EIRIK THE RED'S SAGA:

 A TRANSLATION

 READ BEFORE THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF LIVERPOOL, JANUARY 12TH, 1880, BY THE REV. J. SEPHTON. 

 LIVERPOOL: D. MARPLES & CO. , LIMITED, MELVILL CHAMBERS. 

 1880. 

CONTENTS. 

1. How Vifil, Gudrid's grandfather, came to Iceland. 

2. Of Eirik the Red, and his discovery of Greenland. 

3. Gudrid's parentage, and the emigration of her father, Thorbjorn, and his family to Greenland. 

4. Eirik's family, and his son Leif's discovery of Vinland. 

5. Gudrid marries Thorstein, son of Eirik the Red. [Sickness anddeath of Thorstein. ]

6. Gudrid marries Karlsefni. 

7. Karlsefni's expedition to Vinland. The first winter is passed atStraumsfjordr. 

8. Fate of Thorhall the Sportsman. 

9. The second winter is passed at Hop. 

10. Dealings with the Skrœlingar. 

11. Fight with the Skrœlingar. 

12. Return to Straumsfjordr. 

13. The slaying of Thorvald by a One-footer. The colonists returnto Greenland after passing the third winter at Straumsfjordr. 

14. Heroic magnanimity and fate of Bjarni. 

15. Gudrid's descendants. 

[Olaf, who was called Olaf the White, was styled a warrior king. Hewas the son of King Ingjald, the son of Helgi, the son of Olaf, theson of Gudred, the son of Halfdan Whiteleg, king of the Uplands (inNorway). He led a harrying expedition of sea-rovers into the west, andconquered Dublin, in Ireland, and Dublinshire, over which he madehimself king. He married Aud the Deep-minded, daughter of KetilFlatnose, son of Bjorn the Ungartered, a noble man from Norway. Theirson was named Thorstein the Red. Olaf fell in battle in Ireland, andthen Aud and Thorstein went into the Sudreyjar (the Hebrides). ThereThorstein married Thorid, daughter of Eyvind the Easterling, sister ofHelgi the Lean; and they had many children. Thorstein became a warriorking, and formed an alliance with Earl Sigurd the Great, son ofEystein the Rattler. They conquered Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, andMoray, and more than half Scotland. Over these Thorstein was kinguntil the Scots plotted against him, and he fell there in battle. Audwas in Caithness when she heard of Thorstein's death. Then she causeda merchant-ship to be secretly built in the wood, and when she wasready, directed her course out into the Orkneys. There she gave inmarriage Thorstein the Red's daughter, Gro, who became mother ofGrelad, whom Earl Thorfinn, the Skullcleaver, married. Afterwards Audset out to seek Iceland, having twenty free men in her ship. Aud cameto Iceland, and passed the first winter in Bjarnarhofn (Bjornshaven)with her brother Bjorn. Afterwards she occupied all the Dale countrybetween the Dogurdara (day-meal river) and the Skraumuhlaupsa (riverof the giantess's leap), and dwelt at Hvamm. She had prayer meetingsat Krossholar (Crosshills), where she caused crosses to be erected, for she was baptised and deeply devoted to the faith. There came withher to Iceland many men worthy of honour, who had been taken captivein sea-roving expeditions to the west, and who were called bondmen. One of these was named Vifil; he was a man of high family, and hadbeen taken captive beyond the western main, and was also called abondman before Aud set him free. And when Aud granted dwellings to hership's company, Vifil asked why she gave no abode to him like unto theothers. Aud replied, “That it was of no moment to him, for, ” she said, “he would be esteemed in whatever place he was, as one worthy ofhonour. ” She gave him Vifilsdalr (Vifilsdale), and he dwelt there andmarried. His sons were Thorbjorn and Thorgeir, promising men, and theygrew up in their father's house. 

2. There was a man named Thorvald, the son of Asvald, the son of Ulf, the son of Yxna-Thoris. His son was named Eirik. Father and sonremoved from Jadar (in Norway) to Iceland, because of manslaughters, and occupied land in Hornstrandir, and dwelt at Drangar. ThereThorvald died, and Eirik then married Thjodhild, daughter of Jorund, the son of Atli, and of Thorbjorg the Ship-breasted, whom afterwardsThorbjorn, of the Haukadalr (Hawkdale) family, married; he it was whodwelt at Eiriksstadr after Eirik removed from the north. It is nearVatzhorn. Then did Eirik's thralls cause a landslip on the estate ofValthjof, at Valthjofsstadr. Eyjolf the Foul, his kinsman, slew thethralls beside Skeidsbrekkur (slopes of the race-course), aboveVatzhorn. In return Eirik slew Eyjolf the Foul; he slew also Hrafn theDueller, at Leikskalar (playbooths). Gerstein, and Odd of Jorfi, kinsman of Eyjolf, were found willing to follow up his death by alegal prosecution; and then was Eirik banished from Haukadalr. Heoccupied then Brokey and Eyxney, and dwelt at Tradir, in Sudrey, thefirst winter. At this time did he lend to Thorgest pillars forseat-stocks, Afterwards Eirik removed into Eyxney, and dwelt atEiriksstadr. He then claimed his pillars, and got them not. Then wentEirik and fetched the pillars from Breidabolstadr, and Thorgest wentafter him. They fought at a short distance from the hay-yard atDrangar, and there fell two sons of Thorgest, and some other men. After that they both kept a large body of men together. Styr gaveassistance to Eirik, as also did Eyjolf, of Sviney, ThorbjornVifilsson, and the sons of Thorbrand, of Alptafjordr (Swanfirth). Butthe sons of Thord Gellir, as also Thorgeir, of Hitardalr (Hotdale), Aslak, of Langadalr (Longdale), and Illugi, his son, gave assistanceto Thorgest. Eirik and his people were outlawed at Thorsnes Thing. Heprepared a ship in Eiriksvagr (creek), and Eyjolf concealed him inDimunarvagr while Thorgest and his people sought him among theislands. Eirik said to his people that he purposed to seek for theland which Gunnbjorn, the son of Ulf the Crow, saw when he was drivenwestwards over the ocean, and discovered Gunnbjarnarsker (Gunnbjorn'srock or skerry). He promised that he would return to visit his friendsif he found the land. Thorbjorn, and Eyjolf, and Styr accompaniedEirik beyond the islands. They separated in the most friendly manner, Eirik saying that he would be of the like assistance to them, if heshould be able so to be, and they should happen to need him. Then hesailed oceanwards under Snœfellsjokull (snow mountain glacier), andarrived at the glacier called Blaserkr (Blue-shirt); thence hejourneyed south to see if there were any inhabitants of the country. He passed the first winter at Eiriksey, near the middle, of theVestribygd (western settlement). The following spring he proceeded toEiriksfjordr, and fixed his abode there. During the summer heproceeded into the unpeopled districts in the west, and was there along time, giving names to the places far and wide. The second winterhe passed in Eiriksholmar (isles), off Hvarfsgnupr (peak ofdisappearance, Cape Farewell); and the third summer he went altogethernorthwards, to Snœfell and into Hrafnsfjordr (Ravensfirth);considering then that he had come to the head of Eiriksfjordr, heturned back, and passed the third winter in Eiriksey, before the mouthof Eiriksfjordr. Now, afterwards, during the summer, he proceeded toIceland, and came to Breidafjordr (Broadfirth). This winter he waswith Ingolf, at Holmlatr (Island-litter). During the spring, Thorgestand he fought, and Eirik met with defeat. After that they werereconciled. In the summer Eirik went to live in the land which he haddiscovered, and which he called Greenland, “Because, ” said he, “menwill desire much the more to go there if the land has a good name. ”]

