. _in_, not, and _jus, juris_, right, law) signifiesprimarily something done contrary to law or right; hence, somethingcontrary to some standard of right or good; whatever reduces the value, utility, beauty, or desirableness of anything is an _injury_ to thatthing; of persons, whatever is so done as to operate adversely to one inhis person, rights, property, or reputation is an _injury_; the word isespecially used of whatever mars the integrity of the body or causespain; as, when rescued from the wreck his _injuries_ were found to bevery slight. _Injury_ is the general term including all the rest. _Damage_ (L. _damnum_, loss) is that which occasions _loss_ to thepossessor; hence, any impairment of value, often with the suggestion offault on the part of the one causing it; _damage_ reduces value, utility, or beauty; _detriment_ (L. _deterere_, to rub or wear away) issimilar in meaning, but far milder. _Detriment_ may affect value only;_damage_ always affects real worth or utility; as a rule, the slightestuse of an article by a purchaser operates to its _detriment_ if againoffered for sale, tho the article may have received not the slightest_damage_. _Damage_ is partial; _loss_ is properly absolute as far as itis predicated at all; the _loss_ of a ship implies that it is gonebeyond recovery; the _loss_ of the rudder is a _damage_ to the ship; butsince the _loss_ of a part still leaves a part, we may speak of apartial or a total _loss_. _Evil_ commonly suggests suffering or sin, orboth; as, the _evils_ of poverty, the social _evil_. _Harm_ is closelysynonymous with _injury_; it may apply to body, mind, or estate, butalways affects real worth, while _injury_ may concern only estimatedvalue. A _hurt_ is an _injury_ that causes pain, physical or mental; aslight _hurt_ may be no real _harm_. _Mischief_ is disarrangement, trouble, or _harm_ usually caused by some voluntary agent, with orwithout injurious intent; a child's thoughtless sport may do great_mischief_; _wrong_ is _harm_ done with _evil_ intent. An _outrage_combines insult and _injury_. Compare synonyms for BLEMISH; CRIMINAL;INJUSTICE. Antonyms: advantage, benefit, boon, improvement, service, amelioration, blessing, help, remedy, utility. Prepositions: The injury _of_ the cause; an injury _to_ the structure; injury _by_fire; _by_ or _from_ collision, interference, etc. * * * * * INJUSTICE. Synonyms: grievance, injury, unfairness, unrighteousness, wrong. Iniquity, _Injustice_ is a violation or denial of justice, an act or omission thatis contrary to equity or justice; as, the _injustice_ of unequal taxes. In legal usage a _wrong_ involves _injury_ to person, property, orreputation, as the result of evil intent; _injustice_ applies to civildamage or loss, not necessarily involving _injury_ to person orproperty, as by misrepresentation of goods which does not amount to alegal warranty. In popular usage, _injustice_ may involve no direct_injury_ to person, property, interest, or character, and no harmfulintent, while _wrong_ always involves both; one who attributes another'struly generous act to a selfish motive does him an _injustice_. _Iniquity_, in the original sense, is a want of or a deviation fromequity; but it is now applied in the widest sense to any form ofill-doing. Compare synonyms for CRIMINAL; SIN. Antonyms: equity, faithfulness, impartiality, lawfulness, righteousness, fairness, honesty, integrity, rectitude, uprightness. Fair play, honor, justice, right, * * * * * INNOCENT. Synonyms: blameless, guiltless, inoffensive, spotless, clean, harmless, pure, stainless, clear, immaculate, right, upright, faultless, innocuous, righteous, virtuous. Guileless, innoxious, sinless, _Innocent_, in the full sense, signifies not tainted with sin; nothaving done wrong or violated legal or moral precept or duty; as, an_innocent_ babe. _Innocent_ is a negative word, expressing less than_righteous_, _upright_, or _virtuous_, which imply knowledge of good andevil, with free choice of the good. A little child or a lamb is_innocent_; a tried and faithful man is _righteous_, _upright_, _virtuous_. _Immaculate_, _pure_, and _sinless_ may be used either ofone who has never known the possibility of evil or of one who hasperfectly and triumphantly resisted it. _Innocent_ is used of inanimatesubstances in the sense of _harmless_; as, an _innocent_ remedy, thatis, one not dangerous, even if not helpful. _Innocent_, in a specificcase, signifies free from the guilt of a particular act, even tho thetotal character may be very evil; as, the thief was found to be_innocent_ of the murder. See CANDID; PURE. Antonyms: Compare synonyms for CRIMINAL. * * * * * INQUISITIVE. Synonyms: curious, meddlesome, peeping, scrutinizing, inquiring, meddling, prying, searching. Intrusive, An _inquisitive_ person is one who is bent on finding out all that canbe found out by inquiry, especially of little and personal matters, andhence is generally _meddlesome_ and _prying_. _Inquisitive_ may be usedin a good sense, tho in such connection _inquiring_ is to be preferred;as, an _inquiring_ mind. As applied to a state of mind, _curious_denotes a keen and rather pleasurable desire to know fully something towhich one's attention has been called, but without the active tendencythat _inquisitive_ implies; a well-bred person may be _curious_ to know, but will not be _inquisitive_ in trying to ascertain, what is ofinterest in the affairs of another. Antonyms: apathetic, heedless, indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested. Careless, inattentive, Prepositions: Inquisitive _about_, _concerning_, _in regard to_, _regarding_ trifles. * * * * * INSANITY. Synonyms: aberration, delirium, frenzy, madness, alienation, dementia, hallucination, mania, craziness, derangement, lunacy, monomania. Of these terms _insanity_ is the most exact and comprehensive, includingin its widest sense all morbid conditions of mind due to diseased actionof the brain or nervous system, but in its more frequent restricted useapplied to those forms in which the mental disorder is persistent, asdistinguished from those in which it is temporary or transient. _Craziness_ is a vague popular term for any sort of disordered mentalaction, or for conduct suggesting it. _Lunacy_ originally denotedintermittent _insanity_, supposed to be dependent on the changes of themoon (L. _luna_): the term is now applied in general and legal use toany form of mental unsoundness except idiocy. _Madness_ is the oldpopular term, now less common, for _insanity_ in its widest sense, butwith suggestion of excitement, akin to _mania_. In the derived sense, _lunacy_ denotes what is insanely foolish, _madness_ what is insanelydesperate. _Derangement_ is a common euphemism for _insanity_. _Delirium_ is always temporary, and is specifically the _insanity_ ofdisease, as in acute fevers. _Dementia_ is a general weakening of themental powers: the word is specifically applied to senile _insanity_, dotage. _Aberration_ is eccentricity of mental action due to an abnormalstate of the perceptive faculties, and is manifested by error inperceptions and rambling thought. _Hallucination_ is the apparentperception of that which does not exist or is not present to the senses, as the seeing of specters or of reptiles in delirium tremens. _Monomania_ is mental _derangement_ as to one subject or object. _Frenzy_ and _mania_ are forms of raving and furious _insanity_. Comparesynonyms for DELUSION; IDIOCY. Antonyms: clearness, good sense, lucidity, rationality, sanity. * * * * * INTERPOSE. Synonyms: arbitrate, intercept, intermeddle, meddle, intercede, interfere, interrupt, mediate. To _interpose_ is to place or come between other things or persons, usually as a means of obstruction or prevention of some effect or resultthat would otherwise occur, or be expected to take place. _Intercede_and _interpose_ are used in a good sense; _intermeddle_ always in a badsense, and _interfere_ frequently so. To _intercede_ is to come betweenpersons who are at variance, and plead with the stronger in behalf ofthe weaker. One may _interpose_ with authority; he _intercedes_ bypetition. To _intermeddle_ is to thrust oneself into the concerns ofothers with a petty officiousness; _meddling_ commonly arises from idlecuriosity; "every fool will be _meddling_, " _Prov. _ xx, 3; to_interfere_ is to intrude into others' affairs with more seriouspurpose, with or without acknowledged right or propriety. _Intercept_ isapplied to an object that may be seized or stopped while in transit; as, to _intercept_ a letter or a messenger; _interrupt_ is applied to anaction which might or should be continuous, but is broken in upon (L. _rumpere_, to break) by some disturbing power; as, the conversation was_interrupted_. One who _arbitrates_ or _mediates_ must do so by therequest or at least with the consent of the contending parties; theother words of the group imply that he steps in of his own accord. Antonyms: avoid, keep aloof, keep out, retire, stand back, hold aloof, keep away, let alone, stand aside, stand off, hold off, keep clear, let be, stand away, withdraw. Prepositions: Interpose _between_ the combatants; _in_ the matter. * * * * * INVOLVE. Synonyms: complicate, embroil, implicate, include, embarrass, entangle, imply, overwhelm. To _involve_ (L. _in_, in, and _volvo_, roll) is to roll or wind up withor in so as to combine inextricably or inseparably, or nearly so; as, the nation is _involved_ in war; the bookkeeper's accounts, or thewriter's sentences are _involved_. _Involve_ is a stronger word than_implicate_, denoting more complete entanglement. As applied to persons, _implicate_ is always used in an unfavorable sense, and _involve_ordinarily so; but _implicate_ applies only to that which is wrong, while _involve_ is more commonly used of that which is unfortunate; oneis _implicated_ in a crime, _involved_ in embarrassments, misfortunes, or perplexities. As regards logical connection that which is _included_is usually expressly stated; that which is _implied_ is not stated, butis naturally to be inferred; that which is _involved_ is necessarily tobe inferred; as, a slate roof is _included_ in the contract; that theroof shall be water-tight is _implied_; the contrary supposition_involves_ an absurdity. See COMPLEX. Antonyms: disconnect, distinguish, explicate, extricate, remove, separate. Disentangle, * * * * * JOURNEY. Synonyms: excursion, pilgrimage, transit, trip, expedition, tour, travel, voyage. A _journey_ (F. _journée_, from L. _diurnus_, daily) was primarily aday's work; hence, a movement from place to place within one day, whichwe now describe as "a day's _journey_;" in its extended modern use a_journey_ is a direct going from a starting-point to a destination, ordinarily over a considerable distance; we speak of a day's _journey_, or the _journey_ of life. _Travel_ is a passing from place to place, notnecessarily in a direct line or with fixed destination; a _journey_through Europe would be a passage to some destination beyond or at thefarther boundary; _travel_ in Europe may be in no direct course, but mayinclude many _journeys_ in different directions. A _voyage_, which wasformerly a _journey_ of any kind, is now a going to a considerabledistance by water, especially by sea; as, a _voyage_ to India. A _trip_is a short and direct _journey_. A _tour_ is a _journey_ that returns tothe starting-point, generally over a considerable distance; as, abridal _tour_, or business _tour_. An _excursion_ is a brief _tour_ or_journey_, taken for pleasure, often by many persons at once; as, an_excursion_ to Chautauqua. _Passage_ is a general word for a _journey_by any conveyance, especially by water; as, a rough _passage_ across theAtlantic; _transit_, literally the act of passing over or through, isused specifically of the conveyance of passengers or merchandise; rapid_transit_ is demanded for suburban residents or perishable goods. _Pilgrimage_, once always of a sacred character, retains in derived usessomething of that sense; as, a _pilgrimage_ to Stratford-on-Avon. Prepositions: A journey _from_ Naples _to_ Rome; _through_ Mexico; _across_ thecontinent; _over_ the sea; a journey _into_ Asia; _among_ savages; _by_land, _by_ rail, _for_ health, _on_ foot, _on_ the cars, etc. * * * * * JUDGE. Synonyms: arbiter, arbitrator, justice, referee, umpire. A _judge_, in the legal sense, is a judicial officer appointed orelected to preside in courts of law, and to decide legal questions dulybrought before him; the name is sometimes given to other legallyconstituted officers; as, the _judges_ of election; in other relations, any person duly appointed to pass upon the merits of contestants or ofcompeting articles may be called a _judge_; as, the _judges_ at anagricultural fair, or at a race-track; in the widest sense, any personwho has good capacity for judging is called a _judge_; as, a person issaid to be a _judge_ of pictures, or a good _judge_ of a horse, etc. Inmost games the _judge_ is called an _umpire_; as, the _umpire_ of a gameof ball or cricket. A _referee_ is appointed by a court to decidedisputed matters between litigants; an _arbitrator_ is chosen by thecontending parties to decide matters in dispute without action by acourt. In certain cases an _umpire_ is appointed by a court to decidewhere _arbitrators_ disagree. _Arbiter_, with its suggestion of finaland absolute decision, has come to be used only in a high or sacredsense; as, war must now be the _arbiter_; the Supreme _Arbiter_ of ourdestinies. The _judges_ of certain courts, as the United States SupremeCourt, are technically known as _justices_. * * * * * JUSTICE. Synonyms: equity, impartiality, legality, rightfulness, fairness, integrity, rectitude, truth, fair play, justness, right, uprightness, faithfulness, law, righteousness, virtue. Honor, lawfulness, In its governmental relations, human or divine, _justice_ is the givingto every person exactly what he deserves, not necessarily involving anyconsideration of what any other may deserve; _equity_ (the quality ofbeing equal) is giving every one as much advantage, privilege, orconsideration as is given to any other; it is that which is equallyright or just to all concerned; _equity_ is equal _justice_ and is thusa close synonym for _fairness_ and _impartiality_, but it has aphilosophical and legal precision that those words have not. In legalproceedings cases arise for which the _law_ has not adequately provided, or in which general provisions, just in the main, would work individualhardship. The system of _equity_, devised to supply the insufficienciesof _law_, deals with cases "to which the _law_ by reason of itsuniversality can not apply. " "_Equity_, then, . . . Is the soul and spiritof all _law_; positive _law_ is construed and rational _law_ is made byit. " BLACKSTONE bk. Iii, ch. 27, p. 429. In personal and socialrelations _justice_ is the rendering to every one what is due ormerited, whether in act, word, or thought; in matters of reasoning, orliterary work of any kind, _justice_ is close, faithful, unprejudiced, and unbiased adherence to essential truth or fact; we speak of the_justice_ of a statement, or of doing _justice_ to a subject. _Integrity_, _rectitude_, _right_, _righteousness_ and _virtue_ denoteconformity of personal conduct to the moral law, and thus necessarilyinclude _justice_, which is giving others that which is their due. _Lawfulness_ is an ambiguous word, meaning in its narrower sense mere_legality_, which may be very far from _justice_, but in its highersense signifying accordance with the supreme _law_ of _right_, and thusincluding perfect _justice_. _Justness_ refers rather to logicalrelations than to practical matters; as, we speak of the _justness_ of astatement or of a criticism. See JUDGE, _n. _ Antonyms: dishonesty, inequity, partiality, unlawfulness, untruth, favoritism, injustice, unfairness, unreasonableness, wrong. Prepositions: The justice _of_ the king; _to_ or _for_ the oppressed. * * * * * KEEP. Synonyms: carry, defend, hold, preserve, retain, carry on, detain, maintain, protect, support, celebrate, fulfil, obey, refrain, sustain, conduct, guard, observe, restrain, withhold. _Keep_, signifying generally to have and retain in possession, is theterse, strong Saxon term for many acts which are more exactlydiscriminated by other words. We _keep_, _observe_, or _celebrate_ afestival; we _keep_ or _hold_ a prisoner in custody; we _keep_ or_preserve_ silence, _keep_ the peace, _preserve_ order--_preserve_ beingthe more formal word; we _keep_ or _maintain_ a horse, a servant, etc. ;a man _supports_ his family; we _keep_ or _obey_ a commandment; _keep_or _fulfil_ a promise. In the expressions to _keep_ a secret, _keep_one's own counsel, _keep_ faith, or _keep_ the faith, such words as_preserve_ or _maintain_ could not be substituted without loss. A person_keeps_ a shop or store, _conducts_ or _carries on_ a business; he_keeps_ or _carries_ a certain line of goods; we may _keep_ or_restrain_ one from folly, crime, or violence; we _keep_ from or_refrain_ from evil, ourselves. _Keep_ in the sense of _guard_ or_defend_ implies that the defense is effectual. Compare CELEBRATE;RESTRAIN. Prepositions: Keep _in_ hand, _in_ mind, _in_ or _within_ the house; _from_ evil; _outof_ mischief; keep _to_ the subject; keep _for_ a person, an occasion, etc. * * * * * KILL. Synonyms: assassinate, despatch, massacre, put to death, slay. Butcher, execute, murder, slaughter, To _kill_ is simply to deprive of life, human, animal, or vegetable, with no suggestion of how or why. _Assassinate_, _execute_, _murder_, apply only to the taking of human life; to _murder_ is to _kill_ withpremeditation and malicious intent; to _execute_ is to _kill_ infulfilment of a legal sentence; to _assassinate_ is to _kill_ byassault; this word is chiefly applied to the _killing_ of public oreminent persons through alleged political motives, whether secretly oropenly. To _slay_ is to _kill_ by a blow, or by a weapon. _Butcher_ and_slaughter_ apply primarily to the _killing_ of cattle; _massacre_ isapplied primarily and almost exclusively to human beings, signifying to_kill_ them indiscriminately in large numbers; to _massacre_ is saidwhen there is no chance of successful resistance; to _butcher_ when the_killing_ is especially brutal; soldiers mown down in a hopeless chargeare said to be _slaughtered_ when no brutality on the enemy's part isimplied. To _despatch_ is to _kill_ swiftly and in general quietly, always with intention, with or without right. Prepositions: To kill _with_ or _by_ sword, famine, pestilence, care, grief, etc. ;killed _for_ his money, _by_ a robber, _with_ a dagger. * * * * * KIN. Synonyms: affinity, blood, descent, kind, race, alliance, consanguinity, family, kindred, relationship. Birth, _Kind_ is broader than _kin_, denoting the most general _relationship_, as of the whole human species in man_kind_, human_kind_, etc. ; _kin_ and_kindred_ denote direct _relationship_ that can be traced through eitherblood or marriage, preferably the former; either of these words maysignify collectively all persons of the same blood or members of thesame family, relatives or relations. _Affinity_ is _relationship_ bymarriage, _consanguinity_ is _relationship_ by blood. There are no trueantonyms of _kin_ or _kindred_, except those made by negatives, sincestrangers, aliens, foreigners, and foes may still be _kin_ or _kindred_. * * * * * KNOWLEDGE. Synonyms: acquaintance, erudition, learning, recognition, apprehension, experience, light, scholarship, cognition, information, lore, science, cognizance, intelligence, perception, wisdom. Comprehension, intuition, _Knowledge_ is all that the mind knows, from whatever source derived orobtained, or by whatever process; the aggregate of facts, truths, orprinciples acquired or retained by the mind, including alike the_intuitions_ native to the mind and all that has been learned respectingphenomena, causes, laws, principles, literature, etc. There is atendency to regard _knowledge_ as accurate and systematic, and to acertain degree complete. _Information_ is _knowledge_ of fact, real orsupposed, derived from persons, books, or observation, and is regardedas casual and haphazard. We say of a studious man that he has a greatstore of _knowledge_, or of an intelligent man of the world, that he hasa fund of varied _information_. _Lore_ is used only in poetic orelevated style, for accumulated _knowledge_, as of a people or age, orin a more limited sense for _learning_ or _erudition_. We speak of_perception_ of external objects, _apprehension_ of intellectual truth. Simple _perception_ gives a limited _knowledge_ of external objects, merely as such; the _cognition_ of the same objects is a _knowledge_ ofthem in some relation; _cognizance_ is the formal or official_recognition_ of something as an object of _knowledge_; we take_cognizance_ of it. _Intuition_ is primary _knowledge_ antecedent to allteaching or reasoning, _experience_ is _knowledge_ that has entereddirectly into one's own life; as, a child's _experience_ that fire willburn. _Learning_ is much higher than _information_, being preeminentlywide and systematic _knowledge_, the result of long, assiduous study;_erudition_ is recondite _learning_ secured only by extraordinaryindustry, opportunity, and ability. Compare ACQUAINTANCE; EDUCATION;SCIENCE; WISDOM. Antonyms: ignorance, inexperience, misconception, rudeness, illiteracy, misapprehension, misunderstanding, unfamiliarity. * * * * * LANGUAGE. Synonyms: barbarism, expression, patois, vernacular, dialect, idiom, speech, vocabulary. Diction, mother tongue, tongue, _Language_ (F. _langage_ < L. _lingua_, the tongue) signified originally_expression_ of thought by spoken words, but now in its widest sense itsignifies _expression_ of thought by any means; as, the _language_ ofthe eyes, the _language_ of flowers. As regards the use of words, _language_ in its broadest sense denotes all the uttered sounds andtheir combinations into words and sentences that human beings employ forthe communication of thought, and, in a more limited sense, the words orcombinations forming a means of communication among the members of asingle nation, people, or race. _Speech_ involves always the power ofarticulate utterance; we can speak of the _language_ of animals, but notof their _speech_. A _tongue_ is the _speech_ or _language_ of some onepeople, country, or race. A _dialect_ is a special mode of speaking a_language_ peculiar to some locality or class, not recognized as inaccordance with the best usage; a _barbarism_ is a perversion of a_language_ by ignorant foreigners, or some usage akin to that. _Idiom_refers to the construction of phrases and sentences, and the way offorming or using words; it is the peculiar mold in which each _language_casts its thought. The great difficulty of translation is to give thethought expressed in one _language_ in the _idiom_ of another. A_dialect_ may be used by the highest as well as the lowest within itsrange; a _patois_ is distinctly illiterate, belonging to the lowerclasses; those who speak a _patois_ understand the cultured form oftheir own language, but speak only the degraded form, as in the case ofthe Italian lazzaroni or the former negro slaves in the United States. _Vernacular_, from the Latin, has the same general sense as the Saxon_mother tongue_, of one's native _language_, or that of a people; as, the Scriptures were translated into the _vernacular_. Compare DICTION. * * * * * LARGE. Synonyms: abundant, coarse, gigantic, long, ample, colossal, grand, massive, big, commodious, great, spacious, broad, considerable, huge, vast, bulky, enormous, immense, wide. Capacious, extensive, _Large_ denotes extension in more than one direction, and beyond theaverage of the class to which the object belongs; we speak of a _large_surface or a _large_ solid, but of a _long_ line; a _large_ field, a_large_ room, a _large_ apple, etc. A _large_ man is a man of more thanordinary size; a _great_ man is a man of remarkable mental power. _Big_is a more emphatic word than _large_, but of less dignity. We do not saythat George Washington was a _big_ man. Antonyms: brief, limited, minute, scanty, small, diminutive, little, narrow, short, tiny, inconsiderable, mean, paltry, slender, trifling, infinitesimal, microscopic, petty, slight, trivial. Insignificant, * * * * * LAW. Synonyms: canon, economy, legislation, principle, code, edict, mandate, regulation, command, enactment, order, rule, commandment, formula, ordinance, statute. Decree, jurisprudence, polity, _Law_, in its ideal, is the statement of a _principle_ of right inmandatory form, by competent authority, with adequate penalty fordisobedience; in common use, the term is applied to any legislative act, however imperfect or unjust. _Command_ and _commandment_ are personaland particular; as, the _commands_ of a parent; the ten _commandments_. An _edict_ is the act of an absolute sovereign or other authority; wespeak of the _edict_ of an emperor, the _decree_ of a court. A _mandate_is specific, for an occasion or a purpose; a superior court issues its_mandate_ to an inferior court to send up its records. _Statute_ is therecognized legal term for a specific _law_; _enactment_ is the morevague and general expression. We speak of algebraic or chemical_formulas_, municipal _ordinances_, military _orders_, army_regulations_, ecclesiastical _canons_, the _rules_ of a business house. _Law_ is often used, also, for a recognized _principle_, whose violationis attended with injury or loss that acts like a penalty; as, the _laws_of business; the _laws_ of nature. In more strictly scientific use, anatural _law_ is simply a recognized system of sequences or relations;as, Kepler's _laws_ of planetary distances. A _code_ is a system of_laws_; _jurisprudence_ is the science of _law_, or a system of _laws_scientifically considered, classed, and interpreted; _legislation_, primarily the act of legislating, denotes also the body of _statutes_enacted by a legislative body. An _economy_ (Gr. _oikonomia_, primarilythe management of a house) is any comprehensive system ofadministration; as, domestic _economy_; but the word is extended to theadministration or government of a state or people, signifying a body of_laws_ and _regulations_, with the entire system, political orreligious, especially the latter, of which they form a part; as, the_code_ of Draco, Roman _jurisprudence_, British _legislation_, theMosaic _economy_. _Law_ is also used as a collective noun for a systemof _laws_ or recognized _rules_ or _regulations_, including not only allspecial _laws_, but the _principles_ on which they are based. The Mosaic_economy_ is known also as the Mosaic _law_, and we speak of the Englishcommon _law_, or the _law_ of nations. _Polity_ (Gr. _politeia_, from_polis_, a city) signifies the form, constitution, or method ofgovernment of a nation, state, church, or other institution; in usage itdiffers from _economy_ as applying rather to the system, while _economy_applies especially to method, or to the system as administered; an_economy_ might be termed a _polity_ considered with especial referenceto its practical administration, hence commonly with special referenceto details or particulars, while _polity_ has more reference to broad_principles_. * * * * * LIBERTY. Synonyms: emancipation, freedom, independence, license. In general terms, it may be said that _freedom_ is absolute, _liberty_relative; _freedom_ is the absence of restraint, _liberty_ is primarilythe removal or avoidance of restraint; in its broadest sense, it is thestate of being exempt from the domination of others or from restrictingcircumstances. _Freedom_ and _liberty_ are constantly interchanged; theslave is set at _liberty_, or gains his _freedom_; but _freedom_ is thenobler word. _Independence_ is said of states or nations, _freedom_ and_liberty_ of individuals; the _independence_ of the United States didnot secure _liberty_ or _freedom_ to its slaves. _Liberty_ keeps quitestrictly to the thought of being clear of restraint or compulsion;_freedom_ takes a wider range, applying to other oppressive influences;thus, we speak of _freedom_ from annoyance or intrusion. _License_ is, in its limited sense, a permission or privilege granted by adequateauthority, a bounded _liberty_; in the wider sense, _license_ is anignoring and defiance of all that should restrain, and a reckless doingof all that individual caprice or passion may choose to do--a base anddangerous counterfeit of _freedom_. Compare ALLOW; PERMISSION. Antonyms: captivity, imprisonment, oppression, slavery, compulsion, necessity, serfdom, superstition, constraint, obligation, servitude, thraldom. * * * * * LIGHT. Synonyms: blaze, gleam, glow, shimmer, flame, gleaming, illumination, shine, flare, glimmer, incandescence, shining, flash, glistening, luster, sparkle, flicker, glistering, scintillation, twinkle, glare, glitter, sheen, twinkling. _Light_, strictly denoting a form of radiant energy, is used as ageneral term for any luminous effect discernible by the eye, from thefaintest phosphorescence to the _blaze_ of the noonday sun. A _flame_ isboth hot and luminous; if it contains few solid particles it will yieldlittle _light_, tho it may afford intense heat, as in the case of ahydrogen-_flame_. A _blaze_ is an extensive, brilliant _flame_. A_flare_ is a wavering _flame_ or _blaze_; a _flash_ is a _light_ thatappears and disappears in an instant; as, a _flash_ of lightning; the_flash_ of gunpowder. The _glare_ and _glow_ are steady, the _glare_painfully bright, the _glow_ subdued; as, the _glare_ of torches; the_glow_ of dying embers. _Shine_ and _shining_ refer to a steady orcontinuous emission of _light_; _sheen_ is a faint _shining_, usually byreflection. _Glimmer_, _glitter_, and _shimmer_ denote wavering _light_. We speak of the _glimmer_ of distant lamps through the mist; of the_shimmer_ of waves in sun_light_ or moon_light_. A _gleam_ is notwavering, but transient or intermittent; a sudden _gleam_ of _light_came through the half-open door; a _glitter_ is a hard _light_; as, the_glitter_ of burnished arms. A _sparkle_ is a sudden _light_, as ofsparks thrown out; _scintillation_ is the more exact and scientific termfor the actual emission of sparks, also the figurative term for whatsuggests such emission; as, _scintillations_ of wit or of genius. _Twinkle_ and _twinkling_ are used of the intermittent _light_ of thefixed stars. _Glistening_ is a _shining_ as from a wet surface. _Illumination_ is a wide-spread, brilliant _light_, as when all thewindows of a house or of a street are lighted. The _light_ of_incandescence_ is intense and white like that from metal at a whiteheat. Antonyms: blackness, darkness, dusk, gloominess, shade, dark, dimness, gloom, obscurity, shadow. * * * * * LIKELY. Synonyms: apt, conceivable, liable, probable, credible, conjectural, presumable, reasonable. _Apt_ implies a natural fitness or tendency; an impetuous person is_apt_ to speak hastily. _Liable_ refers to a contingency regarded asunfavorable; as, the ship was _liable_ to founder at any moment. _Likely_ refers to a contingent event regarded as very probable, andusually, tho not always, favorable; as, an industrious worker is_likely_ to succeed. _Credible_ signifies readily to be believed; as, a_credible_ narrative; _likely_ in such connection is used ironically tosignify the reverse; as, a _likely_ story! A thing is _conceivable_ ofwhich the mind can entertain the possibility; a thing is _conjectural_which is conjectured as possible or probable without other support thana conjecture, or tentative judgment; a thing is _presumable_ which, fromwhat is antecedently known, may betaken for granted in advance of proof. _Reasonable_ in this connection signifies such as the reason can besatisfied with, independently of external grounds for belief ordisbelief; as, that seems a _reasonable_ supposition. Compare APPARENT. Antonyms: doubtful, improbable, questionable, unreasonable. Dubious, incredible, unlikely, * * * * * LISTEN. Synonyms: attend, hark, harken, hear, heed, list. Between _listen_ and _hear_ is a difference like that between the wordslook and see. (Compare synonyms for LOOK. ) To _hear_ is simply tobecome conscious of sound, to _listen_ is to make a conscious effort orendeavor to _hear_. We may _hear_ without _listening_, as words suddenlyuttered in an adjoining room; or we may _listen_ without _hearing_, asto a distant speaker. In _listening_ the ear is intent upon the sound;in _attending_ the mind is intent upon the thought, tho _listening_implies some attention to the meaning or import of the sound. To _heed_is not only to _attend_, but to remember and observe. _Harken_ is nearlyobsolete. Antonyms: be deaf to, ignore, neglect, scorn, slight. Prepositions: We listen _for_ what we expect or desire to hear; we listen _to_ what weactually do hear; listen _for_ a step, a signal, a train; listen _to_the debate. * * * * * LITERATURE. Synonyms: belles-lettres, literary productions, publications, books, literary works, writings. _Literature_ is collective, including in the most general sense all thewritten or printed productions of the human mind in all lands and ages, or in a more limited sense, referring to all that has been published insome land or age, or in some department of human knowledge; as, the_literature_ of Greece; the _literature_ of the Augustan age; the_literature_ of politics or of art. _Literature_, used absolutely, denotes what has been called "polite _literature_" or _belles-lettres_, _i. E. _, the works collectively that embody taste, feeling, loftiness ofthought, and purity and beauty of style, as poetry, history, fiction, and dramatic compositions, including also much of philosophical writing, as the "Republic" of Plato, and oratorical productions, as the orationsof Demosthenes. In the broad sense, we can speak of the _literature_ ofscience; in the narrower sense, we speak of _literature_ and science asdistinct departments of knowledge. _Literature_ is also used to signifyliterary pursuits or occupations; as, to devote one's life to_literature_. Compare KNOWLEDGE; SCIENCE. * * * * * LOAD, _n. _ Synonyms: burden, charge, encumbrance, incubus, pack, cargo, clog, freight, lading, weight. A _burden_ (from the Anglo-Saxon _byrthen_, from the verb _beran_, bear)is what one has to bear, and the word is used always of that which isborne by a living agent. A _load_ (from the Anglo-Saxon _l[=a]d_, away, course, carrying, or carriage) is what is laid upon a person, animal, or vehicle for conveyance, or what is customarily so imposed;as, a two-horse _load_. _Weight_ measures the pressure due to gravity;the same _weight_ that one finds a moderate _load_ when in his fullstrength becomes a heavy _burden_ in weariness or weakness. A ship's_load_ is called distinctively a _cargo_, or it may be known as_freight_ or _lading_. _Freight_ denotes merchandise in or fortransportation and is used largely of transportation or of merchandisetransported by rail, which is, in commercial language, said to be"shipped. " A _load_ to be fastened upon a horse or mule is called a_pack_, and the animal is known as a pack-horse or pack-mule. * * * * * LOCK. Synonyms: bar, catch, fastening, hook, bolt, clasp, hasp, latch. A _bar_ is a piece of wood or metal, usually of considerable size, bywhich an opening is obstructed, a door held fast, etc. A _bar_ may bemovable or permanent; a _bolt_ is a movable rod or pin of metal, slidingin a socket and adapted for securing a door or window. A _lock_ is anarrangement by which an enclosed _bolt_ is shot forward or backward by akey, or other device; the _bolt_ is the essential part of the _lock_. A_latch_ or _catch_ is an accessible _fastening_ designed to be easilymovable, and simply to secure against accidental opening of the door, cover, etc. A _hasp_ is a metallic strap that fits over a staple, calculated to be secured by a padlock; a simple _hook_ that fits into astaple is also called a _hasp_. A _clasp_ is a fastening that can besprung into place, to draw and hold the parts of some enclosing objectfirmly together, as the _clasp_ of a book. * * * * * LOOK. Synonyms: behold, discern, inspect, see, view, contemplate, gaze, regard, stare, watch. Descry, glance, scan, survey, To _see_ is simply to become conscious of an object of vision; to _look_is to make a conscious and direct endeavor to _see_. To _behold_ is tofix the sight and the mind with distinctness and consideration uponsomething that has come to be clearly before the eyes. We may _look_without _seeing_, as in pitch-darkness, and we may _see_ without_looking_, as in case of a flash of lightning. To _gaze_ is to _look_intently, long, and steadily upon an object. To _glance_ is to _look_casually or momentarily. To _stare_ is to _look_ with a fixed intensitysuch as is the effect of surprise, alarm, or rudeness. To _scan_ is to_look_ at minutely, to note every visible feature. To _inspect_ is to gobelow the surface, uncover, study item by item. _View_ and _survey_ arecomprehensive, _survey_ expressing the greater exactness of measurementor estimate. _Watch_ brings in the element of time and often ofwariness; we _watch_ for a movement or change, a signal, the approach ofan enemy, etc. Compare APPEAR. * * * * * LOVE. Synonyms: affection, charity, friendship, regard, attachment, devotion, liking, tenderness. Attraction, fondness, _Affection_ is kindly feeling, deep, tender, and constant, going out tosome person or object, being less fervent and ardent than _love_, whether applied to persons or things. _Love_ is an intense and absorbingemotion, drawing one toward a person or object and causing one toappreciate, delight in, and crave the presence or possession of theperson or object loved, and to desire to please and benefit the person, or to advance the cause, truth, or other object of _affection_; it isthe yearning or outgoing of soul toward something that is regarded asexcellent, beautiful, or desirable; _love_ may be briefly defined asstrong and absorbing _affection_ for and _attraction_ toward a person orobject. _Love_ may denote the sublimest and holiest spiritual_affection_ as when we are taught that "God is _love_. " _Charity_ has sofar swung aside from this original meaning that probably it never can berecalled (compare BENEVOLENCE). The Revised Version uses _love_ in placeof _charity_ in _1 Cor. _ xiii, and elsewhere. _Love_ is more intense, absorbing, and tender than _friendship_, more intense, impulsive, andperhaps passionate than _affection_; we speak of fervent _love_, but ofdeep or tender _affection_, or of close, firm, strong _friendship_. _Love_ is used specifically for personal _affection_ between the sexesin the highest sense, the _love_ that normally leads to marriage, andsubsists throughout all happy wedded life. _Love_ can never properlydenote mere animal passion, which is expressed by such words asappetite, desire, lust. One may properly be said to have _love_ foranimals, for inanimate objects, or for abstract qualities that enlistthe affections, as we speak of _love_ for a horse or a dog, formountains, woods, ocean, or of _love_ of nature, and _love_ of virtue. _Love_ of articles of food is better expressed by _liking_, as _love_, in its full sense, expresses something spiritual and reciprocal, such ascan have no place in connection with objects that minister merely to thesenses. Compare ATTACHMENT; FRIENDSHIP. Antonyms: See synonyms for ANTIPATHY; ENMITY; HATRED. Prepositions: Love _of_ country; _for_ humanity; love _to_ God and man. * * * * * MAKE. Synonyms: become, constrain, fabricate, manufacture, bring about, construct, fashion, occasion, bring into being, create, force, perform, bring to pass, do, frame, reach, cause, effect, get, render, compel, establish, make out, require, compose, execute, make up, shape. Constitute, _Make_ is essentially causative; to the idea of _cause_ all its varioussenses may be traced (compare synonyms for CAUSE). To _make_ is to_cause_ to exist, or to _cause_ to exist in a certain form or in certainrelations; the word thus includes the idea of _create_, as in _Gen. _ i, 31, "And God saw everything that he had _made_, and, behold, it was verygood. " _Make_ includes also the idea of _compose_, _constitute_; as, theparts _make up_ the whole. Similarly, to _cause_ a voluntary agent to doa certain act is to _make_ him do it, or _compel_ him to do it, _compel_fixing the attention more on the process, _make_ on the accomplishedfact. Compare COMPEL; DO; INFLUENCE; (make better) AMEND; (make haste)QUICKEN; (make known) ANNOUNCE; AVOW; CONFESS; (make prisoner) ARREST;(make up) ADD; (make void) CANCEL. Antonyms: See synonyms for ABOLISH; BREAK; DEMOLISH. Prepositions: Make _of_, _out of_, or _from_ certain materials, _into_ a certain form, _for_ a certain purpose or person; made _with_ hands, _by_ hand; made_by_ a prisoner, _with_ a jack-knife. * * * * * MARRIAGE. Synonyms: conjugal union, espousals, nuptials, spousals, wedding, espousal, matrimony, spousal, union, wedlock. _Matrimony_ denotes the state of those who are united in the relationof husband and wife; _marriage_ denotes primarily the act of so uniting, but is extensively used for the state as well. _Wedlock_, a word ofspecific legal use, is the Saxon term for the state or relation denotedby _matrimony_. _Wedding_ denotes the ceremony, with any attendantfestivities, by which two persons are united as husband and wife, _nuptials_ being the more formal and stately term to express the sameidea. Antonyms: bachelorhood, celibacy, divorce, maidenhood, virginity, widowhood. Prepositions: Marriage _of_ or _between_ two persons; _of_ one person _to_ or _with_another; _among_ the Greeks. * * * * * MASCULINE. Synonyms: male, manful, manlike, manly, mannish, virile. We apply _male_ to the sex, _masculine_ to the qualities, especially tothe stronger, hardier, and more imperious qualities that distinguish the_male_ sex; as applied to women, _masculine_ has often the depreciatorysense of unwomanly, rude, or harsh; as, a _masculine_ face or voice, orthe like; tho one may say in a commendatory way, she acted with_masculine_ courage or decision. _Manlike_ may mean only having theoutward appearance or semblance of a man, or may be closely equivalentto _manly_. _Manly_ refers to all the qualities and traits worthy of aman; _manful_, especially to the valor and prowess that become a man; wespeak of a _manful_ struggle, _manly_ decision; we say _manly_gentleness or tenderness; we could not say _manful_ tenderness. _Mannish_ is a depreciatory word referring to the mimicry or parade ofsome superficial qualities of manhood; as, a _mannish_ boy or woman. _Masculine_ may apply to the distinctive qualities of the _male_ sex atany age; _virile_ applies to the distinctive qualities of mature manhoodonly, as opposed not only to _feminine_ or _womanly_ but to _childish_, and is thus an emphatic word for _sturdy_, _intrepid_, etc. Antonyms: See synonyms for FEMININE. * * * * * MASSACRE. Synonyms: butchery, carnage, havoc, slaughter. A _massacre_ is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of theunresisting or defenseless; _butchery_ is the killing of men rudely andruthlessly as cattle are killed in the shambles. _Havoc_ may not be socomplete as _massacre_, nor so coldly brutal as _butchery_, but is morewidely spread and furious; it is destruction let loose, and may beapplied to organizations, interests, etc. , as well as to human life; "asfor Saul, he made _havoc_ of the church, " _Acts_ viii, 3. _Carnage_(Latin _caro, carnis_, flesh) refers to widely scattered or heaped upcorpses of the slain; _slaughter_ is similar in meaning, but refers moreto the process, as _carnage_ does to the result; these two words only ofthe group may be used of great destruction of life in open and honorablebattle, as when we say the enemy was repulsed with great _slaughter_, orthe _carnage_ was terrible. * * * * * MEDDLESOME. Synonyms: impertinent, intrusive, meddling, obtrusive, officious. The _meddlesome_ person interferes unasked in the affairs of others; the_intrusive_ person thrusts himself uninvited into their company orconversation; the _obtrusive_ person thrusts himself or his opinionsconceitedly and undesirably upon their notice; the _officious_ personthrusts his services, unasked and undesired, upon others. _Obtrusive_ isoftener applied to words, qualities, actions, etc. , than to persons;_intrusive_ is used chiefly of persons, as is _officious_, tho we speakof _officious_ attentions, _intrusive_ remarks; _meddlesome_ is usedindifferently of persons, or of words, qualities, actions, etc. CompareINQUISITIVE; INTERPOSE. Antonyms: modest, reserved, retiring, shy, unassuming, unobtrusive. * * * * * MELODY. Synonyms: harmony, music, symphony, unison. _Harmony_ is simultaneous; _melody_ is successive; _harmony_ is thepleasing correspondence of two or more notes sounded at once, _melody_the pleasing succession of a number of notes continuously following oneanother. A _melody_ may be wholly in one part; _harmony_ must be of twoor more parts. Accordant notes of different pitch sounded simultaneouslyproduce _harmony_; _unison_ is the simultaneous sounding of two or morenotes of the same pitch. When the pitch is the same, there may be_unison_ between sounds of very different volume and quality, as a voiceand a bell may sound in _unison_. Tones sounded at the interval of anoctave are also said to be in _unison_, altho this is not literallyexact; this usage arises from the fact that bass and tenor voices inattempting to sound the same note as the soprano and alto will in factsound a note an octave below. _Music_ may denote the simplest _melody_or the most complex and perfect _harmony_. A _symphony_ (apart from itstechnical orchestral sense) is any pleasing consonance of musicalsounds, vocal or instrumental, as of many accordant voices orinstruments. * * * * * MEMORY. Synonyms: recollection, reminiscence, retrospect, retrospection. Remembrance, _Memory_ is the faculty by which knowledge is retained or recalled; in amore general sense, _memory_ is a retention of knowledge within thegrasp of the mind, while _remembrance_ is the having what is knownconsciously before the mind. _Remembrance_ may be voluntary orinvoluntary; a thing is brought to _remembrance_ or we call it to_remembrance_; the same is true of _memory_. _Recollection_ involvesvolition, the mind making a distinct effort to recall something, orfixing the attention actively upon it when recalled. _Reminiscence_ is ahalf-dreamy _memory_ of scenes or events long past; _retrospection_ is adistinct turning of the mind back upon the past, bringing long periodsunder survey. _Retrospection_ is to _reminiscence_ much what_recollection_ is to _remembrance_. Antonyms: forgetfulness, oblivion, obliviousness, oversight, unconsciousness. * * * * * MERCY. Synonyms: benevolence, favor, kindness, mildness, benignity, forbearance, lenience, pardon, blessing, forgiveness, leniency, pity, clemency, gentleness, lenity, tenderness. Compassion, grace, _Mercy_ is the exercise of less severity than one deserves, or in a moreextended sense, the granting of _kindness_ or _favor_ beyond what onemay rightly claim. _Grace_ is _favor_, _kindness_, or _blessing_ shownto the undeserving; _forgiveness_, _mercy_, and _pardon_ are exercisedtoward the ill-deserving. _Pardon_ remits the outward penalty which theoffender deserves; _forgiveness_ dismisses resentment or displeasurefrom the heart of the one offended; _mercy_ seeks the highest possiblegood of the offender. There may be _mercy_ without _pardon_, as in themitigation of sentence, or in all possible alleviation of necessaryseverity; there may be cases where _pardon_ would not be _mercy_, sinceit would encourage to repetition of the offense, from which timelypunishment might have saved. _Mercy_ is also used in the wider sense ofrefraining from harshness or cruelty toward those who are in one's powerwithout fault of their own; as, they besought the robber to have_mercy_. _Clemency_ is a colder word than _mercy_, and without itsreligious associations, signifying _mildness_ and moderation in the useof power where severity would have legal or military, rather than moralsanction; it often denotes a habitual _mildness_ of disposition on thepart of the powerful, and is matter rather of good nature or policy thanof principle. _Leniency_ or _lenity_ denotes an easy-going avoidance ofseverity; these words are more general and less magisterial than_clemency_; we should speak of the _leniency_ of a parent, the_clemency_ of a conqueror. Compare PITY. Antonyms: cruelty, implacability, punishment, rigor, sternness, hardness, justice, revenge, severity, vengeance. Harshness, penalty, Prepositions: The mercy _of_ God _to_ or _toward_ sinners; have mercy _on_ or _upon_one. * * * * * METER. Synonyms: euphony, measure, rhythm, verse. _Euphony_ is agreeable linguistic sound, however produced; _meter_, _measure_, and _rhythm_ denote agreeable succession of sounds in theutterance of connected words; _euphony_ may apply to a single word oreven a single syllable; the other words apply to lines, sentences, paragraphs, etc. ; _rhythm_ and _meter_ may be produced by accent only, as in English, or by accent and quantity combined, as in Greek orItalian; _rhythm_ or _measure_ may apply either to prose or to poetry, or to music, dancing, etc. ; _meter_ is more precise than _rhythm_, applies only to poetry, and denotes a measured _rhythm_ with regulardivisions into _verses_, stanzas, strophes, etc. A _verse_ is strictly ametrical line, but the word is often used as synonymous with stanza. _Verse_, in the general sense, denotes metrical writing withoutreference to the thought involved; as, prose and _verse_. CompareMELODY; POETRY. * * * * * MIND. Synonyms: brain, instinct, reason, spirit, consciousness, intellect, sense, thought, disposition, intelligence, soul, understanding. _Mind_, in a general sense, includes all the powers of sentient beingapart from the physical factors in bodily faculties and activities; in alimited sense, _mind_ is nearly synonymous with _intellect_, butincludes _disposition_, or the tendency toward action, as appears in thephrase "to have a _mind_ to work. " As the seat of mental activity, _brain_ (colloquially _brains_) is often used as a synonym for _mind_, _intellect_, _intelligence_. _Thought_, the act, process, or power ofthinking, is often used to denote the thinking faculty, and especiallythe _reason_. The _instinct_ of animals is now held by many philosophersto be of the same nature as the _intellect_ of man, but inferior andlimited; yet the apparent difference is very great. An _instinct_ is a propensity prior to experience and independent of instruction. PALEY _Natural Philosophy_ ch. 18. In this sense we speak of human _instincts_, thus denoting tendenciesindependent of reasoning or instruction. The _soul_ includes the_intellect_, sensibilities, and will; beyond what is expressed by theword _mind_, the _soul_ denotes especially the moral, the immortalnature; we say of a dead body, the _soul_ (not the _mind_) has fled. _Spirit_ is used especially in contradistinction from matter; it may inmany cases be substituted for _soul_, but _soul_ has commonly a fullerand more determinate meaning; we can conceive of _spirits_ as having nomoral nature; the fairies, elves, and brownies of mythology might betermed _spirits_, but not _souls_. In the figurative sense, _spirit_denotes animation, excitability, perhaps impatience; as, a lad of_spirit_; he sang with _spirit_; he replied with _spirit_. _Soul_denotes energy and depth of feeling, as when we speak of soulful eyes;or it may denote the very life of anything; as, "the hidden _soul_ ofharmony, " MILTON _L'Allegro_ l. 144. _Sense_ may be an antonym of_intellect_, as when we speak of the _sense_ of hearing; but _sense_ isused also as denoting clear mental action, good judgment, acumen; as, heis a man of _sense_, or, he showed good _sense_; _sense_, even in itsmaterial signification, must be reckoned among the activities of _mind_, tho dependent on bodily functions; the _mind_, not the eye, really sees;the _mind_, not the ear, really hears. _Consciousness_ includes all thata sentient being perceives, knows, thinks, or feels, from whateversource arising and of whatever character, kind, or degree, whether withor without distinct thinking, feeling, or willing; we speak of the_consciousness_ of the brute, of the savage, or of the sage. The_intellect_ is that assemblage of faculties which is concerned withknowledge, as distinguished from emotion and volition. _Understanding_is the Saxon word of the same general import, but is chiefly used of thereasoning powers; the _understanding_, which Sir Wm. Hamilton has called"the faculty of relations and comparisons, " is distinguished by manyphilosophers from _reason_ in that "_reason_ is the faculty of thehigher cognitions or a priori truth. " Antonyms: body, brawn, brute force, material substance, matter. * * * * * MINUTE. Synonyms: circumstantial, diminutive, little, slender, comminuted, exact, particular, small, critical, fine, precise, tiny. Detailed, That is _minute_ which is of exceedingly limited dimensions, as a grainof dust, or which attends to matters of exceedingly slight amount orapparent importance; as, a _minute_ account; _minute_ observation. Thatwhich is broken up into _minute_ particles is said to be _comminuted_;things may be termed _fine_ which would not be termed _comminuted_; as, _fine_ sand; _fine_ gravel; but, in using the adverb, we say a substanceis finely _comminuted_, _comminuted_ referring more to the process, _fine_ to the result. An account extended to very _minute_ particularsis _circumstantial_, _detailed_, _particular_; an examination soextended is _critical_, _exact_, _precise_. Compare FINE. Antonyms: See synonyms for LARGE. * * * * * MISFORTUNE. Synonyms: adversity, disappointment, ill fortune, ruin, affliction, disaster, ill luck, sorrow, bereavement, distress, misadventure, stroke, blow, failure, mischance, trial, calamity, hardship, misery, tribulation, chastening, harm, mishap, trouble, chastisement, ill, reverse, visitation. _Misfortune_ is adverse fortune or any instance thereof, any untowardevent, usually of lingering character or consequences, and such as thesufferer is not deemed directly responsible for; as, he had the_misfortune_ to be born blind. Any considerable _disappointment_, _failure_, or _misfortune_, as regards outward circumstances, as loss offortune, position, and the like, when long continued or attended withenduring consequences, constitutes _adversity_. For the loss of friendsby death we commonly use _affliction_ or _bereavement_. _Calamity_ and_disaster_ are used of sudden and severe _misfortunes_, oftenoverwhelming; _ill fortune_ and _ill luck_, of lighter troubles andfailures. We speak of the _misery_ of the poor, the _hardships_ of thesoldier. _Affliction_, _chastening_, _trial_, and _tribulation_ have allan especially religious bearing, suggesting some disciplinary purpose ofGod with beneficent design. _Affliction_ may be keen and bitter, butbrief; _tribulation_ is long and wearing. We speak of an _affliction_, but rarely of a _tribulation_, since _tribulation_ is viewed as acontinuous process, which may endure for years or for a lifetime; but wespeak of our daily _trials_. Compare CATASTROPHE. Antonyms: blessing, consolation, gratification, pleasure, success, boon, good fortune, happiness, prosperity, triumph. Comfort, good luck, joy, relief, * * * * * MOB. Synonyms: canaille, dregs of the people, masses, rabble, crowd, lower classes, populace, the vulgar. The _populace_ are poor and ignorant, but may be law-abiding; a _mob_ isdisorderly and lawless, but may be rich and influential. The _rabble_ isdespicable, worthless, purposeless; a _mob_ may have effective desperatepurpose. A _crowd_ may be drawn by mere curiosity; some strong, pervading excitement is needed to make it a _mob_. Compare PEOPLE. * * * * * MODEL. Synonyms: archetype, facsimile, original, representation, copy, image, pattern, standard, design, imitation, prototype, type. Example, mold, A _pattern_ is always, in modern use, that which is to be copied; a_model_ may be either the thing to be copied or the _copy_ that has beenmade from it; as, the _models_ in the Patent Office. A _pattern_ iscommonly superficial; a _model_ is usually in relief. A _pattern_ mustbe closely followed in its minutest particulars by a faithful copyist;a _model_ may allow a great degree of freedom. A sculptor may idealizehis living _model_; his workmen must exactly _copy_ in marble or metalthe _model_ he has made in clay. Compare EXAMPLE; IDEA; IDEAL. * * * * * MODESTY. Synonyms: backwardness, constraint, reserve, timidity, bashfulness, coyness, shyness, unobtrusiveness. Coldness, diffidence, _Bashfulness_ is a shrinking from notice without assignable reason. _Coyness_ is a half encouragement, half avoidance of offered attention, and may be real or affected. _Diffidence_ is self-distrust; _modesty_, ahumble estimate of oneself in comparison with others, or with thedemands of some undertaking. _Modesty_ has also the specific meaning ofa sensitive shrinking from anything indelicate. _Shyness_ is a tendencyto shrink from observation; _timidity_, a distinct fear of criticism, error, or failure. _Reserve_ is the holding oneself aloof from others, or holding back one's feelings from expression, or one's affairs fromcommunication to others. _Reserve_ may be the retreat of _shyness_, or, on the other hand, the contemptuous withdrawal of pride and haughtiness. Compare ABASH; PRIDE; TACITURN. Antonyms: abandon, confidence, haughtiness, pertness, arrogance, egotism, impudence, sauciness, assumption, forwardness, indiscretion, self-conceit, assurance, frankness, loquaciousness, self-sufficiency, boldness, freedom, loquacity, sociability. Conceit, * * * * * MONEY. Synonyms: bills, cash, funds, property, bullion, coin, gold, silver, capital, currency, notes, specie. _Money_ is the authorized medium of exchange; coined _money_ is called_coin_ or _specie_. What are termed in England bank-_notes_ are in theUnited States commonly called _bills_; as, a five-dollar _bill_. The_notes_ of responsible men are readily transferable in commercialcircles, but they are not _money_; as, the stock was sold for $500 in_money_ and the balance in merchantable paper. _Cash_ is _specie_ or_money_ in hand, or paid in hand; as, the _cash_ account; the _cash_price. In the legal sense, _property_ is not _money_, and _money_ is not_property_; for _property_ is that which has inherent value, while_money_, as such, has but representative value, and may or may not haveintrinsic value. _Bullion_ is either _gold_ or _silver_ uncoined, or thecoined metal considered without reference to its coinage, but simply asmerchandise, when its value as _bullion_ may be very different from itsvalue as _money_. The word _capital_ is used chiefly of accumulated_property_ or _money_ invested in productive enterprises or availablefor such investment. * * * * * MOROSE. Synonyms: acrimonious, dogged, ill-natured, splenetic, churlish, gloomy, severe, sulky, crabbed, gruff, snappish, sullen, crusty, ill-humored, sour, surly. The _sullen_ and _sulky_ are discontented and resentful in regard tothat against which they are too proud to protest, or consider allprotest vain; _sullen_ denotes more of pride, _sulky_ more of resentfulobstinacy. The _morose_ are bitterly dissatisfied with the world ingeneral, and disposed to vent their ill nature upon others. The _sullen_and _sulky_ are for the most part silent; the _morose_ growl out bitterspeeches. A _surly_ person is in a state of latent anger, resentingapproach as intrusion, and ready to take offense at anything; thus wespeak of a _surly_ dog. _Sullen_ and _sulky_ moods may be transitory;one who is _morose_ or _surly_ is commonly so by disposition or habit. Antonyms: amiable, complaisant, gentle, kind, pleasant, benignant, friendly, good-natured, loving, sympathetic, bland, genial, indulgent, mild, tender. * * * * * MOTION. Synonyms: act, change, movement, process, transition. Action, move, passage, transit, _Motion_ is _change_ of place or position in space; _transition_ is apassing from one point or position in space to another. _Motion_ may beeither abstract or concrete, more frequently the former; _movement_ isalways concrete, that is, considered in connection with the thing thatmoves or is moved; thus, we speak of the _movements_ of the planets, butof the laws of planetary _motion_; of military _movements_, but ofperpetual _motion_. _Move_ is used chiefly of contests or competition, as in chess or politics; as, it is your _move_; a shrewd _move_ of theopposition. _Action_ is a more comprehensive word than _motion_. We nowrarely speak of mental or spiritual _motions_, but rather of mental orspiritual _acts_ or _processes_, or of the laws of mental _action_, buta formal proposal of _action_ in a deliberative assembly is termed a_motion_. Compare ACT. Antonyms: immobility, quiescence, quiet, repose, rest, stillness. * * * * * MOURN. Synonyms: bemoan, deplore, lament, regret, rue, sorrow. Bewail, grieve, To _mourn_ is to feel or express sadness or distress because of someloss, affliction, or misfortune; _mourning_ is thought of as prolonged, _grief_ or _regret_ may be transient. One may _grieve_ or _mourn_, _regret_, _rue_, or _sorrow_ without a sound; he _bemoans_ withsuppressed and often inarticulate sounds of grief; he _bewails_ withpassionate utterance, whether of inarticulate cries or of spoken words. He _laments_ in plaintive or pathetic words, as the prophet Jeremiah inhis "Lamentations. " One _deplores_ with settled sorrow which may or maynot find relief in words. One is made to _rue_ an act by some misfortuneresulting, or by some penalty or vengeance inflicted because of it. One_regrets_ a slight misfortune or a hasty word; he _sorrows_ over thedeath of a friend. Antonyms: be joyful, exult, joy, make merry, rejoice, triumph. * * * * * MUTUAL. Synonyms: common, correlative, interchangeable, joint, reciprocal. That is _common_ to which two or more persons have the same or equalclaims, or in which they have equal interest or participation; in thestrictest sense, that is _mutual_ (Latin _mutare_, to change) which isfreely interchanged; that is _reciprocal_ in respect to which one act ormovement is met by a corresponding act or movement in return; we speakof our _common_ country, _mutual_ affection, _reciprocal_ obligations, the _reciprocal_ action of cause and effect, where the effect becomes inturn a cause. Many good writers hold it incorrect to say "a _mutual_friend, " and insist that "a _common_ friend" would be more accurate; but"_common_ friend" is practically never used, because of the disagreeablesuggestion that attaches to _common_, of ordinary or inferior. "_Mutual_friend" has high literary authority (of Burke, Scott, Dickens, andothers), and a considerable usage of good society in its favor, theexpression being quite naturally derived from the thoroughly correctphrase _mutual_ friendship. Antonyms: detached, distinct, separated, unconnected, unrequited, disconnected, disunited, severed, unreciprocated, unshared. Dissociated, separate, sundered, * * * * * MYSTERIOUS. Synonyms: abstruse, inexplicable, recondite, cabalistic, inscrutable, secret, dark, mystic, transcendental, enigmatical, mystical, unfathomable, hidden, obscure, unfathomed, incomprehensible, occult, unknown. That is _mysterious_ in the true sense which is beyond humancomprehension, as the decrees of God or the origin of life. That is_mystic_ or _mystical_ which has associated with it some _hidden_ or_recondite_ meaning, especially of a religious kind; as, the _mystic_Babylon of the Apocalypse. That is _dark_ which we can not personallysee through, especially if sadly perplexing; as, a _dark_ providence. That is _secret_ which is intentionally _hidden_. Compare DARK. Antonyms: See synonyms for CLEAR. * * * * * NAME. Synonyms: agnomen, denomination, prenomen, surname, appellation, designation, style, title. Cognomen, epithet, _Name_ in the most general sense, signifying the word by which a personor thing is called or known, includes all other words of this group; inthis sense every noun is a _name_; in the more limited sense a _name_ ispersonal, an _appellation_ is descriptive, a _title_ is official. In thephrase William the Conqueror, King of England, William is the man's_name_, which belongs to him personally, independently of any rank orachievement; Conqueror is the _appellation_ which he won by hisacquisition of England; King is the _title_ denoting his royal rank. An_epithet_ (Gr. _epitheton_, something added, from _epi_, on, and_tithemi_, put) is something placed upon a person or thing; the_epithet_ does not strictly belong to an object like a _name_, but isgiven to mark some assumed characteristic, good or bad; an _epithet_ isalways an adjective, or a word or phrase used as an adjective, and isproperly used to emphasize a characteristic but not to add information, as in the phrase "the _sounding_ sea;" the idea that an _epithet_ isalways opprobrious, and that any word used opprobriously is an _epithet_is a popular error. _Designation_ may be used much in the sense of_appellation_, but is more distinctive or specific in meaning; a_designation_ properly so called rests upon some inherent quality, whilean _appellation_ may be fanciful. Among the Romans the _prenomen_ wasthe individual part of a man's _name_, the "nomen" designated the gensto which he belonged, the _cognomen_ showed his family and was borne byall patricians, and the _agnomen_ was added to refer to his achievementsor character. When scientists _name_ an animal or a plant, they give ita binary or binomial technical _name_ comprising a generic and aspecific _appellation_. In modern use, a personal _name_, as John orMary, is given in infancy, and is often called the given _name_ orChristian _name_, or simply the first _name_ (rarely the _prenomen_);the _cognomen_ or _surname_ is the family _name_ which belongs to one byright of birth or marriage. _Style_ is the legal _designation_ by whicha person or house is known in official or business relations; as, the_name_ and _style_ of Baring Brothers. The term _denomination_ isapplied to a separate religious organization, without the opprobriousmeaning attaching to the word "sect;" also, to designate any class oflike objects collectively, especially money or notes of a certain value;as, the sum was in notes of the _denomination_ of one thousand dollars. Compare TERM. * * * * * NATIVE. Synonyms: indigenous, innate, natal, natural, original. _Native_ denotes that which belongs to one by birth; _natal_ that whichpertains to the event of birth; _natural_ denotes that which rests uponinherent qualities of character or being. We speak of one's _native_country, or of his _natal_ day; of _natural_ ability, _native_ genius. Compare INHERENT; PRIMEVAL; RADICAL. Antonyms: acquired, alien, artificial, assumed, foreign, unnatural. * * * * * NAUTICAL. Synonyms: marine, maritime, naval, ocean, oceanic. _Marine_ (L. _mare_, sea) signifies belonging to the ocean, _maritime_, a secondary derivative from the same root, bordering on or connectedwith the _ocean_; as, _marine_ products; _marine_ animals; _maritime_nations; _maritime_ laws. _Nautical_ (Gr. _nautes_, a sailor) denotesprimarily anything connected with sailors, and hence with ships ornavigation; _naval_ (L. _navis_, Gr. _naus_, a ship) refers to the armedforce of a nation on the sea, and, by extension, to similar forces onlakes and rivers; as, a _naval_ force; a _nautical_ almanac. _Ocean_, used adjectively, is applied to that which belongs to or is part of the_ocean_; _oceanic_ may be used in the same sense, but is especiallyapplied to that which borders on (or upon) or is connected with, orwhich is similar to or suggestive of an _ocean_; we speak of _ocean_currents, _oceanic_ islands, or, perhaps, of an _oceanic_ intellect. * * * * * NEAT. Synonyms: clean, dapper, nice, prim, tidy, cleanly, natty, orderly, spruce, trim. That which is _clean_ is simply free from soil or defilement of anykind. Things are _orderly_ when in due relation to other things; a roomor desk is _orderly_ when every article is in place; a person is_orderly_ who habitually keeps things so. _Tidy_ denotes that whichconforms to propriety in general; an unlaced shoe may be perfectly_clean_, but is not _tidy_. _Neat_ refers to that which is _clean_ and_tidy_ with nothing superfluous, conspicuous, or showy, as when we speakof plain but _neat_ attire; the same idea of freedom from thesuperfluous appears in the phrases "a _neat_ speech, " "a _neat_ turn, ""a _neat_ reply, " etc. A _clean_ cut has no ragged edges; a _neat_stroke just does what is intended. _Nice_ is stronger than _neat_, implying value and beauty; a _cheap_, coarse dress may be perfectly_neat_, but would not be termed _nice_. _Spruce_ is applied to the showand affectation of neatness with a touch of smartness, and is always aterm of mild contempt; as, a _spruce_ serving man. _Trim_ denotes acertain shapely and elegant firmness, often with suppleness and grace;as, a _trim_ suit; a _trim_ figure. _Prim_ applies to a precise, formal, affected nicety. _Dapper_ is _spruce_ with the suggestion of smallnessand slightness; _natty_, a diminutive of _neat_, suggests minuteelegance, with a tendency toward the exquisite; as, a _dapper_ littlefellow in a _natty_ business suit. Antonyms: dirty, negligent, slouchy, uncared for, disorderly, rough, slovenly, unkempt, dowdy, rude, soiled, untidy. * * * * * NECESSARY. Synonyms: essential, infallible, required, unavoidable, indispensable, needed, requisite, undeniable. Inevitable, needful, That is _necessary_ which must exist, occur, or be true; which in thenature of things can not be otherwise. That which is _essential_ belongsto the essence of a thing, so that the thing can not exist in itscompleteness without it; that which is _indispensable_ may be only anadjunct, but it is one that can not be spared; vigorous health is_essential_ to an arctic explorer; warm clothing is _indispensable_. That which is _requisite_ (or _required_) is so in the judgment of theperson requiring it, but may not be so absolutely; thus, the _requisite_is more a matter of personal feeling than the _indispensable_. _Inevitable_ (L. _in_, not, and _evito_, shun) is primarily the exactequivalent of the Saxon _unavoidable_; both words are applied to thingswhich some at least would escape or prevent, while that which is_necessary_ may meet with no objection; food is _necessary_, death is_inevitable_; a _necessary_ conclusion satisfies a thinker; an_inevitable_ conclusion silences opposition. An _infallible_ proof isone that necessarily leads the mind to a sound conclusion. _Needed_ and_needful_ are more concrete than _necessary_, and respect an end to beattained; we speak of a _necessary_ inference; _necessary_ food is whatone can not live without, while _needful_ food is that without which hecan not enjoy comfort, health, and strength. Antonyms: casual, needless, optional, useless, contingent, non-essential, unnecessary, worthless. Prepositions: Necessary _to_ a sequence or a total; _for_ or _to_ a result or aperson; unity is necessary _to_ (to constitute) completeness; decisionis necessary _for_ command, or _for_ a commander. * * * * * NECESSITY. Synonyms: compulsion, fatality, requisite, destiny, fate, sine qua non, emergency, indispensability, unavoidableness, essential, indispensableness, urgency, exigency, need, want. Extremity, requirement, _Necessity_ is the quality of being necessary, or the quality of thatwhich can not but be, become, or be true, or be accepted as true. _Need_and _want_ always imply a lack; _necessity_ may be used in this sense, but in the higher philosophical sense _necessity_ simply denotes theexclusion of any alternative either in thought or fact; righteousness isa _necessity_ (not a _need_) of the divine nature. _Need_ suggests thepossibility of supplying the deficiency which _want_ expresses; to speakof a person's _want_ of decision merely points out a weakness in hischaracter; to say that he has _need_ of decision implies that he canexercise or attain it. As applied to a deficiency, _necessity_ is moreimperative than _need_; a weary person is in _need_ of rest; when restbecomes a _necessity_ he has no choice but to stop work. An _essential_is something, as a quality, or element, that belongs to the essence ofsomething else so as to be inseparable from it in its normal condition, or in any complete idea or statement of it. Compare NECESSARY;PREDESTINATION. Antonyms: choice, doubt, dubiousness, freedom, possibility, contingency, doubtfulness, fortuity, option, uncertainty. Prepositions: The necessity _of_ surrender; a necessity _for_ action; this is anecessity _to_ me. * * * * * NEGLECT. Synonyms: carelessness, heedlessness, negligence, scorn, default, inadvertence, omission, slackness, disregard, inattention, oversight, slight, disrespect, indifference, remissness, thoughtlessness. Failure, neglectfulness, _Neglect_ (L. _nec_, not, and _lego_, gather) is the failing to takesuch care, show such attention, pay such courtesy, etc. , as may berightfully or reasonably expected. _Negligence_, which is the same inorigin, may be used in almost the same sense, but with a slighter force, as when Whittier speaks of "the _negligence_ which friendship loves;"but _negligence_ is often used to denote the quality or trait ofcharacter of which the act is a manifestation, or to denote the habit ofneglecting that which ought to be done. _Neglect_ is transitive, _negligence_ is intransitive; we speak of _neglect_ of his books, friends, or duties, in which cases we could not use _negligence_;_negligence_ in dress implies want of care as to its arrangement, tidiness, etc. ; _neglect_ of one's garments would imply leaving themexposed to defacement or injury, as by dust, moths, etc. _Neglect_ has apassive sense which _negligence_ has not; the child was suffering from_neglect_, _i. E. _, from being neglected by others; the child wassuffering from _negligence_ would imply that he himself was neglectful. The distinction sometimes made that _neglect_ denotes the act, and_negligence_ the habit, is but partially true; one may be guilty ofhabitual _neglect_ of duty; the wife may suffer from her husband'sconstant _neglect_, while the _negligence_ which causes a railroadaccident may be that of a moment, and on the part of one ordinarilycareful and attentive; in such cases the law provides punishment forcriminal _negligence_. Antonyms: See synonyms for CARE. Prepositions: Neglect _of_ duty, _of_ the child _by_ the parent; there was neglect _onthe part of_ the teacher. * * * * * NEW. Synonyms: fresh, modern, new-made, upstart, juvenile, new-fangled, novel, young, late, new-fashioned, recent, youthful. That which is _new_ has lately come into existence, possession, or use;a _new_ house is just built, or in a more general sense is one that hasjust come into the possession of the present owner or occupant. _Modern_denotes that which has begun to exist in the present age, and is stillexisting; _recent_ denotes that which has come into existence within acomparatively brief period, and may or may not be existing still. _Modern_ history pertains to any period since the middle ages; _modern_literature, _modern_ architecture, etc. , are not strikingly remote fromthe styles and types prevalent to-day. That which is _late_ is somewhatremoved from the present, but not far enough to be called _old_. Thatwhich is _recent_ is not quite so sharply distinguished from the past asthat which is _new_; _recent_ publications range over a longer time than_new_ books. That which is _novel_ is either absolutely or relativelyunprecedented in kind; a _novel_ contrivance is one that has neverbefore been known; a _novel_ experience is one that has never beforeoccurred to the same person; that which is _new_ may be of a familiar oreven of an ancient sort, as a _new_ copy of an old book. _Young_ and_youthful_ are applied to that which has life; that which is _young_ ispossessed of a comparatively _new_ existence as a living thing, possessing actual youth; that which is _youthful_ manifests theattributes of youth. (Compare YOUTHFUL. ) _Fresh_ applies to that whichhas the characteristics of newness or youth, while capable ofdeterioration by lapse of time; that which is unworn, unspoiled, orunfaded; as, a _fresh_ countenance, _fresh_ eggs, _fresh_ flowers. _New_is opposed to _old_, _modern_ to _ancient_, _recent_ to _remote_, _young_ to _old_, _aged_, etc. Antonyms: See synonyms for OLD. * * * * * NIMBLE. Synonyms: active, alert, bustling, prompt, speedy, spry, agile, brisk, lively, quick, sprightly, swift. _Nimble_ refers to lightness, freedom, and quickness of motion within asomewhat narrow range, with readiness to turn suddenly to any point;_swift_ applies commonly to more sustained motion over greaterdistances; a pickpocket is _nimble_-fingered, a dancer _nimble_-footed;an arrow, a race-horse, or an ocean steamer is _swift_; Shakespeare's"_nimble_ lightnings" is said of the visual appearance in sudden zigzagflash across the sky. Figuratively, we speak of _nimble_ wit, _swift_intelligence, _swift_ destruction. _Alert_, which is strictly a synonymfor _ready_, comes sometimes near the meaning of _nimble_ or _quick_, from the fact that the ready, wide-awake person is likely to be_lively_, _quick_, _speedy_. Compare ACTIVE; ALERT. Antonyms: clumsy, dull, heavy, inactive, inert, slow, sluggish, unready. Dilatory, * * * * * NORMAL. Synonyms: common, natural, ordinary, regular, typical, usual. That which is _natural_ is according to nature; that which is _normal_is according to the standard or rule which is observed or claimed toprevail in nature; a deformity may be _natural_, symmetry is _normal_;the _normal_ color of the crow is black, while the _normal_ color of thesparrow is gray, but one is as _natural_ as the other. _Typical_ refersto such an assemblage of qualities as makes the specimen, genus, etc. , atype of some more comprehensive group, while _normal_ is more commonlyapplied to the parts of a single object; the specimen was _typical_;color, size, and other characteristics, _normal_. The _regular_ isetymologically that which is according to rule, hence that which issteady and constant, as opposed to that which is fitful and changeable;the _normal_ action of the heart is _regular_. That which is _common_ isshared by a great number of persons or things; disease is _common_, a_normal_ state of health is rare. Compare GENERAL; USUAL. Antonyms: abnormal, irregular, peculiar, singular, unprecedented, exceptional, monstrous, rare, uncommon, unusual. * * * * * NOTWITHSTANDING, _conj. _ Synonyms: altho(ugh), howbeit, nevertheless, tho(ugh), but, however, still, yet. _However_ simply waives discussion, and (like the archaic _howbeit_)says "be that as it may, this is true;" _nevertheless_ concedes thetruth of what precedes, but claims that what follows is none the lesstrue; _notwithstanding_ marshals the two statements face to face, admitsthe one and its seeming contradiction to the other, while insisting thatit can not, after all, withstand the other; as, _notwithstanding_ theforce of the enemy is superior, we shall conquer. _Yet_ and _still_ areweaker than _notwithstanding_, while stronger than _but_. _Tho_ and_altho_ make as little as possible of the concession, dropping it, as itwere, incidentally; as, "_tho_ we are guilty, thou art good;" to say "weare guilty, _but_ thou art good, " would make the concession of guiltmore emphatic. Compare BUT; YET. * * * * * NOTWITHSTANDING, _prep. _ Synonyms: despite, in spite of. _Notwithstanding_ simply states that circumstances shall not be or havenot been allowed to withstand; _despite_ and _in spite of_ referprimarily to personal and perhaps spiteful opposition; as, he failed_notwithstanding_ his good intentions; or, he persevered _in spite of_the most bitter hostility. When _despite_ and _in spite of_ are appliedto inanimate things, it is with something of personification; "_in spiteof_ the storm" is said as if the storm had a hostile purpose to opposethe undertaking. * * * * * OATH. Synonyms: adjuration, curse, profane swearing, affidavit, cursing, profanity, anathema, denunciation, reprobation, ban, execration, swearing, blaspheming, imprecation, sworn statement. Blasphemy, malediction, vow. In the highest sense, as in a court of justice, "an _oath_ is areverent appeal to God in corroboration of what one says, " ABBOTT _LawDict. _; an _affidavit_ is a _sworn statement_ made in writing in thepresence of a competent officer; an _adjuration_ is a solemn appeal to aperson in the name of God to speak the truth. An _oath_ is made to manin the name of God; a _vow_, to God without the intervention, oftenwithout the knowledge, of man. In the lower sense, an _oath_ may be mere_blasphemy_ or _profane swearing_. _Anathema_, _curse_, _execration_, and _imprecation_ are modes of invoking vengeance or retribution from asuperhuman power upon the person against whom they are uttered. _Anathema_ is a solemn ecclesiastical condemnation of a person or of aproposition. _Curse_ may be just and authoritative; as, the _curse_ ofGod; or, it may be wanton and powerless: "so the _curse_ causeless shallnot come, " _Prov. _ xxvi, 2. _Execration_ expresses most of personalbitterness and hatred; _imprecation_ refers especially to the coming ofthe desired evil upon the person against whom it is uttered. _Malediction_ is a general wish of evil, a less usual but veryexpressive word. Compare TESTIMONY. Antonyms: benediction, benison, blessing. * * * * * OBSCURE. Synonyms: abstruse, darksome, dusky, involved, ambiguous, deep, enigmatical, muddy, cloudy, dense, hidden, mysterious, complex, difficult, incomprehensible, profound, complicated, dim, indistinct, turbid, dark, doubtful, intricate, unintelligible. That is _obscure_ which the eye or the mind can not clearly discern orsee through, whether because of its own want of transparency, its depthor intricacy, or because of mere defect of light. That which is_complicated_ is likely to be _obscure_, but that may be _obscure_ whichis not at all _complicated_ and scarcely _complex_, as a _muddy_ pool. In that which is _abstruse_ (L. _abs_, from, and _trudo_, push) as ifremoved from the usual course of thought or out of the way ofapprehension or discovery, the thought is remote, _hidden_; in thatwhich is _obscure_ there may be nothing to hide; it is hard to see tothe bottom of the _profound_, because of its depth, but the most shallowturbidness is _obscure_. Compare COMPLEX; DARK; DIFFICULT; MYSTERIOUS. Antonyms: See synonyms for CLEAR. * * * * * OBSOLETE. Synonyms: ancient, archaic, obsolescent, out of date, antiquated, disused, old, rare. Some of the _oldest_ or most _ancient_ words are not _obsolete_, asfather, mother, etc. A word is _obsolete_ which has quite gone out ofreputable use; a word is _archaic_ which is falling out of reputableuse, or, on the other hand, having been _obsolete_, is taken uptentatively by writers or speakers of influence, so that it may perhapsregain its position as a living word; a word is _rare_ if there are fewpresent instances of its reputable use. Compare OLD. Antonyms: See synonyms for NEW. * * * * * OBSTINATE. Synonyms: contumacious, headstrong, mulish, resolute, decided, heady, obdurate, resolved, determined, immovable, opinionated, stubborn, dogged, indomitable, persistent, unconquerable, firm, inflexible, pertinacious, unflinching, fixed, intractable, refractory, unyielding. The _headstrong_ person is not to be stopped in his own course ofaction, while the _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ is not to be driven toanother's way. The _headstrong_ act; the _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ maysimply refuse to stir. The most amiable person may be _obstinate_ onsome one point; the _stubborn_ person is for the most part habituallyso; we speak of _obstinate_ determination, _stubborn_ resistance. _Stubborn_ is the term most frequently applied to the lower animals andinanimate things. _Refractory_ implies more activity of resistance; the_stubborn_ horse balks; the _refractory_ animal plunges, rears, andkicks; metals that resist ordinary processes of reduction are termed_refractory_. One is _obdurate_ who adheres to his purpose in spite ofappeals that would move any tender-hearted or right-minded person. _Contumacious_ refers to a proud and insolent defiance of authority, asof the summons of a court. _Pertinacious_ demand is contrasted with_obstinate_ refusal. The _unyielding_ conduct which we approve we call_decided_, _firm_, _inflexible_, _resolute_; that which we condemn weare apt to term _headstrong_, _obstinate_, _stubborn_. Compare PERVERSE. Antonyms: amenable, dutiful, pliable, tractable, complaisant, gentle, pliant, undecided, compliant, irresolute, submissive, wavering, docile, obedient, teachable, yielding. * * * * * OBSTRUCT. Synonyms: arrest, check, embarrass, interrupt, stay, bar, choke, hinder, oppose, stop. Barricade, clog, impede, retard, To _obstruct_ is literally to build up against; the road is _obstructed_by fallen trees; the passage of liquid through a tube is _obstructed_ bysolid deposits. We may _hinder_ one's advance by following and clingingto him; we _obstruct_ his course by standing in his way or putting abarrier across his path. Anything that makes one's progress slower, whether from within or from without, _impedes_; an obstruction is alwaysfrom without. To _arrest_ is to cause to stop suddenly; _obstructing_the way may have the effect of _arresting_ progress. Compare HINDER;IMPEDIMENT. Antonyms: accelerate, aid, facilitate, free, open, promote. Advance, clear, forward, further, pave the way for, * * * * * OLD. Synonyms: aged, decrepit, immemorial, senile, ancient, elderly, olden, time-honored, antiquated, gray, patriarchal, time-worn, antique, hoary, remote, venerable. That is termed _old_ which has existed long, or which existed long ago. _Ancient_, from the Latin, through the French, is the more stately, _old_, from the Saxon, the more familiar word. Familiarity, on one side, is near to contempt; thus we say, an _old_ coat, an _old_ hat. On theother hand, familiarity is akin to tenderness, and thus _old_ is a wordof endearment; as, "the _old_ homestead, " the "_old_ oaken bucket. ""Tell me the _old, old_ story!" has been sung feelingly by millions;"tell me that _ancient_ story" would remove it out of all touch of humansympathy. _Olden_ is a statelier form of _old_, and is applied almostexclusively to time, not to places, buildings, persons, etc. As regardsperiods of time, the familiar are also the near; thus, the _old_ timesare not too far away for familiar thought and reference; the _olden_times are more remote, _ancient_ times still further removed. _Gray_, _hoary_, and _moldering_ refer to outward and visible tokens of age. _Aged_ applies chiefly to long-extended human life. _Decrepit_, _gray_, and _hoary_ refer to the effects of age on the body exclusively;_senile_ upon the mind also; as, a _decrepit_ frame, _senile_garrulousness. One may be _aged_ and neither _decrepit_ nor _senile_. _Elderly_ is applied to those who have passed middle life, but scarcelyreached _old_ age. _Remote_ (L. _re_, back or away, and _moveo_, move), primarily refers to space, but is extended to that which is far off intime; as, at some _remote_ period. _Venerable_ expresses the involuntaryreverence that we yield to the majestic and long-enduring, whether inthe material world or in human life and character. Compare ANTIQUE;OBSOLETE; PRIMEVAL. Antonyms: Compare synonyms for NEW; YOUTHFUL. * * * * * OPERATION. Synonyms: action, effect, force, performance, result. Agency, execution, influence, procedure, _Operation_ is _action_ considered with reference to the thing actedupon, and may apply to the _action_ of an intelligent agent or of amaterial substance or _force_; as, the _operation_ of a medicine. _Performance_ and _execution_ denote intelligent _action_, consideredwith reference to the actor or to that which he accomplishes;_performance_ accomplishing the will of the actor, _execution_ often thewill of another; we speak of the _performance_ of a duty, the_execution_ of a sentence. Compare ACT. Antonyms: failure, ineffectiveness, inutility, powerlessness, uselessness. Inaction, inefficiency, * * * * * ORDER. Synonyms: command, injunction, mandate, requirement. Direction, instruction, prohibition, _Instruction_ implies superiority of knowledge, _direction_ of authorityon the part of the giver; a teacher gives _instructions_ to his pupils, an employer gives _directions_ to his workmen. _Order_ is still moreauthoritative than _direction_; soldiers, sailors, and railroademployees have simply to obey the _orders_ of their superiors, withoutexplanation or question; an _order_ in the commercial sense has theauthority of the money which the one _ordering_ the goods pays or is topay. _Command_ is a loftier word, as well as highly authoritative, lessfrequent in common life; we speak of the _commands_ of God, orsometimes, by polite hyperbole, ask of a friend, "Have you any_commands_ for me?" A _requirement_ is imperative, but not alwaysformal, nor made by a personal agent; it may be in the nature of things;as, the _requirements_ of the position. _Prohibition_ is whollynegative; it is a _command_ not to do; _injunction_ is now oftenest soused, especially as the _requirement_ by legal authority that certainaction be suspended or refrained from, pending final legal decision. Compare ARRAY; CLASS; LAW; PROHIBIT; SYSTEM. Antonyms: allowance, consent, leave, liberty, license, permission, permit. * * * * * OSTENTATION. Synonyms: boast, flourish, parade, pompousness, vaunt, boasting, pageant, pomp, show, vaunting. Display, pageantry, pomposity, _Ostentation_ is an ambitious showing forth of whatever is thoughtadapted to win admiration or praise; _ostentation_ may be without words;as, the _ostentation_ of wealth in fine residences, rich clothing, costly equipage, or the like; when in words, _ostentation_ is rather inmanner than in direct statement; as, the _ostentation_ of learning. _Boasting_ is in direct statement, and is louder and more vulgar than_ostentation_. There may be great _display_ or _show_ with littlesubstance; _ostentation_ suggests something substantial to be shown. _Pageant_, _pageantry_, _parade_, and _pomp_ refer principally toaffairs of arms or state; as, a royal _pageant_; a military _parade_. _Pomp_ is some material demonstration of wealth and power, as in grandand stately ceremonial, rich furnishings, processions, etc. , consideredas worthy of the person or occasion in whose behalf it is manifested;_pomp_ is the noble side of that which as _ostentation_ is considered asarrogant and vain. _Pageant_ and _pageantry_ are inferior to _pomp_, denoting spectacular _display_ designed to impress the public mind, andsince the multitude is largely ignorant and thoughtless, the words_pageant_ and _pageantry_ have a suggestion of the transient andunsubstantial. _Parade_ (L. _paro_, prepare) is an exhibition as oftroops in camp going through the evolutions that are to be used inbattle, and suggests a lack of earnestness and direct or immediateoccasion or demand; hence, in the more general sense, a _parade_ is anuncalled for exhibition, and so used is a more disparaging word than_ostentation_; _ostentation_ may spring merely from undueself-gratulation, _parade_ implies a desire to impress others with asense of one's abilities or resources, and is always offensive andsomewhat contemptible; as, a _parade_ of wealth or learning. _Pomposity_and _pompousness_ are the affectation of _pomp_. Antonyms: diffidence, quietness, retirement, timidity, modesty, reserve, shrinking, unobtrusiveness. * * * * * OUGHT. Synonym: should. One _ought_ to do that which he is under moral obligation or in dutybound to do. _Ought_ is the stronger word, holding most closely to thesense of moral obligation, or sometimes of imperative logical necessity;_should_ may have the sense of moral obligation or may apply merely topropriety or expediency, as in the proverb, "The liar _should_ have agood memory, " _i. E. _, he will need it. _Ought_ is sometimes used ofabstractions or inanimate things as indicating what the mind deems to beimperative or logically necessary in view of all the conditions; as, these goods _ought_ to go into that space; these arguments _ought_ toconvince him; _should_ in such connections would be correct, but lessemphatic. Compare DUTY. * * * * * OVERSIGHT. Synonyms: care, control, management, surveillance, charge, direction, superintendence, watch, command, inspection, supervision, watchfulness. A person may look over a matter in order to survey it carefully in itsentirety, or he may look over it with no attention to the thing itselfbecause his gaze and thought are concentrated on something beyond;_oversight_ has thus two contrasted senses, in the latter sense denotinginadvertent error or omission, and in the former denoting watchful_supervision_, commonly implying constant personal presence;_superintendence_ requires only so much of presence or communication asto know that the superintendent's wishes are carried out; thesuperintendent of a railroad will personally oversee very few of itsoperations; the railroad company has supreme _direction_ of all itsaffairs without _superintendence_ or _oversight_. _Control_ is usedchiefly with reference to restraint or the power of restraint; a goodhorseman has a restless horse under perfect _control_; there is no highcharacter without self-_control_. _Surveillance_ is an invidious termsignifying watching with something of suspicion. Compare CARE; NEGLECT. * * * * * PAIN. Synonyms: ache, distress, suffering, torture, agony, pang, throe, twinge, anguish, paroxysm, torment, wo(e). _Pain_ is the most general term of this group, including all the others;_pain_ is a disturbing sensation from which nature revolts, resultingfrom some injurious external interference (as from a wound, a bruise, aharsh word, etc. ), or from some lack of what one needs, craves, orcherishes (as, the _pain_ of hunger or bereavement), or from someabnormal action of bodily or mental functions (as, the _pains_ ofdisease, envy, or discontent). _Suffering_ is one of the severer formsof _pain_. The prick of a needle causes _pain_, but we should scarcelyspeak of it as _suffering_. _Distress_ is too strong a word for littlehurts, too feeble for the intensest _suffering_, but commonly applied tosome continuous or prolonged trouble or need; as, the _distress_ of ashipwrecked crew, or of a destitute family. _Ache_ is lingering _pain_, more or less severe; _pang_, a _pain_ short, sharp, intense, and perhapsrepeated. We speak of the _pangs_ of hunger or of remorse. _Throe_ is aviolent and thrilling _pain_. _Paroxysm_ applies to an alternatelyrecurring and receding _pain_, which comes as it were in waves; the_paroxysm_ is the rising of the wave. _Torment_ and _torture_ areintense and terrible _sufferings_. _Agony_ and _anguish_ express theutmost _pain_ or _suffering_ of body or mind. _Agony_ of body is thatwith which the system struggles; _anguish_ that by which it is crushed. Antonyms: comfort, delight, ease, enjoyment, peace, rapture, relief, solace. * * * * * PALLIATE. Synonyms: apologize for, conceal, extenuate, hide, screen, cloak, cover, gloss over, mitigate, veil. _Cloak_, from the French, and _palliate_, from the Latin, are the samein original signification, but have diverged in meaning; a _cloak_ maybe used to _hide_ completely the person or some object carried about theperson, or it may but partly _veil_ the figure, making the outlines lessdistinct; _cloak_ is used in the former, _palliate_, in the lattersense; to _cloak_ a sin is to attempt to _hide_ it from discovery; to_palliate_ it is to attempt to _hide_ some part of its blameworthiness. "When we _palliate_ our own or others' faults we do not seek to _cloke_them altogether, but only to _extenuate_ the guilt of them in part. "TRENCH _Study of Words_ lect. Vi, p. 266. Either to _palliate_ or to_extenuate_ is to admit the fault; but to _extenuate_ is rather to_apologize_ for the offender, while to _palliate_ is to disguise thefault; hence, we speak of _extenuating_ but not of _palliating_circumstances, since circumstances can not change the inherent wrong ofan act, tho they may lessen the blameworthiness of him who does it;_palliating_ a bad thing by giving it a mild name does not make it lessevil. In reference to diseases, to _palliate_ is really to diminishtheir violence, or partly to relieve the sufferer. Compare ALLEVIATE;HIDE. * * * * * PARDON, _v. _ Synonyms: absolve, condone, forgive, pass by, remit. Acquit, excuse, overlook, pass over, To _pardon_ is to let pass, as a fault or sin, without resentment, blame, or punishment. _Forgive_ has reference to feelings, _pardon_ toconsequences; hence, the executive may _pardon_, but has nothing to doofficially with _forgiving_. Personal injury may be _forgiven_ by theperson wronged; thus, God at once _forgives_ and _pardons_; the_pardoned_ sinner is exempt from punishment; the _forgiven_ sinner isrestored to the divine favor. To _pardon_ is the act of a superior, implying the right to punish; to _forgive_ is the privilege of thehumblest person who has been wronged or offended. In law, to _remit_ thewhole penalty is equivalent to _pardoning_ the offender; but a part of apenalty may be _remitted_ and the remainder inflicted, as where thepenalty includes both fine and imprisonment. To _condone_ is to putaside a recognized offense by some act which restores the offender toforfeited right or privilege, and is the act of a private individual, without legal formalities. To _excuse_ is to _overlook_ some slightoffense, error, or breach of etiquette; _pardon_ is often used bycourtesy in nearly the same sense. A person may speak of _excusing_ or_forgiving_ himself, but not of _pardoning_ himself. Compare ABSOLVE;PARDON, _n. _ Antonyms: castigate, chastise, convict, doom, recompense, sentence, chasten, condemn, correct, punish, scourge, visit. * * * * * PARDON, _n. _ Synonyms: absolution, amnesty, forgiveness, oblivion, acquittal, forbearance, mercy, remission. _Acquittal_ is a release from a charge, after trial, as not guilty. _Pardon_ is a removal of penalty from one who has been adjudged guilty. _Acquittal_ is by the decision of a court, commonly of a jury; _pardon_is the act of the executive. An innocent man may demand _acquittal_, andneed not plead for _pardon_. _Pardon_ supposes an offense; yet, as ourlaws stand, to grant a _pardon_ is sometimes the only way to release onewho has been wrongly convicted. _Oblivion_, from the Latin, signifiesoverlooking and virtually forgetting an offense, so that the offenderstands before the law in all respects as if it had never been committed. _Amnesty_ brings the same idea through the Greek. _Pardon_ affectsindividuals; _amnesty_ and _oblivion_ are said of great numbers. _Pardon_ is oftenest applied to the ordinary administration of law;_amnesty_, to national and military affairs. An _amnesty_ is issuedafter war, insurrection, or rebellion; it is often granted by "an act of_oblivion_, " and includes a full _pardon_ of all offenders who comewithin its provisions. _Absolution_ is a religious word (comparesynonyms for