CITIZENSHIP

A MANUAL _for_ VOTERS

BYEMMA GUY CROMWELL

_Author of_

CROMWELL'S COMPENDIUM _of_ PARLIAMENTARY LAWFORMERLY STATE LIBRARIAN _of_ KENTUCKY_and_ ENROLLING CLERK _of_HOUSE _of_ REPRESENTATIVES

SALE PRICE PER COPY, PAPER BINDING, 75c; CLOTH BINDING, $1. 25_Address_ EMMA GUY CROMWELL, _Frankfort, Ky_. 

COPYRIGHT 1920BYEMMA GUY CROMWELL

TOTHE NEW VOTERS _of_ AMERICAA GREAT FACTOR IN GOOD GOVERNMENTTHIS BOOKLETIS RESPECTIVELY DEDICATEDBYTHE AUTHOR

_Introduction_

Realizing the need of a manual on citizenship for the new voters inKentucky, the author has endeavored to compile such information on thegovernment and its workings, as will be of use to all voters, especially the ones just entering political life. A strong appeal ismade to the women voters of our nation to prepare themselves forpublic life by keeping in touch with the issues of the day as well asthe functions of government. While it is a great privilege to takepart in public affairs, and study the questions of the day, so that wecan vote intelligently and criticize justly, let us not forget thatthe home is the most sacred refuge of life, the nucleus around whichall pure and true civilization is formed, and that the chief end ofall good government is to improve and protect the home, the church andthe community. 

Will you take part in building up your government and establishing"High Ideals" and true democracy?

 EMMA GUY CROMWELL, Frankfort, Ky. 

CHAPTER I. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

Good citizenship means doing well one's part as a member of thecommunity in which he lives, and carries with it certain privilegesand duties. 

A citizen is one who has the rights and privileges of the inhabitantsof the community, state and nation, and as a duty should equip himselfso as to render the best citizenship possible. 

There are two classes of citizens; native born, and naturalized. Persons born in the United States and children born of Americanparents while abroad are native born. Naturalized citizens are alienswho through the process of naturalization have attained citizenship. Naturalization itself does not give the right to vote, as that isdetermined by the state laws. Most states give all citizens the rightto vote who have lived in the state for one year, and about elevenstates permit aliens to vote provided they declare their intention ofbecoming citizens. 

Congress has the power to decide the conditions upon which aliens maybecome citizens. 

Citizenship carries with it the enjoyment of civil rights, as theprotection of the home and property, freedom of speech, religion, press, protection of the laws, etc. Wherever you go your citizenshipgoes with you, protecting and defending you. If you are in a foreigncountry you must abide by the laws of that country, but should you betreated unjustly the United States would protect you. 

Our country is a land of freedom and opportunity, and it is our dutyto help uplift the government, and as citizens we must studyconditions and know how to govern and be governed. We must be familiarwith our national and state Constitutions, for they are thefundamental principles by which we are governed. We must know how tomake laws and how to have them executed. We must keep posted on theissues of the day, and know something of the standing and character ofour public men and women. 

The citizen who does not possess some knowledge of his government andits workings will become a prey to the demagogue, or of individualswho are anxious to advance their own interest at the expense of thepeople. 

It is the duty of every man and woman under the protection of our flagto give his or her best to the country and be willing to take uponthemselves the burden as well as the privilege of government, andfully appreciate the inheritance our fathers left. "They built thefoundation in the days of Washington and Jefferson, and as a duty wemust safeguard the building. "

Citizenship not only embraces civil rights, but political rights whichis the right of suffrage or voting. 

While civil rights are enjoyed by all men, women and children, political rights are enjoyed only by citizens twenty-one years old andover who possess the necessary qualifications to vote. Civil rightsand political rights are not the same, for all citizens are notvoters, neither are all voters citizens in the United States, as somestates permit aliens to vote before they get their citizenship paper, making them real citizens. 

It is our duty to study our government and be posted on the issues ofthe day. There are about 27, 011, 330 women voters in the United States. We have the vote and let us not only count it a privilege but a dutyto do our part as citizens in establishing good government. 

There are two principal parties in the United States, the Democraticparty and the Republican party. 

The way to get good government is through the parties; that is onereason women must choose their party and enter into the organizationof the party of their choice. 

Parties are just what their constituents make them. 

GOVERNMENT. 

The word government means management or guidance and control. 

When we speak of the government of the nation, state, city, town orcounty we refer to the management of public affairs. 

Government protects life and property, keeps an army and navy for ourdefense, peace and order, regulates commerce and industry, supportsour public schools, keeps the roads and streets in good condition, cares for public health, and many other things we enjoy. 

Our courts are maintained by the government where justice may befound. 

The laws of our nation are the rules made by the government to guideour actions. They tell us what we are to do, and what we are not todo. We must obey the laws of our country or else be punished. We muststudy the government of our nation, state, city, town and county, andbe ready to do our part in establishing good government, by makingproper laws and seeing they are enforced. As far back as 500 B. C. Wefind in Athens lawmakers, judges and executive officers. 

The word government is derived from the Latin word gubernare, whichmeans to guide or "pilot a ship. " Good government depends upon thevoters, and may our men and women of the United States pilot our shipinto a safe harbor. 

The United States is both a Democracy and a Republic. 

A Democracy is a government by the people in which the will of thepeople prevails throughout the country. "This is the fundamentalprinciple of American government. "

A Republic is a democracy where the people elect representatives tocarry on the government. 

CONSTITUTION. 

When the colonies became independent states each state drew up acharter which recognized its people as authority in government. Instead of calling this new instrument a charter they changed the nameand called it a "Constitution. "

This Constitution is the foundation upon which our government isbuilt. After the thirteen original colonies had established theirindependence they formed a central government known and expressed inthe Constitution of the United States which is our fundamental law. 

In the preamble of the Constitution of the United States we find thegeneral purpose for which government is instituted:

"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfectunion, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for thecommon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessingsof liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establishthis Constitution for the United States of America. "

The Constitution of the United States is our fundamental law and nostate constitution can conflict with our Federal Constitution. 

There are now forty-eight states in the United States with forty-eightconstitutions framed upon the Federal Constitution. Each state has itsown constitution, which in no way conflicts with the FederalConstitution. 

The first Constitution of Kentucky was adopted April 3, 1792, at aconvention that met in Danville, and later on June 1st, 1792, Kentuckywas admitted into the union as a state. 

Our government is conducted according to our National and StateConstitutions. 