3. Thorgeir Vifilsson married, and took to wife Arnora, daughter ofEinar, from Laugarbrekka (the slope of the hot spring), the son ofSigmund, the eon of Ketil-Thistil, who had occupied Thistilsfjordr. The second daughter of Einar was named Hallveig. Thorbjorn Vifilssontook her to wife, and received with her the land of Laugarbrekka, atHellisvollr (the cave-hill). To that spot Thorbjorn removed his abode, and became great and worshipful. He was the temple-priest, and had amagnificent estate. Thorbjorn's daughter was Gudrid, the fairest ofwomen, and of peerless nobility in all her conduct. There was a mannamed Orm, who dwelt at Arnarstapi (eagle-rock), and he had a wife whowas named Halldis. He was a well-to-do franklin, a great friend ofThorbjorn, and Gudrid lived at his house as his foster-child for along time. There was a man named Thorgeir, who dwelt at Thorgeirsfjall(fell). He was mighty rich in cattle, and had been made a freedman. Hehad a son, whose name was Einar, a handsome man, well mannered, and agreat dandy. Einar, at this time, was a travelling merchant, sailingfrom land to land with great success; and he always passed his wintereither in Iceland or in Norway. Now after this, I have to tell howthat one autumn, when Einar was in Iceland, he proceeded with hiswares along Snœfellsnes, with the object of selling; he came toArnarstapi; Orm invited him to stay there, and Einar accepted hisinvitation, because there was friendship between him and Orm's people, and his wares were earned into a certain outhouse. There he unpackedhis merchandise, showed it to Orm and the housemen, and bade Orm taketherefrom such things as he would. Orm accepted the offer, andpronounced Einar to be a goodly gallant traveller, and a greatfavourite of fortune. When now they were busy with the wares, a womanpassed before the door of the outhouse; and Einar inquired of Orm whothat fair woman might be, passing before the door. “I have not seenher here before, ” said he. “That is Gudrid, my foster-child, ” saidOrm, “daughter of Thorbjorn the franklin, from Laugarbrekka. ” “Shemust be a good match, ” said Einar; “surely she has not been withoutsuitors who have made proposals for her, has she?” Orm answered, “Proposals have certainly been made, friend, but this treasure is notto be had for the picking up; it is found that she will be particularin her choice, as well as also her father. ” “Well, in spite of that, ”quoth Einar, “she is the woman whom I have it in my mind to proposefor, and I wish that in this suit of mine you approach her father onmy part, and apply yourself to plead diligently[A] for me, for whichI shall pay you in return a perfect friendship. The franklin, Thorbjorn, may reflect that our families would be suitably joined inthe bonds of affinity; for he is a man in a position of great honour, and owns a fine abode, but his personal property, I am told, isgreatly on the decrease; neither I nor my father lack lands orpersonal property; and if this alliance should be brought about, thegreatest assistance would accrue to Thorbjorn. ” Then answered Orm, “Ofa surety I consider myself to be thy friend, and yet am I not willingto bring forward this suit, for Thorbjorn is of a proud mind, andwithal a very ambitious man. ” Einar replied that he desired no otherthing than that his offer of marriage should be made known. Orm thenconsented to undertake his suit, and Einar journeyed south again untilhe came home. A while after, Thorbjorn had a harvest-feast, as he wasbound to have because of his great rank. There were present Orm, fromArnarstapi, and many other friends of Thorbjorn. Orm entered intoconversation with Thorbjorn, and told him how that Einar had latelybeen to see him from Thorgeirsfjall, and was become a promising man. He now began the wooing on behalf of Einar, and said that an alliancebetween the families would be very suitable on account of certaininterests. “There may arise to thee, franklin, ” he said, “greatassistance in thy means from this alliance. ” But Thorbjorn answered, “I did not expect the like proposal from thee, that I should give mydaughter in marriage to the son of a thrall. And so thou perceivestthat my substance is decreasing; well, then, my daughter shall not gohome with thee, since thou considerest her worthy of so poor a match. ”Then went Orm home again, and each of the other guests to his ownhousehold, and Gudrid remained with her father, and stayed at homethat winter. 