ABSOLVE). _Remission_ is a discharge from penalty; as, the_remission_ of a fine. Antonyms: penalty, punishment, retaliation, retribution, vengeance. Prepositions: A pardon _to_ or _for_ the offenders; _for_ all offenses; the pardon_of_ offenders or offenses. * * * * * PART, _v. _ Synonyms: Compare synonyms for PART, _n. _ Prepositions: Part _into_ shares; part _in_ the middle; part one _from_ another; part_among_ the claimants; part _between_ contestants (archaic); in general, to part _from_ is to relinquish companionship; to part _with_ is torelinquish possession; we part _from_ a person or _from_ somethingthought of with some sense of companionship; a traveler parts _from_ hisfriends; he maybe said also to part _from_ his native shore; a man parts_with_ an estate, a horse, a copyright; part _with_ may be applied to aperson thought of in any sense as a possession; an employer parts _with_a clerk or servant; but _part with_ is sometimes used by good writers asmeaning simply to separate from. * * * * * PART, _n. _ Synonyms: atom, fraction, member, section, component, fragment, particle, segment, constituent, ingredient, piece, share, division, instalment, portion, subdivision. Element, _Part_, a substance, quantity, or amount that is the result of thedivision of something greater, is the general word, including all theothers of this group. A _fragment_ is the result of breaking, rending, or disruption of some kind, while a _piece_ may be smoothly or evenlyseparated and have a certain completeness in itself. A _piece_ is oftentaken for a sample; a _fragment_ scarcely would be. _Division_ and_fraction_ are always regarded as in connection with the total;_divisions_ may be equal or unequal; a _fraction_ is one of severalequal _parts_ into which the whole is supposed to be divided. A_portion_ is a _part_ viewed with reference to some one who is toreceive it or some special purpose to which it is to be applied; in arestaurant one _portion_ (_i. E. _, the amount designed for one person)is sometimes, by special order, served to two; a _share_ is a _part_ towhich one has or may acquire a right in connection with others; an_instalment_ is one of a series of proportionate payments that are to becontinued till the entire claim is discharged; a _particle_ is anexceedingly small _part_. A _component_, _constituent_, _ingredient_, or_element_ is a _part_ of some compound or mixture; an _element_ isnecessary to the existence, as a _component_ or _constituent_ isnecessary to the completeness of that which it helps to compose; an_ingredient_ may be foreign or accidental. A _subdivision_ is a_division_ of a _division_. We speak of a _segment_ of a circle. ComparePARTICLE; PORTION. * * * * * PARTICLE. Synonyms: atom, grain, mite, scrap, whit. Corpuscle, iota, molecule, shred, element, jot, scintilla, tittle, A _particle_ is a very small part of any material substance; as, a_particle_ of sand or of dust; it is a general term, not accuratelydeterminate in meaning. _Atom_ (Gr. _a-_ privative, not, and _temno_, cut) etymologically signifies that which can not be cut or divided, andis the smallest conceivable _particle_ of matter, regarded as absolutelyhomogeneous and as having but one set of properties; _atoms_ are theultimate _particles_ of matter. A _molecule_ is made up of _atoms_, andis regarded as separable into its constituent parts; as used byphysicists, a _molecule_ is the smallest conceivable part which retainsall the characteristics of the substance; thus, a _molecule_ of water ismade up of two _atoms_ of hydrogen and one _atom_ of oxygen. _Element_in chemistry denotes, without reference to quantity, a substanceregarded as simple, _i. E. _, one incapable of being resolved by anyknown process into simpler substances; the _element_ gold may berepresented by an ingot or by a _particle_ of gold-dust. In popularlanguage, an _element_ is any essential constituent; the ancientsbelieved that the universe was made up of the four _elements_, earth, air, fire, and water; a storm is spoken of as a manifestation of thefury of the _elements_. We speak of _corpuscles_ of blood. Compare PART. Antonyms: aggregate, entirety, mass, quantity, sum, sum total, total, whole. * * * * * PATIENCE. Synonyms: calmness, forbearance, long-suffering, sufferance. Composure, fortitude, resignation, endurance, leniency, submission, _Patience_ is the quality or habit of mind shown in bearing passivelyand uncomplainingly any pain, evil, or hardship that may fall to one'slot. _Endurance_ hardens itself against suffering, and may be merelystubborn; _fortitude_ is _endurance_ animated by courage; _endurance_may by modifiers be made to have a passive force, as when we speak of"passive endurance;" _patience_ is not so hard as _endurance_ nor soself-effacing as _submission_. _Submission_ is ordinarily and_resignation_ always applied to matters of great moment, while_patience_ may apply to slight worries and annoyances. As regards ourrelations to our fellow men, _forbearance_ is abstaining fromretaliation or revenge; _patience_ is keeping kindliness of heart undervexatious conduct; _long-suffering_ is continued _patience_. _Patience_may also have an active force denoting uncomplaining steadiness indoing, as in tilling the soil. Compare INDUSTRY. Antonyms: See synonyms for ANGER. Prepositions: Patience _in_ or _amid_ sufferings; patience _with_ (rarely _toward_)opposers or offenders; patience _under_ afflictions; (rarely) patience_of_ heat or cold, etc. * * * * * PAY, _n. _ Synonyms: allowance, hire, recompense, salary, compensation, honorarium, remuneration, stipend, earnings, payment, requital, wages. Fee, An _allowance_ is a stipulated amount furnished at regular intervals asa matter of discretion or gratuity, as of food to besieged soldiers, orof money to a child or ward. _Compensation_ is a comprehensive wordsignifying a return for a service done. _Remuneration_ is applied tomatters of great amount or importance. _Recompense_ is a still wider andloftier word, with less suggestion of calculation and market value;there are services for which affection and gratitude are the sole andsufficient _recompense_; _earnings_, _fees_, _hire_, _pay_, _salary_, and _wages_ are forms of _compensation_ and may be included in_compensation_, _remuneration_, or _recompense_. _Pay_ is commercial andstrictly signifies an exact pecuniary equivalent for a thing or service, except when the contrary is expressly stated, as when we speak of "high_pay_" or "poor _pay_. " _Wages_ denotes what a worker receives. _Earnings_ is often used as exactly equivalent to _wages_, but may beused with reference to the real value of work done or service rendered, and even applied to inanimate things; as, the _earnings_ of capital. _Hire_ is distinctly mercenary or menial, but as a noun has gone out ofpopular use, tho the verb _to hire_ is common. _Salary_ is for literaryor professional work, _wages_ for handicraft or other comparativelyinferior service; a _salary_ is regarded as more permanent than _wages_;an editor receives a _salary_, a compositor receives _wages_. _Stipend_has become exclusively a literary word. A _fee_ is given for a singleservice or privilege, and is sometimes in the nature of a gratuity. Compare REQUITE. * * * * * PEOPLE. Synonyms: commonwealth, nation, race, state, tribe. Community, population, A _community_ is in general terms the aggregate of persons inhabitingany territory in common and viewed as having common interests; a_commonwealth_ is such a body of persons having a common government, especially a republican government; as, the _commonwealth_ ofMassachusetts. A _community_ may be very small; a _commonwealth_ isordinarily of considerable extent. A _people_ is the aggregate of anypublic _community_, either in distinction from their rulers or asincluding them; a _race_ is a division of mankind in the line of originand ancestry; the _people_ of the United States includes members ofalmost every _race_. The use of _people_ as signifying personscollectively, as in the statement "The hall was full of _people_, " hasbeen severely criticized, but is old and accepted English, and may fitlybe classed as idiomatic, and often better than _persons_, by reason ofits collectivism. As Dean Alford suggests, it would make a strangetransformation of the old hymn "All _people_ that on earth do dwell" tosing "All _persons_ that on earth do dwell. " A _state_ is an organizedpolitical _community_ considered in its corporate capacity as "a bodypolitic and corporate;" as, a legislative act is the act of the _state_;every citizen is entitled to the protection of the _state_. A _nation_is an organized political _community_ considered with reference to thepersons composing it as having certain definite boundaries, a definitenumber of citizens, etc. The members of a _people_ are referred to aspersons or individuals; the individual members of a _state_ or _nation_are called citizens or subjects. The _population_ of a country is simplythe aggregate of persons residing within its borders, without referenceto _race_, organization, or allegiance; unnaturalized residents formpart of the _population_, but not of the _nation_, possessing none ofthe rights and being subject to none of the duties of citizens. InAmerican usage _State_ signifies one _commonwealth_ of the federal unionknown as the United _States_. _Tribe_ is now almost wholly applied torude _peoples_ with very imperfect political organization; as, theIndian _tribes_; nomadic _tribes_. Compare MOB. * * * * * PERCEIVE. Synonyms: apprehend, comprehend, conceive, understand. We _perceive_ what is presented through the senses. We _apprehend_ whatis presented to the mind, whether through the senses or by any othermeans. Yet _perceive_ is used in the figurative sense of seeing throughto a conclusion, in a way for which usage would not allow us tosubstitute _apprehend_; as, "Sir, I _perceive_ that thou art a prophet, "_John_ iv, 19. That which we _apprehend_ we catch, as with the hand;that which we _conceive_ we are able to analyze and recompose in ourmind; that which we _comprehend_, we, as it were, grasp around, taketogether, seize, embrace wholly within the mind. Many things may be_apprehended_ which can not be _comprehended_; a child can _apprehend_the distinction between right and wrong, yet the philosopher can not_comprehend_ it in its fulness. We can _apprehend_ the will of God asrevealed in conscience or the Scriptures; we can _conceive_ of certainattributes of Deity, as his truth and justice; but no finiteintelligence can _comprehend_ the Divine Nature, in its majesty, power, and perfection. Compare ANTICIPATE; ARREST; CATCH; KNOWLEDGE. Antonyms: fail of, ignore, lose, misapprehend, misconceive, miss, overlook. * * * * * PERFECT. Synonyms: absolute, consummate, holy, spotless, accurate, correct, ideal, stainless, blameless, entire, immaculate, unblemished, complete, faultless, sinless, undefiled. Completed, finished, That is _perfect_ to which nothing can be added, and from which nothingcan be taken without impairing its excellence, marring its symmetry, ordetracting from its worth; in this fullest sense God alone is _perfect_, but in a limited sense anything may be _perfect_ in its kind; as a_perfect_ flower; a copy of a document is _perfect_ when it is_accurate_ in every particular; a vase may be called _perfect_ when_entire_ and _unblemished_, even tho not artistically _faultless_; thebest judges never pronounce a work of art _perfect_, because they seealways _ideal_ possibilities not yet attained; even the _ideal_ is not_perfect_, by reason of the imperfection of the human mind; a humancharacter faultlessly _holy_ would be morally _perfect_ tho finite. Thatwhich is _absolute_ is free from admixture (as _absolute_ alcohol) andin the highest and fullest sense free from imperfection or limitation;as, _absolute_ holiness and love are attributes of God alone. Inphilosophical language, _absolute_ signifies free from all necessary, oreven from all possible relations, not dependent or limited, unrelatedand unconditioned; truth immediately known, as intuitive truth, is_absolute_; God, as self-existent and free from all limitation ordependence, is called the _absolute_ Being, or simply the _Absolute_. Compare INNOCENT; INFINITE; RADICAL. Antonyms: bad, defective, imperfect, meager, scant, blemished, deficient, incomplete, perverted, short, corrupt, deformed, inferior, poor, spoiled, corrupted, fallible, insufficient, ruined, worthless. Defaced, faulty, marred, * * * * * PERMANENT. Synonyms: abiding, enduring, lasting, steadfast, changeless, fixed, perpetual, unchangeable, constant, immutable, persistent, unchanging. Durable, invariable, stable, _Durable_ (L. _durus_, hard) is said almost wholly of materialsubstances that resist wear; _lasting_ is said of either material orimmaterial things. _Permanent_ is a word of wider meaning; a thing is_permanent_ which is not liable to change; as, a _permanent_ color;buildings upon a farm are called _permanent_ improvements. _Enduring_ isa higher word, applied to that which resists both time and change; as, _enduring_ fame. Antonyms: See synonyms for TRANSIENT. * * * * * PERMISSION. Synonyms: allowance, authorization, leave, license, authority, consent, liberty, permit. _Authority_ unites the right and power of control; age, wisdom, andcharacter give _authority_ to their possessor; a book of learnedresearch has _authority_, and is even called an _authority_. _Permission_ justifies another in acting without interference orcensure, and usually implies some degree of approval. _Authority_ givesa certain right of control over all that may be affected by the action. There may be a failure to object, which constitutes an implied_permission_, tho this is more properly expressed by _allowance_; we_allow_ what we do not oppose, _permit_ what we expressly authorize. Thenoun _permit_ implies a formal written _permission_. _License_ is aformal _permission_ granted by competent _authority_ to an individual todo some act or pursue some business which would be or is made to beunlawful without such _permission_; as, a _license_ to preach, tosolemnize marriages, or to sell intoxicating liquors. A _license_ is_permission_ granted rather than _authority_ conferred; the sheriff has_authority_ (not _permission_ nor _license_) to make an arrest. _Consent_ is _permission_ by the concurrence of wills in two or morepersons, a mutual approval or acceptance of something proposed. CompareALLOW. Antonyms: denial, objection, prevention, refusal, resistance. Hindrance, opposition, prohibition, * * * * * PERNICIOUS. Synonyms: bad, evil, mischievous, pestilential, baneful, foul, noisome, poisonous, deadly, harmful, noxious, ruinous, deleterious, hurtful, perverting, unhealthful, destructive, injurious, pestiferous, unwholesome. Detrimental, insalubrious, _Pernicious_ (L. _per_, through, and _neco_, kill) signifies having thepower of destroying or injuring, tending to hurt or kill. _Pernicious_is stronger than _injurious_; that which is _injurious_ is capable ofdoing harm; that which is _pernicious_ is likely to be _destructive_. _Noxious_ (L. _noceo_, hurt) is a stronger word than _noisome_, asreferring to that which is _injurious_ or _destructive_. _Noisome_ nowalways denotes that which is extremely disagreeable or disgusting, especially to the sense of smell; as, the _noisome_ stench proclaimedthe presence of _noxious_ gases. Antonyms: advantageous, favorable, helpful, profitable, serviceable, beneficent, good, invigorating, rejuvenating, useful, beneficial, healthful, life-giving, salutary, wholesome. * * * * * PERPLEXITY. Synonyms: amazement, bewilderment, distraction, doubt, astonishment, confusion, disturbance, embarrassment. _Perplexity_ (L. _per_, through, and _plecto_, plait) is the drawing orturning of the thoughts or faculties by turns in different directions ortoward contrasted or contradictory conclusions; _confusion_ (L. _confusus_, from _confundo_, pour together) is a state in which themental faculties are, as it were, thrown into chaos, so that the clearand distinct action of the different powers, as of perception, memory, reason, and will is lost; _bewilderment_ is akin to _confusion_, but isless overwhelming, and more readily recovered from; _perplexity_, accordingly, has not the unsettling of the faculties implied in_confusion_, nor the overwhelming of the faculties implied in_amazement_ or _astonishment_; it is not the magnitude of the things tobe known, but the want of full and definite knowledge, that causes_perplexity_. The dividing of a woodland path may cause the traveler thegreatest _perplexity_, which may become _bewilderment_ when he has triedone path after another and lost his bearings completely. With anexcitable person _bewilderment_ may deepen into _confusion_ that willmake him unable to think clearly or even to see or hear distinctly. _Amazement_ results from the sudden and unimagined occurrence of greatgood or evil or the sudden awakening of the mind to unthought-of truth. _Astonishment_ often produces _bewilderment_, which the word wasformerly understood to imply. Compare AMAZEMENT; ANXIETY; DOUBT. * * * * * PERSUADE. Synonyms: allure, dispose, incline, move, bring over, entice, induce, prevail on _or_ upon, coax, impel, influence, urge, convince, incite, lead, win over. Of these words _convince_ alone has no direct reference to moving thewill, denoting an effect upon the understanding only; one may be_convinced_ of his duty without doing it, or he may be _convinced_ oftruth that has no manifest connection with duty or action, as of amathematical proposition. To _persuade_ is to bring the will of anotherto a desired decision by some influence exerted upon it short ofcompulsion; one may be _convinced_ that the earth is round; he may be_persuaded_ to travel round it; but persuasion is so largely dependentupon conviction that it is commonly held to be the orator's work firstto _convince_ in order that he may _persuade_. _Coax_ is a slighter wordthan _persuade_, seeking the same end by shallower methods, largely byappeal to personal feeling, with or without success; as, a child_coaxes_ a parent to buy him a toy. One may be _brought over_, _induced_, or _prevailed upon_ by means not properly included inpersuasion, as by bribery or intimidation; he is _won over_ chiefly bypersonal influence. Compare INFLUENCE. Antonyms: deter, discourage, dissuade, hinder, hold back, repel, restrain. * * * * * PERTNESS. Synonyms: boldness, forwardness, liveliness, sprightliness. Briskness, impertinence, sauciness, flippancy, impudence, smartness, _Liveliness_ and _sprightliness_ are pleasant and commendable;_smartness_ is a limited and showy acuteness or shrewdness, usually withunfavorable suggestion; _pertness_ and _sauciness_ are these qualitiesoverdone, and regardless of the respect due to superiors. _Impertinence_and _impudence_ may be gross and stupid; _pertness_ and _sauciness_ arealways vivid and keen. Compare IMPUDENCE. Antonyms: bashfulness, demureness, diffidence, humility, modesty, shyness. * * * * * PERVERSE. Synonyms: contrary, froward, petulant, untoward, factious, intractable, stubborn, wayward, fractious, obstinate, ungovernable, wilful. _Perverse_ (L. _perversus_, turned the wrong way) signifies wilfullywrong or erring, unreasonably set against right, reason, or authority. The _stubborn_ or _obstinate_ person will not do what another desires orrequires; the _perverse_ person will do anything contrary to what isdesired or required of him. The _petulant_ person frets, but may comply;the _perverse_ individual may be smooth or silent, but is wilfully_intractable_. _Wayward_ refers to a _perverse_ disregard of moralityand duty; _froward_ is practically obsolete; _untoward_ is rarely heardexcept in certain phrases; as, _untoward_ circumstances. CompareOBSTINATE. Antonyms: accommodating, complaisant, genial, kind, amenable, compliant, governable, obliging. * * * * * PHYSICAL. Synonyms: bodily, corporeal, natural, tangible, corporal, material, sensible, visible. Whatever is composed of or pertains to matter may be termed _material_;_physical_ (Gr. _physis_, nature) applies to _material_ thingsconsidered as parts of a system or organic whole; hence, we speak of_material_ substances, _physical_ forces, _physical_ laws. _Bodily_, _corporal_, and _corporeal_ apply primarily to the human body; _bodily_and _corporal_ both denote pertaining or relating to the body;_corporeal_ signifies of the nature of or like the body; _corporal_ isnow almost wholly restricted to signify applied to or inflicted upon thebody; we speak of _bodily_ sufferings, _bodily_ presence, _corporal_punishment, the _corporeal_ frame. Antonyms: hyperphysical, intangible, invisible, moral, unreal, immaterial, intellectual, mental, spiritual, unsubstantial. * * * * * PIQUE. Synonyms: displeasure, irritation, offense, resentment, umbrage. Grudge, _Pique_, from the French, signifies primarily a prick or a sting, as ofa nettle; the word denotes a sudden feeling of mingled pain and anger, but slight and usually transient, arising from some neglect or_offense_, real or imaginary. _Umbrage_ is a deeper and more persistent_displeasure_ at being overshadowed (L. _umbra_, a shadow) or subjectedto any treatment that one deems unworthy of him. It may be said, as ageneral statement, that _pique_ arises from wounded vanity orsensitiveness, _umbrage_ from wounded pride or sometimes from suspicion. _Resentment_ rests on more solid grounds, and is deep and persistent. Compare ANGER. Antonyms: approval, contentment, gratification, pleasure, satisfaction. Complacency, delight, * * * * * PITIFUL. Synonyms: abject, lamentable, paltry, sorrowful, base, miserable, pathetic, touching, contemptible, mournful, piteous, woful, despicable, moving, pitiable, wretched. _Pitiful_ originally signified full of pity; as, "the Lord is very_pitiful_ and of tender mercy, " _James_ v, 11; but this usage is nowarchaic, and the meaning in question is appropriated by such words asmerciful and compassionate. _Pitiful_ and _pitiable_ now refer to whatmay be deserving of pity, _pitiful_ being used chiefly for that which ismerely an object of thought, _pitiable_ for that which is broughtdirectly before the senses; as, a _pitiful_ story; a _pitiable_ object;a _pitiable_ condition. Since pity, however, always implies weakness orinferiority in that which is pitied, _pitiful_ and _pitiable_ are oftenused, by an easy transition, for what might awaken pity, but does awakencontempt; as, a _pitiful_ excuse; he presented a _pitiable_ appearance. _Piteous_ is now rarely used in its earlier sense of feeling pity, butin its derived sense applies to what really excites the emotion; as, a_piteous_ cry. Compare HUMANE; MERCY; PITY. Antonyms: august, dignified, grand, lofty, sublime, beneficent, exalted, great, mighty, superb, commanding, glorious, helpful, noble, superior. * * * * * PITY. Synonyms: commiseration, condolence, sympathy, tenderness. Compassion, mercy, _Pity_ is a feeling of grief or pain aroused by the weakness, misfortunes, or distresses of others, joined with a desire to help orrelieve. _Sympathy_ (feeling or suffering with) implies some degree ofequality, kindred, or union; _pity_ is for what is weak or unfortunate, and so far, at least, inferior to ourselves; hence, _pity_ is oftenresented where _sympathy_ would be welcome. We have _sympathy_ with onein joy or grief, in pleasure or pain, _pity_ only for those in sufferingor need; we may have _sympathy_ with the struggles of a giant or thetriumphs of a conqueror; we are moved with _pity_ for the captive or theslave. _Pity_ may be only in the mind, but _mercy_ does something forthose who are its objects. _Compassion_, like _pity_, is exercised onlywith respect to the suffering or unfortunate, but combines with thetenderness of _pity_ the dignity of _sympathy_ and the active quality of_mercy_. _Commiseration_ is as tender as _compassion_, but more remoteand hopeless; we have _commiseration_ for sufferers whom we can notreach or can not relieve. _Condolence_ is the expression of _sympathy_. Compare MERCY. Antonyms: barbarity, ferocity, harshness, pitilessness, severity, brutality, hard-heartedness, inhumanity, rigor, sternness, cruelty, hardness, mercilessness, ruthlessness, truculence. Prepositions: Pity _on_ or _upon_ that which we help or spare; pity _for_ that whichwe merely contemplate; "have pity _upon_ me, O ye my friends, " _Job_xix, 21; "pity _for_ a horse o'erdriven, " TENNYSON _In Memoriam_ lxii, st. 1. * * * * * PLANT. Synonyms: seed, seed down, set, set out, sow. We _set_ or _set out_ slips, cuttings, young trees, etc. , tho we mayalso be said to _plant_ them; we _plant_ corn, potatoes, etc. , which weput in definite places, as in hills, with some care; we _sow_ wheat orother small grains and seeds which are scattered in the process. Tho bymodern agricultural machinery the smaller grains are almost as precisely_planted_ as corn, the old word for broadcast scattering is retained. Land is _seeded_ or _seeded down_ to grass. Antonyms: eradicate, extirpate, root up, uproot, weed out. * * * * * PLEAD. Synonyms: advocate, ask, beseech, implore, solicit, argue, beg, entreat, press, urge. To _plead_ for one is to employ argument or persuasion, or both in hisbehalf, usually with earnestness or importunity; similarly one may besaid to _plead_ for himself or for a cause, etc. , or with direct object, to _plead_ a case; in legal usage, _pleading_ is argumentative, but inpopular usage, _pleading_ always implies some appeal to the feelings. One _argues_ a case solely on rational grounds and supposably with fairconsideration of both sides; he _advocates_ one side for the purpose ofcarrying it, and under the influence of motives that may range all theway from cold self-interest to the highest and noblest impulses; he_pleads_ a cause, or _pleads_ for a person with still more intensefeeling. _Beseech_, _entreat_, and _implore_ imply impassionedearnestness, with direct and tender appeal to personal considerations. _Press_ and _urge_ imply more determined or perhaps authoritativeinsistence. _Solicit_ is a weak word denoting merely an attempt tosecure one's consent or cooperation, sometimes by sordid or corruptmotives. Prepositions: Plead _with_ the tyrant _for_ the captive; plead _against_ theoppression or the oppressor; plead _to_ the indictment; _at_ the bar;_before_ the court; _in_ open court. * * * * * PLEASANT. Synonyms: agreeable, good-natured, kindly, pleasing, attractive, kind, obliging, pleasurable. That is _pleasing_ from which pleasure is received, or may readily bereceived, without reference to any action or intent in that whichconfers it; as, a _pleasing_ picture; a _pleasing_ landscape. Whateverhas active qualities adapted to give pleasure is _pleasant_; as, a_pleasant_ breeze; a _pleasant_ (not a _pleasing_) day. As applied topersons, _pleasant_ always refers to a disposition ready and desirous toplease; one is _pleasant_, or in a _pleasant_ mood, when inclined tomake happy those with whom he is dealing, to show kindness and do anyreasonable favor. In this sense _pleasant_ is nearly akin to _kind_, but_kind_ refers to act or intent, while _pleasant_ stops with thedisposition; many persons are no longer in a _pleasant_ mood if asked todo a troublesome kindness. _Pleasant_ keeps always something of thesense of actually giving pleasure, and thus surpasses the meaning of_good-natured_; there are _good-natured_ people who by reason ofrudeness and ill-breeding are not _pleasant_ companions. A _pleasing_face has good features, complexion, expression, etc. ; a _pleasant_ faceindicates a _kind_ heart and an _obliging_ disposition, as well as_kindly_ feelings in actual exercise; we can say of one usually_good-natured_, "on that occasion he did not meet me with a _pleasant_face. " _Pleasant_, in the sense of gay, merry, jocose (the sense stillretained in _pleasantry_), is now rare, and would not be understoodoutside of literary circles. Compare AMIABLE; COMFORTABLE; DELIGHTFUL. Antonyms: arrogant, displeasing, glum, ill-humored, repelling, austere, dreary, grim, ill-natured, repulsive, crabbed, forbidding, harsh, offensive, unkind, disagreeable, gloomy, hateful, repellent, unpleasant. Prepositions: Pleasant _to_, _with_, or _toward_ persons, _about_ a matter. * * * * * PLENTIFUL. Synonyms: abounding, bountiful, generous, plenteous, abundant, complete, large, profuse, adequate, copious, lavish, replete, affluent, enough, liberal, rich, ample, exuberant, luxuriant, sufficient, bounteous, full, overflowing, teeming. _Enough_ is relative, denoting a supply equal to a given demand. Atemperature of 70° Fahrenheit is _enough_ for a living-room; of 212°_enough_ to boil water; neither is _enough_ to melt iron. _Sufficient_, from the Latin, is an equivalent of the Saxon _enough_, with noperceptible difference of meaning, but only of usage, _enough_ being themore blunt, homely, and forcible word, while _sufficient_ is in manycases the more elegant or polite. _Sufficient_ usually precedes itsnoun; _enough_ usually and preferably follows. That is _ample_ whichgives a safe, but not a large, margin beyond a given demand; that is_abundant_, _affluent_, _bountiful_, _liberal_, _plentiful_, which islargely in excess of manifest need. _Plentiful_ is used of supplies, asof food, water, etc. ; as, "a _plentiful_ rain, " _Ps. _ lxviii, 9. We mayalso say a _copious_ rain; but _copious_ can be applied to thought, language, etc. , where _plentiful_ can not well be used. _Affluent_ and_liberal_ both apply to riches, resources; _liberal_, with especialreference to giving or expending. (Compare synonyms for ADEQUATE. )_Affluent_, referring especially to riches, may be used of thought, feeling, etc. Neither _affluent_, _copious_, nor _plentiful_ can be usedof time or space; a field is sometimes called _plentiful_, not withreference to its extent, but to its productiveness. _Complete_ expressesnot excess or overplus, and yet not mere sufficiency, but harmony, proportion, fitness to a design, or ideal. _Ample_ and _abundant_ may beapplied to any subject. We have time _enough_, means that we can reachour destination without haste, but also without delay; if we have_ample_ time, we may move leisurely, and note what is by the way; if wehave _abundant_ time, we may pause to converse with a friend, to viewthe scenery, or to rest when weary. _Lavish_ and _profuse_ imply adecided excess, oftenest in the ill sense. We rejoice in _abundant_resources, and honor _generous_ hospitality; _lavish_ or _profuse_expenditure suggests extravagance and wastefulness. _Luxuriant_ is usedespecially of that which is _abundant_ in growth; as, a _luxuriant_crop. Antonyms: deficient, inadequate, narrow, scanty, small, drained, insufficient, niggardly, scarce, sparing, exhausted, mean, poor, scrimped, stingy, impoverished, miserly, scant, short, straitened. Preposition: Plentiful _in_ resources. * * * * * POETRY. Synonyms: meter, numbers, poesy, song, metrical composition, poem, rime, verse. _Poetry_ is that form of literature that embodies beautiful thought, feeling, or action in melodious, rhythmical, and (usually) metricallanguage, in imaginative and artistic constructions. _Poetry_ in a verywide sense may be anything that pleasingly addresses the imagination;as, the _poetry_ of motion. In ordinary usage, _poetry_ is bothimaginative and metrical. There may be _poetry_ without _rime_, buthardly without _meter_, or what in some languages takes its place, asthe Hebrew parallelism; but _poetry_ involves, besides the artisticform, the exercise of the fancy or imagination in a way alwaysbeautiful, often lofty or even sublime. Failing this, there may be_verse_, _rime_, and _meter_, but not _poetry_. There is much inliterature that is beautiful and sublime in thought and artistic inconstruction, which is yet not _poetry_, because quite devoid of theelement of _song_, whereby _poetry_ differs from the most lofty, beautiful, or impassioned prose. Compare METER. Antonyms: prosaic speech, prosaic writing, prose. * * * * * POLITE. Synonyms: accomplished, courtly, genteel, urbane, civil, cultivated, gracious, well-behaved, complaisant, cultured, obliging, well-bred, courteous, elegant, polished, well-mannered. A _civil_ person observes such propriety of speech and manner as toavoid being rude; one who is _polite_ (literally _polished_) observesmore than the necessary proprieties, conforming to all that is graceful, becoming, and thoughtful in the intercourse of refined society. A manmay be _civil_ with no consideration for others, simply becauseself-respect forbids him to be rude; but one who is _polite_ has atleast some care for the opinions of others, and if _polite_ in thehighest and truest sense, which is coming to be the prevailing one, hecares for the comfort and happiness of others in the smallest matters. _Civil_ is a colder and more distant word than _polite_; _courteous_ isfuller and richer, dealing often with greater matters, and is used onlyin the good sense. _Courtly_ suggests that which befits a royal court, and is used of external grace and stateliness without reference to theprompting feeling; as, the _courtly_ manners of the ambassador. _Genteel_ refers to an external elegance, which may be showy andsuperficial, and the word is thus inferior to _polite_ or _courteous_. _Urbane_ refers to a politeness that is genial and successful in givingothers a sense of ease and cheer. _Polished_ refers to externalelegancies of speech and manner without reference to spirit or purpose;as, a _polished_ gentleman or a _polished_ scoundrel; _cultured_ refersto a real and high development of mind and soul, of which the externalmanifestation is the smallest part. _Complaisant_ denotes a dispositionto please or favor beyond what _politeness_ would necessarily require. Antonyms: awkward, clownish, ill-mannered, insulting, uncouth, bluff, coarse, impertinent, raw, unmannerly, blunt, discourteous, impolite, rude, unpolished, boorish, ill-behaved, impudent, rustic, untaught, brusk, ill-bred, insolent, uncivil, untutored. * * * * * POLITY. Synonyms: constitution, policy, form _or_ system of government. _Polity_ is the permanent system of government of a state, a church, ora society; _policy_ is the method of management with reference to theattainment of certain ends; the national _polity_ of the United Statesis republican; each administration has a _policy_ of its own. _Policy_is often used as equivalent to expediency; as, many think honesty to begood _policy_. _Polity_ used in ecclesiastical use serves a valuablepurpose in distinguishing that which relates to administration andgovernment from that which relates to faith and doctrine; two churchesidentical in faith may differ in _polity_, or those agreeing in _polity_may differ in faith. Compare LAW. * * * * * PORTION. Synonyms: lot, parcel, part, proportion, share. When any whole is divided into _parts_, any _part_ that is allotted tosome person, thing, subject or purpose is called a _portion_, tho thedivision may be by no fixed rule or relation; a father may divide hisestate by will among his children so as to make their several _portions_great or small, according to his arbitrary and unreasonable caprice. When we speak of a _part_ as a _proportion_, we think of the whole asdivided according to some rule or scale, so that the different _parts_bear a contemplated and intended relation or ratio to one another; thus, the _portion_ allotted to a child by will may not be a fair _proportion_of the estate. _Proportion_ is often used where _part_ or _portion_would be more appropriate. Compare PART. * * * * * POVERTY. Synonyms: beggary, distress, mendicancy, pauperism, privation, destitution, indigence, need, penury, want. _Poverty_ denotes strictly lack of property or adequate means ofsupport, but in common use is a relative term denoting any conditionbelow that of easy, comfortable living; _privation_ denotes a conditionof painful lack of what is useful or desirable, tho not to the extent ofabsolute _distress_; _indigence_ is lack of ordinary means ofsubsistence; _destitution_ is lack of the comforts, and in part even ofthe necessaries of life; _penury_ is especially cramping _poverty_, possibly not so sharp as _destitution_, but continuous, while that maybe temporary; _pauperism_ is such _destitution_ as throws one uponorganized public charity for support; _beggary_ and _mendicancy_ denote_poverty_ that appeals for indiscriminate private charity. * * * * * POWER. Synonyms: ability, competency, expertness, readiness, aptitude, dexterity, faculty, skill, capability, efficacy, force, strength, capacity, efficiency, might, susceptibility, cleverness, energy, qualification, talent. Cogency, _Power_ is the most general term of this group, including every quality, property, or _faculty_ by which any change, effect, or result is, or maybe, produced; as, the _power_ of the legislature to enact laws, or ofthe executive to enforce them; the _power_ of an acid to corrode ametal; the _power_ of a polished surface to reflect light. _Ability_ isnearly coextensive with _power_, but does not reach the positiveness andvigor that may be included in the meaning of _power_, _ability_ oftenimplying latent, as distinguished from active _power_; we speak of anexertion of _power_, but not of an exertion of _ability_. _Power_ and_ability_ include _capacity_, which is _power_ to receive; but _ability_is often distinguished from _capacity_, as power that may be manifestedin doing, as _capacity_ is in receiving; one may have great _capacity_for acquiring knowledge, and yet not possess _ability_ to teach. _Efficiency_ is active _power_ to effect a definite result, the _power_that actually does, as distinguished from that which may do. _Competency_ is equal to the occasion, _readiness_ prompt for theoccasion. _Faculty_ is an inherent quality of mind or body; _talent_, some special mental _ability_. _Dexterity_ and _skill_ are readiness andfacility in action, having a special end; _talent_ is innate, _dexterity_ and _skill_ are largely acquired. Our _abilities_ includeour natural _capacity_, _faculties_, and _talents_, with all the_dexterity_, _skill_, and _readiness_ that can be acquired. _Efficacy_is the power to produce an intended effect as shown in the production ofit; as, the _efficacy_ of a drug. _Efficiency_ is effectual agency, competent _power_; _efficiency_ is applied in mechanics as denoting theratio of the effect produced to the _power_ expended in producing it;but this word is chiefly used of intelligent agents as denoting thequality that brings all one's _power_ to bear promptly and to the bestpurpose on the thing to be done. Compare ADDRESS; DEXTERITY; SKILFUL. Antonyms: awkwardness, helplessness, inability, incompetence, stupidity, dulness, imbecility, inaptitude, inefficiency, unskilfulness, feebleness, impotence, incapacity, maladroitness, weakness. * * * * * PRAISE. Synonyms: acclaim, approbation, compliment, laudation, acclamation, approval, encomium, panegyric, adulation, cheering, eulogy, plaudit, applause, cheers, flattery, sycophancy. _Praise_ is the hearty approval of an individual, or of a number ormultitude considered individually, and is expressed by spoken or writtenwords; _applause_, the spontaneous outburst of many at once. _Applause_is expressed in any way, by stamping of feet, clapping of hands, wavingof handkerchiefs, etc. , as well as by the voice; _acclamation_ is thespontaneous and hearty approval of many at once, and strictly by thevoice alone. Thus one is chosen moderator by _acclamation_ when hereceives a unanimous _viva voce_ vote; we could not say he was nominatedby _applause_. _Acclaim_ is the more poetic term for _acclamation_, commonly understood in a loftier sense; as, a nation's _acclaim_. _Plaudit_ is a shout of _applause_, and is commonly used in the plural;as, the _plaudits_ of a throng. _Applause_ is also used in the generalsense of _praise_. _Approbation_ is a milder and more qualified wordthan _praise_; while _praise_ is always uttered, _approbation_ may besilent. "_Approbation_ speaks of the thing or action. . . . _Praise_ isalways personal. " A. W. AND J. C. HARE _Guesses at Truth_ first series, p. 549. [MACM. '66. ] _Acceptance_ refers to an object or action;_approbation_ may refer to character or natural traits. _Approval_always supposes a testing or careful examination, and frequently impliesofficial sanction; _approbation_ may be upon a general view. Theindustry and intelligence of a clerk win his employer's _approbation_;his decision in a special instance receives his _approval_. _Praise_ isalways understood as genuine and sincere, unless the contrary isexpressly stated; _compliment_ is a light form of _praise_ that may ormay not be sincere; _flattery_ is insincere and ordinarily fulsome_praise_. Antonyms: abuse, contempt, hissing, repudiation, animadversion, denunciation, ignominy, scorn, blame, disapprobation, obloquy, slander, censure, disapproval, reproach, vilification, condemnation, disparagement, reproof, vituperation. * * * * * PRAY. Synonyms: ask, bid, entreat, invoke, request, beg, call upon, implore, petition, supplicate. Beseech, conjure, importune, plead, To _pray_, in the religious sense, is devoutly to address the SupremeBeing with reverent petition for divine grace or any favor or blessing, and in the fullest sense with thanksgiving and praise for the divinegoodness and mercy; the once common use of the word to express anyearnest _request_, as "I _pray_ you to come in, " is now rare, unless inwritings molded on older literature, or in certain phrases, as "_Pray_sit down;" even in these "please" is more common; "I _beg_ you" is alsofrequently used, as expressing a polite humility of _request_. _Beseech_and _entreat_ express great earnestness of _petition_; _implore_ and_supplicate_ denote the utmost fervency and intensity, _supplicate_implying also humility. Compare ASK; PLEAD. * * * * * PRECARIOUS. Synonyms: doubtful, hazardous, risky, unsettled, dubious, insecure, unassured, unstable, equivocal, perilous, uncertain, unsteady. _Uncertain_ is applied to things that human knowledge can not certainlydetermine or that human power can not certainly control; _precarious_originally meant dependent on the will of another, and now, by extensionof meaning, dependent on chance or hazard, with manifest unfavorablepossibility verging toward probability; as, one holds office by a_precarious_ tenure, or land by a _precarious_ title; the strong man'shold on life is _uncertain_, the invalid's is _precarious_. Antonyms: actual, immutable, real, steady, undeniable, assured, incontestable, settled, strong, undoubted, certain, infallible, stable, sure, unquestionable. Firm, * * * * * PRECEDENT. Synonyms: antecedent, case, instance, pattern, authority, example, obiter dictum, warrant. A _precedent_ is an authoritative _case_, _example_, or _instance_. Thecommunism of the early Christians in Jerusalem is a wonderful _example_or _instance_ of Christian liberality, but not a _precedent_ for theuniversal church through all time. _Cases_ decided by irregular orunauthorized tribunals are not _precedents_ for the regularadministration of law. An _obiter dictum_ is an opinion outside of the_case_ in hand, which can not be quoted as an authoritative _precedent_. Compare CAUSE; EXAMPLE. * * * * * PREDESTINATION. Synonyms: fate, foreknowledge, foreordination, necessity. _Predestination_ is a previous determination or decision, which, in thedivine action, reaches on from eternity. _Fate_ is heathen, anirresistible, irrational power determining all events with no manifestconnection with reason or righteousness; _necessity_ is philosophical, ablind something in the nature of things binding the slightest action ormotion in the chain of inevitable, eternal sequence; _foreordination_and _predestination_ are Christian, denoting the rational and righteousorder or decree of the supreme and all-wise God. _Foreknowledge_ issimply God's antecedent knowledge of all events, which some hold to beentirely separable from his _foreordination_, while others hold_foreordination_ to be inseparably involved in _foreknowledge_. Antonyms: accident, choice, freedom, independence, chance, free agency, free will, uncertainty. Prepositions: Predestination _of_ believers _to_ eternal life. * * * * * PREJUDICE. Synonyms: bias, preconception, presumption, partiality, prepossession, unfairness. A _presumption_ (literally, a taking beforehand) is a partial decisionformed in advance of argument or evidence, usually grounded on somegeneral principle, and always held subject to revision upon fullerinformation. A _prejudice_ or _prepossession_ is grounded often onfeeling, fancy, associations, etc. A _prejudice_ against foreigners isvery common in retired communities. There is always a _presumption_ infavor of what exists, so that the burden of proof is upon one whoadvocates a change. A _prepossession_ is always favorable, a _prejudice_always unfavorable, unless the contrary is expressly stated. CompareINJURY. Antonyms: certainty, conviction, evidence, reason, conclusion, demonstration, proof, reasoning. Prepositions: _Against_; rarely, _in favor of_, _in one's favor_. * * * * * PRETENSE. Synonyms: affectation, disguise, pretext, simulation, air, dissimulation, ruse, subterfuge, assumption, excuse, seeming, trick, cloak, mask, semblance, wile. Color, pretension, show, A _pretense_, in the unfavorable, which is also the usual sense, issomething advanced or displayed for the purpose of concealing thereality. A person makes a _pretense_ of something for the credit oradvantage to be gained by it; he makes what is allowed or approved a_pretext_ for doing what would be opposed or condemned; a trickyschoolboy makes a _pretense_ of doing an errand which he does not do, orhe makes the actual doing of an errand a _pretext_ for playing truant. A_ruse_ is something (especially something slight or petty) employed toblind or deceive so as to mask an ulterior design, and enable a personto gain some end that he would not be allowed to approach directly. A_pretension_ is a claim that is or may be contested; the word is nowcommonly used in an unfavorable sense. Compare ARTIFICE; HYPOCRISY. Antonyms: actuality, frankness, ingenuousness, reality, sincerity, candor, guilelessness, openness, simplicity, truth. Fact, honesty, * * * * * PREVENT. Synonyms: anticipate, forestall, obviate, preclude. The original sense of _prevent_, to come before, act in advance of, which is now practically obsolete, was still in good use when theauthorized version of the Bible was made, as appears in such passagesas, "When Peter was come into the house, Jesus _prevented_ him" (_i. E. _, addressed him first), _Matt. _ xvii, 25; "Thou _preventest_ him withthe blessings of goodness" (_i. E. _, by sending the blessings before thedesire is formulated or expressed), _Ps. _ xxi, 3. _Anticipate_ is nowthe only single word usable in this sense; to _forestall_ is to take oract in advance in one's own behalf and to the prejudice of another orothers, as in the phrase "to _forestall_ the market. " But to_anticipate_ is very frequently used in the favorable sense; as, histhoughtful kindness _anticipated_ my wish (_i. E. _, met the wish beforeit was expressed): or we say, "I was about to accost him when he_anticipated_ me" (by speaking first); or one _anticipates_ a payment(by making it before the time); in neither of these cases could we use_forestall_ or _prevent_. To _obviate_ (literally, to stop the way of orremove from the way), is to _prevent_ by interception, so that somethingthat would naturally withstand or disturb may be kept from doing so; to_preclude_, (literally, to close or shut in advance) is to _prevent_ byanticipation or by logical necessity; walls and bars _precluded_ thepossibility of escape; a supposition is _precluded_; a necessity ordifficulty is _obviated_. _Prevent_, which at first had only theanticipatory meaning, has come to apply to the stopping of an action atany stage, the completion or conclusion only being thought of asnegatived by anticipation; the enemy passed the outworks and were barely_prevented_ from capturing the fortress. Compare HINDER; PROHIBIT. Preposition: He was prevented by illness _from_ joining the expedition. * * * * * PREVIOUS. Synonyms: antecedent, foregoing, front, preceding, anterior, former, introductory, preliminary, earlier, forward, precedent, prior. _Antecedent_ may denote simple priority in time, implying no directconnection between that which goes before and that which follows; as, the striking of one clock may be always _antecedent_ to the striking ofanother with no causal connection between them. _Antecedent_ and_previous_ may refer to that which goes or happens at any distance inadvance, _preceding_ is limited to that which is immediately or nextbefore; an _antecedent_ event may have happened at any time before; the_preceding_ transaction is the one completed just before the one withwhich it is compared; a _previous_ statement or chapter may be in anypart of the book that has gone before; the _preceding_ statement orchapter comes next before without an interval. _Previous_ oftensignifies first by right; as, a _previous_ engagement. _Foregoing_ isused only of that which is spoken or written; as, the _foregoing_statements. _Anterior_, while it can be used of time, is coming to beemployed chiefly with reference to place; as the _anterior_ lobes of thebrain. _Prior_ bears exclusive reference to time, and commonly wherethat which is first in time is first also in right; as, a _prior_demand. _Former_ is used of time, or of position in written or printedmatter, not of space in general. We can say _former_ times, a _former_chapter, etc. , but not the _former_ part of a garden; we should say the_front_ part of the garden, the _forward_ car of a train. _Former_ has aclose relation, or sharp contrast, with something following; the_former_ always implies the latter, even when not fully expressed, as in_Acts_ i, 1, and _Eccles. _ vii, 10. Antonyms: after, consequent, hind, hindmost, latter, subsequent, concluding, following, hinder, later, posterior, succeeding. Preposition: Such was the state of things previous _to_ the revolution. [_Previousto_ is often used adverbially, in constructions where _previously to_would be more strictly correct; as, these arrangements were made_previous to_ my departure. ] * * * * * PRICE. Synonyms: charge, cost, expenditure, expense, outlay, value, worth. The _cost_ of a thing is all that has been expended upon it, whether indiscovery, production, refinement, decoration, transportation, orotherwise, to bring it to its present condition in the hands of itspresent possessor; the _price_ of a thing is what the seller asks forit. In regular business, as a rule, the seller's _price_ on his waresmust be more than their _cost_ to him; when goods are sold, the _price_the buyer has paid becomes their _cost_ to himself. In exceptionalcases, when goods are sold at _cost_, the seller's _price_ is made thesame as the _cost_ of the goods to him, the _cost_ to the seller and the_cost_ to the buyer becoming then identical. _Price_ always implies thatan article is for sale; what a man will not sell he declines to put a_price_ on; hence the significance of the taunting proverb that "everyman has his _price_. " _Value_ is the estimated equivalent for anarticle, whether the article is for sale or not; the market _value_ iswhat it would bring if exposed for sale in the open market; theintrinsic _value_ is the inherent utility of the article considered byitself alone; the market _value_ of an old and rare volume may be verygreat, while its intrinsic _value_ may be practically nothing. _Value_has always more reference to others' estimation (literally, what thething will avail with others) than _worth_, which regards the thing inand by itself; thus, intrinsic _value_ is a weaker expression thanintrinsic _worth_. _Charge_ has especial reference to services, _expense_ to minor outlays; as, the _charges_ of a lawyer or physician;traveling _expenses_; household _expenses_. * * * * * PRIDE. Synonyms: arrogance, ostentation, self-exaltation, assumption, presumption, self-respect, conceit, reserve, superciliousness, disdain, self-complacency, vainglory, haughtiness, self-conceit, vanity. Insolence, self-esteem, _Haughtiness_ thinks highly of itself and poorly of others. _Arrogance_claims much for itself and concedes little to others. _Pride_ is anabsorbing sense of one's own greatness; _haughtiness_ feels one's ownsuperiority to others; _disdain_ sees contemptuously the inferiority ofothers to oneself. _Presumption_ claims place or privilege above one'sright; _pride_ deems nothing too high. _Insolence_ is open and rudeexpression of contempt and hostility, generally from an inferior to asuperior, as from a servant to a master or mistress. In the presence ofsuperiors overweening _pride_ manifests itself in _presumption_ or_insolence_; in the presence of inferiors, or those supposed to beinferior, _pride_ manifests itself by _arrogance_, _disdain_, _haughtiness_, _superciliousness_, or in either case often by cold_reserve_. (See RESERVE under MODESTY. ) _Pride_ is too self-satisfied tocare for praise; _vanity_ intensely craves admiration and applause. _Superciliousness_, as if by the uplifted eyebrow, as its etymologysuggests (L. _supercilium_, eyebrow, from _super_, over and _cilium_, eyelid), silently manifests mingled _haughtiness_ and _disdain_. _Assumption_ quietly takes for granted superiority and privilege whichothers would be slow to concede. _Conceit_ and _vanity_ are associatedwith weakness, _pride_ with strength. _Conceit_ may be founded uponnothing; _pride_ is founded upon something that one is, or has, or hasdone; _vanity_, too, is commonly founded on something real, tho farslighter than would afford foundation for _pride_. _Vanity_ is eager foradmiration and praise, is elated if they are rendered, and pained ifthey are withheld, and seeks them; _pride_ could never solicitadmiration or praise. _Conceit_ is somewhat stronger than_self-conceit_. _Self-conceit_ is ridiculous; _conceit_ is offensive. _Self-respect_ is a thoroughly worthy feeling; _self-esteem_ is a moregenerous estimate of one's own character and abilities than the rest ofthe world are ready to allow. _Vainglory_ is more pompous and boastfulthan _vanity_. Compare EGOTISM; OSTENTATION. Antonyms: humility, meekness, modesty, self-abasement, self-distrust. Lowliness, * * * * * PRIMEVAL. Synonyms: aboriginal, indigenous, patriarchal, primitive, ancient, native, primal, primordial, autochthonic, old, primary, pristine, immemorial, original, prime, uncreated. _Aboriginal_ (L. _ab_, from, _origo_, origin) signifies pertaining tothe _aborigines_ or earliest known inhabitants of a country in thewidest sense, including not merely human beings but inferior animals andplants as well. _Autochthonic_ (Gr. _autos_, self, and _chth[=o]n_, earth) signifies sprung from the earth, especially from the soil ofone's native land. _Primeval_ (L. _primum_, first, and _ævum_, age), signifies strictly belonging to the first ages, earliest in time, butoften only the earliest of which man knows or conceives, _immemorial_. _Aboriginal_, _autochthonic_, and _primeval_ combine the meanings of_ancient_ and _original_; _aboriginal_ inhabitants, _autochthonic_races, _primeval_ forests. _Prime_ and _primary_ may signify eitherfirst in time, or more frequently first in importance; _primary_ hasalso the sense of elementary or preparatory; we speak of a _prime_minister, a _primary_ school. _Primal_ is chiefly poetic, in the senseof _prime_; as, the _primal_ curse. _Primordial_ is first in an order ofsuccession or development; as, a _primordial_ leaf. _Primitive_frequently signifies having the original characteristics of that whichit represents, as well as standing first in time; as, the _primitive_church. _Primitive_ also very frequently signifies having the originalor early characteristics without remoteness in time. _Primeval_simplicity is the simplicity of the earliest ages; _primitive_simplicity may be found in retired villages now. _Pristine_ is anelegant word, used almost exclusively in a good sense of that which is_original_ and perhaps _ancient_; as, _pristine_ purity, innocence, vigor. That which is both an _original_ and natural product of a soil orcountry is said to be _indigenous_; that which is actually producedthere is said to be _native_, though it may be of foreign extraction;humming-birds are _indigenous_ to America; canaries may be _native_, butare not _indigenous_. _Immemorial_ refers solely to time, independentlyof quality, denoting, in legal phrase, "that whereof the memory of manrunneth not to the contrary;" as, an _immemorial_ custom; an_immemorial_ abuse. Compare OLD. Antonyms: adventitious, foreign, late, new, recent. Exotic, fresh, modern, novel, Compare synonyms for NEW. * * * * * PROFIT. Synonyms: advantage, expediency, proceeds, service, avail, gain, receipts, usefulness, benefit, good, return, utility, emolument, improvement, returns, value. The _returns_ or _receipts_ include all that is received from an outlayor investment; the _profit_ is the excess (if any) of the _receipts_over the outlay; hence, in government, morals, etc. , the _profit_ iswhat is really good, helpful, useful, valuable. _Utility_ is chieflyused in the sense of some immediate or personal and generally somematerial _good_. _Advantage_ is that which gives one a vantage-ground, either for coping with competitors or with difficulties, needs, ordemands; as to have the _advantage_ of a good education; it isfrequently used of what one has beyond another or secures at theexpense of another; as, to have the _advantage_ of another in anargument, or to take _advantage_ of another in a bargain. _Gain_ is whatone secures beyond what he previously possessed. _Benefit_ is anythingthat does one good. _Emolument_ is _profit_, _return_, or _value_accruing through official position. _Expediency_ has respect to _profit_or _advantage_, real or supposed, considered apart from or perhaps inopposition to right, in actions having a moral character. CompareUTILITY. Antonyms: damage, detriment, harm, injury, ruin, destruction, disadvantage, hurt, loss, waste. Prepositions: The profit _of_ labor; _on_ capital; _in_ business. * * * * * PROGRESS. Synonyms: advance, development, improvement, proficiency, advancement, growth, increase, progression. Attainment, _Progress_ (L. _pro_, forward, _gradior_, go) is a moving onward orforward, whether in space or in the mental or moral realm, and may beeither mechanical, individual, or social. _Attainment_, _development_, and _proficiency_ are more absolute than the other words of the group, denoting some point of advantage or of comparative perfection reached byforward or onward movement; we speak of _attainments_ in virtue orscholarship, _proficiency_ in music or languages, the _development_ ofnew powers or organs; _proficiency_ includes the idea of skill. _Advance_ may denote either a forward movement or the point gained byforward movement, but always relatively with reference to the point fromwhich the movement started; as, this is a great _advance_. _Advance_admits the possibility of retreat; _progress_ (L. _progredi_, to walkforward) is steady and constant forward movement, admitting of pause, but not of retreat; _advance_ suggests more clearly a point to bereached, while _progress_ lays the emphasis upon the forward movement;we may speak of slow or rapid _progress_, but more naturally of swift_advance_. _Progress_ is more frequently used of abstractions; as, the_progress_ of ideas; _progression_ fixes the attention chiefly upon theact of moving forward. In a thing good in itself all _advance_ or_progress_ is _improvement_; there is a growing tendency to restrict thewords to this favorable sense, using _increase_ indifferently of good orevil; one may say without limitation, "I am an advocate of _progress_. " Antonyms: check, delay, falling off, retrogression, stop, decline, falling back, relapse, stay, stoppage. Prepositions: The progress _of_ truth; progress _in_ virtue; _toward_ perfection;_from_ a lower _to_ a higher state. * * * * * PROHIBIT. Synonyms: debar, forbid, inhibit, preclude, disallow, hinder, interdict, prevent. To _prohibit_ is to give some formal command against, and especially tomake some authoritative legal enactment against. _Debar_ is said ofpersons, _disallow_ of acts; one is _debarred_ from anything when shutoff, as by some irresistible authority or necessity; one is _prohibited_from an act in express terms; he may be _debarred_ by silent necessity. An act is _disallowed_ by the authority that might have allowed it; theword is especially applied to acts which are done before they arepronounced upon; thus, a government may _disallow_ the act of itscommander in the field or its admiral on the high seas. _Inhibit_ and_interdict_ are chiefly known by their ecclesiastical use. As between_forbid_ and _prohibit_, _forbid_ is less formal and more personal, _prohibit_ more official and judicial, with the implication of readinessto use such force as may be needed to give effect to the enactment; aparent _forbids_ a child to take part in some game or to associate withcertain companions; the slave-trade is now _prohibited_ by the leadingnations of the world. Many things are _prohibited_ by law which can notbe wholly _prevented_, as gambling and prostitution; on the other hand, things may be _prevented_ which are not _prohibited_, as the services ofreligion, the payment of debts, or military conquest. That which is_precluded_ need not be _prohibited_. Compare ABOLISH; HINDER; PREVENT. Antonyms: allow, empower, let, require, authorize, enjoin, license, sanction, command, give consent, order, suffer, consent to, give leave, permit, tolerate, direct, give permission, put up with, warrant. Prepositions: An act is prohibited _by_ law; a person is prohibited _by_ law _from_doing a certain act. _Prohibit_ was formerly construed, as _forbid_still is, with the infinitive, but the construction with _from_ and theverbal noun has now entirely superseded the older usage. * * * * * PROMOTE. Synonyms: advance, encourage, forward, prefer, raise, aid, exalt, foster, push, urge forward, assist, excite, further, push on, urge on. Elevate, foment, help, To _promote_ (L. _pro_, forward, and _moveo_, move) is to cause to moveforward toward some desired end or to raise to some higher position, rank, or dignity. We _promote_ a person by _advancing_, _elevating_, or_exalting_ him to a higher position or dignity. A person _promotes_ ascheme or an enterprise which others have projected or begun, and whichhe _encourages_, _forwards_, _furthers_, _pushes_, or _urges on_, especially when he acts as the agent of the prime movers and supportersof the enterprise. One who _excites_ a quarrel originates it; to_promote_ a quarrel is strictly to _foment_ and _urge_ it _on_, the onewho _promotes_ keeping himself in the background. Compare ABET; QUICKEN. Antonyms: See synonyms for ABASE; ALLAY. * * * * * PROPITIATION. Synonyms: atonement, expiation, reconciliation, satisfaction. _Atonement_ (at-one-ment), originally denoting _reconciliation_, or thebringing into agreement of those who have been estranged, is now chieflyused, as in theology, in the sense of some offering, sacrifice, orsuffering sufficient to win forgiveness or make up for an offense;especially and distinctively of the sacrificial work of Christ in hishumiliation, suffering and death. _Expiation_ is the enduring of thefull penalty of a wrong or crime. _Propitiation_ is an offering, action, or sacrifice that makes the governing power propitious toward theoffender. _Satisfaction_ in this connection denotes the rendering a fulllegal equivalent for the wrong done. _Propitiation_ appeases thelawgiver; _satisfaction_ meets the requirements of the law. Antonyms: alienation, curse, penalty, reprobation, vengeance, chastisement, estrangement, punishment, retribution, wrath. Condemnation, offense, * * * * * PROPITIOUS. Synonyms: auspicious, benignant, favorable, gracious, kindly, benign, clement, friendly, kind, merciful. That which is _auspicious_ is of _favorable_ omen; that which is_propitious_ is of favoring influence or tendency; as, an _auspicious_morning; a _propitious_ breeze. _Propitious_ applies to persons, implying _kind_ disposition and _favorable_ inclinations, especiallytoward the suppliant; _auspicious_ is not used of persons. Antonyms: adverse, forbidding, ill-disposed, repellent, unfriendly, antagonistic, hostile, inauspicious, unfavorable, unpropitious. Preposition: May heaven be propitious _to_ the enterprise. * * * * * PROPOSAL. Synonyms: bid, offer, overture, proposition. An _offer_ or _proposal_ puts something before one for acceptance orrejection, _proposal_ being the more formal word; a _proposition_ setsforth truth (or what is claimed to be truth) in formal statement. The_proposition_ is for consideration, the _proposal_ for action; as, a_proposition_ in geometry, a _proposal_ of marriage; but _proposition_is often used nearly in the sense of _proposal_ when it concerns amatter for deliberation; as, a _proposition_ for the surrender of afort. A _bid_ is commercial and often verbal; as, a _bid_ at an auction;_proposal_ is used in nearly the same sense, but is more formal. An_overture_ opens negotiation or conference, and the word is especiallyused of some movement toward reconciliation; as, _overtures_ of peace. Antonyms: acceptance, denial, disapproval, refusal, rejection, repulse. * * * * * PROPOSE. Synonym: purpose. In its most frequent use, _propose_ differs from _purpose_ in that whatwe _purpose_ lies in our own mind, as a decisive act of will, adetermination; what we _propose_ is offered or stated to others. In thisuse of the word, what we _propose_ is open to deliberation, as what we_purpose_ is not. In another use of the word, one _proposes_ somethingto or by himself which may or may not be stated to others. In thislatter sense _propose_ is nearly identical with _purpose_, and the twowords have often been used interchangeably. But in the majority of caseswhat we _purpose_ is more general, what we _propose_ more formal anddefinite; I _purpose_ to do right; I _propose_ to do this specific thingbecause it is right. In the historic sentence, "I _propose_ to moveimmediately on your works, " _purpose_ would not have the same sharpdirectness. * * * * * PROTRACT. Synonyms: continue, delay, elongate, lengthen, procrastinate, defer, draw out, extend, postpone, prolong. To _protract_ is to cause to occupy a longer time than is usual, expected, or desirable. We _defer_ a negotiation which we are slow toenter upon; we _protract_ a negotiation which we are slow to conclude;_delay_ may be used of any stage in the proceedings; we may _delay_ aperson as well as an action, but _defer_ and _protract_ are not used ofpersons. _Elongate_ is not used of actions or abstractions, but only ofmaterial objects or extension in space; _protract_ is very rarely usedof concrete objects or extension in space; we _elongate_ a line, _protract_ a discussion. _Protract_ has usually an unfavorable sense, implying that the matter referred to is already unduly long, or would beso if longer _continued_; _continue_ is neutral, applying equally to thedesirable or the undesirable. _Postpone_ implies a definite intention toresume, as _defer_ also does, though less decidedly; both are often usedwith some definite limitation of time; as, to _postpone_ till, until, orto a certain day or hour. One may _defer_, _delay_, or _postpone_ amatter intelligently and for good reason; he _procrastinates_ throughindolence and irresolution. Compare HINDER. Antonyms: abbreviate, conclude, curtail, hurry, reduce, abridge, contract, hasten, limit, shorten. Prepositions: To protract a speech _by_ verbosity, _through_ an unreasonable time, _to_, _till_, or _until_ a late hour. * * * * * PROVERB. Synonyms: adage, axiom, maxim, saw, aphorism, byword, motto, saying, apothegm, dictum, precept, truism. The _proverb_ or _adage_ gives homely truth in condensed, practicalform, the _adage_ often pictorial. "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick"is a _proverb_; "The cat loves fish, but dares not wet her feet, " is an_adage_. Both the _proverb_ and the _adage_, but especially the latter, are thought of as ancient and widely known. An _aphorism_ partakes ofthe character of a definition; it is a summary statement of what theauthor sees and believes to be true. An _apothegm_ is a terse statementof what is plain or easily proved. The _aphorism_ is philosophical, the_apothegm_ practical. A _dictum_ is a statement of some person orschool, on whom it depends for authority; as, a _dictum_ of Aristotle. A_saying_ is impersonal, current among the common people, deriving itsauthority from its manifest truth or good sense; as, it is an old_saying_, "the more haste, the worse speed. " A _saw_ is a _saying_ thatis old, but somewhat worn and tiresome. _Precept_ is a command to duty;_motto_ or _maxim_ is a brief statement of cherished truth, the _maxim_being more uniformly and directly practical; "God is love" may be a_motto_, "Fear God and fear naught, " a _maxim_. The _precepts_ of theSermon on the Mount will furnish the Christian with invaluable _maxims_or _mottoes_. A _byword_ is a phrase or _saying_ used reproachfully orcontemptuously. * * * * * PROWESS. Synonyms: bravery, gallantry, intrepidity, courage, heroism, valor. _Bravery_, _courage_, _heroism_, and _intrepidity_ may be silent, spiritual, or passive; they may be exhibited by a martyr at the stake. _Prowess_ and _valor_ imply both daring and doing; we do not speak ofthe _prowess_ of a martyr, a child, or a passive sufferer. _Valor_ meetsodds or perils with courageous action, doing its utmost to conquer atany risk or cost; _prowess_ has power adapted to the need; dauntless_valor_ is often vain against superior _prowess_. _Courage_ is a noblerword than _bravery_, involving more of the deep, spiritual, and enduringelements of character; such an appreciation of peril as would extinguish_bravery_ may only intensify _courage_, which is resistant andself-conquering; _courage_ applies to matters in regard to which _valor_and _prowess_ can have no place, as submission to a surgical operation, or the facing of censure or detraction for conscience' sake. CompareBRAVE; FORTITUDE. Antonyms: cowardice, cowardliness, effeminacy, fear, pusillanimity, timidity. * * * * * PRUDENCE. Synonyms: care, discretion, judgment, carefulness, forecast, judiciousness, caution, foresight, providence, circumspection, forethought, wisdom. Consideration, frugality, _Prudence_ may be briefly defined as good _judgment_ and _foresight_, inclining to _caution_ and _frugality_ in practical affairs. _Care_ mayrespect only the present; _prudence_ and _providence_ look far ahead andsacrifice the present to the future, _prudence_ watching, saving, guarding, _providence_ planning, doing, preparing, and perhaps expendinglargely to meet the future demand. _Frugality_ is in many cases one formof _prudence_. In a besieged city _prudence_ will reduce the rations, _providence_ will strain every nerve to introduce supplies and to raisethe siege. _Foresight_ merely sees the future, and may even lead to therecklessness and desperation to which _prudence_ and _providence_ are sostrongly opposed. _Forethought_ is thinking in accordance with wiseviews of the future, and is nearly equivalent to _providence_, but it isa more popular and less comprehensive term; we speak of man's_forethought_, God's _providence_. Compare CARE; FRUGALITY; WISDOM. Antonyms: folly, imprudence, rashness, thoughtlessness, heedlessness, indiscretion, recklessness, wastefulness. Improvidence, prodigality, * * * * * PURCHASE. Synonyms: acquire, barter for, get, procure, secure. Bargain for, buy, obtain, _Buy_ and _purchase_ are close synonyms, signifying to _obtain_ or_secure_ as one's own by paying or promising to pay a price; in numerouscases the two words are freely interchangeable, but with the differenceusually found between words of Saxon and those of French or Latinorigin. The Saxon _buy_ is used for all the homely and petty concerns ofcommon life, the French _purchase_ is often restricted to transactionsof more dignity; yet the Saxon word _buy_ is commonly more emphatic, andin the higher ranges of thought appeals more strongly to the feelings. One may either _buy_ or _purchase_ fame, favor, honor, pleasure, etc. , but when our feelings are stirred we speak of victory or freedom asdearly _bought_. "_Buy_ the truth, and sell it not" (_Prov. _ xxiii, 23)would be greatly weakened by the rendering "_Purchase_ the truth, and donot dispose of it. " Compare BUSINESS; GET; PRICE; SALE. Antonyms: barter, dispose of, exchange, put to sale, sell. Prepositions: Purchase _at_ a price; _at_ a public sale; _of_ or _from_ a person;_for_ cash; _with_ money; _on_ time. * * * * * PURE. Synonyms: absolute, guiltless, simple, unmixed, chaste, holy, spotless, unpolluted, classic, immaculate, stainless, unspotted, classical, incorrupt, true, unstained, clean, innocent, unadulterated, unsullied, clear, mere, unblemished, untainted, continent, perfect, uncorrupted, untarnished, genuine, real, undefiled, upright, guileless, sheer, unmingled, virtuous. That is _pure_ which is free from mixture or contact with anything thatweakens, impairs, or pollutes. Material substances are called _pure_ inthe strict sense when free from foreign admixture of any kind; as, _pure_ oxygen; the word is often used to signify free from any defilingor objectionable admixture (the original sense); we speak of water as_pure_ when it is bright, clear, and refreshing, tho it may containmineral salts in solution; in the medical and chemical sense, onlydistilled water (_aqua pura_) is _pure_. In moral and religious use_pure_ is a strong word, denoting positive excellence of a high order;one is _innocent_ who knows nothing of evil, and has experienced notouch of temptation; one is _pure_ who, with knowledge of evil andexposure to temptation, keeps heart and soul _unstained_. _Virtuous_refers primarily to right action; _pure_ to right feeling and motives;as, "Blessed are the _pure_ in heart: for they shall see God, " _Matt. _v, 8. Compare FINE; INNOCENT. Antonyms: adulterated, foul, indecent, obscene, tainted, defiled, gross, indelicate, polluted, tarnished, dirty, immodest, lewd, stained, unchaste, filthy, impure, mixed, sullied, unclean. * * * * * PUT. Synonyms: deposit, lay, place, set. _Put_ is the most general term for bringing an object to some point orwithin some space, however exactly or loosely; we may _put_ a horse in apasture, or _put_ a bullet in a rifle or into an enemy. _Place_ denotesmore careful movement and more exact location; as, to _place_ a crown onone's head, or a garrison in a city. To _lay_ is to _place_ in ahorizontal position; to _set_ is to _place_ in an upright position; we_lay_ a cloth, and _set_ a dish upon a table. To _deposit_ is to _put_in a place of security for future use; as, to _deposit_ money in a bank;the original sense, to _lay_ down or let down (quietly), is also common;as, the stream _deposits_ sediment. * * * * * QUEER. Synonyms: anomalous, erratic, odd, strange, bizarre, extraordinary, peculiar, uncommon, comical, fantastic, preposterous, unique, crotchety, funny, quaint, unmatched, curious, grotesque, ridiculous, unusual, droll, laughable, singular, whimsical. Eccentric, ludicrous, _Odd_ is unmated, as an _odd_ shoe, and so uneven, as an _odd_ number. _Singular_ is alone of its kind; as, the _singular_ number. What is_singular_ is _odd_, but what is _odd_ may not be _singular_; as, adrawerful of _odd_ gloves. A _strange_ thing is something hithertounknown in fact or in cause. A _singular_ coincidence is one thehappening of which is unusual; a _strange_ coincidence is one the causeof which is hard to explain. That which is _peculiar_ belongs especiallyto a person as his own; as, Israel was called Jehovah's "_peculiar_people, " _i. E. _, especially chosen and cherished by him; in itsordinary use there is the implication that the thing _peculiar_ to oneis not common to the majority nor quite approved by them, though it maybe shared by many; as, the Shakers are _peculiar_. _Eccentric_ is off oraside from the center, and so off or aside from the ordinary and what isconsidered the normal course; as, genius is commonly _eccentric_. _Eccentric_ is a higher and more respectful word than _odd_ or _queer_. _Erratic_ signifies wandering, a stronger and more censorious term than_eccentric_. _Queer_ is transverse or oblique, aside from the common ina way that is _comical_ or perhaps slightly _ridiculous_. _Quaint_denotes that which is pleasingly _odd_ and fanciful, often withsomething of the antique; as, the _quaint_ architecture of medievaltowns. That which is _funny_ is calculated to provoke laughter; thatwhich is _droll_ is more quietly amusing. That which is _grotesque_ inthe material sense is irregular or misshapen in form or outline orill-proportioned so as to be somewhat _ridiculous_; the French _bizarre_is practically equivalent to _grotesque_. Antonyms: common, familiar, normal, regular, customary, natural, ordinary, usual. * * * * * QUICKEN. Synonyms: accelerate, drive on, hasten, promote, advance, expedite, hurry, speed, despatch, facilitate, make haste, urge, drive, further, press forward, urge on. To _quicken_, in the sense here considered, is to increase speed, moveor cause to move more rapidly, as through more space or with, a greaternumber of motions in the same time. To _accelerate_ is to increase thespeed of action or of motion. A motion whose speed increases upon itselfis said to be _accelerated_, as the motion of a falling body, whichbecomes swifter with every second of time. To _accelerate_ any work isto _hasten_ it toward a finish, commonly by _quickening_ all itsoperations in orderly unity toward the result. To _despatch_ is to doand be done with, to get a thing off one's hands. To _despatch_ an enemyis to kill him outright and quickly; to _despatch_ a messenger is tosend him in haste; to _despatch_ a business is to bring it quickly to anend. _Despatch_ is commonly used of single items. To _promote_ a causeis in any way to bring it forward, _advance_ it in power, prominence, etc. To _speed_ is really to secure swiftness; to _hasten_ is to attemptit, whether successfully or unsuccessfully. _Hurry_ always indicatessomething of confusion. The _hurried_ man forgets dignity, appearance, comfort, courtesy, everything but speed; he may forget something vitalto the matter in hand; yet, because reckless haste may attain the greatobject of speed, _hurry_ has come to be the colloquial and popular wordfor acting quickly. To _facilitate_ is to _quicken_ by making easy; to_expedite_ is to _quicken_ by removing hindrances. A good general willimprove roads to _facilitate_ the movements of troops, _hasten_ suppliesand perfect discipline to _promote_ the general efficiency of the force, _despatch_ details of business, _expedite_ all preparations, in order to_accelerate_ the advance and victory of his army. Antonyms: check, clog, delay, drag, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard. * * * * * QUOTE. Synonyms: cite, extract, plagiarize, repeat. Excerpt, paraphrase, recite, To _quote_ is to give an author's words, either exactly, as in directquotation, or in substance, as in indirect quotation; to _cite_ is, etymologically, to call up a passage, as a witness is summoned. In_citing_ a passage its exact location by chapter, page, or otherwise, must be given, so that it can be promptly called into evidence; in_quoting_, the location may or may not be given, but the words orsubstance of the passage must be given. In _citing_, neither theauthor's words nor his thought may be given, but simply the reference tothe location where they may be found. To _quote_, in the proper sense, is to give credit to the author whose words are employed. To_paraphrase_ is to state an author's thought more freely than inindirect quotation, keeping the substance of thought and the order ofstatement, but changing the language, and commonly interweaving more orless explanatory matter as if part of the original writing. One may_paraphrase_ a work with worthy motive for homiletic, devotional, orother purposes (as in the metrical versions of the Psalms), or he may_plagiarize_ atrociously in the form of _paraphrase_, appropriating allthat is valuable in another's thought, with the hope of escapingdetection by change of phrase. To _plagiarize_ is to _quote_ withoutcredit, appropriating another's words or thought as one's own. To_recite_ or _repeat_ is usually to _quote_ orally, tho _recite_ isapplied in legal phrase to a particular statement of facts which is nota quotation; a kindred use obtains in ordinary speech; as, to _recite_one's misfortunes. * * * * * RACY. Synonyms: flavorous, lively, pungent, spicy, forcible, piquant, rich, spirited. _Racy_ applies in the first instance to the pleasing flavorcharacteristic of certain wines, often attributed to the soil from whichthey come. _Pungent_ denotes something sharply irritating to the organsof taste or smell, as pepper, vinegar, ammonia; _piquant_ denotes aquality similar in kind to _pungent_ but less in degree, stimulating andagreeable; _pungent_ spices may be deftly compounded into a _piquant_sauce. As applied to literary products, _racy_ refers to that which hasa striking, vigorous, pleasing originality; _spicy_ to that which isstimulating to the mental taste, as spice is to the physical; _piquant_and _pungent_ in their figurative use keep very close to their literalsense. Antonyms: cold, flat, insipid, stale, tasteless, dull, flavorless, prosy, stupid, vapid. * * * * * RADICAL. Synonyms: complete, ingrained, perfect, constitutional, innate, positive, entire, native, primitive, essential, natural, thorough, extreme, organic, thoroughgoing, fundamental, original, total. The widely divergent senses in which the word _radical_ is used, bywhich it can be at some time interchanged with any word in the abovelist, are all formed upon the one primary sense of having to do with orproceeding from the root (L. _radix_); a _radical_ difference is onethat springs from the root, and is thus _constitutional_, _essential_, _fundamental_, _organic_, _original_; a _radical_ change is one thatdoes not stop at the surface, but reaches down to the very root, and is_entire_, _thorough_, _total_; since the majority find superficialtreatment of any matter the easiest and most comfortable, _radical_measures, which strike at the root of evil or need, are apt to be lookedupon as _extreme_. Antonyms: conservative, incomplete, palliative, slight, tentative, inadequate, moderate, partial, superficial, trial. * * * * * RARE. Synonyms: curious, odd, scarce, unique, extraordinary, peculiar, singular, unparalleled, incomparable, precious, strange, unprecedented, infrequent, remarkable, uncommon, unusual. _Unique_ is alone of its kind; _rare_ is _infrequent_ of its kind; greatpoems are _rare_; "Paradise Lost" is _unique_. To say of a thing that itis _rare_ is simply to affirm that it is now seldom found, whetherpreviously common or not; as, a _rare_ old book; a _rare_ word; to calla thing _scarce_ implies that it was at some time more plenty, as whenwe say food or money is _scarce_. A particular fruit or coin may be_rare_; _scarce_ applies to demand and use, and almost always toconcrete things; to speak of virtue, genius, or heroism as _scarce_would be somewhat ludicrous. _Rare_ has the added sense of _precious_, which is sometimes, but not necessarily, blended with that above given;as, a _rare_ gem. _Extraordinary_, signifying greatly beyond theordinary, is a neutral word, capable of a high and good sense or of aninvidious, opprobrious, or contemptuous signification; as, _extraordinary_ genius; _extraordinary_ wickedness; an _extraordinary_assumption of power; _extraordinary_ antics; an _extraordinary_statement is incredible without overwhelming proof. Antonyms: See synonyms for GENERAL; NORMAL; USUAL. * * * * * REACH. Synonyms: arrive, attain, come to, enter, gain, get to, land. To _reach_, in the sense here considered, is to _come to_ by motion orprogress. _Attain_ is now oftenest used of abstract relations; as, to_attain_ success. When applied to concrete matters, it commonlysignifies the overcoming of hindrance and difficulty; as, thestorm-beaten ship at length _attained_ the harbor. _Come_ is the generalword for moving to or toward the place where the speaker or writer is orsupposes himself to be. To _reach_ is to _come to_ from a distance thatis actually or relatively considerable; to stretch the journey, so tospeak, across the distance, as, in its original meaning, one _reaches_an object by stretching out the hand. To _gain_ is to _reach_ or_attain_ something eagerly sought; the wearied swimmer _reaches_ or_gains_ the shore. One _comes_ in from his garden; he _reaches_ homefrom a journey. To _arrive_ is to _come to_ a destination, to _reach_ apoint intended or proposed. The European steamer _arrives_ in port, or_reaches_ the harbor; the dismantled wreck drifts ashore, or _comes to_land. Compare ATTAIN. Antonyms: depart, go, go away, leave, set out, set sail, start, weigh anchor. Embark, * * * * * REAL. Synonyms: actual, demonstrable, genuine, true, authentic, developed, positive, unquestionable, certain, essential, substantial, veritable. _Real_ (L. _res_, a thing) signifies having existence, not merely inthought, but in fact, or being in fact according to appearance or claim;denoting the thing as distinguished from the name, or the existent asopposed to the non-existent. _Actual_ has respect to a thingaccomplished by doing, _real_ to a thing as existing by whatever meansor from whatever cause, _positive_ to that which is fixed orestablished, _developed_ to that which has reached completion by anatural process of unfolding. _Actual_ is in opposition to the supposed, conceived, or reported, and furnishes the proof of its existence initself; _real_ is opposed to feigned or imaginary, and is capable ofdemonstration; _positive_, to the uncertain or doubtful; _developed_, tothat which is undeveloped or incomplete. The _developed_ is susceptibleof proof; the _positive_ precludes the necessity for proof. The presentcondition of a thing is its _actual_ condition; ills are _real_ thathave a substantial reason; proofs are _positive_ when they give the mindcertainty; a plant is _developed_ when it has reached its completedstage. _Real_ estate is land, together with trees, water, minerals, orother natural accompaniments, and any permanent structures that man hasbuilt upon it. Compare AUTHENTIC. Antonyms: conceived, feigned, illusory, supposed, unreal, fabulous, fictitious, imaginary, supposititious, untrue, fanciful, hypothetical, reported, theoretical, visionary. * * * * * REASON, _v. _ Synonyms: argue, debate, discuss, establish, question, contend, demonstrate, dispute, prove, wrangle. Controvert, To _reason_ is to examine by means of the reason, to prove by reasoning, or to influence or seek to influence others by reasoning or reasons. Persons may _contend_ either from mere ill will or self-interest, orfrom the highest motives; "That ye should earnestly _contend_ for thefaith which was once delivered to the saints, " _Jude_ 3. To _argue_ (L. _arguo_, show) is to make a matter clear by reasoning; to _discuss_ (L. _dis_, apart, and _quatio_, shake) is, etymologically, to shake it apartfor examination and analysis. _Demonstrate_ strictly applies tomathematical or exact reasoning; _prove_ may be used in the same sense, but is often applied to reasoning upon matters of fact by what is calledprobable evidence, which can give only moral and not absolute ormathematical certainty. To _demonstrate_ is to force the mind to aconclusion by irresistible reasoning; to _prove_ is rather to_establish_ a fact by evidence; as, to _prove_ one innocent or guilty. That which has been either _demonstrated_ or _proved_ so as to securegeneral acceptance is said to be _established_. _Reason_ is a neutralword, not, like _argue_, _debate_, _discuss_, etc. , naturally ornecessarily implying contest. We _reason_ about a matter by bringing upall that reason can give us on any side. A _dispute_ may be personal, fractious, and petty; a _debate_ is formal and orderly; if otherwise, itbecomes a mere _wrangle_. Prepositions: We reason _with_ a person _about_ a subject, _for_ or _against_ anopinion; we reason a person _into_ or _out of_ a course of action; or wemay reason _down_ an opponent or opposition; one reasons _from_ a cause_to_ an effect. * * * * * REASON, _n. _ Synonyms: account, cause, end, motive, principle, aim, consideration, ground, object, purpose. Argument, design, While the _cause_ of any event, act, or fact, as commonly understood, is the power that makes it to be, the _reason_ of or for it is theexplanation given by the human mind; but _reason_ is, in popularlanguage, often used as equivalent to _cause_, especially in the senseof _final cause_. In the statement of any reasoning, the _argument_ maybe an entire syllogism, or the premises considered together apart fromthe conclusion, or in logical strictness the middle term only by whichthe particular conclusion is connected with the general statement. Butwhen the _reasoning_ is not in strict logical form, the middle termfollowing the conclusion is called the _reason_; thus in the statement"All tyrants deserve death; Cæsar was a tyrant; Therefore Cæsar deserveddeath, " "Cæsar was a tyrant" would in the strictest sense be called the_argument_; but if we say "Cæsar deserved death because he was atyrant, " the latter clause would be termed the _reason_. Compare CAUSE;REASON, _v. _; MIND; REASONING. Prepositions: The reason _of_ a thing that is to be explained; the reason _for_ athing that is to be done. * * * * * REASONING. Synonyms: argument, argumentation, debate, ratiocination. _Argumentation_ and _debate_, in the ordinary use of the words, supposetwo parties alleging reasons for and against a proposition; the sameidea appears figuratively when we speak of a _debate_ or an _argument_with oneself, or of a _debate_ between reason and conscience. _Reasoning_ may be the act of one alone, as it is simply the orderlysetting forth of reasons, whether for the instruction of inquirers, theconfuting of opponents, or the clear establishment of truth for oneself. _Reasoning_ may be either deductive or inductive. _Argument_ or_argumentation_ was formerly used of deductive _reasoning_ only. Withthe rise of the inductive philosophy these words have come to be appliedto inductive processes also; but while _reasoning_ may be informal oreven (as far as tracing its processes is concerned) unconscious, _argument_ and _argumentation_ strictly imply logical form. _Reasoning_, as denoting a process, is a broader term than _reason_ or _argument_;many _arguments_ or _reasons_ may be included in a single chain of_reasoning_. * * * * * REBELLIOUS. Synonyms: contumacious, mutinous, uncontrollable, disobedient, refractory, ungovernable, insubordinate, seditious, unmanageable. Intractable, _Rebellious_ signifies being in a state of rebellion (see REBELLIONunder REVOLUTION), and is even extended to inanimate things that resistcontrol or adaptation to human use. _Ungovernable_ applies to that whichsuccessfully defies authority and power; _unmanageable_ to that whichresists the utmost exercise of skill or of skill and power combined;_rebellious_, to that which is defiant of authority, whethersuccessfully or unsuccessfully; _seditious_, to that which partakes ofor tends to excite a _rebellious_ spirit, _seditious_ suggesting more ofcovert plan, scheming, or conspiracy, _rebellious_ more of overt act oropen violence. While the _unmanageable_ or _ungovernable_ defiescontrol, the _rebellious_ or _seditious_ may be forced to submission;as, the man has an _ungovernable_ temper; the horses became_unmanageable_; he tamed his _rebellious_ spirit. _Insubordinate_applies to the disposition to resist and resent control as such;_mutinous_, to open defiance of authority, especially in the army, navy, or merchant marine. A _contumacious_ act or spirit is contemptuous aswell as defiant. Compare OBSTINATE; REVOLUTION. Antonyms: compliant, docile, manageable, subservient, controllable, dutiful, obedient, tractable, deferential, gentle, submissive, yielding. Prepositions: Rebellious _to_ or _against_ lawful authority. * * * * * RECORD. Synonyms: account, enrolment, instrument, register, archive, entry, inventory, roll, catalogue, enumeration, memorandum, schedule, chronicle, history, memorial, scroll. Document, inscription, muniment, A _memorial_ is any object, whether a writing, a monument, or otherpermanent thing that is designed or adapted to keep something inremembrance. _Record_ is a word of wide signification, applying to anywriting, mark, or trace that serves as a _memorial_ giving enduringattestation of an event or fact; an extended _account_, _chronicle_, or_history_ is a _record_; so, too, may be a brief _inventory_ or_memorandum_; the _inscription_ on a tombstone is a _record_ of thedead; the striæ on a rock-surface are the _record_ of a glacier'spassage. A _register_ is a formal or official written _record_, especially a series of entries made for preservation or reference; as, a_register_ of births and deaths. _Archives_, in the sense hereconsidered, are _documents_ or _records_, often legal _records_, preserved in a public or official depository; the word _archives_ isalso applied to the place where such _documents_ are regularly depositedand preserved. _Muniments_ (L. _munio_, fortify) are _records_ thatenable one to defend his title. Compare HISTORY; STORY. * * * * * RECOVER. Synonyms: be cured _or_ healed, heal, recuperate, restore, be restored, reanimate, regain, resume, cure, recruit, repossess, retrieve. The transitive use of _recover_ in the sense of _cure_, _heal_, etc. , asin _2 Kings_ v, 6, "That thou mayest _recover_ him of his leprosy, " isnow practically obsolete. The chief transitive use of _recover_ is inthe sense to obtain again after losing, _regain_, _repossess_, etc. ; as, to _recover_ stolen goods; to _recover_ health. The intransitive sense, _be cured_, _be restored_, etc. , is very common; as, to _recover_ fromsickness, terror, or misfortune. Antonyms: die, fail, grow worse, relapse, sink. Prepositions: _From_; rarely _of_; (_Law_) to recover judgment _against_, to recoverdamages _of_ or _from_ a person. * * * * * REFINEMENT. Synonyms: civilization, cultivation, culture, elegance, politeness. _Civilization_ applies to nations, denoting the sum of those civil, social, economic, and political attainments by which a community isremoved from barbarism; a people may be civilized while still far from_refinement_ or _culture_, but _civilization_ is susceptible of variousdegrees and of continued progress. _Refinement_ applies either tonations or individuals, denoting the removal of what is coarse and rude, and a corresponding attainment of what is delicate, elegant, andbeautiful. _Cultivation_, denoting primarily the process of cultivatingthe soil or growing crops, then the improved condition of either whichis the result, is applied in similar sense to the human mind andcharacter, but in this usage is now largely superseded by the term_culture_, which denotes a high development of the best qualities ofman's mental and spiritual nature, with especial reference to theesthetic faculties and to graces of speech and manner, regarded as theexpression of a refined nature. _Culture_ in the fullest sense denotesthat degree of _refinement_ and development which results from continued_cultivation_ through successive generations; a man's faculties may bebrought to a high degree of _cultivation_ in some specialty, while hehimself remains uncultured even to the extent of coarseness andrudeness. Compare HUMANE; POLITE. Antonyms: barbarism, brutality, coarseness, rudeness, savagery, boorishness, clownishness, grossness, rusticity, vulgarity. * * * * * REFUTE. Synonyms: confound, confute, disprove, overthrow, repel. To _refute_ and to _confute_ are to answer so as to admit of no reply. To _refute_ a statement is to demonstrate its falsity by argument orcountervailing proof; _confute_ is substantially the same in meaning, tho differing in usage. _Refute_ applies either to arguments andopinions or to accusations; _confute_ is not applied to accusations andcharges, but to arguments or opinions. _Refute_ is not now applied topersons, but _confute_ is in good use in this application; a person is_confuted_ when his arguments are _refuted_. * * * * * RELIABLE. Synonyms: trustworthy, trusty. The word _reliable_ has been sharply challenged, but seems to haveestablished its place in the language. The objection to its use on theground that the suffix _-able_ can not properly be added to anintransitive verb is answered by the citation of such words as"available, " "conversable, " "laughable, " and the like, while, in thematter of usage, _reliable_ has the authority of Coleridge, Martineau, Mill, Irving, Newman, Gladstone, and others of the foremost of recentEnglish writers. The objection to the application of _reliable_ topersons is not sustained by the use of the verb "rely, " which is appliedto persons in the authorized version of the Scriptures, in the writingsof Shakespeare and Bacon, and in the usage of good speakers and writers. _Trusty_ and _trustworthy_ refer to inherent qualities of a high order, _trustworthy_ being especially applied to persons, and denoting moralintegrity and truthfulness; we speak of a _trusty_ sword, a _trusty_servant; we say the man is thoroughly _trustworthy_. _Reliable_ isinferior in meaning, denoting merely the possession of such qualities asare needed for safe reliance; as, a _reliable_ pledge; _reliable_information. A man is said to be _reliable_ with reference not only tomoral qualities, but to judgment, knowledge, skill, habit, or perhapspecuniary ability; a thoroughly _trustworthy_ person might not be_reliable_ as a witness on account of unconscious sympathy, or as asecurity by reason of insufficient means. A _reliable_ messenger is onewho may be depended on to do his errand correctly and promptly; a_trusty_ or _trustworthy_ messenger is one who may be admitted toknowledge of the views and purposes of those who employ him, and whowill be faithful beyond the mere letter of his commission. We can speakof a railroad-train as _reliable_ when it can be depended on to arriveon time; but to speak of a _reliable_ friend would be cold, and to speakof a warrior girding on his _reliable_ sword would be ludicrous. * * * * * RELIGION. Synonyms: devotion, godliness, morality, piety, theology, faith, holiness, pietism, righteousness, worship. _Piety_ is primarily filial duty, as of children to parents, and hence, in its highest sense, a loving obedience and service to God as theHeavenly Father; _pietism_ often denotes a mystical, sometimes anaffected _piety_; _religion_ is the reverent acknowledgment both inheart and in act of a divine being. _Religion_, in the fullest andhighest sense, includes all the other words of this group. _Worship_ maybe external and formal, or it may be the adoring reverence of the humanspirit for the divine, seeking outward expression. _Devotion_, which inits fullest sense is self-consecration, is often used to denote an actof _worship_, especially prayer or adoration; as, he is engaged in his_devotions_. _Morality_ is the system and practise of duty as requiredby the moral law, consisting chiefly in outward acts, and thus may beobserved without spiritual rectitude of heart; _morality_ is ofnecessity included in all true _religion_, which involves both outwardact and spiritual service. _Godliness_ (primarily godlikeness) is acharacter and spirit like that of God. _Holiness_ is the highest, sinless perfection of any spirit, whether divine or human, tho oftenused for purity or for consecration. _Theology_ is the science of_religion_, or the study and scientific statement of all that the humanmind can know of God. _Faith_, strictly the belief and trust which thesoul exercises toward God, is often used as a comprehensive word for awhole system of _religion_ considered as the object of _faith_; as, theChristian _faith_; the Mohammedan _faith_. Antonyms: atheism, godlessness, irreligion, sacrilege, ungodliness, blasphemy, impiety, profanity, unbelief, wickedness. * * * * * RELUCTANT. Synonyms: averse, disinclined, loath, slow, backward, indisposed, opposed, unwilling. _Reluctant_ (L. _re_, back, and _lucto_, strive, struggle) signifiesstruggling against what one is urged or impelled to do, or is actuallydoing; _averse_ (L. _a_, from, and _verto_, turn) signifies turned awayas with dislike or repugnance; _loath_ (AS. _lath_, evil, hateful)signifies having a repugnance, disgust, or loathing for, tho theadjective _loath_ is not so strong as the verb _loathe_. A dunce isalways _averse_ to study; a good student is _disinclined_ to it when afine morning tempts him out; he is _indisposed_ to it in some hour ofweariness. A man may be _slow_ or _backward_ in entering upon that towhich he is by no means _averse_. A man is _loath_ to believe evil ofhis friend, _reluctant_ to speak of it, absolutely _unwilling_ to use itto his injury. A legislator may be _opposed_ to a certain measure, whilenot _averse_ to what it aims to accomplish. Compare ANTIPATHY. Antonyms: desirous, disposed, eager, favorable, inclined, willing. * * * * * REMARK. Synonyms: annotation, comment, note, observation, utterance. A _remark_ is a saying or brief statement, oral or written, commonlymade without much premeditation; a _comment_ is an explanatory orcritical _remark_, as upon some passage in a literary work or some actor speech in common life. A _note_ is something to call attention, hencea brief written statement; in correspondence, a _note_ is briefer than aletter. A _note_ upon some passage in a book is briefer and lesselaborate than a _comment_. _Annotations_ are especially brief _notes_, commonly marginal, and closely following the text. _Comments_, _observations_, or _remarks_ may be oral or written, _comments_ beingoftenest written, and _remarks_ oftenest oral. An _observation_ isproperly the result of fixed attention and reflection; a _remark_ maybe the suggestion of the instant. _Remarks_ are more informal than aspeech. * * * * * REND. Synonyms: break, cleave, mangle, rive, sever, sunder, burst, lacerate, rip, rupture, slit, tear. _Rend_ and _tear_ are applied to the separating of textile substancesinto parts by force violently applied (_rend_ also to frangiblesubstances), _tear_ being the milder, _rend_ the stronger word. _Rive_is a wood-workers' word for parting wood in the way of the grain withouta clean cut. To _lacerate_ is to _tear_ roughly the flesh or animaltissue, as by the teeth of a wild beast; a _lacerated_ wound isdistinguished from a wound made by a clean cut or incision. _Mangle_ isa stronger word than _lacerate_; _lacerate_ is more superficial, _mangle_ more complete. To _burst_ or _rupture_ is to _tear_ or _rend_by force from within, _burst_ denoting the greater violence; as, to_burst_ a gun; to _rupture_ a blood-vessel; a steam-boiler may be_ruptured_ when its substance is made to divide by internal pressurewithout explosion. To _rip_, as usually applied to garments or otherarticles made by sewing or stitching, is to divide along the line of aseam by cutting or breaking the stitches; the other senses bear someresemblance or analogy to this; as, to _rip_ open a wound. CompareBREAK. Antonyms: heal, mend, reunite, secure, sew, solder, stitch, unite, weld. Join, * * * * * RENOUNCE. Synonyms: abandon, disavow, disown, recant, repudiate, abjure, discard, forswear, refuse, retract, deny, disclaim, recall, reject, revoke. _Abjure_, _discard_, _forswear_, _recall_, _recant_, _renounce_, _retract_, and _revoke_, like _abandon_, imply some previous connection. _Renounce_ (L. _re_, back, and _nuntio_, bear a message) is to declareagainst and give up formally and definitively; as, to _renounce_ thepomps and vanities of the world. _Recant_ (L. _re_, back, and _canto_, sing) is to take back or _deny_ formally and publicly, as a belief thatone has held or professed. _Retract_ (L. _re_, back, and _traho_, draw)is to take back something that one has said as not true or as what oneis not ready to maintain; as, to _retract_ a charge or accusation; one_recants_ what was especially his own, he _retracts_ what was directedagainst another. _Repudiate_ (L. _re_, back, or away, and _pudeo_, feelshame) is primarily to _renounce_ as shameful, hence to divorce, as awife; thus in general to put away with emphatic and determinedrepulsion; as, to _repudiate_ a debt. To _deny_ is to affirm to be nottrue or not binding; as, to _deny_ a statement or a relationship; or torefuse to grant as something requested; as, his mother could not _deny_him what he desired. To _discard_ is to cast away as useless orworthless; thus, one _discards_ a worn garment; a coquette _discards_ alover. _Revoke_ (L. _re_, back, and _voco_, call), etymologically theexact equivalent of the English _recall_, is to take back somethinggiven or granted; as, to _revoke_ a command, a will, or a grant;_recall_ may be used in the exact sense of _revoke_, but is oftenapplied to persons, as _revoke_ is not; we _recall_ a messenger and_revoke_ the order with which he was charged. _Abjure_ (L. _ab_, away, and _juro_, swear) is etymologically the exact equivalent of the Saxon_forswear_, signifying to put away formally and under oath, as an error, heresy, or evil practise, or a condemned and detested person. A man_abjures_ his religion, _recants_ his belief, _abjures_ or _renounces_his allegiance, _repudiates_ another's claim, _renounces_ his own, _retracts_ a false statement. A person may _deny_, _disavow_, _disclaim_, _disown_ what has been truly or falsely imputed to him orsupposed to be his. He may _deny_ his signature, _disavow_ the act ofhis agent, _disown_ his child; he may _repudiate_ a just claim or a basesuggestion. A native of the United States can not _abjure_ or _renounce_allegiance to the Queen of England, but will promptly _deny_ or_repudiate_ it. Compare ABANDON. Antonyms: acknowledge, assert, cherish, defend, maintain, proclaim, uphold, advocate, avow, claim, hold, own, retain, vindicate. * * * * * REPENTANCE. Synonyms: compunction, contriteness, regret, self-condemnation, contrition, penitence, remorse, sorrow. _Regret_ is _sorrow_ for any painful or annoying matter. One is movedwith _penitence_ for wrong-doing. To speak of _regret_ for a fault ofour own marks it as slighter than one regarding which we should express_penitence_. _Repentance_ is _sorrow_ for sin with _self-condemnation_, and complete turning from the sin. _Penitence_ is transient, and mayinvolve no change of character or conduct. There may be _sorrow_ without_repentance_, as for consequences only, but not _repentance_ without_sorrow_. _Compunction_ is a momentary sting of conscience, in vieweither of a past or of a contemplated act. _Contrition_ is a subduing_sorrow_ for sin, as against the divine holiness and love. _Remorse_ is, as its derivation indicates, a biting or gnawing back of guilt upon theheart, with no turning of heart from the sin, and no suggestion ofdivine forgiveness. Antonyms: approval, content, obduracy, self-complacency, comfort, hardness, obstinacy, self-congratulation, complacency, impenitence, self-approval, stubbornness. Prepositions: Repentance _of_ or _in_ heart, or _from_ the heart; repentance _for_sins; _before_ or _toward_ God; _unto_ life. * * * * * REPORT. Synonyms: account, narrative, rehearsal, rumor, story, description, recital, relation, statement, tale. Narration, record, _Account_ carries the idea of a commercial summary. A _statement_ isdefinite, confined to essentials and properly to matters within thepersonal knowledge of the one who states them; as, an ante-mortem_statement_. A _narrative_ is a somewhat extended and embellished_account_ of events in order of time, ordinarily with a view to pleaseor entertain. A _description_ gives especial scope to the pictorialelement. A _report_ (L. _re_, back, and _porto_, bring), as itsetymology implies, is something brought back, as by one sent to obtaininformation, and may be concise and formal or highly descriptive anddramatic. Compare ALLEGORY; HISTORY; RECORD. * * * * * REPROOF. Synonyms: admonition, chiding, disapproval, reprimand, animadversion, comment, objurgation, reproach, blame, condemnation, rebuke, reproval, censure, criticism, reflection, upbraiding. Check, denunciation, reprehension, _Blame_, _censure_, and _disapproval_ may either be felt or uttered;_comment_, _criticism_, _rebuke_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, and_reproof_ are always expressed. The same is true of _admonition_ and_animadversion_. _Comment_ and _criticism_ may be favorable as well ascensorious; they imply no superiority or authority on the part of himwho utters them; nor do _reflection_ or _reprehension_, which aresimply turning the mind back upon what is disapproved. _Reprehension_ issupposed to be calm and just, and with good intent; it is therefore aserious matter, however mild, and is capable of great force, asexpressed in the phrase severe _reprehension_. _Reflection_ is oftenfrom mere ill feeling, and is likely to be more personal and lessimpartial than _reprehension_; we often speak of unkind or unjust_reflections_. _Rebuke_, literally a stopping of the mouth, isadministered to a forward or hasty person; _reproof_ is administered toone intentionally or deliberately wrong; both words imply authority inthe reprover, and direct expression of _disapproval_ to the face of theperson _rebuked_ or _reproved_. _Reprimand_ is official _censure_formally administered by a superior to one under his command. _Animadversion_ is _censure_ of a high, authoritative, and somewhatformal kind. _Rebuke_ may be given at the outset, or in the midst of anaction; _animadversion_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, _reproof_, alwaysfollow the act; _admonition_ is anticipatory, and meant to bepreventive. _Check_ is allied to _rebuke_, and given before or duringaction; _chiding_ is nearer to _reproof_, but with more of personalbitterness and less of authority. Compare CONDEMN; REPROVE. Antonyms: applause, approval, encomium, eulogy, panegyric, praise. Approbation, commendation, * * * * * REPROVE. Synonyms: admonish, condemn, reprimand, blame, expostulate with, reproach, censure, find fault with, take to task, chasten, rebuke, upbraid, check, remonstrate with, warn. Chide, reprehend, To _censure_ is to pronounce an adverse judgment that may or may not beexpressed to the person _censured_; to _reprove_ is to _censure_authoritatively, openly, and directly to the face of the person_reproved_; to _rebuke_ is to _reprove_ with sharpness, and often withabruptness, usually in the midst of some action or course of actiondeemed censurable; to _reprimand_ is to _reprove_ officially; to _blame_is a familiar word signifying to pass _censure_ upon, make answerable, as for a fault; _blame_ and _censure_ apply either to persons or acts;_reprove_ and _rebuke_ are applied chiefly, and _reprimand_ exclusivelyto persons. To _reproach_ is to _censure_ openly and vehemently, andwith intense personal feeling as of grief or anger; as, to _reproach_one for ingratitude; _reproach_ knows no distinction of rank orcharacter; a subject may _reproach_ a king or a criminal judge. To_expostulate_ or _remonstrate with_ is to mingle reasoning and appealwith _censure_ in the hope of winning one from his evil way, _expostulate_ being the gentler, _remonstrate_ the severer word. _Admonish_ is the mildest of _reproving_ words, and may even be used ofgiving a caution or warning where no wrong is implied, or of simplyreminding of duty which might be forgotten. _Censure_, _rebuke_, and_reprove_ apply to wrong that has been done; _warn_ and _admonish_ referto anticipated error or fault. When one is _admonished_ because of wrongalready done, the view is still future, that he may not repeat orcontinue in the wrong. Compare CONDEMN; REPROOF. Antonyms: abet, approve, countenance, impel, instigate, applaud, cheer, encourage, incite, urge on. * * * * * REQUITE. Synonyms: avenge, punish, remunerate, revenge, compensate, quit, repay, reward, pay, reciprocate, retaliate, satisfy, pay off, recompense, return, settle with. To _repay_ or to _retaliate_, to _punish_ or to _reward_, may be to makesome return very inadequate to the benefit or injury received, or theright or wrong done; but to _requite_ (according to its etymology) is tomake so full and adequate a _return_ as to _quit_ oneself of allobligation of favor or hostility, of punishment or _reward_. _Requite_is often used in the more general sense of _recompense_ or _repay_, butalways with the suggestion, at least, of the original idea of fullequivalent; when one speaks of _requiting_ kindness with ingratitude, the expression gains force from the comparison of the actual with theproper and appropriate _return_. Compare PAY. Antonyms: absolve, excuse, forgive, overlook, pass over, acquit, forget, neglect, pardon, slight. Preposition: To requite injury _with_ injury is human, but not Christian. * * * * * REST. Synonyms: calm, pause, quietness, slumber, calmness, peace, quietude, stay, cessation, peacefulness, recreation, stillness, ease, quiescence, repose, stop, intermission, quiet, sleep, tranquillity. _Ease_ denotes freedom from cause of disturbance, whether external orinternal. _Quiet_ denotes freedom from agitation, or especially fromannoying sounds. _Rest_ is a _cessation_ of activity especially ofwearying or painful activity. _Recreation_ is some pleasing activity ofcertain organs or faculties that affords _rest_ to other parts of ournature that have become weary. _Repose_ is a laying down, primarily ofthe body, and figuratively a similar freedom from toil or strain ofmind. _Repose_ is more complete than _rest_; a _pause_ is a momentary_cessation_ of activity; a black-smith finds a temporary _rest_ whilethe iron is heating, but he does not yield to _repose_; in a _pause_ ofbattle a soldier _rests_ on his arms; after the battle the victor_reposes_ on his laurels. _Sleep_ is the perfection of _repose_, themost complete _rest_; _slumber_ is a light and ordinarily pleasant formof _sleep_. In the figurative sense, _rest_ of mind, soul, conscience, is not mere _cessation_ of activity, but a pleasing, tranquil relieffrom all painful and wearying activity; _repose_ is even more deep, tranquil, and complete. Antonyms: agitation, disturbance, movement, stir, tumult, commotion, excitement, restlessness, strain, unrest, disquiet, motion, rush, toil, work. * * * * * RESTIVE. Synonyms: balky, impatient, rebellious, restless, fidgety, intractable, recalcitrant, skittish, fractious, mulish, refractory, stubborn, fretful, mutinous, resentful, unruly, frisky, obstinate, restiff, vicious. _Balky_, _mulish_, _obstinate_, and _stubborn_ are synonyms of _restive_only in an infrequent if not obsolete use; the supposed sense of"tending to rest, " "standing stubbornly still, " is scarcely supported byany examples, and those cited to support that meaning often fail to doso. The disposition to offer active resistance to control by any meanswhatever is what is commonly indicated by _restive_ in the best Englishspeech and literature. Dryden speaks of "the pampered colt" as"_restiff_ to the rein;" but the rein is not used to propel a horseforward, but to hold him in, and it is against this that he is"_restiff_. " A horse may be made _restless_ by flies or by martialmusic, but with no refractoriness; the _restive_ animal impatientlyresists or struggles to break from control, as by bolting, flinging hisrider, or otherwise. With this the metaphorical use of the word agrees, which is always in the sense of such terms as _impatient_, _intractable_, _rebellious_, and the like; a people _restive_ underdespotism are not disposed to "rest" under it, but to resist it andfling it off. Antonyms: docile, manageable, passive, quiet, tractable, gentle, obedient, peaceable, submissive, yielding. * * * * * RESTRAIN. Synonyms: abridge, constrain, hold in, keep under, bridle, curb, keep, repress, check, hinder, keep back, restrict, circumscribe, hold, keep down, suppress, confine, hold back, keep in, withhold. To _restrain_ is to _hold back_ from acting, proceeding, or advancing, either by physical or moral force. _Constrain_ is positive; _restrain_is negative; one is _constrained_ to an action; he is _restrained_ froman action. _Constrain_ refers almost exclusively to moral force, _restrain_ frequently to physical force, as when we speak of putting oneunder restraint. To _restrain_ an action is to hold it partially orwholly in check, so that it is under pressure even while it acts; to_restrict_ an action is to fix a limit or boundary which it may notpass, but within which it is free. To _repress_, literally to pressback, is to hold in check, and perhaps only temporarily, that which isstill very active; it is a feebler word than _restrain_; to _suppress_is finally and effectually to put down; _suppress_ is a much strongerword than _restrain_; as, to _suppress_ a rebellion. Compare ARREST;BIND; KEEP. Antonyms: aid, arouse, encourage, free, incite, release, animate, emancipate, excite, impel, let loose, set free. * * * * * RETIREMENT. Synonyms: loneliness, privacy, seclusion, solitude. In _retirement_ one withdraws from association he has had with others;we speak of the _retirement_ of a public man to private life, tho he maystill be much in company. In _seclusion_ one shuts himself away from thesociety of all except intimate friends or attendants; in _solitude_ noother person is present. While _seclusion_ is ordinarily voluntary, _solitude_ may be enforced; we speak of the _solitude_ rather than the_seclusion_ of a prisoner. As "private" denotes what concerns ourselvesindividually, _privacy_ denotes freedom from the presence or observationof those not concerned or whom we desire not to have concerned in ouraffairs; _privacy_ is more commonly temporary than _seclusion_; wespeak of a moment's _privacy_. There may be _loneliness_ without_solitude_, as amid an unsympathizing crowd, and _solitude_ without_loneliness_, as when one is glad to be alone. Antonyms: association, companionship, company, converse, fellowship, society. * * * * * REVELATION. Synonyms: apocalypse, disclosure, manifestation. _Revelation_ (L. _re_, back, and _velum_, veil), literally an unveiling, is the act or process of making known what was before secret or hidden, or what may still be future. _Apocalypse_ (Gr. _apo_, from, and_kalypto_, cover), literally an uncovering, comes into English as thename of the closing book of the Bible. The _Apocalypse_ unveils thefuture, as if to the very gaze of the seer; the whole gospel is a_disclosure_ of the mercy of God; the character of Christ is a_manifestation_ of the divine holiness and love; all Scripture is a_revelation_ of the divine will. Or we might say that nature is a_manifestation_ of the divine character and will, of which Scripture isthe fuller and more express _revelation_. Antonyms: cloud, concealment, mystery, shrouding, cloudiness, hiding, obscuration, veiling. * * * * * REVENGE. Synonyms: avenging, retaliation, retribution, vengeance. Requital, _Revenge_ is the act of making return for an injury done to oneself bydoing injury to another person. _Retaliation_ and _revenge_ are personaland often bitter. _Retaliation_ may be partial; _revenge_ is meant to becomplete, and may be excessive. _Vengeance_, which once meant anindignant vindication of justice, now signifies the most furious andunsparing _revenge_. _Revenge_ emphasizes more the personal injury inreturn for which it is inflicted, _vengeance_ the ill desert of thoseupon whom it is inflicted. A _requital_ is strictly an even return, suchas to quit one of obligation for what has been received, and even ifpoor or unworthy is given as complete and adequate. _Avenging_ and_retribution_ give a solemn sense of exact justice, _avenging_ beingmore personal in its infliction, whether by God or man, and_retribution_ the impersonal visitation of the doom of righteous law. Compare AVENGE; HATRED; REQUITE. Antonyms: compassion, forgiveness, mercy, pardon, pity, reconciliation. Excuse, grace, Prepositions: To take revenge _upon_ the enemy, _for_ the injury. * * * * * REVOLUTION. Synonyms: anarchy, insurrection, revolt, confusion, lawlessness, riot, disintegration, mutiny, sedition, disorder, rebellion, tumult. Insubordination, The essential idea of _revolution_ is a change in the form of governmentor constitution, or a change of rulers, otherwise than as provided bythe laws of succession, election, etc. ; while such change is apt toinvolve armed hostilities, these make no necessary part of the_revolution_. The _revolution_ by which Dom Pedro was dethroned, andBrazil changed from an empire to a republic, was accomplished without abattle, and almost without a shot. _Anarchy_ refers to the condition ofa state when human government is superseded or destroyed by factions orother causes. _Lawlessness_ is a temper of mind or condition of thecommunity which may result in _anarchy_. _Confusion_, _disorder_, _riot_, and _tumult_ are incidental and temporary outbreaks of_lawlessness_, but may not be _anarchy_. _Insubordination_ is individualdisobedience. _Sedition_ is the plotting, _rebellion_ the fighting, against the existing government, but always with the purpose ofestablishing some other government in its place. When _rebellion_ issuccessful it is called _revolution_; but there may be _revolution_without _rebellion_; as, the English _Revolution_ of 1688. A _revolt_ isan uprising against existing authority without the comprehensive viewsof change in the form or administration of government that are involvedin _revolution_. _Anarchy_, when more than temporary _disorder_, is aproposed _disintegration_ of society, in which it is imagined thatsocial order might exist without government. Slaves make _insurrection_;soldiers or sailors break out in _mutiny_; subject provinces rise in_revolt_. Compare SOCIALISM. Antonyms: authority, domination, government, obedience, sovereignty, command, dominion, law, order, submission, control, empire, loyalty, rule, supremacy. * * * * * REVOLVE. Synonyms: roll, rotate, turn. Any round body _rolls_ which continuously touches with successiveportions of its surface successive portions of another surface; awagon-wheel _rolls_ along the ground. To _rotate_ is said of a body thathas a circular motion about its own center or axis; to _revolve_ is saidof a body that moves in a curving path, as a circle or an ellipse, abouta center outside of itself, so as to return periodically to the samerelative position that it held at some previous time. A _revolving_ bodymay also either _rotate_ or _roll_ at the same time; the earth_revolves_ around the sun, and _rotates_ on its own axis; in popularusage, the earth is often said to _revolve_ about its own axis, or tohave a daily "revolution, " but _rotate_ and "rotation" are the moreaccurate terms. A cylinder over which an endless belt is drawn is saidto _roll_ as regards the belt, tho it _rotates_ as regards its own axis. Any object that is in contact with or connected with a _rolling_ body isoften said to _roll_; as, the car _rolls_ smoothly along the track. Objects whose motion approximates or suggests a rotary motion along asupporting surface are also said to _roll_; as, ocean waves _roll_ inupon the shore, or the ship _rolls_ in the trough of the sea. _Turn_ isa conversational and popular word often used vaguely for _rotate_ or_revolve_, or for any motion about a fixed point, especially for amotion less than a complete "rotation" or "revolution;" a man _turns_his head or _turns_ on his heel; the gate _turns_ on its hinges. Antonyms: bind, chafe, grind, slide, slip, stand, stick. * * * * * RIDDLE, _n. _ Synonyms: conundrum, enigma, paradox, problem, puzzle. _Conundrum_, a word of unknown origin, signifies some question orstatement in which some hidden and fanciful resemblance is involved, theanswer often depending upon a pun; an _enigma_ is a dark saying; a_paradox_ is a true statement that at first appears absurd orcontradictory; a _problem_ is something thrown out for solution;_puzzle_ (from _oppose_) referred originally to the intricate argumentsby which disputants opposed each other in the old philosophic schools. The _riddle_ is an ambiguous or paradoxical statement with a hiddenmeaning to be guessed by the mental acuteness of the one to whom it isproposed; the _riddle_ is not so petty as the _conundrum_, and mayrequire much acuteness for its answer; a _problem_ may require simplystudy and scholarship, as a _problem_ in mathematics; a _puzzle_ may bein something other than verbal statement, as a dissected map or anyperplexing mechanical contrivance. Both _enigma_ and _puzzle_ may beapplied to any matter difficult of answer or solution, _enigma_conveying an idea of greater dignity, _puzzle_ applying to somethingmore commonplace and mechanical; there are many dark _enigmas_ in humanlife and in the course of providence; the location of a missing objectis often a _puzzle_. Antonyms: answer, axiom, explanation, proposition, solution. * * * * * RIGHT, _n. _ Synonyms: claim, franchise, liberty, prerogative, exemption, immunity, license, privilege. A _right_ is that which one may properly demand upon considerations ofjustice, morality, equity, or of natural or positive law. A _right_ maybe either general or special, natural or artificial. "Life, liberty, andthe pursuit of happiness" are the natural and inalienable _rights_ ofall men; _rights_ of property, inheritance, etc. , are individual andspecial, and often artificial, as the _right_ of inheritance byprimogeniture. A _privilege_ is always special, exceptional, andartificial; it is something not enjoyed by all, or only to be enjoyed oncertain special conditions, a peculiar benefit, favor, advantage, etc. A_privilege_ may be of doing or avoiding; in the latter case it is an_exemption_ or _immunity_; as, a _privilege_ of hunting or fishing;_exemption_ from military service; _immunity_ from arrest. A _franchise_is a specific _right_ or _privilege_ granted by the government orestablished as such by governmental authority; as, the elective_franchise_; a railroad _franchise_. A _prerogative_ is an official_right_ or _privilege_, especially one inherent in the royal orsovereign power; in a wider sense it is an exclusive and peculiar_privilege_ which one possesses by reason of being what he is; as, reason is the _prerogative_ of man; kings and nobles have often claimed_prerogatives_ and _privileges_ opposed to the inherent _rights_ of thepeople. Compare DUTY; JUSTICE. * * * * * RISE. Synonyms: arise, ascend, emanate, flow, issue, proceed, spring. To _rise_ is to move up or upward whether slowly or quickly, whetherthrough the least or greatest distance; the waves _rise_; the mists_rise_; the river _rises_ after heavy rains; as said of persons, to_rise_ is to come to an erect position after kneeling, sitting, reclining, or lying down; as, to _rise_ from a sick-bed; my friend_rose_ as I entered; the guests _rose_ to depart; so a deliberativeassembly or a committee is said to _rise_ when it breaks up a session; asun or star _rises_ when to our apprehension it comes above the horizonand begins to go up the sky. To _ascend_ is to go far upward, and isoften used in a stately sense; as, Christ _ascended_ to heaven. Theshorter form _rise_ is now generally preferred to the longer form_arise_, except in poetic or elevated style. The sun _rises_ or_arises_; the river _springs_ at a bound from the foot of the glacierand _flows_ through the lands to the ocean. Smoke _issues_ from achimney and _ascends_ toward the sky. Light and heat _emanate_ from thesun. Antonyms: decline, descend, drop, fall, go down, set, settle, sink. Prepositions: Rise _from_ slumber; rise _to_ duty; rise _at_ the summons; we rose_with_ the lark. * * * * * ROBBER. Synonyms: bandit, depredator, freebooter, pirate, brigand, despoiler, highwayman, plunderer, buccaneer, footpad, marauder, raider, burglar, forager, pillager, thief. A _robber_ seeks to obtain the property of others by force orintimidation; a _thief_ by stealth and secrecy. In early English _thief_was freely used in both senses, as in Shakespeare and the AuthorizedVersion of the English Bible, which has "two _thieves_" (_Matt. _ xxvii, 38), where the Revised Version more correctly substitutes "two_robbers_. " * * * * * ROYAL. Synonyms: august, kingly, majestic, princely, kinglike, magnificent, munificent, regal. _Royal_ denotes that which actually belongs or pertains to a monarch;the _royal_ residence is that which the king occupies, _royal_ raimentthat which the king wears. _Regal_ denotes that which in outward stateis appropriate for a king; a subject may assume _regal_ magnificence inresidence, dress, and equipage. _Kingly_ denotes that which is worthy ofa king in personal qualities, especially of character and conduct; as, a _kingly_ bearing; a _kingly_ resolve. _Princely_ is especially used oftreasure, expenditure, gifts, etc. , as _princely_ munificence, a_princely_ fortune, where _regal_ could not so well be used and _royal_would change the sense. The distinctions between these words are notabsolute, but the tendency of the best usage is as here suggested. Antonyms: beggarly, contemptible, mean, poor, servile, slavish, vile. * * * * * RUSTIC. Synonyms: agricultural, coarse, pastoral, uncouth, artless, countrified, plain, unpolished, awkward, country, rude, unsophisticated, boorish, hoidenish, rural, untaught, bucolic, inelegant, sylvan, verdant. Clownish, outlandish, _Rural_ and _rustic_ are alike derived from the Latin _rus_, country, and may be alike defined as pertaining to, characteristic of, ordwelling in the country; but in usage _rural_ refers especially toscenes or objects in the country, considered as the work of nature;_rustic_ refers to their effect upon man or to their condition asaffected by human agency; as, a _rural_ scene; a _rustic_ party; a_rustic_ lass. We speak, however, of the _rural_ population, _rural_simplicity, etc. _Rural_ has always a favorable sense; _rustic_frequently an unfavorable one, as denoting a lack of culture andrefinement; thus, _rustic_ politeness expresses that which iswell-meant, but awkward; similar ideas are suggested by a _rustic_feast, _rustic_ garb, etc. _Rustic_ is, however, often used of a studiedsimplicity, an artistic rudeness, which is pleasing and perhapsbeautiful; as, a _rustic_ cottage; a _rustic_ chair. _Pastoral_ refersto the care of flocks, and to the shepherd's life with the pleasingassociations suggested by the old poetic ideal of that life; as, _pastoral_ poetry. _Bucolic_ is kindred to _pastoral_, but is a lesselevated term, and sometimes slightly contemptuous. Antonyms: accomplished, cultured, polished, refined, urbane, city-like, elegant, polite, urban, well-bred. * * * * * SACRAMENT. Synonyms: ceremony, eucharist, observance, rite, solemnity. Communion, Lord's Supper, ordinance, service, Any religious act, especially a public act, viewed as a means ofserving God is called a _service_; the word commonly includes the entireseries of exercises of a single occasion of public worship. A religious_service_ ordained as an outward and visible sign of an inward andspiritual grace is called a _sacrament_. _Ceremony_ is a form expressingreverence, or at least respect; we may speak of religious _ceremonies_, the _ceremonies_ of polite society, the _ceremonies_ of a coronation, aninauguration, etc. An _observance_ has more than a formal obligation, reaching or approaching a religious sacredness; a stated religious_observance_, viewed as established by authority, is called an_ordinance_; viewed as an established custom, it is a _rite_. The terms_sacrament_ and _ordinance_, in the religious sense, are often usedinterchangeably; the _ordinance_ derives its sacredness from theauthority that ordained it, while the _sacrament_ possesses a sacrednessdue to something in itself, even when viewed simply as a representationor memorial. The Lord's Supper is the Scriptural name for the_observance_ commemorating the death of Christ; the word _communion_ isonce applied to it (_1 Cor. _ x, 16), but not as a distinctive name; atan early period, however, the name _communion_ was so applied, asdenoting the communing of Christians with their Lord, or with oneanother. The term _eucharist_ describes the Lord's Supper as athanksgiving _service_; it is also called by preeminence _thesacrament_, as the ratifying of a solemn vow of consecration to Christ. * * * * * SAGACIOUS. Synonyms: able, intelligent, perspicacious, sensible, acute, keen, quick of scent, sharp, apt, keen-sighted, quick-scented, sharp-witted, clear-sighted, keen-witted, rational, shrewd, discerning, judicious, sage, wise. _Sagacious_ refers to a power of tracing the hidden or recondite byslight indications, as by instinct or intuition; it is not now appliedto mere keenness of sense-perception. We do not call a hound _sagacious_in following a clear trail; but if he loses the scent, as at the edge ofa stream, and circles around till he strikes it again, his conduct issaid to be _sagacious_. In human affairs _sagacious_ refers to a powerof ready, far-reaching, and accurate inference from observed factsperhaps in themselves very slight, that seems like a special sense; orto a similar readiness to foresee the results of any action, especiallyupon human motives or conduct--a kind of prophetic common sense. _Sagacious_ is a broader and nobler word than _shrewd_, and not capableof the invidious sense which the latter word often bears; on the otherhand, _sagacious_ is less lofty and comprehensive than _wise_ in itsfull sense, and more limited to matters of direct practical moment. Compare ASTUTE; WISDOM. Antonyms: absurd, futile, obtuse, silly, sottish, undiscerning, dull, ignorant, senseless, simple, stupid, unintelligent. Foolish, irrational, * * * * * SALE. Synonyms: bargain, barter, change, deal, exchange, trade. A _bargain_ is strictly an agreement or contract to buy and sell, thothe word is often used to denote the entire transaction and also as adesignation for the thing sold or purchased. _Change_ and _exchange_ arewords of wider signification, applying only incidentally to the transferof property or value; a _change_ secures something different in any wayor by any means; an _exchange_ secures something as an equivalent orreturn, tho not necessarily as payment for what is given. _Barter_ isthe _exchange_ of one commodity for another, the word being usedgenerally with reference to portable commodities. _Trade_ in the broadsense may apply to vast businesses (as the book-_trade_), but asdenoting a single transaction is used chiefly in regard to things ofmoderate value, when it becomes nearly synonymous with _barter_. _Sale_is commonly, and with increasing strictness, limited to the transfer ofproperty for money, or for something estimated at a money value orconsidered as equivalent to so much money in hand or to be paid. A_deal_ in the political sense is a _bargain_, substitution, or transferfor the benefit of certain persons or parties against all others; as, the nomination was the result of a _deal_; in business it may have asimilar meaning, but it frequently signifies simply a _sale_ or_exchange_, a dealing; as, a heavy _deal_ in stocks. * * * * * SAMPLE. Synonyms: case, exemplification, instance, example, illustration, specimen. A _sample_ is a portion taken at random out of a quantity supposed to behomogeneous, so that the qualities found in the _sample_ may reasonablybe expected to be found in the whole; as, a _sample_ of sugar; a_sample_ of cloth. A _specimen_ is one unit of a series, or a fragmentof a mass, all of which is supposed to possess the same essentialqualities; as, a _specimen_ of coinage, or of architecture, or a_specimen_ of quartz. No other unit or portion may be exactly like the_specimen_, while all the rest is supposed to be exactly like the_sample_. An _instance_ is a _sample_ or _specimen_ of action. CompareEXAMPLE. Antonyms: abnormality, aggregate, exception, monstrosity, total, whole. * * * * * SATISFY. Synonyms: cloy, fill, sate, suffice, content, glut, satiate, surfeit. To _satisfy_ is to furnish just enough to meet physical, mental, orspiritual desire. To _sate_ or _satiate_ is to gratify desire so fullyas for a time to extinguish it. To _cloy_ or _surfeit_ is to gratify tothe point of revulsion or disgust. _Glut_ is a strong but somewhatcoarse word applied to the utmost satisfaction of vehement appetites andpassions; as, to _glut_ a vengeful spirit with slaughter; we speak of_glutting_ the market with a supply so excessive as to extinguish thedemand. Much less than is needed to _satisfy_ may _suffice_ a frugal orabstemious person; less than a sufficiency may _content_ one of apatient and submissive spirit. Compare PAY; REQUITE. Antonyms: check, disappoint, restrain, starve, straiten, deny, refuse, restrict, stint, tantalize. Prepositions: Satisfy _with_ food, _with_ gifts, etc. ; satisfy one (in the sense ofmake satisfaction) _for_ labors and sacrifices; satisfy oneself _by_ or_upon_ inquiry. * * * * * SCHOLAR. Synonyms: disciple, learner, pupil, savant, student. The primary sense of a _scholar_ is one who is being schooled; thencethe word passes to denote one who is apt in school work, and finally onewho is thoroughly schooled, master of what the schools can teach, anerudite, accomplished person: when used without qualification, the wordis generally understood in this latter sense; as, he is manifestly a_scholar_. _Pupil_ signifies one under the close personal supervision orinstruction of a teacher or tutor. Those under instruction in schoolsbelow the academic grade are technically and officially termed_pupils_. The word _pupil_ is uniformly so used in the Reports of theCommissioner of Education of the United States, but popular Americanusage prefers _scholar_ in the original sense; as, teachers and_scholars_ enjoyed a holiday. Those under instruction in Sunday-schoolsare uniformly designated as Sunday-school _scholars_. _Student_ isapplied to those in the higher grades or courses of study, as theacademic, collegiate, scientific, etc. _Student_ suggests lessproficiency than _scholar_ in the highest sense, the _student_ being onewho is learning, the _scholar_ one who has learned. On the other hand, _student_ suggests less of personal supervision than _pupil_; thus, thecollege _student_ often becomes the private _pupil_ of some instructorin special studies. For _disciple_, etc. , compare synonyms for ADHERENT. Antonyms: dunce, fool, idiot, idler, ignoramus, illiterate person. * * * * * SCIENCE. Synonyms: art, knowledge. _Knowledge_ of a single fact, not known as related to any other, or ofmany facts not known as having any mutual relations or as comprehendedunder any general law, does not reach the meaning of _science_;_science_ is _knowledge_ reduced to law and embodied in system. The_knowledge_ of various countries gathered by an observant traveler maybe a heterogeneous medley of facts, which gain real value only whencoordinated and arranged by the man of _science_. _Art_ always relatesto something to be done, _science_ to something to be known. Not onlymust _art_ be discriminated from _science_, but _art_ in the industrialor mechanical sense must be distinguished from _art_ in the estheticsense; the former aims chiefly at utility, the latter at beauty. Themechanic _arts_ are the province of the artisan, the esthetic or fine_arts_ are the province of the artist; all the industrial _arts_, as ofweaving or printing, arithmetic or navigation, are governed by exactrules. _Art_ in the highest esthetic sense, while it makes use of rules, transcends all rule; no rules can be given for the production of apainting like Raffael's "Transfiguration, " a statue like the ApolloBelvedere, or a poem like the Iliad. _Science_ does not, like themechanic _arts_, make production its direct aim, yet its possibleproductive application in the _arts_ is a constant stimulus toscientific investigation; the _science_, as in the case of chemistry orelectricity, is urged on to higher development by the demands of the_art_, while the _art_ is perfected by the advance of the _science_. Creative _art_ seeking beauty for its own sake is closely akin to pure_science_ seeking _knowledge_ for its own sake. Compare KNOWLEDGE;LITERATURE. * * * * * SECURITY. Synonyms: bail, earnest, gage, pledge, surety. The first four words agree in denoting something given or deposited asan assurance of something to be given, paid, or done. An _earnest_ is ofthe same kind as that to be given, a portion of it delivered in advance, as when part of the purchase-money is paid, according to the commonexpression, "to bind the bargain. " A _pledge_ or _security_ may bewholly different in kind from that to be given or paid, and may greatlyexceed it in value. _Security_ may be of real or personalproperty--anything of sufficient value to make the creditor secure; a_pledge_ is always of personal property or chattels. Every pawnshopcontains unredeemed _pledges_; land, merchandise, bonds, etc. , arefrequently offered and accepted as _security_. A person may become_security_ or _surety_ for another's payment of a debt, appearance incourt, etc. ; in the latter case, he is said to become _bail_ for thatperson; the person accused gives _bail_ for himself. _Gage_ survivesonly as a literary word, chiefly in certain phrases; as, "the _gage_ ofbattle. " Prepositions: Security _for_ the payment of a debt; security _to_ the state, _for_ theprisoner, _in_ the sum of a thousand dollars. * * * * * SELF-ABNEGATION. Synonyms: self-control, self-devotion, self-renunciation, self-denial, self-immolation, self-sacrifice. _Self-control_ is holding oneself within due limits in pleasures andduties, as in all things else; _self-denial_, the giving up of pleasuresfor the sake of duty. _Self-renunciation_ surrenders conscious rightsand claims; _self-abnegation_ forgets that there is anything tosurrender. There have been devotees who practised very little_self-denial_ with very much _self-renunciation_. A mother will care fora sick child with complete _self-abnegation_, but without a thought of_self-denial_. _Self-devotion_ is heart-consecration of self to aperson or cause with readiness for any needed sacrifice. _Self-sacrifice_ is the strongest and completest term of all, andcontemplates the gift of self as actually made. We speak of the_self-sacrifice_ of Christ, where any other of the above terms would befeeble or inappropriate. Antonyms: self-gratification, selfishness, self-seeking, self-will. Self-indulgence, * * * * * SEND. Synonyms: cast, despatch, emit, impel, propel, dart, discharge, fling, lance, sling, delegate, dismiss, forward, launch, throw, depute, drive, hurl, project, transmit. To _send_ is to cause to go or pass from one place to another, andalways in fact or thought away from the agent or agency that controlsthe act. _Send_ in its most common use involves personal agency withoutpersonal presence; according to the adage, "If you want your businessdone, go; if not, _send_;" one _sends_ a letter or a bullet, a messengeror a message. In all the derived uses this same idea controls; if one_sends_ a ball into his own heart, the action is away from the directinghand, and he is viewed as the passive recipient of his own act; it iswith an approach to personification that we speak of the bow _sending_the arrow, or the gun the shot. To _despatch_ is to _send_ hastily orvery promptly, ordinarily with a destination in view; to _dismiss_ is to_send_ away from oneself without reference to a destination; as, to_dismiss_ a clerk, an application, or an annoying subject. To_discharge_ is to _send_ away so as to relieve a person or thing of aload; we _discharge_ a gun or _discharge_ the contents; as applied topersons, _discharge_ is a harsher term than _dismiss_. To _emit_ is to_send_ forth from within, with no reference to a destination; as, thesun _emits_ light and heat. _Transmit_, from the Latin, is a dignifiedterm, often less vigorous than the Saxon _send_, but preferable at timesin literary or scientific use; as, to _transmit_ the crown, or the feud, from generation to generation; to _transmit_ a charge of electricity. _Transmit_ fixes the attention more on the intervening agency, as _send_does upon the points of departure and destination. Antonyms: bring, convey, give, hold, receive, carry, get, hand, keep, retain. Prepositions: To send _from_ the hand _to_ or _toward_ (rarely _at_) a mark; send_to_ a friend _by_ a messenger or _by_ mail; send a person _into_banishment; send a shell _among_ the enemy. * * * * * SENSATION. Synonyms: emotion, feeling, perception, sense. _Sensation_ is the mind's consciousness due to a bodily affection, as ofheat or cold; _perception_ is the cognition of some external objectwhich is the cause or occasion of the _sensation_; the _sensation_ ofheat may be connected with the _perception_ of a fire. While_sensations_ are connected with the body, _emotions_, as joy, grief, etc. , are wholly of the mind. "As the most of them [the _sensations_]are positively agreeable or the opposite, they are nearly akin to those_emotions_, as hope or terror, or those passions, as anger and envy, which are acknowledged by all to belong exclusively to the spirit, andto involve no relation whatever to matter or the bodily organism. Such_feelings_ are not infrequently styled _sensations_, though improperly. "PORTER _Human Intellect_ § 112, p. 128. [S. '90. ] _Feeling_ is a generalterm popularly denoting what is felt, whether through the body or by themind alone, and includes both _sensation_ and _emotion_. A _sense_ is anorgan or faculty of _sensation_ or of _perception_. * * * * * SENSIBILITY. Synonyms: feeling, impressibility, sensitiveness, susceptibility. _Sensibility_ in the philosophical sense, denotes the capacity ofemotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will. (Compare synonyms for SENSATION. ) In popular use _sensibility_ denotessometimes capacity of feeling of any kind; as, _sensibility_ to heat orcold; sometimes, a peculiar readiness to be the subject of feeling, especially of the higher feelings; as, the _sensibility_ of the artistor the poet; a person of great or fine _sensibility_. _Sensitiveness_denotes an especial delicacy of _sensibility_, ready to be excited bythe slightest cause, as displayed, for instance, in the"sensitive-plant. " _Susceptibility_ is rather a capacity to take up, receive, and, as it were, to contain feeling, so that a person of great_susceptibility_ is capable of being not only readily but deeply moved;_sensitiveness_ is more superficial, _susceptibility_ more pervading. Thus, in physics, the _sensitiveness_ of a magnetic needle is the easewith which it may be deflected, as by another magnet; its_susceptibility_ is the degree to which it can be magnetized by a givenmagnetic force or the amount of magnetism it will hold. So a person ofgreat _sensitiveness_ is quickly and keenly affected by any externalinfluence, as by music, pathos, or ridicule, while a person of great_susceptibility_ is not only touched, but moved to his inmost soul. Antonyms: coldness, hardness, insensibility, numbness, unconsciousness. Deadness, Prepositions: The sensibility _of_ the organism _to_ atmospheric changes. * * * * * SEVERE. Synonyms: austere, inflexible, rigorous, uncompromising, hard, morose, stern, unmitigated, harsh, relentless, stiff, unrelenting, inexorable, rigid, strict, unyielding. That is _severe_ which is devoid of all softness, mildness, tenderness, indulgence or levity, or (in literature and art) devoid of unnecessaryornament, amplification, or embellishment of any kind; as, a _severe_style; as said of anything painful, _severe_ signifies such as heavilytaxes endurance or resisting power; as, a _severe_ pain, fever, orwinter. _Rigid_ signifies primarily _stiff_, resisting any effort tochange its shape; a corpse is said to be _rigid_ in death; hence, inmetaphorical sense, a _rigid_ person or character is one that resistsall efforts to change the will or course of conduct; a _rigid_ rule orstatement is one that admits of no deviation. _Rigorous_ is nearly akinto _rigid_, but is a stronger word, having reference to action or activequalities, as _rigid_ does to state or character; a _rigid_ rule may be_rigorously_ enforced. _Strict_ (L. _stringo_, bind) signifies bound orstretched tight, tense, strenuously exact. _Stern_ unites harshness andauthority with strictness or severity; _stern_, as said even ofinanimate objects, suggests something authoritative or forbidding. _Austere_ signifies severely simple or temperate, _strict_ inself-restraint or discipline, and similarly _unrelenting_ toward others. We speak of _austere_ morality, _rigid_ rules, _rigorous_ discipline, _stern_ commands, _severe_ punishment, _harsh_ speech or a _harsh_voice, _hard_ requirements, _strict_ injunctions, and _strict_obedience. _Strict_ discipline holds one exactly and unflinchingly tothe rule; _rigorous_ discipline punishes severely any infraction of it. The _austere_ character is seldom lovely, but it is always strong andmay be grand, commanding, and estimable. Antonyms: affable, easy, gentle, lenient, pliable, sweet, tractable, bland, genial, indulgent, mild, soft, tender, yielding. * * * * * SHAKE. Synonyms: agitate, jar, quake, shiver, totter, brandish, joggle, quaver, shudder, tremble, flap, jolt, quiver, sway, vibrate, fluctuate, jounce, reel, swing, wave, flutter, oscillate, rock, thrill, waver. A thing is _shaken_ which is subjected to short and abruptly checkedmovements, as forward and backward, up and down, from side to side, etc. A tree is "_shaken_ with a mighty wind;" a man slowly _shakes_ his head. A thing _rocks_ that is sustained from below; it _swings_ if suspendedfrom above, as a pendulum, or pivoted at the side, as a crane or abridge-draw; to _oscillate_ is to _swing_ with a smooth and regularreturning motion; a _vibrating_ motion may be tremulous or _jarring_. The pendulum of a clock may be said to _swing_, _vibrate_, or_oscillate_; a steel bridge _vibrates_ under the passage of a heavytrain; the term _vibrate_ is also applied to molecular movements. _Jolting_ is a lifting from and letting down suddenly upon an unyieldingsurface; as, a carriage _jolts_ over a rough road. A _jarring_ motion isabruptly and very rapidly repeated through an exceedingly limited space;the _jolting_ of the carriage _jars_ the windows. _Rattling_ refersdirectly to the sound produced by _shaking_. To _joggle_ is to _shake_slightly; as, a passing touch _joggles_ the desk on which one iswriting. A thing _trembles_ that _shakes_ perceptibly and with anappearance of uncertainty and instability, as a person under theinfluence of fear; a thing _shivers_ when all its particles are stirredwith a slight but pervading tremulous motion, as a human body under theinfluence of cold; _shuddering_ is a more pronounced movement of asimilar kind, in human beings often the effect of emotional or moralrecoil; hence, the word is applied by extension to such feelings evenwhen they have no such outward manifestation; as, one says, "I _shudder_at the thought. " To _quiver_ is to have slight and often spasmodiccontractile motions, as the flesh under the surgeon's knife. _Thrill_ isapplied to a pervasive movement felt rather than seen; as, the nerves_thrill_ with delight; _quiver_ is similarly used, but suggests somewhatmore of outward manifestation. To _agitate_ in its literal use is nearlythe same as to _shake_, tho we speak of the sea as _agitated_ when wecould not say it is _shaken_; the Latin _agitate_ is preferred inscientific or technical use to the Saxon _shake_, and especially asapplied to the action of mechanical contrivances; in the metaphoricaluse _agitate_ is more transitory and superficial, _shake_ morefundamental and enduring; a person's feelings are _agitated_ bydistressing news; his courage, his faith, his credit, or his testimonyis _shaken_. _Sway_ applies to the movement of a body suspended fromabove or not firmly sustained from below, and the motion of which isless pronounced than _swinging_, smoother than _vibrating_, and notnecessarily constant as _oscillating_; as, the _swaying_ of a reed inthe wind. _Sway_ used transitively especially applies to motions ofgrace or dignity; _brandish_ denotes a threatening or hostile motion; amonarch _sways_ the scepter; the ruffian _brandishes_ a club. To _reel_or _totter_ always implies liability to fall; _reeling_ is more violentthan _swaying_, _tottering_ more irregular; a drunken man _reels_; wespeak of the _tottering_ step of age or infancy. An extended mass whichseems to lack solidity or cohesion is said to _quake_; as, a _quaking_bog. _Quaver_ is applied almost exclusively to tremulous sounds of thehuman voice. _Flap_, _flutter_, and _fluctuate_ refer to wave-likemovements, _flap_ generally to such as produce a sharp sound; a cock_flaps_ his wings; _flutter_ applies to a less pronounced and moreirregular motion; a captive bird or a feeble pulse _flutters_. CompareFLUCTUATE. * * * * * SHELTER. Synonyms: cover, guard, protect, shield, defend, harbor, screen, ward. Anything is _covered_ over which something is completely extended; avessel is _covered_ with a lid; the head is _covered_ with a hat. Thatwhich _covers_ may also _defend_ or _protect_; thus, troops interposedbetween some portion of their own army and the enemy are often called a_covering_ party. To _shelter_ is to _cover_ so as to _protect_ frominjury or annoyance; as, the roof _shelters_ from the storm; woods_shelter_ from the heat. To _defend_ (L. _defendere_, to strike away)implies the actual, _protect_ (L. _protegere_, to cover before) impliesthe possible use of force or resisting power; _guard_ implies sustainedvigilance with readiness for conflict; we _defend_ a person or thingagainst actual attack; we _guard_ or _protect_ against possible assaultor injury. A powerful person may _protect_ one who is weak by simplydeclaring himself his friend; he _defends_ him by some form of activechampionship. An inanimate object may _protect_, as a garment from cold;_defend_ is used but rarely, and by somewhat violent metaphor, in suchconnection. _Protect_ is more complete than _guard_ or _defend_; anobject may be faithfully _guarded_ or bravely _defended_ in vain, butthat which is _protected_ is secure. To _shield_ is to interposesomething over or before that which is assailed, so as to save fromharm, and has a comparatively passive sense; one may _guard_ another bystanding armed at his side, _defend_ him by fighting for him, or_shield_ him from a missile or a blow by interposing his own person. _Harbor_ is generally used in an unfavorable sense; confederates orsympathizers _harbor_ a criminal; a person _harbors_ evil thoughts ordesigns. See CHERISH. Compare synonyms for HIDE; DEFENSE. Antonyms: betray, expel, expose, give up, refuse, reject, surrender. Cast out, Prepositions: Shelter _under_ a roof _from_ the storm; _in_ the fortress, _behind_ or_within_ the walls, _from_ attack. * * * * * SIGN. Synonyms: emblem, mark, presage, symbol, token, indication, note, prognostic, symptom, type. Manifestation, omen, signal, A _sign_ (L. _signum_) is any distinctive _mark_ by which a thing may berecognized or its presence known, and may be intentional or accidental, natural or artificial, suggestive, descriptive, or wholly arbitrary;thus, a blush may be a _sign_ of shame; the footprint of an animal is a_sign_ that it has passed; the _sign_ of a business house now usuallydeclares what is done or kept within, but formerly might be an objecthaving no connection with the business, as "the _sign_ of the trout;"the letters of the alphabet are _signs_ of certain sounds. While a_sign_ may be involuntary, and even unconscious, a _signal_ is alwaysvoluntary, and is usually concerted; a ship may show _signs_ of distressto the casual observer, but _signals_ of distress are a distinct appealfor aid. A _symptom_ is a vital phenomenon resulting from a diseasedcondition; in medical language a _sign_ is an _indication_ of anyphysical condition, whether morbid or healthy; thus, a hot skin andrapid pulse are _symptoms_ of pneumonia; dulness of some portion of thelungs under percussion is one of the physical _signs_. Compare AUGUR;CHARACTERISTIC; EMBLEM. * * * * * SIN. Synonyms: crime, fault, misdeed, vice, criminality, guilt, offense, viciousness, delinquency, ill-doing, transgression, wickedness, depravity, immorality, ungodliness, wrong, evil, iniquity, unrighteousness, wrong-doing. _Sin_ is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity and truth, whether in heart or life, whether of commission or omission. "All_unrighteousness_ is _sin_, " _1 John_ v, 17. _Transgression_, as itsetymology indicates, is the stepping over a specific enactment, whetherof God or man, ordinarily by overt act, but in the broadest sense, involition or desire. _Sin_ may be either act or state; _transgression_ isalways an act, mental or physical. _Crime_ is often used for a flagrantviolation of right, but in the technical sense denotes specificviolation of human law. _Guilt_ is desert of and exposure to punishmentbecause of _sin_. _Depravity_ denotes not any action, but a pervertedmoral condition from which any act of _sin_ may proceed. _Sin_ in thegeneric sense, as denoting a state of heart, is synonymous with_depravity_; in the specific sense, as in the expression a _sin_, theterm may be synonymous with _transgression_, _crime_, _offense_, _misdeed_, etc. , or may denote some moral activity that could not becharacterized by terms so positive. _Immorality_ denotes outwardviolation of the moral law. _Sin_ is thus the broadest word, and_immorality_ next in scope; all _crimes_, properly so called, and all_immoralities_, are _sins_; but there may be _sin_, as ingratitude, which is neither _crime_, _transgression_, nor _immorality_; and theremay be _immorality_ which is not _crime_, as falsehood. CompareCRIMINAL. Antonyms: blamelessness, goodness, integrity, rectitude, sinlessness, excellence, holiness, morality, right, uprightness, godliness, innocence, purity, righteousness, virtue. Compare synonyms for VIRTUE. * * * * * SING. Synonyms: carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, warble. To _sing_ is primarily and ordinarily to utter a succession ofarticulate musical sounds with the human voice. The word has come toinclude any succession of musical sounds; we say the bird or the rivulet_sings_; we speak of "the _singing_ quality" of an instrument, and bystill wider extension of meaning we say the teakettle or the cricket_sings_. To _chant_ is to _sing_ in solemn and somewhat uniform cadence;_chant_ is ordinarily applied to non-metrical religious compositions. To_carol_ is to _sing_ joyously, and to _warble_ (kindred with _whirl_) isto _sing_ with trills or quavers, usually also with the idea of joy. _Carol_ and _warble_ are especially applied to the _singing_ of birds. To _chirp_ is to utter a brief musical sound, perhaps often repeated inthe same key, as by certain small birds, insects, etc. To _chirrup_ isto utter a somewhat similar sound; the word is often used of a brief, sharp sound uttered as a signal to animate or rouse a horse or otheranimal. To _hum_ is to utter murmuring sounds with somewhat monotonousmusical cadence, usually with closed lips; we speak also of the _hum_ ofmachinery, etc. * * * * * SKEPTIC. Synonyms: agnostic, deist, doubter, infidel, unbeliever. Atheist, disbeliever, freethinker, The _skeptic_ doubts divine revelation; the _disbeliever_ and the_unbeliever_ reject it, the _disbeliever_ with more of intellectualdissent, the _unbeliever_ (in the common acceptation) with indifferenceor with opposition of heart as well as of intellect. _Infidel_ is anopprobrious term that might once almost have been said to begeographical in its range. The Crusaders called all Mohammedans_infidels_, and were so called by them in return; the word is commonlyapplied to any decided opponent of an accepted religion. The _atheist_denies that there is a God; the _deist_ admits the existence of God, butdenies that the Christian Scriptures are a revelation from him; the_agnostic_ denies either that we do know or that we can know whetherthere is a God. Antonyms: believer, Christian. * * * * * SKETCH. Synonyms: brief, draft, outline, plan, design, drawing, picture, skeleton. A _sketch_ is a rough, suggestive presentation of anything, whethergraphic or literary, commonly intended to be preliminary to a morecomplete or extended treatment. An _outline_ gives only the bounding ordetermining lines of a figure or a scene; a _sketch_ may give not onlylines, but shading and color, but is hasty and incomplete. The lines ofa _sketch_ are seldom so full and continuous as those of an _outline_, being, like the shading or color, little more than indications orsuggestions according to which a finished _picture_ may be made; theartist's first representation of a sunset, the hues of which change sorapidly, must of necessity be a _sketch_. _Draft_ and _plan_ applyespecially to mechanical drawing, of which _outline_, _sketch_, and_drawing_ are also used; a _plan_ is strictly a view from above, as of abuilding or machine, giving the lines of a horizontal section, originally at the level of the ground, now in a wider sense at anyheight; as, a _plan_ of the cellar; a _plan_ of the attic. A mechanical_drawing_ is always understood to be in full detail; a _draft_ is anincomplete or unfinished _drawing_; a _design_ is such a preliminary_sketch_ as indicates the object to be accomplished or the result to beattained, and is understood to be original. One may make a _drawing_ ofany well-known mechanism, or a _drawing_ from another man's _design_;but if he says, "The _design_ is mine, " he claims it as his owninvention or composition. In written composition an _outline_ givessimply the main divisions, and in the case of a sermon is often called a_skeleton_; a somewhat fuller suggestion of illustration, treatment, andstyle is given in a _sketch_. A lawyer's _brief_ is a succinct statementof the main facts involved in a case, and of the main heads of hisargument on points of law, with reference to authorities cited; the_brief_ has none of the vagueness of a _sketch_, being sufficientlyexact and complete to form, on occasion, the basis for the decision ofthe court without oral argument, when the case is said to be "submittedon _brief_. " Compare DESIGN. * * * * * SKILFUL. Synonyms: accomplished, apt, dexterous, happy, proficient, adept, clever, expert, ingenious, skilled, adroit, deft, handy, practised, trained. _Skilful_ signifies possessing and using readily practical knowledge andability, having alert and well-trained faculties with reference to agiven work. One is _adept_ in that for which he has a natural giftimproved by practise; he is _expert_ in that of which training, experience, and study have given him a thorough mastery; he is_dexterous_ in that which he can do effectively, with or withouttraining, especially in work of the hand or bodily activities. In thecase of the noun, "an expert" denotes one who is "experienced" in thefullest sense, a master of his branch of knowledge. A _skilled_ workmanis one who has thoroughly learned his trade, though he may be naturallyquite dull; a _skilful_ workman has some natural brightness, ability, and power of adaptation, in addition to his acquired knowledge anddexterity. Compare CLEVER; DEXTERITY; POWER. Antonyms: awkward, clumsy, inexpert, shiftless, unskilled, untrained. Bungling, helpless, maladroit, unhandy, untaught, Prepositions: Skilful _at_ or _in_ a work, _with_ a pen or tool of any kind. * * * * * SLANDER. Synonyms: asperse, decry, disparage, revile, backbite, defame, libel, traduce, calumniate, depreciate, malign, vilify. To _slander_ a person is to utter a false and injurious reportconcerning him; to _defame_ is specifically and directly to attack one'sreputation; to _defame_ by spoken words is to _slander_, by writtenwords, to _libel_. To _asperse_ is, as it were, to bespatter withinjurious charges; to _malign_ is to circulate studied and maliciousattacks upon character; to _traduce_ is to exhibit one's real or assumedtraits in an odious light; to _revile_ or _vilify_ is to attack withvile abuse. To _disparage_ is to represent one's admitted good traits oracts as less praiseworthy than they would naturally be thought to be, asfor instance, by ascribing a man's benevolence to a desire forpopularity or display. To _libel_ or _slander_ is to make an assaultupon character and repute that comes within the scope of law; the_slander_ is uttered, the _libel_ written, printed, or pictured. To_backbite_ is to speak something secretly to one's injury; to_calumniate_ is to invent as well as utter the injurious charge. One may"abuse, " "assail, " or _vilify_ another to his face; he _asperses_, _calumniates_, _slanders_, or _traduces_ him behind his back. Antonyms: defend, eulogize, extol, laud, praise, vindicate. * * * * * SLANG. Synonyms: cant, colloquialism, vulgarism, vulgarity. A _colloquialism_ is an expression not coarse or low, and perhaps notincorrect, but below the literary grade; educated persons are apt toallow themselves some _colloquialisms_ in familiar conversation, whichthey would avoid in writing or public speaking. _Slang_, in the primarysense, denotes expressions that are either coarse and rude in themselvesor chiefly current among the coarser and ruder part of the community;there are also many expressions current in special senses in certaincommunities that may be characterized as _slang_; as, college _slang_;club _slang_; racing _slang_. In the evolution of language many wordsoriginally _slang_ are adopted by good writers and speakers, andultimately take their place as accepted English. A _vulgarism_ is anexpression decidedly incorrect, and the use of which is a mark ofignorance or low breeding. _Cant_, as used in this connection, denotesthe barbarous jargon used as a secret language by thieves, tramps, etc. Compare DICTION; LANGUAGE. * * * * * SLOW. Synonyms: dawdling, dilatory, gradual, lingering, slack, delaying, drowsy, inactive, moderate, sluggish, deliberate, dull, inert, procrastinating, tardy. _Slow_ signifies moving through a relatively short distance, or with arelatively small number of motions in a given time; _slow_ also appliesto that which is a relatively long while in beginning or accomplishingsomething; a watch or a clock is said to be _slow_ when its indicationsare behind those of the standard time. _Tardy_ is applied to that whichis behind the proper or desired time, especially in doing a work orarriving at a place. _Deliberate_ and _dilatory_ are used of persons, tho the latter may be used also of things, as of a stream; a person is_deliberate_ who takes a noticeably long time to consider and decidebefore acting or who acts or speaks as if he were deliberating at everypoint; a person is _dilatory_ who lays aside, or puts off as long aspossible, necessary or required action; both words may be applied eitherto undertaking or to doing. _Gradual_ (L. _gradus_, a step) signifiesadvancing by steps, and refers to _slow_ but regular and sureprogression. _Slack_ refers to action that seems to indicate a lack oftension, as of muscle or of will, _sluggish_ to action that seems as ifreluctant to advance. Antonyms: See synonyms for NIMBLE. * * * * * SNEER. Synonyms: fling, gibe, jeer, mock, scoff, taunt. A _sneer_ may be simply a contemptuous facial contortion, or it may besome brief satirical utterance that throws a contemptuous side-light onwhat it attacks without attempting to prove or disprove; a depreciatoryimplication may be given in a _sneer_ such as could only be answered byelaborate argument or proof, which would seem to give the attack undueimportance: Who can refute a _sneer_? PALEY _Moral Philosophy_ bk. V, ch. Ix. A _fling_ is careless and commonly pettish; a _taunt_ is intentionallyinsulting and provoking; the _sneer_ is supercilious; the _taunt_ isdefiant. The _jeer_ and _gibe_ are uttered; the _gibe_ is bitter, andoften sly or covert; the _jeer_ is rude and open. A _scoff_ may be inact or word, and is commonly directed against that which claims honor, reverence, or worship. Compare BANTER. Preposition: Only an essentially vicious mind is capable of a sneer _at_ virtue. * * * * * SOCIALISM. Synonyms: collectivism, communism, fabianism. _Socialism_, as defined by its advocates, is a theory of civil politythat aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase of wealth, and a more equal distribution of the products of labor through thepublic collective ownership of land and capital (as distinguished fromproperty), and the public collective management of all industries. Itsaim is extended industrial cooperation; _socialism_ is a purely economicterm, applying to landownership and productive capital. Many socialistscall themselves _collectivists_, and their system _collectivism_. _Communism_ would divide all things, including the profits of individuallabor, among members of the community; many of its advocates wouldabolish marriage and the family relation. _Anarchism_ is properly anantonym of _socialism_, as it would destroy, by violence if necessary, all existing government and social order, leaving the future todetermine what, if anything, should be raised upon their ruins. * * * * * SOUND. Synonyms: noise, note, tone. _Sound_ is the sensation produced through the organs of hearing or thephysical cause of this sensation. _Sound_ is the most comprehensive wordof this group, applying to anything that is audible. _Tone_ is _sound_considered as having some musical quality or as expressive of somefeeling; _noise_ is _sound_ considered without reference to musicalquality or as distinctly unmusical or discordant. Thus, in the mostgeneral sense _noise_ and _sound_ scarcely differ, and we say almostindifferently, "I heard a _sound_, " or "I heard a _noise_. " We speak ofa fine, musical, or pleasing _sound_, but never thus of a _noise_. Inmusic, _tone_ may denote either a musical _sound_ or the intervalbetween two such _sounds_, but in the most careful usage the latter isnow distinguished as the "interval, " leaving _tone_ to stand only forthe _sound_. _Note_ in music strictly denotes the character representinga _sound_, but in loose popular usage it denotes the _sound_ also, andbecomes practically equivalent to _tone_. Aside from its musical use, _tone_ is chiefly applied to that quality of the human voice by whichfeeling is expressed; as, he spoke in a cheery _tone_; the word issimilarly applied to the voices of birds and other animals, andsometimes to inanimate objects. As used of a musical instrument, _tone_denotes the general quality of its sounds collectively considered. * * * * * SPEAK. Synonyms: announce, converse, discourse, say, articulate, declaim, enunciate, talk, chat, declare, express, tell, chatter, deliver, pronounce, utter. To _utter_ is to give forth as an audible sound, articulate or not. To_talk_ is to _utter_ a succession of connected words, ordinarily withthe expectation of being listened to. To _speak_ is to give articulateutterance even to a single word; the officer _speaks_ the word ofcommand, but does not _talk_ it. To _speak_ is also to _utter_ wordswith the ordinary intonation, as distinguished from singing. To _chat_is ordinarily to _utter_ in a familiar, conversational way; to _chatter_is to _talk_ in an empty, ceaseless way like a magpie. Prepositions: Speak _to_ (address) a person; speak _with_ a person (converse withhim); speak _of_ or _about_ a thing (make it the subject of remark);speak _on_ or _upon_ a subject; in parliamentary language, speak _to_the question. * * * * * SPEECH. Synonyms: address, dissertation, oration, speaking, discourse, harangue, oratory, talk, disquisition, language, sermon, utterance. _Speech_ is the general word for _utterance_ of thought in _language_. A_speech_ may be the delivering of one's sentiments in the simplest way;an _oration_ is an elaborate and prepared _speech_; a _harangue_ is avehement appeal to passion, or a _speech_ that has somethingdisputatious and combative in it. A _discourse_ is a set _speech_ on adefinite subject, intended to convey instruction. Compare CONVERSATION;DICTION; LANGUAGE. Antonyms: hush, silence, speechlessness, stillness, taciturnity. * * * * * SPONTANEOUS. Synonyms: automatic, impulsive, involuntary, voluntary, free, instinctive, unbidden, willing. That is _spontaneous_ which is freely done, with no external compulsionand, in human actions, without special premeditation or distinctdetermination of the will; that is _voluntary_ which is freely done withdistinct act of will; that is _involuntary_ which is independent of thewill, and perhaps in opposition to it; a _willing_ act is not only inaccordance with will, but with desire. Thus _voluntary_ and_involuntary_, which are antonyms of each other, are both partialsynonyms of _spontaneous_. We speak of _spontaneous_ generation, _spontaneous_ combustion, _spontaneous_ sympathy, an _involuntary_start, an _unbidden_ tear, _voluntary_ agreement, _willing_ submission. A babe's smile in answer to that of its mother is _spontaneous_; thesmile of a pouting child wheedled into good humor is _involuntary_. Inphysiology the action of the heart and lungs is called _involuntary_;the growth of the hair and nails is _spontaneous_; the action ofswallowing is _voluntary_ up to a certain point, beyond which it becomes_involuntary_ or _automatic_. In the fullest sense of that which is notonly without the will but distinctly in opposition to it, or compulsory, _involuntary_ becomes an antonym, not only of _voluntary_ but of_spontaneous_; as, _involuntary_ servitude. A _spontaneous_ outburst ofapplause is of necessity an act of volition, but so completely dependenton sympathetic impulse that it would seem frigid to call it _voluntary_, while to call it _involuntary_ would imply some previous purpose orinclination not to applaud. * * * * * SPY. Synonyms: detective, emissary, scout. The _scout_ and the _spy_ are both employed to obtain information of thenumbers, movements, etc. , of an enemy. The _scout_ lurks on theoutskirts of the hostile army with such concealment as the case admitsof, but without disguise; a _spy_ enters in disguise within the enemy'slines. A _scout_, if captured, has the rights of a prisoner of war; a_spy_ is held to have forfeited all rights, and is liable, in case ofcapture, to capital punishment. An _emissary_ is rather political thanmilitary; sent rather to secretly influence opponents than to bringinformation concerning them; so far as he does the latter, he is notonly an _emissary_, but a _spy_. * * * * * STAIN. Synonyms: blot, discolor, dishonor, soil, sully, tinge, color, disgrace, dye, spot, tarnish, tint. To _color_ is to impart a color desired or undesired, temporary orpermanent, or, in the intransitive use, to assume a color in any way;as, he _colored_ with shame and vexation. To _dye_ is to impart a colorintentionally and with a view to permanence, and especially so as topervade the substance or fiber of that to which it is applied. To_stain_ is primarily to _discolor_, to impart a color undesired andperhaps unintended, and which may or may not be permanent. Thus, acharacter "_dyed_ in the wool" is one that has received some early, permanent, and pervading influence; a character _stained_ with crime orguilt is debased and perverted. _Stain_ is, however, used of giving anintended and perhaps pleasing color to wood, glass, etc. , by anapplication of coloring-matter which enters the substance a little belowthe surface, in distinction from painting, in which coloring-matter isspread upon the surface; _dyeing_ is generally said of wool, yarn, cloth, or similar materials which are dipped into the _coloring_ liquid. Figuratively, a standard or a garment may be _dyed_ with blood inhonorable warfare; an assassin's weapon is _stained_ with the blood ofhis victim. To _tinge_ is to _color_ slightly, and may also be used ofgiving a slight flavor, or a slight admixture of one ingredient orquality with another that is more pronounced. * * * * * STATE. Synonyms: affirm, aver, declare, predicate, set forth, allege, avouch, depose, pronounce, specify, assert, avow, express, propound, swear, asseverate, certify, inform, protest, tell, assure, claim, maintain, say, testify. To _state_ (L. _sto_, stand) is to _set forth_ explicitly, formally, orparticularly in speech or writing. _Assert_ (L. _ad_, to, and _sero_, bind) is strongly personal, signifying to _state_ boldly and positivelywhat the one making the statement has not attempted and may not attemptto prove. _Affirm_ has less of egotism than _assert_ (as seen in theword _self-assertion_), coming nearer to _aver_. It has more solemnitythan _declare_, and more composure and dignity than _asseverate_, whichis to _assert_ excitedly. In legal usage, _affirm_ has a generalagreement with _depose_ and _testify_; it differs from _swear_ in notinvoking the name of God. To _assure_ is to _state_ with such authorityand confidence as the speaker feels ought to make the hearer sure. _Certify_ is more formal, and applies rather to written documents orlegal processes. _Assure_, _certify_, _inform_, apply to the person;_affirm_, etc. , to the thing. _Assert_ is combative; _assure_ isconciliatory. I _assert_ my right to cross the river; I _assure_ myfriend it is perfectly safe. To _aver_ is to _state_ positively what iswithin one's own knowledge or matter of deep conviction. One may_assert_ himself, or _assert_ his right to what he is willing to contendfor; or he may _assert_ in discussion what he is ready to maintain byargument or evidence. To _assert_ without proof is always to lay oneselfopen to the suspicion of having no proof to offer, and seems to arrogatetoo much to one's personal authority, and hence in such cases both theverb _assert_ and its noun _assertion_ have an unfavorable sense; we saya mere _assertion_, a bare _assertion_, his unsupported _assertion_; he_asserted_ his innocence has less force than he _affirmed_ or_maintained_ his innocence. _Affirm_, _state_, and _tell_ have not thecontroversial sense of _assert_, but are simply declarative. To_vindicate_ is to defend successfully what is assailed. Almost everycriminal will _assert_ his innocence; the honest man will seldom lackmeans to _vindicate_ his integrity. Antonyms: contradict, controvert, disprove, gainsay, refute, retract, contravene, deny, dispute, oppose, repudiate, waive. * * * * * STEEP. Synonyms: abrupt, high, precipitous, sharp, sheer. _High_ is used of simple elevation; _steep_ is said only of an inclinewhere the vertical measurement is sufficiently great in proportion tothe horizontal to make it difficult of ascent. _Steep_ is relative; anascent of 100 feet to the mile on a railway is a _steep_ grade; a riseof 500 feet to the mile makes a _steep_ wagon-road; a roof is _steep_when it makes with the horizontal line an angle of more than 45°. A_high_ mountain may be climbed by a winding road nowhere _steep_, whilea little hill may be accessible only by a _steep_ path. A _sharp_ascent or descent is one that makes a sudden, decided angle with theplane from which it starts; a _sheer_ ascent or descent isperpendicular, or nearly so; _precipitous_ applies to that which is ofthe nature of a precipice, and is used especially of a descent; _abrupt_is as if broken sharply off, and applies to either acclivity ordeclivity. Compare HIGH. Antonyms: easy, flat, gentle, gradual, horizontal, level, low, slight. * * * * * STORM. Synonyms: agitation, disturbance, tempest. A _storm_ is properly a _disturbance_ of the atmosphere, with or withoutrain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. Thus we have rain-_storm_, snow-_storm_, etc. , and by extension, magnetic _storm_. A _tempest_ is a_storm_ of extreme violence, always attended with some precipitation, asof rain, from the atmosphere. In the moral and figurative use, _storm_and _tempest_ are not closely discriminated, except that _tempest_commonly implies greater intensity. We speak of _agitation_ of feeling, _disturbance_ of mind, a _storm_ of passion, a _tempest_ of rage. Antonyms: calm, fair weather, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquillity. * * * * * STORY. Synonyms: account, legend, narrative, recital, relation, anecdote, myth, novel, record, tale. Incident, narration, A _story_ is the telling of some series of connected incidents orevents, whether real or fictitious, in prose or verse, orally or inwriting; or the series of incidents or events thus related may be termeda _story_. In children's talk, a _story_ is a common euphemism for afalsehood. _Tale_ is nearly synonymous with _story_, but is somewhatarchaic; it is used for an imaginative, legendary, or fictitious_recital_, especially if of ancient date; as, a fairy _tale_; also, foran idle or malicious report; as, do not tell _tales_; "where there is no_tale_-bearer, the strife ceaseth. " _Prov. _ xxvi, 20. An _anecdote_tells briefly some _incident_, assumed to be fact. If it passes closelimits of brevity, it ceases to be an _anecdote_, and becomes a_narrative_ or _narration_. A traditional or mythical _story_ of ancienttimes is a _legend_. A history is often somewhat poetically called a_story_; as, the _story_ of the American civil war. Compare ALLEGORY;FICTION; HISTORY. Antonyms: annals, biography, chronicle, history, memoir. * * * * * STUPIDITY. Synonyms: apathy, insensibility, slowness, stupefaction, dulness, obtuseness, sluggishness, stupor. _Stupidity_ is sometimes loosely used for temporary _dulness_ or partial_stupor_, but chiefly for innate and chronic _dulness_ and_sluggishness_ of mental action, _obtuseness_ of apprehension, etc. _Apathy_ may be temporary, and be dispelled by appeal to the feelings orby the presentation of an adequate motive, but _stupidity_ is inveterateand commonly incurable. Compare APATHY; IDIOCY; STUPOR. Antonyms: acuteness, brilliancy, keenness, sagacity, alertness, cleverness, quickness, sense, animation, intelligence, readiness, sensibility. * * * * * STUPOR. Synonyms: apathy, fainting, stupefaction, syncope, asphyxia, insensibility, swoon, torpor, coma, lethargy, swooning, unconsciousness. _Stupor_ is a condition of the body in which the action of the sensesand faculties is suspended or greatly dulled--weakness or loss ofsensibility. The _apathy_ of disease is a mental affection, a state ofmorbid indifference; _lethargy_ is a morbid tendency to heavy andcontinued sleep, from which the patient may perhaps be momentarilyaroused. _Coma_ is a deep, abnormal sleep, from which the patient cannot be aroused, or is aroused only with difficulty, a state of profound_insensibility_, perhaps with full pulse and deep, stertorous breathing, and is due to brain-oppression. _Syncope_ or _swooning_ is a sudden lossof sensation and of power of motion, with suspension of pulse and ofrespiration, and is due to failure of heart-action, as from suddennervous shock or intense mental emotion. _Insensibility_ is a generalterm denoting loss of feeling from any cause, as from cold, intoxication, or injury. _Stupor_ is especially profound and confirmed_insensibility_, properly comatose. _Asphyxia_ is a special form of_syncope_ resulting from partial or total suspension of respiration, asin strangulation, drowning, or inhalation of noxious gases. * * * * * SUBJECTIVE. Synonym: objective. _Subjective_ and _objective_ are synonyms in but one point of view, being, for the most part, strictly antonyms. _Subjective_ signifiesrelating to the subject of mental states, that is, to the person whoexperiences them; _objective_ signifies relating to the object of mentalstates, that is, to something outside the perceiving mind; in briefphrase it may be said that _subjective_ relates to something within themind, _objective_ to something without. A mountain, as a mass of acertain size, contour, color, etc. , is an _objective_ fact; theimpression our mind receives, the mental picture it forms of themountain, is _subjective_. But this _subjective_ impression may becomeitself the object of thought (called "subject-object"), as when wecompare our mental picture of the mountain with our idea of a plain orriver. The direct experiences of the soul, as joy, grief, hope, fear, are purely _subjective_; the outward causes of these experiences, asprosperity, bereavement, disappointment, are _objective_. That which hasindependent existence or authority apart from our experience or thoughtis said to have _objective_ existence or authority; thus we speak of the_objective_ authority of the moral law. Different individuals mayreceive different _subjective_ impressions from the same _objective_fact, that which to one is a cause of hope being to another a cause offear, etc. The style of a writer is called _objective_ when it derivesits materials mainly from or reaches out toward external objects; it iscalled _subjective_ when it derives its materials mainly from orconstantly tends to revert to the personal experience of the author. Compare INHERENT. * * * * * SUBSIDY. Synonyms: aid, bounty, indemnity, reward, support, allowance, gift, pension, subvention, tribute. Bonus, grant, premium, A _subsidy_ is pecuniary aid directly granted by government to anindividual or commercial enterprise, or money furnished by one nation toanother to aid it in carrying on war against a common enemy. A nationgrants a _subsidy_ to an ally, pays a _tribute_ to a conqueror. An_indemnity_ is in the nature of things limited and temporary, while a_tribute_ might be exacted indefinitely. A nation may also grant a_subsidy_ to its own citizens as a means of promoting the publicwelfare; as, a _subsidy_ to a steamship company. The somewhat rare term_subvention_ is especially applied to a _grant_ of governmental aid to aliterary or artistic enterprise. Governmental _aid_ to a commercial orindustrial enterprise other than a transportation company is morefrequently called a _bounty_ than a _subsidy_; as, the sugar _bounty_. The word _bounty_ may be applied to almost any regular or stipulated_allowance_ by a government to a citizen or citizens; as, a _bounty_ forenlisting in the army; a _bounty_ for killing wolves. A _bounty_ isoffered for something to be done; a _pension_ is granted for somethingthat has been done. * * * * * SUBVERT. Synonyms: destroy, overthrow, ruin, supplant, extinguish, overturn, supersede, suppress. To _subvert_ is to overthrow from or as from the very foundation;utterly destroy; bring to ruin. The word is now generally figurative, asof moral or political ruin. To _supersede_ implies the putting ofsomething that is wisely or unwisely preferred in the place of thatwhich is removed; to _subvert_ does not imply substitution. To_supplant_ is more often personal, signifying to take the place ofanother, usually by underhanded means; one is _superseded_ by authority, _supplanted_ by a rival. Compare ABOLISH. Antonyms: conserve, keep, perpetuate, preserve, sustain, uphold. * * * * * SUCCEED. Synonyms: achieve, attain, flourish, prevail, prosper, thrive, win. A person _succeeds_ when he accomplishes what he attempts, or _attains_a desired object or result; an enterprise or undertaking _succeeds_ thathas a prosperous result. To _win_ implies that some one loses, but onemay _succeed_ where no one fails. A solitary swimmer _succeeds_ inreaching the shore; if we say he _wins_ the shore we contrast him withhimself as a possible loser. Many students may _succeed_ in study; a few_win_ the special prizes, for which all compete. Compare FOLLOW. Antonyms: be defeated, come short, fail, fall short, lose, miss, miscarry. * * * * * SUGGESTION. Synonyms: hint, implication, innuendo, insinuation, intimation. A _suggestion_ (L. _sub_, under, and _gero_, bring) brings somethingbefore the mind less directly than by formal or explicit statement, asby a partial statement, an incidental allusion, an illustration, aquestion, or the like. _Suggestion_ is often used of an unobtrusivestatement of one's views or wishes to another, leaving consideration andany consequent action entirely to his judgment, and is hence, in manycases, the most respectful way in which one can convey his views to asuperior or a stranger. A _suggestion_ may be given unintentionally, andeven unconsciously, as when we say an author has "a _suggestive_ style. "An _intimation_ is a _suggestion_ in brief utterance, or sometimes bysignificant act, gesture, or token, of one's meaning or wishes; in thelatter case it is often the act of a superior; as, God in his providencegives us _intimations_ of his will. A _hint_ is still more limited inexpression, and is always covert, but frequently with good intent; as, to give one a _hint_ of danger or of opportunity. _Insinuation_ and_innuendo_ are used in the bad sense; an _insinuation_ is a covert orpartly veiled injurious utterance, sometimes to the very personattacked; an _innuendo_ is commonly secret as well as sly, as ifpointing one out by a significant nod (L. _in_, in, to, and _nuo_, nod). * * * * * SUPERNATURAL. Synonyms: miraculous, preternatural, superhuman. The _supernatural_ (_super_, above) is above or superior to therecognized powers of nature; the _preternatural_ (_preter_, beyond) isaside from or beyond the recognized results or operations of naturallaw, often in the sense of inauspicious; as, a _preternatural_ gloom. _Miraculous_ is more emphatic and specific than _supernatural_, asreferring to the direct personal intervention of divine power. Some holdthat a miracle, as the raising of the dead, is a direct suspension andeven violation of natural laws by the fiat of the Creator, and hence is, in the strictest sense, _supernatural_; others hold that the miracle issimply the calling forth of a power residing in the laws of nature, butnot within their ordinary operation, and dependent on a distinct act ofGod, so that the _miraculous_ might be termed "extranatural, " ratherthan _supernatural_. All that is beyond human power is _superhuman_; as, prophecy gives evidence of _superhuman_ knowledge; the word issometimes applied to remarkable manifestations of human power, surpassing all that is ordinary. Antonyms: common, commonplace, everyday, natural, ordinary, usual. * * * * * SUPPORT. Synonyms: bear, cherish, keep, maintain, sustain, carry, hold up, keep up, prop, uphold. _Support_ and _sustain_ alike signify to _hold up_ or _keep up_, toprevent from falling or sinking; but _sustain_ has a special sense ofcontinuous exertion or of great strength continuously exerted, as whenwe speak of _sustained_ endeavor or a _sustained_ note; a flower is_supported_ by the stem or a temple-roof by arches; the foundations of agreat building _sustain_ an enormous pressure; to _sustain_ life impliesa greater exigency and need than to _support_ life; to say one is_sustained_ under affliction is to say more both of the severity of thetrial and the completeness of the _upholding_ than if we say he is_supported_. To _bear_ is the most general word, denoting all _holdingup_ or _keeping up_ of any object, whether in rest or motion; in thederived senses it refers to something that is a tax upon strength orendurance; as, to _bear_ a strain; to _bear_ pain or grief. To_maintain_ is to _keep_ in a state or condition, especially in anexcellent and desirable condition; as, to _maintain_ health orreputation; to _maintain_ one's position; to _maintain_ a cause orproposition is to hold it against opposition or difficulty. To _support_may be partial, to _maintain_ is complete; _maintain_ is a word of moredignity than _support_; a man _supports_ his family; a state _maintains_an army or navy. To _prop_ is always partial, signifying to add_support_ to something that is insecure. Compare ABET; ENDURE; KEEP. Antonyms: abandon, break down, demolish, destroy, let go, throw down, betray, cast down, desert, drop, overthrow, wreck. Prepositions: The roof is supported _by_, _on_, or _upon_ pillars; the family wassupported _on_ or _upon_ a pittance, or _by_ charity. * * * * * SUPPOSE. Synonyms: conjecture, deem, guess, imagine, surmise, think. To _suppose_ is temporarily to assume a thing as true, either with theexpectation of finding it so or for the purpose of ascertaining whatwould follow if it were so. To _suppose_ is also to think a thing to betrue while aware or conceding that the belief does not rest upon anysure ground, and may not accord with fact; or yet again, to _suppose_ isto imply as true or involved as a necessary inference; as, design_supposes_ the existence of a designer. To _conjecture_ is to puttogether the nearest available materials for a provisional opinion, always with some expectation of finding the facts to be as_conjectured_. To _imagine_ is to form a mental image of something asexisting, tho its actual existence may be unknown, or even impossible. To _think_, in this application, is to hold as the result of thoughtwhat is admitted not to be matter of exact or certain knowledge; as, Ido not know, but I _think_ this to be the fact: a more conclusivestatement than would be made by the use of _conjecture_ or _suppose_. Compare DOUBT; HYPOTHESIS. Antonyms: ascertain, be sure, conclude, discover, know, prove. * * * * * SURRENDER. Synonyms: abandon, cede, give over, relinquish, alienate, give, give up, sacrifice, capitulate, give oneself up, let go, yield. To _surrender_ is to _give up_ upon compulsion, as to an enemy in war, hence to _give up_ to any person, passion, influence, or power. To_yield_ is to give place or give way under pressure, and hence undercompulsion. _Yield_ implies more softness or concession than_surrender_; the most determined men may _surrender_ to overwhelmingforce; when one _yields_, his spirit is at least somewhat subdued. Amonarch or a state _cedes_ territory perhaps for a consideration;_surrenders_ an army, a navy, or a fortified place to a conqueror; amilitary commander _abandons_ an untenable position or unavailablestores. We _sacrifice_ something precious through error, friendship, orduty, _yield_ to convincing reasons, a stronger will, winsomepersuasion, or superior force. Compare ABANDON. * * * * * SYNONYMOUS. Synonyms: alike, equivalent, like, similar, correspondent, identical, same, synonymic. Corresponding, interchangeable, _Synonymous_ (Gr. _syn_, together, and _onyma_, name) strictly signifiesbeing _interchangeable_ names for the same thing, or being one of twoor more _interchangeable_ names for the same thing; to say that twowords are _synonymous_ is strictly to say they are _alike_, _equivalent_, _identical_, or the _same_ in meaning; but the use of_synonymous_ in this strict sense is somewhat rare, and rather withreference to statements than to words. To say that we are morally developed is _synonymous_ with saying that we have reaped what some one has suffered for us. H. W. BEECHER _Royal Truths_ p. 294. [T. & F. '66. ] In the strictest sense, _synonymous_ words scarcely exist; rarely, ifever, are any two words in any language _equivalent_ or _identical_ inmeaning; where a difference in meaning can not easily be shown, adifference in usage commonly exists, so that the words are not_interchangeable_. By _synonymous_ words (or _synonyms_) we usuallyunderstand words that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of theirmeaning, and may hence within certain limits be used interchangeably, while outside of those limits they may differ very greatly in meaningand use. It is the office of a work on synonyms to point out thesecorrespondences and differences, that language may have the flexibilitythat comes from freedom of selection within the common limits, with theperspicuity and precision that result from exact choice of the fittestwords to express each shade of meaning outside of the common limits. Toconsider _synonymous_ words _identical_ is fatal to accuracy; to forgetthat they are _similar_, to some extent _equivalent_, and sometimes_interchangeable_, is destructive of freedom and variety. * * * * * SYSTEM. Synonyms: manner, method, mode, order, regularity, rule. _Order_ in this connection denotes the fact or result of properarrangement according to the due relation or sequence of the mattersarranged; as, these papers are in _order_; in alphabetical _order_. _Method_ denotes a process, a general or established way of doing orproceeding in anything; _rule_, an authoritative requirement or anestablished course of things; _system_, not merely a law of action orprocedure, but a comprehensive plan in which all the parts are relatedto each other and to the whole; as, a _system_ of theology; a railroad_system_; the digestive _system_; _manner_ refers to the externalqualities of actions, and to those often as settled and characteristic;we speak of a _system_ of taxation, a _method_ of collecting taxes, the_rules_ by which assessments are made; or we say, as a _rule_ thepayments are heaviest at a certain time of year; a just tax may be madeodious by the _manner_ of its collection. _Regularity_ applies to theeven disposition of objects or uniform recurrence of acts in a series. There may be _regularity_ without _order_, as in the recurrence ofparoxysms of disease or insanity; there may be _order_ without_regularity_, as in the arrangement of furniture in a room, where theobjects are placed at varying distances. _Order_ commonly implies thedesign of an intelligent agent or the appearance or suggestion of suchdesign; _regularity_ applies to an actual uniform disposition orrecurrence with no suggestion of purpose, and as applied to humanaffairs is less intelligent and more mechanical than _order_. The mostperfect _order_ is often secured with least _regularity_, as in a fineessay or oration. The same may be said of _system_. There is a_regularity_ of dividing a treatise into topics, paragraphs, andsentences, that is destructive of true rhetorical _system_. CompareHABIT; HYPOTHESIS. Antonyms: chaos, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, irregularity. Confusion, * * * * * TACITURN. Synonyms: close, mute, reticent, speechless, dumb, reserved, silent, uncommunicative. _Dumb_, _mute_, _silent_ and _speechless_ refer to fact or state;_taciturn_ refers to habit and disposition. The talkative person may bestricken _dumb_ with surprise or terror; the obstinate may remain_mute_; one may be _silent_ through preoccupation of mind or of setpurpose; but the _taciturn_ person is averse to the utterance of thoughtor feeling and to communication with others, either from naturaldisposition or for the occasion. One who is _silent_ does not speak atall; one who