In every constitution there is a provision for making a change. Thesechanges are called amendments. An amendment is a law passed by theGeneral Assembly and adopted by a majority of the voters. 

An amendment to the Kentucky Constitution requires a three-fifths voteof the members in both houses of the legislature to pass, and then itis submitted by the General Assembly to the voters of the State, whichrequires a majority of the voters to be adopted. 

The legislature cannot repeal an amendment to the Constitution, orpass laws contrary to its provision. The session of nineteen andtwenty in Kentucky passed two amendments pertaining to school matters. One provides for the appointment of the Superintendent of PublicInstruction by the Governor, and the other amendment provides: "Thatthe General Assembly have the power to distribute the school funds. "

At the next general election we will vote on these two amendments. Ifthe majority of the voters vote yes, this change will be made, and theGeneral Assembly will have the power to distribute the school fundsand the Governor will appoint the Superintendent of PublicInstruction. 

The Federal Constitution may be amended by two-thirds vote of eachHouse of Congress, and if passed must be referred to the statelegislatures for ratification. 

The amendments to the Constitution of the United States do not becomea part of the Constitution until ratified by three-fourths of theStates, which is now thirty-six states--there being forty-eight statesin the union. 

There are now eighteen amendments to the Federal Constitution. Thenineteenth amendment on "Suffrage" is still pending, needing only onemore state to give universal suffrage to women. 

An amendment to a constitution is simply changing some of itsprovisions, but a revision is a recasting of the whole constitution. Both require the consent of the voters of the State. 

As we have said the revision usually takes place by means of aconvention of delegates elected for that purpose by the people. 

"One of the most important parts of every state constitution is the'Bill of Rights, ' which is a statement of the rights which must not beinfringed on by the government. "

In the revision of a state constitution the legislature submits to thepeople the question of calling a convention to frame a newconstitution. If the voters are in favor of a convention they electdelegates to the convention to assist in revising the constitution. The revised constitution is nearly always submitted to the people tovote upon. 

The amendment known as the eighteenth amendment passed duringPresident Wilson's term of office and is one of great importance toour nation in the protection of the home and humanity. This amendmentprohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, reads asfollows:

"Sec. 1. After one year from the ratification of this article, themanufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from theUnited States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereoffor beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 

"Sec. 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrentpower to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. "

There are now eighteen amendments to our Federal Constitution, andthere has never been an amendment repealed. 

The nineteenth amendment known as the suffrage amendment passed bothhouses of Congress on May 21st and June 4th, 1919, submitting to thestates a proposed amendment to the Federal Constitution extendingsuffrage to women. The first state to take action was Wisconsin, whoselegislature, June 5th, 1919, ratified the amendment. Other stateratifications were Michigan, June 10th, Kansas, New York and Ohio, June 16th, Illinois, June 17th, Pennsylvania, June 24th, Massachusetts, June 25th, Texas, June 28th, Iowa, July 2nd, Missouri, July 3rd, Arkansas, July 28th, Montana, July 30th, Nebraska, August1st, Minnesota, September 8th, New Hampshire, September 10th, Utah, September 30th, California, November 1st, Maine, November 5th, NorthDakota, December 1st, South Dakota, December 4th, Kentucky, January6th, 1920. 

The proposed amendment reads as follows:

"Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall notbe denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on accountof sex. 

"Sec. 2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, toenforce the provisions of this article. "

The following states had granted state wide woman's suffrage: Wyoming1869, Colorado 1893, Utah 1896, Idaho 1896, Washington 1910, California 1911, Kansas, Arizona and Oregon 1912, Territory of Alaska1913, Montana and Nevada 1914, New York 1917, Michigan, Oklahoma, South Dakota 1918. 

Amendments to the Federal Constitution may be proposed by Congress bytwo-thirds vote, then submitted to the states for ratification by atleast three-fourths of the states acting through their legislatures(or through state conventions as Congress may indicate, or Congressmay call a national convention for this purpose). 

As has been said eighteen amendments to the National Constitution havebeen made since its adoption. The nineteenth amendment will soon beadopted in full as it only needs one more state to make thethree-fourths or thirty-six states which will give us universalsuffrage throughout the United States. 

Let us remember that the Constitution of the United States is thesupreme law of the land, and no law will stand in our courts that isin violation of our National Constitution. 

CHAPTER II. 

KINDS OF GOVERNMENT. 

For convenience the United States is divided into forty-eight statesand each state is divided into counties. Kentucky has one hundred andtwenty counties. 

We have National, State, county, town and city government. 

FEDERAL OR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

The Federal or National government, as in state government, is dividedinto three parts. The legislative which makes the laws. The judicialwhich interprets or explains the laws. The executive which enforcesthe laws. 

Legislative: The legislative department is called the Congress and iscomposed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. 

The members of the House of Representatives are elected every twoyears. 

The number of representatives in a state is apportioned according topopulation, and the congressional district from which a member iselected is determined by the legislature of each state. 

Kentucky has eleven congressional districts, therefore elevencongressmen elected by the people. 

To be a member of the House of Representatives in Congress the man orwoman must be twenty-five years old, a citizen of the United States atleast seven years, and a resident of the state from which he ischosen. He receives a salary of $7, 500 per year, and an allowance forclerk, stationery and traveling expenses. 

Every state is entitled to at least one representative. There are nowfour hundred and thirty-five members in the House of Representativesin Congress. 

When the members of a new House of Representatives meet the clerk ofthe previous House calls them to order and the roll is called bystates. If a quorum is present they elect a speaker from among themembers of the House who takes his seat immediately. The otherofficers are elected as the clerk, sergeant-at-arms and doorkeeper. The rules of the House define the duties of the speaker. 

The work of the House of Representatives is done through committees. When a bill is introduced it is referred to a committee and thiscommittee may report it back to the House either favorably orunfavorably, or they may not report it at all. If reported favorablyit has a chance of receiving consideration. 

Much of the work of Congress is done in the committee rooms. This iswhy the selection of committees is so important. 

When a bill is reported favorably by a committee it is placed upon thecalendar which is a register of bills. Then the fate of the bill restswith the rules committee of the House. 

The committee on rules, as other committees, is elected by the House. The party in power usually determines the selection of this committee. 

Impeachment: If a high official is charged with misconduct in officethe House of Representatives would impeach him and if found guilty, the impeachment is carried to the Senate to be tried. The U. S. Senatesits as a court of justice. 

Six judges, one President and one Secretary of War have been impeachedby the House of Representatives. 