[Footnote A: The word “alendu” is a difficulty. Perhaps we ought toread “allidnu, ” or “allidinu. ”]

Now, in the spring, Thorbjorn made a feast to his friends, and agoodly banquet was prepared. There came many guests, and the banquetwas of the best. Now, at the banquet, Thorbjorn called for a hearing, and thus spake:--“Here have I dwelt a long time. I have experiencedthe goodwill of men and their affection towards me, and I considerthat our dealings with one another have been mutually agreeable. Butnow do my money matters begin to bring me uneasiness, although to thistime my condition has not been reckoned contemptible. I wish, therefore, to break up my household before I lose my honour; to removefrom the country before I disgrace my family. So now I purpose to lookafter the promises of Eirik the Red, my friend, which he made when weseparated at Breidafjordr. I purpose to depart for Greenland in thesummer, if events proceed as I could wish. ” These tidings about thisdesign appeared to the guests to be important, for Thorbjorn had longbeen beloved by his friends. They felt that he would only have made sopublic a declaration that it might be held of no avail to attempt todissuade him from his purpose. Thorbjorn distributed gifts among theguests, and then the feast was brought to an end, and they departed totheir own homesteads. Thorbjorn sold his lands, and bought a shipwhich had been laid up on shore at the mouth of the Hraunhofn (harbourof the lava field). Thirty men ventured on the expedition with him. There was Orm, from Arnarstapi, and his wife, and those friends ofThorbjorn who did not wish to be separated from him. Then theylaunched the ship, and set sail with a favourable wind. But when theycame out into the open sea the favourable wind ceased, and theyexperienced great gales, and made but an ill-sped voyage throughoutthe summer. In addition to that trouble, there came fever upon theexpedition, and Orm died, and Halldis, his wife, and half thecompany. Then the sea waxed rougher, and they endured much toil andmisery in many ways, and only reached Herjolfsnes, in Greenland, atthe very beginning of winter. There dwelt at Herjolfsnes the man whowas called Thorkell. He was a useful man and most worthy franklin. Hereceived Thorbjorn and all his ship's company for the winter, assisting them in right noble fashion. This pleased Thorbjorn well andhis companions in the voyage. 

At that time there was a great dearth in Greenland; those who had beenout on fishing expeditions had caught little, and some had notreturned. There was in the settlement the woman whose name wasThorbjorg. She was a prophetess (spae-queen), and was calledLitilvolva (little sybil). She had had nine sisters, and they were allspae-queens, and she was the only one now living. It was a custom ofThorbjorg, in the winter time, to make a circuit, and people invitedher to their houses, especially those who had any curiosity about theseason, or desired to know their fate; and inasmuch as Thorkell waschief franklin thereabouts, he considered that it concerned him toknow when the scarcity which overhung the settlement should cease. Heinvited, therefore, the spae-queen to his house, and prepared for hera hearty welcome, as was the custom whereever a reception was accordeda woman of this kind. A high seat was prepared for her, and a cushionlaid thereon in which were poultry-feathers. Now, when she came in theevening, accompanied by the man who had been sent to meet her, she wasdressed in such wise that she had a blue mantle over her, with stringsfor the neck, and it was inlaid with gems quite down to the skirt. Onher neck she had glass beads. On her head she had a black hood oflambskin, lined with ermine. A staff she had in her hand, with a knobthereon; it was ornamented with brass, and inlaid with gems roundabout the knob. Around her she wore a girdle of soft hair, and thereinwas a large skin-bag, in which she kept the talismans needful to herin her wisdom. She wore hairy calf-skin shoes on her feet, with longand strong-looking thongs to them, and great knobs of latten at theends. On her hands she had gloves of ermine-skin, and they were whiteand hairy within. Now, when she entered, all men thought it theirbounden duty to offer her becoming greetings, and these she receivedaccording as the men were agreeable to her. The franklin Thorkell tookthe wise-woman by the hand, and led her to the seat prepared for her. He requested her to cast her eyes over his herd, his household, andhis homestead. She remained silent altogether. During the evening thetables were set; and now I must tell you what food was made ready forthe spae-queen. There was prepared for her porridge of kid's milk, andhearts of all kinds of living creatures there found were cooked forher. She had a brazen spoon, and a knife with a handle of walrus-tusk, which was mounted with two rings of brass, and the point of it wasbroken off. When the tables were removed, the franklin Thorkelladvanced to Thorbjorg and asked her how she liked his homestead, orthe appearance of the men; or how soon she would ascertain that whichhe had asked, and which the men desired to know. She replied that shewould not give answer before the morning, after she had slept therefor the night. And when the (next) day was far spent, the preparationswere made for her which she required for the exercise of herenchantments. She begged them to bring to her those women who wereacquainted with the lore needed for the exercise of the enchantments, and which is known by the name of Weird-songs, but no such women cameforward. Then was search made throughout the homestead if any womanwere so learned. Then answered Gudrid, “I am not skilled in deeplearning, nor am I a wise-woman, although Halldis, my foster-mother, taught me, in Iceland, the lore which she called Weird-songs. ” “Thenart thou wise in good season, ” answered Thorbjorg; but Gudrid replied, “That lore and the ceremony are of such a kind, that I purpose to beof no assistance therein, because I am a Christian woman. ” Thenanswered Thorbjorg, “Thou mightest perchance afford thy help to themen in this company, and yet be none the worse woman than thou wastbefore; but to Thorkell give I charge to provide here the things thatare needful. ” Thorkell thereupon urged Gudrid to consent, and sheyielded to his wishes. The women formed a ring round about, andThorbjorg ascended the scaffold and the seat prepared for herenchantments. Then sang Gudrid the weird-song in so beautiful andexcellent a manner, that to no one there did it seem that he had everbefore heard the song in voice so beautiful as now. The spae-queenthanked her for the song. “Many spirits, ” said she, “have been presentunder its charm, and were pleased to listen to the song, who beforewould turn away from us, and grant us no such homage. And now are manythings clear to me which before were hidden both from me and others. And I am able this to say, that the dearth will last no longer--theseason improving as spring advances. The epidemic of fever which haslong oppressed us will disappear quicker than we could have hoped. Andthee, Gudrid, will I recompense straightway, for that aid of thinewhich has stood us in good stead; because thy destiny is now clear tome, and foreseen. Thou shalt make a match here in Greenland, a mosthonourable one, though it will not be a long-lived one for thee, because thy way lies out to Iceland; and there, shall arise from theea line of descendants both numerous and goodly, and over the branchesof thy family shall shine a bright ray. And so fare thee now well andhappily, my daughter. ” Afterwards the men went to the wise-woman, andeach enquired after what he was most curious to know. She was alsoliberal of her replies, and what she said proved true. After this cameone from another homestead after her, and she then went there. Thorbjorn was invited, because he did not wish to remain at home whilesuch heathen worship was performing. The weather soon improved whenonce spring began, as Thorbjorg had said, Thorbjorn made ready hisship, and went on until he came to Brattahlid (the steep slope). Eirikreceived him with the utmost cordiality, saying he had done well tocome there. Thorbjorn and his family were with him during the winter. And in the following spring Eirik gave to Thorbjorn land at Stokknes, and handsome farm buildings were there built for him, and he dweltthere afterwards. 