is _taciturn_ speaks when compelled, but in a grudging waythat repels further approach. _Reserved_ suggests more of method andintention than _taciturn_, applying often to some special time or topic;one who is communicative regarding all else may be _reserved_ about hisbusiness. _Reserved_ is thus closely equivalent to _uncommunicative_, but is a somewhat stronger word, often suggesting pride or haughtiness, as when we say one is _reserved_ toward inferiors. Compare PRIDE. Antonyms: communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative, unreserved. * * * * * TASTEFUL. Synonyms: artistic, delicate, esthetic, fastidious, nice, chaste, delicious, esthetical, fine, tasty. Dainty, elegant, exquisite, _Elegant_ (L. _elegans_, select) refers to that assemblage of qualitieswhich makes anything choice to persons of culture and refinement; itrefers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty in form or motion, especially denoting that which exhibits faultless taste and perfectionof finish. That which is _elegant_ is made so not merely by nature, butby art and culture; a woodland dell may be beautiful or picturesque, butwould not ordinarily be termed _elegant_. _Tasteful_ refers to that inwhich the element of taste is more prominent, standing, as it were, moreby itself, while in _elegant_ it is blended as part of the whole. _Tasty_ is an inferior word, used colloquially in a similar sense. _Chaste_ (primarily _pure_), denotes in literature and art that which istrue to the higher and finer feelings and free from all excess ormeretricious ornament. _Dainty_ and _delicate_ refer to the lighter andfiner elements of taste and beauty, _dainty_ tending in personal use toan excessive scrupulousness which is more fully expressed by_fastidious_. _Nice_ and _delicate_ both refer to exact adaptation tosome standard; the bar of a balance can be said to be nicely ordelicately poised; as regards matters of taste and beauty, _delicate_ isa higher and more discriminating word than _nice_, and is always used ina favorable sense; a _delicate_ distinction is one worth observing; a_nice_ distinction may be so, or may be overstrained and unduly subtle;_fine_ in such use, is closely similar to _delicate_ and _nice_, but(tho capable of an unfavorable sense) has commonly a suggestion ofpositive excellence or admirableness; a _fine_ touch does something;_fine_ perceptions are to some purpose; _delicate_ is capable of thesingle unfavorable sense of frail or fragile; as, a _delicate_constitution. _Esthetic_ or _esthetical_ refers to beauty or theappreciation of the beautiful, especially from the philosophic point ofview. _Exquisite_ denotes the utmost perfection of the _elegant_ inminute details; we speak of an _elegant_ garment, an _exquisite_ lace. _Exquisite_ is also applied to intense keenness of any feeling; as, _exquisite_ delight; _exquisite_ pain. See BEAUTIFUL; DELICIOUS; FINE. Antonyms: clumsy, displeasing, grotesque, inartistic, rough, coarse, distasteful, harsh, inharmonious, rude, deformed, fulsome, hideous, meretricious, rugged, disgusting, gaudy, horrid, offensive, tawdry. * * * * * TEACH. Synonyms: discipline, give instruction, inform, nurture, drill, give lessons, initiate, school, educate, inculcate, instill, train, enlighten, indoctrinate, instruct, tutor. To _teach_ is simply to communicate knowledge; to _instruct_(originally, to build in or into, put in order) is to impart knowledgewith special method and completeness; _instruct_ has also anauthoritative sense nearly equivalent to command. To _educate_ is todraw out or develop harmoniously the mental powers, and, in the fullestsense, the moral powers as well. To _train_ is to direct to a certainresult powers already existing. _Train_ is used in preference to_educate_ when the reference is to the inferior animals or to thephysical powers of man; as, to _train_ a horse; to _train_ the hand oreye. To _discipline_ is to bring into habitual and complete subjectionto authority; _discipline_ is a severe word, and is often used as aeuphemism for _punish_; to be thoroughly effective in war, soldiers mustbe _disciplined_ as well as _trained_. To _nurture_ is to furnish thecare and sustenance necessary for physical, mental, and moral growth;_nurture_ is a more tender and homelike word than _educate_. CompareEDUCATION. * * * * * TEMERITY. Synonyms: audacity, heedlessness, presumption, foolhardiness, over-confidence, rashness, hardihood, precipitancy, recklessness, hastiness, precipitation, venturesomeness. _Rashness_ applies to the actual rushing into danger without countingthe cost; _temerity_ denotes the needless exposure of oneself to perilwhich is or might be clearly seen to be such. _Rashness_ is used chieflyof bodily acts, _temerity_ often of mental or social matters; there maybe a noble _rashness_, but _temerity_ is always used in a bad sense. Wesay it is amazing that one should have had the _temerity_ to make astatement which could be readily proved a falsehood, or to make anunworthy proposal to one sure to resent it; in such use _temerity_ isoften closely allied to _hardihood_, _audacity_, or _presumption_. _Venturesomeness_ dallies on the edge of danger and experiments with it;_foolhardiness_ rushes in for want of sense, _heedlessness_ for want ofattention, _rashness_ for want of reflection, _recklessness_ fromdisregard of consequences. _Audacity_, in the sense here considered, denotes a dashing and somewhat reckless courage, in defiance ofconventionalities, or of other men's opinions, or of what would bedeemed probable consequences; as, the _audacity_ of a successfulfinancier. Compare EFFRONTERY. Antonyms: care, circumspection, cowardice, hesitation, timidity, wariness. Caution, * * * * * TERM. Synonyms: article, denomination, member, phrase, condition, expression, name, word. _Term_ in its figurative uses always retains something of its literalsense of a boundary or limit. The _articles_ of a contract or otherinstrument are simply the portions into which it is divided forconvenience; the _terms_ are the essential statements on which itsvalidity depends--as it were, the landmarks of its meaning or power; a_condition_ is a contingent _term_ which may become fixed upon thehappening of some contemplated event. In logic a _term_ is one of theessential members of a proposition, the boundary of statement in someone direction. Thus, in general use _term_ is more restricted than_word_, _expression_, or _phrase_; a _term_ is a _word_ that limitsmeaning to a fixed point of statement or to a special class of subjects, as when we speak of the definition of _terms_, that is of thekey-_words_ in any discussion; or we say, that is a legal or scientific_term_. Compare BOUNDARY; DICTION. * * * * * TERSE. Synonyms: brief, concise, neat, short, compact, condensed, pithy, succinct. Compendious, laconic, sententious, Anything _short_ or _brief_ is of relatively small extent. That which is_concise_ (L. _con-_, with, together, and _cædo_, cut) is trimmed down, and that which is _condensed_ (L. _con-_, with, together, and _densus_, thick) is, as it were, pressed together, so as to include as much aspossible within a small space. That which is _compendious_ (L. _com-_, together, and _pendo_, weigh) gathers the substance of a matter into afew words, weighty and effective. The _succinct_ (L. _succinctus_, from_sub-_, under, and _cingo_, gird; girded from below) has an alerteffectiveness as if girded for action. The _summary_ is compacted to theutmost, often to the point of abruptness; as, we speak of a _summary_statement or a _summary_ dismissal. That which is _terse_ (L. _tersus_, from _tergo_, rub off) has an elegant and finished completeness withinthe smallest possible compass, as if rubbed or polished down to theutmost. A _sententious_ style is one abounding in sentences that aresingly striking or memorable, apart from the context; the word may beused invidiously of that which is pretentiously oracular. A _pithy_utterance gives the gist of a matter effectively, whether in rude orelegant style. Antonyms: diffuse, lengthy, long, prolix, tedious, verbose, wordy. * * * * * TESTIMONY. Synonyms: affidavit, attestation, deposition, proof, affirmation, certification, evidence, witness. _Testimony_, in legal as well as in common use, signifies the statementsof witnesses. _Deposition_ and _affidavit_ denote _testimony_ reduced towriting; the _deposition_ differs from the _affidavit_ in that thelatter is voluntary and without cross-examination, while the former ismade under interrogatories and subject to cross-examination. _Evidence_is a broader term, including the _testimony_ of witnesses and all factsof every kind that tend to prove a thing true; we have the _testimony_of a traveler that a fugitive passed this way; his footprints in thesand are additional _evidence_ of the fact. Compare DEMONSTRATION; OATH. * * * * * THEREFORE. Synonyms: accordingly, consequently, then, whence, because, hence, thence, wherefore. _Therefore_, signifying for that (or this) reason, is the most preciseand formal word for expressing the direct conclusion of a chain ofreasoning; _then_ carries a similar but slighter sense of inference, which it gives incidentally rather than formally; as, "All men aremortal; Cæsar is a man; _therefore_ Cæsar is mortal;" or, "The contractis awarded; _then_ there is no more to be said. " _Consequently_ denotesa direct result, but more frequently of a practical than a theoretickind; as, "Important matters demand my attention; _consequently_ I shallnot sail to-day. " _Consequently_ is rarely used in the formalconclusions of logic or mathematics, but marks rather the freer andlooser style of rhetorical argument. _Accordingly_ denotescorrespondence, which may or may not be consequence; it is often used innarration; as, "The soldiers were eager and confident; _accordingly_they sprang forward at the word of command. " _Thence_ is a word of moresweeping inference than _therefore_, applying not merely to a single setof premises, but often to all that has gone before, including thereasonable inferences that have not been formally stated. _Wherefore_ isthe correlative of _therefore_, and _whence_ of _hence_ or _thence_, appending the inference or conclusion to the previous statement withouta break. Compare synonyms for BECAUSE. * * * * * THRONG. Synonyms: concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press. A _crowd_ is a company of persons filling to excess the space theyoccupy and pressing inconveniently upon one another; the total number ina _crowd_ may be great or small. _Throng_ is a word of vastness anddignity, always implying that the persons are numerous as well aspressed or pressing closely together; there may be a dense _crowd_ in asmall room, but there can not be a _throng_. _Host_ and _multitude_ bothimply vast numbers, but a _multitude_ may be diffused over a great spaceso as to be nowhere a _crowd_; _host_ is a military term, and properlydenotes an assembly too orderly for crowding. _Concourse_ signifies aspontaneous gathering of many persons moved by a common impulse, and hasa suggestion of stateliness not found in the word _crowd_, whilesuggesting less massing and pressure than is indicated by the word_throng_. * * * * * TIME. Synonyms: age, duration, epoch, period, sequence, term, date, eon, era, season, succession, while. _Sequence_ and _succession_ apply to events viewed as following oneanother; _time_ and _duration_ denote something conceived of as enduringwhile events take place and acts are done. According to the necessaryconditions of human thought, events are contained in _time_ as objectsare in space, _time_ existing before the event, measuring it as itpasses, and still existing when the event is past. _Duration_ and_succession_ are more general words than _time_; we can speak ofinfinite or eternal _duration_ or _succession_, but _time_ is commonlycontrasted with eternity. _Time_ is measured or measurable _duration_. * * * * * TIP. Synonyms: cant, dip, incline, list, slope, careen, heel over, lean, slant, tilt. To _tilt_ or _tip_ is to throw out of a horizontal position by raisingone side or end or lowering the other; the words are closely similar, but _tilt_ suggests more of fluctuation or instability. _Slant_ and_slope_ are said of things somewhat fixed or permanent in a position outof the horizontal or perpendicular; the roof _slants_, the hill_slopes_. _Incline_ is a more formal word for _tip_, and also for_slant_ or _slope_. To _cant_ is to set slantingly; in many cases _tip_and _cant_ might be interchanged, but _tip_ is more temporary, oftenmomentary; one _tips_ a pail so that the water flows over the edge; amechanic _cants_ a table by making or setting one side higher than theother. A vessel _careens_ in the wind; _lists_, usually, from shiftingof cargo, from water in the hold, etc. _Careening_ is always toward oneside or the other; _listing_ may be forward or astern as well. To _heelover_ is the same as to _careen_, and must be distinguished from "keelover, " which is to capsize. * * * * * TIRE. Synonyms: exhaust, fatigue, harass, jade, wear out, weary. Fag, To _tire_ is to reduce strength in any degree by exertion; one may be_tired_ just enough to make rest pleasant, or even unconsciously_tired_, becoming aware of the fact only when he ceases the exertion;or, on the other hand, he may be, according to the common phrase, "too_tired_ to stir;" but for this extreme condition the stronger words arecommonly used. One who is _fatigued_ suffers from a conscious andpainful lack of strength as the result of some overtaxing; an invalidmay be _fatigued_ with very slight exertion; when one is _wearied_, thepainful lack of strength is the result of long-continued demand orstrain; one is _exhausted_ when the strain has been so severe andcontinuous as utterly to consume the strength, so that further exertionis for the time impossible. One is _fagged_ by drudgery; he is _jaded_by incessant repetition of the same act until it becomes increasinglydifficult or well-nigh impossible; as, a horse is _jaded_ by a long andunbroken journey. Antonyms: invigorate, refresh, relax, relieve, repose, rest, restore. Recreate, * * * * * TOOL. Synonyms: apparatus, implement, machine, utensil, appliance, instrument, mechanism, weapon. A _tool_ is something that is both contrived and used for extending theforce of an intelligent agent to something that is to be operated upon. Those things by which pacific and industrial operations are performedare alone properly called _tools_, those designed for warlike purposesbeing designated _weapons_. An _instrument_ is anything through whichpower is applied and a result produced; in general usage, the word is ofconsiderably wider meaning than _tool_; as, a piano is a musical_instrument_. _Instrument_ is the word usually applied to _tools_ usedin scientific pursuits; as, we speak of a surgeon's or an optician's_instruments_. An _implement_ is a mechanical agency considered withreference to some specific purpose to which it is adapted; as, anagricultural _implement_; _implements_ of war. _Implement_ is a lesstechnical and artificial term than _tool_. The paw of a tiger might betermed a terrible _implement_, but not a _tool_. A _utensil_ is thatwhich may be used for some special purpose; the word is especiallyapplied to articles used for domestic or agricultural purposes; as, kitchen _utensils_; farming _utensils_. An _appliance_ is that which isor may be applied to the accomplishment of a result, eitherindependently or as subordinate to something more extensive orimportant; every mechanical _tool_ is an _appliance_, but not every_appliance_ is a _tool_; the traces of a harness are _appliances_ fortraction, but they are not _tools_. _Mechanism_ is a word of widemeaning, denoting any combination of mechanical devices for unitedaction. A _machine_ in the most general sense is any mechanical_instrument_ for the conversion of motion; in this sense a lever is a_machine_; but in more commonly accepted usage a _machine_ isdistinguished from a _tool_ by its complexity, and by the combinationand coordination of powers and movements for the production of a result. A chisel by itself is a _tool_; when it is set so as to be operated by acrank and pitman, the entire _mechanism_ is called a _machine_; as, amortising-_machine_. An _apparatus_ may be a _machine_, but the word iscommonly used for a collection of distinct articles to be used inconnection or combination for a certain purpose--a mechanical equipment;as, the _apparatus_ of a gymnasium; especially, for a collection of_appliances_ for some scientific purpose; as, a chemical or surgical_apparatus_; an _apparatus_ may include many _tools_, _instruments_, or_implements_. _Implement_ is for the most part and _utensil_ isaltogether restricted to the literal sense; _instrument_, _machine_, and_tool_ have figurative use, _instrument_ being used largely in a good, _tool_ always in a bad sense; _machine_ inclines to the unfavorablesense, as implying that human agents are made mechanically subservientto some controlling will; as, an _instrument_ of Providence; the _tool_of a tyrant; a political _machine_. * * * * * TOPIC. Synonyms: division, issue, motion, proposition, subject, head, matter, point, question, theme. A _topic_ (Gr. _topos_, place) is a _head_ of discourse. Since a _topic_for discussion is often stated in the form of a _question_, _question_has come to be extensively used to denote a debatable _topic_, especially of a practical nature--an _issue_; as, the labor _question_;the temperance _question_. In deliberative assemblies a _proposition_presented or moved for acceptance is called a _motion_, and such a_motion_ or other matter for consideration is known as the _question_, since it is or may be stated in interrogative form to be answered byeach member with a vote of "aye" or "no;" a member is required to speakto the _question_; the chairman puts the _question_. In speaking orwriting the general _subject_ or _theme_ may be termed the _topic_, thoit is more usual to apply the latter term to the subordinate_divisions_, _points_, or _heads_ of discourse; as, to enlarge on this_topic_ would carry me too far from my _subject_; a pleasant drive willsuggest many _topics_ for conversation. * * * * * TRACE. Synonyms: footmark, impression, remains, token, trail, footprint, mark, remnant, track, vestige. Footstep, memorial, sign, A _memorial_ is that which is intended or fitted to bring to remembrancesomething that has passed away; it may be vast and stately. On the otherhand, a slight _token_ of regard may be a cherished _memorial_ of afriend; either a concrete object or an observance may be a _memorial_. A_vestige_ is always slight compared with that whose existence itrecalls; as, scattered mounds containing implements, weapons, etc. , are_vestiges_ of a former civilization. A _vestige_ is always a part ofthat which has passed away; a _trace_ may be merely the _mark_ made bysomething that has been present or passed by, and that is stillexisting, or some slight evidence of its presence or of the effect ithas produced; as, _traces_ of game were observed by the hunter. CompareCHARACTERISTIC. * * * * * TRANSACT. Synonyms: accomplish, carry on, do, perform, act, conduct, negotiate, treat. There are many acts that one may _do_, _accomplish_, or _perform_unaided; what he _transacts_ is by means of or in association withothers; one may _do_ a duty, _perform_ a vow, _accomplish_ a task, buthe _transacts_ business, since that always involves the agency ofothers. To _negotiate_ and to _treat_ are likewise collective acts, butboth these words lay stress upon deliberation with adjustment of mutualclaims and interests; _transact_, while it may depend upon previousdeliberation, states execution only. Notes, bills of exchange, loans, and treaties are said to be _negotiated_, the word so used covering notmerely the preliminary consideration, but the final settlement. _Negotiate_ has more reference to execution than _treat_; nations may_treat_ of peace without result, but when a treaty is _negotiated_, peace is secured; the citizens of the two nations are then free to_transact_ business with one another. Compare DO. * * * * * TRANSACTION. Synonyms: act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, proceeding. One's _acts_ or _deeds_ may be exclusively his own; his _transactions_involve the agency or participation of others. A _transaction_ issomething completed; a _proceeding_ is or is viewed as something inprogress; but since _transaction_ is often used to include the stepsleading to the conclusion, while _proceedings_ may result in _action_, the dividing line between the two words becomes sometimes quite faint, tho _transaction_ often emphasizes the fact of something done, orbrought to a conclusion. Both _transactions_ and _proceedings_ are usedof the records of a deliberative body, especially when published;strictly used, the two are distinguished; as, the Philosophical_Transactions_ of the Royal Society of London give in full the papersread; the _Proceedings_ of the American Philological Association give infull the _business_ done, with mere abstracts of or extracts from thepapers read. Compare ACT; BUSINESS. * * * * * TRANSCENDENTAL. Synonyms: a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, transcendent. _Intuitive_ truths are those which are in the mind independently of allexperience, not being derived from experience nor limited by it, as thatthe whole is greater than a part, or that things which are equal to thesame thing are equal to one another. All _intuitive_ truths or beliefsare _transcendental_. But _transcendental_ is a wider term than_intuitive_, including all within the limits of thought that is notderived from experience, as the ideas of space and time. "Being is_transcendental_. . . . As being can not be included under any genus, buttranscends them all, so the properties or affections of being have alsobeen called _transcendental_. " K. -F. _Vocab. Philos. _ p. 530. "_Transcendent_ he [Kant] employed to denote what is wholly beyondexperience, being neither given as an a posteriori nor _a priori_element of cognition--what therefore transcends every category ofthought. " K. -F. _Vocab. Philos. _ p. 531. _Transcendental_ has beenapplied in the language of the Emersonian school to the soul's supposed_intuitive_ knowledge of things divine and human, so far as they arecapable of being known to man. Compare MYSTERIOUS. * * * * * TRANSIENT. Synonyms: brief, fleeting, fugitive, short, ephemeral, flitting, momentary, temporary, evanescent, flying, passing, transitory. _Transient_ and _transitory_ are both derived from the same originalsource (L. _trans_, over, and _eo_, go), denoting that which quicklypasses or is passing away, but there is between them a fine shade ofdifference. A thing is _transient_ which in fact is not lasting; a thingis _transitory_ which by its very nature must soon pass away; a thing is_temporary_ (L. _tempus_, time) which is intended to last or be made useof but a little while; as, a _transient_ joy; this _transitory_ life; a_temporary_ chairman. _Ephemeral_ (Gr. _epi_, on, and _hemera_, day)literally lasting but for a day, often marks more strongly than_transient_ exceeding brevity of duration; it agrees with _transitory_in denoting that its object is destined to pass away, but is stronger, as denoting not only its certain but its speedy extinction; thus thatwhich is _ephemeral_ is looked upon as at once slight and perishable, and the word carries often a suggestion of contempt; man's life is_transitory_, a butterfly's existence is _ephemeral_; with no solidqualities or worthy achievements a pretender may sometimes gain an_ephemeral_ popularity. That which is _fleeting_ is viewed as in the actof passing swiftly by, and that which is _fugitive_ (L. _fugio_, flee)as eluding attempts to detain it; that which is _evanescent_ (L. _evanesco_, from _e_, out, and _vanus_, empty, vain) as in the act ofvanishing even while we gaze, as the hues of the sunset. Antonyms: abiding, eternal, immortal, lasting, perpetual, undying, enduring, everlasting, imperishable, permanent, persistent, unfading. * * * * * UNION. Synonyms: coalition, conjunction, juncture, unification, combination, junction, oneness, unity. _Unity_ is _oneness_, the state of being one, especially of that whichnever has been divided or of that which can not be conceived of asresolved into parts; as, the _unity_ of God or the _unity_ of the humansoul. _Union_ is a bringing together of things that have been distinct, so that they combine or coalesce to form a new whole, or the state orcondition of things thus brought together; in a _union_ the separateindividuality of the things united is never lost sight of; we speak ofthe _union_ of the parts of a fractured bone or of the _union_ of heartsin marriage. But _unity_ can be said of that which is manifestly or evenconspicuously made up of parts, when a single purpose or ideal is sosubserved by all that their possible separateness is lost sight of; as, we speak of the _unity_ of the human body, or of the _unity_ of thechurch. Compare ALLIANCE; ASSOCIATION; ATTACHMENT; HARMONY; MARRIAGE. Antonyms: analysis, disconnection, disunion, divorce, separation, contrariety, disjunction, division, schism, severance. Decomposition, dissociation, * * * * * USUAL. Synonyms: accustomed, everyday, general, ordinary, public, common, familiar, habitual, prevailing, regular, customary, frequent, normal, prevalent, wonted. _Usual_ (L. _usus_, use, habit, wont) signifies such as regularly oroften recurs in the ordinary course of events, or is habitually repeatedin the life of the same person. _Ordinary_ (L. _ordo_, order) signifiesaccording to an established order, hence of _everyday_ occurrence. Instrictness, _common_ and _general_ apply to the greater number ofindividuals in a class; but both words are in good use as applying tothe greater number of instances in a series, so that it is possible tospeak of one person's _common_ practise or _general_ custom, tho_ordinary_ or _usual_ would in such case be preferable. Compare GENERAL;NORMAL. Antonyms: exceptional, infrequent, rare, strange, unparalleled, extraordinary, out-of-the-way, singular, uncommon, unusual. * * * * * UTILITY. Synonyms: advantage, expediency, serviceableness, avail, profit, use, benefit, service, usefulness. _Utility_ (L. _utilis_, useful) signifies primarily the quality of beinguseful, but is somewhat more abstract and philosophical than_usefulness_ or _use_, and is often employed to denote adaptation toproduce a valuable result, while _usefulness_ denotes the actualproduction of such result. We contrast beauty and _utility_. We say ofan invention, its _utility_ is questionable, or, on the other hand, its_usefulness_ has been proved by ample trial, or I have found it of_use_; still, _utility_ and _usefulness_ are frequently interchanged. _Expediency_ (L. _ex_, out, and _pes_, foot; literally, the getting thefoot out) refers primarily to escape from or avoidance of somedifficulty or trouble; either _expediency_ or _utility_ may be used tosignify _profit_ or _advantage_ considered apart from right as theground of moral obligation, or of actions that have a moral character, _expediency_ denoting immediate _advantage_ on a contracted view, andespecially with reference to avoiding danger, difficulty, or loss, while_utility_ may be so broadened as to cover all existence through alltime, as in the utilitarian theory of morals. _Policy_ is often used ina kindred sense, more positive than _expediency_ but narrower than_utility_, as in the proverb, "Honesty is the best _policy_. " ComparePROFIT. Antonyms: disadvantage, futility, inadequacy, inutility, uselessness, folly, impolicy, inexpediency, unprofitableness, worthlessness. * * * * * VACANT. Synonyms: blank, leisure, unfilled, untenanted, void, empty, unemployed, unoccupied, vacuous, waste. That is _empty_ which contains nothing; that is _vacant_ which iswithout that which has filled or might be expected to fill it; _vacant_has extensive reference to rights or possibilities of occupancy. A_vacant_ room may not be _empty_, and an _empty_ house may not be_vacant_. _Vacant_, as derived from the Latin, is applied to things ofsome dignity; _empty_, from the Saxon, is preferred in speaking ofslight, common, or homely matters, tho it may be applied with specialforce to the highest; we speak of _empty_ space, a _vacant_ lot, an_empty_ dish, an _empty_ sleeve, a _vacant_ mind, an _empty_ heart, an_empty_ boast, a _vacant_ office, a _vacant_ or _leisure_ hour. _Void_and _devoid_ are rarely used in the literal sense, but for the most partconfined to abstract relations, _devoid_ being followed by _of_, andhaving with that addition the effect of a prepositional phrase; as, thearticle is _devoid of_ sense; the contract is _void_ for want ofconsideration. _Waste_, in this connection, applies to that which ismade so by devastation or ruin, or gives an impression of desolation, especially as combined with vastness, probably from association of thewords _waste_ and vast: _waste_ is applied also to uncultivated orunproductive land, if of considerable extent; we speak of a _waste_track or region, but not of a _waste_ city lot. _Vacuous_ refers to thecondition of being _empty_ or _vacant_, regarded as continuous orcharacteristic. Antonyms: brimful, busy, filled, inhabited, overflowing, brimmed, crammed, full, jammed, packed, brimming, crowded, gorged, occupied, replete. * * * * * VAIN. Synonyms: abortive, futile, shadowy, unsatisfying, baseless, idle, trifling, unserviceable, bootless, inconstant, trivial, unsubstantial, deceitful, ineffectual, unavailing, useless, delusive, nugatory, unimportant, vapid, empty, null, unprofitable, visionary, fruitless, profitless, unreal, worthless. _Vain_ (L. _vanus_, empty) keeps the etymological idea through allchanges of meaning; a _vain_ endeavor is _empty_ of result, or ofadequate power to produce a result, a _vain_ pretension is _empty_ ordestitute of support, a _vain_ person has a conceit that is _empty_ ordestitute of adequate cause or reason. That which is _bootless_, _fruitless_, or _profitless_ fails to accomplish any valuable result;that which is _abortive_, _ineffectual_, or _unavailing_ fails toaccomplish a result that it was, or was supposed to be, adapted toaccomplish. That which is _useless_, _futile_, or _vain_ is inherentlyincapable of accomplishing a specified result. _Useless_, in the widestsense, signifies not of use for any valuable purpose, and is thusclosely similar to _valueless_ and _worthless_. _Fruitless_ is morefinal than _ineffectual_, as applying to the sum or harvest of endeavor. That which is _useless_ lacks actual fitness for a purpose; that whichis _vain_ lacks imaginable fitness. Compare VACANT; OSTENTATION; PRIDE. Antonyms: adequate, effective, powerful, solid, useful, advantageous, efficient, profitable, sound, valid, beneficial, expedient, real, substantial, valuable, competent, potent, serviceable, sufficient, worthy. Compare synonyms for UTILITY. * * * * * VENAL. Synonyms: hireling, mercenary, purchasable, salable. _Venal_ (L. _venalis_, from _venum_, sale) signifies ready to sell one'sinfluence, vote, or efforts for money or other consideration;_mercenary_ (L. _mercenarius_, from _merces_, pay, reward) signifiesinfluenced chiefly or only by desire for gain or reward; thus, etymologically, the _mercenary_ can be hired, while the _venal_ areopenly or actually for sale; _hireling_ (AS. _hyrling_, from _hyr_)signifies serving for hire or pay, or having the spirit or character ofone who works or of that which is done directly for hire or pay. _Mercenary_ has especial application to character or disposition; as, a_mercenary_ spirit; _mercenary_ motives--_i. E. _, a spirit or motives towhich money is the chief consideration or the moving principle. The_hireling_, the _mercenary_, and the _venal_ are alike in makingprinciple, conscience, and honor of less account than gold or sordidconsiderations; but the _mercenary_ and _venal_ may be simply open tothe bargain and sale which the _hireling_ has already consummated; aclergyman may be _mercenary_ in making place and pay of undue importancewhile not _venal_ enough to forsake his own communion for another forany reward that could be offered him. The _mercenary_ may retain muchshow of independence; _hireling_ service sacrifices self-respect as wellas principle; a public officer who makes his office tributary to privatespeculation in which he is interested is _mercenary_; if he receives astipulated recompense for administering his office at the behest of someleader, faction, corporation, or the like, he is both _hireling_ and_venal_; if he gives essential advantages for pay, without subjectinghimself to any direct domination, his course is _venal_, but not_hireling_. Compare PAY; VENIAL. Antonyms: disinterested, honest, incorruptible, public-spirited, generous, honorable, patriotic, unpurchasable. * * * * * VENERATE. Synonyms: adore, honor, respect, revere, reverence. In the highest sense, to _revere_ or _reverence_ is to hold in mingledlove and honor with something of sacred fear, as for that which whilelovely is sublimely exalted and brings upon us by contrast a sense ofour unworthiness or inferiority; to _revere_ is a wholly spiritual act;to _reverence_ is often, tho not necessarily, to give outward expressionto the reverential feeling; we _revere_ or _reverence_ the divinemajesty. _Revere_ is a stronger word than _reverence_ or _venerate_. To_venerate_ is to hold in exalted honor without fear, and is applied toobjects less removed from ourselves than those we _revere_, being saidespecially of aged persons, of places or objects having sacredassociations, and of abstractions; we _venerate_ an aged pastor, thedust of heroes or martyrs, lofty virtue or self-sacrifice, or some greatcause, as that of civil or religious liberty; we do not _venerate_ God, but _revere_ or _reverence_ him. We _adore_ with a humble yet freeoutflowing of soul. Compare VENERATION. Antonyms: contemn, detest, dishonor, scoff at, slight, despise, disdain, disregard, scorn, spurn. * * * * * VENERATION. Synonyms: adoration, awe, dread, reverence. _Awe_ is inspired by that in which there is sublimity or majesty sooverwhelming as to awaken a feeling akin to fear; in _awe_, consideredby itself, there is no element of esteem or affection, tho the sense ofvastness, power, or grandeur in the object is always present. _Dread_ isa shrinking apprehension or expectation of possible harm awakened by anyone of many objects or causes, from that which is overwhelmingly vastand mighty to that which is productive of momentary physical pain; inits higher uses _dread_ approaches the meaning of _awe_, but with moreof chilliness and cowering, and without that subjection of soul to thegrandeur and worthiness of the object that is involved in _awe_. _Awe_is preoccupied with the object that inspires it; _dread_ withapprehension of personal consequences. _Reverence_ and _veneration_ areless overwhelming than _awe_ or _dread_, and suggest something ofesteem, affection, and personal nearness. We may feel _awe_ of thatwhich we can not _reverence_, as a grandly terrible ocean storm; _awe_of the divine presence is more distant and less trustful than_reverence_. _Veneration_ is commonly applied to things which are notsubjects of _awe_. _Adoration_, in its full sense, is loftier than_veneration_, less restrained and awed than _reverence_, and with moreof the spirit of direct, active, and joyful worship. Compare ESTEEM;VENERATE. Antonyms: contempt, disdain, dishonor, disregard, scorn. * * * * * VENIAL. Synonyms: excusable, pardonable, slight, trivial. _Venial_ (L. _venia_, pardon) signifies capable of being pardoned, and, in common use, capable of being readily pardoned, easily overlooked. Aside from its technical ecclesiastical use, _venial_ is alwaysunderstood as marking some fault comparatively _slight_ or _trivial_. A_venial_ offense is one readily overlooked; a _pardonable_ offenserequires more serious consideration, but on deliberation is found to besusceptible of pardon. _Excusable_ is scarcely applied to offenses, butto matters open to doubt or criticism rather than direct censure; soused, it often falls little short of justifiable; as, I think, underthose circumstances, his action was _excusable_. Protestants do notrecognize the distinction between _venial_ and mortal sins. _Venial_must not be confounded with the very different word VENAL. CompareVENAL. Antonyms: inexcusable, inexpiable, mortal, unpardonable, unjustifiable. * * * * * VERACITY. Synonyms: candor, honesty, reality, truthfulness, frankness, ingenuousness, truth, verity. _Truth_ is primarily and _verity_ is always a quality of thought orspeech, especially of speech, as in exact conformity to fact. _Veracity_is properly a quality of a person, the habit of speaking and thedisposition to speak the _truth_; a habitual liar may on some occasionsspeak the _truth_, but that does not constitute him a man of _veracity_;on the other hand, a person of undoubted _veracity_ may state (throughignorance or misinformation) what is not the _truth_. _Truthfulness_ isa quality that may inhere either in a person or in his statements orbeliefs. _Candor_, _frankness_, _honesty_, and _ingenuousness_ areallied with _veracity_, and _verity_ with _truth_, while _truthfulness_may accord with either. _Truth_ in a secondary sense may be applied tointellectual action or moral character, in the former case becoming aclose synonym of _veracity_; as, I know him to be a man of _truth_. Antonyms: deceit, duplicity, falsehood, fiction, lie, deception, error, falseness, guile, mendacity, delusion, fabrication, falsity, imposture, untruth. Compare synonyms for DECEPTION. * * * * * VERBAL. Synonyms: literal, oral, vocal. _Oral_ (L. _os_, the mouth) signifies uttered through the mouth or (incommon phrase) by word of mouth; _verbal_ (L. _verbum_, a word)signifies of, pertaining to, or connected with words, especially withwords as distinguished from the ideas they convey; _vocal_ (L. _vox_, the voice) signifies of or pertaining to the voice, uttered or modulatedby the voice, and especially uttered with or sounding with full, resonant voice; _literal_ (L. _litera_, a letter) signifies consistingof or expressed by letters, or according to the letter, in the broadersense of the exact meaning or requirement of the words used; what iscalled "the letter of the law" is its _literal_ meaning without goingbehind what is expressed by the letters on the page. Thus _oral_ appliesto that which is given by spoken words in distinction from that which iswritten or printed; as, _oral_ tradition; an _oral_ examination. By thisrule we should in strictness speak of an _oral_ contract or an _oral_message, but _verbal_ contract and _verbal_ message, as indicating thatwhich is by spoken rather than by written words, have become so fixed inthe language that they can probably never be changed; this usage is alsoin line with other idioms of the language; as, "I give you my _word_, ""a true man's _word_ is as good as his bond, " "by _word_ of mouth, " etc. A _verbal_ translation may be _oral_ or written, so that it is word forword; a _literal_ translation follows the construction and idiom of theoriginal as well as the words; a _literal_ translation is more than onethat is merely _verbal_; both _verbal_ and _literal_ are opposed to_free_. In the same sense, of attending to words only, we speak of_verbal_ criticism, a _verbal_ change. _Vocal_ has primary reference tothe human voice; as, _vocal_ sounds, _vocal_ music; _vocal_ may beapplied within certain limits to inarticulate sounds given forth byother animals than man; as, the woods were _vocal_ with the songs ofbirds; _oral_ is never so applied, but is limited to articulateutterance regarded as having a definite meaning; as, an _oral_statement. * * * * * VICTORY. Synonyms: achievement, conquest, success, triumph. Advantage, mastery, supremacy, _Victory_ is the state resulting from the overcoming of an opponent oropponents in any contest, or from the overcoming of difficulties, obstacles, evils, etc. , considered as opponents or enemies. In thelatter sense any hard-won _achievement_, _advantage_, or _success_ maybe termed a _victory_. In _conquest_ and _mastery_ there is implied apermanence of state that is not implied in _victory_. _Triumph_, originally denoting the public rejoicing in honor of a _victory_, hascome to signify also a peculiarly exultant, complete, and glorious_victory_. Compare CONQUER. Antonyms: defeat, disappointment, failure, miscarriage, retreat, destruction, disaster, frustration, overthrow, rout. * * * * * VIGILANT. Synonyms: alert, cautious, on the lookout, wary, awake, circumspect, sleepless, watchful, careful, on the alert, wakeful, wide-awake. _Vigilant_ implies more sustained activity and more intelligent volitionthan _alert_; one may be habitually _alert_ by reason of nativequickness of perception and thought, or one may be momentarily _alert_under some excitement or expectancy; one who is _vigilant_ is so withthoughtful purpose. One is _vigilant_ against danger or harm; he may be_alert_ or _watchful_ for good as well as against evil; he is _wary_ inview of suspected stratagem, trickery, or treachery. A person may be_wakeful_ because of some merely physical excitement or excitability, asthrough insomnia; yet he may be utterly careless and negligent in hiswakefulness, the reverse of _watchful_; a person who is truly _watchful_must keep himself _wakeful_ while on watch, in which case _wakeful_ hassomething of mental quality. _Watchful_, from the Saxon, and _vigilant_, from the Latin, are almost exact equivalents; but _vigilant_ hassomewhat more of sharp definiteness and somewhat more suggestion ofvolition; one may be habitually _watchful_; one is _vigilant_ of setpurpose and for direct cause, as in the presence of an enemy. CompareALERT. Antonyms: careless, heedless, inconsiderate, oblivious, drowsy, inattentive, neglectful, thoughtless, dull, incautious, negligent, unwary. * * * * * VIRTUE. Synonyms: chastity, honesty, probity, truth, duty, honor, purity, uprightness, excellence, integrity, rectitude, virtuousness, faithfulness, justice, righteousness, worth, goodness, morality, rightness, worthiness. _Virtue_ (L. _virtus_, primarily manly strength or courage, from _vir_, a man, a hero) is, in its full sense, _goodness_ that is victoriousthrough trial, perhaps through temptation and conflict. _Goodness_, thebeing morally good, may be much less than _virtue_, as lacking thestrength that comes from trial and conflict, or it may be very much morethan _virtue_, as rising sublimely above the possibility of temptationand conflict--the infantile as contrasted with the divine _goodness_. _Virtue_ is distinctively human; we do not predicate it of God. _Morality_ is conformity to the moral law in action, whether in mattersconcerning ourselves or others, whether with or without right principle. _Honesty_ and _probity_ are used especially of one's relations to hisfellow men, _probity_ being to _honesty_ much what _virtue_ in somerespects is to _goodness_; _probity_ is _honesty_ tried and proved, especially in those things that are beyond the reach of legalrequirement; above the commercial sense, _honesty_ may be applied to thehighest truthfulness of the soul to and with itself and its Maker. _Integrity_, in the full sense, is moral wholeness without a flaw; whenused, as it often is, of contracts and dealings, it has reference toinherent character and principle, and denotes much more than superficialor conventional _honesty_. _Honor_ is a lofty _honesty_ that scornsfraud or wrong as base and unworthy of itself. _Honor_ rises far abovethought of the motto that "_honesty_ is the best policy. " _Purity_ isfreedom from all admixture, especially of that which debases; it is_chastity_ both of heart and life, but of the life because from theheart. _Duty_, the rendering of what is due to any person or in anyrelation, is, in this connection, the fulfilment of moral obligation. _Rectitude_ and _righteousness_ denote conformity to the standard ofright, whether in heart or act; _righteousness_ is used especially inthe religious sense. _Uprightness_ refers especially to conduct. _Virtuousness_ is a quality of the soul or of action; in the lattersense it is the essence of virtuous action. Compare INNOCENT; JUSTICE;RELIGION. Antonyms: evil, vice, viciousness, wickedness, wrong. Compare synonyms for SIN. * * * * * WANDER. Synonyms: deviate, diverge, go astray, range, rove, swerve, digress, err, ramble, roam, stray, veer. To _wander_ (AS. _windan_, wind) is to move in an indefinite orindeterminate way which may or may not be a departure from a prescribedway; to _deviate_ (L. _de_, from, and _via_, a way) is to turn from aprescribed or right way, physically, mentally, or morally, usually in anunfavorable sense; to _diverge_ (L. _di_, apart, and _vergo_, incline, tend) is to turn from a course previously followed or that somethingelse follows, and has no unfavorable implication; to _digress_ (L. _di_, apart, aside, and _gradior_, step) is used only with reference tospeaking or writing; to _err_ is used of intellectual or moral action, and of the moral with primary reference to the intellectual, an errorbeing viewed as in some degree due to ignorance. _Range_, _roam_, and_rove_ imply the traversing of considerable, often of vast, distances ofland or sea; _range_ commonly implies a purpose; as, cattle _range_ forfood; a hunting-dog _ranges_ a field for game. _Roam_ and _rove_ areoften purposeless, and always without definite aim. To _swerve_ or_veer_ is to turn suddenly from a prescribed or previous course, andoften but momentarily; _veer_ is more capricious and repetitious; thehorse _swerves_ at the flash of a sword; the wind _veers_; the ship_veers_ with the wind. To _stray_ is to go in a somewhat purposeless wayaside from the regular path or usual limits or abode, usually withunfavorable implication; cattle _stray_ from their pastures; an author_strays_ from his subject; one _strays_ from the path of virtue. _Stray_is in most uses a lighter word than _wander_. _Ramble_, in its literaluse, is always a word of pleasant suggestion, but in its figurative usealways somewhat contemptuous; as, _rambling_ talk. * * * * * WAY. Synonyms: alley, course, lane, path, route, avenue, driveway, pass, pathway, street, bridle-path, highroad, passage, road, thoroughfare, channel, highway, passageway, roadway, track. Wherever there is room for one object to pass another there is a _way_. A _road_ (originally a ride_way_) is a prepared _way_ for traveling withhorses or vehicles, always the latter unless the contrary is expresslystated; a _way_ suitable to be traversed only by foot-passengers or byanimals is called a _path_, _bridle-path_, or _track_; as, the _roads_in that country are mere _bridle-paths_. A _road_ may be private; a_highway_ or _highroad_ is public, _highway_ being a specific name for a_road_ legally set apart for the use of the public forever; a _highway_may be over water as well as over land. A _route_ is a line of travel, and may be over many _roads_. A _street_ is in some center ofhabitation, as a city, town, or village; when it passes between rows ofdwellings the country _road_ becomes the village _street_. An _avenue_is a long, broad, and imposing or principal street. _Track_ is a word ofwide signification; we speak of a goat-_track_ on a mountain-side, arailroad-_track_, a race-_track_, the _track_ of a comet; on a traveled_road_ the line worn by regular passing of hoofs and wheels in eitherdirection is called the _track_. A _passage_ is between any two objectsor lines of enclosure, a _pass_ commonly between mountains. A _driveway_is within enclosed grounds, as of a private residence. A _channel_ is awater_way_. A _thoroughfare_ is a _way_ through; a _road_ or _street_temporarily or permanently closed at any point ceases for such time tobe a _thoroughfare_. Compare AIR; DIRECTION. * * * * * WISDOM. Synonyms: attainment, insight, prudence, depth, judgment, reason, discernment, judiciousness, reasonableness, discretion, knowledge, sagacity, enlightenment, learning, sense, erudition, prescience, skill, foresight, profundity, understanding. Information, _Enlightenment_, _erudition_, _information_, _knowledge_, _learning_, and _skill_ are acquired, as by study or practise. _Insight_, _judgment_, _profundity_ or _depth_, _reason_, _sagacity_, _sense_, and_understanding_ are native qualities of mind, tho capable of increase bycultivation. The other qualities are on the border-line. _Wisdom_ hasbeen defined as "the right use of _knowledge_, " or "the use of the mostimportant means for attaining the best ends, " _wisdom_ thus presupposing_knowledge_ for its very existence and exercise. _Wisdom_ is mentalpower acting upon the materials that fullest _knowledge_ gives in themost effective way. There may be what is termed "practical _wisdom_"that looks only to material results; but in its full sense, _wisdom_implies the highest and noblest exercise of all the faculties of themoral nature as well as of the intellect. _Prudence_ is a lower and morenegative form of the same virtue, respecting outward and practicalmatters, and largely with a view of avoiding loss and injury; _wisdom_transcends _prudence_, so that while the part of _prudence_ isordinarily also that of _wisdom_, cases arise, as in the exigencies ofbusiness or of war, when the highest _wisdom_ is in the disregard of themaxims of _prudence_. _Judgment_, the power of forming decisions, especially correct decisions, is broader and more positive than_prudence_, leading one to do, as readily as to refrain from doing; but_judgment_ is more limited in range and less exalted in character than_wisdom_; to say of one that he displayed good _judgment_ is much lessthan to say that he manifested _wisdom_. _Skill_ is far inferior to_wisdom_, consisting largely in the practical application of acquired_knowledge_, power, and habitual processes, or in the ingeniouscontrivance that makes such application possible. In the making ofsomething perfectly useless there may be great _skill_, but no _wisdom_. Compare ACUMEN; ASTUTE; KNOWLEDGE; MIND; PRUDENCE; SAGACIOUS; SKILFUL. Antonyms: absurdity, folly, imbecility, miscalculation, senselessness, error, foolishness, imprudence, misjudgment, silliness, fatuity, idiocy, indiscretion, nonsense, stupidity. Compare synonyms for ABSURD; IDIOCY. * * * * * WIT. Synonyms: banter, fun, joke, waggery, burlesque, humor, playfulness, waggishness, drollery, jest, pleasantry, witticism. Facetiousness, jocularity, raillery, _Wit_ is the quick perception of unusual or commonly unperceivedanalogies or relations between things apparently unrelated, and has beensaid to depend upon a union of surprise and pleasure; it dependscertainly on the production of a diverting, entertaining, or merrymakingsurprise. The analogies with which _wit_ plays are often superficial orartificial; _humor_ deals with real analogies of an amusing orentertaining kind, or with traits of character that are seen to have acomical side as soon as brought to view. _Wit_ is keen, sudden, brief, and sometimes severe; _humor_ is deep, thoughtful, sustained, and alwayskindly. _Pleasantry_ is lighter and less vivid than _wit_. _Fun_ denotesthe merry results produced by _wit_ and _humor_, or by any fortuitousoccasion of mirth, and is pronounced and often hilarious. Antonyms: dulness, seriousness, sobriety, solemnity, stolidity, stupidity. Gravity, * * * * * WORK. Synonyms: achievement, doing, labor, product, action, drudgery, occupation, production, business, employment, performance, toil. Deed, exertion. _Work_ is the generic term for any continuous application of energytoward an end; _work_ may be hard or easy. _Labor_ is hard and wearying_work_; _toil_ is straining and exhausting _work_. _Work_ is also usedfor any result of working, physical or mental, and has special senses, as in mechanics, which _labor_ and _toil_ do not share. _Drudgery_ isplodding, irksome, and often menial _work_. Compare ACT; BUSINESS. Antonyms: ease, leisure, recreation, relaxation, repose, rest, vacation. Idleness, * * * * * YET. Synonyms: besides, further, hitherto, now, still, thus far. _Yet_ and _still_ have many closely related senses, and, with verbs ofpast time, are often interchangeable; we may say "while he was _yet_ achild, " or "while he was _still_ a child. " _Yet_, like _still_, oftenapplies to past action or state extending to and including the presenttime, especially when joined with _as_; we can say "he is feeble _asyet_, " or "he is _still_ feeble, " with scarcely appreciable differenceof meaning, except that the former statement implies somewhat more ofexpectation than the latter. _Yet_ with a negative applies to completedaction, often replacing a positive statement with _still_; "he is notgone _yet_" is nearly the same as "he is here _still_. " _Yet_ has areference to the future which _still_ does not share; "we may besuccessful _yet_" implies that success may begin at some future time;"we may be successful _still_" implies that we may continue to enjoy inthe future such success as we are winning now. * * * * * YOUTHFUL. Synonyms: adolescent, callow, childlike, immature, puerile, boyish, childish, girlish, juvenile, young. _Boyish_, _childish_, and _girlish_ are used in a good sense of those towhom they properly belong, but in a bad sense of those from whom morematurity is to be expected; _childish_ eagerness or glee is pleasing ina child, but unbecoming in a man; _puerile_ in modern use is distinctlycontemptuous. _Juvenile_ and _youthful_ are commonly used in a favorableand kindly sense in their application to those still _young_; _youthful_in the sense of having the characteristics of youth, hence fresh, vigorous, light-hearted, buoyant, may have a favorable import as appliedto any age, as when we say the old man still retains his _youthful_ardor, vigor, or hopefulness; _juvenile_ in such use would belittle thestatement. _Young_ is distinctively applied to those in the early stageof life or not arrived at maturity. Compare NEW. Antonyms: Compare synonyms for OLD. SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER. The following exercises have been prepared expressly and solely toaccompany the preceding text in which the distinctions of synonyms havebeen carefully pointed out. It is not expected, intended, or desiredthat the questions should be answered or the blanks in the examplessupplied offhand. In such study nothing can be worse than guesswork. Hence, leading questions have been avoided, and the order of synonymsgiven in Part I. Has frequently been departed from or reversed in PartII. To secure the study of Part I. Before coming into class, pupils shouldnot be allowed to open it during recitation, unless on rare occasions tosettle doubtful or disputed points. The very best method will be foundto be to have the examples included in the lesson, with any others thatmay be added, copied on the blackboard before recitation, and no booksbrought into class. The _teacher_ should make a thorough study of the subject, not onlymastering what is given in Part I. , but going beyond the necessarilybrief statements there given, and consulting the ultimateauthorities--the best dictionaries and the works of the best speakersand writers. For the latter purpose a good cyclopedia of quotations, like the Hoyt, will be found very helpful. The teacher should so studyout the subject as to be distinctly in advance of the class and able tospeak authoritatively. Such independent study will be found intenselyinteresting, and can be made delightful and even fascinating to anyintelligent class. In answer to questions calling for definitive statement, the teachershould insist upon the very words of the text, unless the pupil can givein his own words what is manifestly as good. This will often be foundnot easy to do. Definition by synonym should be absolutely forbidden. Reasonable questions should be encouraged, but the class should not beallowed to become a debating society. The meaning of English words isnot a matter of conjecture, and all disputed points should be promptlyreferred to the dictionary--usually to be looked up after therecitation, and considered, if need be, at the next recitation. Themajority of them will not need to be referred to again, as thedifficulties will simply represent an inferior usage which thedictionary will brush aside. One great advantage of synonym study is toexterminate colloquialisms. The class should be encouraged to bring quotations from first-classauthors with blanks to be filled, such quotations being heldauthoritative, though not infallible; also quotations from the bestnewspapers, periodicals, speeches, etc. , with words underlined forcriticism, such quotations being held open to revision upon consultationof authorities. The change of usage, whereby that may be correct to-daywhich would not have been so at an earlier period, should be carefullynoted, but always upon the authority of an approved dictionary. The examples have been in great part selected from the best literature, and all others carefully prepared for this work. Hence, an appropriateword to fill each blank can always be found by careful study of thecorresponding group of synonyms. In a few instances, either of two wordswould appropriately fill a blank and yield a good sense. In such case, either should be accepted as correct, but the resulting difference ofmeaning should be clearly pointed out. PART II. QUESTIONS AND EXAMPLES. * * * * * ABANDON (page 1). QUESTIONS. 1. To what objects or classes of objects does _abandon_ apply?_abdicate_? _cede_? _quit_? _resign_? _surrender_? 2. Is _abandon_ usedin the favorable or unfavorable sense? _desert_ favorable orunfavorable? _forsake_? 3. What does _abandon_ commonly denote ofprevious relationship? _forsake_? EXAMPLES. The soldiers ---- his standard in such numbers that the commander found it necessary to ---- the enterprise. France was compelled to ---- Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. In the height of his power Charles V. ---- the throne. Finding resistance vain, the defenders agreed to ---- the fortress. To the surprise of his friends, Senator Conkling suddenly ---- his office. At the stroke of the bell, the men instantly ---- work. * * * * * ABASE (page 2). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _abase_ differ from _debase_? _humble_ from _humiliate_?_degrade_ from _disgrace_? EXAMPLES. To provide funds, the king resolved to ---- the coinage. He came from the scene of his disgrace, haughty and defiant, ---- but not ----. The officer who had ---- himself by cowardice was ---- to the ranks. Only the base in spirit will ---- themselves before wealth, rank, and power. The messenger was so ---- that no heed was paid to his message. * * * * * ABASH (page 3). QUESTIONS. 1. What has the effect to make one _abashed_? 2. How does _confuse_differ from _abash_? 3. What do we mean when we say that a person is_mortified_? 4. Give an instance of the use of _mortified_ where_abashed_ could not be substituted. Why could not the words beinterchanged? 5. Can one be _daunted_ who is not _abashed_? 6. Is_embarrass_ or _mortify_ the stronger word? Give instances. EXAMPLES. The peasant stood ---- in the royal presence. The numerous questions ---- the witness. The speaker was ---- for a moment, but quickly recovered himself. At the revelation of such depravity, I was utterly ----. When sensible of his error, the visitor was deeply ----. * * * * * ABBREVIATION (page 4). QUESTIONS. 1. Is an _abbreviation_ always a _contraction_? 2. Is a _contraction_always an _abbreviation_? Give instances. 3. Can we have an_abbreviation_ of a book, paragraph, or sentence? What can be_abbreviated_? and what _abridged_? EXAMPLES. The treatise was already so brief that it did not admit of ----. The ---- Dr. Is used both for Doctor and Debtor. F. R. S. Is an ---- of the title "Fellow of the Royal Society. " * * * * * ABET (page 4). QUESTIONS. 1. _Abet_, _incite_, _instigate_: which of these words are used in agood and which in a bad sense? 2. How does _abet_ differ from _incite_and _instigate_ as to the time of the action? 3. Which of the threewords apply to persons and which to actions? Give instances of the useof _abet_; _instigate_; _incite_. EXAMPLES. To further his own schemes, he ---- the viceroy to rebel against the king. To ---- a crime may be worse than to originate it, as arguing less excitement and more calculation and cowardice. The prosecution was evidently malicious, ---- by envy and revenge. And you that do ---- him in this kind Cherish rebellion, and are rebels all. * * * * * ABHOR (page 5). QUESTIONS. 1. Which is the stronger word, _abhor_ or _despise_? 2. What does_abhor_ denote? 3. How does Archbishop Trench illustrate the differencebetween _abhor_ and _shun_? 4. What does _detest_ express? 5. What does_loathe_ imply? Is it physical or moral in its application? 6. Giveillustrations of the appropriate uses of the above words. EXAMPLES. He had sunk to such degradation as to be utterly ---- by all good men. Such weakness can only be ----. Talebearers and backbiters are everywhere ----. ---- that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. * * * * * ABIDE (page 5). QUESTIONS. 1. What limit of time is expressed by _abide_? by _lodge_? by _live_, _dwell_, _reside_? 2. What is the meaning of _sojourn_? 3. Should we sayone is _stopping_ or _staying_ at a hotel? and why? 4. Give examples ofthe extended, and of the limited use of _abide_. EXAMPLES. One generation passeth away and another generation cometh, but the earth ---- forever. And there were in the same country shepherds ---- in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night. So great was the crowd of visitors that many were compelled to ---- in the neighboring villages. He is ---- at the Albemarle. He has ---- for forty years in the same house. By faith he ---- in the land of promise, as in a strange country. * * * * * ABOLISH (page 6). QUESTIONS. 1. Is _abolish_ used of persons or material objects? 2. Of what is itused? Give examples. 3. What does _annihilate_ signify? Is it strongeror weaker than _abolish_? 4. What terms do we use for doing away with_laws_, and how do those terms differ among themselves? 5. What are thedifferences between _overthrow_, _suppress_, and _subvert_? especiallybetween the last two of those words? 6. How does _prohibit_ differ from_abolish_? 7. What word do we especially use of putting an end to anuisance? 8. What other words of this class are especially referred to?9. Give some antonyms of _abolish_. EXAMPLES. The one great endeavor of Buddhism is to ---- sorrow. Modern science seems to show conclusively that matter is never ----. The law, which had long been ---- by the revolutionists, was at last ---- by the legislature. The ancient statute was found to have been ---- by later enactments, though never formally ----. The Supreme Court ---- the adverse decision of the inferior tribunal. Even in a republic, sedition should be promptly ----, or it may result in the ---- of free institutions. From the original settlement of Vineland, New Jersey, the sale of intoxicating liquor has been ----. * * * * * ABOMINATION (page 7). QUESTIONS. 1. To what was _abomination_ originally applied? 2. Does it refer to astate of mind or to some act or other object of thought? 3. How does_abomination_ differ from _aversion_ or _disgust_? 4. How does an_abomination_ differ from an _offense_? from crime in general? EXAMPLES. After the ship began to pitch and roll, we could not look upon food without ----. It is time that such a ---- should be abated. Capital punishment was formerly inflicted in England for trivial ----. In spite of their high attainments in learning and art, the foulest ---- were prevalent among the Greeks and Romans of classic antiquity. * * * * * ABRIDGMENT (page 7). QUESTIONS. 1. How does an _abridgment_ differ from an _outline_ or a _synopsis_?from an _abstract_ or _digest_? 2. How does an _abstract_ or _digest_differ from an _outline_ or a _synopsis_? 3. Does an _analysis_ of atreatise deal with what is expressed, or with what is implied? 4. Whatwords may we use to express a condensed view of a subject, whetherderived from a previous publication or not? EXAMPLES. The New Testament may be regarded as an ---- of religion. There are several excellent ---- of English literature. An ---- of the decision of the court was published in all the leading papers. The publishers determined to issue an ---- of their dictionary. Such ---- as U. S. For United States should be rarely used, unless in hasty writing or technical works. * * * * * ABSOLUTE (page 8). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _absolute_ in the strict sense denote? _supreme_? 2. Towhat are these words in such sense properly applied? 3. How are theyused in a modified sense? 4. Is _arbitrary_ ever used in a good sense?What is the chief use? Give examples. 5. How does _autocratic_ differfrom _arbitrary_? both these words from _despotic_? _despotic_ from_tyrannical_? 6. Is _irresponsible_ good or bad in its implication?_arbitrary_? _imperative_? _imperious_? _peremptory_? _positive_?_authoritative_? EXAMPLES. God alone is ---- and ----. The Czar of Russia is an ---- ruler. ---- power tends always to be ---- in its exercise. On all questions of law in the United States the decision of the ---- Court is ---- and final. Learning of the attack on our seamen, the government sent an ---- demand for apology and indemnity. Man's ---- will and ---- intellect have given him dominion over all other creatures on the earth, so that they are either subjugated or exterminated. * * * * * ABSOLVE (page 9). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original sense of _absolve_? 2. To what does it apply? 3. What is its special sense when used with reference to sins? 4. How doesit differ from _acquit_? _forgive_? _justify_? _pardon_? 5. What are thechief antonyms of _absolve_? EXAMPLES. No power under heaven can ---- a man from his personal responsibility. When the facts were known, he was ---- of all blame. * * * * * ABSORB (page 9). QUESTIONS. 1. When is a fluid said to be _absorbed_? 2. Is the substance of the_absorbing_ body changed by that which it _absorbs_? Give instances. 3. How does _consume_ differ from _absorb_? 4. Give instances of thedistinctive uses of _engross_, _swallow_, _imbibe_, and _absorb_ in thefigurative sense. 5. What is the difference between _absorb_ and _emit_?_absorb_ and _radiate_? EXAMPLES. Tho the fuel was rapidly ---- within the furnace, very little heat was ---- from the outer surface. In setting steel rails special provision must be made for their expansion under the influence of the heat that they ----. Jip stood on the table and barked at Traddles so persistently that he may be said to have ---- the conversation. * * * * * ABSTINENCE (page 10). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _abstinence_ differ from _abstemiousness_? from_self-denial_? 2. What is _temperance_ regarding things lawful andworthy? regarding things vicious and injurious? 3. What is the moreexact term for the proper course regarding evil indulgences? EXAMPLES. He was so moderate in his desires that his ---- seemed to cost him no ----. Among the Anglo-Saxons the idea of universal and total ---- from all intoxicants is little more than a century old. * * * * * ABSTRACT, _v. _; ABSTRACTED (page 10, 11). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _abstract_ and _separate_? between_discriminate_ and _distinguish_?[C] 2. How does _abstract_, when saidof the mind, differ from _divert_? from _distract_? 3. How do_abstracted_, _absorbed_, and _preoccupied_ differ from _absent-minded_?4. Can one who is _preoccupied_ be said to be _listless_ or_thoughtless_? one who is _absent-minded_? EXAMPLES. He was so ---- with these perplexities as to be completely ---- of his surroundings. The busy student may be excused if ----; in the merely ---- or ---- it is intolerable. The power to ---- one idea from all its associations and view it alone is the ---- mark of a philosophical mind. Numerous interruptions in the midst of ---- occupations had made him almost ----. [C] NOTE. See these words under DISCERN as referred to at the end of theparagraph on ABSTRACT in Part I. The pupil should be instructed, in allcases, to look up and read over the synonyms referred to by the words insmall capitals at the end of the paragraph in Part I. * * * * * ABSURD (page 11). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _absurd_ and _paradoxical_? 2. Whatare the distinctions between _irrational_, _foolish_, and _silly_? 3. What is the especial implication in _unreasonable_? 4. How do_monstrous_ and _preposterous_ compare with _absurd_? 5. What is theespecial element common to the _ludicrous_, the _ridiculous_, and the_nonsensical_? 6. What are some chief antonyms of _absurd_? EXAMPLES. A statement may be disproved by deducing logically from it a conclusion that is ----. Carlyle delighted in ---- utterances. The ---- hatred of the Jews in the Middle Ages led the populace to believe the most ---- slanders concerning them. I attempted to dissuade him from the ---- plan, but found him altogether ----; many of his arguments were so ---- as to be positively ----. * * * * * ABUSE (page 12). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _abuse_ apply? 2. How does _abuse_ differ from _damage_(as in the case of rented property, _e. G. _)? 3. How does _abuse_ differfrom _harm_? 4. What words of this group are used in a bad sense? 5. Is_reproach_ good or bad? 6. How do _persecute_ and _oppress_ differ? 7. Do _misemploy_, _misuse_, and _pervert_ apply to persons or things? Towhich does _abuse_ apply? EXAMPLES. The tenant shall not ---- the property beyond reasonable wear. ---- intellectual gifts make the dangerous villain. In his rage he began to ---- and ---- all who had formerly been his friends. To be ---- for doing right can never really ---- a true man. In no way has man ---- his fellow man more cruelly than by ---- him for his religious belief. * * * * * ACCESSORY, _n. _ (page 13). QUESTIONS. 1. Which words of this group are used in a good, and which in a badsense? 2. Which are indifferently either good or bad? 3. To what does_ally_ generally apply? _colleague_? 4. How does an _associate_ comparein rank with a principal? 5. Is _assistant_ or _attendant_ the higherword? How do both these words compare with _associate_? 6. In what senseare _follower_, _henchman_, and _retainer_ used? _partner_? 7. What isthe legal distinction between _abettor_ and _accessory_? 8. To what is_accomplice_ nearly equivalent? Which is the preferred legal term? EXAMPLES. The Senator differed with his ---- in this matter. The baron rode into town with a great array of armed ----. France and Russia seem to have become firm ----. The ---- called to the ---- for a fresh bandage. All persons, but especially the young, should take the greatest care in the choice of their ----. As he was not present at the actual commission of the crime, he was held to be only an ---- and not an ----. * * * * * ACCIDENT (page 14). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _accident_ and _chance_? 2. How does_incident_ differ from both? 3. What is the special significance of_fortune_? 4. How does it differ in usage from _chance_? 5. How are_accident_, _misadventure_, and _mishap_ distinguished? EXAMPLES. Gambling clings almost inseparably to games of ----. Bruises and contusions are regarded as ordinary ---- of the cavalry service. The prudent man is careful not to tempt ---- too far. The misplacement of the switch caused a terrible ----. Great thoughts and high purposes keep one from being greatly disturbed by the little ---- of daily life. * * * * * ACQUAINTANCE (page 15). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _acquaintance_ between persons imply? 2. How does_acquaintance_ differ from _companionship_? _acquaintance_ from_friendship_? from _intimacy_? 3. How does _fellowship_ differ from_friendship_? EXAMPLES. A public speaker becomes known to many persons whom he does not know, but who are ready promptly to claim ---- with him. The ---- of life must bring us into ---- with many who can not be admitted within the inner circle of ----. The ---- of school and college life often develop into the most beautiful and enduring ----. Between those most widely separated by distance of place and time, by language, station, occupation, and creed, there may yet be true ---- of soul. * * * * * ACRIMONY (page 15). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _acerbity_ differ from _asperity_? _asperity_ from_acrimony_? 2. How is _acrimony_ distinguished from _malignity_?_malignity_ from _virulence_? 3. What is implied in the use of the word_severity_? EXAMPLES. A certain ---- of speech had become habitual with him. To this ill-timed request, he answered with sudden ----. A constant sense of injustice may deepen into a settled ----. This smooth and pleasing address veiled a deep ----. Great ---- will be patiently borne if the sufferer is convinced of its essential justice. * * * * * ACT (page 16). QUESTIONS. 1. How is _act_ distinguished from _action_? from _deed_? 2. Which ofthe words in this group necessarily imply an external effect? Which maybe wholly mental? EXAMPLES. He who does the truth will need no instruction as to individual ----s. ---- is the truth of thought. The ---- is done. * * * * * ACTIVE (page 17). QUESTIONS. 1. With what two sets of words is _active_ allied? 2. How does _active_differ from _busy_? from _industrious_? 3. How do _active_ and_restless_ compare? 4. To what sort of activity does _officious_ refer?6. What are some chief antonyms of _active_? EXAMPLES. Being of an ---- disposition and without settled purpose or definite occupation, she became ---- as a hornet. He had his ---- days and hours, but could never be properly said to be ----. An ---- attendant instantly seized upon my baggage. The true student is ---- from the mere love of learning, independently of its rewards. * * * * * ACUMEN (page 18). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _sharpness_, _acuteness_, _penetration_, and _insight_ comparewith _acumen_? 2. What is the special characteristic of _acumen_? Towhat order of mind does it belong? 3. What is _sagacity_? Is itattributed to men or brutes? 4. What is _perspicacity_? 5. What is_shrewdness_? Is it ordinarily good or evil? 6. Give illustrations ofthe uses of the above words as regards the possessors of thecorresponding qualities. EXAMPLES. The treatise displays great critical ----. The Indians had developed a practical ---- that enabled them to follow a trail by scarcely perceptible signs almost as unerringly as the hound by scent. * * * * * ADD (page 18). QUESTIONS. 1. How is _add_ related to _increase_? How does it differ from_multiply_? 2. What does _augment_ signify? Of what is it ordinarilyused? 3. To what does _amplify_ apply? 4. In what ways may a discourseor treatise be _amplified_? EXAMPLES. Care to our coffin ---- a nail no doubt; And every grin, so merry, draws one out. ---- up at night, what thou hast done by day; And in the morning what thou hast to do. * * * * * ADDRESS, _v. _ (page 19). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _accost_ always signify? _greet_? _hail_? 2. How does_salute_ differ from _accost_ or _greet_? _address_? 3. What is it to_apostrophize_? EXAMPLES. The pale snowdrop is springing To ---- the glowing sun. ---- to the Chief who in triumph advances. His faithful dog ---- the smiling guest. ---- ye heroes! heaven-born band! Who fought and died in freedom's cause. * * * * * ADDRESS, _n. _ (page 20). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _address_ in the sense here considered? 2. What is _tact_? 3. What qualities are included in _address_? EXAMPLES. And the tear that is wiped with a little ---- May be follow'd perhaps by a smile. The ---- of doing doth expresse No other but the doer's willingnesse. I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking; I could wish ---- would invent some other custom of entertainment. * * * * * ADEQUATE (page 21). QUESTIONS. 1. What do _adequate_, _commensurate_, and _sufficient_ alike signify?How does _commensurate_ specifically differ from the other two words?Give examples. 2. To what do _adapted_, _fit_, _suitable_, and_qualified_ refer? 3. Is _satisfactory_ a very high recommendation ofany work? Why? 4. Is _able_ or _capable_ the higher word? Illustrate. EXAMPLES. We know not of what we are ---- till the trial comes. Indeed, left nothing ---- for your purpose untouched, slightly handled, in discourse. * * * * * ADHERENT (page 21). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _adherent_? 2. How does an _adherent_ differ from a_supporter_? from a _disciple_? 3. How do both the above words differfrom _ally_? 4. Has _partisan_ a good or a bad sense, and why? 5. Is itwell to speak of a _supporter_ as a _backer_? EXAMPLES. Also of your own selves shall men arise speaking perverse things to draw away ----s after them. Woman is woman's natural ----. Self-defense compelled the European nations to be ----s against Napoleon. The deposed monarch was found to have a strong body of ----s. * * * * * ADJACENT (page 22). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _adjacent_ and _adjoining_?_contiguous_? _conterminous_? 2. What distance is implied in _near_?_neighboring_? 3. What does _next_ always imply? 4. Give antonyms of_adjacent_; _near_. EXAMPLES. Stronger by weakness, wiser men become, As they draw ---- to their eternal home. * * * * * ADMIRE (page 23). QUESTIONS. 1. In what sense was _admire_ formerly used? What does it now express?2. How does _admire_ compare with _revere_? _venerate_? _adore_? Giveinstances of the use of these words. EXAMPLES. The beautiful are sure to be ----. Henceforth the majesty of God ----; Fear him, and you have nothing else to fear. I value Science--none can prize it more, It gives ten thousand motives to ----: Be it religious, as it ought to be, The heart it humbles, and it bows the knee. * * * * * ADORN (page 23). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _adorn_ differ from _ornament_? from _garnish_? from _deck_or _bedeck_? from _decorate_? EXAMPLES. At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His looks ---- the venerable place. The red breast oft, at evening hours, Shall kindly lend his little aid, With hoary moss, and gathered flowers, To ---- the ground where thou art laid. * * * * * AFFRONT (page 24). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _affront_? 2. How does _affront_ compare with _insult_?with _tease_? _annoy_? EXAMPLES. It is safer to ---- some people than to oblige them; for the better a man deserves, the worse they will speak of him. Oh, rather give me commentators plain, Who with no deep researches ---- the brain. The petty desire to ---- is simply a perversion of the human love of power. They rushed to meet the ---- foe. * * * * * AGENT (page 24). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _agent_ in the philosophical sense compare with _mover_ or_doer_? 2. What different sense has it in business usage? EXAMPLES. That morality may mean anything, man must be held to be a free ----. The ---- declined to take the responsibility in the absence of the owner. * * * * * AGREE (page 25). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _concur_ and _coincide_ differ in range of meaning? How withreference to expression in action? 2. How does _accede_ compare with_consent_? 3. Which is the most general word of this group? EXAMPLES. A woman's lot is made for her by the love she ----. My poverty, but not my will, ----. * * * * * AGRICULTURE (page 25). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _agriculture_ include? How does it differ from _farming_?2. What is _gardening_? _floriculture_? _horticulture_? EXAMPLES. Loan oft loses both itself and friend; And borrowing dulls the edge of ----. A field becomes exhausted by constant ----. * * * * * AIM (page 26). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _aim_? How does it differ from _mark_? from _goal_? 2. Howdo _end_ and _object_ compare? 3. To what does _aspiration_ apply? Howdoes it differ in general from _design_, _endeavor_, or _purpose_? 4. How does _purpose_ compare with _intention_? 5. What is _design_? EXAMPLES. In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn For miserable ---- that end with self. O yet we trust that somehow good Will be the final ---- of ill. How quickly nature falls into revolt, When gold becomes her ----. It is not ----, but ambition that is the mother of misery in man. * * * * * AIR (page 27). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _air_ in the sense here considered? 2. How does _air_ differfrom _appearance_? 3. What is the difference between _expression_ and_look_? 4. What is the sense of _bearing_? _carriage_? 5. How does_mien_ differ from _air_? 6. What does _demeanor_ include? EXAMPLES. I never, with important ----, In conversation overbear. Vice is a monster of so frightful ----, As, to be hated, needs but to be seen. Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, Puts on his pretty ----, repeats his words. * * * * * AIRY (page 27). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _airy_ agree with and differ from _aerial_? Give instancesof the uses of the two words. 2. What does _ethereal_ signify?_sprightly_? 3. Are _lively_ and _animated_ used in the favorable orunfavorable sense? EXAMPLES. ---- tongues that syllable men's names, on sands and shores and desert wildernesses. The ---- mold Incapable of stain, would soon expel Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire, Victorious. Society became my glittering bride, And ---- hopes my children. Soft o'er the shrouds ---- whispers breathe, That seemed but zephyrs to the train beneath. * * * * * ALARM (page 28). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation and distinctive meaning of _alarm_? 2. What do_affright_ and _fright_ express? Give an illustration of the contrastedterms. 3. How are _apprehension_, _disquietude_, _dread_, and_misgiving_ related to the danger that excites them? 4. What are_consternation_, _dismay_, and _terror_, and how are they related to thedanger? 5. What is _timidity_? * * * * * ALERT (page 28). QUESTIONS. 1. To what do _alert_, _wide-awake_, and _ready_ refer? 2. How does_ready_ differ from _alert_? from _prepared_? 3. What does _prompt_signify? 4. What is the secondary meaning of _alert_? EXAMPLES. To be ---- for war is one of the most effectual ways of preserving peace. He who is not ---- to-day will be less so to-morrow. Thus ending loudly, as he would o'erleap His destiny, ---- he stood. * * * * * ALIEN, _a. & n. _ (page 29). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _alien_ differ from _foreign_? 2. Is a _foreigner_ by birthnecessarily an _alien_? 3. Are the people of one country while residingin their own land _foreigners_ or _aliens_ to the people of other lands?4. How can one residing in a _foreign_ country cease to be an _alien_ inthat country? 5. How do _foreign_ and _alien_ differ in their figurativeuse? EXAMPLES. By ---- hands thy dying eyes were closed . . . By ---- hands thy humble grave adorned By strangers honored and by strangers mourned. What is religion? Not a ---- inhabitant, nor something ---- to our nature, which comes and takes up its abode in the soul. ---- from the commonwealth of Israel and ---- from the covenants of promise. * * * * * ALIKE (page 30). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _alike_ compare with _similar_? with _identical_? 2. What isthe distinction often made between _equal_ and _equivalent_? 3. What isthe sense of _analogous_? (Compare synonyms for ANALOGY. ) 4. In whatsense is _homogeneous_ used? EXAMPLES. Sometimes gentle, sometimes capricious, sometimes awful; never the ---- for two moments together. Fashioned for himself, a bride; An ----, taken from his side. * * * * * ALLAY (page 31). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinction between _allay_ and _alleviate_? Which wordimplies a partial removal of the cause of suffering, or an actual_lightening_ of the burden? 2. With which of the above words are we toclass _appease_, _pacify_, _soothe_, and the like? 3. With what words is_alleviate_ especially to be grouped? (See synonyms for ALLEVIATE. ) EXAMPLES. Such songs have power to ---- The restless pulse of care, And come like the benediction That follows after prayer. Many a word, at random spoken May ---- or wound a heart that's broken! * * * * * ALLEGE (page 31). QUESTIONS. 1. Which is the primary and which the secondary word, _allege_ or_adduce_? Why? 2. How much of certainty is implied in _allege_? 3. Howmuch does one admit when he speaks of an _alleged_ fact, document, signature, or the like? EXAMPLES. In many ---- cases of haunted houses, the spirits have not ventured to face an armed man who has passed the night there. I can not ---- one thing and mean another. If I can't pray I will not make believe! * * * * * ALLEGORY (page 33). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _allegory_ compare with _simile_? _Simile_ with _metaphor_?2. What are the distinctions between _allegory_, _fable_, and _parable_?3. Under what general term are all these included? 4. To what is_fiction_ now most commonly applied? EXAMPLES. In argument ---- are like songs in love: They much describe; they nothing prove. And He spake many things unto them in ----, saying, Behold a sower went forth to sow. * * * * * ALLEVIATE (page 33). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _alleviate_ differ from _relieve_? from _remove_? 2. Is_alleviate_ used of persons? 3. What are the special significations of_abate_? _assuage_? _mitigate_? _moderate_? 4. How does _alleviate_compare with _allay_? (Compare synonyms for ALLAY. ) EXAMPLES. To pity distress is but human; to ---- it is Godlike. But, O! what mighty magician can ---- A woman's envy? * * * * * ALLIANCE (page 34). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _alliance_? how does it differ from _partnership_? from_coalition_? from _league_? 2. How does a _confederacy_ or _federation_differ from a _union_? EXAMPLES. The two nations formed an offensive and defensive ---- against the common enemy. Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were furled, In the Parliament of man, the ---- of the world. Business ---- are the warrant for the existence of trade ----. * * * * * ALLOT (page 34). QUESTIONS. 1. Does _allot_ refer to time, place, or person? 2. To what does_appoint_ refer? _assign_? 3. How does _destine_ differ from _appoint_?4. How does _award_ differ from _allot_, _appoint_, and _assign_? EXAMPLES. Man hath his daily work of body or mind ----. He ----eth the moon for seasons; the sun knoweth his going down. The king is but as the hind . . . Who may not wander from the ---- field Before his work be done. * * * * * ALLOW (page 35). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _allow_ and _permit_? between a_permit_ and _permission_? 2. What instances can you give of the use ofthese words, also of _tolerate_ and _submit_? 3. What does _yield_imply? EXAMPLES. Frederick ---- the Austrians to cross the mountains that he might attack them on a field of his own choosing. The cruelty and envy of the people ---- by our dastard nobles, who Have all forsook me, hath devoured the rest. State churches have ever been unwilling to ---- dissent. * * * * * ALLUDE (page 36). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive sense of _allude_? of _advert_? of _refer_?2. How do the above words compare with _mention_ as to explicitness? 3. How do _hint_ and _insinuate_ differ? EXAMPLES. Late in the eighteenth century Cowper did not venture to do more than ---- to the great allegorist [Bunyan], saying: "I name thee not, lest so despised a name Should move a sneer at thy deserved fame. " * * * * * ALLURE (page 37). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _allure_? 2. How does _allure_ differ from _attract_?from _lure_? 3. What does _coax_ express? 4. What is it to _cajole_? to_decoy_? to _inveigle_? 5. How does _seduce_ differ from _tempt_? 6. Is_win_ used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? EXAMPLES. The ruddy square of comfortable light ---- him, as the beacon blaze ---- The bird of passage. But Satan now is wiser than of yore, And ---- by making rich, not making poor. He had a strange gift of ---- friends, and of ---- the love of women. * * * * * ALSO (page 37). QUESTIONS. 1. Into what two groups are the synonyms for _also_ naturally divided?2. Which words simply add a fact or thought? 3. Which distinctly implythat what is added is like that to which it is added? EXAMPLES. Thine to work ---- to pray, Clearing thorny wrongs away; Plucking up the weeds of sin, Letting heaven's warm sunshine in. * * * * * ALTERNATIVE (page 38). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _choice_ and _alternative_ in thestrict use of language? 2. Is _alternative_ always so severelyrestricted by leading writers? 3. What do _choice_, _pick_, _election_, and _preference_ imply regarding one's wishes? _alternative_?_resources_? EXAMPLES. Homer delights to call Ulysses "the man of many ----. " * * * * * AMASS (page 38). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _amass_? 2. How is _amass_ distinguished from_accumulate_? 3. Is interest _amassed_ or _accumulated_? 4. How does_hoard_ differ from _store_? EXAMPLES. By daring and successful speculation, he ---- a prodigious fortune. The sum was the ---- savings of an industrious and frugal life. O, to what purpose dost thou ---- thy words, That thou return'st no greeting to thy friends? * * * * * AMATEUR (page 39). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _amateur_ and _connoisseur_? between_connoisseur_ and _critic_? 2. Which word carries a natural implicationof superficialness? 3. How do _novice_ and _tyro_ differ from _amateur_? EXAMPLES. He was in Logic a great ---- Profoundly skill'd in Analytic; He could distinguish, and divide A hair 'twixt south and south-west side. The greatest works in poetry, painting, and sculpture have not been done by ----. The mere ---- who produces nothing, and whose business is only to judge and enjoy. * * * * * AMAZEMENT (page 39). QUESTIONS. 1. What do _amazement_ and _astonishment_ agree in expressing? 2. How dothe two words differ? 3. What is the meaning of _awe_? of _admiration_?4. How does _surprise_ differ from _astonishment_ and _amazement_? 5. What are the characteristics of _wonder_? EXAMPLES. 'Twas while he toiled him to be freed, And with the rein to raise the steed, That, from ----'s iron trance, All Wycklif's soldiers waked at once. Can such things be, And overcome us like a summer's cloud, Without our special ----? The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes And gaping mouth that testified ----. * * * * * AMBITION (page 40). QUESTIONS. 1. What two senses has _ambition_? 2. How does _ambition_ differ from_aspiration_? Which is the higher word? 3. What is the distinctive senseof _emulation_? 4. Has _emulation_ a good side? How does it compare with_aspiration_? EXAMPLES. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ---- By that sin, fell the angels. Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave, Is ---- in the learn'd or brave. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ----. * * * * * AMEND (page 41). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _amend_? 2. How do _advance_, _better_, and _improve_differ from _amend_? 3. Are these words applied to matters decidedlybad, foul, or evil? 4. What is the difference between _amend_ and_emend_? EXAMPLES. Return ye now every man from his evil way, and ---- your doings. The construction here is difficult, and the text at this point has been variously ----. Human characters and conditions never reach such perfection that they can not be ----. * * * * * AMIABLE (page 42). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _lovely_ often apply? 2. To what does _amiable_ alwaysapply? 3. How do _agreeable_, _attractive_, and _charming_ differ from_amiable_? Give examples. 4. Is a _good-natured_ person necessarily_agreeable_? an _amiable_ person? EXAMPLES. His life was ----; and the elements So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up And say to all the world, This was a man! The east is blossoming! Yea a rose, Vast as the heavens, soft as a kiss, ---- as the presence of woman is. * * * * * ANALOGY (page 43). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the specific meaning of _analogy_? 2. What is _affinity_?_coincidence_? 3. Does _coincidence_ necessarily involve _resemblance_or _likeness_? 4. What is _parity_ of _reasoning_? 5. What is a_similitude_? 6. How do _resemblance_ and _similarity_ differ from_analogy_? EXAMPLES. The two boys bore a close ---- to each other. It is not difficult to trace the ---- of the home to the state. * * * * * ANGER (page 44). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the especial characteristics of _anger_? How does it differfrom _indignation_? _exasperation_? _rage_? _wrath_? _ire_? EXAMPLES. My enemy has long borne me a feeling of ----. Christ was filled with ---- at the hypocrisy of the Jews. I was overcome by a sudden feeling of ----. * * * * * ANIMAL (page 45). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _animal_? a _brute_? a _beast_? 2. Is man an _animal_? 3. What is implied if we speak of any particular man as an _animal_? a_brute_? a _beast_? 4. What forms of existence does the word _creature_include? 5. What are the animals of a country or region collectivelycalled? EXAMPLES. It is only within the last half century that societies have been organized for the prevention of cruelty to ----. O that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains! that we should with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into ----! Take a ---- out of his instinct, and you find him wholly deprived of understanding. Spurning manhood and its joys to loot, To be a lawless, lazy, sensual ----. * * * * * ANNOUNCE (page 46). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _announce_? 2. Does it apply chiefly to the past or thefuture? 3. To what is _advertise_ chiefly applied? _propound_?_promulgate_? _publish_? EXAMPLES. The Sphinx ---- its riddles with life and death depending on the answer. Through the rare felicity of the times you are permitted to think what you please and to ---- what you please. The songs of birds and the wild flowers in the woodlands ---- the coming of spring. * * * * * ANSWER (page 46). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a verbal _answer_? 2. In what wider sense is _answer_ used?3. What is a _reply_? a _rejoinder_? 4. How does an _answer_ to acharge, an argument, or the like, differ from a _reply_ or _rejoinder_?5. What is the special quality of a _response_? 6. What is a _retort_?How does it differ from _repartee_? EXAMPLES. I can no other ---- make, but thanks. Theirs not to make ---- Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Upon thy princely warrant I descend, To give thee ---- of thy just demand. He could not be content without finding a ---- in Nature to every mood of his mind; and he does find it. A man renowned for ---- Will seldom scruple to make free With friendship's honest feeling. Nothing is so easy and inviting as the ---- of abuse and sarcasm; but it is a paltry and unprofitable contest. * * * * * ANTICIPATE, ANTICIPATION (page 47). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the two contrasted senses of _anticipate_? 2. Which is nowthe more common? 3. How does _anticipate_ differ from _expect_? from_hope_? from _apprehend_? 4. How does _anticipation_ differ from_presentiment_? from _apprehension_? from _foreboding_? 5. What specialelement is involved in _foretaste_? How do _foresight_ and _forethought_go beyond the meaning of _anticipation_? EXAMPLES. Then some leaped overboard with fearful yell, As eager to ---- their grave. England ---- every man to do his duty. These are portents; but yet I ----, I hope, They do not point on me. If I know your sect, I ---- your argument. The happy ---- of a renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just. * * * * * ANTIPATHY (page 48). QUESTIONS. 1. How is _antipathy_ to be distinguished from _dislike_? from_antagonism_? from _aversion_? 2. What is _uncongeniality_? How does itdiffer from _antipathy_? Which is positive? and which negative? EXAMPLES. Christianity is the solvent of all race ----. From my soul I loathe All affectation; 'tis my perfect scorn, object of my implacable ----. * * * * * ANTIQUE (page 48). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _antique_ refer? _antiquated_? 2. Is the differencebetween them a matter of time? Give examples. 3. Can a modern buildingbe _antiquated_? Can it be _antique_? 4. What is the significance of_quaint_? EXAMPLES. My copper lamps, at any rate, For being true ----, I bought. I do love these ---- ruins, We never tread upon them but we set Our foot upon some reverend history. * * * * * ANXIETY (page 49). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _anxiety_ in the primary sense? Is it mental or physical? 2. How does _anxiety_ differ from _anguish_? 3. What kind of possibilitydoes _anxiety_ always suggest? 4. How does it differ from_apprehension_, _fear_, _dread_, etc. , in this regard? 5. What is_worry_? _fretfulness_? 6. Does _perplexity_ involve anxiety? EXAMPLES. Yield not to ---- the future, weep not for the past. Superstition invested the slightest incidents of life with needless ----. ---- is harder than work, and far less profitable. * * * * * APATHY (page 50). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _apathy_? 2. How does it differ from the Saxon word_unfeelingness_? from _indifference_? from _insensibility_? from_unconcern_? 3. How does _stoicism_ differ from _apathy_? EXAMPLES. In lazy ---- let stoics boast Their virtue fixed: 'tis fixed as in a frost. At length the morn and cold ---- came. He sank into a ---- from which it was impossible to arouse him. * * * * * APOLOGY (page 51). QUESTIONS. 1. What change of meaning has _apology_ undergone? 2. What does an_apology_ now always imply? 3. How does an _apology_ differ from an_excuse_? 4. Which of these words may refer to the future? 5. How does_confession_ differ from _apology_? EXAMPLES. ---- only account for that which they do not alter. Beauty is its own ---- for being. There is no refuge from ---- but suicide; and suicide is ----. * * * * * APPARENT (page 52). QUESTIONS. 1. What two contrasted senses arise from the root meaning of _apparent_?2. What is implied when we speak of _apparent_ kindness or _apparent_neglect? 3. How do _presumable_ and _probable_ differ? 4. Whatimplication is conveyed in _seeming_? What do we suggest when we speakof "_seeming_ innocence"? EXAMPLES. It is not ---- that the students will attempt to break the rules again. It is not yet ---- what his motive could have been in committing such an offense. It is ---- that something has been omitted which was essential to complete the construction. * * * * * APPETITE (page 54). QUESTIONS. 1. Of what kind of demands or impulses is _appetite_ ordinarily used? 2. What demands or tendencies are included in _passion_? 