Revenue: All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House ofRepresentatives. 

UNITED STATES SENATE. 

The Senate has ninety-six members, two from every state in the union, and are elected for six years, receiving a salary of $7, 500 a year. The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of theUnited States. 

The United States Senators are elected by the direct voice of thevoters of the state according to the 17th amendment to the NationalConstitution passed in 1913. 

A United States Senator must be thirty years old, a citizen of theUnited States for nine years, and must live in the state from which heis elected. 

The term of office of only one-third of the Senators expires at thesame time, so at least two-thirds of the Senate is not new. 

The Senate must confirm all appointments made by the President andmust ratify all treaties made by him with a two-thirds vote. 

Bills originate in the Senate in the same way as in the House, referred to a committee and their course is directly the same. Whenpassed by both Houses the President has ten days to sign or veto them. Without his signature they become a law, unless Congress by adjourningprevents the return within ten days. 

The committees of the Senate are elected by its members. 

Bills are passed in Congress similar to that in the legislature of astate. They are introduced by a member in either house and must passboth houses, then signed by the presiding officers and clerks and goto the President for his signature or veto. 

The sessions are yearly, beginning on the first Monday in December, and last until March 4th; this is known as the short session. The longsession occurs in odd numbered years and continues until it isadjourned. The President has the power to call special sessions ofCongress. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

The Federal courts derive their powers and jurisdiction from theConstitution and laws of the United States. 

"The judicial powers of the United States shall be vested in oneSupreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from timeto time establish. "

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest and mostpowerful judicial body in the world. 

It holds its regular sessions at Washington, sitting from October toJuly. 

The chief justice and eight associate justices constitute the SupremeCourt of the United States, and are appointed for life by thePresident of the United States and confirmed by the United StatesSenate. 

The salary of the chief justice is $15, 000. 00 per year, and of theassociate justices $14, 000. 00 per year. 

Six judges must be present in the trial of a case and a majority isnecessary in rendering a decision. 

The district judges receive a salary of $6, 000. 00 annually and thejudges of the appeals court $7, 000. 00 annually. 

The judges cannot be removed except for cause, and then they areimpeached in the House of Representatives and tried in the UnitedStates Senate. 

The principal Federal courts that have been organized by Congress are:The Supreme Court, the Circuit Court of Appeals, the Circuit Court, the District Court. 

A United States judge if he has served ten years may retire on fullsalary when seventy years old. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The most important offices in the United States are the President andVice President. They are legally elected by electors chosen by thevoters of the forty-eight states. 

The President of the United States must be a natural born citizenliving in this country for fourteen years at least, and must bethirty-five years old. 

He is elected for four years and receives a salary of $75, 000. 00annually and residence. Congress makes other allowances for expenses. 

The President is the Commander in Chief of the army and navy. Heappoints every administrative officer except the Vice President. Hemay call extra sessions, and may veto bills, which Congress can passover his veto with a two-thirds majority in each House. He representsthe United States in all dealings with foreign powers. 

The President appoints the members of his cabinet, but saidappointments must be approved by the United States Senate. 

The Cabinet consist of a Secretary of State, Treasury, War, Navy, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Interior, the Attorney General andPostmaster General. 

Each member of the Cabinet receives a salary of $12, 000. 00 annually. 

The Secretary of State is the first in rank among the Cabinetofficers, and in case of the death of the President and Vice Presidentwould succeed to the office of President. 

The financial manager of the national government is the Secretary ofthe Treasury. 

The Secretary of War has charge of the military affairs of the nationunder the direction of the President. He also looks after river andharbor improvements, and all obstructions to navigation. 

The Attorney General is the chief law officer of the government. 

The Postmaster General has charge of the Post Office Department. 

The Secretary of Navy has charge of the construction and equipment ofvessels of war. 

The Secretary of Interior has charge of matters pertaining to theinternal welfare of the nation, as public lands, care of nationalparks, the giving of patents for inventions, Indian affairs, education, etc. 

The Secretary of Agriculture promotes the general agriculturalinterests of the country. 

The Secretary of Commerce promotes the commercial interest of thenation. 

The Secretary of Labor promotes and develops the welfare of the wageearner of the United States, by improving the working conditions andadvancing their opportunities for better employment. 

The Vice President of the United States must have the samequalifications as the President. 

He receives a salary of $12, 000. 00 annually. 

TREATIES. 

The framers of the National Constitution gave the United States Senatetwo important executive powers especially--first, approving treaties. Second, confirming appointments made by the President. All treaties inorder to be ratified must receive a two-thirds vote of the Senatorspresent when the vote was taken. 

When a treaty has been drawn up the President consults with theCommittee on Foreign Relations and the Senate. "Treaties areconsidered in secret session. The Senate may approve or reject atreaty as a whole; or they may ratify it in part by recommendingadditional articles as amendments, but the treaty does not become alaw until the President and the foreign power agree to the amendment. "

While the Senate may approve, reject or change the terms of a treaty, all changes must be agreed to by the President and the nationinterested. When accepted by both nations duplicate parchment copiesare made, and both copies are signed by the chief officers of eachcountry and then exchanged. This is called the "exchange ofratification. " Each nation secures an official copy of the treaty. ThePresident publishes the treaty followed by a proclamation. 

The Constitution gives the President the power to negotiate treatiesand conventions with foreign countries. He conducts the negotiationthrough the department of Secretary of State. The President keeps intouch and consults with the Committee on Foreign Relations and withthe majority of the leaders in the Senate during negotiations. 

"The President shall have power, by and with the advice and consent ofthe Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senatorspresent concur. "

The Federal Constitution makes treaties a part of the supreme law ofthe land. Any conflicting provision of a state law or Constitution isrepealed. 

The League of Nations having failed to get the necessary two-thirdsvote in the United States Senate so far has not become a law. It isopposed by a few senators which prevented it receiving the two-thirdsvote. 

CIVIL SERVICE. 

A great number of our offices of government are appointed and notelected. Over 300, 000 positions are filled under the nationalgovernment appointment. On January 16th, 1883, Congress passed theCivil Service law which established a United States Civil ServiceCommission composed of three members, of which not more than twoshould belong to the same political party. The commission is appointedby the President with the consent of the Senate. 

The ordinary "Civil Service" examinations are held twice a year atdifferent places in the country designated by the commission. 

This commission appoints boards of examiners who hold examinations atleast twice a year at Washington, D. C. , and in the states andterritories. 