4. Eirik had a wife who was named Thjodhild, and two sons; the one wasnamed Thorstein, and the other Leif. These sons of Eirik were bothpromising men. Thorstein was then at home with his father; and therewas at that time no man in Greenland who was thought so highly of ashe. Leif had sailed to Norway, and was there with King OlafTryggvason. Now, when Leif sailed from Greenland during the summer, heand his men were driven out of their course to the Sudreyjar. Theywere slow in getting a favourable wind from this place, and theystayed there a long time during the summer ... Reaching Norway aboutharvest-tide. He joined the body-guard of King Olaf Tryggvason, andthe king formed an excellent opinion of him, and it appeared to himthat Leif was a well-bred man. Once upon a time the king entered intoconversation with Leif, and asked him, “Dost thou purpose sailing toGreenland in summer?” Leif answered, “I should wish so to do, if itis your will. ” The king replied, “I think it may well be so; thoushalt go my errand, and preach Christianity in Greenland. ” Leif saidthat he was willing to undertake it, but that, for himself, heconsidered that message a difficult one to proclaim in Greenland. Butthe king said that he knew no man who was better fitted for the workthan he. “And thou shalt carry, ” said he, “good luck with thee in it. ”“That can only be, ” said Leif, “if I carry yours with me. ” Leif setsail as soon as he was ready. He was tossed about a long time out atsea, and lighted upon lands of which before he had no expectation. There were fields of wild wheat, and the vine-tree in full growth. There were also the trees which were called maples; and they gatheredof all this certain tokens; some trunks so large that they were usedin house-building. Leif came upon men who had been shipwrecked, andtook them home with him, and gave them sustenance during the winter. Thus did he show his great munificence and his graciousness when hebrought Christianity to the land, and saved the shipwrecked crew. Hewas called Leif the Lucky. Leif reached land in Eiriksfjordr, andproceeded home to Brattahlid. The people received him gladly. He soonafter preached Christianity and catholic truth throughout the land, making known to the people the message of King Olaf Tryggvason; anddeclaring how many renowned deeds and what great glory accompaniedthis faith. Eirik took coldly to the proposal to forsake his religion, but his wife, Thjodhild, promptly yielded, and caused a church to bebuilt not very near the houses. The building was called Thjodhild'sChurch; in that spot she offered her prayers, and so did those men whoreceived Christ, and they were many. After she accepted the faith, Thjodhild would have no intercourse with Eirik, and this was a greattrial to his temper. 

After this there was much talk about making ready to go to the landwhich Leif had discovered. Thorstein, Eirik's son, was chief mover inthis, a worthy man, wise and much liked. Eirik was also asked to go, and they believed that his luck and foresight would be of the highestuse. He was [for a long time against it, but did not say nay], whenhis friends exhorted him to go. They made ready the ship whichThorbjorn had brought there, and there were twenty men who undertookto start in her. They had little property, but chiefly weapons andfood. On the morning when Eirik left home he took a little box, whichhad in it gold and silver; he hid the money, and then went forth onhis journey. He had proceeded, however, but a little way, when he fellfrom his horse, and broke his ribs and injured his shoulder, and criedout, “Aiai!” At this accident he sent word to his wife that she shouldtake away the money that he had hidden, declaring his misfortune to bea penalty paid on account of having hid the money. Afterwards theysailed away out of Eiriksfjordr with gladness, as their plan seemed topromise success. They were driven about for a long time on the opensea, and came not into the track which they desired. They came insight of Iceland, and also met with birds from the coast of Ireland. Then was their ship tossed to and fro on the sea. They returned aboutharvest-tide, worn out by toil and much exhausted, and reachedEiriksfjordr at the beginning of winter. Then spake Eirik, “You werein better spirits in the summer, when you went forth out of the firth, than you are in now, and yet for all that there is much to be thankfulfor. ” Thorstein replied, “It is a chieftain's duty now to look aftersome arrangement for these men who are without shelter, and to findthem food. ” Eirik answered, “That is an ever-true saying, 'You knownot until you have got your answer. ' I will now take thy counsel aboutthis. ” All those who had no other abodes were to go with the fatherand the son. Then came they to land, and went forth home. 