3. What is impliedby _passions_ and _appetites_ when used as contrasted terms? EXAMPLES. Govern well thy ----, lest sin Surprise thee, and her black attendant Death. Take heed lest ---- sway Thy judgment to do aught which else free will Would not admit. * * * * * APPORTION (page 54). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the special significance of _apportion_ by which it isdistinguished from _allot_, _assign_, _distribute_, or _divide_? 2. Whatis the significance of _dispense_ in the transitive use? 3. What is itto _appropriate_? EXAMPLES. Representatives are ---- among the several states according to the population. The treasure was ---- and their shares duly ---- among the captors. * * * * * APPROXIMATION (page 55). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _approximation_ in the mathematical sense? 2. How close anapproach to exactness and certainty does _approximation_ imply? 3. Howdoes _approximation_ differ from _resemblance_ and _similarity_? from_approach_? 4. How does _approximation_, as regards the class of objectsto which it is applied, differ from _nearness_, _neighborhood_, or_propinquity_? EXAMPLES. We have to be content with ---- to a solution. Without faith, there is no real ---- to God. Wit consists in knowing the ---- of things which differ, and the difference of things which are alike. * * * * * ARMS (page 55). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _arms_ and _armor_? 2. In whatconnection is _armor_ used in modern warfare? EXAMPLES. ---- on ---- clashing brayed Horrible discord. There is constant rivalry between irresistible projectiles and impenetrable ----. * * * * * ARMY (page 56). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the essentials of an _army_? 2. Is an _army_ large or small?3. What term would be applied to a _multitude_ of armed men withoutorder or organization? 4. In what sense is _host_ used? _legion_? EXAMPLES. For the ---- is a school in which the miser becomes generous, and the generous, prodigal; miserly soldiers are like monsters, but very rarely seen. The still-discordant wavering ----. * * * * * ARRAIGN (page 56). QUESTIONS. 1. To what kind of proceedings do _indict_ and _arraign_ apply? 2. Howis one _indicted_? How _arraigned_? 3. How do these words differ from_charge_? _accuse_? _censure_? EXAMPLES. The criminal was ---- for trial for his offenses. Religion does not ---- or exclude unnumbered pleasures, harmlessly pursued. * * * * * ARTIFICE (page 58). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _artifice_? a _device_? _finesse_? 2. In what sense are_cheat_, _maneuver_, and _imposture_ always used? 3. In what sense is_trick_ commonly used? 4. What is a _fraud_? 5. Is _wile_ used in a goodor a bad sense? 6. Does the good or the bad sense commonly attach to thewords _artifice_, _contrivance_, _ruse_, _blind_, _device_, and_finesse_? EXAMPLES. Those who can not gain their ends by force naturally resort to ----. The enemy were decoyed from their defenses by a skilful ----. Quips and cranks and wanton ----, Nods and becks and wreathed smiles. Whoever has even once become notorious by base ----, even if he speaks the truth, gains no belief. * * * * * ARTIST (page 58). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _artist_? an _artisan_? 2. What is an _artificer_? Howrelated to _artist_ and _artisan_? EXAMPLES. The power depends on the depth of the ----'s insight of that object he contemplates. Infuse into the purpose with which you follow the various employments and professions of life the sense of beauty, and you are transformed at once from an ---- into an ----. If too many ---- turn shopkeepers, the whole natural quantity of that business divided among them all may afford too small a share for each. * * * * * ASK (page 59). QUESTIONS. 1. For what class of objects does one _ask_? For what does he _beg_? 2. How do _entreat_ and _beseech_ compare with _ask_? 3. What is thespecial sense of _implore_? of _supplicate_? 4. How are _crave_ and_request_ distinguished? _pray_ and _petition_? 5. What kind of _asking_is implied in _demand_? in _require_? How do these two words differ fromone another? EXAMPLES. We, ignorant of ourselves, ---- often our own harms, which the wise powers Deny us for our good: so we find profit, By losing of our prayers. The harvest truly is great, but the labourers are few: ---- ye therefore the Lord of the harvest that he would send forth labourers into his harvest. Speak with me, pity me, open the door, A beggar ---- that never begg'd before. Be not afraid to ----; to ---- is right. ----, if thou canst, with hope; but ever ----. Though hope be weak or sick with long delay; ---- in the darkness, if there be no light. * * * * * ASSOCIATE (page 60). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _associate_ imply, as used officially? What when used inpopular language? 2. Do we speak of associates in crime or wrong? Whatwords are preferred in such connection? (See synonyms for ACCESSORY. ) 3. Is _companion_ used in a good or bad sense? 4. How does it differ in usefrom _associate_? 5. What is the significance of _peer_? _comrade_?_consort_? EXAMPLES. His best ----, innocence and health, And his best riches, ignorance of wealth. The ---- accepted Napoleon's abdication. The leader in the plot was betrayed by his ----. * * * * * ASSUME (page 61). QUESTIONS. 1. Does _assume_ apply to that which is rightfully or wrongfully taken?2. In what use does _assume_ correspond with _arrogate_ and _usurp_? 3. How do _arrogate_ and _usurp_ differ from each other? How does _assume_differ from _postulate_ as regards debate or reasoning of any kind? EXAMPLES. Wherefore do I ---- These royalties, and not refuse to reign. ---- a virtue if you have it not. For well we know no hand of blood and bone Can gripe the sacred handle of our scepter, Unless he do profane, steal, or ----. * * * * * ASSURANCE (page 61). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _assurance_ in the good sense? 2. What is _assurance_ in thebad sense? 3. How does _assurance_ compare with _impudence_? with_effrontery_? EXAMPLES. Let us draw near with a true heart in full ---- of faith. Some wicked wits have libel'd all the fair. With matchless ---- they style a wife The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life. With brazen ---- he denied the most indisputable facts. * * * * * ASTUTE (page 62). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _acute_ derived? What is its distinctive sense?2. From what language is _keen_ derived? What does it distinctivelydenote? 3. From what language is _astute_ derived, and what was itsoriginal meaning? 4. In present use what does _astute_ add to themeaning of _acute_ or _keen_? 5. What does _astute_ imply regarding theulterior purpose or object of the person who is credited with it? EXAMPLES. You statesmen are so ---- in forming schemes! He taketh the wise in their own ----ness. The most ---- reasoner may be deluded, when he practises sophistry upon himself. * * * * * ATTACHMENT (page 63). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _attachment_? How does it differ from _adherence_ or_adhesion_? from _affection_? from _inclination_? from _regard_? EXAMPLES. Talk not of wasted ----, ---- never was wasted. You do not weaken your ---- for your family by cultivating ----s beyond its pale, but deepen and intensify it. * * * * * ATTACK, _v. & n. _ (pages 63, 64). QUESTIONS. 1. What special element is involved in the meaning of _attack_? 2. Howdo _assail_ and _assault_ differ? 3. What is it to _encounter_? how doesthis word compare with _attack_? How does _attack_ differ from_aggression_? EXAMPLES. We see time's furrows on another's brow, And death intrench'd, preparing his ----; How few themselves in that just mirror see! Who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open ----? Roger Williams ---- the spirit of intolerance, the doctrine of persecution, and never his persecutors. * * * * * ATTAIN (page 64). QUESTIONS. 1. What kind of a word is _attain_, and to what does it point? 2. Howdoes _attain_ differ from _obtain_? from _achieve_? 3. How does _obtain_differ from _procure_? EXAMPLES. The heights by great men ---- and kept Were not ---- by sudden flight, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night. Our doubts are traitors, And make us lose the good we oft might ---- By fearing to attempt. * * * * * ATTITUDE (page 65). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _position_ as regards the human body differ from _attitude_, _posture_, or _pose_? 2. Do the three latter words apply to the livingor the dead? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _attitude_? Is itconscious or unconscious? 4. How does _posture_ differ from _attitude_?5. What is the distinctive sense of _pose_? How does it differ from, andhow does it agree with _attitude_ and _posture_? EXAMPLES. The ---- assumed indicated great indignation because of the insult implied. The ---- was graceful and pleasing. * * * * * ATTRIBUTE, _v. _ (page 65). QUESTIONS. 1. What suggestion is often involved in _attribute_? 2. How does_attribute_ differ from _refer_ and _ascribe_? 3. Is _charge_ (in thisconnection) used in the favorable or unfavorable sense? EXAMPLES. ---- ye greatness unto our God. He ---- unworthy motives which proved a groundless charge. * * * * * ATTRIBUTE, _n. _ (page 66). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation and the inherent meaning of _quality_? 2. Whatis an _attribute_? 3. Which of the above words expresses whatnecessarily belongs to the subject of which it is said to be an_attribute_ or _quality_? 4. What is the derivation and distinctivesense of _property_? 5. How does _property_ ordinarily differ from_quality_? 6. In what usage do _property_ and _quality_ become exactsynonyms, and how are _properties_ then distinguished? EXAMPLES. His scepter shows the force of temporal power, The ---- to awe and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings. Nothing endures but personal ----s. * * * * * AVARICIOUS (page 68). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _avaricious_ and _covetous_ differ from _miserly_, _niggardly_, _parsimonious_, and _penurious_? 2. Of what matters are_greedy_ and _stingy_ used? How do they differ from each other? EXAMPLES. I am not ---- for gold; Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost; It yearns me not if men my garments wear. It is better to be content with such things as ye have than to become ---- and ---- in accumulating. * * * * * AVENGE (page 69). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _avenge_? 2. How does _avenge_ differ from _revenge_?3. Which word would be used of an act of God? 4. Is _retaliate_ used inthe sense of _avenge_ or of _revenge_? EXAMPLES. O, that the vain remorse, which must chastise Crimes done, had but as loud a voice to warn As its keen sting is mortal to ----. I lost mine eye laying the prize aboard, And therefore to ---- it, shalt thou die. * * * * * AVOW (page 69). QUESTIONS. 1. Which words of this group refer exclusively to one's own knowledge oraction? 2. What is the distinctive sense of _aver_? of _avouch_? of_avow_? 3. How do _avouch_ and _avow_ differ from _aver_ inconstruction? 4. Is _avow_ used in a good or a bad sense? What does itimply of others' probable feeling or action? 5. How does _avow_ comparewith _confess_? EXAMPLES. And, but herself, ---- no parallel. The child ---- his fault and was pardoned by his parent. * * * * * AWFUL (page 70). QUESTIONS. 1. To what matters should _awful_ properly be restricted? 2. Is _awful_always interchangeable with _alarming_ or _terrible_? with_disagreeable_ or _annoying_? EXAMPLES. Then must it be an ---- thing to die. The silent falling of the snow is to me one of the most ---- things in nature. * * * * * AWKWARD (page 70). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation and original meaning of _awkward_? of_clumsy_? 2. To what, therefore, does _awkward_ primarily refer? and towhat _clumsy_? 3. Is a draft-horse distinctively _awkward_ or _clumsy_?4. Give some metaphorical uses of _awkward_. EXAMPLES. Though he was ----, he was kindly. The apprentice was not only ----, but ----, and had to be taught over and over again the same methods. The young girl stood in a ---- way, looking in at the showy shop-windows. * * * * * AXIOM (page 71). QUESTIONS. 1. In what do _axiom_ and _truism_ agree? 2. In what do they differ? 3. How do they compare in interest and utility? EXAMPLES. It is almost an ---- that those who do most for the heathen abroad are most liberal for the heathen at home. Trifling ----s clothed in great, swelling words of vanity. * * * * * BABBLE (page 71). QUESTIONS. 1. To what class do most of the words in this group belong? Why are theyso called? 2. What is the special significance of _blab_ and _blurt_?How do they differ from each other in use? 3. What is _chat_? 4. Howdoes _prattling_ differ from _chatting_? 5. In what sense is _jabber_used? How does it compare with _chatter_? EXAMPLES. "The crane, " I said, "may ---- of the crane, The dove may ---- of the dove. " Two women sat contentedly ----ing, one of them amusing a ----ing babe. * * * * * BANISH (page 72). QUESTIONS. 1. From what land may one be _banished_? From what _expatriated_ or_exiled_? 2. By whom may one be said to be _banished_? by whom_expatriated_ or _exiled_? 3. Which of these words is of widest import?Give examples of its metaphorical use. * * * * * BANK (page 72). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _beach_? a _coast_? 2. How does each of the above wordsdiffer from _bank_? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _strand_? Inwhat style of writing is it most commonly used? 4. What are thedistinctive senses of _edge_ and _brink_? * * * * * BANTER (page 73). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _banter_? 2. How is _badinage_ distinguished from _banter_?_raillery_ from both? 3. What is the distinctive sense of _irony_? 4. Is_irony_ kindly or the reverse? _badinage_? _banter_? 5. What words ofthis group are distinctly hostile? 6. Is _ridicule_ or _derision_ thestronger word? What is the distinction between the two? between _satire_and _sarcasm_? between _chaff_, _jeering_, and _mockery_? * * * * * BARBAROUS (page 73). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _barbarian_? 2. What is the added significanceof _barbaric_? 3. How does _barbarous_ in general use differ from boththe above words? 4. What special element is commonly implied in_savage_? 5. In what less opprobrious sense may _barbarous_ and _savage_be used? Give instances. EXAMPLES. A multitude like which the populous North Poured never from her frozen loins, to pass Rhene or the Danaw, when her ---- sons Came like a deluge on the south. Or when the gorgeous East, with richest hand, Showers on her kings ---- pearl and gold. It is most true, that a natural and secret hatred and aversation toward society, in any man, hath somewhat of the ---- beast. Thou art bought and sold among those of any wit like a ---- slave. * * * * * BARRIER (page 74). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _bar_? and what is its purpose? 2. What is a _barrier_? 3. Which word is ordinarily applied to objects of great extent? 4. Would amountain range be termed a _bar_ or a _barrier_? 5. What distinctivename is given to a mass of sand across the mouth of a river or harbor? * * * * * BATTLE (page 74). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the general meaning of _conflict_? 2. What is a _battle_? 3. How long may a _battle_ last? 4. On how many fields may one _battle_ befought? 5. How does _engagement_ differ from _battle_? How does _combat_differ? _action_? _skirmish_? _fight_? * * * * * BEAUTIFUL (page 76). QUESTIONS. 1. What is necessary to constitute an object or a person _beautiful_? 2. Can _beautiful_ be said of that which is harsh and ragged, howevergrand? 3. How is _beautiful_ related to our powers of appreciation? 4. How does _pretty_ compare with _beautiful_? _handsome_? 5. What does_fair_ denote? _comely_? _picturesque_? EXAMPLES. I pray thee, O God, that I may be ---- within. A happy youth, and their old age is ---- and free. 'Twas sung, how they were ---- in their lives And in their death had not divided been. How ---- has the day been, how bright was the sun. How lovely and joyful the course that he run. Though he rose in a mist when his race he began And there followed some droppings of rain! * * * * * BECOMING (page 77). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _becoming_? of _decent_? of _suitable_? 2. Canthat which is worthy or beautiful in itself ever be otherwise than_becoming_ or _suitable_? Give instances. 3. What is the meaning of_fit_? How does it differ from _fitting_ or _befitting_? EXAMPLES. A merrier man, Within the limit of ---- mirth, I never spent an hour's talk withal. Still govern thou my song, Urania, and ---- audience find, tho few. Indeed, left nothing ---- for your purpose Untouch'd, slightly handled, in discourse. In such a time as this, it is not ---- That every nice offense should bear his comment. How could money be better spent than in erecting a ---- building for the greatest library in the country? * * * * * BEGINNING (page 78). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _beginning_ derived? _commencement_? How do thetwo words differ in application and use? Give instances. 2. What is an_origin_? a _source_? a _rise_? 3. How are _fount_, _fountain_, and_spring_ used in the figurative sense? EXAMPLES. For learning is the ---- pure, Out from which all glory springs. Truth is the ---- of every good to gods and men. Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above, By which those great in war are great in love; The ---- of all brave acts is seated here. It can not be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor, nor he his to her: it was a violent ----, and thou shalt see an answerable sequestration. In the ---- God created the heaven and the earth. * * * * * BEHAVIOR (page 79). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _behavior_ and _conduct_ differ? 2. What is the special senseof _carriage_? of _bearing_? _demeanor_? 3. What is _manner_? _manners_? EXAMPLES. Our thoughts and our ---- are our own. Good ---- are made up of petty sacrifices. * * * * * BENEVOLENCE (page 80). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original distinction between _benevolence_ and_beneficence_? 2. In what sense is _benevolence_ now most commonly used?3. What words are commonly used for _benevolence_ in the original sense?4. What was the original sense of _charity_? the present popular sense?5. What of _humanity_? _generosity_? _liberality_? _philanthropy_? EXAMPLES. ---- is a virtue of the heart, and not of the hands. The secrets of life are not shown except to ---- and likeness. * * * * * BIND (page 81). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive sense of _bind_? 2. What is the specialmeaning of _tie_? 3. In how general a sense is _fasten_ used? 4. Whichof the above three words is used in a figurative sense? EXAMPLES. Shut, shut the door, good John! fatigu'd, I said; ---- up the knocker, say I'm sick, I'm dead. Adjust our lives to loss, make friends with pain, ---- all our shattered hopes and bid them bloom again. * * * * * BITTER (page 81). QUESTIONS. 1. How may _acid_, _bitter_, and _acrid_ be distinguished? _pungent_?_caustic_? 2. In metaphorical use, how are _harsh_ and _bitter_distinguished? 3. What is the special significance of _caustic_? 4. Giveexamples of these words in their various uses. * * * * * BLEACH (page 82). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _bleach_ and _blanch_ differ from _whiten_? from each other? EXAMPLES. You can behold such sights, And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, When mine is ---- with fear. We let the years go: wash them clean with tears, Leave them to ---- out in the open day. * * * * * BLEMISH (page 82). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _blemish_? 2. How does it differ from a _flaw_ or _taint_?3. What is a _defect_? a _fault_? 4. Which words of this group arenaturally applied to reputation, and which to character? EXAMPLES. Every page enclosing in the midst A square of text that looks a little ----. The noble Brutus Hath told you Cæsar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous ----. * * * * * BLUFF (page 83). QUESTIONS. 1. In what sense are _bluff_, _frank_, and _open_ used? 2. In what senseare _blunt_, _brusk_, _rough_, and _rude_ employed? EXAMPLES. There are to whom my satire seems too ----. Stout once a month they march, a ---- band And ever but in times of need, at hand. * * * * * BOUNDARY (page 84). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original sense of _boundary_? 2. How does it differ inusage from _bound_ or _bounds_? 3. In what style and sense is _bourn_used? 4. What is the distinctive meaning of _edge_? EXAMPLES. So these lives . . . Parted by ----s strong, but drawing nearer and nearer, Rushed together at last, and one was lost in the other. In worst extremes, and on the perilous ---- Of battle. * * * * * BRAVE (page 85). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _brave_ differ from _courageous_? 2. What is the specialsense of _adventurous_? of _bold_? of _chivalrous_? 3. How do thesewords differ from _venturesome_? 4. What is especially denoted by_fearless_ and _intrepid_? 5. What does _valiant_ tell of results? 6. What ideas are combined in _heroic_? EXAMPLES. A ---- man is also full of faith. Fir'd at first sight with what the Muse imparts, In ---- youth we tempt the heights of Arts. Thy danger chiefly lies in acting well; No crime's so great as ---- to excel. * * * * * BUSINESS (page 88). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _barter_? 2. What does _business_add to the meaning of _barter_? 3. What is _occupation_? Is it broaderthan _business_? 4. What is a _vocation_? 5. What (in the strict sense)is an _avocation_? 6. What is implied in _profession_? _pursuit_? 7. What is a _transaction_? 8. How does _trade_ differ from _commerce_? 9. What is _work_? 10. What is an _art_ in the industrial sense? a _craft_? EXAMPLES. A man must serve his time to every ----. We turn to dust, and all our mightiest ----s die too. * * * * * CALCULATE (page 90). QUESTIONS. 1. How do you distinguish between _count_ and _calculate_? _compute_, _reckon_ and _estimate_? 2. Which is used mostly with regard to futureprobabilities? 3. Do we use _compute_ or _estimate_ of numbers exactlyknown? 4. Of _compute_, _calculate_, and _estimate_, which is used withespecial reference to the future? EXAMPLES. There were 4046 men in the district, by actual ----. The time of the eclipse was ---- to a second. We ask them to ---- approximately the cost of the building. * * * * * CALL (page 91). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _call_? 2. Do we ever apply_bellow_ and _roar_ to human sounds? 3. Can you give more than one senseof _cry_? 4. Are _shout_ and _scream_ more or less expressive than_call_? 5. Which of the words in this group are necessarily and whichordinarily applied to articulate utterance? Which rarely, if ever, soused? EXAMPLES. ---- for the robin redbreast and the wren. The pioneers could hear the savages ---- outside. I ---- my servant and he came. The captain ---- in a voice of thunder to the helmsman, "Put your helm hard aport!" * * * * * CALM (page 91). QUESTIONS. 1. To what classes of objects or states of mind do we apply _calm_?_collected_? _quiet_? _placid_? _serene_? _still_? _tranquil_? 2. Do theantonyms _boisterous_, _excited_, _ruffled_, _turbulent_, and _wild_, also apply to the same? 3. Can you contrast _calm_ and _quiet_? 4. Howmany of the preceding adjectives can be applied to water? 5. How does_composed_ differ from _calm_? EXAMPLES. The possession of a ---- conscience is an estimable blessing. The water is said to be always ---- in the ocean depths. ---- on the listening ear of night Fall heaven's melodious strains. * * * * * CANCEL (page 92). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference in method involved in the verbs _cancel_, _efface_, _erase_, _expunge_, and _obliterate_? 2. Which suggest themost complete removal of all trace of a writing? 3. How do thefigurative uses of these words compare with the literal? 4. Is itpossible to _obliterate_ or _efface_ that which has been previously_canceled_ or _erased_? EXAMPLES. It is practically impossible to clean a postage-stamp that has been properly ---- so that it can be used again. With the aid of a sharp penknife the blot was quickly ----. By lapse of time and elemental action, the inscription had become completely ----. * * * * * CANDID (page 93). QUESTIONS. 1. To what class of things do we apply _aboveboard_? _candid_? _fair_?_frank_? _honest_? _sincere_? _transparent_? 2. Can you state thesimilarity between _artless_, _guileless_, _naive_, _simple_, and_unsophisticated_? How do they differ as a class from the words abovereferred to? 3. How does it happen that "To be frank, " or "To be candid"often precedes the utterance of something disagreeable? EXAMPLES. The sophistry was so ---- as to disgust the assembly. A. T. Stewart relied on ---- dealing as the secret of mercantile success. An ---- man will not steal or defraud. ---- she seems with artful care Affecting to be unaffected. * * * * * CARE (page 94). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the special difference between _care_ and _anxiety_? 2. Wherein does _care_ differ from _caution_? _solicitude_ from _anxiety_?_watchfulness_ from _wariness_? 3. Can you give some of the senses of_care_? 4. Is _concern_ as strong a term as _anxiety_? 5. What is_circumspection_? _precaution_? _heed_? EXAMPLES. Take her up tenderly, lift her with ----. A military commander should have as much ---- as bravery. The invaders fancied themselves so secure against attack that they had not taken the ---- to station sentinels. * * * * * CARICATURE (page 95). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _caricature_? 2. What is thespecial difference between _parody_ and _travesty_? between both and_burlesque_? 3. To what is _caricature_ mostly confined? 4. How do_mimicry_ and _imitation_ differ? 5. Is an _extravaganza_ an_exaggeration_? EXAMPLES. The eagle nose of the general was magnified in every artist's ----. His laughable reproduction of the great actor's vagaries was a clever bit of ----. If it be not lying to say that a fox's tail is four feet long, it is certainly a huge ----. * * * * * CARRY (page 96). QUESTIONS. 1. To what sort of objects do we apply _bear_? _carry_? _move_? _take_?2. What kinds of force or power do we indicate by _convey_, _lift_, _transmit_, and _transport_? 3. What is the distinction between _bring_and _carry_? between _carry_ and _bear_? 4. What does _lift_ mean? 5. Can you give some figurative uses of _carry_? EXAMPLES. The strong man can ---- 1, 000 pounds with apparent ease. Napoleon always endeavored to ---- the war into the enemy's territory. It was found necessary to ---- the coal overland for a distance of 500 miles. My punishment is greater than I can ----. * * * * * CATASTROPHE (page 97). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _catastrophe_ or _cataclysm_? 2. Is a _catastrophe_ alsonecessarily a _calamity_ or a _disaster_? 3. Which word has the broadermeaning, _disaster_ or _calamity_? 4. Does _misfortune_ suggest asserious a condition as any of the foregoing? 5. How does a _mishap_compare with a _catastrophe_, a _calamity_, or a _disaster_? 6. Givesome chief antonyms of the above. EXAMPLES. War and pestilence are properly ----, while the loss of a battle may be a ----, but not a ----. Fortune is not satisfied with inflicting one ----. Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The day's ---- in his morning face. The failure of the crops of two successive years proved an irreparable ---- to the emigrants. * * * * * CAUSE (page 98). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the central distinction between _antecedent_ and _cause_? 2. How are the words _cause_, _condition_, and _occasion_ illustrated bythe fall of an avalanche? 3. And the antonyms _consequence_? _effect_?_outgrowth_? _result_? 4. What are _causality_ and _causation_? 5. Howare _origin_ and _source_ related to _cause_? EXAMPLES. Where there is an effect there must be also a ----. It is necessary to know something of the ---- of a man before we can safely trust him. The ---- of the river was found to be a small lake among the hills. What was given as the ---- of the quarrel was really but the ----. * * * * * CHAGRIN (page 100). QUESTIONS. 1. What feelings are combined in _chagrin_? 2. How do you distinguishbetween _chagrin_, _disappointment_, _humiliation_, _mortification_, and_shame_? 3. Which involves a sense of having done wrong? EXAMPLES. The king's ---- at the limitations imposed upon him was painfully manifest. He is not wholly lost who yet can blush from ----. Hope tells a flattering tale, Delusive, vain, and hollow. Ah! let not hope prevail, Lest ---- follow. * * * * * CHANGE (page 100). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinction between _change_ and _exchange_? Are theyever used as equivalent, and how? 2. Can you distinguish between_modify_ and _qualify_? EXAMPLES. The tailor offered to ---- the armholes of the coat. We requested the pianist to ---- his music by introducing a few popular tunes. We often fail to recognize the actor who ---- his costume between the acts. * * * * * CHARACTER (page 102). QUESTIONS. 1. How do you distinguish between _character_ and _reputation_?_constitution_ and _disposition_? 2. Is _nature_ a broader word than anyof the preceding? 3. If so, why? EXAMPLES. The philanthropist's ---- for charity is often a great source of annoyance to him. Let dogs delight to bark and bite, for 'tis their ---- to. Misfortune may cause the loss of friends and reputation, yet if the man has not yielded to wrong, his ---- is superior to loss or change. * * * * * CHOOSE (page 104). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the shades of difference between _choose_, _cull_, _elect_, _pick_, _prefer_, and _select_? 2. Also between the antonyms _castaway_, _decline_, _dismiss_, _refuse_, _repudiate_? 3. Does _select_imply more care or judgment than _choose_? EXAMPLES. The prettiest flowers had all been ----. Jacob was ---- to Esau, tho he was the younger. When a man deliberately ---- to do wrong, there is little hope for him. * * * * * CIRCUMSTANCE (page 105). QUESTIONS. 1. To what classes of things do we apply _accompaniment_? _concomitant_?_circumstance_? _event_? _fact_? _incident_? _occurrence_? _situation_?2. Can you give some instances of the use of _circumstance_? 3. Is it aword of broader meaning than _incident_? EXAMPLES. The ---- that there had been a fire was proved by the smoke-blackened walls. Extreme provocation may be a mitigating ---- in a case of homicide. * * * * * CLASS (page 106). QUESTIONS. 1. How does a _class_ differ from a _caste_? 2. In what connection is_rank_ used? _order_? 3. What is a _coterie_? How does it differ from a_clique_? EXAMPLES. An ---- was formed for the relief of the poor and needy of the city. A select ---- met at the residence of one of the leading men of the city. There is a struggle of the masses against the ----. * * * * * CLEAR (page 107). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _clear_ originally signify? 2. How does _clear_ differ from_transparent_ as regards a substance that may be a medium of vision? 3. With what meaning is _clear_ used of an object apprehended by thesenses, as an object of sight or hearing? 4. What does _distinct_signify? 5. What is _plain_? 6. What special sense does this word alwaysretain? How does _transparent_ differ from _translucent_? 7. What do_lucid_ and _pellucid_ signify? 8. What is the special force of_limpid_? * * * * * CLEVER (page 109). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _clever_ as used in England? 2. What was theearly New England usage? 3. What is to be said of the use of _smart_ and_sharp_? 4. What other words of this group are preferable to _clever_ inmany of its uses? EXAMPLES. His brief experience in the department had made him very ---- in the work now assigned him. She was especially ---- in song. Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be ----; Do noble things, not dream them, all day long; And so make life, death, and the vast forever One grand, sweet song. * * * * * COMPANY (page 110). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _company_ derived? What is its primary meaning? 2. Forwhat are those associated who constitute a _company_? Is theirassociation temporary or permanent? 3. What is the difference between_assemblage_ and _assembly_? 4. What is a _conclave_? a _convocation_? a_convention_? 5. What are the characteristics of a _group_? 6. To whatuse is _congregation_ restricted? How does _meeting_ agree with anddiffer from it? EXAMPLES. Far from the madding ----'s ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learned to stray. The room contained a large ---- of miscellaneous objects. A fellow that makes no figure in ----. A great ---- had met, but without organization or officers. If ye inquire anything concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful ----. * * * * * COMPEL (page 111). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _compel_? 2. What does _force_ imply? 3. What is theespecial significance of _coerce_? 4. What does _constrain_ imply? Inwhat favorable sense is it used? EXAMPLES. Even if we were not willing, they possessed the power of ---- us to do justice. Employers may ---- their employees into voting as they demand, but for the secret ballot. These considerations ---- us to aid them to the utmost of our power. * * * * * COMPLAIN (page 112). QUESTIONS. 1. By what is _complaining_ prompted? _murmuring_? _repining_? 2. Whichfinds outward expression, and which is limited to the mental act? 3. Towhom does one _complain_, in the formal sense of the word? 4. With whomdoes one _remonstrate_? EXAMPLES. It is not pleasant to live with one who is constantly ----ing. The dog gave a low ---- which frightened the tramp away. * * * * * COMPLEX (page 112). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _complex_ differ from _compound_? from _composite_? 2. Whatis _heterogeneous_? _conglomerate_? 3. How does _complicated_ differfrom _intricate_? from _involved_? * * * * * CONSCIOUS (page 116). QUESTIONS. 1. Of what things is one _aware_? of what is he _conscious_? 2. How does_sensible_ compare with the above-mentioned words? 3. What does_sensible_ indicate regarding the emotions, that would not be expressedby _conscious_? EXAMPLES. To be ---- that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge. They are now ---- it would have been better to resist the first temptation. He was ---- of a stealthy step and a bulk dimly visible through the darkness. * * * * * CONSEQUENCE (page 116). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _consequence_ differ from _effect_? both from _result_? 2. How do _result_ and _issue_ compare? 3. In what sense is _consequent_used? * * * * * CONTAGION (page 117). QUESTIONS. 1. To what is _contagion_ now limited by the best medical usage? 2. Towhat is the term _infection_ applied? EXAMPLES. During the plague in London persons walked in the middle of the streets for fear of the ---- from the houses. The mob thinks by ---- for the most part, catching an opinion like a cold. No pestilence is so much to be dreaded as the ---- of bad example. * * * * * CONTINUAL (page 117). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _continuous_ differ from _continual_? _incessant_ from_ceaseless_? Give examples. * * * * * CONTRAST (page 118). QUESTIONS. 1. How is _contrast_ related to _compare_? 2. What are the specialsenses of _differentiate_, _discriminate_ and _distinguish_? * * * * * CONVERSATION (page 118). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential meaning of _conversation_? 2. How does_conversation_ differ from _talk_? 3. How is _discourse_ related to_conversation_? 4. What are the special senses of _dialogue_ and_colloquy_? EXAMPLES. There can be no ---- with a great genius, who does all the ----ing. Nor wanted sweet ----, the banquet of the mind. * * * * * CONVEY (page 119). QUESTIONS. 1. In what do _convey_, _transmit_, and _transport_ agree? What is thedistinctive sense of _convey_? 2. To what class of objects does_transport_ refer? 3. To what class of objects do _transfer_, _transmit_, and _convey_ apply? 4. Which is the predominant sense of thelatter words? * * * * * CRIMINAL (page 120). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _criminal_? How does it differfrom _illegal_ or _unlawful_? 2. What is _felonious_? _flagitious_? 3. What is the primary meaning of _iniquitous_? 4. Is an _iniquitous_ actnecessarily _criminal_? * * * * * DANGER (page 121). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _danger_? 2. Does _danger_ or_peril_ suggest the more immediate evil? 3. How are _jeopardy_ and_risk_ distinguished from _danger_ and _peril_? EXAMPLES. Delay always breeds ----. The careful rider avoids running ----. Stir, at your ----! * * * * * DECAY (page 122). QUESTIONS. 1. What sort of things _decay_? _putrefy_? _rot_? 2. What is theessential difference between _decay_ and _decompose_? EXAMPLES. The flowers wither, the tree's trunk ----. The water was ---- by the electric current. * * * * * DECEPTION (page 123). QUESTIONS. 1. How is _deceit_ distinguished from _deception_? from _guile_?_fraud_? _lying_? _hypocrisy_? 2. Do all of these apply to conduct aswell as to speech? 3. Is _deception_ ever innocent? 4. Have _craft_ and_cunning_ always a moral element? 5. How is _dissimulation_distinguished from _duplicity_? EXAMPLES. The ---- of his conduct was patent to all. It was a matter of self-----. The judge decided it to be a case of ----. * * * * * DEFINITION (page 124). QUESTIONS. 1. Which is the more exact, a _definition_ or a _description_? 2. Whatmust a _definition_ include, and what must it exclude? 3. What must a_description_ include? 4. In what respect has _interpretation_ a widermeaning than _translation_? 5. How does an _explanation_ compare with an_exposition_? EXAMPLES. A prompt ---- of the difficulty prevented a quarrel. The ---- of scenery was admirable. The seer gave an ---- of the dream. Many a controversy may be instantly ended by a clear ---- of terms. * * * * * DELIBERATE (page 125). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the chief distinctions between _deliberate_? _consult_?_consider_? _meditate_? _reflect_? 2. Do large gatherings of people_consult_, or _meditate_, or _deliberate_? 3. Do we _reflect_ on thingspast or things to come? 4. How many persons are necessarily implied in_consult_, _confer_, and _debate_ as commonly used? in _deliberate_, _consider_, _ponder_, _reflect_? in _meditate_? 5. What idea of time isimplied in _deliberate_? EXAMPLES. The matter was carefully ---- in all its bearings. The legislature ---- for several days. * * * * * DELUSION (page 127). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential difference between _illusion_ and _delusion_?How does _hallucination_ differ from both? 2. Which word is usedespecially of objects of sight? EXAMPLES. The ---- of the sick are sometimes pitiful. In the soft light the ---- was complete. * * * * * DEMONSTRATION (page 127). QUESTIONS. 1. To what kind of reasoning does _demonstration_ in the strict senseapply? 2. What is _evidence_? _proof_? 3. Which is the stronger term? 4. Which is the more comprehensive? EXAMPLES. The ---- of the witness was so complete that no further ---- was required. A mathematical ---- must be final and conclusive. * * * * * DESIGN (page 128). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _design_? 2. What element isprominent in _intention_? _purpose_? _plan_? 3. Does _purpose_ suggestmore power to execute than _design_? 4. How does _intent_ specificallydiffer from _purpose_? Which term do we use with reference to the DivineBeing? EXAMPLES. The architect's ---- involved much detail. Hell is paved with good ----. It is the ---- of the voter that decides how his ballot shall be counted. The ---- of the Almighty can not be thwarted. The adaption of means to ends in nature clearly indicates a ----, and so proves a ----er. * * * * * DESPAIR (page 129). QUESTIONS. 1. In what order might _despair_, _desperation_, _discouragement_, and_hopelessness_ follow, each as the result of the previous condition? 2. How does _despondency_ especially differ from _despair_? EXAMPLES. The utter ---- of their condition was apparent. In weak ---- he abandoned all endeavor. * * * * * DEXTERITY (page 129). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _adroitness_ derived? From what _dexterity_? How mighteach be rendered? 2. How does _adroitness_ differ in use from_dexterity_? 3. From what is _aptitude_ derived, and what does itsignify? 4. How does _skill_ differ from _dexterity_? Which can andwhich can not be communicated? EXAMPLES. He had a natural ---- for scientific investigation, and by long practise gained an inimitable ---- of manipulation. His ---- in debate enabled him to evade or parry arguments or attacks which he could not answer. The ---- of the best trained workman can not equal the precision of a machine. * * * * * DICTION (page 130). QUESTIONS. 1. Which is the more comprehensive word, _diction_, _language_, or_phraseology_? 2. What is the true meaning of _verbiage_? Should it everbe used as the equivalent of _language_ or _diction_? 3. What is_style_? How does it compare with _diction_ or _language_? EXAMPLES. The ---- of the discourse was plain and emphatic. The ---- of a written contract should be such as to prevent misunderstandings. The poetic ---- of Milton is so exquisitely perfect that another word can scarcely ever be substituted for the one he has chosen without marring the line. * * * * * DIFFERENCE (page 131). QUESTIONS. 1. Which pertain mostly to realities, and which are matters ofjudgment--_difference_, _disparity_, _distinction_, or _inconsistency_?2. What do we mean by "a _distinction_ without a _difference_"? EXAMPLES. The proper ---- should be carefully observed in the use of "shall" and "will. " The ---- between black and white is self-evident. The ---- of our representatives' conduct with their promises is unpardonable. * * * * * DISCERN (page 133). QUESTIONS. 1. To what sort of objects do we apply _behold_, _discern_, _distinguish_, _observe_, and _see_? 2. What do _behold_ and_distinguish_ suggest in addition to _seeing_? EXAMPLES. With the aid of a great telescope we may ---- what stars are double. ---- the upright man. Let us minutely ---- the color of the goods. * * * * * DISCOVER (page 133). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _detect_? _discover_? _invent_? 2. How do _discover_ and _invent_ differ? 3. Is _detect_ often used in afavorable sense? EXAMPLES. An experienced policeman acquires wonderful skill in ----ing criminals. Newton ---- the law of gravitation. To ---- a machine, one must first understand the laws of mechanics. * * * * * DISEASE (page 134). QUESTIONS. 1. What was the early and general meaning of _sick_ and _sickness_ inEnglish? 2. How long did that usage prevail? 3. What is the presentrestriction upon the use of these words in England? What words are therecommonly substituted? 4. What is the prevalent usage in the UnitedStates? EXAMPLES. ---- spread in the camp and proved deadlier than the sword. The ---- was found to be contagious. He is just recovering from a slight ----. It is not good manners to talk of one's ----s. * * * * * DO (page 135). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the most comprehensive word of this group? 2. In what senseare _finish_ and _complete_ used, and how are they discriminated fromeach other? 3. How do we discriminate between _fulfil_, _realize_, _effect_, and _execute_? _perform_ and _accomplish_? _accomplish_ and_complete_? EXAMPLES. A duty has been ----, a work of gratitude and affection has been ----. It is wonderful how much can be ---- by steady, plodding industry without brilliant talents. The work is not only grand in design but it is ---- with the most exquisite delicacy in every detail. It is the duty of the legislators to make laws, of the magistrates to ---- them. Every one should labor to ---- his duties faithfully, and ---- the just expectations of those who have committed to him any trust. * * * * * DOCTRINE (page 136). QUESTIONS. 1. To what matters do we apply the word _creed_? _doctrine_? _dogma_?_principle_? 2. Which is the more inclusive word? 3. Is _dogma_ usedfavorably or unfavorably? EXAMPLES. The ---- rests either upon the authority of the Scriptures, or upon a decision of the Church. A man may have upright ----s even while he disregards commonly received ----s. * * * * * DOUBT, _v. _ (page 137). QUESTIONS. 1. Do we apply _doubt_, _distrust_, _surmise_, and _suspect_ mostly topersons and things, or to motives and intentions? 2. Is _mistrust_ usedof persons or of things? 3. Is it used, in a favorable or an unfavorablesense? EXAMPLES. We do not ---- that the earth moves around the sun. Nearly every law of nature was by man first ----, then proved to be true. I ---- my own heart. I ---- that man from the outset. * * * * * DOUBT, _n. _ (page 138). QUESTIONS. 1. To what class of objects do we apply _disbelief_? _doubt_?_hesitation_? _misgiving_? 2. Which of these words most commonly impliesan unfavorable meaning? 3. What meaning has _skepticism_ as applied toreligious matters? EXAMPLES. We feel no ---- in giving our approval. The jury had ----s of his guilt. We did all we could to further the enterprise, but still had our ----s as to the outcome. * * * * * DUPLICATE (page 141). QUESTIONS. 1. Can you give the distinction between a _copy_ and a _duplicate_? a_facsimile_, and an _imitation_? 2. What sort of a _copy_ is a_transcript_? EXAMPLES. The ---- of an organ by the violinist was perfect. This key is a ----, and will open the lock. The signature was merely a printed ----. * * * * * DUTY (page 142). QUESTIONS. 1. Do we use _duty_ and _right_ of civil things? or _business_ and_obligation_ of moral things? 2. Does _responsibility_ imply connectionwith any other person or thing? EXAMPLES. I go because it is my ----. We recognize a ---- for the good conduct of our own children, but do we not also rest under some ---- to society to exercise a good influence over the children of others? * * * * * EAGER (page 142). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinction between _eager_ and _earnest_ in the natureof the feeling implied? in the objects toward which it is directed? 2. How does _anxious_ in this acceptation differ from both _eager_ and_earnest_? EXAMPLES. Hark! the shrill trumpet sounds to horse! away! My soul's in arms, and ---- for the fray. I am in ----. I will not equivocate; I will not excuse; I will not retreat a single inch; and I will be heard! I am ---- to hear of your welfare, and of the prospects of the enterprise. * * * * * EASE (page 143). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _ease_ denote, in the sense here considered? Does it applyto action or condition? 2. Is _facility_ active or passive? _readiness_?3. What does _ease_ imply, and to what may it be limited? 4. What does_facility_ imply? _readiness_? 5. To what is _expertness_ limited? EXAMPLES. He plays the violin with great ----, and delights an audience. Whatever he did was done with so much ----, In him alone 'twas natural to please. It is often said with equal truth that we ought to take advantage of the ---- which children possess of learning. * * * * * EDUCATION (page 143). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _education_? _instruction_?_teaching_? 2. How is _instruction_ or _teaching_ related to_education_? 3. How does _training_ differ from _teaching_? 4. What is_discipline_? _tuition_? 5. What are _breeding_ and _nurture_, and howdo they differ from each other? 6. How are _knowledge_ and _learning_related to _education_? EXAMPLES. The true purpose of ---- is to cherish and unfold the seed of immortality already sown within us. By ----, we do learn ourselves to know And what to man, and what to God we owe. ---- maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. For natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by ----; and ----s themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. A branch of ---- is often put to an improper use, for fear of its being idle. * * * * * EFFRONTERY (page 144). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _audacity_? _hardihood_? 2. What special element does_effrontery_ add to the meaning of _audacity_ and _hardihood_? 3. Whatis _impudence_? _shamelessness_? 4. How does _effrontery_ compare withthese words? 5. What is _boldness_? Is it used in a favorable or anunfavorable sense? EXAMPLES. When they saw the ---- of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men they marvelled. I ne'er heard yet That any of these bolder vices wanted Less ---- to gainsay what they did, Than to perform it first. I am not a little surprised at the easy ---- with which political gentlemen in and out of Congress take it upon them to say that there are not a thousand men in the North who sympathize with John Brown. * * * * * EGOTISM (page 145). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _egoism_ and how does it differ from _egotism_? 2. What is_self-assertion_? _self-conceit_? 3. Does _conceit_ differ from_self-conceit_, and how? 4. What is _self-confidence_? Is it worthy orunworthy? 5. Is _self-assertion_ ever a duty? _self-conceit_? 6. What is_vanity_? How does it differ from _self-confidence_? from _pride_? 7. What is _self-esteem_? How does it differ from _self-conceit_? from_self-confidence_? EXAMPLES. ---- may puff a man up, but never prop him up. ---- is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under the love which it can not return. * * * * * EMBLEM (page 146). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _emblem_ derived? What did it originallysignify? 2. What is the derivation and primary meaning of _symbol_? 3. How do the two words compare as now used? 4. How does a _sign_ suggestsomething other than itself? 5. Can the same thing be both an _emblem_and a _symbol_? a _sign_ and a _symbol_? 6. What is a _token_? a_figure_? an _image_? a _type_? EXAMPLES. Rose of the desert, thou art to me An ---- of stainless purity, ---- Of those who, keeping their garments white, Walk on through life with steps aright. All things are ----s: the external shows Of nature have their ---- in the mind As flowers and fruits and falling of the leaves. Moses, as Israel's deliverer, was a ---- of Christ. * * * * * EMIGRATE (page 147). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinctive meaning of _migrate_? What is itsapplication? 2. What do _emigrate_ and _immigrate_ signify? To what dothey apply? Can the two words be used of the same person and the sameact? How? EXAMPLES. The ship was crowded with ---- mostly from Germany. ---- are pouring into the United States often at the rate of half a million a year. * * * * * EMPLOY (page 147). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the distinctive senses of _employ_ and _use_? Giveinstances. 2. What does _use_ often imply as to materials _used_? 3. Howdoes _hire_ compare with _employ_? EXAMPLES. The young man had been ---- by the firm for several months and had proved faithful in every respect. The church was then ready to ---- a pastor. What one has, one ought to ----: and whatever he does he should do with all his might. * * * * * END, _v. _ (page 148). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _end_, and what reference does _end_ have to intentionor expectation? 2. What do _close_, _complete_, _conclude_, and _finish_signify as to expectation or appropriateness? Give instances. 3. Whatspecially distinctive sense has _finish_? 4. Does _terminate_ refer toreaching an arbitrary or an appropriate end? 5. What does _stop_signify? EXAMPLES. The life was suddenly ----. The train ---- long enough for the passengers to get off, then whirled on. * * * * * END, _n. _ (page 148). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the _end_? 2. What is the distinctive meaning of _extremity_?3. How does _extremity_ compare with _end_? 4. What reference is impliedin _extremity_? 5. What is the meaning of _tip_? _point_? How does_extremity_ differ in use from the two latter words? 6. What is a_terminus_? What specific meaning has the word in modern travel? 7. Whatis the meaning of _termination_, and of what is it chiefly used?_expiration_? _limit_? EXAMPLES. Seeing that death, a necessary ---- will come when it will come. All rejoice at the successful ---- of the vast undertaking. He that endureth to the ---- shall be saved. Do not turn back when you are just at the ----. * * * * * ENDEAVOR, _v. _ (page 149). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _attempt_? to _endeavor_? To what sort of exertion does_endeavor_ especially apply? 2. How does _essay_ differ from _attempt_and _endeavor_ in its view of the results of the action? 3. What isimplied in _undertake_? Give an instance. 4. What does _strive_ suggest?5. How does _try_ compare with the other words of the group? EXAMPLES. ---- first thyself, and after call on God, For to the worker God himself lends aid. ---- the end, and never stand to doubt; Nothing's so hard but search will find it out. ---- to enter in at the strait gate. * * * * * ENDEAVOR, _n. _ (page 150). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _effort_? an _exertion_? Which includes the other? 2. Howdoes _attempt_ differ from _effort_? 3. What is a _struggle_? 4. What isan _essay_, and for what purpose is it made? 5. What is an _endeavor_, and how is it distinguished from _effort_? from _attempt_? EXAMPLES. Youth is a blunder; manhood a ----; old age a regret. So vast an ---- required more capital than he could command at that time. Others combining with him enabled him to succeed with it. After a few spasmodic ----, he abandoned all ---- at improvement. * * * * * ENDURE (page 150). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _bear_ as applied to care, pain, grief, andthe like? 2. What does _endure_ add to the meaning of _bear_? 3. How do_allow_ and _permit_ compare with the words just mentioned? 4. How do_put up with_ and _tolerate_ compare with _allow_ and _permit_? 5. Whatis the special sense of _afford_? How does it come into connection withthe words of this group? 6. What is the sense of _brook_? 7. Of whatwords does _abide_ combine the meanings? EXAMPLES. Charity ---- long and is kind; charity ---- all things. I follow thee, safe guide, the path Thou lead'st me, and to the hand of heav'n ----. For there was never yet philosopher That could ---- the toothache patiently. * * * * * ENEMY (page 151). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _enemy_? an _adversary_? 2. What distinction is therebetween the two words as to the purpose implied? 3. What is an_antagonist_? an _opponent_? a _competitor_? a _rival_? 4. How does_foe_ compare with _enemy_? EXAMPLES. He makes no friend who never made a ----. This friendship that possesses the whole soul, . . . Can admit of no ----. Mountains interposed Make ---- of nations who had else, Like kindred drops been molded into one. He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our ---- is our helper. * * * * * ENMITY (page 152). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _enmity_? 2. How does _animosity_ differ from _enmity_? 3. What is _hostility_? What is meant by _hostilities_ between nations? 4. What is _bitterness_? _acrimony_? 5. How does _antagonism_ compare withthe words above mentioned? EXAMPLES. Let all ----, and wrath, and anger, and clamor, and evil speaking, be put away from you, with all malice. But their ----, tho smothered for a while, burnt with redoubled violence. The carnal mind is ---- against God, for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. * * * * * ENTERTAIN (page 152). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _entertain_ mentally? to _amuse_? 2. What is thedistinctive sense of _divert_? 3. Can one be _amused_ or _entertained_who is not _diverted_? 4. What is it to _recreate_? to _beguile_? EXAMPLES. Books can not always ----, however good; Minds are not ever craving for their food. Who God doth late and early pray More of his grace than gifts to lend; And ---- the harmless day With a religious book or friend. * * * * * ENTERTAINMENT (page 153). QUESTIONS. 1. What do _entertainment_ and _recreation_ imply? How, accordingly, dothey rank among the lighter matters of life? 2. How do _amusement_ and_pastime_ differ? 3. On what plane are _sports_? How do they comparewith _entertainment_ and _recreation_? 4. How do _amusement_ and_enjoyment_ compare? EXAMPLES. At Christmas play, and make good ----, For Christmas comes but once a year. It is as ---- to fools to do mischief. No true heart can find ---- in another's pain or grief. The Puritans hated bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave ---- to the spectators. As Tammie glowered, amazed and curious, The mirth and ---- grew fast and furious. And so, if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent ---- than angling. * * * * * ENTHUSIASM (page 153). QUESTIONS. 1. In what sense was _enthusiasm_ formerly used? 2. What is now itsprevalent and controlling meaning? 3. How does _zeal_ differ from_enthusiasm_? EXAMPLES. An ardent ---- leads to great results in exposing certain evils. His ---- was contagious and they rushed into battle. The precept had its use; it could make men feel it right to be humane, and desire to be so, but it could never inspire them with an ---- of humanity. * * * * * ENTRANCE (page 154). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _entrance_ refer? 2. What do _admittance_ and_admission_ add to the meaning of _entrance_? 3. To what does_admittance_ refer? To what additional matters does _admission_ refer?Illustrate. 4. What is the figurative use of _entrance_? EXAMPLES. ---- was obtained by a side-door, and a good position secured to the crowded hall. No ---- except on business. He was never so engrossed with cares of state that the needy could not have ---- to him. However carefully church-membership may be guarded, unworthy members will sometimes gain ----. * * * * * ENVIOUS (page 155). QUESTIONS. 1. What do we mean when we say that a person is _envious_? 2. What isthe difference between _envious_ and _jealous_? 3. Is an _envious_spirit ever good? 4. Is _jealous_ capable of being used in a goodsense? 5. In what sense is _suspicious_ used? EXAMPLES. Neither be thou ---- against the workers of iniquity. ---- in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel. * * * * * EQUIVOCAL (page 155). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation and the original signification of _equivocal_?of _ambiguous_? How do the two words compare in present use? 2. What isthe meaning of _enigmatical_? 3. How do _doubtful_ and _dubious_compare? 4. In what sense is _questionable_ used? _suspicious_? EXAMPLES. These sentences, to sugar or to gall, Being strong on both sides, are ----. An ---- statement may result from the thoughtless use of a single word that is capable of more than one meaning. * * * * * ESTEEM, _n. _ (page 157). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between _esteem_ and _estimate_? 2. Is_esteem_ now used of concrete valuation? 3. What is its chief presentuse? 4. What is its meaning in popular use as said of persons? EXAMPLES. They please, are pleas'd; they give to get ----, Till seeming blest, they grow to what they seem. The loss of conscience or honor is one that can not be ----. * * * * * ETERNAL (page 157). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _eternal_ in the fullest sense? 2. To whatbeing, in that sense, may it be applied? 3. In what does _everlasting_fall short of the meaning of _eternal_? 4. How does _endless_ agree withand differ from _everlasting_? 5. In what inferior senses are_everlasting_ and _interminable_ used? 6. Is _eternal_, in good speechor writing, ever brought down to such inferior use? EXAMPLES. Truth crushed to earth shall rise again, The ---- years of God are hers. Whatever may befall thee, it was preordained for thee from ----. It were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with ---- motion. Here comes the lady! Oh, so light a foot Will ne'er wear out the ---- flint. * * * * * EVENT (page 158). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _event_ and _incident_ differ etymologically? 2. Which is thegreater and more important? Give examples. 3. How does _circumstance_compare with _incident_? 4. What is the primary meaning of _occurrence_?5. What is an _episode_? 6. How does _event_ differ from _end_? 7. Whatmeaning does _event_ often have when applied to the future? EXAMPLES. Fate shall yield To fickle ----, and Chaos judge the strife. Men are the sport of ---- when The ---- seem the sport of men. Coming ---- cast their shadows before. Where an equal poise of hope and fear Does arbitrate the ----, my nature is That I incline to hope rather than fear, And gladly banish squint suspicion. * * * * * EVERY (page 158). QUESTIONS. 1. In what are _all_ and _both_ alike? _any_, _each_, and _every_? 2. How does _any_ differ from _each_ and _every_? 3. How do _each_ and_every_ differ from _all_? 4. How does _each_ compare with _every_? with_both_? 5. What does _either_ properly denote? In what other sense is itoften used? What is the objection to the latter use? EXAMPLES. ---- person in the room arose to his feet. A free pardon was offered to ---- who should instantly lay down their arms. As the garrison marched out, the victorious troops stood in arms on ---- side of the way. In order to keep his secret inviolate, he revealed it privately to ---- of his most intimate friends. ---- person giving such information shall be duly rewarded. * * * * * EVIDENT (page 159). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _apparent_ and _evident_ compare? 2. What is the special senseof _manifest_? How does it compare in strength with _evident_? 3. Whatis the sense of _obvious_? 4. How wide is the range of _visible_? 5. Howdoes _discernible_ compare with _visible_? What does it imply as to theobserver's action? 6. What is the sense of _palpable_ and _tangible_?_conspicuous_? EXAMPLES. A paradox is a real truth in the guise of an ---- absurdity or contradiction. The prime minister was ---- by his absence. The statement is a ---- absurdity. On a comparison of the two works the plagiarism was ----. Yet from those flames No light; but only darkness ----. These lies are like the father that begets them; gross as a mountain, open, ----. * * * * * EXAMPLE (page 160). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the etymological meaning of _example_? 2. What twocontradictory meanings does _example_ derive from this primary sense? 3. How does _example_ differ from _sample_? 4. How does it compare with_model_? with _pattern_? 5. How does _exemplar_ agree with, and differfrom _example_? 6. What is an _exemplification_? an _ensample_? EXAMPLES. I bid him look into the lives of men as tho himself a mirror, and from others to take an ---- for himself. We sleep, but the loom of life never stops and the ---- which was weaving when the sun went down is weaving when it comes up to-morrow. History is an ---- of philosophy. The commander was resolved to make an ---- to deter others from the like offense. * * * * * EXCESS (page 160). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _excess_? Is it used in the favorable or unfavorable sense?2. What is _extravagance_? 3. What is _exorbitance_? 4. What kind of_excess_ do _overplus_ and _superabundance_ denote? _lavishness_ and_profusion_? 5. Is _surplus_ used in the favorable or unfavorable sense?6. To what do _redundance_ and _redundancy_ chiefly refer? 7. What wordsare used as synonyms of _excess_ in the moral sense? EXAMPLES. Saving requires self-denial, and ---- is the death of self-denial. Where there is great ---- there usually follows corresponding ----. ---- of wealth is cause of covetousness. Haste brings ----, and ---- brings want. The ---- of the demand caused unfeigned surprise. More of the present woes of the world are due to ---- than to any other single cause. ---- of language often weakens the impression of what would be impressive in sober statement. * * * * * EXECUTE (page 161). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _execute_? of _administer_? of _enforce_? 2. How are the words applied in special cases? Give instances. 3. Whatsecondary meaning has _administer_? EXAMPLES. It is the place of the civil magistrate to ---- the laws. The pasha gave a signal and three attendants seized the culprit, and promptly ---- the bastinado. I can not illustrate a moral duty without at the same time ----ing a precept of our religion. * * * * * EXERCISE (page 162). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _exercise_ apart from all qualifying words? 2. How does _exercise_ in that sense differ from _exertion_? 3. How may_exercise_ be brought up to the full meaning of _exertion_? 4. What is_practise_? How does it differ from _exercise_? 5. How is _practise_discriminated from such theory or profession? 6. What is _drill_? EXAMPLES. Regular ---- tends to keep body and mind in the best working order. ---- in time becomes second nature. By constant ---- the most difficult feats may be done with no apparent ----. * * * * * EXPENSE (page 162). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _cost_? _expense_? 2. How are these words now commonlydifferentiated? 3. What is the meaning of _outlay_? of _outgo_? EXAMPLES. Which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down first, and counteth the ----, whether he have sufficient to finish it. The entire receipts have not equaled the ----. When the ---- is more than the income, if the income can not be increased, it becomes an absolute necessity to reduce the ----. * * * * * EXPLICIT (page 162). QUESTIONS. 1. To what are _explicit_ and _express_ alike opposed? 2. How do the twowords differ from each other? EXAMPLES. I came here at this critical juncture by the ---- order of Sir John St. Clare. The language of the proposition was too ---- to admit of doubt. Now the Spirit speaketh ----ly that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith. * * * * * EXTEMPORANEOUS (page 163). QUESTIONS. 1. What did _extemporaneous_ originally mean? 2. What has it now come tosignify in common use? 3. What is the original meaning of _impromptu_?The present meaning? 4. How does the _impromptu_ remark often differfrom the _extemporaneous_? 5. How does _unpremeditated_ compare with thewords above mentioned? EXAMPLES. In ---- prayer, what men most admire, God least regardeth. As a speaker, he excelled in ---- address, while his opponent was at a loss to answer him because not gifted in the same way. No more on prancing palfrey borne, He carolled light as lark at morn, And poured to lord and lady gay The ---- lay. * * * * * EXTERMINATE (page 163). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation, and what is the original meaning of_exterminate_? _eradicate_? _extirpate_? 2. To what are these wordsseverally applied? EXAMPLES. Since the building of the Pacific railroads in the United States, the buffalo has been quite ----. The evil of intemperance is one exceedingly difficult to ----. No inveterate improver should ever tempt me to ---- the dandelions from the green carpet of my lawn. * * * * * FAINT (page 164). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the chief meanings of _faint_? 2. How is _faint_ a synonymof _feeble_ or _purposeless_? of _irresolute_ or _timid_? of _dim_, _faded_, or _indistinct_? EXAMPLES. Great is the strength of ---- arms combined, And we can combat even with the brave. In his right hand a tipped staffe he held, With which his ---- steps he stayed still; For he was ---- with cold, and weak with eld; That scarce his loosed limbs he hable was to weld. * * * * * FAITH (page 164). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _belief_? 2. How does _credence_ compare with _belief_? 3. What is _conviction_? _assurance_? 4. What is an _opinion_? 5. How doesa _persuasion_ compare with an _opinion_? 6. What is a _doctrine_? a_creed_? 7. What are _confidence_ and _reliance_? 8. What is _trust_? 9. What elements are combined in _faith_? 10. How is _belief_ often used inpopular language as a precise equivalent of _faith_? 11. How is _belief_discriminated from _faith_ in the strict religious sense? EXAMPLES. ---- is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. Put not your ---- in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. ---- is largely involuntary; a mathematical demonstration can not be doubted by a sane mind capable of understanding the terms and following the steps. Every one of us, whatever our speculative ----, knows better than he practises, and recognizes a better law than he obeys. There are few greater dangers for an army in the face of an enemy than undue ----. * * * * * FAITHFUL (page 165). QUESTIONS. 1. In what sense may a person be called _faithful_? 2. In what sense mayone be called _trusty_? 3. Is _faithful_ commonly said of things as wellas persons? is _trusty_? 4. What is the special difference of meaningbetween the two words? Give examples. EXAMPLES. Be thou ---- unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. Thy purpose ---- is equal to the deed: Who does the best his circumstance allows Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. * * * * * FAME (page 166). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _fame_? Is it commonly used in the favorable or unfavorablesense? 2. What are _reputation_ and _repute_, and in which sensecommonly used? 3. What is _notoriety_? 4. From what do _eminence_ and_distinction_ result? 5. How does _celebrity_ compare with _fame_? 6. How does _renown_ compare with _fame_? 7. What is the import of _honor_?of _glory_? EXAMPLES. Saying, Amen: Blessing and ----, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and ----, and power and might, be unto our God for ever and ever. A good ---- is more valuable than money. Great Homer's birthplace seven rival cities claim, Too mighty such monopoly of ----. Do good by stealth, and blush to find it ----. Seeking the bubble ---- Even in the cannon's mouth. * * * * * FANATICISM (page 166). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _fanaticism_? _bigotry_? 2. What do _fanaticism_ and_bigotry_ commonly include? 3. What is _intolerance_? 4. What is thedistinctive meaning of _superstition_? 5. What is _credulity_? Is itdistinctively religious? EXAMPLES. ---- is a senseless fear of God. The fierce ---- of the Moslems was the mainspring of their early conquests. The ---- that will believe nothing contrary to a creed is often joined with a blind ---- that will believe anything in favor of it. * * * * * FANCIFUL (page 167). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _fanciful_? 2. What does _fantastic_ add tothe meaning of _fanciful_? 3. How does _grotesque_ especially differfrom the _fanciful_ or _fantastic_? 4. How does _visionary_ differ from_fanciful_? EXAMPLES. Come see the north wind's masonry, . . . His wild work; So ----, so savage, naught cares he For number or proportion. What ---- tints the year puts on, When falling leaves falter through motionless air Or numbly cling and shiver to be gone! Plays such ---- tricks before high heaven As make the angels weep. * * * * * FANCY (page 167). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an intellectual _fancy_? 2. How does a _conceit_ differ froma _fancy_? a _conception_ from both? 3. What is an emotional or personal_fancy_? 4. What is _fancy_ as a faculty of the mind? EXAMPLES. Tell me where is ---- bred; Or in the heart or in the head? Elizabeth united the occasional ---- of her sex with that sense and sound policy in which neither man nor woman ever excelled her. That fellow seems to me to possess but one ----, and that is a wrong one. If she were to take a ---- to anybody in the house, she would soon settle, but not till then. * * * * * FAREWELL (page 168). QUESTIONS. 1. To what language do _farewell_ and _good-by_ belong etymologically?How do they differ? 2. From what language have _adieu_ and _congé_ beenadopted into English? 3. What is the special significance of _congé_? 4. What are _valediction_ and _valedictory_? EXAMPLES. ---- my paper's out so nearly I've only room for yours sincerely. The train from out the castle drew, But Marmion stopped to bid ----. ----! a word that must be, and hath been-- A sound which makes us linger;--yet------. * * * * * FEAR (page 168). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the generic term of this group? 2. What is _fear_? Is itsudden or lingering? In view of what class of dangers? 3. What is theetymological meaning of _horror_? What does the word signify in acceptedusage? 4. What are the characteristics of _affright_, _fright_, and_terror_? 5. How is _fear_ contrasted with _fright_ and _terror_ inactual or possible effects? 6. What is _panic_? What of the numbersaffected by it? 7. What is _dismay_? How does it compare with _fright_and _terror_? EXAMPLES. Even the bravest men may be swept along in a sudden ----. With much more ---- I view the fight than thou that mak'st the fray. Look in, and see Christ's chosen saint In triumph wear his Christ-like chain; No ---- lest he should swerve or faint. The ghastly spectacle filled every beholder with ----. A lingering ---- crept upon him as he waited in the darkness. * * * * * FEMININE (page 169). QUESTIONS. 1. How are _female_ and _feminine_ discriminated? 2. What is thedifference between a _female_ voice and a _feminine_ voice? 3. How are_womanly_ and _womanish_ discriminated in use? EXAMPLES. Notice, too, how precious are these ---- qualities in the sick room. The demand for closet-room is no mere ---- fancy, but the good sense of the sex. * * * * * FETTER (page 169). QUESTIONS. 1. What are _fetters_ in the primary sense? 2. What are _manacles_ and_handcuffs_ designed to fasten or hold? _gyves_? 3. What are _shackles_and what are they intended to fasten or hold? 4. Of what material areall these restraining devices commonly composed? By what general nameare they popularly known? 5. What are _bonds_ and of what materialcomposed? 6. Which of these words are used in the metaphorical sense? EXAMPLES. But first set my poor heart free, Bound in those icy ---- by thee. Slaves can not breathe in England . . . They touch our country, and their ---- fall. * * * * * FEUD (page 170). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _feud_? Of what is it used? 2. Is a _quarrel_ in word oract? _contention_? _strife_? _contest_? 3. How does _quarrel_ compare inimportance with the other words cited? 4. What does an _affray_ alwaysinvolve? To what may a _brawl_ or _broil_ be confined? 5. How do thesewords compare in dignity with _contention_, _contest_, _controversy_, and _dissension_? EXAMPLES. Could we forbear ---- and practise love We should agree as angels do above. "Between my house and yours, " he answered, "There is a ---- of five hundred years. " Beware of entrance to a ----. * * * * * FICTION (page 170). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _fiction_ in the most common modern meaning of the word? 2. How does a _fiction_ differ from a _novel_? from a _fable_? from a_myth_? 3. How does a _myth_ differ from a _legend_? 4. How do_falsehood_ and _fabrication_ differ from the words above mentioned? 5. Is _fabrication_ or _falsehood_ the more odious term? Which term isreally the stronger? 6. What is a _story_? Is it good or bad, true orfalse? With what words of the group does it agree? EXAMPLES. O scenes surpassing ----, and yet true, Scenes of accomplished bliss. A ---- strange is told of thee. I believe the whole account from beginning to end to be a pure ----. A thing sustained by such substantial evidence could not be a mere ---- of the imagination. * * * * * FIERCE (page 171). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _fierce_ signify? 2. To what does _ferocious_ refer? How dothe two words differ? 3. What does _savage_ signify? EXAMPLES. ---- was the day; the wintry sea Moaned sadly on New England's strand, When first the thoughtful and the free, Our fathers, trod the desert land. Contentions ----, Ardent, and dire, spring from no petty cause. The ---- savages massacred the survivors to the last man. * * * * * FINANCIAL (page 172). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _monetary_ directly refer? 2. How does _pecuniary_ agreewith and differ from _monetary_? 3. To what does _financial_ especiallyapply? 4. In what connection is _fiscal_ most commonly used? EXAMPLES. The ---- year closes with the society out of debt. He was rejoiced to receive the ---- aid at a time when it was most needed. In a ---- panic, many a sound business house goes down for want of power to realize instantly on valuable securities. * * * * * FINE (page 172). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _fine_ derived, and what is its original meaning? 2. How, from this primary meaning does _fine_ become a synonym of_excellent_ and _beautiful_? 3. How does it come into connection with_clarified_, _clear_, _pure_, _refined_? 4. How is it connected with_dainty_, _delicate_, and _exquisite_? 5. How does _fine_ come to be asynonym for _minute_, _comminuted_? How for _filmy_, _tenuous_? for_keen_, _sharp_? Give instances of the use of _fine_ in its varioussenses. EXAMPLES. Some people are more ---- than wise. ---- feathers do not always make ---- birds. The ----est balances must be kept under glass, because so ----ly adjusted as to be ---- to a film of dust or a breath of air. * * * * * FIRE (page 173). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential fact underlying the visible phenomena which wecall _fire_? 2. What is _combustion_? 3. How wide is its range ofmeaning? 4. What is a _conflagration_? EXAMPLES. He's gone, and who knows how he may report Thy words by adding fuel to the ----? Lo! as he comes, in Heaven's array, And scattering wide the ---- of day. * * * * * FLOCK (page 173). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the most general word of this group? 2. What is a _group_, and of what class of objects may it be composed? 3. To what class ofanimals does _brood_ apply? to what class does _litter_ apply? 4. Ofwhat is _bevy_ used? _flock_? 5. To what is _herd_ limited? 6. Of whatis _pack_ used? 7. What is a _drove_? EXAMPLES. What is not good for the ---- is not good for the bee. He heard the bleating of the ----s and the twitter of birds among the trees. The lowing ---- winds slowly o'er the lea. Excited ----s gathered at the corners discussing the affair. A ---- of brightly clad women and children were enjoying a picnic under the trees. * * * * * FLUCTUATE (page 173). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _fluctuate_? 2. In what one characteristic do_swerve_ and _veer_ differ from _oscillate_, _fluctuate_, _undulate_, and _waver_? 3. What is the difference in mental action between_hesitate_ and _waver_? between _vacillate_ and _waver_? 4. Which of theabove-mentioned words apply to persons? which to feelings? EXAMPLES. Thou almost mak'st me ---- in my faith. The surface of the prairies rolls and ---- to the eye. It is almost universally true that the human mind ---- at the moment of committing a crime. The vessel suddenly ---- from her course. * * * * * FLUID (page 174). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _fluid_? 2. Into what two sections are _fluids_ divided? 3. What is a _liquid_? a _gas_? 4. Are all _liquids_ _fluids_? 5. Are_gases_ _fluids_? 6. Are _gases_ ever _liquids_? 7. What substance is atonce a _liquid_ and a _fluid_ at the ordinary temperature and pressure? EXAMPLES. Now nature paints her colors, how the bee Sits on the bloom, extracting ---- sweet. This earth was once a ---- haze of light. * * * * * FOLLOW (page 174). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _follow_? 2. How does _follow_ compare with _chase_ and_pursue_? 3. As regards succession in time, what is the differencebetween _follow_ and _ensue_? _result_? EXAMPLES. Say, shall my little bark attendant sail, ---- the triumph and partake the gale? When Youth and Pleasure meet To ---- the glowing Hours with flying feet. "Then ---- me, the Prince, " I answered; "each be hero in his turn! Seven and yet one, like shadows in a dream. " * * * * * FORMIDABLE (page 176). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _formidable_? 2. How does _formidable_ differfrom _dangerous_? _terrible_? _tremendous_? Give examples. EXAMPLES. All delays are ---- in war. ---- as an army with banners. The great fleet moved slowly toward the forts, a ---- array. * * * * * FORTIFICATION (page 176). QUESTIONS. 1. How does a _fortress_ specifically differ from a _fortification_? 2. What is the distinctive meaning of _citadel_? 3. What is a _fort_? 4. What is a _fastness_ or _stronghold_? EXAMPLES. For a man's house is his ----. A mighty ---- is our God, A bulwark never failing; Our helper He amid the flood Of mortal ills prevailing. Alva built a ---- in the heart of Antwerp to overawe the city. * * * * * FORTITUDE (page 176). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _fortitude_? 2. How does it compare with _courage_? 3. How do_resolution_ and _endurance_ compare? EXAMPLES. Unbounded ---- and compassion join'd, Tempering each other in the victor's mind. Tell thy story; If thine, consider'd, prove the thousandth part Of my ----, thou art a man, and I Have suffer'd like a girl. Thou didst smile, Infused with a ---- from heaven, When I had decked the sea with drops full salt. * * * * * FORTUNATE (page 177). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _fortunate_ compare with _successful_? 2. How are _lucky_and _fortunate_ discriminated? 3. In what special sense, and with whatreference are _favored_ and _prospered_ used? EXAMPLES. It is not a ---- word this same "impossible;" no good comes of those that have it so often in their mouth. Ah, ---- years! once more who would not be a boy? I have a mind presages me such thrift That I should questionless be ----. * * * * * FRAUD (page 177). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _fraud_? How does it differ from _deceit_ or _deception_?2. What is the design of an _imposture_? 3. What is _dishonesty_? a_cheat_? a _swindle_? How do all these fall short of the meaning of_fraud_? 4. Of what relations is _treachery_ used? _treason_? EXAMPLES. ---- doth never prosper: what's the reason? Why, if it prosper none dare call it ----. Whoever has once become notorious by base ----, even if he speaks truth gains no belief. The first and the worst of all ---- is to cheat oneself. * * * * * FRIENDLY (page 178). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _friendly_ signify as applied to persons, or as applied toacts? 2. How does the adjective _friendly_ compare in strength with thenoun _friend_? 3. What is the special meaning of _accessible_? of_companionable_ and _sociable_? of _cordial_ and _genial_? EXAMPLES. He that hath friends must show himself ----. A fellow feeling makes one wondrous ----. * * * * * FRIENDSHIP (page 179). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _friendship_? 2. In what one quality does it differ from_affection_, _attachment_, _devotion_, and _friendliness_? 3. What isthe meaning of _comity_ and _amity_? 4. How does _friendship_ differfrom _love_? EXAMPLES. Talk not of wasted ----, ---- never was wasted; If it enrich not the heart of another, its waters returning Back to their springs, like the rain, shall fill them full of refreshment. ----, peculiar boon of heaven, The noble mind's delight and pride, To men and angels only given, To all the lower world denied. * * * * * FRIGHTEN (page 180). QUESTIONS. 1. By what is one _frightened_? by what _intimidated_? 2. What is it to_browbeat_ or _cow_? 3. What is it to _scare_ or _terrify_? EXAMPLES. The child was ---- by the stories the nurse told. The loud, loud winds, that o'er the billows sweep-- Shake the firm nerve, ---- the bravest soul! * * * * * FRUGALITY (page 180). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _economy_? 2. What is _frugality_? 3. What is _parsimony_?How does it compare with _frugality_? What is the motive of _parsimony_?4. What is _miserliness_? 5. What is the special characteristic of_prudence_ and _providence_? of _thrift_? 6. What is the motive of_economy_? EXAMPLES. There are but two ways of paying debt: increase of industry in raising, increase of ---- in laying out. By close ---- the little home was at last paid for and there was a great thanksgiving time. * * * * * GARRULOUS (page 181). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _garrulous_ signify? _chattering_? 2. How do _talkative_and _loquacious_ differ from _garrulous_, and from each other? 3. Whatis the special application of _verbose_? EXAMPLES. To tame a shrew, and charm her ---- tongue. Guard against a feeble fluency, a ---- prosiness, a facility of saying nothing. * * * * * GENDER (page 181). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _sex_? 2. To what beings only does _sex_ apply? 3. What is_gender_? To what does it apply? Do the distinctions of _gender_correspond to the distinctions of _sex_? Give examples of languagescontaining three _genders_, and of the classification in languagescontaining but two. EXAMPLES. The maternal relation naturally and necessarily divides the work of the ----s giving to woman the indoor life, and to man, the work of the outer world. While in French every word is either of the masculine or feminine ----, the language sometimes fails for that very reason to indicate the ---- of some person referred to. * * * * * GENERAL (page 181). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _general_ signify? 2. How does _general_ compare with_universal_? with _common_? 3. What illustrations of the differences aregiven in the text? EXAMPLES. ---- friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the good humor of that person, . . . And so on. A ---- feeling of unrest prevailed. Death comes to all by ---- law. * * * * * GENEROUS (page 182). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the primary meaning of _generous_? the common meaning? 2. Howdoes _generous_ differ from _liberal_? 3. What is the distinctive senseof _munificent_? 4. What does _munificent_ tell of the motive or spiritof the giver? What does _generous_ tell? 5. How does _disinterested_compare with _generous_? 6. What is the distinctive meaning of_magnanimous_? How does it differ from _generous_ as regards dealingwith insults or injuries? EXAMPLES. To cunning men I will be very kind; and ---- To mine own children, in good bringing up. A ---- friendship no cold medium knows, Burns with one love, with one resentment glows. The conqueror proved as ---- in victory as he was terrible in battle. * * * * * GENIUS (page 183). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _genius_? 2. What is _talent_? 3. Which is the higherquality? 4. Which is the more dependent upon training? EXAMPLES. The eternal Master found His single ---- well employ'd. No great ---- was ever without some mixture of madness. * * * * * GET (page 183). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a person said to _get_? 2. How is _get_ related toexpectation or desire? How is _gain_ related to those words? 3. By whatprocesses does one _acquire_? Is the thing _acquired_ sought or desired, or not? 4. What does one _earn_? 5. Does a person always _get_ what he_earns_ or always _earn_ what he _gets_? 6. What does _obtain_ imply? Isthe thing one _obtains_ an object of _desire_? How does _obtain_ differfrom _get_? 7. What does _win_ imply? How is one said to _win_ a suit atlaw? What is the correct term in legal phrase? Why? 8. By what specialelement does _procure_ differ from _obtain_? 9. What is especiallyimplied in _secure_? EXAMPLES. He ---- a living as umbrella mender but a poor living it is. ---- wisdom and with all thy getting, ---- understanding. In the strange city he found that all his learning would not ---- him a dinner. * * * * * GIFT (page 184). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _gift_? Is _gift_ used in the good or the bad sense? Doesthe legal agree with the popular sense? 2. What synonymous word isalways used in the evil sense? 3. What is a _benefaction_? a _donation_?What difference of usage is recognized between the two words? 4. What isa _gratuity_, and to whom given? 5. What is the sense and use of_largess_? 6. What is a _present_, and to whom given? 7. What is thespecial sense of _boon_? 8. What is a _grant_, and by whom made? EXAMPLES. He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl, Dominion absolute; that right we hold By his ----. True love's the ---- which God has given To man alone beneath the heaven. "----, ----, noble knights, " cried the heralds. The courts of justice had fallen so low that it was practically impossible to win a cause without a ----. * * * * * GIVE (page 185). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the primary meaning of _give_? the secondary meaning? 2. Canwe _give_ what is undesired? 3. Can we _give_ what we are paid for? 4. How is _give_ always understood when there is no limitation in thecontext? 5. Is it correct to say "He _gave_ it to me for nothing"? 6. What is to _grant_? 7. What is implied when we speak of _granting_ afavor? 8. What is to _confer_? 9. What is especially implied in_impart_? in _bestow_? EXAMPLES. My God shall ---- all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus. ---- to every man that asketh of thee, and from him that would borrow of thee, turn not thou away. The court promptly ---- the injunction. The king ---- upon him the honor of knighthood. One of the pleasantest things in life is to ---- instruction to those who really desire to learn. * * * * * GOVERN (page 185). QUESTIONS. 1. What does the word _govern_ imply? How does it differ from _control_?2. How do _command_ and _control_ differ? 3. How do _rule_ and _govern_differ? 4. What is the special significance of _sway_? of _mold_? 5. What is it to _manage_? 6. What is the present meaning of _reign_? Howdoes it compare with _rule_? EXAMPLES. He that ---- his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city. For some must follow, and some ---- Tho all are made of clay. Daniel Webster well described the character of "Old Hickory" in the sentence, "I do not say that General Jackson did not mean to ---- his country well, but I do say that General Jackson meant to ---- his country. " * * * * * GRACEFUL (page 186). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _graceful_ denote? How is it especially distinguished from_beautiful_? EXAMPLES. How ---- upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings that publisheth peace. A ---- myrtle rear'd its head. * * * * * GRIEF (page 187). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _grief_? 2. How does _grief_ compare with _sorrow_? with_sadness_? with _melancholy_? 3. What two chief senses has _affliction_?4. What is implied in _mourning_, in its most common acceptation? EXAMPLES. We glory in ---- also. For our light ---- which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory. What private ---- they have, alas! I know not, that made them do it. * * * * * HABIT (page 187). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _custom_? _routine_? Which is the more mechanical? 2. Whatelement does _habit_ add to _custom_ and _routine_? 3. Should wepreferably use _custom_ or _habit_ of a society? of an individual? 4. What is _fashion_? _rule_? _system_? 5. What are _use_ and _usage_, andhow do they differ from each other? 6. What is _practise_? 7. What isthe distinctive meaning of _wont_? EXAMPLES. Every ---- is preserved and increased by correspondent actions, as the ---- of walking by walking, of running by running. Montaigne is wrong in declaring that ---- ought to be followed simply because it is ----, and not because it is reasonable or just. Lord Brougham says "The longer I live the more careful I am to entrust everything that I really care to do to the beneficent power of ----. " ---- makes perfect. Without ---- little that is valuable is ever learned or done. * * * * * HAPPEN (page 188). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _happen_ signify? 2. How does it differ from _chance_? 3. What is the distinctive meaning of _betide_? 4. How do both _befall_ and_betide_ differ from _happen_ in grammatical construction? 5. What isthe meaning of _supervene_? 6. Is _transpire_ correctly used in thesense of _happen_? When may an event be properly said to _transpire_? EXAMPLES. Whatever ---- at all ---- as it should. Thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bear grain, it may ---- of wheat, or of some other grain. Ill ---- the graceless renegade! It ---- that a secret treaty had been previously concluded between the powers. If mischief ---- him, thou shalt bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave. * * * * * HAPPINESS (page 189). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _gratification_? _satisfaction_? 2. What is _happiness_? 3. How does _happiness_ differ from _comfort_? 4. How does _comfort_ differfrom _enjoyment_? 5. How does _pleasure_ compare with _comfort_ and_enjoyment_? with _happiness_? 6. What do _gratification_ and_satisfaction_ express? How do they compare with each other? 7. How does_happiness_ compare with _gratification_, _satisfaction_, _comfort_, and_pleasure_? with _delight_ and _joy_? 8. What is _delight_? _ecstasy_?_rapture_? 9. What is _triumph_? _blessedness_? _bliss_? EXAMPLES. Sweet is ---- after pain. Virtue alone is ---- below. Hope elevates and ---- brightens his crest. The storm raged without, but within the house all was brightness and ----. There is no ---- so sweet and abiding as that of doing good. This is the very ---- of love. * * * * * HAPPY (page 190). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original meaning of _happy_? With what words is it alliedin this sense? 2. In what way is _happy_ a synonym of _blessed_? 3. Whatis the meaning of _happy_ in its most frequent present use? EXAMPLES. ---- are they that mourn for they shall be comforted. To what ---- accident is it that we owe so unexpected a visit. A ---- heart maketh a ---- countenance. I would not spend another such a night, Tho 'twere to buy a world of ---- days. * * * * * HARMONY (page 191). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _harmony_? 2. How does _harmony_ compare with _agreement_? 3. How do _concord_ and _accord_ compare with _harmony_ and with eachother? 4. What is _conformity_? _congruity_? 5. What is _consistency_?6. What is _unanimity_? 7. How do _consent_ and _concurrence_ compare? EXAMPLES. We have made a covenant with death and with hell are we at ----. Tyrants have made desperate efforts to secure outward ---- in religious observances without ---- of religious belief. That action and counteraction which, in the natural and in the political world, from the reciprocal struggle of discordant powers draws out the ---- of the universe. The speaker was, by general ----, allowed to proceed. * * * * * HARVEST (page 192). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original meaning of _harvest_? its later meaning? 2. Howdoes _harvest_ compare with _crop_? 3. What is _produce_? How does itdiffer from _product_? 4. What is the meaning of _proceeds_? _yield_?_return_? 5. Is _harvest_ capable of figurative use, and in what sense?6. What is the special meaning of _harvest-home_? _harvest-tide_?_harvest-time_? EXAMPLES. Just tickle the earth with a hoe, and she laughs with an abundant ----. And the ripe ---- of the new-mown hay gives it a sweet and wholesome odor. It soweth here with toil and care But the ---- of love is there. Of no distemper, of no blast he died, But fell like autumn ---- that mellowed long. * * * * * HATRED (page 193). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _repugnance_? _aversion_? 2. How does _hatred_ compare with_aversion_ as applied to persons? as applied to things? 3. What is_malice_? _malignity_? 4. What is _spite_? 5. What are _grudge_, _resentment_, and _revenge_, and how do they compare with one another? EXAMPLES. Heaven has no ---- like love to ---- turned. The slight put upon him filled him with deep ----. He ne'er bore ---- for stalwart blow Ta'en in fair fight from gallant foe. In all cases of wilful injury to person or property, the law presumes ----. I felt from our first meeting an instinctive ---- for the man, which on acquaintance deepened into a settled ----. * * * * * HAVE (page 194). QUESTIONS. 1. To what is _have_ applied? How widely inclusive a word is it? 2. Whatdoes _possess_ signify? 3. What is to _hold_? to _occupy_? 4. How does_be in possession_ compare with _possess_? 5. How does _own_ comparewith _possess_ or with _be in possession_? 6. What is the differencebetween the statement that a man _has_ reason, and the statement that he_is in possession_ of his reason? EXAMPLES. Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I ---- is thine. I earnestly entreat you, for your own sakes, to ---- yourselves of solid reasons. He occupies the house, but does not ---- it. * * * * * HAZARD (page 194). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _hazard_? 2. How does _hazard_ compare with_danger_? 3. How do _risk_ and _venture_ compare with _chance_ and_hazard_, and with each other? 4. How do _accident_ and _casualty_differ? 5. What is a _contingency_? EXAMPLES. We must take the current when it serves or lose our ----. I have set my life upon a cast, and I will stand the ---- of the die. There is no ---- in doing known duty. Do you think it necessary to provide for every ---- before taking the first step? * * * * * HEALTHY (page 195). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _healthy_? of _healthful_? Are the wordsproperly interchangeable? 2. What are the chief synonyms of _healthy_?of _healthful_? 3. In what sense is _salubrious_ used, and to what is itapplied? 4. To what realm does _salutary_ belong? EXAMPLES. In books, or work, or ---- play let my first years be passed. Blessed is the ---- nature; it is the coherent, sweetly cooperative, not the self-distracting one. * * * * * HELP (page 195). QUESTIONS. 1. Is _help_ or _aid_ the stronger term? 2. Which is used in excitementor emergency? 3. Does _help_ include _aid_ or does _aid_ include _help_?4. Which implies the seconding of another's exertions? Do we _aid_ or_help_ the helpless? 5. How do _cooperate_ and _assist_ differ? 6. Towhat do _encourage_ and _uphold_ refer? _succor_ and _support_? EXAMPLES. He does not prevent a crime when he can ---- it. Know then whatever cheerful and serene ---- the mind ---- the body too. * * * * * HERETIC (page 196). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _heretic_? a _schismatic_? 2. In what does a _heretic_differ from his church or religious body? a _schismatic_? 3. How do a_heretic_ and a _schismatic_ often differ in action? 4. How are theterms _dissenter_ and _non-conformist_ usually applied? EXAMPLES. A man that is an ----, after the first and second admonition, reject. Churchmen and ---- alike resisted the tyranny of James II. * * * * * HETEROGENEOUS (page 196). QUESTIONS. 