The commission encourages efficiency by promotion from lower to highergrades of public service. Some of the places that come under the civilservice system are clerks in Washington connected with the nationalgovernment, officials in the postal service, the letter carriers andclerks in post offices and railway mail service, employees in customhouses, government printing office, Indian service and revenueservice. 

Senators and representatives are not allowed to recommend anyapplicant to the board of examiners appointed by the commission. 

The examinations are practical and the questions pertain to the natureof the work the applicant is to do. 

Persons employed in such public service are under obligations not tocontribute to any political fund, or to render service to anypolitical party. 

CHAPTER III. 

STATE GOVERNMENT. 

The state constitution adopted by the voters is the fundamental law ofthe state. 

A state Constitution cannot interfere with the Federal Constitution, neither can the Federal Constitution interfere with the regulation ofthe state. As has been said the Kentucky Constitution was adopted onApril 3, 1792, at a convention which met in Danville. 

A state Constitution is a law made by the people and cannot be changedby the legislature, but may be amended or revised by the voters. 

Amendments are usually submitted to the legislature and then to thevoters. 

The revision of the Constitution is by means of a convention ofdelegates elected by the people. 

The three departments of state governments are: The legislative, thelawmaking power; the judicial, the law interpreting power; and theexecutive, the law enforcing power. 

All state governments are divided into these three classes, thelegislative, judicial and executive. 

The legislature passes laws which govern people in their relation toeach other. 

The Kentucky legislature convenes at the capital at Frankfort everytwo years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January andremains in session for sixty working days, not including Sundays andnational holidays. 

It is composed of two houses, the House of Representatives, known asthe lower house with one hundred members, and the Senate, known as theupper house with thirty-eight members. 

The Kentucky General Assembly is composed of one hundred andthirty-eight members elected by the voters of the State in thecounties and districts in which they reside. 

The State is divided into senatorial and representative districts, with a representation based upon population. 

The term of office for Senators is four years. A Senator must bethirty years old, a citizen of the United States for nine years andmust live in the State and district from which he is elected. 

A State Senator in Kentucky receives $10. 00 per day for his servicesduring the sitting of the legislature, mileage to and from home at therate of ten cents per mile, and stationery. 

The Lieutenant Governor is the presiding officer of the Senate. 

The Senate sits as a court and tries all impeachments. 

The president pro tem. Of the Senate is elected by the members of thebody, also the clerks, doorkeeper and pages. 

The president pro tem. Presides in the absence of the LieutenantGovernor, and in case of vacancy to this office would becomeLieutenant Governor. 

The president of the Senate appoints the standing committees, unlessthe opposite party is in power, then the president pro tem. Virtuallycontrols said appointments. 

To be a member of the House of Representatives a person must betwenty-four years old. 

His term of office is only two years but he receives the same salaryas a Senator, $10. 00 per day, mileage and stationery. 

The body elects its speaker and other officers, and has the sole powerof impeachment. 

The principal work in both houses are done through the committeesappointed by the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House. 

A bill is prepared and introduced by a member of the Senate or House. If it pertains to revenue and taxation, it must originate in the Houseof Representatives. 

When a bill is introduced the clerk of the body reads it by titleonly. The President of the Senate or Speaker of the House then refersit to the proper committee (of the body in which the bill originated). It is numbered and ordered printed when referred to the committee. Thecommittee considers the bill and usually reports it back withexpression of opinion that it should or should not pass to the body inwhich it originated. (The committee may pigeonhole it and not reportit, or may report it too late for action by the body. )

The bill and the report from the committee is printed and placed onthe calendar and takes its turn to be brought up for passage. (Byconsent a bill is acted upon out of its turn. )

The bill is taken in its regular order from the calendar and read thesecond time in full by the clerk. It is open to debate or amendmentunless the previous question is ordered, which if adopted cuts offdebate and amendment. Then the bill is read the third time by titleonly. (Any member may demand the reading in full of the engrossed billif he desires. ) It is then placed on its passage by the presidingofficer of the body, and if passed it is then transmitted to theSenate by the House clerk, if a House bill. If a Senate bill, it istaken by the Senate clerk to the House for consideration. 

A bill goes through the same form in either body, after which it isreturned to the body in which it originated with or withoutamendments. If the bill is passed it goes into possession of the clerkof the body in which it originated. Then the enrolling clerk of thebody in which the bill originated enrolls it verbatim from theoriginal. After it is enrolled it is compared by the committee onenrollment in each House. If found correctly enrolled the chairman ofeach committee reports it to the body, and it is compared again by theclerks of each body and signed by the clerk of the body in which itoriginated, also signed by the President of the Senate and the Speakerof the House. (The presiding officer of the House in which itoriginated signs first. ) Then the clerk of that body takes it to theGovernor for his approval. If the Governor approves it he does so withhis signature. It becomes a law at once if it has an emergency clause;otherwise, in ninety days after its signature by the Governor. It isthen filed with the Secretary of State. Then later on the billspassed during the session are compiled by the Attorney General andknown as the Acts of the General Assembly of that session. If theGovernor vetoes a bill while the Legislature is in session, it may betaken up in the house in which it originated, and passed over hisveto, but must receive a two-thirds vote in each house. 

The Governor is allowed ten days after the General Assembly adjournsfor approving bills, and if not signed within that time they becomethe law without his signature. 

The passage of a bill in all the states is about the same. 

CHAPTER IV. 

JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT. 

The state courts derive their powers and jurisdiction from theConstitution and laws of the state. The courts in different states goby different names, yet the jurisdiction is about the same. 

The Court of Appeals is the highest court in Kentucky. It holds annualsessions from about September fifteenth to about June twenty-second atthe State Capitol, Frankfort, Kentucky. 

Seven judges and one commissioner constitute the Court of Appeals inKentucky, and each receives a salary of five thousand dollars peryear, a clerk or secretary and an office furnished in the new capitolbuilding. 

A person to be a member of the Court of Appeals must be thirty-fiveyears old and a citizen of the State for five years. He must haveresided two years in the judicial district from which he is elected. 

The Court of Appeals or Supreme Court is the highest court of theState. This court is the State court of last resort. 

The judges of the Court of Appeals are elected by the people for aterm of eight years, commencing on the first Monday in Januarysucceeding their election. 

The cases tried before the Court of Appeals are usually appealed to itfrom the lower courts. 

There are certain classes of cases that come before the Court ofAppeals for first trial in which is involved the question of officialaction of State officers. 

CIRCUIT COURT. 

The circuit judge holds this court first in one county and then inanother until the circuit of the counties which compose his districtis completed. 