5. Now, after this, I have to tell you how Thorstein, Eirik's son, began wooing Gudrid, Thorbjorn's daughter. To his proposals afavourable answer was given, both by the maid herself, and also by herfather. The marriage was also arranged, so that Thorstein went to takepossession of his bride, and the bridal feast was held at Brattahlidin the autumn. The banquet went off well, and was numerously attended. Thorstein owned a homestead in the Vestribygd on the estate known asLysufjordr (shining firth). The man who was called Thorstein owned theother half of the homestead. His wife was called Sigrid. Thorsteinwent, during the autumn, to Lysufjordr, to his namesake, both he andGudrid. Their reception was a welcome one. They were there during thewinter. When little of the winter was past, the event happened therethat fever broke out on their estate. The overseer of the work wasnamed Garth. He was an unpopular man. He took the fever first anddied. Afterwards, and with but little intermission, one took the feverafter another and died. Then Thorstein, Eirik's son, fell ill, andalso Sigrid, the wife of his namesake Thorstein. [And one eveningSigrid left the house, and rested awhile opposite the outer door; andGudrid accompanied her; and they looked back towards the outer door, and Sigrid screamed out aloud. Gudrid said, “We have come forthunwarily, and thou canst in no wise withstand the cold; let us even gohome as quickly as possible. ” “It is not safe as matters are, ”answered Sigrid. “There is all that crowd of dead people before thedoor; Thorstein, thy husband, also, and myself, I recognise amongthem, and it is a grief thus to behold. ” And when this passed away, she said, “Let us now go, Gudrid; I see the crowd no longer. ”Thorstein, Eirik's son, had also disappeared from her sight; he hadseemed to have a whip in his hand, and to wish to smite the ghostlytroop. Afterwards they went in, and before morning came she was dead, and a coffin was prepared for the body. Now, the same day, the menpurposed to go out fishing, and Thorstein led them to the landingplaces, and in the early morning he went to see what they had caught. Then Thorstein, Eirik's son, sent word to his namesake to come to him, saying that matters at home were hardly quiet; that the housewife wasendeavouring to rise to her feet and to get under the clothes besidehim. And when he was come in she had risen upon the edge of the bed. Then took he her by the hands and laid a pole-axe upon her breast. Thorstein, Eirik's son, died near nightfall. Thorstein, the franklin, begged Gudrid to lie down and sleep, saying that he would watch overthe body during the night. So she did, and when a little of the nightwas past, Thorstein, Eirik's son, sat up and spake, saying he wishedGudrid to be called to him, and that he wished to speak with her. “Godwills, ” he said, “that this hour be given to me for my own, and thefurther completion of my plan. ” Thorstein, the franklin, went to findGudrid, and waked her; begged her to cross herself, and to ask God forhelp, and told her what Thorstein, Eirik's son, had spoken with him;“and he wishes, ” said he, “to meet with thee. Thou art obliged toconsider what plan thou wilt adopt, because I can in this issue advisethee in nowise. ” She answered, “It may be that this, this wonderfulthing, has regard to certain matters, which are afterwards to be hadin memory; and I hope that God's keeping will test upon me, and Iwill, with God's grace, undertake the risk and go to him, and knowwhat he will say, for I shall not be able to escape if harm musthappen to me. I am far from wishing that he should go elsewhere; Isuspect, moreover, that the matter will be a pressing one. ” Then wentGudrid and saw Thorstein. He appeared to her as if shedding tears. Hespake in her ear, in a low voice, certain words which she alone mightknow; but this he said so that all heard, “That those men would beblessed who held the true faith, and that all salvation and mercyaccompanied it; and that many, nevertheless, held it lightly. ” “Itis, ” said he, “no good custom which has prevailed here in Greenlandsince Christianity came, to bury men in unconsecrated ground with fewreligious rites over them. I wish for myself, and for those other menwho have died, to be taken to the church; but for Garth, I wish him tobe burned on a funeral pile as soon as may be, for he is the cause ofall those ghosts which have been among us this winter. ” He spake toGudrid also about her own state, saying that her destiny would be agreat one, and begged her to beware of marrying Greenland men. Hebegged her also to pay over their property to the Church and some tothe poor; and then he sank down for the second time. ] It had been acustom in Greenland, after Christianity was brought there, to bury menin unconsecrated ground on the farms where they died. An upright stakewas placed over a body, and when the priests came afterwards to theplace, then was the stake pulled out, consecrated water pouredtherein, and a funeral service held, though it might be long after theburial. The bodies were removed to the church in Eiriksfjordr, andfuneral services held by the priests. After that died Thorbjorn. Thewhole property then went to Gudrid. Eirik received her into hishousehold, and looked well after her stores. 

6. There was a man named Thorfinn Karlsefni, son of Thord Horsehead, who dwelt in the north (of Iceland), at Reynines in Skagafjordr, as itis now called. Karlsefni was a man of good family, and very rich. Hismother's name was Thorun. He engaged in trading journeys, and seemed agoodly, bold, and gallant traveller. One summer Karlsefni prepared hisship, intending to go to Greenland. Snorri, Thorbrand's son, fromAlptafjordr, resolved to travel with him, and there were thirty men inthe company. There was a man named Bjarni, Grimolf's son, a man ofBreidafjordr (Broadfirth); another called Thorhall, son of Gamli, aman from the east of Iceland. They prepared their ship the very samesummer as Karlsefni, with intent also to go to Greenland. They had inthe ship forty men. The two ships launched out into the open sea assoon as they were ready. It is not recorded how long a voyage theyhad. But, after this, I have to tell you that both these ships came toEiriksfjordr about autumn. Eirik rode down to the ships with other menof the land, and a market-fair was promptly instituted. The captainsinvited Gudrid to take such of the merchandise as she wished, andEirik displayed on his part much magnificence in return, inasmuch ashe invited both these ships' companies home with him to pass thewinter in Brattahlid. The merchants accepted the invitation, and wenthome with Eirik. Afterwards their merchandise was removed toBrattahlid, where a good and large outhouse was not lacking in whichto store the goods. The merchants were well pleased to stay with Eirikduring the winter. When now Yule was drawing nigh, Eirik began to lookmore gloomy than he was wont to be. Presently Karlsefni entered intoconversation with him, and said, “Art thou in trouble, Eirik? itappears to me that thou art somewhat more taciturn than thou hastbeen; still thou helpest us with much liberality, and we are bound toreward thee according as we have means thereto. Say now what causesthy cheerlessness. ” Eirik answered, “You receive hospitality well, andlike worthy men. Now, I have no mind that our intercourse togethershould be expensive to you; but so it is, that it will seem to me anill thing if it is heard that you never spent a worse Yule than this, just now beginning, when Eirik the Red entertained you at Brattahlid, in Greenland. ” Karlsefni answered, “It must not come to such a pass;we have in our ships malt, meal, and corn, and you have right andtitle to take therefrom whatever you wish, and to make yourentertainment such as consorts with your munificence. ” And Eirikaccepted the offer. Then was preparation made for the Yule-feast, andso magnificent was it that the men thought they had scarcely ever seenso grand a feast. And after Yule, Karlsefni broached to Eirik thesubject of a marriage with Gudrid, which he thought might be underEirik's control, and the woman appeared to him to be both beautifuland of excellent understanding. Eirik answered and said, that for hispart he would willingly undertake his suit, and said, moreover, thatshe was worthy of a good match. It is also likely, he thought, thatshe will be following out her destiny, should she be given to him;and, moreover, the report which comes to me of him is good. Theproposals were now laid before her, and she allowed the marriage withher to be arranged which Eirik wished to promote. However, I will notnow speak at length how this marriage took place; the Yule festivalwas prolonged and made into a marriage-feast. Great joy was there inBrattahlid during the winter. Much playing at backgammon and tellingof stories went on, and many things were done that ministered to thecomfort of the household. 