1. When are substances _heterogeneous_ as regards each other? 2. When isa mixture, as cement, said to be _heterogeneous_? when _homogeneous_? 3. What is the special significance of _non-homogeneous_? 4. How does_miscellaneous_ differ from _heterogeneous_? EXAMPLES. My second son received a sort of ---- education at home. Courtier and patriot can not mix Their ---- politics Without an effervescence. * * * * * HIDE (page 197). QUESTIONS. 1. Which is the most general term of this group, and what does itsignify? 2. Is an object _hidden_ by intention, or in what other way orways, if any? 3. Does _conceal_ evince intention? 4. How does _secrete_compare with _conceal_? How is it chiefly used? 5. What is it to_cover_? to _screen_? EXAMPLES. Men use thought only as authority for their injustice, and employ speech only to ---- their thoughts. Ye little stars! ---- your diminished rays. * * * * * HIGH (page 198). QUESTIONS. 1. What kind of a term is _high_? What does it signify? Give instancesof the relative use of the word. 2. How does _high_ compare with_deep_? To what objects may these words be severally applied? 3. What isthe special significance of _tall_? 4. What element does _lofty_ add tothe meaning of _high_ or _tall_? 5. How do _elevated_ and _eminent_compare in the literal sense? in the figurative? 6. How do the wordsabove mentioned compare with _exalted_? 7. What contrasted uses has_high_ in the figurative sense? 8. What is _towering_ in the literal, and in the figurative sense? EXAMPLES. A pillar'd shade, ---- overarched, and echoing walks between. A daughter of the gods, divinely ---- and most divinely fair. What is that which the breeze on the ---- steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? He knew Himself to sing, and build the ---- rime. * * * * * HINDER (page 199). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _hinder_? 2. How does _hinder_ differ from _delay_? 3. How does _hinder_ compare with _prevent_? 4. What is the meaning of_retard_? 5. What is it to _obstruct_? to _resist_? How do these twowords compare with each other? EXAMPLES. ---- the Devil, and he will flee from you. My tears must stop, for every drop ---- my needle and thread. It is the study of mankind to ---- that advance of age or death which can not be ----. * * * * * HISTORY (page 200). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _history_? How does it relate events? To what class of eventsdoes it apply? 2. How does _history_ differ from _annals_ or_chronicles_? EXAMPLES. Happy the people whose ---- are dulled. ---- is little else than a picture of human crimes and misfortunes. ---- is philosophy teaching by example. * * * * * HOLY (page 200). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _sacred_? 2. How does it compare with _holy_?3. Which term do we apply directly to God? 4. In what sense is _divine_loosely used? What is its more appropriate sense? EXAMPLES. The ---- time is quiet as a nun breathless with adoration. A ---- burden is this life ye bear. All sects and churches of Christendom hold to some form of the doctrine of the ---- inspiration of the Christian Scriptures. * * * * * HOME (page 201). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the general sense of _abode_, _dwelling_, and _habitation_?What difference is there in the use of these words? 2. From whatlanguage is _home_ derived? What is its distinctive meaning? EXAMPLES. An ---- giddy and unsure Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart. The attempt to abolish the ideal woman and keep the ideal ---- is a predestinated failure. A house without love may be a castle or a palace, but it is not a ----. Love is the life of a true ----. * * * * * HONEST (page 202). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _honest_ in ordinary use? 2. What is themeaning of _honorable_? 3. How will the merely _honest_ and the truly_honorable_ man differ in action? 4. What is _honest_ in the highest andfullest sense? How, in this sense, does it differ from _honorable_? EXAMPLES. ---- labor bears a lovely face. An ---- man's the noblest work of God. No form of pure, undisguised murder will be any longer allowed to confound itself with the necessities of ---- warfare. * * * * * HORIZONTAL (page 202). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _horizontal_ signify? How does it compare with _level_? 2. From what language is _flat_ derived? 3. What is its original meaning?its most common present sense? In what derived sense is it often used?4. What are the senses of _plain_ and _plane_? EXAMPLES. Sun and moon were in the ---- sea sunk. Ample spaces o'er the smooth and ---- pavement. The prominent lines in Greek architecture were ----, and not vertical. * * * * * HUNT (page 203). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _hunt_? 2. For what is a _chase_ or _pursuit_ conducted? a_search_? 3. What does _hunt_ ordinarily include? 4. Is it correct touse _hunt_ when _search_ only is contemplated? 5. How are these wordsused in the figurative senses? EXAMPLES. Among the inalienable rights of man are life, liberty, and the ---- of happiness. All things have an end, and so did our ---- for lodgings. The ---- formed the principal amusement of our Norman kings, who for that purpose retained in their possession forests in every part of the kingdom. The ---- is up, but they shall know The stag at bay's a dangerous foe. * * * * * HYPOCRISY (page 204). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _pretense_ derived, and what does it signify?2. What is _hypocrisy_? 3. What is _cant_? _sanctimoniousness_? 4. Whatis _pietism_? _formalism_? _sham_? 5. How does _affectation_ comparewith _hypocrisy_? EXAMPLES. Let not the Trojans, with a feigned ---- of proffered peace, delude the Latian prince. ---- is a fawning and flexible art, which accommodates itself to human feelings, and flatters the weakness of men in order that it may gain its own ends. * * * * * HYPOCRITE (page 204). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _hypocrite_ derived? What is its primarymeaning? 2. What common term includes the other words of the group? 3. How are _hypocrite_ and _dissembler_ contrasted with each other? 4. Whatelement is common to the _cheat_ and the _impostor_? How do the twocompare with each other? EXAMPLES. It is the weakest sort of politicians that are the greatest ----. I dare swear he is no ---- but prays from his heart. In the reign of Henry VII. , an ----, named Perkin Warbeck, laid claim to the English crown. * * * * * HYPOTHESIS (page 205). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _hypothesis_? What is its use in scientific investigationand study? 2. What is a _guess_? a _conjecture_? a _supposition_? a_surmise_? 3. What implication does _surmise_ ordinarily convey? What isa _theory_? a _scheme_? a _speculation_? How do they differ? EXAMPLES. ----, fancies, built on nothing firm. There are no other limits to ---- than those of the human mind. The development ----, tho widely accepted by men of science fails of proof at many important points. * * * * * IDEA (page 206). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _idea_ derived, and what did it originallymean? 2. What did _idea_ signify in early philosophical use? 3. What isits present popular use, and with what words is it now synonymous? EXAMPLES. All rests with those who read. A work or ---- Is what each makes it to himself. He who comes up to his own ---- of greatness must always have had a very low standard of it in his mind. * * * * * IDEAL (page 206). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _ideal_? 2. What is an _archetype_? a _prototype_? 3. Cana _prototype_ be equivalent to an _archetype_? 4. Is an _ideal_ primal, or the result of development? 5. What is an _original_? 6. What is the_standard_? How does it compare with the _ideal_? 7. How are _idea_ and_ideal_ contrasted? EXAMPLES. Be a ---- to others and then all will go well. The mind's the ---- of the man. Every man has at times in his mind the ---- of what he should be, but is not. * * * * * IDIOCY (page 207). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _idiocy_? 2. What is _imbecility_? How does it compare with_idiocy_? 3. How does _insanity_ differ from _idiocy_ or _imbecility_?4. How do _folly_ and _foolishness_ compare with _idiocy_? 5. What is_fatuity_? _stupidity_? EXAMPLES. Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis ---- to be wise. To expect an effect without a cause, or attainment without application, is little less than ----. * * * * * IDLE (page 208). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _idle_ derived, and what is its originalmeaning? 2. What does _idle_ in present use properly denote? Does itnecessarily denote the absence of all action? 3. What does _lazy_signify? How does it differ from _idle_? 4. What does _inert_ signify?_sluggish_? 5. In what realm does _slothful_ belong, and what does itdenote? 6. How does _indolent_ compare with _slothful_? EXAMPLES. The ---- stream was covered with a green scum. Never ---- a moment, but thrifty and thoughtful of others. As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the ---- turn upon his bed. * * * * * IGNORANT (page 208). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _ignorant_ signify? How wide is its range? 2. What is themeaning of _illiterate_? 3. How does _unlettered_ compare with_illiterate_? EXAMPLES. So foolish was I and ----; I was as a beast before thee. A boy is better unborn than ----. * * * * * IMAGINATION (page 209). QUESTIONS. 1. Into what two parts was _imagination_ divided in the old psychology?2. What name is now preferably given to the so-called _ReproductiveImagination_ by President Porter and others? 3. What is _fantasy_ or_phantasy_? In what mental actions is it manifested? 4. What is_fantasy_ in ordinary usage? 5. How is _imagination_ defined? _fancy_?6. To what faculty of the mind do both of these activities or powersbelong? 7. In what other respects do _imagination_ and _fancy_ agree?What is the one great distinction between them? How do they respectivelytreat the material objects or images with which they deal? Which powerfinds use in philosophy, science, and mechanical invention, and how? EXAMPLES. While ----, like the finger of a clock, Runs the great circuit, and is still at home. And as ---- bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. * * * * * IMMEDIATELY (page 211). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the primary meaning of _immediately_? Its meaning as anadverb of time? 2. What did _by and by_ formerly signify? What is itspresent meaning? 3. What did _directly_ formerly signify, and what doesit now commonly mean? 4. What change has _presently_ undergone? 5. Is_immediately_ losing anything of its force? What words now seem moreemphatic? EXAMPLES. Nothing is there to come, and nothing past, But an eternal ---- does always last. Let us go up ----, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it. Obey me ----! * * * * * IMMERSE (page 212). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _dip_ derived? from what _immerse_? 2. How dothe two words differ in dignity? How as to the completeness of theaction? How as to the continuance of the object in or under the liquid?3. Which word is preferably used as to the rite of baptism? 4. What does_submerge_ imply? 5. What are _douse_ and _duck_? 6. What special sensehas _dip_ which the other words do not share? EXAMPLES. Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past ---- its dead. The ships of war, Congress and Cumberland, were ---- by the Merrimac. When food can not be swallowed, life may be prolonged by ---- the body in nutritive fluids. * * * * * IMMINENT (page 212). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _imminent_ derived and with what primary sense?_impending_? 2. How do _imminent_ and _impending_ differ in present use?3. How does _threatening_ differ from the two words above given? EXAMPLES. And nodding Ilium waits the ---- fall. And these she does apply for warnings, portents, And evils ----. * * * * * IMPEDIMENT (page 213). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _impediment_ primarily signify? _obstacle_? _obstruction_?2. How does _obstacle_ differ from _obstruction_? 3. What is a_hindrance_? 4. Is an _impediment_ what one finds or what he carries? Isit momentary or constant? What did the Latin _impedimenta_ signify? 5. What is an _encumbrance_? How does it differ from an _obstacle_ or_obstruction_? 6. Is a _difficulty_ within one or without? EXAMPLES. Something between a ---- and a help. Thus far into the bowels of the land Have we march'd without ----. Demosthenes became the foremost orator of the world in spite of an ---- in his speech. ----s overcome are the stepping-stones by which great men rise. * * * * * IMPUDENCE (page 213). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _impertinence_ primarily denote? What is its commonacceptation? 2. What is _impudence_? _insolence_? 3. What is_officiousness_? 4. What does _rudeness_ suggest? EXAMPLES. With matchless ---- they style a wife The dear-bought curse, and lawful plague of life. It is better not to turn friendship into a system of lawful and unpunishable ----. A certain class of ill-natured people mistake ---- for frankness. * * * * * INCONGRUOUS (page 214). QUESTIONS. 1. When are things said to be _incongruous_? 2. To what is _discordant_applied? _inharmonious_? 3. What does _incompatible_ signify? When arethings said to be _incompatible_? 4. To what does _inconsistent_ apply?5. What illustrations of the uses of these words are given in the text?6. What is the meaning of _incommensurable_? EXAMPLES. No solitude is so solitary as that of ---- companionship. I hear a strain ---- as a merry dirge, or sacramental bacchanal might be. * * * * * INDUCTION (page 215). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _deduction_? _induction_? 2. What is the proof of an_induction_? 3. What process is ordinarily followed in what is known asscientific _induction_? 4. How do _deduction_ and _induction_ compare asto the certainty of the conclusion? 5. How does an _induction_ comparewith an _inference_? EXAMPLES. The longer one studies a vast subject the more cautious in ---- he becomes. Perhaps the widest and best known ---- of Biology, is that organisms grow. * * * * * INDUSTRIOUS (page 215). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _busy_ differ from _industrious_? 2. What is the implicationif we say one is _industrious_ just now? 3. What does _diligent_ add tothe meaning of _industrious_? EXAMPLES. Look cheerfully upon me, Here, love; thou see'st how ---- I am. The ---- have no time for tears. * * * * * INDUSTRY (page 216). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _industry_? 2. What does _assiduity_ signify as indicated byits etymology? _diligence_? 3. How does _application_ compare with_assiduity_? 4. What is _constancy_? _patience_? _perseverance_? 5. Whatis _persistence_? What implication does it frequently convey? 6. Howdoes _industry_ compare with _diligence_? 7. To what do _labor_ and_pains_ especially refer? EXAMPLES. Honors come by ----; riches spring from economy. 'Tis ---- supports us all. There is no success in study without close, continuous, and intense ----. His ---- in wickedness would have won him enduring honor if it had taken the form of ---- in a better cause. * * * * * INFINITE (page 216). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _infinite_ derived, and with what meaning? Towhat may it be applied? 2. How do _countless_, _innumerable_, and_numberless_ compare with _infinite_? 3. What is the use of _boundless_, _illimitable_, _limitless_, _measureless_, and _unlimited_? 4. What arethe dimensions of _infinite_ space? What is the duration of _infinite_time? EXAMPLES. My bounty is as ---- as the sea, my love as deep, the more I give to thee, the more I have, for both are ----. Man's inhumanity to man makes ---- thousands mourn. * * * * * INFLUENCE (page 217). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _influence_? is one _influenced_ by external orinternal force? 2. To what kind of power does _actuate_ refer? Does oneperson _actuate_ or _influence_ another? 3. What do _prompt_ and _stir_imply? 4. What is it to _excite_? 5. What do _incite_ and _instigate_signify? How do these two words differ? 6. What do _urge_ and _impel_imply? How do they differ in the source of the power exerted? 7. What do_drive_ and _compel_ imply, and how do these two words compare with eachother? EXAMPLES. He was ---- by his own violent passions to desperate crime. And well she can ----. Fine thoughts are wealth, for the right use of which Men are and ought to be accountable, If not to Thee, to those they ----. * * * * * INHERENT (page 218). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _inherent_ signify? 2. To what realm of thought does_immanent_ belong? What does it signify? How does it differ from_inherent_? Which is applied to the Divine Being? 3. To what do_congenital_, _innate_, and _inborn_ apply as distinguished from_inherent_ and _intrinsic_? 4. With what special reference does_congenital_ occur in medical and legal use? 5. What is the differencein use between _innate_ and _inborn_? 6. What does _inbred_ add to thesense of _innate_ or _inborn_? 7. What is _ingrained_? EXAMPLES. An ---- power in the life of the world. All men have an ---- right to life, liberty, and protection. He evinced an ---- stupidity that seemed almost tantamount to ---- idiocy. Many philosophers hold that God is ---- in nature. Any stable currency must be founded at last upon something, as gold or silver, that has ---- value. The wrongs and abuses which are ---- in the very structure and constitution of society as it now exists throughout Christendom. * * * * * INJURY (page 219). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _injury_ derived? What is its primary meaning?Its derived meaning? 2. How inclusive a word is _injury_? 3. From whatis _damage_ derived, and with what original sense? _detriment_? How dothese words compare in actual use? 4. How does _damage_ compare with_loss_? How can a _loss_ be said to be partial? 5. What is _evil_, andwith what frequent suggestion? 6. What is _harm_? _hurt_? How do thesewords compare with _injury_? 7. What is _mischief_? How caused, and withwhat intent? EXAMPLES. Nothing can work me ----, except myself; the ---- that I sustain I carry about with me, and never am a real sufferer but by my own fault. Hippolyta, I woo'd thee with my sword, And won thy love, doing thee ----. * * * * * INJUSTICE (page 220). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _injustice_? 2. How does _wrong_ differ from _injustice_ inlegal use? How in popular use? 3. What is _iniquity_ in the legal sense?in the common sense? EXAMPLES. War in men's eyes shall be a monster of ----. No man can mortgage his ---- as a pawn for his fidelity. Such an act is an ---- upon humanity. * * * * * INNOCENT (page 220). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _innocent_ in the full sense signify? 2. Is _innocent_positive or negative? How does it compare with _righteous_, _upright_, or _virtuous_? 3. In what two applications may _immaculate_, _pure_, and_sinless_ be used? 4. With what limited sense is _innocent_ used ofmoral beings? 5. In what sense is _innocent_ applied to inanimatesubstances? EXAMPLES. They are as ---- as grace itself. For blessings ever wait on ---- deeds, And tho a late, a sure reward succeeds. The wicked flee where no man pursueth, but the ---- are bold as a lion. A daughter, and a goodly babe; . . . The queen receives Much comfort in't: says, _My poor prisoner, I am ---- as you_. * * * * * INQUISITIVE (page 221). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the characteristics of an _inquisitive_ person? 2. Is_inquisitive_ ever used in a good sense? What, in that sense, isordinarily preferred? 3. What does _curious_ signify, and how does itdiffer from _inquisitive_? EXAMPLES. His was an anxiously ---- mind, a scrupulously conscientious heart. Adrian was the most ---- man that ever lived, and the most universal inquirer. I am ---- to know the cause of this sudden change of purpose. * * * * * INSANITY (page 221). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _insanity_ in the widest sense? in its restricted use? Whichuse is the more frequent? 2. From what is _lunacy_ derived? What did itoriginally imply? In what sense is it now used? 3. What is _madness_? 4. What is _derangement_? _delirium_? 5. What is the specific meaning of_dementia_? 6. What is _aberration_? 7. What is the distinctive meaningof _hallucination_? 8. What is _monomania_? 9. What are _frenzy_ and_mania_? EXAMPLES. Go--you may call it ----, folly--you shall not chase my gloom away. All power of fancy over reason is a degree of ----. * * * * * INTERPOSE (page 222). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _interpose_? 2. How does _intercede_ differ from_interpose_? 3. What is it to _intermeddle_? How does it differ from_meddle_? from _interfere_? 4. What do _arbitrate_ and _mediate_involve? EXAMPLES. Dion, his brother, ---- for him and his life was saved. Nature has ---- a natural barrier between England and the continent. * * * * * INVOLVE (page 223). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _involve_ derived, and with what primarymeaning? 2. How does _involve_ compare with _implicate_? 3. Are thesewords used in the favorable or the unfavorable sense? 4. As regardsresults what is the difference between _include_, _imply_, and_involve_? EXAMPLES. Rocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent, contorted, and ----. An oyster-shell sometimes ---- a pearl. ---- in other men's affairs, he went down to their ruin. * * * * * JOURNEY (page 223). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _journey_ derived? What is its primary meaning?Its present meaning? 2. What is _travel_? How does it differ from_journey_? 3. What was the former meaning of _voyage_? its presentmeaning? 4. What is a _trip_? a _tour_? 5. What is the meaning andcommon use of _passage_? of _transit_? 6. What is the original meaningof _pilgrimage_? How is it now used? EXAMPLES. ---- makes all men countrymen. All the ---- of their life is bound in shallows and in miseries. It were a ---- like the path to heaven, To help you find them. * * * * * JUDGE (page 224). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _judge_ in the legal sense? 2. What other senses has theword _judge_ in common use? 3. What is a _referee_, and how appointed?an _arbitrator_? 4. What is the popular sense of _umpire_? the legalsense? 5. What is the present use of _arbiter_? 6. What are the _judges_of the United States Supreme Court officially called? EXAMPLES. The end crowns all, And that old common ----, Time, Will one day end it. A man who is no ---- of law may be a good ---- of poetry. The ---- is only the mouth of law, and the magistrate who punishes is only the hand. * * * * * JUSTICE (page 225). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _justice_ in governmental relations? in social and personalrelations? in matters of reasoning or literary treatment? 2. To what do_integrity_, _rectitude_, _right_, _righteousness_, and _virtue_ apply?What do all these include? 3. What two contrasted senses has_lawfulness_? 4. To what does _justness_ refer, and in what sense is itused? EXAMPLES. ---- exalteth a nation. ---- of life is fame's best friend. He shall have merely ----, and his bond. * * * * * KEEP (page 226). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the general meaning of _keep_? 2. How does _keep_ comparewith _preserve_? _fulfil_? _maintain_? 3. What does _keep_ imply whenused as a synonym of _guard_ or _defend_? EXAMPLES. These make and ---- the balance of the mind. The good old rule Sufficeth them, --the simple plan, That they should take who have the power And they should ---- who can. ---- thy shop, and thy shop will ---- thee. * * * * * KILL (page 226). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _kill_? 2. To what are _assassinate_, _execute_, and_murder_ restricted? 3. What is the specific meaning of _murder_?_execute_? _assassinate_? To what class of persons is the latter wordordinarily applied? 4. What is it to _slay_? 5. To what is _massacre_limited? With what special meaning is it used? 6. To what do _butcher_and _slaughter_ primarily apply? What is the sense of each when so used?7. What is it to _despatch_? EXAMPLES. To look into her eyes was to ---- doubt. Two presidents of the United States have been ----. Hamilton was ---- in a duel by Aaron Burr. The place was carried by storm, and the inhabitants ---- without distinction of age or sex. * * * * * KIN (page 227). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _kind_ compare with _kin_? 2. What do _kin_ and _kindred_denote? 3. What is _affinity_? How does it differ from _consanguinity_? EXAMPLES. A little more than ----, and less than ----. He held his seat, --a friend to the human ----. The patient bride, a little sad, Leaving of home and ----. * * * * * KNOWLEDGE (page 227). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _knowledge_? How does it differ from _information_? 2. Whatis _perception_? _apprehension_? _cognizance_? 3. What is _intuition_?4. What is _experience_, and how does it differ from _intuition_? 5. What is _learning_? _erudition_? EXAMPLES. ---- comes, but wisdom lingers. The child is continually seeking ----; hence his endless questions. 'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical ----, And coming events cast their shadows before. ----s lie at the very foundation of all reasoning. * * * * * LANGUAGE (page 228). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation of _language_? What was its originalsignification? How wide is its present meaning? 2. As regards the use ofwords, what does _language_ denote in the general and in the restrictedsense? 3. What does _speech_ always involve? 4. Can we speak of the_speech_ of animals? of their _language_? 5. What is a _dialect_? a_barbarism_? an _idiom_? 6. What is a _patois_? How does it differ froma _dialect_? 7. What is a _vernacular_? EXAMPLES. We must be free or die, who speak the ---- That Shakespeare spake: the faith and morals hold Which Milton held. ---- is great; but silence is greater. An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light, And with no ---- but a cry. Thought leapt out to wed with Thought, Ere Thought could wed itself with ----. A Babylonish ---- Which learned pedants much affect. O! good, my lord, no Latin; I'm not such a truant since my coming As not to know the ---- I have lived in. * * * * * LARGE (page 229). QUESTIONS. 1. To how many dimensions does _large_ apply? How does it differ from_long_? 2. How does _large_ compare with _great_? with _big_? EXAMPLES. Courage, the mighty attribute of powers above, By which those ---- in war, are ---- in love. Everything is twice as ---- measured on a three-year-old's three-foot scale as on a thirty-year-old's six-foot scale. And his ---- manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, Pipes and whistles in its sound. * * * * * LAW (page 229). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the definition of _law_ in its ideal? What does it signify incommon use? 2. What are the characteristics of _command_ and_commandment_? of an _edict_? 3. What is a _mandate_? a _statute_? an_enactment_? 4. In what special connection is _formula_ commonly used?_ordinance_? _order_? 5. What is the meaning of _law_ in such anexpression as "the _laws_ of nature?" What in more strictly scientificuse? 6. What is a _code_? _jurisprudence_? _legislation_? What is an_economy_? Is _law_ ever a synonym for these words, and in what way? EXAMPLES. Order is Heaven's first ----; and this confest, Some are, and must be, greater than the rest. Those he commands move only in ----, Nothing in love. His fair large front and eye sublime declared Absolute ----. We have strict ----, and most biting ----. Napoleon gave France the best ---- of ---- she has ever possessed. ---- is physical, established sequence; intellectual, a condition of intellectual action in order that truth may be reached; and moral, an imperative which determines the right guidance of our higher life. * * * * * LIBERTY (page 230). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _freedom_? 2. What is _liberty_ in the primary sense? in thewidest sense? 3. How do _freedom_ and _liberty_ compare? 4. How is_independence_ used in distinction from _freedom_ and _liberty_? 5. Is_freedom_ or _liberty_ more freely used in a figurative sense? 6. Whatis _license_? How does it compare with _liberty_ and _freedom_? EXAMPLES. In Rousseau's philosophy ---- is conceived of as lawlessness. When ---- from her mountain-height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there. The ---- to go higher than we are is given only when we have fulfilled amply the duty of our present sphere. ---- they mean when they cry ----! For who loves that must first be wise and good. * * * * * LIGHT (page 231). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _light_? 2. What are the characteristics of a _flame_? a_blaze_? 3. What is a _flare_? a _flash_? 4. What is the sense of_glare_ and _glow_? How do they differ, and to what are they applied? 5. To what do _shine_ and _sheen_ refer? 6. What do _glimmer_, _glitter_, and _shimmer_ denote? 7. What is _gleam_? a _glitter_? a _sparkle_?_glistening_? 8. What is _scintillation_? in what two senses used? 9. Towhat are _twinkle_ and _twinkling_ applied? 10. What is _illumination_?_incandescence_? EXAMPLES. From a little spark may burst a mighty ----. A ---- as of another life, my kindling soul received. It is ----, that enables us to see the differences between things; and it is Christ that gives us ----. White with the whiteness of the snow, Pink with faintest rosy ----, They blossom on their sprays. Ghastly in the ---- of day. ---- in golden coats like images. So ---- a good deed in a naughty world. There's but the ---- of a star Between a man of peace and war. * * * * * LISTEN (page 232). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _hear_ signify? What does _listen_ add to the meaning of_hear_? 2. What does _attend_ add to the meaning of _listen_? 3. Whatdoes _heed_ further imply? 4. What is the difference between _listenfor_ and _listen to_? EXAMPLES. And ----! how blithe the throstle sings; He, too, is no mean preacher; Till I ---- and ---- If a step draweth near. Chill airs and wintry winds! my ear Has grown familiar with your song; I ---- it in the opening year, I ----, and it cheers me long. ----, every one That ---- may, unto a tale That's merrier than the nightingale. The men lay silent in the tall grass ---- for the signal gun that should bid them rise and charge. * * * * * LITERATURE (page 233). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _literature_ in the most general sense? in more limitedsense? 2. What does _literature_, used absolutely, denote? 3. How may_literature_ include _science_? How is it ordinarily contrasted with_science_? EXAMPLES. Wherever ---- consoles sorrow or assuages pain; wherever it brings gladness to eyes which fail with wakefulness and tears--there is exhibited in its noblest form the immortal influence of Athens. ---- are lifelong friends. ---- are embalmed minds. In our own language we have a ---- nowhere surpassed, in whose lock no foreign key will ever rust. * * * * * LOAD (page 233). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _burden_ derived, and with what primarymeaning? _load_? 2. What does _weight_ signify? How does it compare with_load_ and _burden_? 3. What are _cargo_, _freight_, and _lading_? 4. What is the distinctive sense of _pack_? EXAMPLES. Bear ye one another's ----. Wearing all that ---- Of learning lightly like a flower. The ass will carry his ----, but not a double ----. * * * * * LOOK (page 234). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the distinction between _look_ and _see_? between these wordsand _behold_? 2. What is it to _gaze_? to _glance_? to _stare_? 3. Whatdo _scan_, _inspect_, and _survey_ respectively express, and how arethey distinguished from one another? 4. What element or elements does_watch_ add to the meaning of _look_? EXAMPLES. It is always well to ---- at people when addressing them. Having eyes they ---- not, and having ears hear not. Then gently ---- your brother man, Still gentler sister woman; Tho' they may gang a kennin wrang, To step aside is human. My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that ---- for the morning. How peacefully the broad and golden moon Comes up to ---- upon the reaper's toil! I am monarch of all I ----, My right there is none to dispute; From the center all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute. But, ----, the morn in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. * * * * * LOVE (page 235). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _affection_? 2. What may be given as a brief definition of_love_? 3. Does _affection_ apply to persons or things? To what does_love_ apply? 4. What term is preferable to _love_ as applying toarticles of food and the like? 5. How does _love_ differ from_affection_? from _friendship_? EXAMPLES. Peace, commerce, and honest ---- with all nations help to form the bright constellation which has gone before us. And you must love him ere to you he will seem worthy of your ----. Yet pity for a horse o'erdriven And ---- in which my hound has part Can hang no weight upon my heart, In its assumptions up to heaven. Such ---- and unbroken faith As temper life's worst bitterness. * * * * * MAKE (page 236). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential idea of _make_? 2. How is _make_ allied with_create_? 3. How is _make_ allied with _compose_ or _constitute_? 4. What are some chief antonyms for _make_? 5. What are the prepositionschiefly used with _make_, and how employed? EXAMPLES. In the beginning God ---- the heaven and the earth. The mason ----, the architect ----. I assert confidently that it is in the power of one American mother to ---- as many gentlemen as she has sons. Newton discovered, but did not ---- the law of gravitation. The river flows over a bed of pebbles like those that ---- the beach and the surrounding plains. A hermit and a wolf or two My whole acquaintance ----. If we were not willing, they possessed the power of ---- us to do them justice. The lessons of adversity sometimes soften and ----, but as often they indurate and pervert. * * * * * MARRIAGE (page 236). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _matrimony_ specifically denote? 2. What two senses has_marriage_? 3. From what language is _wedlock_ derived? what is itsdistinctive use? 4. What is the meaning of _wedding_? _nuptials_? EXAMPLES. Let me not to the ---- of true minds admit impediments. The lover was killed in a duel on the night before the intended ----. I'll join my eldest daughter, and my joy, To him forthwith in holy ---- bonds. * * * * * MASCULINE (page 237). QUESTIONS. 1. To what is _male_ applied? To what _masculine_? 2. To what does_manly_ refer? _manful_? In what connection can _manly_ be used where_manful_ could not be substituted? 3. What is the sense of _mannish_?_virile_? EXAMPLES. Every virtue in the higher phases of ---- character begins in truth and pity or truth and reverence to all womanhood. One brave and ---- struggle And he gained the solid land And the cover of the mountains And the carbines of his band. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; ---- and female created he them. * * * * * MASSACRE (page 237). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _massacre_? _butchery_? _havoc_? 2. To what does _carnage_especially refer? _slaughter_? 3. Which of these words can be used ofthe destruction of life in open and honorable warfare? EXAMPLES. Mark! where his ---- and his conquests cease! He makes a solitude and calls it peace! Forbade to wade through ---- to a throne, And shut the gates of mercy on mankind. The capture of Port Arthur was followed by a terrible ----. * * * * * MEDDLESOME (page 238). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the conduct specially characteristic of a _meddlesome_person? of an _intrusive_ person? of one who is _obtrusive_?_officious_? 2. To what is _obtrusive_ chiefly applied? _intrusive_?_officious_? _meddlesome_? EXAMPLES. Where sorrow's held ---- and turned out, There wisdom will not enter nor true power, Nor aught that dignifies humanity. A ---- monkey had been among the papers. * * * * * MELODY (page 238). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _harmony_? _melody_? In what special feature does the onediffer from the other? 2. How many parts are required for _harmony_? howmany for _melody_? 3. What is _unison_? 4. What does _music_ include? EXAMPLES. Sweetest ---- Are those that are by distance made more sweet. ----, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory. Ring out ye crystal spheres And with your ninefold ---- Make up full consort to the angelic ----. * * * * * MEMORY (page 239). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _memory_ in the special and in the general sense? 2. What is_remembrance_, and how distinguished from _memory_? 3. Is _remembrance_voluntary or involuntary? 4. What is _recollection_, and what does itinvolve? 5. What is _reminiscence_? _retrospection_? How do these twowords differ? EXAMPLES. ---- like a purse, if it be over-full that it can not shut, all will drop out of it; take heed of a gluttonous curiosity to feed on many things, lest the greediness of the appetite of thy ---- spoil the digestion thereof. ---- wakes with all her busy train, Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain. It is a favorite device of eminent men to devote their old age to writing their ----s, thus quietly living over again a busy or tumultuous life. * * * * * MERCY (page 239). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _mercy_ in the strictest sense? 2. To what class is _grace_shown? 3. To what class are _mercy_, _forgiveness_, and _pardon_extended? 4. In what wider significations is _mercy_ used? 5. What is_clemency_? _leniency_ or _lenity_? How do these words compare with_mercy_? EXAMPLES. How would you be, If He, which is the top of judgment, should But judge you as you are? O, think on that; And ---- then will breathe within your lips, Like man new made. The only protection which the conquered could find was in the moderation, the ----, and the enlarged policy of the conquerors. To favor sin is to discourage virtue; undue ---- to the bad is unkindness to the good. * * * * * METER (page 240). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _euphony_? How does it differ from _meter_, _measure_, and_rhythm_? 2. How are _rhythm_ and _meter_ produced? 3. How does _meter_differ from _rhythm_? 4. What is a _verse_ in the strict sense? In whatwider sense is the word often used? EXAMPLES. ---- is a very vague and unscientific term. Each nation considers its own language, each tribe its own dialect, euphonic. ---- may be defined to be a succession of poetical feet arranged in regular order according to certain types recognized as standards, in verses of a determinate length. We have three principal domains in which ---- manifests its nature and power--dancing, music, poetry. * * * * * MIND (page 241). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _mind_? How does it differ from _intellect_? 2. What does_consciousness_ include? Is it attended with distinct thinking andwilling? 3. What is the _soul_? 4. From what is _spirit_ used in specialcontradistinction? How does it differ from _soul_? 5. What is Paley'sdefinition of _instinct_? 6. In what contrasted meanings is the word_sense_ employed? 7. What is _thought_? EXAMPLES. A great ---- will be strong to live, as well as to think. God is a ----: and they that worship him must worship him in ---- and in truth. * * * * * MINUTE (page 242). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _minute_? 2. When is a thing said to be_comminuted_? 3. How does _fine_ differ from _comminuted_? 4. What termsare applied to an account extended to _minute_ particulars? to anexamination similarly extended? EXAMPLES. No ---- room so warm and bright, Wherein to read, wherein to write. Life hangs on, held by a ---- thread. An organism so ---- as to be visible only under the microscope, yet possessed of life, motion, and seeming intelligence is a source of ceaseless wonder. * * * * * MISFORTUNE (page 242). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _misfortune_? Is the sufferer considered blameworthy for it?2. What is _calamity_? _disaster_? 3. In what special sense are thewords _affliction_, _chastening_, _trial_, and _tribulation_ used? Howare these four words discriminated the one from another? EXAMPLES. He's not valiant that dares die, But he that boldly bears ----. I never knew a man in life who could not bear another's ---- perfectly like a Christian. * * * * * MODEL (page 243). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _model_? a _pattern_? How are they distinguished from oneanother? 2. Which admits of freedom or idealization? EXAMPLES. Things done without ----, in their issue Are to be fear'd. Be a ---- to others, and then all will go well. Washington and his compeers had no ---- of a federal republic with constitutional bonds and limitations. Moses was admonished, See that thou make all things according to the ---- shewed to thee in the mount. * * * * * MODESTY (page 244). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _modesty_ in the general sense? In what specific sense is theword also used? 2. What is _bashfulness_? _diffidence_? _coyness_?_reserve_? EXAMPLES. For silence and chaste ---- is woman's genuine praise, and to remain quiet within the house. If a young lady has that discretion and ----, without which all knowledge is little worth, she will never make an ostentatious parade of it. His shrinking ---- was often mistaken for a proud ----. * * * * * MONEY (page 244). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _money_? _specie_? _cash_? 2. How does _property_ differ from_money_? 3. What is _bullion_? _capital_? EXAMPLES. I am not covetous for ----; Nor care I who doth feed upon my cost. For the love of ---- is the root of all evil. He converted all his ---- into ready ----. One who undertakes to do business without ---- is likely to be speedily straitened for ----. ---- in reversion may be of far less value than ---- in hand. * * * * * MOROSE (page 245). QUESTIONS. 1. By what characteristics are the _morose_ distinguished? the _sullen_and _sulky_? 2. How does _sullen_ differ from _sulky_? 3. What is themeaning of _surly_? 4. Which of these words denote transient moods andwhich denote enduring states or disposition? EXAMPLES. My master is of ---- disposition, And little recks to find the way to heaven By doing deeds of hospitality. A poet who fails in writing, becomes often a ---- critic. He answered with a ---- growl. Achilles remained in his tent in ---- inaction. * * * * * MOTION (page 246). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _motion_? 2. How does _motion_ differ from _movement_? Giveexamples. 3. In what sense is _move_ employed? 4. What is the specialsense of _motion_ in a deliberative assembly? 5. Is _action_ or _motion_the more comprehensive word? Which is commonly used in reference to themind? EXAMPLES. That ---- is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers. There is no death! What seems so is ----; This life of mortal breath Is but a suburb of the life elysian, Whose portal we call Death. The Copernican theory first clearly explained the ---- of the planets. * * * * * MUTUAL (page 246). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _common_? _mutual_? _reciprocal_? 2. Is itcorrect to speak of a _mutual_ friend? EXAMPLES. ---- friendships will admit of division, one may love the beauty of this, the good humor of that person. In all true family life there is a ---- dependence which binds hearts together. ---- action is the rule in the human body, where every part is alternately means and end, and every action both cause and effect. * * * * * NAME (page 247). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _name_ in the most general sense? 2. In the more limitedsense, how does a _name_ differ from an _appellation_? a _title_? Giveinstances of the use of these three words. 3. From what language is_epithet_ derived? What is its primary meaning? 4. What does _epithet_signify in literary use? 5. What part of speech is an _epithet_? Is itfavorable or unfavorable in signification? 6. What is a _cognomen_? Howdoes it differ from a _surname_? 7. What is _style_ considered as asynonym of _name_? EXAMPLES. Those he commands, move only in command Nothing in love: now does he feel the ---- Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe Upon a dwarfish thief. O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his ---- together. * * * * * NATIVE (page 248). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _native_ denote? _natal_? _natural_? 2. What examples aregiven in the text of the correct use of these words? EXAMPLES. I would advise no child's being taught music who has not a ---- aptitude for it. It was the 4th of July, the ---- day of American freedom. * * * * * NAUTICAL (page 248). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _marine_ derived? _maritime_? What do these two wordsrespectively signify? 2. From what is _naval_ derived? _nautical_? Howdo these words differ in meaning? 3. How does _ocean_, used adjectively, differ from _oceanic_? EXAMPLES. That sea-beast, Leviathan, which God of all his works Created hugest that swim the ---- stream. * * * * * NEAT (page 249). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _clean_ signify? 2. Does _orderly_ apply to persons orthings, and in what sense? 3. What does _tidy_ denote? 4. What is themeaning of _neat_? 5. How does _nice_ compare with _neat_? 6. What isthe significance of _spruce_? _trim_? _dapper_? EXAMPLES. If he (Jefferson) condescended to turn ---- sentences for delicate ears--still, he was essentially an earnest man. Still to be ----, still to be drest, As you were going to a feast, Still to be powder'd, still perfum'd. * * * * * NECESSARY (page 250). QUESTIONS. 1. When is a thing properly said to be _necessary_? 2. What is themeaning of _essential_? How does it differ from _indispensable_? 3. Withreference to what is a thing said to be _requisite_? How does_requisite_ compare with _essential_ and _indispensable_? 4. How do_inevitable_ and _unavoidable_ compare? To what kind of things are boththese words applied? 5. How do _needed_ and _needful_ compare with_necessary_? EXAMPLES. As you grow ready for it, somewhere or other you will find what is ---- for you in a book. The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy ---- ideas. * * * * * NECESSITY (page 250). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _necessity_? 2. What do _need_ and _want_ imply? How does_need_ compare with _want_? 3. How does _necessity_ compare with _need_?4. What is an _essential_? EXAMPLES. Courage is, on all hands, considered as an ---- of high character. No living man can send me to the shades Before my time; no man of woman born, Coward or brave, can shun his ----. * * * * * NEGLECT, _n. _ (page 251). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _neglect_? _negligence_? How do the two words compare? 2. What senses has _negligence_ that _neglect_ has not? 3. Which of the twowords may be used in a passive sense? 4. What is the legal phrase for apunishable _omission_ of duty? EXAMPLES. Ah, why Should we, in the world's riper years, ---- God's ancient sanctuaries, and adore Only among the crowd. But, alas, to make A fixed figure, for the hand of ---- To point his slow unmoving finger at. * * * * * NEW (page 252). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _new_? of _modern_? of _recent_? 2. How does_recent_ compare with _new_? 3. What is the meaning of _novel_? of_fresh_? 4. To what do _young_ and _youthful_ distinctively apply? * * * * * NIMBLE (page 253). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _nimble_ properly refer? 2. To what does _swift_ apply?3. How does _alert_ compare with _nimble_? For what is _alert_ moreproperly a synonym? EXAMPLES. Win her with gifts, if she respect not words; Dumb jewels often, in their silent kind, More ---- than words, do move a woman's mind. Profound thinkers are often helpless in society, while shallow men have ---- and ready minds. * * * * * NORMAL (page 253). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _natural_ signify? _normal_? Give instances of thedistinctive use of the two words. 2. What does _typical_ signify?_regular_? _common_? EXAMPLES. He does it with a better grace, but I do it more ----. The ---- round of work may grow monotonous, but it is evidently necessary. * * * * * NOTWITHSTANDING (page 254). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the signification of _however_ as a conjunction? of_nevertheless_? 2. Which is the most emphatic word of the group and whatdoes it signify? 3. How do _yet_ and _still_ compare with_notwithstanding_? with _but_? 4. What is the force of _tho_ and_altho_? 5. How does _notwithstanding_ as a preposition differ from_despite_ or _in spite of_? EXAMPLES. ---- do thy worst, old Time; despite thy wrong, My love shall in my verse ever live young. ---- till all graces be in one woman, one woman shall not come in my grace. There was an immense crowd ---- the inclement weather. * * * * * OATH (page 254). QUESTIONS. 1. What is an _oath_? an _affidavit_? How does the _affidavit_ differfrom the _oath_? 2. What is an _adjuration_? 3. What is a _vow_? Howdoes it differ from an _oath_? 4. Of what words is _oath_ a popularsynonym? 5. In what do _anathema_, _curse_, _execration_, and_imprecation_ agree? 6. What is an _anathema_? 7. Is a _curse_ just orunjust? 8. What does _execration_ express? _imprecation_? EXAMPLES. Better is it that thou shouldest not ----, than that thou shouldest ---- and not pay. Then how can any man be said To break an ---- he never made? * * * * * OBSCURE (page 255). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _obscure_? 2. How does _obscure_ compare with _complicated_?with _complex_? with _abstruse_? with _profound_? * * * * * OBSOLETE (page 256). QUESTIONS. 1. When is a word _obsolete_? When is a word _archaic_? 2. Is an _old_or _ancient_ word necessarily _obsolete_? 3. What is meant by sayingthat a word is _rare_? 4. Is a _rare_ word necessarily _obsolete_ or an_obsolete_ word necessarily _rare_? EXAMPLES. When the labors of modern philologists began, Sanscrit was the most ---- of all the Aryan languages known to them. Atlas, we read in ---- song, Was so exceeding tall and strong, He bore the skies upon his back, Just as the pedler does his pack. It is wonderful that so few ---- words are found in Shakespeare after the lapse of three centuries. * * * * * OBSTINATE (page 256). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _headstrong_ differ from _obstinate_ and _stubborn_? 2. Howdo _obstinate_ and _stubborn_ differ from each other? Which is commonlyapplied to the inferior animals and to inanimate things? 3. What is themeaning of _refractory_? How does it differ from _stubborn_? Which wordis applied to metals, and in what sense? 4. What is the meaning of_obdurate_? _contumacious_? _pertinacious_? 5. What words do we apply tothe _unyielding_ character or conduct that we approve? EXAMPLES. Is it in heav'n a crime to love too well? To bear too tender, or too ---- a heart, To act a Lover's or a Roman's part? "I shall talk of what I like, " she said wilfully, clasping her hands round her knees with the gesture of an ---- child. * * * * * OBSTRUCT (page 257). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the literal meaning of _obstruct_? How does it compare with_hinder_? 2. How does _obstruct_ compare with _impede_? 3. What does_arrest_ signify in the sense here considered? EXAMPLES. There is a certain wisdom of humanity which is common to the greatest men with the lowest, and which our ordinary education often labors to silence and ----. No, no ----ing the vast wheel of time, That round and round still turns with onward might. * * * * * OLD (page 257). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _old_ signify? 2. How do _old_ and _ancient_ compare? 3. What contrasted senses has _old_? 4. What is the special force of_olden_? 5. In what sense are _gray_, _hoary_, and _olden_ used ofmaterial objects? 6. To what is _aged_ chiefly applied? 7. To what do_decrepit_, _gray_, and _hoary_ apply, as said of human beings? 8. Towhat does _senile_ apply? 9. In what sense is _elderly_ used? 10. Whatare the primary and derived meanings of _remote_? 11. What does_venerable_ express? EXAMPLES. The hills, Rock-ribbed and ---- as the sun, --the vales Stretching in pensive quietness between; The ---- woods, . . . . . . And, poured round all, ---- ocean's gray and melancholy waste, -- Are but the solemn decorations all Of the great tomb of man. Through the sequestered vale of rural life, The ---- patriarch guileless held The tenor of his way. O good ---- head which all men knew! Shall we, shall ---- men, like ---- trees, Strike deeper their vile root, and closer cling, Still more enamored of their wretched soil? * * * * * OPERATION (page 258). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _operation_ denote? and by what kind of agent is iteffected? 2. What do _performance_ and _execution_ denote? and by whatkind of agents are they effected? 3. How does _performance_ differ from_execution_? EXAMPLES. It requires a surgical ---- to get a joke well into a Scotch understanding. His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his ----, as he is now, nothing. * * * * * ORDER (page 258). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _instruction_ imply? _direction_? 2. How does _order_compare with _direction_? 3. To what classes of persons are _orders_especially given? How does an _order_ in the commercial sense becomeauthoritative? 4. How does _command_ compare with _order_? 5. In whatsense is _requirement_ used? By what authority is a _requirement_ made?6. In what sense is _prohibition_ used? _injunction_? EXAMPLES. General Sherman writes in his Memoirs, "I have never in my life questioned or disobeyed an ----. " "Ye shall become like God"--transcendent fate! That God's ---- forgot, she plucked and ate. * * * * * OSTENTATION (page 259). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _ostentation_? How does it compare with _boasting_?_display_? _show_? 2. What is _pomp_? _pageant_ or _pageantry_? What dothe two latter words suggest, and how do they compare with _pomp_? 3. From what is _parade_ derived? What is its primary meaning? With whatimplication is it always used in the metaphorical sense? How does_parade_ compare with _ostentation_? EXAMPLES. The boast of heraldry, the ---- of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave. Await alike the inevitable hour; The paths of glory lead but to the grave. The President's salary does not permit ----, nor, indeed, is ---- expected of him. With all his wealth, talent, and learning, he was singularly free from ----. * * * * * OVERSIGHT (page 260). QUESTIONS. 1. In what two contrasted senses is _oversight_ used? 2. How does_superintendence_ compare with _oversight_? 3. With what specialreference is _control_ used? 4. What kind of a term is _surveillance_, and what does it imply? EXAMPLES. Those able to conduct great enterprises must be allowed wages of ----. O Friendship, equal poised ----! Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the ---- thereof not by constraint, but willingly. * * * * * OUGHT (page 260). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _ought_ properly signify? 2. How does _ought_ compare with_should_? 3. In what secondary sense is _ought_ sometimes used? EXAMPLES. He has not a right to do what he likes, but only what he ---- with his own, which after all is his own only in a qualified sense. Age ---- have reverence, and ---- be worthy to have it. * * * * * PAIN (page 261). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _pain_? _suffering_? 2. How does _distress_ rank as comparedwith _pain_ and _suffering_? 3. What is an _ache_? a _throe_? a_paroxysm_? 4. What is _agony_? _anguish_? EXAMPLES. To each his ----s; all are men, Condemned alike to groan; The tender for another's ----, The unfeeling for his own. The weariest and most loathed worldly life That age, ----, penury, and imprisonment Can lay on nature. * * * * * PALLIATE (page 261). QUESTIONS. 1. How do _cloak_ and _palliate_ agree in original meaning? How do theydiffer in the derived senses? 2. What is it to _extenuate_, and how doesthat word compare with _palliate_? EXAMPLES. Speak of me as I am; nothing ---- Nor aught set down in malice. We would not dissemble nor ---- [our transgressions] before the face of Almighty God, our heavenly Father. I shall never attempt to ---- my own foibles by exposing the error of another. * * * * * PARDON, _v. _ (page 262). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _pardon_? 2. To what does _forgive_ refer? 3. How do_pardon_ and _forgive_ differ in use in accordance with the differencein meaning? 4. What is it to _remit_? to _condone_? to _excuse_? EXAMPLES. How many will say ----, And find a kind of license in the sound To hate a little longer! I ---- him, as heaven shall ---- me. To err is human, to ----, divine. * * * * * PARDON, _n. _ (page 262). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _acquittal_? How does it differ from _pardon_ as regards theperson acquitted or pardoned? 2. Is an innocent person ever pardoned? 3. What is _oblivion_? _amnesty_? _absolution_? EXAMPLES. For 'tis sweet to stammer one letter Of the Eternal's language;--on earth it is called ----. ----, not wrath, is God's best attribute. ---- to the injured does belong, But they ne'er ---- who have done the wrong. * * * * * PART, _n. _ (page 264). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _part_? 2. What is a _fragment_? a _piece_? 3. What do_division_ and _fraction_ signify? 4. What is a _portion_? 5. What is a_share_? an _instalment_? a _particle_? 6. What do _component_, _constituent_, _ingredient_, and _element_ signify? How do they differfrom one another? 7. What is a _subdivision_? EXAMPLES. The best ---- of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered acts Of kindness and of love. Spirits that live throughout, Vital in every ---- . . . Can not but by annihilating die. Many cheap houses were built to be sold by ----s. * * * * * PARTICLE (page 264). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _particle_? 2. What does _atom_ etymologically signify?What is its meaning in present scientific use? 3. What is a _molecule_, and of what is it regarded as composed? 4. What is an _element_ inchemistry? EXAMPLES. Lucretius held that the universe originated from a fortuitous concourse of ----s. But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth, Unhurt amidst the war of ----s, The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. Many aquatic animals, whose food consists of small ---- diffused through the water, have an apparatus for creating currents so as to bring such ---- within their reach. * * * * * PATIENCE (page 265). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _patience_? 2. What is _endurance_? 3. How does _patience_compare with _submission_ and _endurance_? 4. To what are _submission_and _resignation_ ordinarily applied? 5. What is _forbearance_? Howdoes it compare with _patience_? EXAMPLES. With ---- bear the lot to thee assigned, Nor think it chance, nor murmur at the load, For know what man calls Fortune is from God. There is, however, a limit at which ---- ceases to be a virtue. * * * * * PAY (page 266). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _pay_? _compensation_? _remuneration_? _recompense_? 2. Whatis an _allowance_? 3. What are _wages_? _earnings_? 4. What is _hire_?what does it imply? 5. For what is _salary_ paid? How does it differfrom _wages_? 6. What is a _fee_, and for what given? EXAMPLES. I am not aware that ----, or even favors, however gracious, bind any man's soul. Our praises are our ----. Carey, in early life, was a country minister with a small ----. Laborers are remunerated by ----, and officials by ----. * * * * * PEOPLE (page 266). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _community_? a _commonwealth_? 2. What is a _people_? a_race_? 3. What is a _state_? a _nation_? 4. What does _population_signify? _tribe_? EXAMPLES. A ---- may let a king fall, and still remain a ----, but if a king let his ---- slip from him, he is no longer a king. Questions of ---- have played a great part in the politics and wars of the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Germanic ----, the Slavonic ----, the Italian, and the Greek ----s struggling to assert their unity. * * * * * PERCEIVE (page 267). QUESTIONS. 1. What class of things do we _perceive_? 2. How does _apprehend_ differin scope from _perceive_? 3. What does _conceive_ signify? 4. How does_comprehend_ compare with _apprehend_? with _conceive_? EXAMPLES. We may ---- the tokens of the divine agency without being able to ---- or ---- the divine Being. . . . Admitted once to his embrace, Thou shalt ---- that thou wast blind before. O horror! horror! horror! Tongue nor heart Can not ---- nor name thee! * * * * * PERFECT (page 268). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _perfect_ in the fullest and highest sense? 2. What is_absolute_ in the fullest sense? 3. What is _perfect_ in the limitedsense, and in popular language? EXAMPLES. We have the idea of a Being infinitely ----, and from this Descartes reasoned that such a being really exists. 'Shall remain'! Hear you this Triton of the minnows? mark you His ---- 'shall'? * * * * * PERMANENT (page 269). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _durable_ derived? to what class of substances is itapplied? 2. What is _permanent_, and in what connections used? 3. Howdoes _enduring_ compare with _durable_? with _permanent_? EXAMPLES. My heart is wax, molded as she pleases, but ---- as marble to retain. A violet in the youth of primy nature, Forward, not ----, sweet, not ----, The perfume and suppliance of a minute. For her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the Lord, to eat sufficiently, and for ---- clothing. * * * * * PERMISSION (page 269). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _authority_? 2. What is _permission_? 3. How does_permission_ compare with _allowance_? 4. What is a _permit_? 5. What is_license_? How does it compare with _authority_? with _permission_? 6. What does _consent_ involve? EXAMPLES. God is more there than thou; for thou art there Only by his ----. Thieves for their robbery have ----, When judges steal themselves. Very few of the Egyptians avail themselves of the ---- which their religion allows them, of having four wives. * * * * * PERNICIOUS (page 270). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _pernicious_ derived, and what does it signify? 2. Howdoes _pernicious_ compare with _injurious_? 3. What does _noisome_denote? 4. What is the distinctive sense of _noxious_? 5. How does_noxious_ compare with _noisome_? EXAMPLES. Inflaming wine, ---- to mankind. So bees with smoke, and doves with ---- stench, Are from their hives, and houses, driven away. The strong smell of sulfur, and a choking sensation of the lungs indicated the presence of ---- gases. * * * * * PERPLEXITY (page 270). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _perplexity_? _confusion_? How do the two words compare? 2. How do _bewilderment_ and _confusion_ compare? 3. From what does_amazement_ result? EXAMPLES. CAIUS. --Vere is mine host _de Jarterre_? HOST. --Here, master doctor, in ---- and doubtful dilemma. There is such ---- in my powers As, after some oration fairly spoke By a beloved prince, there doth appear Among the buzzing, pleased multitude. * * * * * PERSUADE (page 271). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _convince_ denote? How does it differ from the other wordsof the group? 2. What is it to _persuade_? 3. How is _convincing_related to _persuasion_? 4. How does _coax_ compare with _persuade_? EXAMPLES. A long train of these practises has at length unwillingly ---- me that there is something hid behind the throne greater than the king himself. He had a head to contrive, a tongue to ----, and a hand to execute any mischief. * * * * * PERVERSE (page 272). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the etymological meaning of _perverse_? What does it signifyin common use? 2. What does _petulant_ signify? _wayward_? EXAMPLES. And you, my lords--methinks you do not well, To bear with their ---- objections. Whining, purblind, ---- boy! Good Lord! what madness rules in brainsick men When, for so slight and frivolous a cause, Such ---- emulations shall arise. * * * * * PHYSICAL (page 272). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _material_ signify? 2. What idea does _physical_ add tothat contained in _material_? 3. To what do _bodily_, _corporal_, and_corporeal_ apply? 4. How do _bodily_ and _corporal_ differ from_corporeal_? 5. To what is _corporal_ now for the most part limited? EXAMPLES. ---- punishment is practically abandoned in the greater number of American schools. Man has two parts, the one ---- and earthly, the other immaterial and spiritual. These races are all clearly differentiated by other ---- traits than the color of the skin. We can not think of substance save in terms that imply ---- properties. * * * * * PITIFUL (page 273). QUESTIONS. 1. What was the original meaning of _pitiful_? What does it now signify?2. How does _pitiful_ differ in use from _pitiable_? 3. What was theearly and what is the present sense of _piteous_? EXAMPLES. There is something pleading and ---- in the simplicity of perfect ignorance. The most ---- sight one ever sees is a young man doing nothing; the Furies early drag him to his doom. O, the most ---- cry of the poor souls! * * * * * PITY (page 273). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _pity_? _sympathy_? 2. How does _sympathy_ in its exercisediffer from _pity_? 3. How does _pity_ differ from _mercy_? 4. How does_compassion_ compare with _mercy_ and _pity_? 5. How does_commiseration_ differ from _compassion_? EXAMPLES. Nothing but the Infinite ---- is sufficient for the infinite pathos of human life. He hallows every heart he once has swayed, And when his presence we no longer share, Still leaves ---- as a relic there. * * * * * PLEAD (page 274). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _plead_ in the ordinary sense? in the legal sense? 2. How do _argue_ and _advocate_ differ? 3. What do _beseech_, _entreat_, and _implore_ imply? 4. How does _solicit_ compare with the above words? EXAMPLES. Speak to me low, my Savior, low and sweet, . . . Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so, Who art not missed by any that ----. Speaking of the honor paid to good men, is it not time to ---- for a reform in the writing of biographies? * * * * * PLEASANT (page 275). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _pleasant_ add to the sense of _pleasing_? 2. How does_pleasant_ compare with _kind_? 3. What does _good-natured_ signify? Howdoes it compare with _pleasant_? EXAMPLES. Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to ---- dreams. When fiction rises ---- to the eye, Men will believe because they love the lie. . . . If we must part forever, Give me but one ---- word to think upon. * * * * * PLENTIFUL (page 276). QUESTIONS. 1. What kind of a term is _enough_, and what does it mean? 2. How does_sufficient_ compare with _enough_? 3. What is _ample_? 4. To what do_abundant_, _ample_, _liberal_, and _plentiful_ apply? 5. How is_copious_ used? _affluent_? _plentiful_? 6. What does _complete_express? 7. In what sense are _lavish_ and _profuse_ employed? 8. Towhat is _luxuriant_ applied? EXAMPLES. My ---- joys, Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves In drops of sorrow. Can anybody remember when the right sort of men and the right sort of women were ----? Share the advice betwixt you; if both gain all, The gift doth stretch itself as 'tis received, And is ---- for both. He hasted, and opposed the rocky orb Of tenfold adamant, his ---- shield. * * * * * POETRY (page 277). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _poetry_? 2. Does _poetry_ involve _rime_? Does it require_meter_? 3. What is imperatively required beyond _verse_, _rime_, or_meter_ to constitute _poetry_? EXAMPLES. ---- is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, taste, thought, passion, and insight of a human soul. He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty ----. And ever against eating cares, Lap me in soft Lydian airs, Married to immortal ----. * * * * * POLITE (page 277). QUESTIONS. 1. What are the characteristics of a _civil_ person? What more is foundin one who is _polite_? 2. How does _courteous_ compare with _civil_? 3. What does _courtly_ signify? _genteel_? _urbane_? 4. In what sense is_polished_ used? _complaisant_? EXAMPLES. She is not ---- for the sake of seeming ----, but ---- for the sake of being kind. He was so generally ---- that nobody thanked him for it. Her air, her manners, all who saw admired; ---- tho coy, and gentle tho retired. * * * * * POVERTY (page 279). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _poverty_ strictly denote? What does it signify in ordinaryuse? 2. What does _privation_ signify? How does it compare with_distress_? 3. What is _indigence_? _destitution_? _penury_? 4. Whatdoes _pauperism_ properly signify? How does it differ from _beggary_ and_mendicancy_? * * * * * POWER (page 279). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _power_? 2. Is _power_ limited to intelligent agents, or howwidely applied? 3. How does _ability_ compare with _power_? 4. What is_capacity_, and how related to _power_ and to _ability_? 5. What is_competency_? _faculty_? _talent_? 6. What are _dexterity_ and _skill_?How are they related to _talent_? 7. What is _efficacy_? _efficiency_? EXAMPLES. Bismarck was the one great figure of all Europe, with more ---- for good or evil than any other human being possessed at that time. The soul, in its highest sense, is a vast ---- for God. I reckon it is an oversight in a great body of metaphysicians that they have been afraid to ascribe our apprehensions of ---- to intuition. In consequence of this neglect, some never get the idea of ----, but merely of succession, within the bare limits of experience. * * * * * PRAISE (page 280). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _praise_? By how many is it given, and how is it expressed?2. What is _applause_? by how many given? and how expressed? 3. What is_acclamation_? How does it differ from _applause_? 4. How does_approbation_ differ from _praise_? 5. What does _approval_ add to themeaning of _praise_? 6. How does _compliment_ compare with _praise_? 7. What is _flattery_? EXAMPLES. The ---- of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation's eyes. ---- no man e'er deserved who sought no more. Gladly then he mixed Among those friendly powers, who him received With joy and ----s loud. * * * * * PRAY (page 281). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _pray_ in the religious sense? 2. In what lighter andmore familiar sense may _pray_ be used? Is this latter use now common? EXAMPLES. Hesiod exhorted the husbandman to ---- for a harvest, but to do so with his hand upon the plow. I kneel, and then ---- her blessing. * * * * * PRECARIOUS (page 282). QUESTIONS. 1. To what is the term _uncertain_ applied? 2. What did _precarious_originally signify? How is it now used, and how does it differ from_uncertain_? EXAMPLES. . . . Thou know'st, great son, The end of war's ----. Life seems to be ---- in proportion to its value. * * * * * PRECEDENT (page 282). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _precedent_? 2. How does _case_ fall short of the meaningof _precedent_? 3. What is an _obiter dictum_? How does it differ from a_precedent_? EXAMPLES. Where freedom broadens slowly down From ---- to ----. Let us consider the reason of the ----, for nothing is law that is not reason. * * * * * PREDESTINATION (page 282). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _predestination_? 2. How does _fate_ differ from_predestination_? 3. What does _necessity_ signify in the philosophicalsense? 4. What is _foreknowledge_? Does it involve _foreordination_ or_predestination_? EXAMPLES. For ---- has wove the thread of life with pain. All high truth is the union of two contradictories. Thus ---- and free-will are opposites; and the truth does not lie between these two, but in a higher reconciling truth which leaves both true. * * * * * PREJUDICE (page 283). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _presumption_? On what is it founded? 2. On what are_prejudice_ and _prepossession_ based? How do these two words differfrom each other? EXAMPLES. When the judgment's weak, the ---- is strong. The ---- is always in favor of what exists. His fine features, manly form, and perfect manners awakened an instant ---- in his favor. * * * * * PRETENSE (page 283). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _pretense_? How does it differ from a _pretext_? 2. What isa _ruse_? EXAMPLES. The claim of a stronger nation to protect a weaker has commonly been but a ---- for conquest. It is not poverty so much as ---- that harasses a ruined man--the struggle between a proud mind and an empty purse. The independent English nobility conspired to make an insurrection, and to support the prince's ----s. * * * * * PREVENT (page 284). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original meaning of _prevent_? 2. What word is nowcommonly used in that sense? 3. What is the meaning of _obviate_?_preclude_? 4. How is _prevent_ at present used? EXAMPLES. The contrary supposition is obviously ----. When the Siberian Pacific Railway is finished, what is there to ---- Russia from annexing nearly the whole of China? There appears to be no way to ---- the difficulty. * * * * * PREVIOUS (page 285). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _antecedent_ denote? 2. How does _preceding_ differ from_antecedent_ and _previous_? 3. How is _anterior_ commonly used?_prior_? 4. Of what is _former_ used? What does _former_ always imply? EXAMPLES. These matters have been fully explained in ---- chapters of this work. The reader will be helped to an understanding of this process by a careful study of the diagram on the ---- page. In ---- times many things were attributed to witchcraft that now have a scientific explanation. * * * * * PRICE (page 285). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the _cost_ of an article? the _price_? 2. How do _cost_ and_price_ ordinarily differ? 3. In what exceptional case may _cost_ and_price_ agree? 4. What does _price_ always imply? 5. What is the meaningof _value_? How does market _value_ differ from intrinsic _value_? 6. How does _value_ differ from _worth_? 7. To what are _charge_ and_expense_ ordinarily applied? EXAMPLES. ---- is the life-giving power of anything; ----, the quantity of labor required to produce it; ----, the quantity of labor which its possessor will take in exchange for it. No man can permanently do business by making the ---- of his goods the same as their ---- to him, however such a method may help him momentarily in an emergency. * * * * * PRIDE (page 286). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _pride_? _haughtiness_? _arrogance_? _disdain_? How do thesequalities compare with _pride_? 2. What does _superciliousness_ implyaccording to its etymology? 3. How do _pride_ and _vanity_ differ? 4. What difference is noted between _self-conceit_ and _conceit_? 5. How do_self-respect_ and _self-esteem_ compare with each other and with theother words of the group? EXAMPLES. ---- may puff a man up, but never prop him up. There is nothing ---- can so little bear with as ---- itself. ---- is as ill at ease under indifference, as tenderness is under the love which it can not return. * * * * * PRIMEVAL (page 287). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation and signification of _aboriginal_?_autochthonic_? _primeval_? 2. What do _prime_ and _primary_ denote?What special sense has _primary_ as in reference to a school? 3. How is_primordial_ used? 4. What does _primitive_ suggest, as in theexpressions, the _primitive_ church, _primitive_ simplicity? 5. What is_pristine_? 6. How do _native_ and _indigenous_ compare? EXAMPLES. Thou from ---- nothingness didst call First chaos, then existence, Lord. The ---- inhabitants of America are long since extinct, for even the races whom the white men conquered had themselves supplanted an earlier race. All the later ages have wondered at and admired the whole-souled consecration of the ---- church. * * * * * PROFIT (page 288). QUESTIONS. 1. What are _returns_ or _receipts_? 2. What is _profit_ in thecommercial sense? What in the intellectual and moral sense? 3. What is_utility_? 4. What does _advantage_ originally signify? Does it nownecessarily imply having or gaining superiority to another person, orsecuring anything at another's expense? 5. What is _gain_? _benefit_?_emolument_? 6. To what does _expediency_ especially refer? EXAMPLES. Silence has many ----s. No man can read with ---- that which he can not learn to read with pleasure. Godliness with contentment is great ----. * * * * * PROGRESS (page 289). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _progress_? 2. What do _attainment_, _proficiency_, and_development_ imply? 3. What is _advance_? How does it differ from_progress_? EXAMPLES. What is thy ---- compared with an Alexander's, a Mahomet's, a Napoleon's? And dreams in their ---- have breath, And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy. Human ---- consists in a continual increase in the number of those who, ceasing to live by the animal life alone and to feel the pleasures of sense only, come to participate in the intellectual life also. * * * * * PROHIBIT (page 290). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _prohibit_? 2. How does _forbid_ compare with_prohibit_? 3. How does _prohibit_ compare with _prevent_? EXAMPLES. Tho much I want which most would have, Yet still my mind ---- to crave. The laws of England, from the early Plantagenets, sternly ---- the conversion of malt into alcohol, excepting a small portion for medicinal purposes. Human law must ---- many things that human administration of law can not absolutely ----; is not this true also of the divine government? * * * * * PROMOTE (page 291). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _promote_? 2. To what does _promote_ apply? To personsor things, and in what way? EXAMPLES. The outlawed pirate of one year was ---- the next to be a governor and his country's representative. The imperial ensign, which full high ----ed, Shone like a meteor streaming in the wind. * * * * * PROPITIATION (page 291). QUESTIONS. 1. What did _atonement_ originally denote? What is its presenttheological and popular sense? 2. What does _expiation_ signify?_propitiation_? _satisfaction_? EXAMPLES. ---- has respect to the bearing which satisfaction has upon sin or the sinner. ---- has respect to the effect of satisfaction in removing the judicial displeasure of God. When a man has been guilty of any sin or folly, I think the best ---- he can make is to warn others not to fall into the like. Redemption implies the complete deliverance from the penalty, power, and all the consequences of sin; ---- is used in the sense of the sacrificial work, whereby the redemption from the condemning power of the law was insured. * * * * * PROPOSAL (page 291). QUESTIONS. 1. What does an _offer_ or _proposal_ do? 2. What does a _proposition_set forth? 3. For what is the _proposition_ designed? the _proposal_? 4. In what way does _proposition_ come to have nearly the sense of_proposal_ in certain uses? 5. What is a _bid_? 6. What does an_overture_ accomplish? In what special application is the word commonlyused? EXAMPLES. Garrison emphatically declared, "I can not listen to any ---- for a gradual abolition of wickedness. " The theme in confirmation must always admit of being expressed in a logical ----, with subject, predicate, and copula. * * * * * PROPOSE (page 292). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _propose_ in its most frequent use differ from _purpose_? 2. How is _propose_ used so as to be nearly equivalent to _purpose_? Whatimportant difference appears in this latter use? EXAMPLES. I know, indeed, the evil of that I ----, but my inclination gets the better of my judgment. Man ----s, but God disposes. * * * * * PROTRACT (page 293). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _protract_? 2. What is the significance of _defer_ and_delay_, and how do these words differ in usage from _protract_? 3. Howdoes _elongate_ differ from _protract_? 4. Is _protract_ ordinarilyfavorable or unfavorable in sense? 5. Is _continue_ favorable orunfavorable? EXAMPLES. Unseen hands ---- The coming of what oft seems close in ken. Burton, a hypochondriac, wrote the "Anatomy of Melancholy, " that marvel of learning, and ---- his life to the age of sixty-four. * * * * * PROVERB (page 293). QUESTIONS. 1. In what do the _proverb_ and the _adage_ agree? In what respects dothey differ? 2. What is an _apothegm_? an _aphorism_? How do these twowords differ? 3. What is a _dictum_? a _saying_? 4. What is a _precept_?How does it differ from a _motto_ or _maxim_? 5. How do _motto_ and_maxim_ differ from each other? EXAMPLES. The ---- must be verified, That beggars mounted, run their horse to death. Books, like ----s, receive their chief value from the stamp and esteem of ages through which they have passed. * * * * * PRUDENCE (page 294). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the definition of _prudence_? 2. How does _providence_ differfrom _prudence_? 3. How does _care_ compare with _prudence_ and_providence_? 4. How is _frugality_ related to _prudence_? 5. How do_foresight_ and _forethought_ compare with each other, and both with_providence_? EXAMPLES. When desp'rate ills demand a speedy cure, Distrust is cowardice, and ---- folly. With a ---- unknown in other parts of Scotland, the peasantry have in most places planted orchards around their cottages. * * * * * PURCHASE (page 295). QUESTIONS. 1. From what language is _purchase_ derived? 2. From what is _buy_derived? 3. How do _buy_ and _purchase_ agree in meaning? What singledefinition would answer for either? 4. How do _buy_ and _purchase_differ in use? Give instances. EXAMPLES. I'll give thee England's treasure, Enough to ---- such another island, So thou wilt make me live. 'Tis gold which ----s admittance. ---- the truth, and sell it not. * * * * * PURE (page 296). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _pure_ signify? 2. In what sense are material substancessaid to be _pure_? 3. What does _pure_ denote in moral and religioususe? 4. How does _pure_ compare with _innocent_? with _virtuous_? EXAMPLES. Water from melted snow is ----r than rain-water, as it descends through the air in a solid form, incapable of absorbing atmospheric gases. Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage; Minds ---- and quiet take That for a hermitage. In every place incense shall be offered unto my name and a ---- offering, saith the Lord of hosts. * * * * * QUEER (page 297). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _odd_? _singular_? Are _odd_ and _singular_precise equivalents? 2. When is a thing called _strange_? 3. What is theprimary meaning of _peculiar_? With what implication is it now commonlyused? 4. What is the meaning of _eccentric_? How does it differ in usefrom _odd_ or _queer_? 5. How does _erratic_ compare with _eccentric_?6. What is the primary meaning of _queer_? its common meaning? 7. Whatis the significance of _quaint_? _grotesque_? EXAMPLES. A ----, shy man was this pastor--a sort of living mummy, dried up and bleached by Icelandic snows. In setting a hen, says Grose, the good women hold it an indispensable rule to put an ---- number of eggs. Only a man of undoubted genius can afford to be ----. The ---- architecture of these medieval towns has a strange fascination. * * * * * QUICKEN (page 297). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _accelerate_? to _despatch_? 2. What does the verb_speed_ signify? _hasten_? _hurry_? What does _hurry_ suggest inaddition to the meaning of _hasten_? EXAMPLES. The motion of a falling body is continually ----ed. The muster-place is Lanrick mead! ---- forth the signal! Norman, ----! The pulsations of the heart are ----ed by exertion. * * * * * QUOTE (page 298). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _cite_ differ from _quote_? 2. What is it to _paraphrase_?to _plagiarize_? EXAMPLES. A great man ---- bravely, and will not draw on his invention when his memory serves him with a word as good. The Devil can ---- Scripture for his purpose. To appropriate others' thoughts or words mechanically and without credit is to ----. * * * * * RACY (page 299). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _racy_ in the first instance refer? _pungent_? 2. Howdoes _piquant_ differ from _pungent_? 3. How are these words and theword _spicy_ used in reference to literary products? EXAMPLES. Pure mother English, ---- and fresh with idiomatic graces. The atmosphere was strangely impregnated with the ---- odor of burning peat. The spruce, the cedar, and the juniper, with their balsamic breath, filled the air with a ---- fragrance. * * * * * RADICAL (page 299). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the primary meaning of _radical_? 2. What contrasted sensesare derived from this primary meaning? EXAMPLES. Timidity is a ---- defect in a reformer. Social and political leaders look to vested interests, and hence are inclined to regard all ---- measures as ----. * * * * * RARE (page 300). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _unique_? Can any one of a number of things ofthe same kind be _unique_? 2. What is the primary meaning of _rare_?What added sense is often blended with this primary meaning? 3. Is_extraordinary_ favorable or unfavorable in meaning? EXAMPLES. Nothing is so ---- as time. That which gives to the Jews their ---- position among the nations is what we are accustomed to regard as their sacred history. And what is so ---- as a day in June? Then, if ever, come perfect days. * * * * * REACH (page 300). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _reach_ in the sense here considered? 2. What is it to_arrive_? 3. What does _attain_ add to the meaning of _arrive_? Whatdoes _gain_ add? EXAMPLES. And grasping down the boughs I ----ed the shore. He gathered the ripe nuts in the fall, And berries that grew by fence and wall So high she could not ---- them at all. The heights by great men ----ed and kept Were not ----ed by sudden flight, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night. It is only in this way that we can hope to ---- at truth. * * * * * REAL (page 301). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _real_ derived? What does it mean? 2. From what is the_real_ distinguished? 3. To what is _actual_ opposed? 4. What shades ofdifference may be pointed out between the four words _actual_, _real_, _developed_, and _positive_? EXAMPLES. In ---- life we do not die when all that makes life bright dies to us. If there was any trouble, ---- or impending, affecting those she had served, her place was with them. This was regarded as proof ---- of conspiracy. * * * * * REASON, _v. _ (page 302). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _reason_ about a matter? 2. From what is _argue_derived, and what does it mean? 3. What is it to _demonstrate_? to_prove_? How do these two words agree and differ? EXAMPLES. There are two ways of reaching truth: by ----ing it out and by feeling it out. In ----ing, too, the person owned his skill, For e'en tho vanquished, he could ---- still. A matter of fact may be ----ed by adequate evidence; only a mathematical proposition can be ----ed. * * * * * REASON, _n. _ (page 302). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _cause_ differ from _reason_ in the strict sense of each ofthe two words? 2. How is _reason_ often used so as to be a partialequivalent of _cause_? EXAMPLES. No one is at liberty to speak ill of another without a justifiable ----, even tho he knows he is speaking truth. I am not only witty myself, but the ---- that wit is in other men. Necessity is the ---- of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves. Alas! how light a ---- may move Dissension between hearts that love! * * * * * REASONING (page 303). QUESTIONS. 1. What do _argumentation_ and _debate_ ordinarily imply? 2. How does_reasoning_ differ from both the above words in this respect? 3. To whatkind of _reasoning_ were _argument_ and _argumentation_ formerlyrestricted? How widely are the words now applied? 4. How do _argument_and _argumentation_ compare with _reasoning_ as regards logical form? EXAMPLES. All ----, Inductive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown through the known; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no ----. Early at Bus'ness, and at Hazard late, Mad at a fox-chase, wise at a ----. If thou continuest to take delight in idle ----, thou mayest be qualified to combat with the sophists, but never know how to live with men. * * * * * REFINEMENT (page 305). QUESTIONS. 1. To what does _civilization_ apply, and what does it denote? 2. Whatis _refinement_? 3. What is the primary meaning of _cultivation_? thederived meaning? 4. By what word is _cultivation_ now largelysuperseded? 5. What does _culture_ denote? EXAMPLES. What is ----? It is the humanization of man in society, the satisfaction for him in society of the true law of human nature. Giving up wrong pleasure is not self-sacrifice, but self-----. This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are born only with a capacity of entertaining this ----. * * * * * RELIABLE (page 306). QUESTIONS. 1. What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and useof the word _reliable_? 2. What do _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ denote? 3. How does _reliable_ compare with these words? 4. What meaning may_reliable_ convey that _trusty_ and _trustworthy_ would not? EXAMPLES. Good lack! quoth he, yet bring it me My leathern belt likewise, In which I bear my ---- sword, When I do exercise. The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly ---- account, was performed by the Norsemen. * * * * * RELIGION (page 307). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original sense of _piety_? the derived sense? 2. What is_religion_? What does it include? 3. What is _worship_? _devotion_? 4. What is _morality_? _godliness_? _holiness_? 5. How is _theology_related to _religion_? EXAMPLES. ---- is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practises which flow from such belief. ----, whose soul sincere Fears God, and knows no other fear. To deny the freedom of the will is to make ---- impossible. Systematic ---- may be defined as the substance of the Christian faith in a scientific form. * * * * * REND (page 309). QUESTIONS. 1. To what are _rend_ and _tear_ usually applied? Which is the strongerword? 2. In what connection is _rive_ used, and in what sense? 3. Whatdoes _lacerate_ signify? 4. How does _mangle_ compare with _lacerate_?5. What do _burst_ and _rupture_ signify? Which is the stronger word?When is a steam-boiler said to be _ruptured_? 6. What does _rip_signify? EXAMPLES. Storms do not ---- the sail that is furled. Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig-pated fellow ---- a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings. And now a bubble ----s, and now a world. The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle; a mere drop in amount, but a deluge in its effects, ----ing the colonies forever from the mother country. * * * * * RENOUNCE (page 309). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _renounce_ derived, and in what sense used? _recant_?_retract_? 2. What is it to _discard_? 3. How does _revoke_ compare with_recall_ in original meaning and in present use? 4. What is thederivation and the distinctive meaning of _abjure_? 5. In what sense is_repudiate_ used? EXAMPLES. On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to ---- and curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth. He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide, ---- earth to forfeit heaven. He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in the hands of those who were determined that he should ---- or die. * * * * * REPENTANCE (page 310). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _regret_? 2. What does _penitence_ add to _regret_? 3. Howdoes _repentance_ surpass the meaning of _penitence_, _regret_, _sorrow_, etc. ? 4. What is _compunction_? _contrition_? 5. What is_remorse_, and how does it compare with _repentance_? EXAMPLES. What then? what rests? Try what ---- can: what can it not? Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty ---- Be a sufficient ransom for offense, I tender't here. So writhes the mind ---- has riven, Unmeet for earth, undoomed to heaven, Darkness above, despair beneath, Around it flame, within it death. * * * * * REPROOF (page 311). QUESTIONS. 1. Are _blame_, _censure_, and _disapproval_ spoken or silent? 2. Are_comment_, _criticism_, _rebuke_, _reflection_, _reprehension_, and_reproof_ expressed or not? 3. How of _admonition_ and _animadversion_?4. Are _comment_ and _criticism_ favorable or unfavorable? Do they implysuperiority on the part of commentator or critic? 5. Do _reflection_ and_reprehension_ imply such superiority? How are these two wordsdiscriminated? 6. What does _rebuke_ literally signify? To what kind ofperson is a _rebuke_ administered? 7. To what kind of person is_reproof_ administered? 8. What do _rebuke_ and _reproof_ imply on thepart of him who administers them? 9. What is _animadversion_?_admonition_? EXAMPLES. A ---- is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or hatred. The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful ---- of a friend. Open ---- is better than secret love. * * * * * REPROVE (page 312). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _censure_? to _reprove_? to _reprimand_ 2. How does_admonish_ compare with the other words in the group? Is its referenceto the past or to the future? 3. What is it to _reproach_? Does thisword imply authority or superiority? 4. What is the force of_expostulate_ and _remonstrate_? EXAMPLES. He that oppresseth the poor ----eth his Maker. Her answer ----ed me; for she said, "I never ask their crimes, for we have all come short. " Moses was ----ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount. This witness is true. Therefore ---- them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith. * * * * * REST (page 313). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _ease_? _quiet_? _rest_? 2. What is _recreation_, and how isit related to _rest_? 3. What is _repose_ in the primary, and what inthe derived, sense? 4. How does _repose_ compare with _rest_? 5. What isa _pause_? 6. How does _sleep_ compare with _repose_ and _rest_? EXAMPLES. Seek out, less often sought than found, A soldier's grave--for thee the best; Then look around, and choose thy ground, And take thy ----. Her manners had not that ---- That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere. Shall I not take mine ---- in mine inn? * * * * * RESTRAIN (page 315). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _restrain_? 2. How does _constrain_ differ from_restrain_? 3. How does _restrain_ differ from _restrict_? 4. How does_repress_ compare with _restrain_? _suppress_? EXAMPLES. The English Puritans, ----ed at home, fled for freedom to America. In no political system is it so necessary to ---- the powers of the government as in a democratic state. * * * * * REVENGE (page 316). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _revenge_? 2. How does _retaliation_ compare with _revenge_?3. What did _vengeance_ formerly mean, and what does it now imply? 4. What is a _requital_? 5. How do _avenging_ and _retribution_ differ from_retaliation_, _revenge_, and _vengeance_? 6. What difference may benoted between _avenging_ and _retribution_? EXAMPLES. According to the wish of Sulla himself, . . . His monument was erected in the Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself: "No friend ever did me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without receiving full ----. " By the spirit of ----, as we sometimes express it, we generally understand a disposition, not merely to return suffering for suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain on the person who is supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires. In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal immortality with ----. * * * * * REVOLUTION (page 317). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential idea of _revolution_? 2. Does a _revolution_necessarily involve war? 3. What is _anarchy_? _insubordination_?_sedition_? _revolt_? _rebellion_? 4. How does _rebellion_ differ from_revolution_? 5. By what class of persons is _insurrection_ made?_mutiny_? EXAMPLES. ----s are not made; they come. ---- to tyrants is obedience to God. Since government is of God, ---- must be contrary to his will. * * * * * REVOLVE (page 318). QUESTIONS. 1. When is a body said to _roll_? to _rotate_? to _revolve_? 2. In whatsense may the earth be said to _revolve_? and in what sense to _rotate_?3. What are some of the extended uses of _roll_? 4. What kind of a wordis _turn_, and what is its meaning? EXAMPLES. Any bright star close by the pole is seen to ---- in a very small circle whose center is the pole itself. The sun ----s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets ---- in their orbits. Human nature can never rest; once in motion it ----s like the stone of Sisyphus every instant when the resisting force is suspended. * * * * * RIGHT (page 319). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _right_? Is it general or special? 2. What is a_privilege_? an _exemption_? an _immunity_? 3. What is a _franchise_? a_prerogative_? EXAMPLES. Friendship gives no ---- to make ourselves disagreeable. All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable ----s. * * * * * RUSTIC (page 321). QUESTIONS. 1. From what are _rural_ and _rustic_ alike derived? How do the twowords agree in general signification? How are they discriminated in use?2. What is the meaning of _pastoral_? of _bucolic_? EXAMPLES. How still the morning of the hallowed day! Mute is the voice of ---- labor, hush'd The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song. The ---- arbor which the summit crowned Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet-vine, Clematis, and the wild white eglantine. When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually upon the ---- stage. * * * * * SACRAMENT (page 321). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a religious _service_ in the extended sense? 2. What is a_sacrament_? 