Circuit court is held in the court house of the county seat two orthree times a year, presided over by the judge of that districtelected by the voters. (In case of a vacancy the Governor of the Stateappoints some lawyer to fill his place. ) The majority of importantcases are tried in this court, because a jury trial may always be hadin the circuit court. 

The Constitution of the United States provides that every man or womanshall have the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases, and incivil cases involving a sum of more than $20. 00. 

Twelve citizens known as a grand jury usually meet at the time thecircuit court convenes. All violations of law are investigated, andpersons found guilty are indicted by the grand jury. 

COUNTY COURT. 

The county court is held at the county seat of every county and ispresided over by the county judge. The county judge is elected by thevoters of the county. 

In this court civil suits are tried in which the sum involved is notover $200. 00. It tries the more important cases which do not comebefore the justice of the peace court, or city police court. 

The county judge's office is the most important office in the county. He probates wills and appoints executors, administrators, andguardians. He is the head of the fiscal court which looks after allthe material interests of the county, as construction of roads, careof paupers and the general interest of the county. 

JUSTICE OF THE PEACE COURT. 

The justice of the peace court is the lowest court and is held by ajustice of peace, called a magistrate, who is elected in thatmagisterial district by the voters. Petty misdemeanors involving smallsums of money are tried in this court. 

The justices' courts are found in every community for protection andconvenience to the people. 

The magistrates are members of the fiscal court of the county. 

POLICE COURT. 

The police courts in towns and cities are similar to the justices'courts. They are necessary in every city to try the pettymisdemeanors. A police judge is elected by the voters of the city andtries all petty cases under his jurisdiction. 

JURIES. 

The grand jury is selected by the court and is composed of not lessthan twelve responsible and qualified citizens. It is their duty tomake a faithful inquiry into all wrongs and violations of the law. They call witnesses before them and make an investigation, and uponsufficient proof against a person they have them indicted. Theproceedings of a grand jury are secret. 

The terms "jury" and trial by jury are quite different from a grandjury. The grand jury investigates and inquires into all wrongs andviolations of the law and if the person accused is guilty returns anindictment. Then the trial jury of twelve persons after hearing theevidence given them in court returns their unanimous verdict one wayor other, otherwise a hung jury. 

There is a difference between a trial by jury and a grand jury. Thepetit jury or trial by jury is composed of twelve men, honest andupright citizens living within the jurisdictional limits of the court, drawn and selected by officers free from all biased opinion and swornto render a true verdict according to the law and evidence given them. Every citizen is entitled to a fair trial, even though the accused isknown to be guilty. The Constitution of the United States gives thisright to all citizens. 

The trial of all crimes shall be by jury except in impeachment. TheConstitution provides that the trial be held in the state where thecrime is committed, and if the crime is not committed in any of thestates Congress has the power to name a place of trial. 

The jurors decide whether or not the party accused is guilty by aunanimous vote, and if one or more vote against, it is called a hungjury. 

The judge of the court instructs the jurors on the law in the case. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

The executive department of state government is the law enforcingpower. 

The governor of a state is the chief executive. His duty is to seethat the laws of his state are executed, to study the conditions andneeds of the state, and to prepare a message to the legislaturesetting forth these needs and conditions. He is commander in chief ofthe state militia. 

He should fill all vacancies that come under his appointing power, appoint certain state officers and boards, grant pardon to convictedcriminals when right, call a special session of the legislature whennecessary. 

The governor represents his state in its relation to the federalgovernment and to other states. 

The Governor of Kentucky receives a salary of six thousand and fivehundred dollars per year, all expenses when on duty for the State, andin addition, a mansion lighted, heated, and furnished, and threethousand dollars per year for public entertaining. He is elected forfour years and cannot succeed himself for re-election. 

Most of the states have the following state officials elected by thevoters of the state: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary ofState, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney General, Commissioner ofAgriculture and Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Attorney General and theSecretary of State compose the Board of Education. 

COUNTY GOVERNMENT. 

The county is a political division created by the state to administerlocal affairs, to act as agent for the state, to collect taxes, andenforce state laws. 

The county owns many of the public buildings such as the court houseand jail. 

Every state is divided into counties, and every village, town or cityis located in some county. As has been said there are one hundred andtwenty counties in the State of Kentucky. The county seat of a countyis where the business of a county is transacted, and where the courtsof importance are held. It is really the capital of the county. 

Some counties on account of size and population have two county seats. While county government differs in many states there is a uniformityin the organization of counties throughout the union. 

A county judge is elected in every county by the people. He presidesover the county court which is held at the county seat. 

Some of the other officers of the county elected by the voters are:The sheriff, county superintendent of schools, circuit clerk, clerk ofthe county court, coroner, prosecuting attorney, county attorney, taxcommissioner. 

TOWN GOVERNMENT. 

The government of a town is perhaps the nearest approach we have to adirect government by the people themselves. 

Towns as well as counties not only look after their local interest butlook after state interest within their boundaries. 

A community of three hundred or more may upon petition of two-thirdsof its inhabitants, be incorporated as a town. 

Towns as well as counties are organized and governed under generallaws passed by the legislature of its state. 

The incorporated township has a right to hold property and makecontracts. 

CITY GOVERNMENT. 

Cities like towns and counties receive their right of governmentthrough the state by a charter granted by the state legislature. Thecharter is the fundamental law of the city. 

The chief executive officer of a city is the mayor who is generallyelected by the people. 

The power of city government is vested in the mayor and the citycouncil. 

For convenience a city is divided into subdivisions called wards, andfor elections into certain voting precincts called election districts. 

The board of aldermen or council is composed of one person chosen fromeach ward by the voters. Their power is limited by the city charter. 

Voters are responsible for their government and much of our happinessdepends upon the way our city is managed. 

Many cities have adopted the commission form of government by electinga non-partisan ticket composed of several commissioners. Eachcommissioner is put in charge of a division of the city'sadministration and held responsible for the work of his department. 

The mayor of a city presides over the meetings of the council andsometimes vetos measures passed. He is elected by the voters. Thechief duty of the mayor is to see that the laws and ordinances areenforced. 

In large cities there is a system of courts extending from the policecourt to the higher courts. 

Appeals from the courts of the city are taken to the circuit court andmay go from there to the Supreme Court of the State. 

Cities are divided into six classes in Kentucky:

 First class having a population of 100, 000 or over. Second class, 20, 000 to 100, 000. Third class, 8, 000 to 20, 000. Fourth class, 3, 000 to 8, 000. Fifth class, 1, 000 to 3, 000. Sixth class, below 1, 000. 