7. During this time much talk took place in Brattahlid about makingready to go to Vinland the Good, and it was asserted that they wouldthere find good choice lands. The discourse came to such conclusionthat Karlsefni and Snorri prepared their ship, with the intention ofseeking Vinland during the summer. Bjarni and Thorhall ventured on thesame expedition, with their ship and the retinue which had accompaniedthem. [There was a man named Thorvard; he married Freydis, naturaldaughter of Eirik the Red; he set out with them likewise, as alsoThorvald, a son of Eirik. ] There was a man named Thorvald; he was ason-in-law[B] of Eirik the Red. Thorhall was called the Sportsman; hehad for a long time been Eirik's companion in hunting and fishingexpeditions during the summers, and many things had been committed tohis keeping. Thorhall was a big man, dark, and of gaunt appearance;rather advanced in years, overbearing in temper, of melancholy mood, silent at all times, underhand in his dealings, and withal given toabuse, and always inclined towards the worst. He had kept himselfaloof from the true faith when it came to Greenland. He was but littleencompassed with the love of friends, but yet Eirik had long heldconversation with him. He went in the ship with Thorvald and his man, because he was widely acquainted with the unpeopled districts. Theyhad the ship which Thorbjorn had brought to Greenland, and theyventured on the expedition with Karlsefni and the others; and most ofthem in this ship were Greenlanders. There were one hundred and sixtymen in their ships. They sailed away from land; then to the Vestribygdand to Bjarneyjar (the Bear Islands). Thence they sailed away fromBjarneyjar with northerly winds. They were out at sea two half-days. Then they came to land, and rowed along it in boats, and explored it, and found there flat stones, many and so great that two men might welllie on them stretched on their backs with heel to heel. Polar-foxeswere there in abundance. This land they gave name to, and called itHelluland (stone-land). Then they sailed with northerly winds twohalf-days, and there was then land before them, and on it a greatforest and many wild beasts. An island lay in the south-east off theland, and they found bears thereon, and called the island Bjarney(Bear Island); but the mainland, where the forest was, they calledMarkland (forest-land). Then, when two half-days were passed, they sawland, and sailed under it. There was a cape to which they came. Theycruised along the land, leaving it on the starboard side. There was aharbourless coast-land, and long sandy strands. They went to the landin boats, and found the keel of a ship, and called the placeKjalar-nes (Keelness). They gave also name to the strands, callingthem Furdustrandir (wonder-shore), because it was tedious to sail bythem. Then the coast became indented with creeks, and they directedtheir ships along the creeks. Now, before this, when Leif was withKing Olaf Tryggvason, and the king had requested him to preachChristianity in Greenland, he gave him two Scotch people, the mancalled Haki, and the woman called Hækja. The king requested Leif tohave recourse to these people if ever he should want fleetness, because they were swifter than wild beasts. Eirik and Leif had gotthese people to go with Karlsefni. Now, when they had sailed byFurdustrandir, they put the Scotch people on land, and requested themto run into the southern regions, seek for choice land, and come backafter three half-days[C] were passed. They were dressed in such wisethat they had on the garment which they called _biafal_. It was madewith a hood at the top, open at the sides, without sleeves, and wasfastened between the legs. A button and a loop held it together there;and elsewhere they were without clothing. Then did they cast anchorsfrom the ships, and lay there to wait for them. And when three dayswere expired the Scotch people leapt down from the land, and one ofthem had in his hand a bunch of grapes, and the other an ear of wildwheat. 

[Footnote B: Later on in the Saga he is called a son of Eirik. Thetext would appear to be somewhat corrupt here, as the passage insquare brackets from Hauks-bok seems to show. ]

[Footnote C: The word “dœgr, ” both here and above, is translated“half-day, ” though it may possibly mean a period of twenty-fourhours. It is to be noticed, however, that these Scotch people returnafter three “dagar, ” which can only mean periods of twenty-fourhours. ]

They said to Karlsefni that they considered they had found good andchoice land. Then they received them into their ship, and proceeded ontheir journey to where the shore was cut into by a firth. Theydirected the ships within the firth. There was an island lying out infront of the firth, and there were great currents around the island, which they called Straums-ey (Stream-island). There were so many birdson it that scarcely was it possible to put one's feet down for theeggs. They continued their course up the firth, which they calledStraumsfjordr, and carried their cargo ashore from the ships, andthere they prepared to stay. They had with them cattle of all kinds, and for themselves they sought out the produce of the land thereabout. There were mountains, and the place was fair to look upon. They gaveno heed to anything except to explore the land, and they found largepastures. They remained there during the winter, which happened to bea hard one, with no work doing; and they were badly off for food, andthe fishing failed. Then they went out to the island, hoping thatsomething might be got there from fishing or from what was driftedashore. In that spot there was little, however, to be got for food, but their cattle found good sustenance. After that they called uponGod, praying that He would send them some little store of meat, buttheir prayer was not so soon granted as they were eager that it shouldbe. Thorhall disappeared from sight, and they went to seek him, andsought for three half-days continuously. On the fourth half-dayKarlsefni and Bjarni found him on the peak of a crag. He lay with hisface to the sky, with both eyes and mouth and nostrils wide open, clawing and pinching himself, and reciting something. They asked whyhe had come there. He replied that it was of no importance; beggedthem not to wonder thereat; as for himself, he had lived so long, theyneeded not to take any account of him. They begged him to go home withthem, and he did so. A little while after a whale was driven ashore, and the men crowded round it, and cut it up, and still they knew notwhat kind of whale it was. Even Karlsefni recognised it not, though hehad great knowledge of whales. It was cooked by the cook-boys, andthey ate thereof; though bad effects came upon all from it afterwards. Then began Thorhall, and said, “Has it not been that the Redbeard hasproved a better friend than your Christ? this was my gift for thepoetry which I composed about Thor, my patron; seldom has he failedme. ” Now, when the men knew that, none of them would eat of it, andthey threw it down from the rocks, and turned with their supplicationsto God's mercy. Then was granted to them opportunity of fishing, andafter that there was no lack of food that spring. They went back againfrom the island, within Straumsfjordr, and obtained food from bothsides; from hunting on the mainland, and from gathering eggs and fromfishing on the side of the sea. 