3. What is an _observance_? an _ordinance_? 4. How do_sacrament_ and _ordinance_ differ? 5. What is a _rite_? EXAMPLES. Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it be invigorated and reimpressed by external ----s. Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together in the same prayers and ----s. * * * * * SALE (page 323). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _change_ or _exchange_? 2. What is _barter_? _sale_? 3. Whatis a _bargain_ in the strict sense? 4. What is _trade_ in the broad andin the limited sense? EXAMPLES. Honor sits smiling at the ---- of truth. I'll give thrice as much land to any well-deserving friend, But in the way of ----, mark ye me, I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made To coin a penny in the way of ----. * * * * * SAMPLE (page 323). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _sample_? a _specimen_? 2. How do _sample_ and _specimen_compare as indications of the quality of that which they respectivelyrepresent? EXAMPLES. There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the goods correspond to the ----. Curzola is a perfect ---- of a Venetian town. * * * * * SCHOLAR (page 324). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the primary sense of _scholar_? the derived sense? 2. Whatdoes _pupil_ signify? How is it technically used in educational work? 3. In what sense is _student_ employed? EXAMPLES. The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once mark a ----. The State of New York supplies all needed text-books free of charge to the ----s in the public schools. The ----s in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense enthusiasm. * * * * * SCIENCE (page 325). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _science_ compare with _knowledge_? 2. How does _art_compare with _science_? 3. What two senses of _art_ must bediscriminated from each other? 4. In which sense is _art_ a system ofrules? 5. In which sense does _art_ transcend rule? EXAMPLES. Beethoven took his ---- as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his religion. Modern ---- may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it in relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws were formed, or to the feeble intellect of man, by which its depths have been sounded, and its mysteries explored. Printing has been aptly termed the ---- preservative of all other ----s. * * * * * SECURITY (page 326). QUESTIONS. 1. Of what kind of value or property must an _earnest_ consist? 2. Howdo _pledge_ and _security_ differ from _earnest_? 3. How does _security_differ from _pledge_? 4. What is _bail_? _gage_? EXAMPLES. The ---- for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people. The surest ---- of a deathless name Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken. And for an ---- of a greater honor, He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor. * * * * * SENSATION (page 328). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _sensation_? a _perception_? 2. How does an _emotion_differ from a _sensation_? 3. How does the popular term _feeling_compare with _sensation_ and _emotion_? 4. What is a _sense_? EXAMPLES. But ----, in the technical and limited sense of the term, is appropriated to the knowledge of material objects, and of the external world. This knowledge is gained or acquired by means of the ----s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it sensible ----, or, more briefly, sense ----. ----s sweet, Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart. * * * * * SENSIBILITY (page 328). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _sensibility_ in the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. What does _sensitiveness_ denote? 3. What is _susceptibility_? How doesit compare with _sensitiveness_? 4. How are _susceptibility_ and_sensitiveness_ discriminated in physics? EXAMPLES. The ---- of the external surface of the body is a special endowment adapted to the elements around and calculated to protect the interior parts from injury. ---- to pleasure is of necessity also ---- to pain. Every mind is in a peculiar state of ---- to certain impressions. * * * * * SEVERE (page 329). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _severe_? _rigid_? _strict_? 2. How does _rigorous_ comparewith _rigid_? 3. What does _austere_ signify? What element is alwaysfound in an _austere_ character? EXAMPLES. In mathematics we arrive at certitude by ---- demonstration. He who the sword of heaven will bear Should be as holy as ----. ---- law is often ---- injustice. By ---- adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the English have come to be always believed in India. * * * * * SHELTER, _v. _ (page 331). QUESTIONS. 1. When is anything said to be _covered_? 2. How does _shelter_ comparewith _cover_? 3. What does _defend_ signify? 4. What does _guard_ imply?5. How does _protect_ surpass _guard_ and _defend_? 6. What does_shield_ signify? How does it compare with _guard_ or _defend_? 7. Inwhat sense is the verb _harbor_ commonly used? EXAMPLES. He that ----eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh them shall find mercy. Thou who trod'st the billowy sea, ---- us in our jeopardy! In youth it ----ed me, And I'll protect it now. * * * * * SIN (page 332). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _sin_? 2. How is _transgression_ discriminated from _sin_ inthe general sense? 3. What is _crime_? _guilt_? _depravity_? EXAMPLES. Commit The oldest ----s the newest kind of ways. ---- is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial to society. How ---- once harbored in the conscious breast, Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. * * * * * SKETCH (page 334). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _sketch_? How does it compare with _outline_? 2. In whatspecial connection are _draft_ and _plan_ used? 3. How does a mechanical_drawing_ differ from a _draft_? 4. What is a _design_? How does itexceed the meaning of _drawing_? 5. What is an _outline_ in writtencomposition? How does a _sketch_ in this sense compare with an_outline_? 6. What is an _outline_ of a sermon technically called? 7. What is a lawyer's _brief_? How does it compare with an _outline_ or_sketch_? EXAMPLES. A ---- that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been defined, is a bad foundation for a good picture. A little model the master wrought, Which should be to the larger ---- What the child is to the man. * * * * * SKILFUL (page 335). QUESTIONS. 1. What does _skilful_ signify? 2. How does _dexterous_ compare with_skilful_? 3. How does a _skilled_ compare with a _skilful_ workman? EXAMPLES. So ---- seamen ken the land from far, Which shows like mists to the dull passenger. Thousands of ---- workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the strikes and lockouts of every year. Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has been but the ---- sleight of hand of spirits embodied. * * * * * SLANDER (page 336). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _slander_? to _defame_? to _libel_? 2. When is _defame_equivalent to _slander_? When is it equivalent to _libel_? 3. What is itto _asperse_? to _malign_? to _traduce_? to _disparage_? 4. How do_slander_ and _libel_ differ in legal signification from the otherwords? 5. Which words of the group apply to open attack in one'spresence, and which to attack in his absence? EXAMPLES. ----ed to death by villains That dare as well answer a man, indeed, As I dare take a serpent by the tongue. If the Scriptures seem to ---- knowledge, it is the knowledge that despises virtue. Challenging each recreant doubter Who ----ed her spotless name. * * * * * SLANG (page 336). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _colloquialism_? 2. What is _slang_ in the primary andordinary sense? in special senses? 3. What is a _vulgarism_? 4. What is_cant_ in the sense here considered? EXAMPLES. There is a ---- bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is also a ---- that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that fills a gap in the language and mounts ultimately to the highest places. A ---- is worse than ----, because it bears the ineffaceable stamp of ignorance. * * * * * SOCIALISM (page 338). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _socialism_? What term do many of its advocates prefer? 2. What is _communism_? _anarchism_? EXAMPLES. ---- in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the abolition of the family, the abolition of nationalities, the abolition of religion, the abolition of property. ----, in some modified form, is steadily making its way among thinking men under the guise of cooperation. ---- is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the wisdom of the man who burned down his house because his chimney smoked. * * * * * SPONTANEOUS (page 340). QUESTIONS. 1. When is anything properly said to be _spontaneous_? _voluntary_?_involuntary_? 2. How do _voluntary_ and _involuntary_ compare with eachother? both with _spontaneous_? EXAMPLES. ---- is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are continually going on without any effort or intention on our part are _spontaneous_. No action that is not ---- has any merit. * * * * * SPY (page 340). QUESTIONS. 1. In what are the _spy_ and the _scout_ alike? 2. In what do theydiffer? 3. What are their respective rights in case of capture? 4. Whatis an _emissary_? EXAMPLES. A daring ---- of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and informed me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the town. I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army and, to inform myself of what was going on, determined to send a ---- into the enemy's lines. * * * * * STATE, _v. _ (page 341). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _state_ derived? What does it mean? 2. What is thesignificance of _assert_? What element is prominent in this word? 3. What is the relative force of _affirm_ and _assert_? _asseverate_?_aver_? _assure_? 4. What does _affirm_ signify in legal use, and howdoes it differ from _swear_? 5. What is it to _certify_? 6. What does_vindicate_ signify? EXAMPLES. The first condition of intelligent debate is that the question be clearly ----ed. We ---- that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of thought, parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct--the natural sciences held together by the one, the moral by the other. It is impossible for the mind to ---- anything of that of which it knows nothing. * * * * * STORM (page 343). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the essential meaning of _storm_? 2. What is a _tempest_? EXAMPLES. The ---- is hard at hand will sweep away Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage. Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from beyond the tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory velocity proper to the two situations would be so great as to produce not merely a wind, but a ---- of the most destructive violence. * * * * * STORY (page 343). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _story_? Is it true or false? 2. What is an _anecdote_? a_narrative_ or _narration_? EXAMPLES. There are ----, common to the different branches of the Aryan stock. . . . They are ancient Aryan ----, . . . Older than the Odyssey, older than the dispersion of the Aryan race. ----s are relations of detached, interesting particulars. Fairy ----s have for children an inexhaustible charm. * * * * * SUBJECTIVE (page 345). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _subjective_? of _objective_? 2. How are thesewords illustrated in the case of a mountain? 3. What matters are purely_subjective_? 4. What matters are purely _objective_? 5. What is meantby saying that an author has a _subjective_ or an _objective_ style? EXAMPLES. Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself; and ----, that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term for that about which the knowing subject is conversant, . . . While ---- means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing; and thus denotes what is real, in opposition to what is ideal, --what exists in nature, in contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual. * * * * * SUGGESTION (page 347). QUESTIONS. 1. In what way does a _suggestion_ bring a matter before the mind? 2. What is an _intimation_? a _hint_? 3. What are the specialcharacteristics of _insinuation_ and _innuendo_? EXAMPLES. Behold in the bloom of apples, And the violets in the sward, A ---- of the old, lost beauty Of the garden of the Lord! Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to ---- of images of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow when the images arise. An ---- is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and the one who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed misconstruction of his words; but the ---- is the stab in the back, sneaking as it is malicious. * * * * * SUPERNATURAL (page 347). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the original meaning of _supernatural_? of _preternatural_?2. What is commonly implied in the use of _preternatural_? 3. In whatsense do some hold a miracle to be _supernatural_? What descriptive termwould others prefer? 4. What is the meaning of _superhuman_? In whatsecondary sense is it often used? EXAMPLES. It was something altogether ----, as when God said, 'Let there be light, ' and there was light. With an imagination of intense vividness and ---- activity, Choate was as practical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an "incarnation of fat dividends. " * * * * * SUPPORT (page 348). QUESTIONS. 1. What do _support_ and _sustain_ alike signify? 2. How does _sustain_surpass _support_ in meaning and force? 3. What is the force and use of_bear_ in this connection? 4. What is it to _maintain_? 5. How does_maintain_ compare with _support_ as to fulness and as to dignity? 6. What is it to _prop_? What is the limit upon the meaning of this word? EXAMPLES. And Cain said, My punishment is great than I can ----. You take my house when you do take the prop That doth ---- my house. Can a soul like mine, Unus'd to power, and form'd for humbler scenes, ---- the splendid miseries of greatness? While less expert, tho stronger far, The Gael ----ed unequal war. * * * * * SUPPOSE (page 348). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _suppose_? 2. How does _conjecture_ differ from_suppose_? 3. What does _think_ signify in the sense here considered?How does it compare with _conjecture_ or _suppose_? EXAMPLES. Newton ----ed that if the earth were to be so compressed as to be absolutely without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic inch. Let it not be ----ed that principles and opinions always go together. * * * * * SYNONYMOUS (page 349). QUESTIONS. 1. Are there any _synonymous_ words in the strict sense of the term? 2. What is meant by _synonymous_ words? 3. What are the two common faultswith reference to _synonymous_ words or _synonyms_? EXAMPLES. The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those words termed ----. To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic fortress [Sumter] the ---- flag which had waved over it during its first bombardment. * * * * * SYSTEM (page 350). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _order_, in the sense here considered? 2. What does _method_denote? 3. What is a _system_? 4. To what does _manner_ refer? 5. Towhat does _regularity_ apply? 6. Can there be _order_ without_regularity_ or _regularity_ without _order_, and how? EXAMPLES. If this be madness, there is ---- in it. A ---- is . . . An organized body of truth, or truths arranged under one and the same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which assimilates all those truths. * * * * * TEACH (page 353). QUESTIONS. 1. What is it to _teach_? 2. How does _instruct_ surpass _teach_ insignification? 3. What secondary sense has _instruct_? 4. What is thefull meaning of _educate_? 5. What is it to _train_? 6. To what is_train_ commonly applied where _educate_ could not well be used? 7. Whatis it to _discipline_? 8. What does _nurture_ signify, and how does itcompare with _educate_? EXAMPLES. Plato returned to Athens and began to ----; like his master, he ---- without money and without price. For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be ----ed in childhood. The Highlanders flocking to him from all quarters, though ill-armed, and worse ----ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was yet to encounter him. * * * * * TERM (page 354). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the literal meaning of _term_? 2. Is this meaning retained inthe figurative uses of the word? 3. What are the _articles_ of acontract? the _terms_ of a contract? 4. What is a _condition_? 5. Whatis a _term_ in the logical sense? 6. How does _term_ in ordinary usecompare with _word_, _expression_, or _phrase_? EXAMPLES. For beauty's acme hath a ---- as brief As the wave's poise before it break in pearl. But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca]? ----s, nothing but ----s. The very ---- miser is a confession of the misery which attends avarice. * * * * * TERSE (page 354). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _short_ or _brief_? 2. What is the derivationand meaning of _concise_? of _condensed_? of _compendious_? 3. What isthe derivation and meaning of _succinct_? of _terse_? 4. What is theforce of _summary_? 5. What is a _sententious_ style? a _pithy_utterance? EXAMPLES. With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always ----. In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer, but less ---- than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has supplanted. * * * * * TESTIMONY (page 355). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _testimony_? 2. How does it compare with _evidence_? 3. Howdoes a _deposition_ differ from an _affidavit_? EXAMPLES. The word ----, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us for investigation, is established or disproved. As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw nothing of them, tho from the ---- we have, something of this kind has been produced. * * * * * TIME (page 356). QUESTIONS. 1. To what do _sequence_ and _succession_ apply? 2. What does _time_denote? How is it conceived of with reference to events? 3. How do_duration_ and _succession_ compare with _time_? EXAMPLES. Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in ---- past. This gives us the idea in the concrete. . . . We can now, by a process of abstraction, separate the ---- from the event, and we have the abstract idea of _time_. The ---- of each earthquake is measured generally only by seconds, or even parts of a second. It has been conjectured that our idea of ---- is founded upon the conscious ---- of sensations and ideas in our own minds. * * * * * TOOL (page 358). QUESTIONS. 1. What is a _tool_? 2. How does _instrument_ compare in meaning with_tool_? 3. What special _tools_ are ordinarily called _instruments_? 4. What is an _implement_? 5. What is a _utensil_? In what specialrelations is the word used? 6. What is an _appliance_? How does_appliance_ compare with _tool_? 7. What is a _mechanism_? 8. What is a_machine_ in the most general sense? in the technical and common use? 9. What is an _apparatus_? 10. Which of these words have figurative use?11. How are _instrument_ and _tool_ contrasted in figurative use? EXAMPLES. The time is coming when the ----s of husbandry shall supplant the weapons of war. Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere natural ----s, to separate all the grains of sand from all the grains of salt. The pick, stone-saw, wedge, chisel, and other ----s were already in use when the pyramids were built. * * * * * TOPIC (page 359). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _topic_ derived, and with what meaning? 2. How is_question_ used in a similar sense, and why? 3. Is the general _subject_or _theme_ properly known as the _topic_? To what is that name moreappropriately given? EXAMPLES. My father . . . Always took care to start some ingenious or useful ---- of discourse, which might tend to improve the minds of his children. One of the most important rules in a deliberative assembly is, that every speaker shall speak to the ----. The ---- of the Iliad is not the war of Troy, but the wrath of Achilles exhibited during and in connection with the war of Troy. * * * * * TRANSACT, TRANSACTION (page 360). QUESTIONS. 1. How does _transact_ differ from _do_? 2. How does _transact_ differfrom _treat_ and _negotiate_? 3. How does _negotiate_ compare with_treat_? 4. How do _transactions_ differ from _proceedings_? EXAMPLES. In the first Parliament of James the House of Commons refused for the first time to ---- business on a Sunday. The treaty of peace that closed the war of 1812 had been already ---- before the battle of New Orleans was fought. Any direction of Christ or any direction or act of his apostles respecting the ---- of business in the church, is binding upon us, unless such direction or act was grounded upon peculiar circumstances then existing. * * * * * TRANSIENT (page 361). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the derivation of _transient_ and _transitory_? 2. How does_transient_ differ in signification from _transitory_? 3. What is thedistinctive meaning of _temporary_? 4. From what is _ephemeral_ derived, and with what sense? 5. How does _ephemeral_ differ from _transient_ or_transitory_? 6. What does _ephemeral_ suggest besides brevity of time?7. What is the derivation and meaning of _fugitive_? 8. What is thedistinctive meaning of _evanescent_? EXAMPLES. Mirth is short and ----, cheerfulness fixed and permanent. Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his [Charles II. 's] course; for never was there a mind on which both services and injuries left such faint and ---- impressions. A ---- chairman is commonly appointed at the opening of a meeting to conduct proceedings till a permanent presiding officer shall be elected. * * * * * UNION (page 362). QUESTIONS. 1. What is _unity_? 2. What is _union_? 3. How are _unity_ and _union_contrasted? 4. When may _unity_ be predicated of that which is made upof parts? EXAMPLES. Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in ----. Out of the ---- of Roman and Teutonic elements arose the modern world of Europe. * * * * * UTILITY (page 363). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _utility_ derived, and what is its primary meaning? 2. How is _utility_ discriminated from _use_ and _usefulness_? 3. What isthe derivation and primary meaning of _expediency_? 4. How are_expediency_ and _utility_ used as regards moral action? Which is theinferior word in such use? 5. How does _policy_ in such use compare with_expediency_ and _utility_? EXAMPLES. Principle is ever my motto, not ----. Two words form the key of the Baconian doctrine, ---- and progress. The ancient philosophy disdained to be useful, and was content to be stationary. Justice itself is the great standing ---- of civil society, and any departure from it, under any circumstances, rests under the suspicion of being no ---- at all. The fundamental objection to the doctrine of ----, in all its modifications is that taken by Dr. Reid, viz. , "that agreeableness and ---- are not moral conceptions, nor have they any connection with morality. What a man does merely because it is agreeable is not virtue. " * * * * * VACANT (page 363). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of _empty_? of _vacant_? 2. To what does _vacant_especially refer? 3. What is the difference between an _empty_ house anda _vacant_ house? 4. What is the difference in dignity between the twowords? 5. What is the significance of _void_ and _devoid_? 6. What does_waste_ imply? 7. In what sense is _vacuous_ used? EXAMPLES. ---- heads console with ---- sound. The watch-dog's voice that bay'd the whispering wind And the loud laugh that spoke the ---- mind. * * * * * VENAL (page 365). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _venal_ derived, and with what meaning? _mercenary_?_hireling_? 2. How are _mercenary_ and _venal_ discriminated from_hireling_? EXAMPLES. The closing quarter of the nineteenth century may be termed the ---- era of American politics. Never before has legislation been so universally, so unscrupulously, and unblushingly for sale. The body of Greeks, immortalized under the name of the Ten Thousand, . . . Though embarking on a foreign ---- service, were by no means outcasts, or even men of extreme poverty. It is not the hire, but the working only for the hire that makes the ----. * * * * * VENERATION (page 366). QUESTIONS. 1. By what qualities is _awe_ inspired? 2. What elements are present andwhat lacking in _awe_? 3. What is _dread_ and by what aroused? 4. How do_reverence_ and _veneration_ differ from _awe_ or _dread_? 5. How does_adoration_ compare with _veneration_? EXAMPLES. Man craves an object of ----; and if not supplied with that which God has appointed, will take what offers. The Italian climate robs age of its ----, and makes it look newer than it is. * * * * * VENIAL (page 367). QUESTIONS. 1. From what is _venial_ derived, and what does it signify? 2. How does_venial_ compare with _pardonable_? 3. How does _excusable_ differ fromthe above words? 4. What very different word is sometimes confoundedwith _venial_? EXAMPLES. Theft on the part of a starving man is one of the most ---- of offenses. Under all the circumstances, the error was ----. * * * * * VERACITY (page 367). QUESTIONS. 1. Do _truth_ and _verity_ apply to thought and speech or to persons? 2. To what does _veracity_ apply? _truthfulness_? 3. Into what two classesmay the words in this group of synonyms be divided, and what words willbe found in each class? EXAMPLES. On a certain confidence in the ---- of mankind is founded so much of the knowledge on which we constantly depend, that, without it, the whole system of human things would go into confusion. If all the world and love were young, And ---- in every shepherd's tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move To live with thee and be thy love. * * * * * VIRTUE (page 370). QUESTIONS. 1. What is the prominent idea in _virtue_? 2. How does _goodness_ differfrom _virtue_? 3. Of what relations are _honesty_ and _probity_ used? 4. How is _honesty_ used in a sense higher than the commercial? 5. What, inthe full sense, is _integrity_? 6. What is _honor_? 7. What is _purity_?_duty_? 8. What do _rectitude_ and _righteousness_ denote? 9. To whatdoes _uprightness_ especially refer? 10. What is _virtuousness_? EXAMPLES. ---- is the fruit of exertion; it supposes conquest of temptation. In seeing that a thing is right, we see at the same time that it is our ---- to do it. It is true that ---- is the best policy; but if this be the motive of honest dealing, there is no real ----. Where is that chastity of ---- that felt a stain like a wound? INDEX. _abandon_, 1 " _renounce_, 309 " _surrender_, 349 abandoned, _addicted_, 19 _abase_, 2 _abash_, 3 _abate_, 3 " _abolish_, 6 " _alleviate_, 33 _abbreviation_, 4 " _abridgment_, 7 abdicate, _abandon_, 1 aberration, _insanity_, 221 _abet_, 4 " _help_, 195 abetter, _accessory_, 13 abettor, _accessory_, 13 _abhor_, 5 abhorrence, _abomination_, 7 " _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 _abide_, 5 " _endure_, 150 abiding, _permanent_, 269 ability, _power_, 279 abject, _pitiful_, 273 abjure, _abandon_, 1 " _renounce_, 309 able, _adequate_, 21 " _clever_, 109 " _sagacious_, 322 abode, _home_, 201 _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 abominable, _criminal_, 120 abominate, _abhor_, 5 _abomination_, 7 aboriginal, _primeval_, 287 abortive, _vain_, 364 abounding, _plentiful_, 276 aboveboard, _candid_, 93 abridge, _restrain_, 315 _abridgment_, 7 " _abbreviation_, 4 abrogate, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 abrupt, _bluff_, 83 " _steep_, 342 absent, _abstracted_, 11 absent-minded, _abstracted_, 11 _absolute_, 8 " _infinite_, 216 " _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 absolution, _pardon_, 262 _absolve_, 9 " _pardon_, 262 _absorb_, 9 absorbed, _abstracted_, 11 abstain, _cease_, 98 abstemiousness, _abstinence_, 10 _abstinence_, 10 _abstract_, _v. _, 10 abstract, _n. _, _abridgment_, 7 _abstracted_, 11 abstruse, _complex_, 112 " _mysterious_, 247 " _obscure_, 255 _absurd_, 11 " _incongruous_, 214 abundant, _large_, 229 " _plentiful_, 276 _abuse_, 12 " _abomination_, 7 abutting, _adjacent_, 22 accede, _agree_, 25 accelerate, _quicken_, 297 accept, _agree_, 25 " _assume_, 61 " _confess_, 114 acceptable, _delightful_, 126 accepted, _authentic_, 67 access, _entrance_, 154 accessible, _friendly_, 178 accession, _entrance_, 154 accessory, _a. _, _auxiliary_, 67 _accessory_, _n. _, 13 " _appendage_, 53 _accident_, 14 " _hazard_, 194 acclaim, _praise_, 280 acclamation, _praise_, 280 accompaniment, _appendage_, 53 " _circumstance_, 105 accompany, _follow_, 174 accomplice, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 accomplish, _attain_, 64 " _do_, 135 " _transact_, 360 accomplished, _polite_, 277 " _skilful_, 335 accomplishment, _act_, 16 " _end_, _n. _, 148 accord, _v. _, _agree_, 25 accord, _n. _, _harmony_, 191 accordance, _harmony_, 191 accordingly, _therefore_, 355 accost, _address_, _v. _, 19 account, _v. _, _calculate_, 90 account, _n. _, _history_, 200 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 " _record_, 304 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 accountability, _duty_, 142 accouterments, _arms_, 55 " _caparison_, 93 accredited, _authentic_, 67 accumulate, _amass_, 38 accurate, _perfect_, 268 accuse, _arraign_, 56 accustomed, _addicted_, 19 " _usual_, 362 acerb, _bitter_, 81 acerbity, _acrimony_, 15 acetous, _bitter_, 81 ache, _pain_, 261 achieve, _attain_, 64 " _do_, 135 " _get_, 183 " _succeed_, 346 achievement, _act_, 16 " _career_, 95 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _victory_, 369 " _work_, 374 acid, _bitter_, 81 acidulated, _bitter_, 81 acidulous, _bitter_, 81 acknowledge, _avow_, 69 " _confess_, 114 acknowledgment, _apology_, 51 _acquaintance_, 15 " _knowledge_, 227 acquiesce, _agree_, 25 acquire, _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 " _purchase_, 295 acquit, _absolve_, 9 " _pardon_, 262 acquittal, _pardon_, 262 acrid, _bitter_, 81 acrimonious, _bitter_, 81 " _morose_, 245 _acrimony_, 15 " _enmity_, 152 act, _v. _, _transact_, 360 _act_, _n. _, 16 " _exercise_, 162 " _motion_, 245 " _transaction_, 360 action, _act_, 16 " _battle_, 74 " _behavior_, 79 " _exercise_, 162 " _motion_, 245 " _operation_, 258 " _transaction_, 360 " _work_, 374 _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 " _alive_, 30 " _industrious_, 215 " _nimble_, 253 activity, _exercise_, 162 actor, _agent_, 24 " _cause_, 98 actual, _real_, 301 actualize, _do_, 135 actuate, _influence_, 217 _acumen_, 18 acute, _astute_, 62 " _sagacious_, 322 acuteness, _acumen_, 18 adage, _proverb_, 293 adapted, _adequate_, 21 _add_, 18 addendum, _appendage_, 53 _addicted_, 19 addition, _appendage_, 53 _address_, _v. _, 19 _address_, _n. _, 20 " _speech_, 339 adduce, _allege_, 31 adept, _skilful_, 335 _adequate_, 21 " _plentiful_, 276 adherence, _attachment_, 63 _adherent_, 21 adhesion, _attachment_, 63 _adhesive_, 22 adieu, _farewell_, 168 adit, _entrance_, 154 _adjacent_, 22 adjoin, _add_, 18 adjoining, _adjacent_, 22 adjunct, _appendage_, 53 adjuration, _oath_, 254 administer, _execute_, 161 admiration, _amazement_, 39 _admire_, 23 admission, _entrance_, 154 admit, _agree_, 25 " _allow_, 35 " _avow_, 69 " _confess_, 114 admittance, _entrance_, 154 admixture, _alloy_, 36 admonish, _reprove_, 312 admonition, _reproof_, 311 adolescent, _youthful_, 375 adoration, _veneration_, 366 adore, _admire_, 23 " _venerate_, 366 _adorn_, 23 adroit, _clever_, 109 " _skilful_, 335 adroitness, _address_, _n. _, 20 " _dexterity_, 129 adulation, _praise_, 280 adulteration, _alloy_, 36 advance, _v. _, _allege_, 31 " _amend_, 41 " _promote_, 291 " _quicken_, 297 advance, _n. _, _progress_, 289 advancement, _progress_, 289 advantage, _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 " _victory_, 369 adventure, _accident_, 14 adventurous, _brave_, 85 adversary, _enemy_, 151 adversity, _misfortune_, 242 advert, _allude_, 36 advertise, _announce_, 46 advised, _conscious_, 116 advocate, _abet_, 4 " _plead_, 274 aerial, _airy_, 27 affable, _friendly_, 178 affair, _battle_, 74 " _business_, 88 " _transaction_, 360 affect, _assume_, 61 affectation, _hypocrisy_, 204 " _pretense_, 283 affection, _attachment_, 63 " _disease_, 134 " _friendship_, 179 " _love_, 235 affectionate, _friendly_, 178 affidavit, _oath_, 254 " _testimony_, 355 affinity, _analogy_, 43 " _kin_, 227 affirm, _allege_, 31 " _state_, 341 affirmation, _testimony_, 355 afflict, _chasten_, 103 affliction, _grief_, 187 " _misfortune_, 242 affix, _add_, 18 affluent, _plentiful_, 276 afford, _endure_, 150 affray, _feud_, 170 affright, _n. _, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 affright, _v. _, _frighten_, 180 _affront_, 24 age, _time_, 356 aged, _old_, 257 agency, _operation_, 258 _agent_, 24 " _cause_, 98 aggravate, _affront_, 24 aggregate, _amass_, 38 aggression, _attack_, _n. _, 64 aggrieve, _abuse_, 12 agile, _active_, 17 " _nimble_, 253 agitate, _shake_, 330 agitation, _storm_, 343 agnomen, _name_, 247 agnostic, _skeptic_, 334 agony, _pain_, 261 _agree_, 25 agreeable, _amiable_, 42 " _comfortable_, 110 " _delightful_, 126 " _pleasant_, 275 agreement, _contract_, 118 " _harmony_, 191 agricultural, _rustic_, 321 _agriculture_, 25 aid, _v. _, _abet_, 4 " _promote_, 291 aid, _n. _, _adherent_, 21 " _auxiliary_, 67 " _help_, 195 " _subsidy_, 345 aider, _adherent_, 21 ailment, _disease_, 134 _aim_, 26 " _design_, 128 " _direction_, 132 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 _air_, 27 " _pretense_, 283 _airy_, 27 akin, _alike_, 30 _alarm_, 28 " _frighten_, 180 alarming, _awful_, 70 _alert_, 28 " _active_, 17 " _alive_, 30 " _nimble_, 253 " _vigilant_, 369 _alien_, _a. _ & _n. _, 29 alienate, _surrender_, 349 alienation, _insanity_, 221 _alike_, 30 " _synonymous_, 349 aliment, _food_, 175 _alive_, 30 all, _every_, 158 _allay_, 31 _allege_, 31 " _state_, 341 _allegiance_, 32 _allegory_, 33 " _fiction_, 170 _alleviate_, 33 " _allay_, 31 alley, _way_, 372 _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 " _kin_, 227 _allot_, 34 " _apportion_, 54 _allow_, 35 " _confess_, 114 " _endure_, 150 allowance, _pay_, 266 " _permission_, 269 " _subsidy_, 345 _alloy_, 36 _allude_, 36 _allure_, 37 " _draw_, 138 " _persuade_, 271 ally, _n. _, _accessory_, 13 " _adherent_, 21 " _associate_, 60 " _auxiliary_, 67 almsgiving, _benevolence_, 80 _also_, 37 alter, _change_, _v. _, 100 alteration, _change_, _n. _, 101 _alternative_, 38 altho, _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 _amass_, 38 _amateur_, 39 _amazement_, 39 " _perplexity_, 270 ambiguous, _equivocal_, 155 " _obscure_, 255 _ambition_, 40 ameliorate, _amend_, 41 amenable, _docile_, 136 _amend_, 41 _amiable_, 42 amicable, _friendly_, 178 _amid_, 42 amidst, _amid_, 42 amity, _friendship_, 179 " _harmony_, 191 amnesty, _pardon_, 262 among, _amid_, 42 amongst, _amid_, 42 ample, _large_, 229 " _plentiful_, 276 _amplify_, 43 " _add_, 18 amuse, _entertain_, 152 amusement, _entertainment_, 153 analogous, _alike_, 30 _analogy_, 43 analysis, _abridgment_, 7 anarchism, _socialism_, 338 anarchy, _revolution_, 317 anathema, _oath_, 254 ancient, _antique_, 48 " _obsolete_, 256 " _old_, 257 " _primeval_, 287 and, _but_, 89 anecdote, _story_, 343 _anger_, 44 " _hatred_, 193 anguish, _anxiety_, 49 " _pain_, 261 animadversion, _reproof_, 311 animal, _a. _, _brutish_, 87 _animal_, _n. _, 45 animate, _alive_, 30 animated, _airy_, 27 " _alive_, 30 " _eager_, 142 animosity, _anger_, 44 " _enmity_, 152 " _feud_, 170 " _hatred_, 193 annals, _history_, 200 annex, _add_, 18 annihilate, _abolish_, 6 " _exterminate_, 163 annotation, _remark_, 308 _announce_, 46 " _speak_, 339 annoy, _affront_, 24 annoyance, _abomination_, 7 annul, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 anomalous, _absurd_, 11 " _queer_, 297 _answer_, 46 antagonism, _antipathy_, 48 " _enmity_, 152 antagonist, _enemy_, 151 antecedent, _a. _, _previous_, 285 antecedent, _n. _, _cause_, 98 " _precedent_, 282 antepast, _anticipation_, 48 anterior, _previous_, 285 _anticipate_, 47 " _abide_, 5 " _prevent_, 284 _anticipation_, 48 _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 antiquated, _antique_, 48 " _obsolete_, 256 " _old_, 257 _antique_, 48 " _old_, 257 _anxiety_, 49 " _care_, 94 anxious, _eager_, 142 any, _every_, 158 _apathy_, 50 " _stupidity_, 344 " _stupor_, 344 aphorism, _proverb_, 293 _apiece_, 51 apocalypse, _revelation_, 316 apologize for, _palliate_, 261 apologue, _fiction_, 170 _apology_, 51 " _defense_, 123 apothegm, _proverb_, 293 appal, _frighten_, 180 appalling, _awful_, 70 apparatus, _tool_, 358 apparel, _dress_, 140 _apparent_, 52 " _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 appeal, _address_, _v. _, 19 _appear_, 52 appearance _or_ semblance of, have, _appear_, 52 appearance, _air_, 27 appease, _allay_, 31 appellation, _name_, 247 append, _add_, 18 _appendage_, 53 appendix, _appendage_, 53 appetency, _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 applaud, _admire_, 23 applause, _praise_, 280 appliance, _tool_, 358 application, _exercise_, 162 " _industry_, 216 appoint, _allot_, 34 " _apportion_, 54 _apportion_, 54 " _allot_, 34 appreciate, _esteem_, _v. _, 156 apprehend, _anticipate_, 47 " _arrest_, 57 " _catch_, 97 " _perceive_, 267 apprehension, _alarm_, 28 " _anticipation_, 48 " _anxiety_, 49 " _fear_, 168 " _idea_, 206 " _knowledge_, 227 apprised, _conscious_, 116 approach, _address_, _v. _, 19 approach, _n. _, _approximation_, 55 " _entrance_, 154 approbation, _praise_, 280 appropriate, _abstract_, 10 " _apportion_, 54 " _assume_, 61 approval, _praise_, 280 approve, _admire_, 25 " _agree_, 25 _approximation_, 55 appurtenance, _appendage_, 53 apostrophize, _address_, _v. _, 19 a priori, _transcendental_, 361 apt, _clever_, 109 " _likely_, 232 " _sagacious_, 322 " _skilful_, 335 aptitude, _dexterity_, 129 " _power_, 279 arbiter, _judge_, 224 arbitrary, _absolute_, 8 arbitrate, _interpose_, 222 arbitrator, _judge_, 224 archaic, _obsolete_, 256 archetype, _example_, 160 " _idea_, 206 " _ideal_, 206 " _model_, 243 archive, _record_, 304 archives, _history_, 200 ardent, _eager_, 142 ardor, _enthusiasm_, 153 arduous, _difficult_, 132 argue, _plead_, 274 " _reason_, _v. _, 302 argument, _reason_, _n. _, 302 " _reasoning_, 303 argumentation, _reasoning_, 303 arise, _rise_, 319 arising, _beginning_, 78 armament, _army_, 56 armor, _arms_, 55 _arms_, 55 _army_, 56 " _array_, 57 _arraign_, 56 arrangement, _array_, 57 " _contract_, 118 _array_, 57 " _army_, 56 " _dress_, 140 _arrest_, 57 " _obstruct_, 257 arrive, _attain_, 64 " _reach_, 300 arrogance, _assurance_, 61 " _pride_, 286 arrogant, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 arrogate, _assume_, 61 art, _artifice_, 58 " _business_, 88 " _science_, 325 article, _term_, 354 article of belief, _doctrine_, 136 " of faith, _doctrine_, 136 articulate, _speak_, 339 _artifice_, 58 " _fraud_, 177 artificer, _artist_, 58 artisan, _artist_, 58 _artist_, 58 artistic, _tasteful_, 352 artless, _candid_, 93 " _rustic_, 321 as, _because_, 77 ascend, _rise_, 319 ascertain, _discover_, 133 ascribe, _attribute_, _v. _, 65 ashes, _body_, 84 _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 " _pray_, 281 asperity, _acrimony_, 15 asperse, _slander_, 336 asphyxia, _stupor_, 344 aspiration, _aim_, 26 " _ambition_, 40 " _desire_, 128 assail, _attack_, _v. _, 63 assassinate, _kill_, 226 assault, _v. _, _attack_, _v. _, 63 assault, _n. _, _attack_, _n. _, 64 assemblage, _company_, 110 assemble, _convoke_, 120 assembly, _company_, 110 assent, _v. _, _agree_, 25 assent, _n. _, _faith_, 164 assert, _allege_, 31 " _state_, 341 assertion, _assurance_, 61 asseverate, _allege_, 31 " _state_, 341 assiduity, _industry_, 216 assiduous, _industrious_, 215 assign, _allege_, 31 " _allot_, 34 " _apportion_, 54 " _attribute_, _v. _, 65 " _commit_, 110 assist, _abet_, 4 " _help_, 195 " _promote_, 291 assistant, _accessory_, 13 " _auxiliary_, 67 _associate_, 60 " _accessory_, 13 " _attribute_, _v. _, 65 _association_, 60 " _acquaintance_, 15 " _class_, 106 assuage, _alleviate_, 33 _assume_, 61 assumption, _assurance_, 61 " _pretense_, 283 " _pride_, 286 _assurance_, 61 " _effrontery_, 144 " _faith_, 164 " _impudence_, 213 assure, _confirm_, 114 " _state_, 341 assured, _conscious_, 116 astonishment, _amazement_, 39 " _perplexity_, 270 _astute_, 62 as well, _also_, 37 as well as, _also_, 37 at ease, _comfortable_, 110 atheist, _skeptic_, 334 atom, _part_, 264 " _particle_, 264 at once, _immediately_, 211 atonement, _propitiation_, 291 at rest, _comfortable_, 110 atrocious, _barbarous_, 73 attach, _add_, 18 attached, _addicted_, 19 " _adjacent_, 22 _attachment_, 63 " _appendage_, 53 " _friendship_, 179 " _love_, 235 _attack_, _v. _, 63 _attack_, _n. _, 64 _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 " _reach_, 300 " _succeed_, 346 attainment, _progress_, 289 " _wisdom_, 372 attempt, _v. _, _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 attempt, _n. _, _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 attend, _follow_, 174 " _listen_, 232 attendant, _accessory_, 13 attention, _care_, 94 " _industry_, 216 attestation, _testimony_, 355 attire, _dress_, 140 _attitude_, 65 attract, _allure_, 37 " _draw_, 138 attraction, _love_, 235 attractive, _amiable_, 42 " _beautiful_, 76 " _pleasant_, 275 _attribute_, _v. _, 65 _attribute_, _n. _, 66 " _characteristic_, 103 " _emblem_, 146 audacity, _effrontery_, 144 " _temerity_, 353 augment, _add_, 18 " _amplify_, 43 _augur_, 66 august, _awful_, 70 " _royal_, 320 auspicious, _propitious_, 291 austere, _severe_, 329 _authentic_, 67 " _real_, 301 author, _cause_, 98 authoritative, _absolute_, 8 " _authentic_, 67 " _dogmatic_, 137 authority, _permission_, 269 " _precedent_, 282 authorization, _permission_, 269 authorized, _authentic_, 67 autobiography, _history_, 200 autochthonic, _primeval_, 287 autocratic, _absolute_, 8 automatic, _spontaneous_, 340 _auxiliary_, 67 " _appendage_, 53 avail, _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 _avaricious_, 68 _avenge_, 69 " _requite_, 313 avenging, _revenge_, 316 avenue, _way_, 372 aver, _allege_, 31 " _avow_, 69 " _state_, 341 averse, _reluctant_, 308 aversion, _abomination_, 7 " _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 avocation, _business_, 88 avouch, _avow_, 69 " _state_, 341 _avow_, 69 " _confess_, 114 " _state_, 341 await, _abide_, 5 awake, _vigilant_, 369 award, _allot_, 34 aware, _conscious_, 116 awe, _amazement_, 39 " _fear_, 168 " _veneration_, 366 _awful_, 70 _awkward_, 70 " _rustic_, 321 _axiom_, 71 " _proverb_, 293 _babble_, 71 backbite, _slander_, 336 backer, _adherent_, 21 backward, _reluctant_, 308 backwardness, _modesty_, 244 bad, _pernicious_, 270 badinage, _banter_, 73 baffle, _hinder_, 199 bail, _security_, 326 balk, _hinder_, 199 balky, _restive_, 314 ban, _v. _, _banish_, 72 ban, _n. _, _oath_, 254 bandit, _robber_, 320 baneful, _pernicious_, 270 _banish_, 72 " _exterminate_, 163 _bank_, 72 bankrupt, _break_, 86 _banter_, 73 " _wit_, 373 bar, _barrier_, 74 " _hinder_, 199 " _impediment_, 213 " _lock_, 234 " _obstruct_, 257 barbarian, _barbarous_, 73 barbaric, _barbarous_, 73 barbarism, _language_, 228 _barbarous_, 73 barely, _but_, 89 bargain, _contract_, 118 " _sale_, 323 bargain for, _purchase_, 294 barricade, _v. _, _obstruct_, 257 barricade, _n. _, _barrier_, 74 _barrier_, 74 " _boundary_, 84 " _impediment_, 213 barter, _business_, 88 " _sale_, 323 barter for, _purchase_, 295 base, _brutish_, 87 " _pitiful_, 273 baseless, _vain_, 364 bashfulness, _modesty_, 244 bastinado, _beat_, 75 batter, _beat_, 75 _battle_, 74 battle array, _array_, 57 bawl, _call_, 91 beach, _bank_, 72 bear, _abide_, 5 " _carry_, 96 " _endure_, 150 " _support_, 348 bearing, _air_, 27 " _behavior_, 79 " _direction_, 132 bear up under, _endure_, 150 bear with, _endure_, 150 beast, _animal_, 45 beastly, _brutish_, 87 _beat_, 75 " _conquer_, 115 beauteous, _beautiful_, 76 _beautiful_, 76 " _fine_, 172 " _graceful_, 186 beautify, _adorn_, 23 _because_, 77 " _therefore_, 355 bechance, _happen_, 188 become, _make_, 236 _becoming_, 77 bedeck, _adorn_, 23 befall, _happen_, 188 befitting, _becoming_, 77 befoul, _defile_, 124 befriend, _help_, 195 beg, _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 " _pray_, 281 beggary, _poverty_, 279 _beginning_, 78 beguile, _entertain_, 152 _behavior_, 79 " _air_, 27 behold, _discern_, 133 " _look_, 234 belabor, _beat_, 75 beleaguer, _attack_, _v. _, 63 belief, _doctrine_, 136 " _faith_, 164 " _fancy_, 167 " _idea_, 206 belittle, _disparage_, 134 belles-lettres, _literature_, 233 bellow, _call_, 91 bemoan, _mourn_, 246 _bend_, 79 benefaction, _gift_, 184 beneficence, _benevolence_, 80 benefit, _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 _benevolence_, 80 " _mercy_, 239 benevolent, _humane_, 203 benign, _propitious_, 291 benignant, _amiable_, 42 " _humane_, 203 benignity, _benevolence_, 80 " _mercy_, 239 bequest, _gift_, 184 bereavement, _misfortune_, 242 beseech, _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 " _pray_, 281 beseeming, _becoming_, 77 beset, _attack_, _v. _, 63 beside, _adjacent_, 22 besides, _also_, 37 " _but_, 89 " _yet_, 374 besiege, _attack_, _v. _, 63 bestial, _brutish_, 87 bestow, _give_, 185 betide, _happen_, 188 betoken, _augur_, 66 better, _amend_, 41 between, _amid_, 42 betwixt, _amid_, 42 bevy, _flock_, 173 bewail, _mourn_, 246 bewilder, _abash_, 3 bewilderment, _amazement_, 39 " _perplexity_, 270 bewitching, _beautiful_, 76 " _charming_, 103 bias, _bend_, 79 " _prejudice_, 283 bid, _pray_, 281 " _proposal_, 292 bide, _abide_, 5 big, _large_, 229 bigotry, _fanaticism_, 166 bills, _money_, 244 _bind_, 81 biography, _history_, 200 birth, _kin_, 227 biting, _bitter_, 81 _bitter_, 81 bitterness, _acrimony_, 15 " _enmity_, 152 " _feud_, 170 bizarre, _queer_, 297 blab, _babble_, 71 black, _dark_, 122 blame, _v. _, _condemn_, 113 " _reprove_, 312 blame, _n. _, _reproof_, 311 blameless, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 blanch, _bleach_, 82 blank, _vacant_, 363 blaspheming, _oath_, 254 blasphemy, _oath_, 254 blaze, _v. _, _burn_, 87 blaze, _n. _, _fire_, 173 " _light_, 231 _bleach_, 82 _blemish_, 82 " _injury_, 219 blessed, _happy_, 190 " _holy_, 200 blessedness, _happiness_, 189 blessing, _mercy_, 239 blind, _artifice_, 58 bliss, _happiness_, 189 blissful, _happy_, 190 blithe, _happy_, 190 blithesome, _happy_, 190 block, _hinder_, 199 blood, _kin_, 227 blot, _blemish_, 82 " _stain_, 341 blot out, _cancel_, 92 _blow_, 83 " _misfortune_, 242 _bluff_, 83 blunt, _bluff_, 83 blur, _blemish_, 82 blurt, _babble_, 71 blustering, _bluff_, 83 boast, _ostentation_, 259 boasting, _ostentation_, 259 bode, _augur_, 66 bodily, _physical_, 272 _body_, 84 bold, _bluff_, 83 " _brave_, 85 boldness, _assurance_, 61 " _effrontery_, 144 " _impudence_, 213 " _pertness_, 271 bolt, _lock_, 234 bondage, _fetter_, 169 bonds, _fetter_, 169 bonny, _beautiful_, 76 bonus, _subsidy_, 345 books, _literature_, 233 boon, _gift_, 184 boorish, _awkward_, 70 " _rustic_, 321 bootless, _vain_, 364 border, _bank_, 72 " _boundary_, 84 bordering, _adjacent_, 22 _both_, 84 " _every_, 158 bound, _bank_, 72 " _boundary_, 84 " _end_, _n. _, 148 _boundary_, 84 " _end_, _n. _, 148 boundless, _infinite_, 216 bounteous, _plentiful_, 276 bountiful, _generous_, 182 " _plentiful_, 276 bounty, _benevolence_, 80 " _gift_, 184 " _subsidy_, 345 bourn, _boundary_, 84 bourne, _boundary_, 84 bout, _battle_, 74 bow, _bend_, 79 box, _blow_, 83 boyish, _youthful_, 375 brain, _mind_, 241 brand, _v. _, _burn_, 87 brand, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 brandish, _shake_, 330 brass, _effrontery_, 144 _brave_, 85 bravery, _prowess_, 294 brawl, _feud_, 170 _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 break off, _end_, _v. _, 148 breastwork, _barrier_, 74 breathing, _alive_, 30 breeding, _behavior_, 79 " _education_, 143 bribe, _gift_, 184 bridle, _restrain_, 315 bridle-path, _way_, 372 brief, _a. _, _terse_, 354 " _transient_, 361 brief, _n. _, _sketch_, 334 brigand, _robber_, 320 bright, _clever_, 109 " _happy_, 190 brim, _bank_, 72 bring, _carry_, 96 bring about, _do_, 135 " _make_, 236 bring into being, _make_, 236 bring low, _abase_, 2 bring over, _persuade_, 271 bring to an end, _cease_, 98 bring to pass, _do_, 135 " _make_, 236 brink, _bank_, 72 brisk, _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 " _alive_, 30 " _nimble_, 253 briskness, _pertness_, 271 broad, _large_, 229 broil, _feud_, 170 brood, _flock_, 173 brook, _endure_, 150 brotherly, _friendly_, 178 browbeat, _frighten_, 180 bruise, _beat_, 75 brush, _cleanse_, 107 brusk, _bluff_, 83 brutal, _barbarous_, 73 " _brutish_, 87 brute, _a. _, _brutish_, 87 brute, _n. _, _animal_, 45 _brutish_, 87 buccaneer, _robber_, 320 bucolic, _rustic_, 321 buffet, _blow_, 83 bulky, _large_, 229 bullion, _money_, 244 bulwark, _barrier_, 74 " _defense_, 123 bungling, _awkward_, 70 buoyant, _happy_, 190 burden, _load_, 233 burglar, _robber_, 320 burlesque, _caricature_, 95 " _wit_, 373 _burn_, 87 burning, _eager_, 142 " _fire_, 173 burst, _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 bury, _hide_, 197 " _immerse_, 212 _business_, 88 " _duty_, 142 " _transaction_, 360 " _work_, 374 bustling, _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 " _nimble_, 253 busy, _active_, 17 " _industrious_, 215 _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 butcher, _kill_, 226 butchery, _massacre_, 237 buy, _purchase_, 295 _by_, 89 by dint of, _by_, 89 by means of, _by_, 89 byword, _proverb_, 293 _cabal_, 90 cabalistic, _mysterious_, 247 cackle, _babble_, 71 cajole, _allure_, 37 calamity, _accident_, 14 " _blow_, 83 " _catastrophe_, 97 " _misfortune_, 242 _calculate_, 90 " _esteem_, _v. _, 156 _call_, 91 " _convoke_, 120 calling, _business_, 88 callow, _youthful_, 375 call together, _convoke_, 120 call upon, _pray_, 281 calm, _v. _, _allay_, 31 _calm_, _a. _, 91 calm, _n. _, _rest_, 313 calmness, _apathy_, 50 " _patience_, 265 " _rest_, 313 calumniate, _slander_, 336 canaille, _mob_, 243 _cancel_, 92 _candid_, 93 " _honest_, 202 candor, _veracity_, 367 canon, _law_, 229 cant, _v. _, _tip_, 357 cant, _hypocrisy_, 204 " _slang_, 336 capability, _power_, 279 capable, _adequate_, 21 " _clever_, 109 capacious, _large_, 229 capacity, _power_, 279 _caparison_, 93 _capital_, 94 " _money_, 244 capitulate, _surrender_, 349 caprice, _fancy_, 167 captivate, _allure_, 37 captivating, _charming_, 103 capture, _arrest_, 57 " _catch_, 97 carcass, _body_, 84 _care_, 94 " _anxiety_, 49 " _oversight_, 260 " _prudence_, 294 careen, _tip_, 357 _career_, 95 careful, _vigilant_, 369 carefulness, _prudence_, 294 carelessness, _neglect_, 251 _caress_, 95 cargo, _load_, 233 _caricature_, 95 carnage, _massacre_, 237 carnal, _brutish_, 87 carol, _sing_, 333 carp at, _disparage_, 134 carriage, _air_, 27 " _behavior_, 79 _carry_, 96 " _convey_, 119 " _keep_, 226 " _support_, 348 carry on, _keep_, 226 " _transact_, 360 carry out, _do_, 135 " _execute_, 161 carry through, _do_, 135 cartel, _contract_, 118 case, _event_, 158 " _precedent_, 282 " _sample_, 323 cash, _money_, 244 cashier, _break_, 86 cast, _calculate_, 90 " _send_, 327 cast down, _abase_, 2 caste, _class_, 106 castigate, _beat_, 75 " _chasten_, 103 castle, _fortification_, 176 cast off, _abandon_, 1 cast up, _add_, 18 casualty, _accident_, 14 " _hazard_, 194 cataclysm, _catastrophe_, 97 catalog(ue, _record_, 304 _catastrophe_, 97 _catch_, _v. _, 97 " _arrest_, 57 catch, _n. _, _lock_, 234 causality, _cause_, 98 causation, _cause_, 98 cause, _v. _, _make_, 236 _cause_, _n. _, 98 " _design_, 128 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 caustic, _bitter_, 81 causticity, _acrimony_, 15 cauterize, _burn_, 87 caution, _care_, 94 " _prudence_, 294 cautious, _vigilant_, 369 _cease_, 98 " _abandon_, 1 " _die_, 130 " _end_, _v. _, 148 ceaseless, _continual_, 117 cede, _abandon_, 1 " _give_, 185 " _surrender_, 349 _celebrate_, 99 " _keep_, 226 celebrity, _fame_, 166 censure, _v. _, _arraign_, 56 " _condemn_, 113 " _reprove_, 312 censure, _n. _, _reproof_, 311 _center_, 99 ceremony, _sacrament_, 321 certain, _authentic_, 67 " _conscious_, 116 " _real_, 301 certainty, _demonstration_, 127 certification, _testimony_, 355 certified, _conscious_, 116 certify, _confess_, 114 " _state_, 341 cessation, _end_, _n. _, 148 " _rest_, 313 chaff, _banter_, 73 chagrin, _v. _, _abash_, 3 _chagrin_, _n. _, 100 chains, _fetter_, 169 chance, _v. _, _happen_, 188 chance, _accident_, 14 " _event_, 158 " _hazard_, 194 _change_, _v. _, 100 " _convey_, 119 _change_, _n. _, 101 " _motion_, 245 " _sale_, 323 changeless, _permanent_, 269 channel, _way_, 372 chant, _sing_, 333 char, _burn_, 87 _character_, 102 " _characteristic_, 103 _characteristic_, 103 charge, _v. _, _arraign_, 56 " _attack_, _v. _, 63 " _attribute_, _v. _, 65 charge, _n. _, _care_, 94 " _career_, 95 " _load_, 233 " _oversight_, 260 " _price_, 285 charitable, _humane_, 203 charity, _benevolence_, 80 " _love_, 235 _charming_, 103 " _amiable_, 42 " _beautiful_, 76 chase, _follow_, 174 " _hunt_, 203 chaste, _pure_, 296 " _tasteful_, 353 _chasten_, 103 chasten, _reprove_, 312 chastening, _misfortune_, 242 chastise, _beat_, 75 " _chasten_, 103 chastisement, _misfortune_, 242 chastity, _virtue_, 370 chat, _babble_, 71 " _conversation_, 118 " _speak_, 339 chatter, _babble_, 71 " _speak_, 339 chattering, _garrulous_, 181 cheat, _artifice_, 58 " _fraud_, 177 " _hypocrite_, 204 cheating, _fraud_, 177 check, _v. _, _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 " _reprove_, 312 " _restrain_, 315 check, _n. _, _reproof_, 311 checkmate, _conquer_, 115 cheer, _v. _, _cherish_, 104 " _entertain_, 152 cheer, _n. _, _entertainment_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 cheerful, _comfortable_, 110 " _happy_, 190 cheering, _a. _, _happy_, 190 cheering, _n. _, _praise_, 280 cheers, _praise_, 280 cheery, _comfortable_, 110 " _happy_, 190 _cherish_, 104 " _support_, 348 chide, _reprove_, 312 chiding, _reproof_, 311 chief city, _capital_, 94 childish, _youthful_, 375 childlike, _youthful_, 375 chimerical, _absurd_, 11 " _fanciful_, 167 chirp, _sing_, 333 chirrup, _sing_, 333 chivalric, _brave_, 85 chivalrous, _brave_, 85 " _generous_, 182 choice, _alternative_, 38 choke, _obstruct_, 257 choler, _anger_, 44 _choose_, 104 chronicle, _history_, 200 " _record_, 304 chum, _associate_, 60 churlish, _morose_, 245 circle, _class_, 106 circulate, _announce_, 46 _circumlocution_, 105 circumscribe, _restrain_, 315 circumspect, _vigilant_, 369 circumspection, _care_, 94 " _prudence_, 294 _circumstance_, 105 " _event_, 158 circumstantial, _minute_, 242 citadel, _fortification_, 176 cite, _allege_, 31 " _arraign_, 56 " _quote_, 298 city, _capital_, 94 civil, _polite_, 277 civilization, _refinement_, 305 claim, _allege_, 31 " _assume_, 61 " _right_, 319 " _state_, 341 clamor, _call_, 91 clan, _class_, 106 clarified, _fine_, 172 clash, _collision_, 109 clashing, _collision_, 109 clasp, _catch_, 97 " _lock_, 234 _class_, 106 classes, lower, _mob_, 243 classic, _pure_, 296 classical, _pure_, 296 clay, _body_, 84 clean, _cleanse_, 107 " _innocent_, 220 " _neat_, 249 " _pure_, 296 cleanly, _neat_, 249 _cleanse_, 107 " _amend_, 41 clear, _v. _, _absolve_, 9 _clear_, _a. _, 107 " _evident_, 159 " _fine_, 172 " _innocent_, 220 " _pure_, 296 clear-sighted, _astute_, 62 " _sagacious_, 322 cleave, _rend_, 309 clemency, _mercy_, 239 clement, _humane_, 203 " _propitious_, 291 _clever_, 109 " _skilful_, 335 cleverness, _acumen_, 18 " _dexterity_, 129 " _power_, 279 cling to, _cherish_, 104 clique, _class_, 106 cloak, _v. _, _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 cloak, _n. _, _pretense_, 283 clog, _v. _, _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 clog, _n. _, _impediment_, 213 " _load_, 233 close, _v. _, _end_, _v. _, 148 close, _a. _, _adjacent_, 22 " _avaricious_, 68 " _taciturn_, 351 close, _n. _, _end_, _n. _, 148 clothes, _dress_, 140 clothing, _dress_, 140 cloudy, _obscure_, 255 clownish, _awkward_, 70 " _rustic_, 321 cloy, _satisfy_, 324 club, _association_, 60 " _class_, 106 clumsy, _awkward_, 70 clutch, _catch_, 97 coadjutor, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 " _auxiliary_, 67 coalition, _alliance_, 34 " _union_, 362 coarse, _bluff_, 83 " _brutish_, 87 " _large_, 229 " _rustic_, 321 coast, _bank_, 72 coax, _allure_, 37 " _persuade_, 271 coddle, _caress_, 95 code, _law_, 229 coerce, _compel_, 111 coercive, _absolute_, 8 cogency, _power_, 279 cognition, _knowledge_, 227 cognizance, _knowledge_, 227 cognizant, _conscious_, 116 cognomen, _name_, 247 cohesive, _adhesive_, 22 coin, _money_, 244 coincide, _agree_, 25 coincidence, _analogy_, 43 coldness, _modesty_, 244 colleague, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 collect, _amass_, 38 " _convoke_, 120 collected, _calm_, 91 collection, _array_, 57 " _company_, 110 collectivism, _socialism_, 338 _collision_, 109 colloquialism, _slang_, 336 colloquy, _conversation_, 118 color, _pretense_, 283 " _stain_, 341 colossal, _large_, 229 coma, _stupor_, 344 combat, _v. _, _attack_, _v. _, 63 combat, _n. _, _battle_, 74 combination, _cabal_, 90 " _union_, 362 combine, _agree_, 25 combustion, _fire_, 173 come, _reach_, 300 come after, _follow_, 174 comely, _beautiful_, 76 " _becoming_, 77 come to an end, _cease_, 98 come to pass, _happen_, 188 comfort, _cherish_, 104 " _console_, 117 " _happiness_, 189 _comfortable_, 110 comical, _queer_, 297 comity, _friendship_, 179 command, _v. _, _govern_, 185 command, _n. _, _law_, 229 " _order_, 258 " _oversight_, 260 commanding, _absolute_, 8 commandment, _law_, 229 commemorate, _celebrate_, 99 commencement, _beginning_, 78 commensurate, _adequate_, 21 comment, _definition_, 124 " _remark_, 308 " _reproof_, 311 commentary, _definition_, 124 commerce, _business_, 88 comminuted, _fine_, 172 " _minute_, 242 commiseration, _pity_, 273 _commit_, 110 " _do_, 135 commodious, _comfortable_, 110 " _large_, 229 common, _general_, 181 " _mutual_, 246 " _normal_, 253 " _usual_, 362 commonplace, _general_, 181 commonwealth, _people_, 266 communicate, _announce_, 46 " _give_, 185 communication, _conversation_, 118 communion, _conversation_, 118 " _sacrament_, 321 communism, _socialism_, 338 community, _association_, 60 " _people_, 266 commute, _change_, 100 compact, _a. _, _terse_, 354 compact, _n. _, _alliance_, 34 " _contract_, 118 companion, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 companionable, _friendly_, 178 companionship, _acquaintance_, 15 " _association_, 60 _company_, 110 " _association_, 60 " _class_, 106 compare, _contrast_, 118 comparison, _analogy_, 43 compass, _attain_, 64 compassion, _mercy_, 239 " _pity_, 273 compassionate, _humane_, 203 _compel_, 111 " _bind_, 81 " _drive_, 140 " _influence_, 217 " _make_, 236 compend, _abridgment_, 7 compendious, _terse_, 354 compendium, _abridgment_, 7 compensate, _requite_, 313 compensation, _pay_, 266 competency, _power_, 279 competent, _adequate_, 21 competition, _ambition_, 40 competitor, _enemy_, 151 _complain_, 112 complaint, _disease_, 134 complaisant, _friendly_, 178 " _polite_, 277 complete, _v. _, _do_, 135 " _end_, _v. _, 148 complete, _a. _, _perfect_, 268 " _plentiful_, 276 " _radical_, 299 completed, _perfect_, 268 completion, _end_, _n. _, 148 _complex_, 112 " _obscure_, 255 compliant, _docile_, 136 complicate, _involve_, 223 complicated, _complex_, 112 " _obscure_, 255 compliment, _praise_, 280 comply, _agree_, 25 component, _part_, 264 compose, _allay_, 31 " _make_, 236 composed, _calm_, 91 composite, _complex_, 112 composition, metrical, _poetry_, 277 composure, _apathy_, 50 " _patience_, 265 compound, _complex_, 112 comprehend, _catch_, 97 " _perceive_, 267 comprehension, _knowledge_, 227 compulsion, _necessity_, 250 compulsive, _absolute_, 8 compulsory, _absolute_, 8 compunction, _repentance_, 310 compute, _calculate_, 90 comrade, _associate_, 60 conceal, _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 concede, _allow_, 35 " _confess_, 114 conceit, _egotism_, 145 " _fancy_, 167 " _idea_, 206 " _pride_, 286 conceivable, _likely_, 232 conceive, _perceive_, 267 concept, _idea_, 206 conception, _fancy_, 167 " _idea_, 206 concern, _anxiety_, 49 " _business_, 88 " _care_, 94 concise, _terse_, 354 conclave, _cabal_, 90 " _company_, 110 conclude, _cease_, 98 " _end_, _v. _, 148 conclusion, _end_, _n. _, 148 " _demonstration_, 127 concomitant, _appendage_, 53 " _circumstance_, 105 concord, _harmony_, 191 concourse, _company_, 110 " _throng_, 356 concupiscence, _desire_, 128 concur, _agree_, 25 concurrence, _harmony_, 191 concussion, _blow_, 83 " _collision_, 109 _condemn_, 113 " _reprove_, 312 condemnation, _reproof_, 311 condensed, _terse_, 354 condition, _cause_, 98 " _term_, 354 condolence, _pity_, 273 condole with, _console_, 117 condone, _pardon_, 262 conduct, _v. _, _keep_, 226 " _transact_, 360 conduct, _n. _, _behavior_, 79 confabulation, _conversation_, 118 confederacy, _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 " _cabal_, 90 confederate, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 " _auxiliary_, 67 confederation, _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 confer, _deliberate_, 125 " _give_, 185 conference, _company_, 110 " _conversation_, 118 _confess_, 114 " _avow_, 69 confession, _apology_, 51 confide, _commit_, 110 confidence, _assurance_, 61 " _faith_, 164 confine, _restrain_, 315 confines, _boundary_, 84 _confirm_, 114 conflagration, _fire_, 173 conflict, _battle_, 74 " _collision_, 109 conflicting, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _incongruous_, 214 conformity, _harmony_, 191 confound, _abash_, 3 " _refute_, 306 confront, _abide_, 5 confuse, _abash_, 3 " _displace_, 135 confused, _complex_, 112 " _heterogeneous_, 196 confusion, _amazement_, 39 " _chagrin_, 100 " _perplexity_, 270 " _revolution_, 317 confute, _refute_, 306 congé, _farewell_, 168 congenial, _delightful_, 126 congenital, _inherent_, 218 conglomerate, _complex_, 112 " _heterogeneous_, 196 _congratulate_, 115 congregation, _company_, 110 congruity, _harmony_, 191 congruous, _becoming_, 67 conjectural, _likely_, 232 conjecture, _v. _, _suppose_, 348 conjecture, _n. _, _hypothesis_, 204 conjugal union, _marriage_, 236 conjunction, _association_, 60 " _union_, 362 conjure, _pray_, 281 connect, _attribute_, _v. _, 65 connection, _association_, 60 connoisseur, _amateur_, 39 _conquer_, 115 " _beat_, 75 conquest, _victory_, 369 consanguinity, _kin_, 227 _conscious_, 116 consciousness, _mind_, 241 consecrated, _holy_, 200 consent, _v. _, _agree_, 25 consent, _n. _, _harmony_, 191 " _permission_, 269 consent to, _allow_, 35 _consequence_, 116 " _demonstration_, 127 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _event_, 158 consequent, _consequence_, 116 consider, _calculate_, 90 " _deliberate_, 125 " _esteem_, 156 considerable, _large_, 229 consideration, _friendship_, 179 " _prudence_, 294 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 consign, _commit_, 110 consistency, _harmony_, 191 _console_, 117 consonance, _harmony_, 191 consort, _associate_, 60 conspicuous, _evident_, 159 conspiracy, _cabal_, 90 constancy, _industry_, 216 constant, _continual_, 117 " _permanent_, 269 consternation, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 constituent, _part_, 264 constitute, _make_, 236 constitution, _character_, 102 constitutional, _radical_, 299 constrain, _compel_, 111 " _make_, 236 " _restrain_, 315 constraint, _modesty_, 244 construct, _make_, 236 consult, _deliberate_, 125 consume, _absorb_, 9 " _burn_, 87 consummate, _v. _, _do_, 135 consummate, _a. _, _perfect_, 268 consummation, _act_, 16 " _end_, _n. _, 148 contact, _collision_, 109 _contagion_, 117 contaminate, _defile_, 124 contemplate, _look_, 234 contemptible, _pitiful_, 273 contend, _reason_, _v. _, 302 content, _satisfy_, 324 contented, _comfortable_, 110 contention, _feud_, 170 contentment, _happiness_, 189 conterminous, _adjacent_, 22 contest, _battle_, 74 " _feud_, 170 contiguity, _approximation_, 55 contiguous, _adjacent_, 22 continence, _abstinence_, 10 continent, _pure_, 296 contingency, _accident_, 14 " _event_, 158 " _hazard_, 194 _continual_, 117 continue, _abide_, 5 " _protract_, 293 continuous, _continual_, 117 _contract_, 118 contraction, _abbreviation_, 4 contradictory, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _incongruous_, 214 contrariety, _difference_, 131 contrary, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _incongruous_, 214 " _perverse_, 272 _contrast_, _v. _, 118 contrast, _n. _, _difference_, 131 contrasted, _alien_, _a. _, 29 contriteness, _repentance_, 310 contrition, _repentance_, 310 contrivance, _artifice_, 58 control, _v. _, _govern_, 185 control, _n. _, _oversight_, 260 controlling, _absolute_, 8 controversy, _feud_, 170 controvert, _reason_, _v. _, 302 contumacious, _obstinate_, 256 " _rebellious_, 304 conundrum, _riddle_, 318 convene, _convoke_, 120 convenient, _comfortable_, 110 convention, _company_, 110 _conversation_, 118 converse, _conversation_, 118 " _speak_, 339 conversion, _change_, _n. _, 101 convert, _v. _, _change_, 100 _convert_, _n. _, 119 _convey_, 119 " _carry_, 96 convict, _condemn_, 113 conviction, _faith_, 164 convince, _persuade_, 271 convocation, _company_, 110 _convoke_, 120 cool, _calm_, 91 cooperate, _help_, 195 copious, _plentiful_, 276 copy, _v. _, _follow_, 174 copy, _n. _, _duplicate_, 141 " _model_, 243 cordial, _friendly_, 178 corporal, _physical_, 272 corporation, _association_, 60 corporeal, _physical_, 272 corpse, _body_, 84 corpuscle, _particle_, 264 correct, _v. _, _amend_, 41 " _chasten_, 103 correct, _a. _, _perfect_, 268 correlative, _mutual_, 246 correspondent, _synonymous_, 349 corresponding, _synonymous_, 349 corroborate, _confirm_, 114 corrupt, _decay_, 122 " _defile_, 124 cost, _expense_, 162 " _price_, 285 costume, _dress_, 140 coterie, _class_, 106 coterminous, _adjacent_, 22 count, _calculate_, 90 countenance, _abet_, 4 counteract, _hinder_, 199 counterpart, _duplicate_, 141 countless, _infinite_, 216 countrified, _rustic_, 321 country, _rustic_, 321 courage, _fortitude_, 176 " _prowess_, 294 courageous, _brave_, 85 course, _career_, 95 " _direction_, 132 " _way_, 372 court, _address_, _v. _, 19 " _caress_, 95 courteous, _polite_, 277 courtesy, _address_, _n. _, 20 courtly, _polite_, 277 covenant, _contract_, 118 cover, _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 " _shelter_, 331 coveting, _desire_, 128 covetous, _avaricious_, 68 covey, _flock_, 173 cow, _frighten_, 180 coyness, _modesty_, 244 crabbed, _morose_, 245 crack, _v. _, _break_, 86 crack, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 craft, _artifice_, 58 " _business_, 88 " _deception_, 123 crafty, _astute_, 62 crave, _ask_, 59 craving, _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 craziness, _insanity_, 221 create, _make_, 236 creator, _cause_, 98 creature, _animal_, 45 credence, _faith_, 164 credible, _likely_, 232 credit, _faith_, 164 " _fame_, 166 credulity, _fanaticism_, 166 creed, _faith_, 164 cremate, _burn_, 87 crew, _cabal_, 90 crime, _abomination_, 7 " _sin_, 332 _criminal_, 120 criminality, _sin_, 332 critic, _amateur_, 39 critical, _minute_, 242 criticism, _reproof_, 311 croak, _complain_, 112 crook, _bend_, 79 crop, _harvest_, 192 cross off, or out, _cancel_, 92 crotchety, _queer_, 297 crowd, _company_, 110 " _mob_, 243 " _throng_, 356 crowd out, _displace_, 135 cruel, _barbarous_, 73 crush, _break_, 86 " _conquer_, 115 crusty, _morose_, 245 cry, _call_, 91 cudgel, _beat_, 75 cuff, _blow_, 83 cull, _choose_, 104 culpable, _criminal_, 120 cultivated, _polite_, 277 cultivation, _agriculture_, 25 " _education_, 143 " _refinement_, 305 culture, _agriculture_, 25 " _education_, 143 " _refinement_, 305 cultured, _polite_, 277 cunning, _a. _, _astute_, 62 cunning, _n. _, _artifice_, 58 " _deception_, 123 curb, _govern_, 185 " _restrain_, 315 cure, _recover_, 305 cured, be, _recover_, 305 curious, _inquisitive_, 221 " _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 currency, _money_, 244 current, _authentic_, 67 curse, _abomination_, 7 " _oath_, 254 cursing, _oath_, 254 curve, _bend_, 79 custody, _fetter_, 169 custom, _habit_, 187 customary, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 cut, _blow_, 83 cutting, _bitter_, 81 _daily_, 121 dainty, _delicious_, 126 " _fine_, 172 " _tasteful_, 352 damage, _abuse_, 12 " _injury_, 219 _danger_, 121 " _hazard_, 194 dangerous, _formidable_, 176 dapper, _neat_, 249 daring, _brave_, 85 _dark_, 122 " _mysterious_, 247 " _obscure_, 255 darksome, _obscure_, 255 dart, _send_, 327 date, _time_, 356 daub, _blemish_, 82 daunt, _abash_, 3 " _frighten_, 180 dauntless, _brave_, 85 dawdling, _slow_, 337 day-dream, _dream_, 139 deadly, _pernicious_, 270 deal, _apportion_, 54 " _sale_, 323 deathless, _eternal_, 157 debar, _prohibit_, 290 debase, _abase_, 2 debasement, _alloy_, 36 debate, _v. _, _deliberate_, 125 " _reason_, _v. _, 302 debate, _n. _, _reasoning_, 303 _decay_, 122 decease, _die_, 130 deceit, _deception_, 123 " _fraud_, 177 deceitful, _vain_, 364 deceitfulness, _deception_, 123 deceiver, _hypocrite_, 204 decent, _becoming_, 77 _deception_, 123 " _fraud_, 177 deck, _adorn_, 23 declaim, _speak_, 339 declare, _allege_, 31 " _announce_, 46 " _avow_, 69 " _speak_, 339 " _state_, 341 decline, _abate_, 3 " _die_, 130 decompose, _decay_, 122 decorate, _adorn_, 23 decorous, _becoming_, 77 decoy, _allure_, 37 decrease, _abate_, 3 decree, _law_, 229 decrepit, _old_, 257 decry, _disparage_, 134 " _slander_, 336 deduction, _demonstration_, 127 " _induction_, 215 deed, _act_, 16 " _work_, 374 " _transaction_, 360 deem, _calculate_, 90 " _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _suppose_, 348 deep, _obscure_, 255 defacement, _blemish_, 82 defame, _abuse_, 12 " _slander_, 336 default, _neglect_, 251 defeat, _beat_, 75 " _conquer_, 115 defect, _blemish_, 82 defend, _keep_, 226 " _shelter_, 331 _defense_, 123 " _apology_, 51 defer, _protract_, 293 _defile_, 124 " _abuse_, 12 _definition_, 124 deflect, _bend_, 79 deformity, _blemish_, 82 deft, _skilful_, 335 degrade, _abase_, 2 deist, _skeptic_, 334 delay, _hinder_, 199 " _protract_, 293 delaying, _slow_, 337 delegate, _v. _, _send_, 327 _delegate_, _n. _, 125 deleterious, _pernicious_, 270 _deliberate_, _v. _, 125 deliberate, _a. _, _slow_, 337 delicate, _fine_, 172 " _tasteful_, 352 _delicious_, 126 " _delightful_, 126 " _tasteful_, 352 delight, _v. _, _entertain_, 152 delight, _n. _, _entertainment_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 delighted, _happy_, 190 _delightful_, 126 " _beautiful_, 76 " _charming_, 103 " _delicious_, 126 " _happy_, 190 delight in, _admire_, 23 delinquency, _sin_, 332 delirium, _insanity_, 221 deliver, _give_, 185 " _speak_, 339 _delusion_, 127 " _deception_, 123 delusive, _vain_, 364 demand, _ask_, 59 demeanor, _air_, 27 " _behavior_, 79 dementia, _insanity_, 221 _demolish_, 127 " _break_, 86 demonstrable, _real_, 301 demonstrate, _reason_, _v. _, 302 _demonstration_, 127 denomination, _name_, 247 " _term_, 354 denouement, _catastrophe_, 97 denounce, _condemn_, 113 dense, _obscure_, 255 dent, _blemish_, 82 denunciation, _oath_, 254 " _reproof_, 311 deny, _renounce_, 309 depart, _die_, 130 depart from, _abandon_, 1 deplore, _mourn_, 246 deportment, _behavior_, 79 depose, _state_, 341 deposit, _put_, 296 deposition, _testimony_, 355 depravity, _sin_, 332 depreciate, _disparage_, 134 " _slander_, 336 depredator, _robber_, 320 depress, _abase_, 2 depth, _wisdom_, 372 depute, _send_, 327 deputy, _delegate_, 125 derange, _displace_, 135 derangement, _insanity_, 221 derision, _banter_, 73 derogate from, _disparage_, 134 descent, _kin_, 227 description, _definition_, 124 " _report_, 311 descry, _discern_, 133 " _discover_, 133 " _look_, 234 desert, _abandon_, 1 _design_, 128 " _aim_, 26 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _idea_, 206 " _model_, 243 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 " _sketch_, 334 designation, _name_, 247 designer, _cause_, 98 _desire_, 128 " _appetite_, 54 " _fancy_, 167 desirous, _eager_, 142 desist, _cease_, 98 " _end_, _v. _, 148 _despair_, 129 despatch, _kill_, 226 " _quicken_, 297 " _send_, 327 desperation, _despair_, 129 despicable, _pitiful_, 273 despise, _abhor_, 5 despite, _notwithstanding_, _prep. _, 254 despoiler, _robber_, 320 despondency, _despair_, 129 despotic, _absolute_, 8 destine, _allot_, 34 destiny, _necessity_, 250 destitution, _poverty_, 279 destroy, _abolish_, 6 " _break_, 86 " _demolish_, 127 " _exterminate_, 163 " _subvert_, 346 destructive, _pernicious_, 270 detach, _abstract_, 10 detail, _circumstance_, 105 detailed, _minute_, 242 detain, _arrest_, 57 " _keep_, 226 detect, _discover_, 133 deterioration, _alloy_, 36 determination, _aim_, 26 determined, _obstinate_, 256 detest, _abhor_, 5 detestation, _abomination_, 7 " _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 detract from, _disparage_, 134 detriment, _injury_, 219 detrimental, _pernicious_, 270 develop, _amplify_, 43 developed, _real_, 301 development, _education_, 143 " _progress_, 289 deviate, _bend_, 79 " _wander_, 371 device, _artifice_, 58 " _design_, 128 devoted, _addicted_, 19 " _faithful_, 165 " _holy_, 200 devotion, _allegiance_, 32 " _attachment_, 63 " _enthusiasm_, 153 " _friendship_, 179 " _love_, 235 " _religion_, 307 _dexterity_, 129 " _address_, _n. _, 20 " _power_, 279 dexterous, _clever_, 109 " _happy_, 190 " _skilful_, 335 dialect, _language_, 228 dialog(ue, _conversation_, 118 diaphanous, _clear_, 107 dictatorial, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 _diction_, 130 " _language_, 228 dictum, _proverb_, 293 _die_, 130 diet, _food_, 175 _difference_, 131 differentiate, _contrast_, 118 _difficult_, 132 " _obscure_, 255 difficulty, _impediment_, 213 diffidence, _modesty_, 244 diffuseness, _circumlocution_, 105 digest, _abridgment_, 7 digress, _wander_, 371 dilate, _amplify_, 43 dilatory, _slow_, 337 dilettante, _amateur_, 39 diligence, _industry_, 216 diligent, _active_, 17 " _industrious_, 215 dim, _dark_, 122 " _faint_, 164 " _obscure_, 255 diminish, _abate_, 3 diminutive, _minute_, 242 dip, _immerse_, 212 " _tip_, 357 dire, _awful_, 70 direct, _govern_, 185 _direction_, 132 " _care_, 94 " _order_, 258 " _oversight_, 260 directly, _immediately_, 211 direful, _awful_, 70 disadvantage, _injury_, 219 disagreement, _difference_, 131 disallow, _prohibit_, 290 disappointment, _chagrin_, 100 " _misfortune_, 242 disapproval, _reproof_, 311 disarrange, _displace_, 135 disaster, _accident_, 14 " _blow_, 83 " _catastrophe_, 97 " _misfortune_, 242 disavow, _renounce_, 309 disbelief, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 disbeliever, _skeptic_, 334 discard, _renounce_, 309 _discern_, 133 " _discover_, 133 " _look_, 234 discernible, _evident_, 159 discerning, _astute_, 62 " _sagacious_, 322 discernment, _acumen_, 18 " _wisdom_, 372 discharge, _absolve_, 9 " _banish_, 72 " _cancel_, 92 " _do_, 135 " _send_, 327 disciple, _adherent_, 21 " _convert_, 119 " _scholar_, 324 discipline, _v. _, _chasten_, 103 " _teach_, 353 discipline, _n. _, _education_, 143 disclaim, _renounce_, 309 disclose, _confess_, 114 " _discover_, 133 disclosure, _revelation_, 316 discolor, _stain_, 341 discomfit, _conquer_, 115 discompose, _abash_, 3 discomposure, _chagrin_, 100 disconcert, _abash_, 3 discontinue, _abandon_, 1 " _cease_, 98 discordant, _heterogeneous_, 196 " _incongruous_, 214 discouragement, _despair_, 129 discourse, _conversation_, 118 " _speak_, 339 " _speech_, 339 discourteous, _bluff_, 83 _discover_, 133 " _catch_, 97 discredit, _abase_, 2 " _disparage_, 134 discrepancy, _difference_, 131 discrepant, _incongruous_, 214 discretion, _address_, _n. _, 20 " _prudence_, 294 " _wisdom_, 372 discriminate, _abstract_, 10 " _contrast_, 118 " _discern_, 133 discriminating, _astute_, 62 discrimination, _difference_, 131 discuss, _reason_, _v. _, 302 disdain, _pride_, 286 _disease_, 134 disfigurement, _blemish_, 82 disgrace, _v. _, _abase_, 2 " _stain_, 341 disgrace, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 disguise, _v. _, _hide_, 197 disguise, _n. _, _pretense_, 283 disgust, _abomination_, 7 " _antipathy_, 48 dishearten, _abash_, 3 dishonesty, _fraud_, 177 dishonor, _v. _, _abase_, 2 " _disparage_, 134 " _stain_, 341 dishonor, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 disinclined, _reluctant_, 308 disinfect, _cleanse_, 107 disintegration, _revolution_, 317 disinterested, _generous_, 182 dislike, _v. _, _abhor_, 5 dislike, _n. _, _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 dislodge, _banish_, 72 dismal, _dark_, 122 dismay, _v. _, _frighten_, 180 dismay, _n. _, _alarm_, 28 " _chagrin_, 100 " _fear_, 168 dismiss, _banish_, 72 " _send_, 327 disobedient, _rebellious_, 304 disorder, _disease_, 134 " _revolution_, 317 disown, _renounce_, 309 _disparage_, 134 " _abuse_, 12 " _slander_, 336 disparity, _difference_, 131 dispassionate, _calm_, 91 dispense, _apportion_, 54 _displace_, 135 display, _ostentation_, 259 displease, _affront_, 24 displeasure, _anger_, 44 " _pique_, 272 disport, _entertain_, 152 dispose, _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 disposed, _addicted_, 19 disposition, _appetite_, 54 " _array_, 57 " _character_, 102 " _mind_, 241 disprove, _refute_, 306 dispute, _v. _, _reason_, _v. _, 302 dispute, _n. _, _feud_, 170 disquiet, _anxiety_, 49 disquietude, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 disquisition, _speech_, 339 disregard, _neglect_, 251 disrespect, _neglect_, 251 dissemble, _hide_, 197 dissembler, _hypocrite_, 204 dissension, _feud_, 170 dissenter, _heretic_, 196 dissertation, _speech_, 339 dissimilar, _heterogeneous_, 196 dissimilarity, _difference_, 131 dissimilitude, _difference_, 131 dissimulation, _deception_, 123 " _hypocrisy_, 204 " _pretense_, 283 dissipation, _excess_, 160 distant, _alien_, _a. _, 29 distaste, _antipathy_, 48 distemper, _disease_, 134 distinct, _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 distinction, _characteristic_, 103 " _difference_, 131 " _fame_, 166 distinguish, _abstract_, 10 " _discern_, 133 distract, _abstract_, 10 distraction, _perplexity_, 270 distress, _grief_, 187 " _misfortune_, 242 " _pain_, 261 " _poverty_, 279 distribute, _allot_, 34 " _apportion_, 54 distributively, _apiece_, 51 distrust, _v. _, _doubt_, _v. _, 137 distrust, _n. _, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 disturb, _displace_, 135 disturbance, _anxiety_, 49 " _perplexity_, 270 " _storm_, 343 disused, _obsolete_, 256 diurnal, _daily_, 121 diverge, _bend_, 79 " _wander_, 371 divergence, _difference_, 131 diversify, _change_, _v. _, 100 diversion, _entertainment_, 153 diversity, _change_, _n. _, 101 " _difference_, 131 divert, _abstract_, 10 " _entertain_, 152 divide, _allot_, 34 " _apportion_, 54 divine, _v. _, _augur_, 66 divine, _n. _, _holy_, 200 division, _part_, 264 " _topic_, 359 _do_, 135 " _execute_, 161 " _make_, 236 " _transact_, 360 _docile_, 136 doctrinal, _dogmatic_, 137 _doctrine_, 136 " _faith_, 164 document, _record_, 304 dodge, _artifice_, 58 doer, _agent_, 24 dogged, _morose_, 245 " _obstinate_, 256 dogma, _doctrine_, 136 _dogmatic_, 137 " _absolute_, 8 doing, _act_, 16 " _transaction_, 360 " _work_, 374 domicil, _home_, 201 domineering, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 donation, _gift_, 184 doom, _condemn_, 131 door, _entrance_, 154 doorway, _entrance_, 154 double-dealing, _deception_, 123 _doubt_, _v. _, 137 _doubt_, _n. _, 138 " _perplexity_, 270 doubter, _skeptic_, 334 doubtful, _equivocal_, 155 " _obscure_, 255 " _precarious_, 282 doughty, _brave_, 85 douse, _immerse_, 212 down, _conquer_, 115 draft, _sketch_, 334 drag, _draw_, 138 _draw_, 138 " _allure_, 37 " _influence_, 217 drawing, _sketch_, 334 draw out, _protract_, 293 dread, _a. _, _awful_, 70 dread, _n. _, _alarm_, 28 " _anxiety_, 49 " _fear_, 168 " _veneration_, 366 dreadful, _awful_, 70 _dream_, 139 dregs of the people, _mob_, 243 _dress_, 140 drill, _exercise_, 162 " _teach_, 353 drink in, drink up, _absorb_, 9 _drive_, 140 " _banish_, 72 " _compel_, 111 " _influence_, 217 " quicken, 297 " _send_, 327 drive on, _quicken_, 297 drive out, _banish_, 172 driveway, _way_, 372 droll, _queer_, 297 drollery, _wit_, 373 drove, _flock_, 173 drowsy, _slow_, 337 drudgery, _work_, 374 dubious, _equivocal_, 155 " _precarious_, 282 duck, _immerse_, 212 dull, _dark_, 122 " _slow_, 337 dulness, _stupidity_, 344 dumb, _taciturn_, 351 _duplicate_, 141 duplicity, _deception_, 123 " _fraud_, 177 durable, _permanent_, 269 durance, _fetter_, 169 duration, _time_, 356 duress, _fetter_, 169 dusky, _dark_, 122 " _obscure_, 255 dust, _v. _, _cleanse_, 107 dust, _n. _, _body_, 84 _duty_, 142 " _business_, 88 " _virtue_, 370 dwell, _abide_, 5 dwelling, _home_, 201 dye, _stain_, 341 each, _apiece_, 51 " _every_, 158 _eager_, 142 eagerness, _enthusiasm_, 153 earlier, _previous_, 285 earn, _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 earnest, _eager_, 142 " _security_, 366 earnestness, _enthusiasm_, 153 earnings, _pay_, 266 _ease_, 143 " _rest_, 313 easiness, _ease_, 143 ebb, _abate_, 3 eccentric, _queer_, 297 economy, _frugality_, 180 " _law_, 229 ecstasy, _enthusiasm_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 edge, _bank_, 72 " _boundary_, 84 edict, _law_, 229 educate, _teach_, 353 _education_, 143 efface, _cancel_, 92 effect, _v. _, _do_, 135 " _make_, 236 effect, _n. _, _act_, 16 " _consequence_, 116 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _operation_, 258 effeminate, _feminine_, 169 efficacy, _power_, 279 efficiency, _power_, 279 effort, _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 " _industry_, 216 _effrontery_, 144 " _assurance_, 61 " _impudence_, 213 egoism, _egotism_, 145 _egotism_, 145 either, _every_, 158 ejaculate, _call_, 91 eject, _banish_, 72 elderly, _old_, 257 elect, _choose_, 104 election, _alternative_, 38 elegance, _refinement_, 305 elegant, _beautiful_, 76 " _fine_, 172 " _polite_, 277 " _tasteful_, 352 element, _part_, 264 " _particle_, 264 elevate, _promote_, 291 elevated, _high_, 198 eliminate, _abstract_, 10 elongate, _protract_, 293 emanate, _rise_, 319 emancipation, _liberty_, 230 embarrass, _abash_, 3 " _hinder_, 199 " _involve_, 223 " _obstruct_, 257 embarrassment, _perplexity_, 270 embellish, _adorn_, 23 _emblem_, 146 " _sign_, 332 embolden, _abet_, 4 embrace, _caress_, 95 embroil, _involve_, 223 emend, _amend_, 41 emergency, _necessity_, 250 _emigrate_, 147 eminence, _fame_, 166 eminent, _high_, 198 emissary, _spy_, 340 emit, _send_, 327 emolument, _profit_, 288 emotion, _sensation_, 328 _employ_, 147 employed, _industrious_, 215 employment, _business_, 88 " _exercise_, 162 " _work_, 374 empty, _vain_, 364 " _vacant_, 363 emulation, _ambition_, 40 enactment, _law_, 229 enchanting, _charming_, 103 enclosure, _boundary_, 84 encomium, _praise_, 280 encounter, _v. _, _attack_, _v. _, 63 encounter, _n. _, _battle_, 74 " _collision_, 109 encourage, _abet_, 4 " _cherish_, 104 " _console_, 117 " _help_, 195 " _promote_, 291 encroachment, _attack_, _n. _, 64 encumber, _hinder_, 199 encumbrance, _impediment_, 213 " _load_, 233 _end_, _v. _, 148 " _abolish_, 6 " _cease_, 98 _end_, _n. _, 148 " _aim_, 26 " _consequence_, 116 " _design_, 128 " _event_, 158 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 " _aim_, 26 endless, _eternal_, 157 endorse, _confess_, 114 endurance, _fortitude_, 176 " _patience_, 265 _endure_, 150 " _abide_, 5 enduring, _permanent_, 269 _enemy_, 151 energetic, _active_, 17 energy, _power_, 279 enforce, _execute_, 161 engage, _bind_, 81 engaged, _industrious_, 215 engagement, _battle_, 74 " _contract_, 118 engaging, _amiable_, 42 engross, _absorb_, 9 " _employ_, 147 enigma, _riddle_, 318 enigmatic, _equivocal_, 155 enigmatical, _equivocal_, 155 " _mysterious_, 247 " _obscure_, 255 enjoy, _admire_, 23 enjoyment, _entertainment_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 enlarge, _add_, 18 " _amplify_, 43 enlighten, _teach_, 353 enlightenment, _wisdom_, 372 enliven, _entertain_, 152 _enmity_, 152 " _feud_, 170 " _hatred_, 193 enormous, _large_, 229 enough, _plentiful_, 276 enrapturing, _charming_, 103 enrolment, _record_, 304 ensample, _example_, 160 ensnare, _catch_, 97 ensue, _follow_, 174 entangle, _involve_, 223 entangled, _complex_, 112 enter, _reach_, 300 _entertain_, 152 " _cherish_, 104 _entertainment_, 153 _enthusiasm_, 153 enthusiastic, _eager_, 142 entice, _allure_, 37 " _draw_, 138 " _persuade_, 271 entire, _radical_, 299 " _perfect_, 268 entomb, _hide_, 197 _entrance_, 154 entrancing, _charming_, 103 entrap, _catch_, 97 entreat, _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 " _pray_, 281 entrée, _entrance_, 154 entrust, _commit_, 110 entry, _entrance_, 154 " _record_, 304 enumerate, _calculate_, 90 enumeration, _record_, 304 enunciate, _announce_, 46 " _speak_, 339 _envious_, 155 eon, _time_, 356 eonian, _eternal_, 157 ephemeral, _transient_, 361 episode, _event_, 158 epithet, _name_, 247 epitome, _abridgment_, 7 epoch, _time_, 356 equal, _adequate_, 21 " _alike_, 30 equitable, _honest_, 202 equity, _justice_, 225 equivalent, _alike_, 30 " _synonymous_, 349 _equivocal_, 155 " _precarious_, 282 era, _time_, 356 eradicate, _abolish_, 6 " _exterminate_, 163 erase, _cancel_, 92 err, _wander_, 371 erratic, _queer_, 297 erroneous, _absurd_, 11 error, _delusion_, 127 erudition, _knowledge_, 227 " _wisdom_, 372 espousal, _marriage_, 236 essay, _v. _, _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 essay, _n. _, _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 essential, _inherent_, 218 " _necessary_, 250 " _necessity_, 250 " _radical_, 299 " _real_, 301 establish, _confirm_, 114 " _make_, 236 " _reason_, _v. _, 302 _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _admire_, 23 _esteem_, _n. _, 157 " _attachment_, 63 " _friendship_, 179 esthetic, _tasteful_, 352 esthetical, _tasteful_, 352 estimate, _v. _, _calculate_, 90 " _esteem_, _v. _, 156 estimate, _n. _, _esteem_, _n. _, 157 estimation, _attachment_, 63 " _esteem_, _n. _, 157 _eternal_, 157 " _infinite_, 216 ethereal, _airy_, 27 eucharist, _sacrament_, 321 eulogy, _praise_, 280 euphony, _meter_, 240 evanescent, _transient_, 361 even, _horizontal_, 202 _event_, 158 " _circumstance_, 105 " _consequence_, 116 everlasting, _eternal_, 157 ever-living, _eternal_, 157 _every_, 158 everyday, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 evict, _banish_, 72 evidence, _demonstration_, 127 " _testimony_, 355 _evident_, 159 " _clear_, 107 evil, _a. _, _pernicious_, 270 evil, _n. _, _abomination_, 7 " _injury_, 219 " _sin_, 332 exact, _minute_, 242 exacting, _absolute_, 8 exaggeration, _caricature_, 95 exalt, _promote_, 291 exalted, _high_, 198 _example_, 160 " _model_, 243 " _precedent_, 282 " _sample_, 323 exasperate, _affront_, 24 exasperation, _anger_, 44 excellence, _virtue_, 370 excellent, _fine_, 172 except, _but_, 89 excerpt, _quote_, 298 _excess_, 160 exchange, _v. _, _change_, _v. _, 100 exchange, _n. _, _sale_, 323 excite, _influence_, 217 " _promote_, 291 excitement, _enthusiasm_, 153 exclaim, _call_, 91 exculpate, _absolve_, 9 exculpation, _apology_, 51 excursion, _journey_, 223 excusable, _venial_, 367 excuse, _apology_, 51 " _pardon_, 262 " _pretense_, 283 execration, _abomination_, 7 " _oath_, 254 _execute_, 161 " _do_, 135 " _kill_, 226 " _make_, 236 execution, _act_, 16 " _operation_, 258 exemplar, _example_, 160 exemplification, _example_, 160 " _sample_, 323 exempt, _absolve_, 9 exemption, _right_, 319 _exercise_, 162 " _act_, 16 exertion, _act_, 16 " _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 " _exercise_, 162 " _industry_, 216 " _work_, 374 exhaust, _absorb_, 9 " _tire_, 357 exhausted, _faint_, 164 exhausting, _difficult_, 132 exhibition, _array_, 57 exigency, _necessity_, 250 exile, _banish_, 72 existent, _alive_, 30 existing, _alive_, 30 exonerate, _absolve_, 9 exorbitance, _excess_, 160 expand, _amplify_, 43 expatiate, _amplify_, 43 expatriate, _banish_, 72 expect, _abide_, 5 " _anticipate_, 47 expectancy, _anticipation_, 48 expectation, _anticipation_, 48 expediency, _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 expedite, _quicken_, 297 expedition, _journey_, 223 expeditious, _active_, 17 expel, _banish_, 72 " _exterminate_, 163 expenditure, _expense_, 162 " _price_, 285 _expense_, 162 " _price_, 285 experience, _acquaintance_, 15 " _knowledge_, 227 expert, _clever_, 109 " _skilful_, 335 expertness, _dexterity_, 129 " _ease_, 143 " _power_, 279 expiate, _amplify_, 43 expiation, _propitiation_, 291 expiration, _end_, _n. _, 148 expire, _die_, 130 " _end_, _v. _, 148 explanation, _definition_, 124 _explicit_, 162 " _clear_, 107 exploit, _act_, 16 expose, _discover_, 133 exposition, _definition_, 124 expostulate with, _reprove_, 312 express, _v. _, _speak_, 339 " _state_, 341 express, _a. _, _explicit_, 162 expression, _air_, 27 " _diction_, 130 " _language_, 228 " _term_, 354 expunge, _cancel_, 92 exquisite, _beautiful_, 76 " _delicious_, 126 " _fine_, 172 " _tasteful_, 352 _extemporaneous_, 163 extemporary, _extemporaneous_, 163 extempore, _extemporaneous_, 163 extend, _add_, 18 " _amplify_, 43 " _protract_, 293 extension, _appendage_, 53 extensive, _large_, 229 extent, _end_, _n. _, 148 extenuate, _palliate_, 261 _exterminate_, 163 " _abolish_, 6 extinguish, _subvert_, 346 extirpate, _abolish_, 6 " _exterminate_, 163 extol, _admire_, 23 extract, _quote_, 298 extraordinary, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 extravagance, _enthusiasm_, 153 " _excess_, 160 extravaganza, _caricature_, 95 extreme, _radical_, 299 extremity, _end_, _n. _, 148 " _necessity_, 250 exuberant, _plentiful_, 276 fabianism, _socialism_, 338 fable, _allegory_, 33 " _fiction_, 170 fabricate, _make_, 236 fabrication, _deception_, 123 " _fiction_, 170 facetiousness, _wit_, 373 facilitate, _quicken_, 297 facility, _ease_, 143 facsimile, _duplicate_, 141 " _model_, 243 fact, _circumstance_, 105 " _event_, 158 faction, _cabal_, 90 factious, _perverse_, 272 factor, _agent_, 24 faculty, _power_, 279 fade, _die_, 130 faded, _faint_, 164 fadeless, _eternal_, 157 fag, _tire_, 357 failure, _misfortune_, 242 " _neglect_, 251 _faint_, 164 faint-hearted, _faint_, 164 fainting, _stupor_, 344 fair, _beautiful_, 76 " _candid_, 93 " _honest_, 202 fairness, _justice_, 225 fair play, _justice_, 225 fairylike, _airy_, 27 _faith_, 164 " _religion_, 307 " article of, _doctrine_, 136 _faithful_, 165 " _honest_, 202 faithfulness, _allegiance_, 32 " _justice_, 225 " _virtue_, 370 fall, _happen_, 188 fallacy, _delusion_, 127 fall out, _happen_, 188 fall upon, _attack_, _v. _, 63 false, _absurd_, 11 falsehood, _deception_, 123 " _fiction_, 170 faltering, _faint_, 164 _fame_, 166 familiar, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 familiarity, _acquaintance_, 15 " _association_, 60 family, _kin_, 227 _fanaticism_, 166 " _enthusiasm_, 153 _fanciful_, 167 _fancy_, 167 " _dream_, 139 " _idea_, 206 " _imagination_, 209 fantastic, _fanciful_, 167 " _queer_, 297 fantasy, _dream_, 139 " _idea_, 206 " _imagination_, 209 fare, _food_, 175 _farewell_, 168 farming, _agriculture_, 25 fascinating, _charming_, 103 fashion, _v. _, _make_, 236 fashion, _n. _, _air_, 27 " _habit_, 187 fasten, _bind_, 81 fastening, _lock_, 234 fastidious, _tasteful_, 352 fasting, _abstinence_, 10 fastness, _fortification_, 176 fatality, _necessity_, 250 fate, _necessity_, 250 " _predestination_, 282 fatigue, _tire_, 357 fatigued, _faint_, 164 fatuity, _idiocy_, 207 fault, _blemish_, 82 " _sin_, 332 faultless, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 fauna, _animal_, 45 favor, _n. _, _esteem_, _n. _, 157 " _friendship_, 179 " _mercy_, 239 favorable, _friendly_, 178 " _propitious_, 291 favored, _fortunate_, 177 fealty, _allegiance_, 32 _fear_, 168 " _alarm_, 28 " _anxiety_, 49 fearful, _awful_, 70 fearless, _brave_, 85 feat, _act_, 16 feature, _characteristic_, 103 " _circumstance_, 105 federation, _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 fee, _pay_, 266 feeble, _faint_, 164 feed, _food_, 175 feeling, _sensation_, 328 " _sensibility_, 328 feign, _assume_, 61 felicitate, _congratulate_, 115 felicitous, _happy_, 190 felicity, _happiness_, 189 fellow, _associate_, 60 fellowship, _acquaintance_, 15 " _association_, 60 felonious, _criminal_, 120 female, _feminine_, 169 _feminine_, 169 ferocious, _fierce_, 171 ferret out, _discover_, 133 fervency, _enthusiasm_, 153 fervent, _eager_, 142 fervor, _enthusiasm_, 153 fetter, _v. _, _bind_, 81 _fetter_, _n. _, 169 _feud_, 170 _fiction_, 170 " _allegory_, 33 fidgety, _restive_, 314 _fierce_, 171 fiery, _fierce_, 171 fight, _battle_, 74 figment, _fiction_, 170 figure, _emblem_, 146 fill, _satisfy_, 324 final cause, _design_, 128 finale, _end_, _n. _, 148 _financial_, 172 find, _discover_, 133 find fault, _complain_, 112 find fault with, _reprove_, 312 find out, _discover_, 133 _fine_, 172 " _beautiful_, 76 " _minute_, 242 " _tasteful_, 352 finesse, _artifice_, 58 " _deception_, 123 finis, _end_, _n. _, 148 finish, _v. _, _cease_, 98 " _do_, 135 " _end_, _v. _, 148 finish, _n. _, _end_, _n. _, 148 finished, _perfect_, 268 _fire_, 173 fireside, _home_, 201 firm, _faithful_, 165 " _obstinate_, 256 fiscal, _financial_, 172 fit, _adequate_, 21 " _becoming_, 77 fitted, _adequate_, 21 fitting, _adequate_, 21 " _becoming_, 77 fix, _bind_, 81 " _confirm_, 114 fixed, _obstinate_, 256 " _permanent_, 269 flagitious, _criminal_, 120 flame, _burn_, 87 " _fire_, 173 " _light_, 231 flap, _shake_, 330 flare, _light_, 231 flash, _burn_, 87 " _light_, 231 flat, _horizontal_, 202 flatter, _caress_, 95 flattery, _praise_, 280 flavorous, _racy_, 299 flaw, _blemish_, 82 fleeting, _transient_, 361 flicker, _light_, 231 flight, _career_, 95 fling, _send_, 327 " _sneer_, 337 flippancy, _pertness_, 271 flitting, _transient_, 361 _flock_, 173 flog, _beat_, 75 floriculture, _agriculture_, 25 flourish, _v. _, _succeed_, 346 flourish, _n. _, _ostentation_, 269 flow, _rise_, 319 _fluctuate_, 173 " _shake_, 330 _fluid_, 174 flutter, _shake_, 330 flying, _transient_, 361 fodder, _food_, 175 foe, _enemy_, 157 foil, _hinder_, 199 _follow_, 174 follower, _accessory_, 13 " _adherent_, 21 folly, _idiocy_, 207 foment, _promote_, 291 fond, _friendly_, 178 fondle, _caress_, 95 fondness, _love_, 235 _food_, 175 foolhardiness, _temerity_, 353 foolish, _absurd_, 11 foolishness, _idiocy_, 207 footmark, _trace_, 359 footpad, _robber_, 320 footprint, _trace_, 359 footstep, _trace_, 359 for, _because_, 77 forage, _food_, 175 forager, _robber_, 320 forbearance, _mercy_, 239 " _pardon_, 262 " _patience_, 265 forbid, _prohibit_, 290 force, _v. _, _compel_, 111 " _make_, 236 force, _n. _, _army_, 56 " _operation_, 258 " _power_, 279 forces, _army_, 56 forcible, _racy_, 299 forebode, _augur_, 66 foreboding, _anticipation_, 48 " _anxiety_, 49 forecast, _v. _, _anticipate_, 47 forecast, _n. _, _anticipation_, 48 " _prudence_, 294 forego, _abandon_, 1 foregoing, _previous_, 285 foreign, _alien_, _a. _, 29 foreigner, _alien_, _n. _, 29 foreknowledge, _predestination_, 282 foreordination, _predestination_, 282 foresight, _anticipation_, 48 " _prudence_, 294 " _wisdom_, 372 forestall, _prevent_, 284 foretaste, _v. _, _anticipate_, 47 foretaste, _n. _, _anticipation_, 48 foretell, _augur_, 66 forethought, _anticipation_, 48 " _care_, 94 " _prudence_, 294 forgive, _absolve_, 9 " _pardon_, 262 forgiveness, _mercy_, 239 " _pardon_, 262 forgiving, _humane_, 203 form, _body_, 84 formalism, _hypocrisy_, 204 former, _previous_, 285 _formidable_, 176 form or system of government, _polity_, 278 formula, _law_, 229 forsake, _abandon_, 1 forswear, _abandon_, 1 " _renounce_, 309 fort, _fortification_, 176 forthwith, _immediately_, 211 _fortification_, 176 _fortitude_, 176 " _patience_, 265 fortress, _defense_, 123 " _fortification_, 176 fortuity, _accident_, 14 " _hazard_, 194 _fortunate_, 177 " _happy_, 190 fortune, _event_, 158 forward, _v. _, _promote_, 291 " _send_, 327 forward, _a. _, _previous_, 285 forwardness, _impudence_, 213 " _pertness_, 271 foster, _cherish_, 104 " _help_, 195 " _promote_, 291 foul, _pernicious_, 270 fount, _beginning_, 78 fountain, _beginning_, 78 " _cause_, 98 fraction, _part_, 264 fractious, _perverse_, 272 " _restive_, 314 fracture, _break_, 86 fragment, _part_, 264 frame, _body_, 84 " _make_, 236 franchise, _right_, 319 frank, _bluff_, 83 " _candid_, 93 " _honest_, 202 frankness, _veracity_, 367 fraternity, _association_, 60 _fraud_, 177 " _artifice_, 58 " _deception_, 123 fray, _feud_, 170 free, _absolve_, 9 " _generous_, 182 " _spontaneous_, 340 freebooter, _robber_, 320 freedom, _liberty_, 230 free-handed, _generous_, 182 free-hearted, _generous_, 182 freethinker, _skeptic_, 334 freight, _load_, 233 frenzy, _enthusiasm_, 153 " _insanity_, 221 frequent, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 fresh, _new_, 252 fretful, _restive_, 314 fretfulness, _anger_, 44 " _anxiety_, 49 fretting, _anxiety_, 49 friend, _associate_, 60 friendliness, _friendship_, 179 _friendly_, 178 " _propitious_, 291 _friendship_, 179 " _acquaintance_, 15 " _association_, 60 " _attachment_, 63 " _love_, 235 fright, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 _frighten_, 180 frightful, _awful_, 70 frisky, _restive_, 314 frolic, _entertainment_, 153 frolicsome, _airy_, 27 frontier, _boundary_, 84 front, _previous_, 285 froward, _perverse_, 272 _frugality_, 180 " _abstinence_, 10 " _prudence_, 294 fruit, _harvest_, 192 fruitless, _vain_, 364 frustrate, _hinder_, 199 fugitive, _transient_, 361 fulfil, _do_, 135 " _keep_, 226 fulfilment, _end_, _n. _, 148 full, _plentiful_, 276 fun, _entertainment_, 153 " _wit_, 373 function, _duty_, 142 fundamental, _radical_, 299 funds, _money_, 244 funny, _queer_, 297 furious, _fierce_, 171 furnish, _give_, 185 further, _v. _, _promote_, 291 " _quicken_, 297 further, _adv. _, _but_, 89 " _yet_, 374 fury, _anger_, 44 fusion, _alliance_, 34 futile, _vain_, 364 gabble, _babble_, 71 gage, _security_, 326 gaiety, _happiness_, 189 " _harmony_, 191 gain, _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 " _profit_, 288 " _reach_, 300 gallant, _brave_, 85 gallantry, _prowess_, 294 gang, _cabal_, 90 garb, _dress_, 140 gardening, _agriculture_, 25 garments, _dress_, 140 garnish, _adorn_, 23 _garrulous_, 181 gas, _fluid_, 174 gate, _entrance_, 154 gateway, _entrance_, 154 gather, _amass_, 38 " _convoke_, 120 gathering, _company_, 110 gauzy, _fine_, 172 gawky, _awkward_, 70 gay, _airy_, 27 " _happy_, 190 gaze, _look_, 234 _gender_, 181 _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 generosity, _benevolence_, 80 _generous_, 182 " _plentiful_, 276 genial, _comfortable_, 110 " _friendly_, 178 _genius_, 183 " _character_, 102 genteel, _polite_, 277 gentle, _amiable_, 42 " _docile_, 136 " _humane_, 203 gentleness, _mercy_, 239 genuine, _authentic_, 67 " _honest_, 202 " _pure_, 296 " _real_, 301 _get_, 183 " _attain_, 64 " _make_, 236 " _purchase_, 295 get to, _reach_, 300 gibe, _sneer_, 337 _gift_, 184 " _subsidy_, 345 gifted, _clever_, 109 gigantic, _large_, 229 gild, _adorn_, 23 