CHAPTER V. 

PARTY ORGANIZATION. 

The difference of opinion on national questions is the cause of anumber of political parties in the United States. 

As long as men and women think for themselves we shall have politicalparties. 

It is really the product of a government by public opinion. Withoutpolitical organizations it would be almost impossible to govern thepolicy and character of the country and control the affairs of thenation. 

The political parties are the agents through which organizations aremade. 

As a test of one's love of his country and its government is shown byhis work and aggressiveness. 

Every citizen should study the ethics of his government, think forhimself, and form his own opinion. 

A person with no opinion on public affairs is a coward andunpatriotic. 

Our nation depends largely upon moral and cultured people who willstudy the issues of the day and express themselves in positive termson what they deem best for the nation and its government. 

Organization is a number of people systematically united for some end. It is through organization that political parties become effective. 

Political parties arose after the adoption of the Constitution. Theyare organized for national, state and local campaigns, and notoriginally a part of the government, but as we grew and the populationbecame greater there arose different political parties. Everydistrict, village, town and city has its permanent local campaigncommittees in elections, beside the state and national committees, which make a very complete organization. 

The duty of the permanent committees is to keep the machinery of theparty working. Really the permanent committees do the hard work inpolitics. They organize political clubs, solicit funds, issue callsfor conventions, urge people to register and vote and in many otherways keep up the interest of the party. 

Since the adoption of the Constitution there have been two principalparties advocating different principles. 

The first parties were known as the Federalist and anti-Federalist. 

The two great dominant parties now in the United States--theDemocratic and Republican parties. 

Our Constitution did not provide us with laws as to the way ofselecting candidates for office, but just as soon as political partiescame into existence, nominations followed. 

DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 

The Democratic party is the oldest. It goes back to the days ofJefferson. It advocated "state rights, " limiting the power of nationalgovernment, tariff for revenue only. These were some of the issuesdiscussed before the recent war, but other important issues in thesedays of reconstruction have taken their place. 

REPUBLICAN PARTY. 

The Republican party was formed before the Civil War, when AbrahamLincoln was elected President of the United States. It was originallycalled the Federalist party. 

The Republican party remained in control of the national governmentuntil 1884 Grover Cleveland was elected for two terms, four yearseach. 

This party originally advocated a high tariff. 

The recent platforms of the two parties now in power will give theissues of the present day. 

CHAPTER VI. 

COMMITTEES. 

The national committee of each party is formed of one member from eachstate, who organizes the national convention of his party. 

The chairman of this committee of each party calls a meeting of hiscommittee in the spring before the presidential election and decideswhen and where they will hold the national convention. 

This year the Democratic convention was held in San Francisco, beginning on 28th of June. 

The Republican convention was held in Chicago on the 8th of June. 

Each convention adopted its own party platform. 

DEMOCRATIC. 

STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF KENTUCKY. 

The State Central Committee is the party organization in control ofthe party in the State. It is composed of one man from each of theeleven congressional districts elected by the people and a member atlarge. 

MEMBERS OF STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE FROM KENTUCKY. 

State at Large--George B. Martin, Catlettsburg. 

State Executive Committee from State at Large--J. A. Robinson, Lancaster. 

STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE BY DISTRICTS. 

 1st District--Arch Nelson Marshall Co. (Benton)

 2nd District--Ira D. Smith Christian Co. (Hopkinsville)

 3rd District--T. P. Dickerson Barren Co. (Glasgow)

 4th District--W. C. Montgomery Hardin Co. (Elizabethtown)

 5th District--Henry J. Tilford Jefferson Co. (Louisville)

 6th District--Judge Otto Wolfe Campbell Co. (Newport)

 7th District--Thos P. Middleton Henry Co. (Eminence)

 8th District--J. H. Nichols Boyle Co. (Danville)

 9th District--Foster B. Cox Jessamine Co. (Nicholasville)

 10th District--J. R. Johnson Pike Co. (Pikeville)

 11th District--Edward Gatcliff Whitley Co. (Williamsburg)

DEMOCRATIC STATE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

 1st District--Thomas Turner Trigg Co. (Cadiz)

 2nd District--John L. Dorsey Henderson Co. (Henderson)

 3rd District--Dr. Joe M. Ferguson Muhlenberg (Greenville)

 4th District--Chas. Hubbard Larue Co. (Hodgenville)

 5th District--Fred Forcht Jefferson Co. (Louisville)

 6th District--W. N. Hind Kenton Co. (Covington)

 7th District--W. T. Klair Fayette Co. (Lexington)

 8th District--Dr. T. R. Welch Jessamine Co. (Nicholasville)

 9th District--Dr. J. D. Whitaker Morgan Co. (Whitesburg)

 10th District--Bailey P. Wooten Perry Co. (Hazard)

 11th District--Cecil Williams Pulaski Co. (Somerset)

Chairman Democratic National Committee, Homer S. Cummings, Baltimore, Md. 

REPUBLICAN. 

STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF KENTUCKY. 

 Chas. H. Searcy, Chairman Louisville, Ky. 

 R. W. Hunter, Vice Chairman Providence, Ky. 

 Lilburn Phelps, Secretary Louisville, Ky. 

 Mrs. Lillian Davis, Assistant Secretary Louisville, Ky. 

 Elliott Callahan, Treasurer Louisville, Ky. 

NATIONAL COMMITTEEMEN. 

 A. T. Hert Louisville, Ky. 

 At Large--Maurice L. Galvin Covington, Ky. 

 At Large--R. W. Hunter Providence, Ky. 

 At Large--Mrs. John W. Langley Pikeville, Ky. 

 At Large--Ed. W. Chenault Lexington, Ky. 

 1st District--W. L. Prince Benton, Ky. 

 2nd District--Virgil Y. Moore Madisonville, Ky. 

 3rd District--Clayton C. Curd Greenville, Ky. 

 4th District--D. O. Burke Bradfordville, Ky. 

 5th District--J. Matt Chilton Louisville, Ky. 

 6th District--G. A. Seiler Covington, Ky. 

 7th District--Clarence Miller Irvine, Ky. 

 8th District--H. V. Bastin Lancaster, Ky. 

 9th District--F. A. Field Ashland, Ky. 

 10th District--Sam Collins Whitesburg, Ky. 

 11th District--Chas. Finley Williamsburg, Ky. 