8. When summer was at hand they discussed about their journey, andmade an arrangement. Thorhall the Sportsman wished to proceednorthwards along Furdustrandir, and off Kjalarnes, and so seekVinland; but Karlsefni desired to proceed southwards along the landand away from the east, because the land appeared to him the betterthe further south he went, and he thought it also more advisable toexplore in both directions. Then did Thorhall make ready for hisjourney out by the islands, and there volunteered for the expeditionwith him not more than nine men; but with Karlsefni there went theremainder of the company. And one day, when Thorhall was carryingwater to his ship, he drank, and recited this verse:--

“The clashers of weapons did say when I came here that I should havethe best of drink (though it becomes me not to complain before thecommon people). Eager God of the war-helmet! I am made to raise thebucket; wine has not moistened my beard, rather do I kneel at thefountain. ”

Afterwards they put to sea, and Karlsefni accompanied them by theisland. Before they hoisted sail Thorhall recited a verse:--

“Go we back where our countrymen are. Let us make the skilled hawk ofthe sand-heaven explore the broad ship-courses; while the dauntlessrousers of the sword-storm, who praise the land, and cook whale, dwellon Furdustrandir. ”

Then they left, and sailed northwards along Furdustrandir andKjalarnes, and attempted there to sail against a wind from the west. Agale came upon them, however, and drove them onwards against Ireland, and there were they severely treated, enthralled, and beaten. ThenThorhall lost his life. 

9. Karlsefni proceeded southwards along the land, with Snorri andBjarni and the rest of the company. They journeyed a long while, anduntil they arrived at a river, which came down from the land and fellinto a lake, and so on to the sea. There were large islands off themouth of the river, and they could not come into the river except athigh flood-tide. Karlsefni and his people sailed to the mouth of theriver, and called the land Hop. There they found fields of wild wheatwherever there were low grounds; and the vine in all places were therewas rough rising ground. Every rivulet there was full of fish. Theymade holes where the land and water joined and where the tide wenthighest; and when it ebbed they found halibut in the holes. There wasgreat plenty of wild animals of every form in the wood. They werethere half a month, amusing themselves, and not becoming aware ofanything. Their cattle they had with them. And early one morning, asthey looked around, they beheld nine canoes made of hides, andsnout-like staves were being brandished from the boats, and they madea noise like flails, and twisted round in the direction of the sun'smotion. Then Karlsefni said, “What will this betoken?” Snorri answeredhim, “It may be that it is a token of peace; let us take a whiteshield and go to meet them. ” And so they did. Then did they in thecanoes row forwards, and showed surprise at them, and came to land. They were short men, ill-looking, with their hair in disorderlyfashion on their heads; they were large-eyed, and had broad cheeks. And they stayed there awhile in astonishment. Afterwards they rowedaway to the south, off the headland. 

10. They had built their settlements up above the lake. And some ofthe dwellings were well within the land, but some were near the lake. Now they remained there that winter. They had no snow whatever, andall their cattle went out to graze without keepers. Now when springbegan, they beheld one morning early, that a fleet of hide-canoes wasrowing from the south off the headland; so many were they as if thesea were strewn with pieces of charcoal, and there was also thebrandishing of staves as before from each boat. Then they held shieldsup, and a market was formed between them; and this people in theirpurchases preferred red cloth; in exchange they had furs to give, andskins quite grey. They wished also to buy swords and lances, butKarlsefni and Snorri forbad it. They offered for the cloth dark hides, and took in exchange a span long of cloth, and bound it round theirheads; and so matters went on for a while. But when the stock of clothbegan to grow small, then they split it asunder, so that it was notmore than a finger's breadth. The Skrœlingar {Esquimaux) gave for itstill quite as much, or more than before. 

11. Now it came to pass that a bull, which belonged to Karlsefni'speople, rushed out of the wood and bellowed loudly at the same time. The Skrœlingar, frightened thereat, rushed away to their canoes, androwed south along the coast. There was then nothing seen of them forthree weeks together. When that time was gone by, there was seenapproaching from the south a great crowd of Skrœlingar boats, comingdown upon them like a stream, the staves this time being allbrandished in the direction opposite to the sun's motion, and theSkrœlingar were all howling loudly. Then took they and bare redshields to meet them. They encountered one another and fought, andthere was a great shower of missiles. The Skrœlingar had alsowar-slings, or catapults. Then Karlsefni and Snorri see that theSkrœlingar are bringing up poles, with a very large ball attached toeach, to be compared in size to a sheep's stomach, dark in colour; andthese flew over Karlsefni's company towards the land, and when theycame down they struck the ground with a hideous noise. This producedgreat terror in Karlsefni and his company, so that their only impulsewas to retreat up the country along the river, because it seemed as ifcrowds of Skrœlingar were driving at them from all sides. And theystopped not until they came to certain crags. There they offered themstern resistance. Freydis came out and saw how they were retreating. She called out, “Why run you away from such worthless creatures, stoutmen that ye are, when, as seems to me likely, you might slaughter themlike so many cattle? Let me but have a weapon, I think I could fightbetter than any of you. ” They gave no heed to what she said. Freydisendeavoured to accompany them, still she soon lagged behind, becauseshe was not well; she went after them into the wood, and theSkrœlingar directed their pursuit after her. She came upon a dead man;Thorbrand, Snorri's son, with a flat stone fixed in his head; hissword lay beside him, so she took it up and prepared to defend herselftherewith. Then came the Skrœlingar upon her. She let down her sarkand struck her breast with the naked sword. At this they werefrightened, rushed off to their boats, and fled away. Karlsefni andthe rest came up to her and praised her zeal. Two of Karlsefni's menfell, and four of the Skrœlingar, notwithstanding they had overpoweredthem by superior numbers. After that, they proceeded to their booths, and began to reflect about the crowd of men which attacked them uponthe land; it appeared to them now that the one troop will have beenthat which came in the boats, and the other troop will have been adelusion of sight. The Skrœlingar also found a dead man, and his axelay beside him. One of them struck a stone with it, and broke the axe. It seemed to them good for nothing, as it did not withstand the stone, and they threw it down. 

12. [Karlsefni and his company] were now of opinion that though theland might be choice and good, there would be always war and terroroverhanging them, from those who dwelt there before them. They madeready, therefore, to move away, with intent to go to their own land. They sailed forth northwards, and found five Skrœlingar in jackets ofskin, sleeping [near the sea], and they had with them a chest, and init was marrow of animals mixed with blood; and they considered thatthese must have been outlawed. They slew them. Afterwards they came toa headland and a multitude of wild animals; and this headland appearedas if it might be a cake of cow-dung, because the animals passed thewinter there. Now they came to Straumsfjordr, where also they hadabundance of all kinds. It is said by some that Bjarni and Freydisremained there, and a hundred men with them, and went not furtheraway. But Karlsefni and Snorri journeyed southwards, and forty menwith them, and after staying no longer than scarcely two months atHop, had come back the same summer. Karlsefni set out with a singleship to seek Thorhall, but the (rest of the) company remained behind. He and his people went northwards off Kjalarnes, and were then borneonwards towards the west, and the land lay on their larboard-side, andwas nothing but wilderness. And when they had proceeded for a longtime, there was a river which came down from the land, flowing fromthe east towards the west. They directed their course within theriver's mouth, and lay opposite the southern bank. 