girlish, _youthful_, 375 _give_, 185 " _allot_, 34 " _convey_, 119 " _surrender_, 349 give instruction, _teach_, 353 give lessons, _teach_, 353 given, _addicted_, 19 given over _or_ up, _addicted_, 19 give notice of, _announce_, 46 give oneself up, _surrender_, 349 give out, _announce_, 46 give over, _cease_, 98 " _surrender_, 349 give up, _abandon_, 1 " _surrender_, 349 glad, _happy_, 190 gladness, _happiness_, 189 glance, _look_, 234 glare, _light_, 231 glaring, _evident_, 159 gleam, _light_, 231 gleaming, _light_, 231 glimmer, _light_, 231 glistening, _light_, 231 glistering, _light_, 231 glitter, _light_, 231 gloomy, _dark_, 122 " _morose_, 245 glory, _fame_, 166 gloss over, _palliate_, 261 glow, _light_, 231 glowing, _eager_, 142 glut, _satisfy_, 324 glutinous, _adhesive_, 22 goal, _aim_, 26 " _end_, _n. _, 148 go after, _follow_, 174 go astray, _wander_, 371 godliness, _religion_, 307 gold, _money_, 244 good, _honest_, 202 " _profit_, 288 good-by, _farewell_, 168 good-natured, _amiable_, 42 " _pleasant_, 275 goodness, _virtue_, 370 good will, _benevolence_, 80 " _friendship_, 179 gossip, _babble_, 71 _govern_, 185 government, form or system of, _polity_, 278 government, seat of, _capital_, 94 grace, _mercy_, 239 _graceful_, 186 " _beautiful_, 76 " _becoming_, 77 gracious, _humane_, 203 " _polite_, 277 " _propitious_, 291 grade, _class_, 106 gradual, _slow_, 337 grain, _particle_, 264 grand, _awful_, 70 " _large_, 229 grant, _allot_, 34 " _allow_, 35 " _apportion_, 54 " _confess_, 114 " _gift_, 184 " _give_, 185 " _subsidy_, 345 grasp, _attain_, 64 " _catch_, 97 grateful, _delightful_, 126 gratification, _happiness_, 189 gratify, _entertain_, 152 gratifying, _delightful_, 126 gratuity, _gift_, 184 gray, _old_, 257 great, _large_, 229 greedy, _avaricious_, 68 greet, _address_, _v. _, 19 _grief_, 187 grievance, _injustice_, 220 grieve, _mourn_, 246 grip, _catch_, 97 gripe, _catch_, 97 grotesque, _fanciful_, 167 " _queer_, 297 ground, _reason_, _n. _, 302 group, _company_, 110 " _flock_, 173 growl, _complain_, 112 growth, _harvest_, 192 " _progress_, 289 grudge, _hatred_, 193 " _pique_, 272 gruff, _morose_, 245 grumble, _complain_, 112 grunt, _complain_, 112 guard, _v. _, _keep_, 226 guard, _n. _, _defense_, 123 " _shelter_, 331 guess, _hypothesis_, 205 " _suppose_, 348 guile, _artifice_, 58 " _deception_, 123 guileless, _candid_, 93 " _innocent_, 220 " _pure_, 296 guilt, _sin_, 332 guiltless, _innocent_, 220 " _pure_, 296 guilty, _criminal_, 120 gummy, _adhesive_, 22 gyves, _fetter_, 169 habiliments, _dress_, 140 _habit_, 187 " _dress_, 140 habitation, _home_, 201 habitual, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 habituated, _addicted_, 19 habitude, _habit_, 187 hail, _address_, _v. _, 19 hale, _healthy_, 195 half-hearted, _faint_, 164 hallowed, _holy_, 200 hallucination, _delusion_, 127 " _dream_, 139 " _insanity_, 221 hamper, _hinder_, 199 handcuffs, _fetter_, 169 handicraft, _business_, 88 handsome, _beautiful_, 76 " _fine_, 172 handy, _skilful_, 335 hankering, _desire_, 128 hap, _accident_, 14 _happen_, 188 happening, _accident_, 14 _happiness_, 189 _happy_, 190 " _clever_, 109 " _fortunate_, 177 " _skilful_, 335 harangue, _speech_, 339 harass, _tire_, 357 harbor, _cherish_, 104 " _shelter_, 331 hard, _difficult_, 132 " _severe_, 329 hardihood, _temerity_, 353 " _effrontery_, 144 hardship, _misfortune_, 242 hark, _listen_, 232 harken, _listen_, 232 harm, _v. _, _abuse_, 12 harm, _n. _, _injury_, 219 " _misfortune_, 242 harmful, _pernicious_, 270 harmonize, _agree_, 25 _harmony_, 191 " _melody_, 238 harness, _arms_, 55 " _caparison_, 93 harsh, _bitter_, 81 " _severe_, 329 harshness, _acrimony_, 15 _harvest_, 192 harvest-feast, _harvest_, 192 harvest-festival, _harvest_, 192 harvest-home, _harvest_, 192 harvesting, _harvest_, 192 harvest-tide, _harvest_, 192 harvest-time, _harvest_, 192 hasp, _lock_, 234 hasten, _quicken_, 297 hastiness, _temerity_, 353 hatch, _flock_, 173 hate, _abhor_, 5 " _hatred_, 193 _hatred_, 193 " _abomination_, 7 " _antipathy_, 48 " _enmity_, 152 haughtiness, _pride_, 286 haughty, _absolute_, 8 haul, _draw_, 138 _have_, 194 havoc, _massacre_, 237 _hazard_, 194 " _accident_, 14 " _danger_, 121 hazardous, _precarious_, 282 head, _topic_, 359 headstrong, _obstinate_, 256 heady, _obstinate_, 256 heal, _recover_, 305 healthful, _healthy_, 195 _healthy_, 195 heap up, _amass_, 38 hear, _listen_, 232 hearth, _home_, 201 hearthstone, _home_, 201 hearty, _friendly_, 178 " _healthy_, 195 heed, _v. _, _follow_, 174 " _listen_, 232 heed, _n. _, _care_, 94 heedless, _abstracted_, 11 heedlessness, _neglect_, 251 " _temerity_, 353 heel over, _tip_, 357 _help_, 195 " _promote_, 291 helper, _accessory_, 13 " _auxiliary_, 67 helpmate, _associate_, 60 hence, _therefore_, 355 henchman, _accessory_, 13 herald, _announce_, 46 herd, _flock_, 173 heresiarch, _heretic_, 196 _heretic_, 196 heroic, _brave_, 85 heroism, _fortitude_, 176 " _prowess_, 294 hesitancy, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 hesitate, _fluctuate_, 173 hesitation, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 _heterogeneous_, 196 " _complex_, 112 hidden, _mysterious_, 247 " _obscure_, 255 _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 _high_, 198 " _steep_, 342 highroad, _way_, 372 highway, _way_, 372 highwayman, _robber_, 320 _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 " _prohibit_, 290 " _restrain_, 315 hindrance, _barrier_, 74 " _impediment_, 213 hint, _allude_, 36 " _suggestion_, 347 hire, _v. _, _employ_, 147 hire, _n. _, _pay_, 266 hireling, _venal_, 365 _history_, 200 " _record_, 304 hitherto, _yet_, 374 hoard, _amass_, 38 hoary, _old_, 257 hoidenish, _rustic_, 321 hold, _arrest_, 57 " _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _have_, 194 " _keep_, 226 " _restrain_, 315 hold back, _restrain_, 315 hold dear, _cherish_, 104 hold in, _restrain_, 315 hold up, _support_, 348 holiness, _religion_, 307 _holy_, 200 " _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 homage, _allegiance_, 32 _home_, 201 homogeneous, _alike_, 30 _honest_, 202 " _candid_, 93 honesty, _veracity_, 367 " _virtue_, 370 honor, _v. _, _admire_, 23 " _venerate_, 366 honor, _n. _, _fame_, 166 " _justice_, 225 " _virtue_, 370 honorable, _honest_, 202 honorarium, _pay_, 266 hook, _lock_, 234 hope, _v. _, _anticipate_, 47 hope, _n. _, _anticipation_, 48 hopelessness, _despair_, 129 _horizontal_, 202 horrible, _awful_, 70 horrific, _awful_, 70 horror, _abomination_, 7 " _fear_, 168 horticulture, _agriculture_, 25 host, _army_, 56 " _company_, 110 " _throng_, 356 hostile, _alien_, _a. _, 29 hostility, _antipathy_, 48 " _enmity_, 152 " _feud_, 170 " _hatred_, 193 hot, _eager_, 142 house, _home_, 201 housings, _caparison_, 93 howbeit, _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 however, _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 huge, _large_, 229 hum, _sing_, 333 human, _humane_, 203 _humane_, 203 humanity, _benevolence_, 80 humble, _abase_, 2 " _abash_, 3 " _chasten_, 103 " _conquer_, 115 humiliate, _abase_, 2 " _abash_, 3 humiliation, _chagrin_, 100 humor, _fancy_, 167 " _wit_, 373 _hunt_, 203 hunting, _hunt_, 203 hurl, _send_, 327 hurry, _quicken_, 297 hurt, _injury_, 219 hurtful, _pernicious_, 270 husbandry, _agriculture_, 25 hygienic, _healthy_, 195 _hypocrisy_, 204 " _deception_, 123 _hypocrite_, 204 _hypothesis_, 205 _idea_, 206 " _fancy_, 167 " _ideal_, 206 _ideal_, 206 " _example_, 160 " _idea_, 206 " _perfect_, 268 identical, _alike_, 30 " _synonymous_, 349 _idiocy_, 207 idiom, _language_, 228 _idle_, 208 " _vain_, 364 ignite, _burn_, 87 _ignorant_, 208 " _brutish_, 87 ill, _misfortune_, 242 ill-advised, _absurd_, 11 ill-considered, _absurd_, 11 ill-defined, _faint_, 164 ill-doing, _sin_, 332 illegal, _criminal_, 120 ill-fortune, _misfortune_, 242 ill-humored, _morose_, 245 illimitable, _infinite_, 216 ill-informed, _ignorant_, 208 illiterate, _ignorant_, 208 ill-judged, _absurd_, 11 ill luck, _misfortune_, 242 ill-matched, _incongruous_, 214 ill-natured, _morose_, 245 illness, _disease_, 134 ill-treat, _abuse_, 12 illumination, _light_, 231 ill-use, _abuse_, 12 illusion, _delusion_, 127 illustrate, _adorn_, 23 illustration, _allegory_, 33 " _sample_, 323 ill-will, _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 image, _emblem_, 146 " _fancy_, 167 " _idea_, 206 " _model_, 243 _imagination_, 209 " _idea_, 206 " _fancy_, 167 imaginative, _fanciful_, 167 imagine, _suppose_, 348 imbecility, _idiocy_, 207 imbibe, _absorb_, 9 imbruted, _brutish_, 87 imitate, _follow_, 174 imitation, _caricature_, 95 " _duplicate_, 141 " _model_, 243 immaculate, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 immanent, _inherent_, 218 immature, _youthful_, 375 immeasurable, _infinite_, 216 _immediately_, 211 immemorial, _old_, 257 " _primeval_, 287 immense, _large_, 229 immerge, _immerse_, 212 _immerse_, 212 immigrate, _emigrate_, 147 _imminent_, 212 immobility, _apathy_, 50 immoral, _criminal_, 120 immorality, _sin_, 332 immortal, _eternal_, 157 immovable, _obstinate_, 256 immunity, _right_, 319 immutable, _permanent_, 269 impact, _collision_, 109 impairment, _injury_, 219 impart, _give_, 185 impartial, _candid_, 93 impartiality, _justice_, 225 impassibility, _apathy_, 50 impatience, _anger_, 44 impatient, _eager_, 142 " _restive_, 314 impeach, _arraign_, 56 impede, _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 _impediment_, 213 impel, _drive_, 140 " _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 " _send_, 327 impending, _imminent_, 212 imperative, _absolute_, 8 imperfection, _blemish_, 82 imperious, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 imperishable, _eternal_, 157 impertinence, _impudence_, 213 " _pertness_, 271 impertinent, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _meddlesome_, 238 imperturbable, _calm_, 91 impetuous, _eager_, 142 " _fierce_, 171 implement, _tool_, 358 implicate, _involve_, 223 implication, _suggestion_, 347 implore, _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 " _pray_, 281 imply, _allude_, 36 " _involve_, 223 impolite, _bluff_, 83 importunate, _eager_, 142 importune, _pray_, 281 impose on, _abuse_, 12 imposing, _awful_, 70 imposition, _deception_, 123 " _fraud_, 177 impostor, _hypocrite_, 204 imposture, _artifice_, 58 " _fraud_, 177 imprecation, _oath_, 254 impressibility, _sensibility_, 328 impression, _idea_, 206 " _trace_, 359 imprisonment, _fetter_, 169 impromptu, _extemporaneous_, 163 improve, _amend_, 41 improvement, _profit_, 288 " _progress_, 289 improvised, _extemporaneous_, 163 _impudence_, 213 " _assurance_, 61 " _effrontery_, 144 " _pertness_, 271 impulse, _appetite_, 54 impulsive, _spontaneous_, 340 impute, _attribute_, _v. _, 65 inactive, _idle_, 208 " _slow_, 337 in addition, _also_, 37 inadvertence, _neglect_, 251 inapposite, _incongruous_, 214 inappropriate, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _incongruous_, 214 inasmuch as, _because_, 77 inattention, _neglect_, 251 inattentive, _abstracted_, 11 inauguration, _beginning_, 78 inborn, _inherent_, 218 inbred, _inherent_, 218 incandescence, _light_, 231 incapacity, _idiocy_, 207 inception, _beginning_, 78 incessant, _continual_, 117 incident, _accident_, 14 " _circumstance_, 105 " _event_, 158 " _story_, 343 incinerate, _burn_, 87 " _influence_, 217 incipience, _beginning_, 78 incite, _abet_, 4 " _persuade_, 271 incivility, _impudence_, 213 inclination, _aim_, 26 " _appetite_, 54 " _attachment_, 63 " _desire_, 128 " _direction_, 132 " _fancy_, 167 incline, _bend_, 79 " _draw_, 138 " _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 " _tip_, 357 inclined, _addicted_, 19 include, _involve_, 223 incommensurable, _incongruous_, 214 incomparable, _rare_, 300 incompatible, _incongruous_, 214 incomprehensible, _mysterious_, 247 " _obscure_, 255 inconclusive, _absurd_, 11 _incongruous_, 214 inconsiderate, _bluff_, 83 inconsistency, _difference_, 131 inconsistent, _incongruous_, 214 inconstant, _vain_, 364 incorrect, _absurd_, 11 incorrupt, _pure_, 296 incorruptible, _faithful_, 165 increase, _add_, 18 " _amplify_, 43 " _harvest_, 192 " _progress_, 289 incredulity, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 incubus, _load_, 233 inculcate, _teach_, 353 incursion, _attack_, _n. _, 64 indecision, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 indefinite, _equivocal_, 155 indemnity, _subsidy_, 345 independence, _liberty_, 230 indeterminate, _equivocal_, 155 indicate, _allude_, 36 indication, _characteristic_, 103 " _sign_, 332 indict, _arraign_, 56 indifference, _apathy_, 50 " _neglect_, 251 indifferent, _abstracted_, 11 indigence, _poverty_, 279 indigenous, _native_, 248 " _primeval_, 287 indignation, _anger_, 44 indispensable, _inherent_, 218 indispensability, _necessity_, 250 indispensable, _necessary_, 250 indispensableness, _necessity_, 250 indisposed, _reluctant_, 308 indisposition, _disease_, 134 indistinct, _equivocal_, 155 " _faint_, 164 " _obscure_, 255 individually, _apiece_, 51 indoctrinate, _teach_, 353 indolent, _idle_, 208 indomitable, _obstinate_, 256 indubitable, _evident_, 159 induce, _draw_, 138 " _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 _induction_, 215 " _demonstration_, 127 _industrious_, 215 " _active_, 17 _industry_, 216 indwelling, _inherent_, 218 ineffectual, _vain_, 364 inelegant, _rustic_, 321 inequality, _difference_, 131 inert, _idle_, 208 " _slow_, 337 inevitable, _necessary_, 250 inexorable, _severe_, 329 inexplicable, _mysterious_, 247 infallible, _necessary_, 250 infatuated, _absurd_, 11 infect, _defile_, 124 infection, _contagion_, 117 inference, _demonstration_, 127 " _induction_, 215 infidel, _skeptic_, 334 infirmity, _disease_, 134 _infinite_, 216 infixed, _inherent_, 218 inflexible, _severe_, 329 " _obstinate_, 256 _influence_, 217 " _bend_, 79 " _govern_, 185 " _operation_, 258 " _persuade_, 271 inform, _state_, 341 " _teach_, 353 information, _education_, 143 " _knowledge_, 227 " _wisdom_, 372 informed, _conscious_, 116 infrequent, _rare_, 300 infringement, _attack_, _n. _, 64 ingathering, _harvest_, 192 ingenious, _clever_, 109 " _skilful_, 335 ingenuity, _address_, _n. _, 20 ingenuous, _candid_, 93 " _honest_, 202 ingenuousness, _veracity_, 367 ingleside, _home_, 201 ingrained, _inherent_, 218 " _radical_, 299 ingredient, _part_, 264 ingress, _entrance_, 154 inhabit, _abide_, 5 inharmonious, _incongruous_, 214 _inherent_, 218 inhering, _inherent_, 218 inhibit, _prohibit_, 290 inhuman, _barbarous_, 73 iniquitous, _criminal_, 120 iniquity, _abomination_, 7 " _injustice_, 220 " _sin_, 332 initiate, _teach_, 353 initiation, beginning, 78 injunction, _order_, 258 injure, _abuse_, 12 injurious, _pernicious_, 270 _injury_, 219 " _blemish_, 82 " _injustice_, 220 _injustice_, 220 " _injury_, 219 inlet, _entrance_, 154 in like manner, _also_, 37 innate, _inherent_, 218 " _native_, 248 " _radical_, 299 _innocent_, 220 " _candid_, 93 " _pure_, 296 innocuous, _innocent_, 220 innovation, _change_, _n. _, 101 innoxious, _innocent_, 220 innuendo, _suggestion_, 347 innumerable, _infinite_, 216 inoffensive, _innocent_, 220 inquiring, _inquisitive_, 221 inquisition, _hunt_, 203 _inquisitive_, 221 insalubrious, _pernicious_, 270 _insanity_, 221 inscription, _record_, 304 inscrutable, _mysterious_, 247 insecure, _precarious_, 282 insecurity, _danger_, 121 insensibility, _apathy_, 50 " _stupidity_, 344 " _stupor_, 344 insensible, _brutish_, 87 inseparable, _inherent_, 218 insight, _acumen_, 18 " _wisdom_, 372 insinuate, _allude_, 36 insinuation, _suggestion_, 347 insolence, _effrontery_, 144 " _impudence_, 213 " _pride_, 286 inspect, _look_, 234 inspection, _oversight_, 260 inspiration, _enthusiasm_, 153 in spite of, _notwithstanding_, _prep. _, 254 instalment, _part_, 264 instance, _precedent_, 282 " _sample_, 323 instanter, _immediately_, 211 instantly, _immediately_, 211 instigate, _abet_, 4 " _influence_, 217 instill, _teach_, 353 instinct, _mind_, 241 instinctive, _spontaneous_, 340 instruct, _teach_, 353 instruction, _education_, 143 " _order_, 258 instrument, _agent_, 24 " _record_, 304 " _tool_, 358 insubordinate, _rebellious_, 304 insubordination, _revolution_, 317 insult, _affront_, 24 insurrection, _revolution_, 317 integrity, _justice_, 225 " _virtue_, 370 intellect, _mind_, 241 intellectual, _clever_, 109 intelligence, _knowledge_, 227 " _mind_, 241 intelligent, _clever_, 109 " _sagacious_, 322 intelligible, _clear_, 107 intemperance, _excess_, 160 intense, _eager_, 142 intensity, _enthusiasm_, 153 intent, _a. _, _eager_, 142 intent, _n. _, _aim_, 26 " _design_, 128 " _end_, _n. _, 148 intention, _aim_, 26 " _design_, 128 intentness, _industry_, 216 inter, _hide_, 197 intercede, _interpose_, 222 intercept, _interpose_, 222 interchangeable, _mutual_, 246 " _synonymous_, 349 intercourse, _conversation_, 118 interdict, _prohibit_, 290 interest, _entertain_, 152 interfere, _interpose_, 222 intermeddle, _interpose_, 222 interminable, _eternal_, 157 " _infinite_, 216 intermission, _rest_, 313 intermit, _cease_, 98 internal, _inherent_, 218 _interpose_, 222 interpretation, _definition_, 124 interrupt, _hinder_, 199 " _interpose_, 222 " _obstruct_, 257 in the midst of, _amid_, 42 intimacy, _acquaintance_, 15 intimate, _allude_, 36 intimation, _suggestion_, 347 intimidate, _frighten_, 180 intolerance, _fanaticism_, 166 intractable, _obstinate_, 256 " _perverse_, 272 " _rebellious_, 304 " _restive_, 314 intrepid, _brave_, 85 intrepidity, _prowess_, 294 intricate, _complex_, 112 " _obscure_, 255 intrinsic, _inherent_, 218 introduce, _allege_, 31 introduction, _entrance_, 154 introductory, _previous_, 285 intrusion, _attack_, _n. _, 64 intrusive, _inquisitive_, 221 " _meddlesome_, 238 intrusiveness, _impudence_, 213 intuition, _knowledge_, 227 intuitive, _transcendental_, 361 invade, _attack_, _v. _, 63 invariable, _continual_, 117 " _permanent_, 269 invasion, _attack_, _n. _, 64 inveigle, _allure_, 37 invent, _discover_, 133 invention, _artifice_, 58 " _fiction_, 170 inventory, _record_, 304 invoke, _pray_, 281 involuntary, _spontaneous_, 340 _involve_, 223 involved, _complex_, 112 " _obscure_, 255 inwrought, _inherent_, 218 iota, _particle_, 264 irate, _bitter_, 81 ire, _anger_, 44 irons, _fetter_, 169 irony, _banter_, 73 irrational, _absurd_, 11 irreconcilable, _incongruous_, 214 irresolute, _faint_, 164 irresolution, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 irresponsible, _absolute_, 8 irrelevant, _alien_, _a. _, 29 irritate, _affront_, 24 irritation, _anger_, 44 " _pique_, 272 issue, _v. _, _rise_, 318 issue, _n. _, _consequence_, 116 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _event_, 158 " _topic_, 359 item, _circumstance_, 105 jabber, _babble_, 71 jade, _tire_, 357 jam, _throng_, 356 jar, _shake_, 330 jealous, _envious_, 155 jeer, _sneer_, 337 jeering, _banter_, 73 jeopardy, _danger_, 121 " _hazard_, 194 jest, _wit_, 373 job, _business_, 88 jocularity, _wit_, 373 jocund, _happy_, 190 joggle, _shake_, 330 join on, _add_, 18 joint, _mutual_, 246 joke, _wit_, 373 jolly, _happy_, 190 jolt, _shake_, 330 jot, _particle_, 264 jounce, _shake_, 330 _journey_, 223 joy, _happiness_, 189 joyful, _happy_, 190 joyous, _airy_, 27 " _happy_, 190 _judge_, 224 judgment, _idea_, 206 " _prudence_, 294 " _wisdom_, 372 judicious, _sagacious_, 322 judiciousness, _prudence_, 294 " _wisdom_, 372 jumble, _displace_, 135 junction, _union_, 362 juncture, _union_, 362 junto, _cabal_, 90 jurisprudence, _law_, 229 just, _a. _, _honest_, 202 just, _adv. _, _but_, 89 _justice_, 225 " _judge_, 224 " _virtue_, 370 justification, _apology_, 51 " _defense_, 123 justness, _justice_, 225 juvenile, _new_, 252 " _youthful_, 375 keen, _astute_, 62 " _clever_, 109 " _eager_, 142 " _fine_, 172 " _sagacious_, 322 keenness, _acumen_, 18 keen-sighted, _sagacious_, 322 keen-witted, _sagacious_, 322 _keep_, 226 " _celebrate_, 99 " _restrain_, 315 " _support_, 348 keep back, _restrain_, 315 keep down, _restrain_, 315 keep in, _restrain_, 315 keep under, _restrain_, 315 keep up, _support_, 348 _kill_, 226 _kin_, 227 kind, _amiable_, 42 " _friendly_, 178 " _humane_, 203 " _kin_, 227 " _pleasant_, 275 " _propitious_, 291 kind-hearted, _humane_, 203 kind-heartedness, _benevolence_, 80 kindle, _burn_, 87 kindliness, _benevolence_, 80 kindly, _friendly_, 178 " _pleasant_, 275 " _propitious_, 291 kindness, _benevolence_, 80 " _mercy_, 239 kindred, _a. _, _alike_, 30 kindred, _n. _, _kin_, 227 kinglike, _royal_, 320 kingly, _royal_, 320 kiss, _caress_, 95 kitchen-gardening, _agriculture_, 25 knack, _ease_, 143 knock, _blow_, 83 knowing, _astute_, 62 " _clever_, 109 _knowledge_, 227 " _acquaintance_, 15 " _education_, 143 " _science_, 325 " _wisdom_, 372 labor, _industry_, 216 " _work_, 374 laborious, _difficult_, 132 lacerate, _rend_, 309 laconic, _terse_, 354 lading, _load_, 233 lament, _mourn_, 246 lamentable, _pitiful_, 273 lance, _send_, 327 land, _reach_, 300 landmark, _boundary_, 84 lane, _way_, 372 _language_, 228 " _diction_, 130 " _speech_, 339 languid, _faint_, 164 _large_, 229 " _plentiful_, 276 largess, _gift_, 184 lascivious, _brutish_, 87 lash, _blow_, 83 lasting, _permanent_, 269 latch, _lock_, 234 late, _new_, 252 laudation, _praise_, 280 laughable, _queer_, 297 launch, _send_, 327 laurels, _fame_, 166 lave, _cleanse_, 107 lavish, _plentiful_, 276 lavishness, _excess_, 160 _law_, 229 " _justice_, 225 lawfulness, _justice_, 225 lawlessness, _revolution_, 317 lay, _put_, 296 lay hold of, _catch_, 97 lazy, _idle_, 208 lead, _draw_, 138 " _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 league, _alliance_, 34 lean, _tip_, 357 learner, _scholar_, 324 learning, _education_, 143 " _knowledge_, 227 " _wisdom_, 372 leave, _abandon_, 1 " _permission_, 269 leave-off, _cease_, 98 leave-taking, _farewell_, 168 legality, _justice_, 225 legate, _delegate_, 125 legend, _fiction_, 170 " _story_, 343 legions, _army_, 56 legislation, _law_, 229 legitimate, _authentic_, 67 leisure, _vacant_, 363 lengthen, _protract_, 293 lenience, _mercy_, 239 leniency, _mercy_, 239 " _patience_, 265 lenity, _mercy_, 239 lessen, _abate_, 3 " _alleviate_, 33 let, _allow_, 35 let go, _surrender_, 349 lethargy, _apathy_, 50 " _stupor_, 344 level, _horizontal_, 202 liable, _likely_, 232 libel, _slander_, 336 liberal, _generous_, 182 " _plentiful_, 276 liberality, _benevolence_, 80 liberate, _absolve_, 9 _liberty_, 230 " _permission_, 269 " _right_, 319 license, _liberty_, 230 " _permission_, 269 " _right_, 319 lie, _deception_, 123 life, _behavior_, 79 life, public, _career_, 95 lift, _carry_, 96 light, _a. _, _airy_, 27 _light_, _n. _, 231 " _knowledge_, 227 lighten, _alleviate_, 33 like, _alike_, 30 " _likely_, 232 " _synonymous_, 349 _likely_, 232 " _apparent_, 52 likeness, _analogy_, 43 " _approximation_, 55 " _duplicate_, 141 likewise, _also_, 37 liking, _appetite_, 54 " _fancy_, 167 " _love_, 235 limit, _boundary_, 84 " _end_, _n. _, 148 limitless, _infinite_, 216 limpid, _clear_, 107 line, _boundary_, 84 line of achievement, _career_, 95 line of battle, _array_, 57 lingering, _slow_, 337 liquid, _fluid_, 174 list, _listen_, 232 " _tip_, 357 _listen_, 232 listless, _abstracted_, 11 " _faint_, 164 literal, _verbal_, 368 literary productions, _literature_, 233 literary works, _literature_, 233 _literature_, 233 litter, _flock_, 173 little, _minute_, 242 live, _v. _, _abide_, 5 live, _a. _, _alive_, 30 liveliness, _pertness_, 271 lively, _active_, 17 " _airy_, 27 " _alert_, 28 " _alive_, 30 " _nimble_, 253 " _racy_, 299 living, _alive_, 30 living creature, _animal_, 45 living organism, _animal_, 45 _load_, 233 loath, _reluctant_, 308 loathe, _abhor_, 5 _lock_, 234 lodge, _abide_, 5 " _association_, 60 lofty, _high_, 198 loneliness, _retirement_, 315 long, _large_, 229 longing, _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 " _eager_, 142 long-suffering, _patience_, 265 _look_, _v. _, 234 " _appear_, 52 look, _n. _, _air_, 27 look forward to, _anticipate_, 47 loquacious, _garrulous_, 181 lordly, _absolute_, 8 Lord's Supper, _sacrament_, 331 lore, _knowledge_, 227 loss, _injury_, 219 lot, _flock_, 173 " _portion_, 279 lovable, _amiable_, 42 _love_, _v. _, 235 " _admire_, 23 love, _n. _, _attachment_, 63 " _friendship_, 179 lovely, _amiable_, 42 " _beautiful_, 76 loving, _amiable_, 42 " _friendly_, 178 lower, _abase_, 2 " _abate_, 3 " _disparage_, 134 lower classes, _mob_, 243 loyal, _faithful_, 165 loyalty, _allegiance_, 32 lucid, _clear_, 107 lucky, _fortunate_, 177 " _happy_, 190 ludicrous, _absurd_, 11 " _queer_, 297 lunacy, _insanity_, 221 lure, _allure_, 37 " _draw_, 138 luscious, _delicious_, 126 lust, _appetite_, 54 luster, _light_, 231 luxuriant, _plentiful_, 276 lying, _deception_, 123 machination, _artifice_, 58 machine, _tool_, 358 madness, _insanity_, 221 magisterial, _dogmatic_, 137 magnanimous, _generous_, 182 magnificent, _royal_, 320 mail, _arms_, 55 maintain, _allege_, 31 " _keep_, 226 " _state_, 341 " _support_, 348 majestic, _awful_, 70 " _royal_, 320 _make_, 236 " _compel_, 111 make better, _amend_, 41 make haste, _quicken_, 297 make known, _announce_, 46 make out, _make_, 236 make prisoner, _arrest_, 57 make up, _add_, 18 " _make_, 236 make use of, _employ_, 147 make void, _cancel_, 92 make white, _bleach_, 82 maladroit, _awkward_, 70 malady, _disease_, 134 male, _masculine_, 237 malediction, _oath_, 254 malevolence, _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 malice, _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 malign, _abuse_, 12 " _slander_, 336 malignity, _acrimony_, 15 " _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 maltreat, _abuse_, 12 manacles, _fetter_, 169 manage, _govern_, 185 manageable, _docile_, 136 management, _care_, 94 " _oversight_, 260 mandate, _law_, 229 " _order_, 258 maneuver, _artifice_, 58 manful, _masculine_, 237 mangle, _rend_, 309 mania, _insanity_, 221 manifest, _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 manifestation, _revelation_, 316 " _sign_, 332 manifold, _complex_, 112 manlike, _masculine_, 237 manly, _masculine_, 237 manner, _air_, 27 " _behavior_, 79 " _system_, 350 manners, _address_, _n. _, 20 " _behavior_, 79 mannish, _masculine_, 237 manufacture, _make_, 236 marauder, _robber_, 320 marches, _boundary_, 84 marge, _bank_, 72 " _boundary_, 84 margin, _bank_, 72 " _boundary_, 84 marine, _nautical_, 248 maritime, _nautical_, 248 mark, _aim_, 26 " _characteristic_, 103 " _sign_, 332 " _trace_, 359 market-gardening, _agriculture_, 25 _marriage_, 236 _masculine_, 237 mask, _v. _, _hide_, 197 mask, _n. _, _pretense_, 283 mass, _throng_, 356 _massacre_, 237 " _kill_, 226 masses, _mob_, 243 massive, _large_, 229 master, _attain_, 64 " _conquer_, 115 mastery, _victory_, 369 mate, _associate_, 60 material, _physical_, 272 matrimony, _marriage_, 236 matter, _topic_, 359 maxim, _proverb_, 293 means, _agent_, 24 measure, _meter_, 240 measureless, _infinite_, 216 mechanic, _artist_, 58 mechanism, _tool_, 358 meddle, _interpose_, 222 _meddlesome_, 238 " _inquisitive_, 221 meddling, _inquisitive_, 221 " _meddlesome_, 238 mediate, _interpose_, 222 meditate, _deliberate_, 135 meet, _becoming_, 77 meeting, _collision_, 109 " _company_, 110 melancholy, _grief_, 187 meliorate, _amend_, 41 _melody_, 238 member, _part_, 264 " _term_, 354 memoir, _history_, 200 memorandum, _record_, 304 memorial, _record_, 304 " _trace_, 359 memorials, _history_, 200 _memory_, 239 mend, _amend_, 41 mendicancy, _poverty_, 279 mention, _allude_, 36 mercenary, _auxiliary_, 67 " _venal_, 365 merciful, _humane_, 203 " _propitious_, 291 merciless, _barbarous_, 73 _mercy_, 239 " _pardon_, 262 " _pity_, 273 mere, _pure_, 296 merely, _but_, 89 merriment, _entertainment_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 merry, _happy_, 190 metamorphose, _change_, _v. _, 100 metaphor, _allegory_, 33 mete out, _allot_, 34 _meter_, 240 " _poetry_, 277 method, _system_, 350 metrical composition, _poetry_, 277 metropolis, _capital_, 94 middle, _center_, 99 midst, _center_, 99 " (in the midst of), _amid_, 42 mien, _air_, 27 might, _power_, 279 migrate, _emigrate_, 147 mildness, _mercy_, 239 military, _army_, 56 mimicry, _caricature_, 95 _mind_, 241 mingled, _heterogeneous_, 196 " _complex_, 112 mingled with, _amid_, 42 _minute_, 242 " _fine_, 172 miraculous, _supernatural_, 347 mirth, _happiness_, 189 mirthful, _happy_, 190 misadventure, _accident_, 14 " _misfortune_, 242 miscellaneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 mischance, _catastrophe_, 97 " _misfortune_, 242 mischief, _injury_, 219 mischievous, _pernicious_, 270 misdeed, _sin_, 332 misemploy, _abuse_, 12 miserable, _pitiful_, 273 miserly, _avaricious_, 68 miserliness, _frugality_, 180 misery, _misfortune_, 242 _misfortune_, 242 " _accident_, 14 " _blow_, 83 " _catastrophe_, 97 misgiving, _alarm_, 28 " _anxiety_, 49 " _doubt_, _n. _, 138 " _fear_, 168 mishap, _accident_, 14 " _catastrophe_, 97 " _misfortune_, 242 mislay, _displace_, 135 mismatched, _incongruous_, 214 mismated, _incongruous_, 214 misplace, _displace_, 135 mistaken, _absurd_, 11 mistrust, _doubt_, _v. _, 137 misuse, _abuse_, 12 mite, _particle_, 264 mitigate, _abate_, 3 " _alleviate_, 33 " _amend_, 41 " _palliate_, 261 mixed, _complex_, 112 " _heterogeneous_, 196 _mob_, 243 mobile, _active_, 17 mock, _sneer_, 337 mockery, _banter_, 73 mode, _system_, 350 _model_, 243 " _example_, 160 " _idea_, 206 " _ideal_, 206 moderate, _v. _, _abate_, 3 " _alleviate_, 33 moderate, _a. _, _slow_, 337 moderation, _abstinence_, 10 modern, _new_, 252 _modesty_, 244 modify, _change_, _v. _, 100 mold, _bend_, 79 " _govern_, 185 mold, _model_, 243 molder, _decay_, 122 molecule, _particle_, 264 molest, _abuse_, 12 mollify, _allay_, 31 momentary, _transient_, 361 monetary, _financial_, 172 _money_, 244 monomania, _insanity_, 221 monstrous, _absurd_, 11 mood, _fancy_, 167 mop, _cleanse_, 107 morality, _religion_, 307 " _virtue_, 370 moreover, _but_, 89 _morose_, 245 " _severe_, 329 moroseness, _acrimony_, 15 mortification, _chagrin_, 100 mortify, _abash_, 3 mother tongue, _language_, 228 _motion_, 245 " _act_, 16 " _topic_, 359 motive, _cause_, 98 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 motto, _proverb_, 293 _mourn_, 246 mournful, _pitiful_, 273 mourning, _grief_, 187 move, _v. _, _carry_, 96 " _convey_, 119 " _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 move, _n. _, _motion_, 245 movement, _act_, 16 " _motion_, 245 mover, _agent_, 24 moving, _pitiful_, 273 muddy, _obscure_, 255 mulish, _restive_, 314 " _obstinate_, 256 multiform, _complex_, 112 multitude, _army_, 56 " _company_, 110 " _throng_, 356 munificence, _benevolence_, 80 munificent, _generous_, 182 " _royal_, 320 muniment, _record_, 304 muniments, _history_, 200 murder, _kill_, 226 murky, _dark_, 122 murmur, _babble_, 71 " _complain_, 112 music, _melody_, 238 muster, _convoke_, 120 mutation, _change_, _n. _, 101 mute, _taciturn_, 351 mutinous, _rebellious_, 304 " _restive_, 314 mutiny, _revolution_, 317 _mutual_, 246 _mysterious_, 247 " _dark_, 122 " _obscure_, 255 mystic, _mysterious_, 247 mystical, _mysterious_, 247 myth, _fiction_, 170 " _story_, 343 naive, _candid_, 93 _name_, 247 " _term_, 354 narration, _history_, 200 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 narrative, _history_, 200 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 natal, _native_, 248 nation, _people_, 266 _native_, 248 " _inherent_, 218 " _radical_, 299 natty, _neat_, 249 natural, _inherent_, 218 " _native_, 248 " _normal_, 253 " _physical_, 272 " _radical_, 299 nature, _character_, 102 nauseate, _abhor_, 5 _nautical_, 248 naval, _nautical_, 248 near, _adjacent_, 22 nearness, _approximation_, 55 _neat_, 249 " _becoming_, 77 " _terse_, 354 _necessary_, 150 necessitate, _compel_, 111 _necessity_, 250 " _predestination_, 282 need, _necessity_, 250 " _poverty_, 279 needed, _necessary_, 250 needful, _necessary_, 250 nefarious, _criminal_, 120 _neglect_, 251 neglectfulness, _neglect_, 251 negligence, _neglect_, 251 negligent, _abstracted_, 11 negotiate, _transact_, 360 neighborhood, _approximation_, 55 neighboring, _adjacent_, 22 neighborly, _friendly_, 178 neophyte, _convert_, 119 never-ending, _eternal_, 157 never-failing, _eternal_, 157 nevertheless, _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 _new_, 252 new-fangled, _new_, 252 new-fashioned, _new_, 252 new-made, _new_, 252 next, _adjacent_, 22 nice, _fine_, 172 " _neat_, 249 " _tasteful_, 352 niggardly, _avaricious_, 68 nigh, _adjacent_, 22 _nimble_, 253 " _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 noble, _awful_, 70 " _generous_, 182 " _high_, 198 noise, _sound_, 338 noisome, _pernicious_, 279 non-conformist, _heretic_, 196 non-homogeneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 nonsensical, _absurd_, 11 _normal_, 253 " _general_, 181 " _usual_, 368 note, _remark_, 308 " _sign_, 332 " _sound_, 338 notes, _money_, 244 notify, _announce_, 46 notion, _idea_, 206 notoriety, _fame_, 166 _notwithstanding_, _prep. _, 254 _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 " _but_, 89 nourish, _cherish_, 104 nourishment, _food_, 175 novel, _a. _, _new_, 252 novel, _n. _, _fiction_, 170 " _story_, 343 novelty, _change_, _n. _, 101 novice, _amateur_, 39 now, _immediately_, 211 " _yet_, 374 noxious, _pernicious_, 270 nugatory, _vain_, 364 nuisance, _abomination_, 7 null, _vain_, 364 nullify, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 number, _calculate_, 90 numberless, _infinite_, 216 numbers, _poetry_, 277 nuptials, _marriage_, 236 nurse, _cherish_, 104 nurture, _cherish_, 104 " _education_, 143 " _teach_, 353 nutriment, _food_, 175 nutrition, _food_, 175 _oath_, 254 obdurate, _obstinate_, 256 obedience, _allegiance_, 32 obedient, _docile_, 136 obey, _follow_, 174 " _keep_, 226 obiter dictum, _precedent_, 282 object, _aim_, 26 " _design_, 128 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 objective, _subjective_, 345 objurgation, _reproof_, 311 obligation, _contract_, 118 " _duty_, 142 oblige, _bind_, 81 " _compel_, 111 obliging, _pleasant_, 275 " _polite_, 277 obliterate, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 oblivion, _pardon_, _n. _, 262 oblivious, _abstracted_, 11 _obscure_, 255 " _complex_, 112 " _dark_, 122 " _equivocal_, 155 " _mysterious_, 247 observance, _sacrament_, 321 observation, _remark_, 308 observe, _celebrate_, 99 " _discern_, 133 " _follow_, 174 " _keep_, 226 obsolescent, _obsolete_, 256 _obsolete_, 256 obstacle, _barrier_, 74 " _impediment_, 213 _obstinate_, 256 " _restive_, 314 " _perverse_, 272 _obstruct_, 257 " _hinder_, 199 obstruction, _barrier_, 74 " _impediment_, 313 obtain, _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 " _purchase_, 295 obtrusive, _meddlesome_, 238 obtuseness, _stupidity_, 344 obviate, _prevent_, 284 obvious, _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 occasion, _cause_, 98 " _make_, 236 occult, _mysterious_, 247 occupation, _business_, 88 " _exercise_, 162 " _work_, 374 occupied, _industrious_, 215 occupy, _entertain_, 152 " _have_, 194 occur, _happen_, 188 occurrence, _circumstance_, 105 " _event_, 158 ocean, _a. _, _nautical_, 248 oceanic, _nautical_, 248 odd, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 offend, _affront_, 24 offense, _abomination_, 7 " _anger_, 44 " _pique_, 272 " _sin_, 332 offer, _v. _, _allege_, 31 offer, _n. _, _proposal_, 292 offhand, _extemporaneous_, 163 office, _duty_, 142 officious, _active_, 17 " _meddlesome_, 238 officiousness, _impudence_, 213 _old_, 257 " _obsolete_, 256 " _primeval_, 287 olden, _old_, 257 old-fashioned, _antique_, 48 omen, _sign_, 332 omission, _neglect_, 251 oneness, _union_, 362 onerous, _difficult_, 132 only, _but_, 89 onset, _attack_, _n. _, 64 onslaught, _attack_, _n. _, 64 on the alert, _vigilant_, 369 on the lookout, _vigilant_, 369 on the watch, _alert_, 28 opaque, _dark_, 122 open, _bluff_, 83 " _candid_, 93 " _evident_, 159 open-handed, _generous_, 182 open-hearted, _generous_, 182 opening, _beginning_, 78 " _entrance_, 154 _operation_, 258 " _act_, 16 " _exercise_, 162 operative, _artist_, 58 operator, _agent_, 24 opinion, _faith_, 164 " _idea_, 206 opinionated, _dogmatic_, 137 " _obstinate_, 256 opponent, _enemy_, 151 oppose, _contrast_, 118 " _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 opposed, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _reluctant_, 308 opposition, _ambition_, 40 " _antipathy_, 48 " _collision_, 109 oppress, _abuse_, 12 option, _alternative_, 38 oral, _verbal_, 368 oration, _speech_, 339 oratory, _speech_, 339 _order_, 258 " _array_, 57 " _class_, 106 " _law_, 229 " _system_, 350 orderly, _neat_, 249 order of battle, _array_, 57 ordinance, _law_, 229 " _sacrament_, 321 ordinary, _general_, 181 " _normal_, 253 " _usual_, 362 organic, _radical_, 299 origin, _beginning_, 78 " _cause_, 98 original, _a. _, _authentic_, 67 " _native_, 248 original, _n. _, _ideal_, 206 " _model_, 243 " _primeval_, 287 " _radical_, 299 " _transcendental_, 361 originator, _cause_, 98 ornament, _adorn_, 23 oscillate, _fluctuate_, 173 " _shake_, 330 _ostentation_, 259 " _pride_, 286 ostracize, _banish_, 72 _ought_, 260 oust, _banish_, 72 outcome, _consequence_, 116 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _event_, 158 outgo, _expense_, 162 outgrowth, _consequence_, 116 outlandish, _rustic_, 321 outlay, _expense_, 162 " _price_, 285 outline, _abridgment_, 7 " _sketch_, 334 out of date, _obsolete_, 256 outrage, _injury_, 219 outset, _beginning_, 78 overawe, _abash_, 3 overbearing, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 overcome, _beat_, 75 " _conquer_, 115 over-confidence, _temerity_, 353 overflowing, _plentiful_, 276 overlook, _pardon_, _v. _, 262 overmaster, _conquer_, 115 overmatch, _conquer_, 115 overplus, _excess_, 160 overpower, _conquer_, 115 _oversight_, 260 " _care_, 94 " _neglect_, 251 overt, _evident_, 159 overtake, _catch_, 97 overthrow, _abolish_, 6 " _conquer_, 115 " _demolish_, 127 " _exterminate_, 163 " _refute_, 306 " _subvert_, 346 overture, _proposal_, 292 overturn, _demolish_, 127 " _subvert_, 346 overwhelm, _hide_, 197 " _involve_, 223 own, _avow_, 69 " _confess_, 114 " _have_, 194 pabulum, _food_, 175 pacify, _allay_, 31 pack, _load_, 233 " _flock_, 173 pact, _contract_, 118 pageant, _ostentation_, 259 pageantry, _ostentation_, 259 _pain_, 261 pains, _industry_, 216 palaver, _babble_, 71 _palliate_, 261 " _alleviate_, 33 palpable, _evident_, 159 paltry, _pitiful_, 273 pamper, _caress_, 95 panegyric, _praise_, 280 pang, _pain_, 261 panic, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 parable, _allegory_, 33 parade, _array_, 57 " _ostentation_, 259 paradox, _riddle_, 318 paradoxical, _absurd_, 11 parapet, _barrier_, 74 paraphrase, _quote_, 298 parcel, _portion_, 279 _pardon_, _v. _, 262 " _absolve_, 9 _pardon_, _n. _, 262 " _mercy_, 239 pardonable, _venial_, 367 parity, _analogy_, 43 parley, _conversation_, 118 parody, _caricature_, 95 paroxysm, _pain_, 261 parsimonious, _avaricious_, 68 parsimoniousness, _frugality_, 180 parsimony, _frugality_, 180 _part_, _n. _, 264 " _particle_, 264 " _portion_, 279 partiality, _prejudice_, 264 _particle_, 264 particular, _circumstance_, 105 " _minute_, 242 participation, _association_, 60 participator, _accessory_, 13 parting salutation, _farewell_, 168 partisan, _adherent_, 21 partner, _accessory_, 13 " _associate_, 60 partnership, _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 pass, _way_, 372 passage, _career_, 95 " _motion_, 245 " _way_, 372 passage of arms, _battle_, 74 passageway, _way_, 372 pass by, _pardon_, 262 passing, _transient_, 361 passion, _anger_, 44 " _appetite_, 54 " _enthusiasm_, 153 pass over, _pardon_, 262 pastime, _entertainment_, 153 pastoral, _rustic_, 321 patent, _evident_, 159 path, _way_, 372 pathetic, _pitiful_, 273 pathway, _way_, 372 _patience_, 265 " _industry_, 216 patois, _language_, 228 patriarchal, _old_, 257 " _primeval_, 287 pattern, _example_, 160 " _idea_, 206 " _ideal_, 206 " _model_, 243 " _precedent_, 282 pauperism, _poverty_, 279 pause, _cease_, 98 " _rest_, 313 _pay_, 266 " _requite_, 313 payment, _pay_, 266 pay off, _requite_, 313 peace, _rest_, 313 peaceful, _calm_, 91 peacefulness, _rest_, 313 peculiar, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 peculiarity, _characteristic_, 103 pecuniary, _financial_, 172 peeping, _inquisitive_, 221 peer, _associate_, 60 peevishness, _anger_, 44 pellucid, _clear_, 107 penetrating, _astute_, 62 penetration, _acumen_, 18 " _entrance_, 154 penetrative, _astute_, 62 penitence, _repentance_, 310 pension, _subsidy_, 345 penurious, _avaricious_, 68 penury, _poverty_, 279 _people_, 266 people, dregs of the, _mob_, 243 _perceive_, 267 " _discern_, 133 perceptible, _evident_, 159 perception, _knowledge_, 227 " _sensation_, 328 peremptory, _absolute_, 8 perennial, _eternal_, 157 _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 " _radical_, 299 perform, _do_, 135 " _execute_, 161 " _make_, 236 " _transact_, 360 performance, _act_, 16 " _exercise_, 162 " _operation_, 258 " _work_, 374 performer, _agent_, 24 peril, _danger_, 121 " _hazard_, 194 perilous, _precarious_, 282 period, _end_, _n. _, 148 " _time_, 356 periphrasis, _circumlocution_, 105 perish, _die_, 130 _permanent_, 269 _permission_, 269 permit, _a. _, _allow_, 35 " _endure_, 150 permit, _n. _, _permission_, 269 _pernicious_, 270 perpetrate, _do_, 135 perpetual, _continual_, 117 " _eternal_, 157 " _permanent_, 269 perplexing, _equivocal_, 155 _perplexity_, 270 " _amazement_, 39 " _anxiety_, 49 " _care_, 94 " _doubt_, _n. _, 138 persecute, _abuse_, 12 perseverance, _industry_, 216 persistence, _industry_, 216 persistent, _permanent_, 269 " _obstinate_, 256 personality, _character_, 102 perspicacious, _astute_, 62 " _sagacious_, 322 perspicacity, _acumen_, 18 perspicuous, _clear_, 107 _persuade_, 271 " _bend_, 79 " _influence_, 217 pertinacious, _obstinate_, 256 _pertness_, 271 " _impudence_, 213 _perverse_, 272 pervert, _abuse_, 12 perverting, _pernicious_, 270 pestiferous, _pernicious_, 270 pestilential, _pernicious_, 270 pet, _caress_, 95 petition, _ask_, 59 " _pray_, 281 pettishness, _anger_, 44 petulance, _anger_, 44 petulant, _perverse_, 272 phalanx, _army_, 56 phantasm, _delusion_, 127 phantasy, _imagination_, 209 pharisaism, _hypocrisy_, 204 philanthropy, _benevolence_, 80 phlegm, _apathy_, 50 phrase, _diction_, 130 " _term_, 354 phraseology, _diction_, 130 _physical_, 272 pick, _alternative_, 38 " _choose_, 104 pick out, _choose_, 104 picture, _sketch_, 334 picturesque, _beautiful_, 76 piece, _part_, 264 pietism, _hypocrisy_, 204 " _religion_, 307 piety, _religion_, 307 pile up, _amass_, 38 pilgrimage, _journey_, 223 pillager, _robber_, 320 piquant, _racy_, 299 _pique_, 272 pirate, _robber_, 320 piteous, _pitiful_, 273 pithy, _terse_, 354 pitiable, _pitiful_, 273 _pitiful_, 273 _pity_, 273 " _mercy_, 239 pitying, _humane_, 203 place, _put_, 296 placid, _calm_, 91 plagiarize, _quote_, 298 plague, _abomination_, 7 plain, _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 " _rustic_, 321 plain-spoken, _bluff_, 83 plan, _design_, 128 " _idea_, 206 " _sketch_, 334 plane, _horizontal_, 202 _plant_, 274 plaudit, _praise_, 280 playfulness, _wit_, 373 plea, _apology_, 51 _plead_, 274 " _allege_, 31 " _pray_, 281 _pleasant_, 275 " _amiable_, 42 " _comfortable_, 110 " _delightful_, 126 pleasantry, _wit_, 373 please, _entertain_, 152 pleased, _happy_, 190 pleasing, _amiable_, 42 " _delightful_, 126 " _pleasant_, 275 pleasurable, _delightful_, 126 " _pleasant_, 275 pleasure, _entertainment_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 pledge, _contract_, 118 " _security_, 326 plenteous, _plentiful_, 276 _plentiful_, 276 pleonasm, _circumlocution_, 105 pliable, _docile_, 136 pliant, _docile_, 136 plunderer, _robber_, 320 plunge, _immerse_, 212 poem, _poetry_, 277 poesy, _poetry_, 277 _poetry_, 277 point, _v. _, _allude_, 36 point, _n. _, _circumstance_, 105 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _topic_, 359 poisonous, _pernicious_, 270 policy, _polity_, 278 polished, _fine_, 172 " _polite_, 277 _polite_, 277 politeness, _address_, _n. _, 20 " _refinement_, 305 _polity_, 278 " _law_, 229 pollute, _defile_, 124 pommel, _beat_, 75 pomp, _ostentation_, 259 pomposity, _ostentation_, 259 pompousness, _ostentation_, 259 ponder, _deliberate_, 125 populace, _mob_, 243 popular, _general_, 181 population, _people_, 266 port, _air_, 27 portal, _entrance_, 154 portend, _augur_, 66 portentous, _awful_, 70 _portion_, 279 " _part_, 264 portion out, _allot_, 34 pose, _attitude_, 65 position, _attitude_, 65 " _circumstance_, 105 positive, _absolute_, 8 " _dogmatic_, 137 " _radical_, 299 " _real_, 301 possess, _have_, 194 possession, be in, _have_, 194 possibility, _accident_, 14 " _event_, 158 postulate, _assume_, 61 posture, _attitude_, 65 pound, _beat_, 75 _poverty_, 279 _power_, 279 " _cause_, 98 practise, _v. _, _follow_, 174 practise, _n. _, _exercise_, 162 " _habit_, 187 practised, _skilful_, 335 _praise_, 280 prate, _babble_, 71 prattle, _babble_, 71 _pray_, 281 " _ask_, 59 _precarious_, 282 precaution, _care_, 94 precedent, _a. _, _previous_, 285 _precedent_, _n. _, 282 " _cause_, 98 " _example_, 160 preceding, _previous_, 285 precept, _doctrine_, 136 " _proverb_, 293 precious, _rare_, 300 precipitancy, _temerity_, 353 precipitation, _temerity_, 353 precipitous, _steep_, 342 precise, _minute_, 242 preclude, _prevent_, 284 " _prohibit_, 290 preconception, _prejudice_, 283 _predestination_, 282 predicate, _state_, 341 predict, _augur_, 66 predilection, _fancy_, 167 prefer, _choose_, 104 " _promote_, 291 preference, _alternative_, 38 _prejudice_, 283 " _injury_, 219 preliminary, _previous_, 285 premium, _subsidy_, 345 prenomen, _name_, 247 preoccupied, _abstracted_, 11 prepared, _alert_, 28 prepossession, _prejudice_, 283 preposterous, _absurd_, 11 " _queer_, 297 prerogative, _right_, 319 presage, _augur_, 66 " _sign_, 332 prescience, _wisdom_, 372 present, _gift_, 184 presentiment, _anticipation_, 48 presently, _immediately_, 211 preserve, _keep_, 226 press, _v. _, _plead_, 274 press, _n. _, _throng_, 356 press forward, _quicken_, 297 prestige, _sign_, 332 presumable, _apparent_, 52 " _likely_, 232 presume, _assume_, 61 presumption, _assurance_, 61 " _impudence_, 213 " _prejudice_, 283 " _pride_, 286 " _temerity_, 353 pretend, _assume_, 61 pretender, _hypocrite_, 204 _pretense_, 283 " _hypocrisy_, 204 pretension, _pretense_, 283 preternatural, _supernatural_, 347 pretext, _pretense_, 283 pretty, _beautiful_, 76 prevail, _succeed_, 346 prevailing, _usual_, 362 prevail over, _conquer_, 115 prevail upon, _persuade_, 271 prevalent, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 prevarication, _deception_, 123 _prevent_, 284 " _hinder_, 199 " _prohibit_, 290 _previous_, 285 prevision, _anticipation_, 48 _price_, 285 _pride_, 286 prim, _neat_, 249 primal, _primeval_, 287 primary, _primeval_, 287 prime, _primeval_, 287 _primeval_, 287 primitive, _primeval_, 287 " _radical_, 299 primordial, _primeval_, 287 " _transcendental_, 361 princely, _royal_, 320 principle, _doctrine_, 136 " _law_, 229 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 prior, _previous_, 285 pristine, _primeval_, 287 privacy, _retirement_, 315 privation, _poverty_, 279 privilege, _right_, 319 prize, _esteem_, _v. _, 156 probable, _apparent_, 52 " _likely_, 232 probity, _virtue_, 370 problem, _riddle_, 318 procedure, _operation_, 258 proceed, _rise_, 319 proceeding, _act_, 16 " _transaction_, 360 proceeds, _harvest_, 192 " _profit_, 288 process, _motion_, 245 proclaim, _announce_, 46 " _avow_, 69 proclivity, _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 procrastinate, _protract_, 293 procrastinating, _slow_, 337 procure, _attain_, 64 " _get_, 183 " _purchase_, 295 prodigality, _excess_, 160 produce, _v. _, _allege_, 31 produce, _n. _, _harvest_, 192 product, _harvest_, 192 " _work_, 374 production, _work_, 374 profane swearing, _oath_, 254 profanity, _oath_, 254 profess, _avow_, 69 profession, _business_, 88 proficiency, _progress_, 289 proficient, _skilful_, 335 _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 profitless, _vain_, 364 profound, _obscure_, 255 profundity, _wisdom_, 372 profuse, _plentiful_, 276 profusion, _excess_, 160 prognostic, _sign_, 332 prognosticate, _augur_, 66 _progress_, 289 progression, _progress_, 289 _prohibit_, 290 " _abolish_, 6 prohibition, _barrier_, 74 " _order_, 258 project, _v. _, _send_, 327 project, _n. _, _design_, 128 prolixity, _circumlocution_, 105 prolong, _protract_, 293 promise, _contract_, 118 _promote_, 291 " _abet_, 4 " _quicken_, 297 promoter, _agent_, 24 " _auxiliary_, 67 prompt, _v. _, _influence_, 217 prompt, _a. _, _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 " _nimble_, 253 promulgate, _announce_, 46 prone, _addicted_, 19 proneness, _appetite_, 54 pronounce, _speak_, 339 " _state_, 341 proof, _demonstration_, 127 " _testimony_, 355 prop, _support_, 348 propel, _drive_, 140 " _send_, 327 propensity, _appetite_, 54 " _desire_, 128 proper, _becoming_, 77 property, _attribute_, _n. _, 66 " _characteristic_, 103 " _money_, 244 prophesy, _augur_, 66 propinquity, _approximation_, 55 _propitiation_, 291 _propitious_, 291 proportion, _analogy_, 43 " _portion_, 279 _proposal_, 292 " _design_, 128 _propose_, 292 proposition, _proposal_, 292 " _topic_, 359 propound, _announce_, 46 " _state_, 341 prosecute, _arraign_, 56 proselyte, _convert_, 119 prosper, _succeed_, 346 prospered, _fortunate_, 177 prosperous, _fortunate_, 177 " _happy_, 190 prostitute, _abuse_, 12 protect, _cherish_, 104 " _keep_, 226 " _shelter_, 331 protection, _defense_, 123 protest, _avow_, 69 " _state_, 341 prototype, _example_, 160 " _ideal_, 206 " _model_, 243 _protract_, 293 proud, _high_, 198 prove, _confirm_, 114 " _reason_, _v. _, 302 provender, _food_, 175 _proverb_, 293 provided, _but_, 89 providence, _frugality_, 180 " _prudence_, 294 provoke, _affront_, 24 _prowess_, 294 proxy, _delegate_, 125 _prudence_, 294 " _care_, 94 " _frugality_, 180 " _wisdom_, 372 prying, _inquisitive_, 221 public, _general_, 181 " _usual_, 362 publications, _literature_, 233 public life, _career_, 95 publish, _announce_, 46 puerile, _youthful_, 375 pull, _draw_, 138 pungent, _bitter_, 81 " _racy_, 299 punish, _avenge_, 69 " _chasten_, 103 " _requite_, 313 pupil, _scholar_, 324 purchasable, _venal_, 365 _purchase_, 295 _pure_, 296 " _fine_, 172 " _innocent_, 220 purify, _amend_, 41 " _chasten_, 103 " _cleanse_, 107 purity, _virtue_, 370 purloin, _abstract_, 10 purpose, _v. _, _propose_, 292 purpose, _n. _, _aim_, 26 " _design_, 128 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _idea_, 206 " _reason_, _n. _, 302 purposeless, _faint_, 164 pursue, _follow_, 174 pursuit, _hunt_, 203 push, _drive_, 140 " _promote_, 291 _put_, 296 put down, _conquer_, 115 put on, _assume_, 61 putrefy, _decay_, 122 put to death, _kill_, 226 put up with, _endure_, 150 puzzle, _riddle_, 318 quaint, _antique_, 48 " _queer_, 297 quake, _shake_, 330 qualification, _power_, 279 qualified, _adequate_, 21 qualify, _change_, _n. _, 100 quality, _attribute_, _n. _, 66 " _characteristic_, 103 quarrel, _feud_, 170 quash, _cancel_, 92 quaver, _shake_, 330 _queer_, 297 question, _v. _, _reason_, _v. _, 302 question, _n. _, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 " _topic_, 359 questionable, _equivocal_, 155 quick, _active_, 17 " _alive_, 30 " _clever_, 109 " _nimble_, 253 _quicken_, 297 quick of scent, _sagacious_, 322 quick-scented, _sagacious_, 322 quick-witted, _clever_, 109 quiescence, _rest_, 313 quiet, _allay_, 31 " _calm_, 91 " _rest_, 313 quietness, _apathy_, 50 " _rest_, 313 quietude, _rest_, 313 quit, _abandon_, 1 " _cease_, 98 " _end_, _v. _, 148 " _requite_, 313 quiver, _shake_, 330 _quote_, 298 rabble, _mob_, 243 race, _career_, 95 " _kin_, 227 " _people_, 266 _racy_, 299 _radical_, 299 rage, _anger_, 44 raging, _fierce_, 171 raider, _robber_, 320 rail at, _abuse_, 12 raillery, _banter_, 73 " _wit_, 373 raiment, _dress_, 140 raise, _promote_, 291 ramble, _wander_, 371 rampart, _barrier_, 74 " _defense_, 123 rancor, _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 range, _wander_, 371 rank, _class_, 106 rap, _blow_, 83 rapacious, _avaricious_, 68 rapture, _enthusiasm_, 153 " _happiness_, 189 rapturous, _happy_, 190 _rare_, 300 " _obsolete_, 256 rashness, _temerity_, 353 rate, _calculate_, 90 ratify, _confirm_, 114 ratiocination, _reasoning_, 303 rational, _sagacious_, 322 ravish, _abuse_, 12 raze, _demolish_, 127 _reach_, 300 " _attain_, 64 " _make_, 236 readiness, _address_, _n. _, 20 " _dexterity_, 129 " _ease_, 143 " _power_, 279 reading, _education_, 143 ready, _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 _real_, 301 " _authentic_, 67 " _pure_, 296 reality, _veracity_, 367 realize, _do_, 135 reanimate, _recover_, 305 reaping, _harvest_, 192 _reason_, _v. _, 302 _reason_, _n. _, 302 " _cause_, 98 " _mind_, 241 " _wisdom_, 372 reasonableness, _wisdom_, 372 _reasoning_, 303 rebellion, _revolution_, 317 _rebellious_, 304 " _restive_, 314 rebuke, _v. _, _reprove_, 312 rebuke, _n. _, _reproof_, 311 recalcitrant, _restive_, 314 recall, _renounce_, 309 recant, _abandon_, 1 " _renounce_, 309 receipts, _profit_, 288 receive, _get_, 183 received, _authentic_, 67 recent, _new_, 252 reciprocal, _mutual_, 246 reciprocate, _requite_, 313 recital, _history_, 200 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 recite, _quote_, 298 recklessness, _temerity_, 353 reckon, _calculate_, 90 recognition, _knowledge_, 227 recognize, _confess_, 114 " _discern_, 133 recollection, _memory_, 239 recompense, _pay_, 266 " _requite_, 313 reconciliation, _propitiation_, 291 recondite, _mysterious_, 247 _record_, 304 " _character_, 102 " _history_, 200 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 _recover_, 305 recreate, _entertain_, 152 recreation, _entertainment_, 153 " _rest_, 313 recruit, _recover_, 305 rectify, _amend_, 41 rectitude, _justice_, 225 " _virtue_, 370 recuperate, _recover_, 305 redoubted, _formidable_, 176 reduce, _abase_, 2 " _abate_, 3 " _alleviate_, 33 " _conquer_, 115 redundance, _circumlocution_, 105 " _excess_, 160 redundancy, _circumlocution_, 105 " _excess_, 160 reel, _shake_, 330 refer, _allude_, 36 " _attribute_, _v. _, 65 referee, _judge_, 224 refine, _chasten_, 103 refined, _fine_, 172 _refinement_, 305 reflect, _deliberate_, 125 reflection, _reproof_, 311 reform, _amend_, 41 refractory, _obstinate_, 256 " _rebellious_, 304 " _restive_, 314 refrain, _cease_, 98 " _keep_, 226 refreshing, _delightful_, 126 refuse, _renounce_, 309 _refute_, 306 regain, _recover_, 305 regal, _royal_, 320 regard, _v. _, _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _look_, 234 " _love_, 235 regard, _n. _, _attachment_, 63 " _esteem_, _n. _, 157 " _friendship_, 179 regeneration, _change_, _n. _, 101 regimen, _food_, 175 register, _history_, 200 " _record_, 304 regret, _v. _, _mourn_, 246 regret, _n. _, _grief_, 187 " _repentance_, 310 regular, _continual_, 117 " _normal_, 253 " _usual_, 362 regularity, _system_, 350 regulation, _law_, 229 rehearsal, _report_, 311 reign over, _govern_, 185 reject, _renounce_, 309 rejoiced, _happy_, 190 rejoicing, _a. _, _happy_, 190 rejoicing, _n. _, _happiness_, 189 rejoinder, _answer_, 46 relation, _analogy_, 43 " _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 relationship, _kin_, 227 release, _absolve_, 9 relegate, _commit_, 110 relentless, _severe_, 329 _reliable_, 306 " _authentic_, 67 reliance, _faith_, 164 relieve, _alleviate_, 33 _religion_, 307 relinquish, _abandon_, 1 " _surrender_, 349 relish, _appetite_, 54 _reluctant_, 308 remain, _abide_, 5 remains, _body_, 84 " _trace_, 359 _remark_, 308 remarkable, _rare_, 300 remembrance, _memory_, 239 reminiscence, _memory_, 239 remission, _pardon_, 262 remissness, _neglect_, 251 remit, _pardon_, 262 remnant, _trace_, 359 remonstrate, _complain_, 112 " _reprove_, 312 remorse, _repentance_, 310 remote, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _old_, 257 remove, _abolish_, 6 " _abstract_, 10 " _alleviate_, 33 " _cancel_, 92 " _carry_, 96 " _convey_, 119 " _displace_, 135 " _exterminate_, 163 remunerate, _requite_, 313 remuneration, _pay_, 266 _rend_, 309 " _break_, 86 render, _make_, 236 rendering, _definition_, 124 renewal, _change_, _n. _, 101 renewing, _change_, _n. _, 101 _renounce_, 309 " _abandon_, 1 renown, _fame_, 166 repair, _amend_, 41 repartee, _answer_, 46 repay, _requite_, 313 repeal, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 repeat, _quote_, 298 repel, _drive_, 140 " _refute_, 306 _repentance_, 310 repine, _complain_, 112 replete, _plentiful_, 276 replica, _duplicate_, 141 reply, _answer_, 46 report, _v. _, _announce_, 46 _report_, _n. _, 311 repose, _rest_, 313 repossess, _recover_, 305 reprehend, _reprove_, 312 reprehension, _reproof_, 311 representation, _model_, 243 representative, _delegate_, 125 repress, _restrain_, 315 reprimand, _v. _, _reprove_, 312 reprimand, _n. _, _reproof_, 311 reproach, _v. _, _abuse_, 12 " _reprove_, 312 reproach, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 " _reproof_, 311 reprobate, _v. _, _condemn_, 113 reprobation, _oath_, 254 reproduction, _duplicate_, 141 _reproof_, 311 reproval, _reproof_, 311 _reprove_, 312 " _condemn_, 113 repudiate, _abandon_, 1 " _renounce_, 309 repugnance, _antipathy_, 48 " _hatred_, 193 repugnant, _incongruous_, 214 repulse, _drive_, 140 repulsion, _antipathy_, 48 reputation, _character_, 102 " _fame_, 166 repute, _fame_, 166 request, _v. _, _ask_, 59 " _pray_, 281 require, _ask_, 59 " _make_, 236 required, _necessary_, 250 requirement, _necessity_, 250 requisite, _a. _, _necessary_, 250 " _order_, 258 requisite, _n. _, _necessity_, 250 requital, _pay_, 266 " _revenge_, 316 _requite_, 313 rescind, _cancel_, 92 resemblance, _analogy_, 43 " _approximation_, 55 resembling, _alike_, 30 resentful, _restive_, 314 resentment, _anger_, 44 " _hatred_, 193 " _pique_, 272 reserve, _modesty_, 244 " _pride_, 286 reserved, _taciturn_, 351 reside, _abide_, 5 residence, _home_, 201 resign, _abandon_, 1 resignation, _patience_, 265 resist, _drive_, 140 " _hinder_, 199 resistance, _defense_, 123 resolute, _obstinate_, 256 resolution, _fortitude_, 176 resolved, _obstinate_, 256 resource, _alternative_, 38 respect, _v. _, _admire_, 23 " _venerate_, 366 respect, _n. _, _esteem_, _n. _, 157 response, _answer_, 46 responsibility, _duty_, 142 rest, _v. _, _abide_, 5 _rest_, _n. _, 313 restiff, _restive_, 314 _restive_, 314 restless, _active_, 17 " _restive_, 314 restore, _recover_, 305 _restrain_, 315 " _arrest_, 57 " _bind_, 81 " _govern_, 185 " _keep_, 226 restraint, _barrier_, 74 restrict, _bind_, 81 " _restrain_, 315 restriction, _barrier_, 74 result, _v. _, _follow_, 174 result, _n. _, _consequence_, 116 " _end_, _n. _, 148 " _event_, 158 " _harvest_, 192 " _operation_, 258 resume, _recover_, 305 retain, _keep_, 226 retainer, _accessory_, 13 retaliate, _avenge_, 69 " _requite_, 313 retaliation, _revenge_, 316 retard, _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 reticent, _taciturn_, 351 retire, _abandon_, 1 _retirement_, 315 retort, _answer_, 46 retract, _abandon_, 1 retribution, _revenge_, 316 retrieve, _recover_, 305 retrospect, _memory_, 239 retrospection, _memory_, 239 return, _v. _, _requite_, 313 return, _n. _, _harvest_, 192 " _profit_, 288 returns, _profit_, 288 reveal, _announce_, 46 _revelation_, 316 revenge, _v. _, _avenge_, 69 " _requite_, 313 _revenge_, _n. _, 316 " _hatred_, 193 revere, _admire_, 23 " _venerate_, 366 reverence, _v. _, _venerate_, 366 reverence, _n. _, _veneration_, 366 reverie, _dream_, 139 reverse, _v. _, _abolish_, 6 reverse, _n. _, _misfortune_, 242 revile, _abuse_, 12 " _slander_, 336 revoke, _abolish_, 6 " _cancel_, 92 " _renounce_, 309 revolt, _n. _, _revolution_, 317 _revolution_, 317 " _change_, 101 _revolve_, 318 reward, _v. _, _requite_, 313 reward, _n. _, _subsidy_, 345 rhythm, _meter_, 240 rich, _plentiful_, 276 " _racy_, 299 ride, _drive_, 140 _riddle_, 318 ridicule, _banter_, 73 ridiculous, _absurd_, 11 " _queer_, 297 right, _a. _, _innocent_, 220 _right_, _n. _, 319 " _duty_, 142 " _justice_, 225 right away, right off, _immediately_, 211 righteous, _innocent_, 220 righteousness, _duty_, 142 " _justice_, 225 " _religion_, 307 " _virtue_, 370 rightfulness, _justice_, 225 rightness, _virtue_, 370 rigid, _severe_, 329 rigorous, _severe_, 329 rim, _bank_, 72 rime (rhyme), _poetry_, 277 rinse, _cleanse_, 107 riot, _revolution_, 317 rip, _rend_, 309 _rise_, _v. _, 319 rise, _n. _, _beginning_, 78 risk, _n. _, _danger_, 121 " _hazard_, 194 risky, _precarious_, 282 rite, _sacrament_, 321 rival, _n. _, _enemy_, 151 rivalry, _ambition_, 40 rive, _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 road, _way_, 372 roadway, _way_, 372 roam, _wander_, 371 roar, _call_, 91 _robber_, 320 robes, _dress_, 140 rock, _shake_, 330 roll, _v. _, _revolve_, 318 roll, _n. _, _record_, _n. _, 304 romance, _dream_, 139 " _fiction_, 170 root out, _exterminate_, 163 rot, _decay_, 122 rotate, _revolve_, 318 rough, _awkward_, 70 " _bluff_, 83 rout, _conquer_, 115 route, _way_, 372 routine, _habit_, 187 rove, _wander_, 371 _royal_, 320 rub off or out, _cancel_, 92 rude, _barbarous_, 73 " _bluff_, 83 " _rustic_, 321 rudeness, _impudence_, 213 rue, _mourn_, 246 ruin, _v. _, _abuse_, 12 " _demolish_, 127 " _subvert_, 346 ruin, _n. _, _misfortune_, 242 ruinous, _pernicious_, 270 rule, _v. _, _govern_, 185 rule, _n. _, _habit_, 187 " _law_, 229 " _system_, 350 rumor, _report_, 311 rupture, _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 rural, _rustic_, 321 ruse, _artifice_, 58 " _pretense_, 283 rush, _career_, 95 _rustic_, 321 sable, _dark_, 122 _sacrament_, 321 sacred, _holy_, 200 sacrifice, _surrender_, 349 sadness, _grief_, 187 safeguard, _defense_, 123 _sagacious_, 322 " _astute_, 62 sagacity, _acumen_, 18 " _wisdom_, 372 sage, _sagacious_, 322 saintly, _holy_, 200 salable, _venal_, 365 salary, _pay_, 266 _sale_, 323 salubrious, _healthy_, 195 salutary, _healthy_, 195 salutation, parting, _farewell_, 168 salute, _address_, _v. _, 19 same, _alike_, 30 " _synonymous_, 349 _sample_, 323 " _example_, 160 sanctimoniousness, _hypocrisy_, 204 sanctimony, _hypocrisy_, 204 sanction, _v. _, _abet_, 4 " _allow_, 35 " _confirm_, 114 sanitary, _healthy_, 195 sarcasm, _banter_, 73 sate, _satisfy_, 324 satiate, _satisfy_, 324 satire, _banter_, 73 satisfaction, _happiness_, 189 " _propitiation_, 291 satisfactory, _adequate_, 21 " _comfortable_, 110 satisfied, _comfortable_, 110 _satisfy_, 324 " _requite_, 313 satisfying, _delightful_, 126 sauciness, _impudence_, 213 " _pertness_, 271 savage, _barbarous_, 73 " _bitter_, 81 " _fierce_, 171 savant, _scholar_, 324 save, _but_, 89 saving, _frugality_, 180 savory, _delicious_, 126 saw, _n. _, _proverb_, 293 say, _allege_, 31 " _announce_, 46 " _speak_, 339 " _state_, 341 saying, _proverb_, 293 scan, _look_, 234 scarce, _rare_, 300 scare, _frighten_, 180 schedule, _record_, 304 scheme, _design_, 128 " _hypothesis_, 205 schismatic, _heretic_, 196 _scholar_, 324 scholarship, _knowledge_, 227 school, _v. _, _teach_, 353 schooling, _education_, 143 _science_, 325 " _knowledge_, 227 scintilla, _particle_, 264 scintillation, _light_, 231 scoff, _sneer_, 337 scorch, _burn_, 87 scorn, _v. _, _abhor_, 5 scorn, _n. _, _neglect_, 251 scour, _cleanse_, 107 scourge, _beat_, 75 scout, _spy_, 340 scrap, _particle_, 264 scratch out, _cancel_, 92 scream, _call_, 91 screen, _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 " _shelter_, 331 scrimping, _frugality_, 180 scroll, _record_, 304 scrub, _cleanse_, 107 scruple, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 scrutinizing, _inquisitive_, 221 search, _hunt_, 203 searching, _inquisitive_, 221 season, _time_, 356 seat of government, _capital_, 94 seclusion, _retirement_, 315 second, _help_, 195 secret, _mysterious_, 247 secrete, _hide_, 197 section, _part_, 264 secure, _arrest_, 57 " _attain_, 64 " _bind_, 81 " _catch_, 97 " _get_, 183 " _purchase_, 295 _security_, 326 sedate, _calm_, 91 sedition, _revolution_, 317 seditious, _rebellious_, 304 seduce, _allure_, 37 sedulous, _industrious_, 215 sedulousness, _industry_, 216 see, _discern_, 133 " _look_, 234 seed, _plant_, 274 seed down, _plant_, 274 seem, _appear_, 52 seeming, _a. _, _apparent_, 52 seeming, _n. _, _pretense_, 283 seemly, _becoming_, 77 segment, _part_, 264 seize, _arrest_, 57 " _catch_, 97 select, _allot_, 34 " _choose_, 104 _self-abnegation_, 329 self-assertion, _assurance_, 61 " _egotism_, 145 self-complacency, _pride_, 286 self-conceit, _egotism_, 145 " _pride_, 286 self-condemnation, _repentance_, 310 self-confidence, _assurance_, 61 " _egotism_, 145 self-consciousness, _egotism_, 145 self-control, _abstinence_, 10 " _self-abnegation_, 326 self-denial, _abstinence_, 10 " _self-abnegation_, 326 self-devotion, _self-abnegation_, 326 self-esteem, _egotism_, 145 " _pride_, 286 self-exaltation, _pride_, 286 self-immolation, _self-abnegation_, 326 self-opinionated, _dogmatic_, 137 self-possessed, _calm_, 91 self-reliance, _assurance_, 61 self-renunciation, _self-abnegation_, 326 self-respect, _pride_, 286 self-restraint, _abstinence_, 10 self-sacrifice, _self-abnegation_, 326 sell, _convey_, 119 semblance, _analogy_, 43 " _pretense_, 283 _send_, 327 senile, _old_, 257 _sensation_, 328 sense, _mind_, 241 " _sensation_, 328 " _wisdom_, 372 senseless, _absurd_, 11 senselessness, _idiocy_, 207 _sensibility_, 328 sensible, _conscious_, 116 " _physical_, 272 " _sagacious_, 322 sensitive, _fine_, 172 sensitiveness, _sensibility_, 328 sensual, _brutish_, 87 sentence, _v. _, _condemn_, 113 sententious, _terse_, 354 sentient being, _animal_, 45 sentiment, _idea_, 206 separate, _abstract_, 10 separately, _apiece_, 51 sequel, _catastrophe_, 97 " _consequence_, 116 " _event_, 158 sequence, _time_, 356 serene, _calm_, 91 sermon, _speech_, 339 service, _profit_, 288 " _sacrament_, 321 " _utility_, 363 serviceableness, _utility_, 363 set, _v. _, _plant_, 274 " _put_, 296 set, _n. _, _class_, 106 " _flock_, 173 set apart, _allow_, 34 " _holy_, 200 set aside, _abolish_, 6 set fire to, _burn_, 87 set forth, _state_, 341 set free, _absolve_, 9 set on fire, _burn_, 87 set out, _plant_, 274 settle, _confirm_, 114 settle with, _requite_, 133 set upon, _attack_, _v. _, 63 sever, _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 severally, _apiece_, 51 _severe_, 329 " _difficult_, 132 " _morose_, 245 severity, _acrimony_, 15 sex, _gender_, 181 shackle, _v. _, _bind_, 81 shackle, _n. _, _fetter_, 169 shadowy, _dark_, 122 " _vain_, 364 shady, _dark_, 122 _shake_, 330 sham, _hypocrisy_, 204 shame, _v. _, _abash_, 3 shame, _n. _, _abomination_, 7 " _chagrin_, 100 shamelessness, _effrontery_, 144 shape, _make_, 236 share, _v. _, _apportion_, 54 share, _n. _, _part_, 264 " _portion_, 279 sharp, _astute_, 62 " _bitter_, 81 " _clever_, 109 " _fine_, 172 " _sagacious_, 322 " _steep_, 342 sharpness, _acrimony_, 15 " _acumen_, 18 sharp-witted, _sagacious_, 322 shatter, _break_, 86 sheen, _light_, 231 sheer, _pure_, 296 " _steep_, 342 _shelter_, _v. _, 331 " _cherish_, 104 shelter, _n. _, _defense_, 123 shield, _v. _, _shelter_, 331 shield, _n. _, _defense_, 123 shift, _v. _, _change_, _v. _, 100 " _convey_, 119 shimmer, _light_, 231 shine, _light_, 231 shining, _light_, 231 shiver, _break_, 86 " _shake_, 330 shock, _blow_, 83 " _collision_, 109 shocking, _awful_, 70 shore, _bank_, 72 short, _terse_, 354 " _transient_, 361 should, _ought_, 260 shout, _call_, 91 show, _array_, 57 " _ostentation_, 259 " _pretense_, 283 shred, _particle_, 264 shrewd, _astute_, 62 " _sagacious_, 322 shrewdness, _acumen_, 18 shriek, _call_, 91 shudder, _shake_, 330 shun, _abhor_, 5 shyness, _modesty_, 244 sickness, _disease_, 134 sight, _array_, 57 _sign_, 332 " _characteristic_, 103 " _emblem_, 146 " _trace_, 359 signal, _sign_, 332 signify, _allude_, 36 silent, _taciturn_, 351 silver, _money_, 244 similar, _alike_, 30 " _synonymous_, 349 similarity, _analogy_, 43 " _approximation_, 55 similarly, _also_, 37 simile, _allegory_, 33 " _analogy_, 43 similitude, _analogy_, 43 simple, _candid_, 93 " _pure_, 296 simulation, _pretense_, 283 _sin_, 332 since, _because_, 77 " _therefore_, 355 sincere, _candid_, 93 " _honest_, 202 sine qua non, _necessity_, 250 sinful, _criminal_, 120 _sing_, 333 singe, _burn_, 87 singular, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 singularity, _characteristic_, 103 sink, _abase_, 2 " _immerse_, 212 sinless, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 situation, _circumstance_, 105 skeleton, _sketch_, 334 _skeptic_, 334 skepticism, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 _sketch_, 334 _skilful_, 335 " _clever_, 109 skill, _dexterity_, 129 " _power_, 279 " _wisdom_, 372 skilled, _skilful_, 335 skirmish, _battle_, 74 skittish, _restive_, 314 slack, _slow_, 337 slackness, _neglect_, 251 _slander_, 336 " _abuse_, 12 _slang_, 336 slant, _v. _, _tip_, 357 slaughter, _kill_, 226 " _massacre_, 237 slay, _kill_, 226 sleep, _rest_, 313 sleepless, _vigilant_, 369 slender, _fine_, 172 " _minute_, 242 slight, _a. _, _fine_, 172 " _venial_, 367 slight, _n. _, _neglect_, 251 sling, _send_, 327 slit, _rend_, 309 slope, _v. _, _tip_, 357 slothful, _idle_, 208 _slow_, 337 " _reluctant_, 308 slowness, _stupidity_, 344 sluggish, _idle_, 208 " _slow_, 337 sluggishness, _apathy_, 50 " _stupidity_, 344 slumber, _rest_, 313 small, _fine_, 172 " _minute_, 242 smart, _clever_, 109 smartness, _pertness_, 271 smash, _break_, 86 smiling, _happy_, 190 smirch, _blemish_, 82 smite, _beat_, 75 smooth, _calm_, 91 " _fine_, 172 snappish, _morose_, 245 snatch, _catch_, 97 _sneer_, 337 snug, _comfortable_, 110 sobriety, _abstinence_, 10 sociable, _friendly_, 178 social, _friendly_, 178 _socialism_, 338 society, _association_, 60 soften, _alleviate_, 33 " _chasten_, 103 soil, _v. _, _defile_, 124 " _stain_, 341 soil, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 sojourn, _abide_, 5 soldiers, _army_, 56 soldiery, _army_, 56 solemn, _awful_, 70 solemnity, _sacrament_, 321 solemnize, _celebrate_, 99 solicit, _ask_, 59 " _plead_, 274 solicitude, _alarm_, 28 " _anxiety_, 49 " _care_, 94 solitude, _retirement_, 315 somber, _dark_, 122 song, _poetry_, 277 soothe, _allay_, 31 sordid, _avaricious_, 68 sorrow, _v. _, _mourn_, 246 sorrow, _n. _, _grief_, 187 " _misfortune_, 242 " _repentance_, 310 sorrowful, _pitiful_, 273 sort, _air_, 27 sottish, _brutish_, 87 soul, _mind_, 241 sound, _a. _, _healthy_, 195 _sound_, _n. _, 338 sour, _bitter_, 81 " _morose_, 245 source, _beginning_, 78 " _cause_, 98 sourness, _acrimony_, 15 sow, _plant_, 274 spacious, _large_, 229 spank, _beat_, 75 sparing, _frugality_, 180 sparkle, _light_, 231 _speak_, 339 speaking, _speech_, 339 speak to, _address_, _v. _, 19 specie, _money_, 244 specify, _state_, 341 specimen, _example_, 160 " _sample_, 323 speck, _blemish_, 82 speculation, _hypothesis_, 205 _speech_, 339 " _language_, 228 speechless, _taciturn_, 351 speed, _v. _, _quicken_, 297 speedy, _nimble_, 253 spicy, _racy_, 299 spirit, _character_, 102 " _mind_, 241 spirited, _racy_, 299 spite, _enmity_, 152 " _hatred_, 193 splendid, _fine_, 172 splenetic, _morose_, 245 split, _break_, 86 spoil, _decay_, 122 " _defile_, 124 sponge, _cleanse_, 107 _spontaneous_, 340 sport, _entertainment_, 153 spot, _v. _, _stain_, 341 spot, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 spotless, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 spousal, _marriage_, 236 spread abroad, _announce_, 46 sprightliness, _pertness_, 271 sprightly, _active_, 17 " _airy_, 27 " _happy_, 190 " _nimble_, 253 spring, _v. _, _rise_, 319 spring, _n. _, _beginning_, 78 " _cause_, 98 spruce, _neat_, 249 spry, _active_, 17 " _nimble_, 253 _spy_, 340 stable, _permanent_, 269 _stain_, _v. _, 341 " _defile_, 124 stain, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 stainless, _innocent_, 220 " _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 stamp out, _abolish_, 6 stanch, _faithful_, 165 standard, _example_, 160 " _ideal_, 206 " _model_, 243 stand by, _help_, 195 stare, _look_, 234 start, _beginning_, 78 _state_, _v. _, 341 " _allege_, 31 " _announce_, 46 state, _n. _, _people_, 266 stately, _awful_, 70 statement, _report_, 311 statute, _law_, 229 stay, _abide_, 5 " _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 " _rest_, 313 steadfast, _permanent_, 269 steal, _abstract_, 10 _steep_, 342 " _high_, 198 stern, _severe_, 329 sticking, _adhesive_, 22 sticky, _adhesive_, 22 stiff, _severe_, 329 stigma, _blemish_, 82 still, _v. _, _allay_, 31 still, _a. _, _calm_, 91 still, _conj. _, _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, 254 " _yet_, 374 stillness, _apathy_, 50 " _rest_, 313 stinging, _bitter_, 81 stingy, _avaricious_, 68 stipend, _pay_, 266 stipulation, _contract_, 118 stir, _influence_, 217 stoicism, _apathy_, 50 stolid, _brutish_, 87 stoop, _bend_, 79 stop, _v. _, _abide_, 5 " _arrest_, 57 " _cease_, 98 " _end_, _v. _, 148 " _hinder_, 199 " _obstruct_, 257 stop, _n. _, _rest_, 313 store up, _amass_, 38 storm, _v. _, _attack_, _v. _, 63 _storm_, _n. _, 343 _story_, 343 " _fiction_, 170 " _history_, 200 " _report_, 311 straightforward, _candid_, 93 " _clear_, 107 " _honest_, 202 straightway, _immediately_, 211 strand, _bank_, 72 strange, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 stranger, _alien_, _n. _, 29 stratagem, _artifice_, 58 stray, _wander_, 371 street, _way_, 372 strength, _power_, 279 strengthen, _confirm_, 114 strict, _severe_, 329 strife, _battle_, 74 " _feud_, 170 strike, _beat_, 75 stripe, _blow_, 83 strive, _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 stroke, _blow_, 83 " _misfortune_, 242 strong, _healthy_, 195 stronghold, _fortification_, 176 struggle, _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 stubborn, _obstinate_, 256 " _perverse_, 272 " _restive_, 314 student, _scholar_, 324 study, _education_, 143 stupefaction, _stupidity_, 344 " _stupor_, 344 stupid, _absurd_, 11 " _brutish_, 87 _stupidity_, 344 " _idiocy_, 207 _stupor_, 344 " _stupidity_, 344 style, _air_, 27 " _diction_, 130 " _name_, 247 subdivision, _part_, 264 subdue, _chasten_, 103 " _conquer_, 115 subject, _v. _, _conquer_, 115 subject, _n. _, _topic_, 359 subjection, _allegiance_, 32 _subjective_, 345 " _inherent_, 218 subjoin, _add_, 18 subjugate, _conquer_, 115 submerge, _immerse_, 212 submission, _patience_, 265 submissive, _docile_, 136 submit, _bend_, 79 submit to, _endure_, 150 subordinate, _auxiliary_, 67 subside, _abate_, 3 _subsidy_, 345 subsisting, _alive_, 30 substantial, _real_, 301 substantiate, _confirm_, 114 substitute, _v. _, _change_, _v. _, 100 substitute, _n. _, _delegate_, 125 subterfuge, _artifice_, 58 " _pretense_, 283 subtile, _astute_, 62 " _fine_, 172 subtle, _astute_, 62 " _fine_, 172 subvention, _subsidy_, 345 _subvert_, 346 " _abolish_, 6 _succeed_, 346 " _follow_, 174 success, _victory_, 369 successful, _fortunate_, 177 " _happy_, 190 succession, _time_, 356 succinct, _terse_, 354 succor, _help_, 195 suck up, _absorb_, 9 suffer, _allow_, 35 " _endure_, 150 sufferance, _patience_, 265 suffering, _pain_, 261 suffice, _satisfy_, 324 sufficient, _adequate_, 21 " _plentiful_, 276 suggest, _allude_, 36 _suggestion_, 347 suitable, _adequate_, 21 " _becoming_, 77 sulky, _morose_, 245 sullen, _morose_, 245 sully, _defile_, 124 " _stain_, 341 summary, _abridgment_, 7 summon, _arraign_, 56 " _convoke_, 120 sum up, _add_, 18 " _calculate_, 90 sunder, _break_, 86 " _rend_, 309 sunny, _happy_, 190 superabundance, _excess_, 160 superannuated, _antique_, 48 superciliousness, _pride_, 286 superfluity, _excess_, 160 superhuman, _supernatural_, 347 superintendence, _oversight_, 260 _supernatural_, 347 supersede, _subvert_, 346 superstition, _fanaticism_, 166 supervene, _happen_, 188 supervision, _oversight_, 260 supplant, _abolish_, 6 " _subvert_, 346 supple, _active_, 17 supplement, _appendage_, 53 supplicate, _ask_, 59 " _pray_, 281 supply, _give_, 185 _support_, _v. _, 348 " _abet_, 4 " _endure_, 150 " _keep_, 226 support, _n. _, _help_, 195 " _subsidy_, 345 supporter, _adherent_, 21 _suppose_, 348 supposition, _fancy_, 167 " _hypothesis_, 205 " _idea_, 206 suppress, _abolish_, 6 " _hide_, 197 " _restrain_, 315 " _subvert_, 346 supremacy, _victory_, 369 supreme, _absolute_, 8 sure, _authentic_, 67 " _conscious_, 116 " _faithful_, 165 surety, _security_, 326 surfeit, _satisfy_, 324 surly, _morose_, 245 surmise, _v. _, _doubt_, _v. _, 137 " _suppose_, 348 surmise, _n. _, _hypothesis_, 205 surmount, _conquer_, 115 surname, _name_, 247 surpass, _beat_, 75 surplus, _excess_, 160 surplusage, _circumlocution_, 105 surprise, _amazement_, 39 _surrender_, 349 " _abandon_, 1 surrounded by, _amid_, 42 surveillance, _oversight_, 260 survey, _look_, 234 susceptibility, _power_, 279 " _sensibility_, 328 suspect, _doubt_, _v. _, 137 suspense, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 suspicion, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 suspicious, _envious_, 155 " _equivocal_, 155 sustain, _carry_, 96 " _confirm_, 114 " _endure_, 150 " _help_, 195 " _keep_, 226 " _support_, 348 sustenance, _food_, 175 swallow, _absorb_, 9 swallow up, _absorb_, 9 swarm, _flock_, 173 swart, _dark_, 122 swarthy, _dark_, 122 sway, _govern_, 185 " _influence_, 217 " _shake_, 330 swear, _state_, 341 swearing, _oath_, 254 sweep, _cleanse_, 107 sweet, _amiable_, 42 swerve, _fluctuate_, 173 " _wander_, 371 swift, _nimble_, 253 swindle, _n. _, _fraud_, 177 swindling, _fraud_, 177 swing, _shake_, 330 swinish, _brutish_, 87 switch, _beat_, 75 swoon, _stupor_, 344 swooning, _stupor_, 344 sworn statement, _oath_, 254 sycophancy, _praise_, 280 sylvan, _rustic_, 321 symbol, _emblem_, 146 " _sign_, 332 symmetry, _harmony_, 191 sympathetic, _humane_, 203 sympathize with, _console_, 117 sympathy, _benevolence_, 80 " _pity_, 273 symphony, _melody_, 238 symptom, _sign_, 332 syncope, _stupor_, 344 synonymic, _synonymous_, 349 _synonymous_, 349 synopsis, _abridgment_, 7 _system_, 350 " _body_, 84 " _habit_, 187 " _hypothesis_, 205 systematic, _dogmatic_, 137 system of government, _polity_, 278 _taciturn_, 351 tact, _address_, _n. _, 20 taint, _v. _, _defile_, 124 taint, _n. _, _blemish_, 82 take, _assume_, 61 " _carry_, 96 " _catch_, 97 take away, _abstract_, 10 take hold of, _catch_, 97 take in, take up, _absorb_, 9 take into custody, _arrest_, 57 take-off, _caricature_, 95 take place, _happen_, 188 take prisoner, _arrest_, 57 take to task, _reprove_, 312 tale, _report_, 311 " _story_, 343 talent, _genius_, 183 " _power_, 279 talented, _clever_, 109 talents, _genius_, 183 talk, _speak_, 339 talk, _n. _, _conversation_, 118 " _speech_, 339 talkative, _garrulous_, 181 tall, _high_, 198 tame, _docile_, 136 tangible, _evident_, 159 " _physical_, 272 tangled, _complex_, 112 tardy, _slow_, 337 tarnish, _blemish_, 82 " _defile_, 124 " _stain_, 341 tarry, _abide_, 5 tart, _bitter_, 81 tartness, _acrimony_, 15 _tasteful_, 352 tasty, _tasteful_, 352 tattle, _babble_, 71 taunt, _sneer_, 337 tautology, _circumlocution_, 105 _teach_, 353 teachable, _docile_, 136 teaching, _doctrine_, 136 " _education_, 143 tear, _rend_, 309 tease, _affront_, 24 tediousness, _circumlocution_, 105 teeming, _plentiful_, 276 tell, _announce_, 46 " _speak_, 339 " _state_, 341 _temerity_, 353 temper, _anger_, 44 " _character_, 102 temperament, _character_, 102 temperance, _abstinence_, 10 tempest, _storm_, 343 temporary, _transient_, 361 tempt, _allure_, 37 tendency, _aim_, 26 " _direction_, 132 tender, _friendly_, 178 " _humane_, 203 tender-hearted, _humane_, 203 tenderness, _attachment_, 63 " _love_, 235 " _mercy_, 239 " _pity_, 273 tenet, _doctrine_, 136 tenuous, _fine_, 172 _term_, 354 " _boundary_, 84 " _time_, 356 terminate, _abolish_, 6 " _cease_, 98 " _end_, _v. _, 148 termination, _boundary_, 84 " _end_, _n. _, 148 terminus, _end_, _n. _, 148 terrible, _awful_, 70 " _formidable_, 176 terrific, _awful_, 70 terrify, _frighten_, 180 terror, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 _terse_, 354 testify, _avow_, 69 " _state_, 341 _testimony_, 355 that, _but_, 89 theme, _topic_, 359 then, _therefore_, 355 thence, _therefore_, 355 theology, _religion_, 307 theory, _hypothesis_, 205 " _idea_, 206 _therefore_, 355 thief, _robber_, 320 thin, _fine_, 172 think, _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _suppose_, 348 thirst, _appetite_, 54 tho, _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 thorough, _radical_, 299 thoroughfare, _way_, 372 thoroughgoing, _radical_, 299 thought, _idea_, 206 " _mind_, 241 thoughtless, _abstracted_, 11 thoughtlessness, _neglect_, 251 thrash, _beat_, 75 threatening, _imminent_, 212 thrift, _frugality_, 180 thrill, _shake_, 330 thrive, _succeed_, 346 throe, _pain_, 261 _throng_, 356 " _company_, 110 through, _by_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 throw, _send_, 327 thrust, _drive_, 140 thump, _blow_, 83 thus far, _yet_, 374 thwart, _hinder_, 199 tidy, _neat_, 249 tie, _bind_, 81 tillage, _agriculture_, 25 tilt, _tip_, 357 _time_, 356 time-honored, _old_, 257 timeless, _eternal_, 157 time-worn, _old_, 257 timid, _faint_, 164 timidity, _alarm_, 28 " _fear_, 168 " _modesty_, 244 tinge, _stain_, 341 tint, _stain_, 341 tiny, _minute_, 242 _tip_, _v. _, 357 tip, _n. _, _end_, _n. _, 148 _tire_, _v. _, 357 title, _name_, 247 tittle, _particle_, 264 toil, _work_, 374 toilsome, _difficult_, 132 token, _emblem_, 146 " _sign_, 332 " _trace_, 359 tolerate, _abide_, 5 " _allow_, 35 " _endure_, 150 tone, _sound_, 338 tongue, _language_, 228 too, _also_, 37 _tool_, 358 _topic_, 359 torment, _pain_, 261 torpor, _stupor_, 344 torture, _pain_, 261 total, _radical_, 299 totter, _shake_, 330 touching, _pitiful_, 273 tour, _journey_, 223 tow, _draw_, 138 towering, _high_, 198 _trace_, 359 " _characteristic_, 103 track, _trace_, 359 " _way_, 372 tractable, _docile_, 136 trade, _business_, 88 " _sale_, 323 trading, _business_, 88 traduce, _slander_, 336 traffic, _business_, 88 trail, _trace_, 359 train, _teach_, 353 trained, _skilful_, 335 training, _education_, 143 trait, _characteristic_, 103 trance, _dream_, 139 tranquil, _calm_, 91 tranquilize, _allay_, 31 tranquillity, _apathy_, 50 " _rest_, 313 _transact_, 360 " _do_, 135 _transaction_, 360 " _act_, 16 " _business_, 88 transcendent, _transcendental_, 361 _transcendental_, 361 " _mysterious_, 247 transcript, _duplicate_, 141 transfer, _convey_, 119 transfigure, _change_, _v. _, 100 transform, _change_, _v. _, 100 transformation, _change_, _n. _, 101 transgress, _break_, 86 transgression, _sin_, 332 _transient_, 361 transit, _journey_, 223 " _motion_, 245 transition, _change_, 101 " _motion_, 245 transitory, _transient_, 361 translation, _definition_, 124 translucent, _clear_, 107 transmit, _carry_, 96 " _convey_, 119 " _send_, 327 transmutation, _change_, _n. _, 101 transmute, _change_, _v. _, 100 transparent, _candid_, 93 " _clear_, 107 " _evident_, 159 transport, _carry_, 96 " _convey_, 119 " _enthusiasm_, 153 trappings, _caparison_, 93 travel, _journey_, 223 travesty, _caricature_, 95 treachery, _fraud_, 177 treason, _fraud_, 177 treasure, _cherish_, 104 treat, _transact_, 360 tremble, _shake_, 330 trembling, _fear_, 168 tremendous, _formidable_, 176 tremor, _fear_, 168 trepidation, _fear_, 168 trespass, _attack_, _n. _, 64 trial, _endeavor_, _n. _, 150 " _misfortune_, 242 tribe, _people_, 266 tribulation, _grief_, 187 " _misfortune_, 242 tribute, _subsidy_, 345 trick, _artifice_, 58 " _fraud_, 177 " _pretense_, 283 trickery, _deception_, 123 trifling, _idle_, 208 " _vain_, 364 trim, _neat_, 249 trip, _journey_, 223 triumph, _happiness_, 189 " _victory_, 369 trivial, _vain_, 364 " _venial_, 367 troops, _army_, 56 trouble, _anxiety_, 49 " _care_, 94 " _grief_, 187 " _misfortune_, 242 true, _authentic_, 67 " _faithful_, 165 " _honest_, 202 " _pure_, 296 " _real_, 301 truism, _axiom_, 71 " _proverb_, 293 trunk, _body_, 84 trust, _v. _, _commit_, 110 trust, _n. _, _assurance_, 61 " _faith_, 164 trustworthy, _authentic_, 67 " _faithful_, 165 " _honest_, 202 " _reliable_, 306 trusty, _faithful_, 165 " _honest_, 202 " _reliable_, 306 truth, _justice_, 225 " _veracity_, 367 " _virtue_, 370 truthful, _candid_, 93 truthfulness, _veracity_, 367 try, _chasten_, 103 " _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 trying, _difficult_, 132 tug, _draw_, 138 tuition, _education_, 143 tumult, _revolution_, 317 turbid, _obscure_, 255 turn, _bend_, 79 " _change_, _v. _, 100 " _revolve_, 318 tutor, _teach_, 353 twaddle, _babble_, 71 twain, _both_, 84 twine, _bend_, 79 twinge, _pain_, 261 twinkle, _light_, 231 twinkling, _light_, 231 twist, _bend_, 79 two, _both_, 84 type, _emblem_, 146 " _example_, 160 " _model_, 243 " _sign_, 332 typical, _normal_, 253 tyrannical, _absolute_, 8 tyro, _amateur_, 39 umbrage, _pique_, 272 umpire, _judge_, 224 unadorned, _clear_, 107 unadulterated, _pure_, 296 unambiguous, _clear_, 107 unanimity, _harmony_, 191 unassured, _precarious_, 282 unavailing, _vain_, 364 unavoidable, _necessary_, 250 unavoidableness, _necessity_, 250 unbelief, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 unbeliever, _skeptic_, 334 unbiased, _candid_, 93 unbidden, _spontaneous_, 340 unblemished, _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 unbounded, _infinite_, 216 unbroken, _continual_, 117 unceasing, _continual_, 117 " _eternal_, 157 uncertain, _equivocal_, 155 " _precarious_, 282 uncertainty, _doubt_, _n. _, 138 unchangeable, _permanent_, 269 unchanging, _permanent_, 269 uncivil, _bluff_, 83 uncivilized, _barbarous_, 73 uncommon, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 uncommunicative, _taciturn_, 351 uncompromising, _severe_, 329 unconcern, _apathy_, 50 unconditional, _absolute_, 8 unconditioned, _infinite_, 216 uncongeniality, _antipathy_, 48 unconnected, _alien_, _a. _, 29 unconquerable, _obstinate_, 256 unconsciousness, _stupor_, 344 uncontrollable, _rebellious_, 304 uncorrupted, _pure_, 296 uncouth, _awkward_, 70 " _barbarous_, 73 " _rustic_, 321 uncreated, _primeval_, 287 uncultivated, _fierce_, 171 undaunted, _brave_, 85 undefiled, _perfect_, 268 " _pure_, 296 undeniable, _necessary_, 250 underestimate, _disparage_, 134 undergo, _endure_, 150 underrate, _disparage_, 134 understand, _perceive_, 267 understanding, _mind_, 241 " _wisdom_, 372 undertake, _endeavor_, _v. _, 149 undervalue, _disparage_, 134 undismayed, _brave_, 85 undisturbed, _calm_, 91 undulate, _fluctuate_, 173 undying, _eternal_, 157 uneducated, _ignorant_, 208 unemployed, _idle_, 208 " _vacant_, 363 unending, _eternal_, 157 unenlightened, _ignorant_, 208 unequivocal, _absolute_, 8 " _clear_, 107 unfading, _eternal_, 157 unfailing, _eternal_, 157 unfairness, _injustice_, 220 " _prejudice_, 283 unfathomable, _infinite_, 216 " _mysterious_, 247 unfathomed, _mysterious_, 247 unfeelingness, _apathy_, 50 unfilled, _vacant_, 363 unflinching, _obstinate_, 256 unfold, _amplify_, 43 ungainly, _awkward_, 70 ungodliness, _sin_, 332 ungovernable, _perverse_, 272 " _rebellious_, 304 unhandy, _awkward_, 70 unhealthful, _pernicious_, 270 unhealthiness, _disease_, 134 unhomogeneous, _heterogeneous_, 196 unification, _union_, 362 uniform, _a. _, _alike_, 30 uniform, _n. _, _dress_, 140 uniformity, _harmony_, 191 unimportant, _vain_, 364 uninformed, _ignorant_, 208 uninstructed, _ignorant_, 208 unintellectual, _brutish_, 87 unintelligible, _obscure_, 255 uninterrupted, _continual_, 117 _union_, 362 " _alliance_, 34 " _association_, 60 " _attachment_, 63 " _harmony_, 191 " _marriage_, 236 unique, _queer_, 297 " _rare_, 300 unison, _harmony_, 191 " _melody_, 238 unity, _harmony_, 191 " _union_, 362 universal, _general_, 181 unkindness, _acrimony_, 15 unknown, _mysterious_, 247 unlawful, _criminal_, 120 unlearned, _ignorant_, 208 unless, _but_, 89 unlettered, _ignorant_, 208 unlike, _alien_, _a. _, 29 " _heterogeneous_, 196 unlikeness, _difference_, 131 unlimited, _infinite_, 216 unmanageable, _rebellious_, 304 unmannerly, _bluff_, 83 unmatched, _queer_, 297 unmeasured, _infinite_, 216 unmingled, _pure_, 296 unmistakable, _evident_, 159 " _clear_, 107 unmitigated, _severe_, 329 unmixed, _pure_, 296 unobtrusiveness, _modesty_, 244 unoccupied, _idle_, 208 " _vacant_, 363 unparalleled, _rare_, 300 unpolished, _rustic_, 321 unpolluted, _pure_, 296 unprecedented, _rare_, 300 unprejudiced, _candid_, 93 unpremeditated, _extemporaneous_, 163 unprofitable, _vain_, 364 unquestionable, _real_, 301 unreal, _vain_, 364 unreasonable, _absurd_, 11 unrelenting, _severe_, 329 unremitting, _continual_, 117 unreserved, _candid_, 93 unrighteousness, _injustice_, 220 " _sin_, 332 unruffled, _calm_, 91 unruly, _restive_, 314 unsatisfying, _vain_, 364 unselfishness, _benevolence_, 80 unserviceable, _vain_, 364 unsettle, _displace_, 135 unsettled, _precarious_, 282 unskilful, _awkward_, 70 unskilled, _ignorant_, 208 unsophisticated, _candid_, 93 " _rustic_, 321 unsoundness, _disease_, 134 unspiritual, _brutish_, 87 unspotted, _pure_, 296 unstable, _precarious_, 282 unstained, _pure_, 296 unsteady, _precarious_, 282 unsubstantial, _vain_, 364 unsuitable, _incongruous_, 214 unsullied, _pure_, 296 untainted, _pure_, 296 untamed, _barbarous_, 73 untarnished, _pure_, 296 untaught, _ignorant_, 208 " _rustic_, 321 untenanted, _vacant_, 363 untoward, _perverse_, 272 untrained, _fierce_, 171 untruth, _deception_, 123 untutored, _ignorant_, 208 unusual, _queer_, 287 " _rare_, 300 unvarying, _continual_, 117 unwavering, _faithful_, 165 unwholesome, _pernicious_, 270 unwilling, _reluctant_, 308 unyielding, _severe_, 329 " _obstinate_, 256 upbraid, _reprove_, 312 upbraiding, _reproof_, 311 uphold, _abet_, 4 " _confirm_, 114 " _help_, 195 " _support_, 348 uplifted, _high_, 198 upright, _honest_, 202 " _innocent_, 220 " _pure_, 296 uprightness, _justice_, 225 " _virtue_, 370 uproot, _exterminate_, 163 upshot, _consequence_, 116 upstart, _new_, 252 urbane, _polite_, 277 urge, _influence_, 217 " _persuade_, 271 " _plead_, 274 " _quicken_, 297 urge forward, _promote_, 291 urgency, _necessity_, 250 urge on, _drive_, 140 " _promote_, 291 " _quicken_, 297 usage, _habit_, 187 use, _employ_, 147 " _exercise_, 162 " _habit_, 187 " _utility_, 363 usefulness, _profit_, 288 " _utility_, 363 useless, _vain_, 364 use up, _employ_, 147 _usual_, 362 " _general_, 181 " _normal_, 253 usurp, _assume_, 61 utensil, _tool_, 358 _utility_, 363 " _profit_, 288 utmost, _end_, _n. _, 148 utter, _speak_, 339 utterance, _remark_, 308 " _speech_, 339 uttermost, _end_, _n. _, 148 _vacant_, 363 " _idle_, 208 vacate, _abandon_, 1 " _cancel_, 92 vacillate, _fluctuate_, 173 vacuous, _vacant_, 363 vagary, _fancy_, 167 _vain_, 364 vainglory, _pride_, 286 valediction, _farewell_, 168 valedictory, _farewell_, 168 valiant, _brave_, 85 valor, _prowess_, 294 value, _cherish_, 104 " _esteem_, _v. _, 156 " _price_, 285 " _profit_, 288 vanity, _egotism_, 145 " _pride_, 286 vanquish, _beat_, 75 " _conquer_, 115 vapid, _vain_, 364 variant, _heterogeneous_, 196 variation, _change_, 101 " _difference_, 131 variety, _change_, 101 " _difference_, 131 various, _heterogeneous_, 196 vary, _change_, 100 " _fluctuate_, 173 vast, _large_, 229 vaunt, _ostentation_, 259 vaunting, _ostentation_, 259 veer, _change_, 100 " _fluctuate_, 173 " _wander_, 371 vehemence, _enthusiasm_, 153 vehement, _eager_, 142 veil, _hide_, 197 " _palliate_, 261 _venal_, 365 venerable, _old_, 257 _venerate_, 366 " _admire_, 23 _veneration_, 366 vengeance, _revenge_, 316 _venial_, 367 venture, _hazard_, 194 venturesome, _brave_, 85 venturesomeness, _temerity_, 353 _veracity_, 367 _verbal_, 368 verbiage, _circumlocution_, 105 " _diction_, 130 verbose, _garrulous_, 181 verbosity, _circumlocution_, 105 verdant, _rustic_, 321 verge, _boundary_, 84 veritable, _authentic_, 67 " _real_, 301 verity, _veracity_, 367 vernacular, _language_, 228 verse, _meter_, 240 " _poetry_, 277 vestige, _trace_, 359 vestments, _dress_, 140 vesture, _dress_, 140 vex, _affront_, 24 vexation, _anger_, 44 " _chagrin_, 100 viands, _food_, 175 vibrate, _shake_, 330 vice, _sin_, 332 vicious, _criminal_, 120 " _restive_, 314 viciousness, _sin_, 332 vicissitude, _change_, _n. _, 101 victimize, _abuse_, 12 _victory_, 369 victuals, _food_, 175 view, _look_, 234 vigilance, _care_, 94 _vigilant_, 369 " _alert_, 28 vigorous, _active_, 17 " _healthy_, 195 vile, _brutish_, 87 " _criminal_, 120 vilify, _abuse_, 12 " _slander_, 336 villainy, _abomination_, 7 vindicate, _avenge_, 69 vindication, _apology_, 51 " _defense_, 123 vinegarish, _bitter_, 81 violate, _abuse_, 12 violent, _fierce_, 171 virile, _masculine_, 237 _virtue_, 370 " _justice_, 225 virtuous, _innocent_, 220 " _pure_, 296 virtuousness, _virtue_, 370 virulence, _acrimony_, 15 virulent, _bitter_, 81 viscid, _adhesive_, 22 viscous, _adhesive_, 22 visible, _evident_, 159 " _physical_, 272 vision, _dream_, 139 visionary, _fanciful_, 167 " _vain_, 364 visit, _avenge_, 69 visitation, _misfortune_, 242 vitiate, _defile_, 124 vituperate, _abuse_, 12 vivacious, _alive_, 30 vocabulary, _diction_, 130 " _language_, 228 vocal, _verbal_, 368 vocation, _business_, 88 vociferate, _call_, 91 void, _vacant_, 363 voluntary, _spontaneous_, 340 vow, _oath_, 254 voyage, _journey_, 223 vulgar, the, _mob_, 243 vulgarism, _slang_, 336 vulgarity, _slang_, 336 wages, _pay_, 266 waggery, _wit_, 373 waggishness, _wit_, 373 wait, _abide_, 5 wakeful, _vigilant_, 369 _wander_, 371 want, _necessity_, 250 " _poverty_, 279 warble, _sing_, 333 ward, _shelter_, 331 wariness, _care_, 94 warmth, _enthusiasm_, 153 warn, _reprove_, 312 warning, _example_, 160 warp, _bend_, 79 warrant, _precedent_, 282 wary, _vigilant_, 369 wash, _cleanse_, 107 waste, _excess_, 160 " _vacant_, 363 wastefulness, _excess_, 160 watch, _look_, 234 watch for, _abide_, 5 watchful, _alert_, 28 " _vigilant_, 369 watchfulness, _care_, 94 watch, on the, _alert_, 28 wave, _shake_, 330 waver, _fluctuate_, 173 " _shake_, 330 _way_, 372 " _air_, 27 " _direction_, 132 wayward, _perverse_, 272 weak, _faint_, 164 weapon, _tool_, 358 weapons, _arms_, 55 wearied, _faint_, 164 wear out, _tire_, 357 weary, _tire_, 357 wedded, _addicted_, 19 wedding, _marriage_, 236 wedlock, _marriage_, 236 weigh, _deliberate_, 125 weight, _load_, 233 welcome, _delightful_, 126 well, _healthy_, 195 well-behaved, _polite_, 277 well-bred, _polite_, 277 well-disposed, _friendly_, 178 well-mannered, _polite_, 277 well off, _comfortable_, 110 well-provided, _comfortable_, 110 well to do, _comfortable_, 110 whence, _therefore_, 355 wherefore, _therefore_, 355 while, _time_, 356 whim, _fancy_, 167 whimsical, _queer_, 297 whip, _beat_, 75 whit, _particle_, 264 whiten, _bleach_, 82 whitewash, _bleach_, 82 wholesome, _healthy_, 195 wicked, _criminal_, 120 wickedness, _abomination_, 7 " _sin_, 332 wide, _large_, 229 wide-awake, _active_, 17 " _alert_, 28 " _vigilant_, 369 widen, _amplify_, 43 wild, _absurd_, 11 " _fierce_, 171 wile, _artifice_, 58 " _pretense_, 283 wilful, _perverse_, 272 willing, _spontaneous_, 340 win, _allure_, 37 " _attain_, 64 " _conquer_, 115 " _get_, 183 " _succeed_, 346 wind up, _end_, _v. _, 148 winning, _amiable_, 42 " _charming_, 103 win over, _persuade_, 271 winsome, _amiable_, 42 wipe, _cleanse_, 107 wipe out, _exterminate_, 163 _wisdom_, 372 " _knowledge_, 227 " _prudence_, 294 wise, _sagacious_, 322 wish, _desire_, 128 _wit_, 373 with, _by_, 89 withal, _also_, 37 withdraw, _abstract_, 10 withdraw from, _abandon_, 1 wither, _die_, 130 withhold, _keep_, 226 " _restrain_, 315 without delay, _immediately_, 211 without end, _eternal_, 157 witness, _avow_, 69 " _testimony_, 355 witticism, _wit_, 373 wo, _grief_, 187 " _pain_, 261 woful, _pitiful_, 273 womanish, _feminine_, 169 womanly, _feminine_, 169 wonder, _admire_, 23 " _amazement_, 39 wont, _habit_, 187 wonted, _usual_, 362 woo, _address_, _v. _, 19 word, _term_, 354 wordiness, _circumlocution_, 105 wording, _diction_, 130 _work_, 374 " _act_, 16 " _business_, 88 workman, _artist_, 58 work out, _do_, 135 worn, _faint_, 164 worn down, _faint_, 164 worn out, _faint_, 164 worry, _anxiety_, 49 " _care_, 94 worship, _religion_, 307 worst, _beat_, 75 " _conquer_, 115 worth, _price_, 285 " _virtue_, 370 worthiness, _virtue_, 370 worthless, _vain_, 364 worthy, _becoming_, 77 wound, _affront_, 24 wrangle, _reason_, _v. _, 302 wrath, _anger_, 44 wretched, _pitiful_, 273 writing, metrical, _poetry_, 277 writings, _literature_, 233 wrong, _v. _, _abuse_, 12 wrong, _a. _, _criminal_, 120 wrong, _n. _, _injury_, 219 " _injustice_, 220 " _sin_, 332 wrong-doing, _sin_, 332 yearning, _eager_, 142 yell, _call_, 91 _yet_, 374 " _but_, 89 " _notwithstanding_, _conj. _, 254 yield, _allow_, 35 " _bend_, 79 " _harvest_, 192 " _surrender_, 349 yielding, _docile_, 136 young, _new_, 252 " _youthful_, 375 _youthful_, 375 " _new_, 252 zeal, _enthusiasm_, 153 zealous, _eager_, 142 zest, _appetite_, 54 Transcriber's Endnotes: Significant amendments, invalid links and further notes have been listed below. p. 45, ANIMAL, synonyms re-ordered (_fauna_ originally last); p. 45, ANIMAL, 'individal' amended to _individual_; p. 70, AWFUL, 'mein' amended to _mien_; p. 75, BEAT, invalid reference: 'SHATTER', see INDEX; p. 78, BEGINNING, '1 John 1' amended to _John i, 1_; p. 82, BITTER, 'quinin, or strychnin' amended to _quinine, or strychnine_; p. 98, CAUSE, 'conseqeunce' amended to _consequence_; p. 128, DESIRE, 'concupisence' amended to _concupiscence_; p. 148, END, _v. _, 'synonymns' amended to _synonyms_; p. 148, END, _v. _, invalid reference: 'BEGIN', see INDEX; p. 149, END, _n. _, 'CONSEQENCE' amended to _CONSEQUENCE_; p. 153, ENTHUSIASM, 'ecstacy' amended to _ecstasy_; p. 167, FANCIFUL, 'arangement' amended to _arrangement_; p. 190, HAPPINESS, invalid reference: 'COMFORT', see INDEX; p. 196, HETEROGENEOUS, 'heterogenious' amended to _heterogeneous_ (twice); p. 202, HONEST, 'fradulent' amended to _fraudulent_; p. 212, IMMERSE, invalid reference: 'BURY', see INDEX; p. 214, IMPUDENCE, invalid reference: 'ARROGANCE', see INDEX; p. 227, KNOWLEDGE, 'or' amended to _of_--'. . . Perception of external objects . . . '; p. 276, PLENTIFUL, '(Compare synonyms especial reference to giving or expending. ', amended, using a later edition, to _(Compare synonyms for ADEQUATE. )_; p. 278, POLITE, 'devolopment' amended to _development_; p. 297, QUEER, 'an' amended to _as_--'. . . And so uneven, as an _odd_ number . . . '; p. 305, RECORD, 'deposito' amended to _depository_; p. 316, REVELATION, 'mistery' amended to _mystery_; p. 334, SKETCH and p. 335, SKEPTIC, out-of-sequence entries re-ordered; estimated new placement of p. 335 marker; index amendments include: p. 511, agnostic; p. 513, atheist; p. 523, deist; p. 525, disbeliever; p. 526, doubter; p. 532, freethinker; p. 537, infidel; p. 555, skeptic; p. 560, unbeliever; p. 400, ASSUME, 'and' amended to _or_--'Unless he do profane, steal, or ----. '; p. 418, DEXTERITY, 'imimitable' amended to _inimitable_; p. 431, EXTERMINATE, added _is_--'. . . What is the original meaning . . . '; p. 433, FEAR, 'right' amended to _fright_--'How does it compare with _fright_ . . . '; p. 434, FEUD, 'contentention' amended to _contention_; p. 443, HAPPINESS, 'ecstacy' amended to _ecstasy_; p. 487, PROVERB, 'apothem' amended to _apothegm_; p. 515, INDEX, because: 'therefor' amended to _therefore_; p. 516, INDEX, bodily: page number added to _physical_; p. 530, INDEX, fancy: sub-listing ordered alphabetically; p. 535, INDEX, imagination: page number corrected for _idea_; p. 535, INDEX, 'immeasureable': amended to _immeasurable_; p. 539, INDEX, kind: sub-listing ordered alphabetically; p. 540, INDEX, loving: 'friendy' amended to _friendly_; p. 543, INDEX, nutrition: _oath_ removed from sub-listing and listed separately; p. 546, INDEX, plan: _horizontal_ removed from sub-listing.