COUNTY COMMITTEE. 

The county committee consists of one man or woman from each electivedistrict in the county, and the city committee one from each ward orelection district in the city. 

COUNTY CONVENTION. 

The voters of the county of the party they represent meet at the courthouse at the county seat and elect a temporary chairman and thedelegates to represent the party at the State convention. 

If the people of the county favor a certain man for President they mayinstruct their delegates for this man in the State convention. 

The fight at the convention is usually for chairman, who when electedusually appoints a committee to draw resolutions and names thedelegates in the resolutions, which are reported back to theconvention for action. 

STATE CONVENTION. 

The call for State convention is issued by the State Central Committeeof the party, and a copy of the call is sent to the chairman of eachlocal committee. The convention is called to order by the chairman ofthe State Committee. 

The secretary of the State Central Committee reads the call of theconvention. 

The convention is opened with prayer. 

Motions are made that the chair appoint a committee on credentials, onpermanent organization, and on resolutions. 

A temporary chairman and secretary are elected. 

The report of the committee on credentials is read, giving the numberof delegates present, and rendering a decision concerning contesteddelegations. 

The report of the committee on organization is usually adopted at onceand names the permanent officers of the convention, which include apermanent chairman, secretary, assistant secretaries, vice chairmanand sergeant-at-arms. 

The chairman of the convention is generally a prominent party leader, and when he takes his seat he delivers a speech upon the issues of thecampaign. 

The platform is read by the chairman of the committee on resolutionsand usually accepted without amendments. Then the convention takes upthe nomination of candidates. After the nominations are made the voteis then taken by call of the counties by the secretary. When thecandidates receive the number necessary to elect, generally a majorityof all the votes cast, some one usually moves that his nomination bemade unanimous. They elect all the officers in the same way. 

CHAPTER VII. 

NATIONAL CONVENTION. 

The National Convention is called to order about noon on the dayappointed in the official call, by the chairman of the nationalcommittee. 

The convention is opened with prayer. 

The call is read, after which the national committee names a list oftemporary officers for the convention, temporary chairman, secretary, clerks, sergeant-at-arms and stenographers. 

The temporary chairman takes the chair and makes a formal speech onthe political situation. 

A resolution is adopted making the rules of the preceding conventionthe rules of the convention until otherwise ordered. 

Motions are made for the appointment of committees on credentials, permanent organization, rules and resolutions, each consisting of onemember from each state and territory. 

Resolutions concerning contested seats are presented to the conventionand referred without debate to the committee on credentials. (Everystate is allowed double as many delegates as it has Senators andRepresentatives in Congress. The four men corresponding to therepresentation of the Senate are delegates at large, the others aredistrict delegates, which number twenty-two district delegates andfour delegates at large, making twenty-six delegates to the NationalConvention from Kentucky. )

This ends the first session of the convention. 

When the convention assembles for the second session, the firstbusiness is the report of the credential committee. 

In deciding contested seats, the committee on credentials gives eachside a chance to present its claims, and then decides between them, generally in favor of the regular delegates, those endorsed by thestate and the district committee. 

Two full contesting delegations from the same state, sometimes seatsare given to both, each delegate being entitled to one-half vote. 

After the credential committee arrives at a decision concerningcontested seats, its report including a list arranged by the states ofall delegates entitled to seats is usually accepted by the conventionwith very little debate. 

Then the committee on organization make their report, which consistsof a list of permanent officers of the convention--previously arrangedto some extent by the national committee. (This report is usuallyarranged beforehand and therefore adopted without much trouble, ifany. ) A committee is appointed to escort the permanent chairman to theplatform, who usually delivers a speech on the issues of the comingcampaign. 

The chair calls for the committee on rules first, for their report. 

Two rules of great importance in a Democratic Convention are: First--Arule requiring for the nomination of candidates two-thirds of thewhole number of votes in the convention. The Republican requires onlya majority. 

Second Rule--The so-called unit rule under which a majority of eachstate delegation is allowed to cast the entire vote to which the stateis entitled even against the protest of a minority of the delegation. These two rules are strictly adhered to in the Democratic party only. 

While waiting on the resolution committee's report, miscellaneousbusiness is disposed of, such as the election of national committeesand of committees on notification. Such committees usually consist ofone delegate from each state and territory, the members beingdesignated by the respective delegations. 

About the third day the resolution committee is ready to report theplatform. 

This platform is a formal statement of the party's attitude upon thepublic questions of the day; next to the nomination of candidates itis the most important work of the convention. 

The platform of any party is usually adopted as read. 

Nominations for candidates are next in order, and these begin with theroll call of the states arranged alphabetically for the presentationof candidates for the presidential nomination. Several candidates areoften nominated. The delegation from any state when called in itsturn may pass its right of nomination to any other delegation not yetcalled. 

Some good and influential speaker will nominate the candidate from hisstate, and it is usually seconded by a good speaker from some statethat has not a candidate. 

After roll call for nominations is completed the convention proceedsto the first ballot. 

The chairman of the delegation from his state when the state is calledby the secretary of the convention, arises and announces the vote ofhis state. Sometimes a candidate is nominated by acclamation, butusually many ballots are necessary to decide the contest. 

If a candidate is not nominated on the first few ballots, a dark horsesometimes receives the nomination, but this is seldom the case. 

As soon as a candidate receives the number of votes necessary tonominate, which is two-thirds of the delegates in a Democraticconvention and a majority in a Republican convention, usually some onemoves that the nomination be made unanimous, which is adopted withgreat applause. 

After the nomination for President is over the convention proceeds inthe same way to nominate a candidate for Vice President. 

At the national convention of each party a new national committee isappointed to carry on the campaign and act until the next convention. 

The platform adopted at the national convention of either party is anexpression of the principles of the party. 

Sometimes a plank is put in to catch voters. On some questions theplank may not be plain, but may straddle the issues. 

The national platform gives the principles to which the party iscommitted and its attitude on important public questions. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

REGISTRATION. 

In all cities where registration of the voters is required, men andwomen register on the same day in the ward or precinct in which theylive. 

For the purpose of registration the polls open from 6 o'clock a. M. To9 o'clock p. M. 

There are four election officers who have a book in which areregistered the names of all the legal voters in their precinct. Two ofthese officers are called judges; one is a sheriff and the other is aclerk. 

A person desiring to register enters the voting place and announceshis or her intention to register. The judge takes the name, residence, party affiliation and citizenship, and may also inquire as to anyother matter that would affect his or her right to vote at anelection. 