13. One morning Karlsefni's people beheld as it were a glitteringspeak above the open space in front of them, and they shouted at it. It stirred itself, and it was a being of the race of men that haveonly one foot, and he came down quickly to where they lay. Thorvald, son of Eirik the Red, sat at the tiller, and the One-footer shot himwith an arrow in the lower abdomen. He drew out the arrow. Then saidThorvald, “Good land have we reached, and fat is it about the paunch. ”Then the One-footer leapt away again northwards. They chased afterhim, and saw him occasionally, but it seemed as if he would escapethem. He disappeared at a certain creek. Then they turned back, andone man spake this ditty:--

“Our men chased (all true it is) a One-footer down to the shore; butthe wonderful man strove hard in the race.... [D] Hearken, Karlsefni. ”

Then they journeyed away back again northwards, and saw, as theythought, the land of the One-footers. They wished, however, no longerto risk their company. They conjectured the mountains to be all onerange; those, that is, which were at Hop, and those which they nowdiscovered; almost answering to one another; and it was the samedistance to them on both sides from Straumsfjordr. They journeyedback, and were in Straumsfjordr the third winter. Then fell the mengreatly into backsliding. They who were wifeless pressed their claimsat the hands of those who were married. Snorri, Karlsefni's son, wasborn the first autumn, and he was three winters old when they begantheir journey home. Now, when they sailed from Vinland, they had asouthern wind, and reached Markland, and found five Skrœlingar; onewas a bearded man, two were women, two children. Karlsefni's peoplecaught the children, but the others escaped and sunk down into theearth. And they took the children with them, and taught them theirspeech, and they were baptized. The children called their motherVœtilldi, and their father Uvœgi. They said that kings ruled over theland of the Skrœlingar, one of whom was called Avalldamon, and theother Valldidida. They said also that there were no houses, and thepeople lived in caves or holes. They said, moreover, that there was aland on the other side over against their land, and the people therewere dressed in white garments, uttered loud cries, bare long poles, and wore fringes. This was supposed to be Hvitramannaland (whiteman'sland). Then came they to Greenland, and remained with Eirik the Redduring the winter. 

[Footnote D: in this _lacuna_ occur the words “af stopi, ” which Dr. Vigfusson translates, in his notes, “over the stubbles. ”]

14. Bjarni, Grimolf's son, and his men were carried into the IrishOcean, and came into a part where the sea was infested by ship-worms. They did not find it out before the ship was eaten through under them;then they debated what plan they should follow. They had a ship's boatwhich was smeared with tar made of seal-fat. It is said that theship-worm will not bore into the wood which has been smeared with theseal-tar. The counsel and advice of most of the men was to ship intothe boat as many men as it would hold. Now, when that was tried, theboat held not more than half the men. Then Bjarni advised that itshould be decided by the casting of lots, and not by the rank of themen, which of them should go into the boat; and inasmuch as every manthere wished to go into the boat, though it could not hold all ofthem; therefore, they accepted the plan to cast lots who should leavethe ship for the boat. And the lot so fell that Bjarni, and nearlyhalf the men with him, were chosen for the boat. So then those leftthe ship and went into the boat who had been chosen by lot so to do. And when the men were come into the boat, a young man, an Icelander, who had been a fellow-traveller of Bjarni, said, “Dost thou intend, Bjarni, to separate thyself here from me. ” “It must needs be so now, ”Bjarni answered. He replied, “Because, in such case, thou didst not sopromise me when I set out from Iceland with thee from the homestead ofmy father. ” Bjarni answered, “I do not, however, see here any otherplan; but what plan dost thou suggest?” He replied, “I propose thisplan, that we two make a change in our places, and thou come here andI will go there. ” Bjarni answered, “So shall it be; and this I see, that thou labourest willingly for life, and that it seems to thee agrievous thing to face death. ” Then they changed places. The man wentinto the boat, and Bjarni back into the ship; and it is said thatBjarni perished there in the Worm-sea, and they who were with him inthe ship; but the boat and those who were in it went on their journeyuntil they reached land, and told this story afterwards. 

15. The next summer Karlsefni set out for Iceland, and Snorri withhim, and went home to his house in Reynines. His mother consideredthat he had made a shabby match, and she was not at home the firstwinter. But when she found that Gudrid was a lady without peer, shewent home, and their intercourse was happy. The daughter of Snorri, Karlsefni's son, was Hallfrid, mother of Bishop Thorlak, the son ofRunolf. (Hallfrid and Runolf) had a son, whose name was Thorbjorn; hisdaughter was Thorun, mother of Bishop Bjarn. Thorgeir was the name ofa son of Snorri, Karlsefni's son; he was father of Yngvild, the motherof the first Bishop Brand. And here ends this story. 

(This translation is made from the version of the Saga printed in Dr. Gudbrand Vigfusson's _Icelandic Prose Reader_. The passages in squarebrackets are taken from the Hauks-bok version given in _AntiquitatesAmericanæ_. It may be mentioned here that Carl Christian Rafn and theother Danish scholars who edited this elaborate work have concludedthat Kjalarnes is the modern Cape Cod, Straumsfjordr is Buzzard's Bay, Straumsey is Martha's Vineyard, and Hop is on the shores of Mount HaupBay, into which the river Taunton flows. 

English readers of Icelandic owe a large debt to Dr. Vigfusson for hislabours in the cause of Icelandic literature. The great _Dictionary_, the _Sturlunga Saga_, and the _Prose Reader_, together make an undyingclaim on our gratitude; and yet they only show how very much more isstill to be done. May we hope that Dr. Vigfusson will not cease fromhis labours until he has put forth a large instalment of the serieswhich he has sketched in the able introduction to the _Sturlunga_, p. Ccix. ; and that the Delegates of the Clarendon Press will continuegenerously to appreciate his eager, scholarly, and laboriousenthusiasm. )