If found to be qualified, that is 21 years of age and a resident ofthe state for one year, a resident of the county for six months, and aresident of the precinct for sixty days, they may register unless in aclass prohibited by law from exercising the right to vote. 

The clerk then writes the name and address in the registration bookentering also color and political affiliation. When this is done theregistration is completed, and the elector is qualified to exercisethe right of suffrage in all subsequent elections, special electionsand primary elections for one year. The officers of the election givehim or her a certificate of registration signed by all four officersof the registration, and if they lose this certificate they cannotvote at the regular election unless they get a duplicate certificatefrom the county clerk, which costs 50 cents. 

In the different class cities there are some differences as to themethod and time of registering, but in Kentucky the generalregistration is usually on the first Tuesday of October, in all citiesand towns of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth classes. Thehours for registration are from six o'clock a. M. To nine o'clock p. M. 

Special registrations are held thereafter as follows: One specialregistration may be held by order of the city authorities, which willbe conducted exactly as the first registration above referred to, andduring the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday next preceding the generalelection day those persons who were absent or sick, or unable toattend and register on the regular registration days, may appearbefore the county court clerk at his office in the court house, andregister, to have the same effect as if the registration had takenplace in the manner above referred to, also on the day before theelection and on election day, public officers of the state, and theUnited States government, traveling salesmen and certain ministers ofreligion may apply before the county court clerk in the court houseand be registered if they will make oath that they were not present intheir city or town during any of the previous registration days. Persons that have become eligible to vote at the general primaryelection, which occurs on the first Saturday in August may registertwo weeks before the election in the county court clerk's office asabove described, provided such persons were not in the city on any ofthe previous regular registration days, or who were not then qualifiedto register and may vote in the primary election in the same manner asother qualified electors. 

The primary election is conducted in the same manner as any otherelection. 

When you register the clerk gives you a certificate of registration, which you keep to show the election officers when you go to vote, thatyou have registered. 

Persons living in the country and small towns do not have to register. 

 Name of voter __________________ Consecutive number _____________

 Residence __________________

 UNITED STATES

 [Illustration: Rooster] [Illustration: Log cabin]

 ----- ----- / \ / \ | | | | \ / \ / ----- -----

 DEMOCRATIC PARTY REPUBLICAN PARTY

 For Presidential Electors For Presidential Electors

 +--+ +--+ _________________________ | | _________________________ | | +--+ +--+

 +--+ +--+ _________________________ | | _________________________ | | +--+ +--+

 For Vice-Presidential Electors For Vice-Presidential Electors

 +--+ +--+ _________________________ | | _________________________ | | +--+ +--+

 +--+ +--+ _________________________ | | _________________________ | | +--+ +--+

The names of all candidates are arranged in columns, under the partydevice to which they belong. A voter by putting a cross mark in thecircle under the rooster votes for all the Democratic nominees of hisparty. In the circle under the log cabin votes for the Republicannominees of his party. 

This does not require a knowledge to even read, only to be able todistinguish between the pictures of a rooster and a log cabin. 

NOMINATIONS--PRIMARIES. 

Candidates in the United States are usually nominated either in aparty primary or a nominating convention. 

Primaries are conducted like elections. The name of the party runningfor an office is put on the ballot of his party with the names ofothers who have filed similar petitions. On the day set for theprimary the voters go to the polls and cast their vote as at a generalelection. The candidate who receives the largest number of votes isthe nominee of the party for that office. 

Primaries cost more than conventions--they are like elections--youhave to advertise extensively and meet the voters. In a few months theelection follows and you practically go over the same. 

Only the voters who can vote in the party primary are those whoregistered for the previous election as members of that party. 

Certificates and petitions of nomination must be filed with theSecretary of State not more than seventy-five days and not less thanforty-five days, before the day fixed by law for the election of thepersons in nomination, also certificates and petitions are directed tobe filed with the clerk of the county court not more than seventy-fiveand not less than forty-five days before the election. 

The primary elections are conducted in the same manner as any otherelection. 

The two methods of making nominations are by a caucus or conventionsystem, and the primary election system. 

The qualifications for a voter at a primary are the same as election. On the first Saturday in August each year from 6 o'clock a. M. To 4o'clock p. M. There shall be held at the regular polling places ineach election precinct a primary election for the nomination ofcandidates for office by political parties, to be voted for at thenext November election. You do not register to vote in the primary, and a citizen not of age at the time of the primary, but will betwenty-one before the November election can vote in the primary. 

Primaries are conducted similar to elections--about same laws andregulations. 

ELECTIONS. 

After all the political parties have nominated their candidates thenthe struggle for election begins. 

The period of a few months between the nominations and elections isspent by each party in trying to get votes for its candidate. 

Every voter must be twenty-one years old, a resident of the state forone year, of the county six months, and of the precinct sixty days. 

On election day the voter goes to the polling place and appears beforethe election officers, who will probably be the same ones who presidedat the registration. You give your name and residence, and if you livein a city where registration is required you must produce yourregistration certificate and one of the judges may consult theregistration book to see if you have registered. If found to beregistered, the clerk will write your name and address upon the stubof the ballot book and endorse his own name on the back of the ballot, and remove the ballot from the book leaving the stub (called theprimary stub) in the book. 

The voter will go into a voting booth with the ballot folded, thenunfold the ballot, take the stencil, press it on the ink pad and ifyou desire to vote a straight party ticket place the stencil mark inthe circle immediately underneath the device of the party whosecandidates you desire to vote for. If you desire to vote forcandidates irrespective of any party affiliation you will place thestencil mark in the small square immediately following the name ofeach candidate for whom you desire to vote. 

When the ballot is thus completed you lay the stencil aside, fold theballot in exactly the same manner as when you received it from theclerk and then return it to the judge of the election, who removes thesecondary stub from the ballot and deposits the ballot itself in theballot box. If any voter spoils or defaces a ballot by mistake so thatit cannot be used he may return it, and get another, and the factnoted by the clerk by writing the word "spoiled" on the stub andspoiled ballot. 

No person except the election officers shall remain within fifty feetof the polls, except when voting. 

It shall be the duty of the sheriff in each county before an electionto secure in each precinct of the county a suitable room in which tohold the election, and have sufficient booths in which electors shallmark their ballots, screened from observation. 

Our laws concerning elections are more stringent in the past fewyears. Every precaution is taken to insure honesty of elections. 

No officer of election shall do any electioneering on election day. 

In all elections in Kentucky the voting shall be by ballot. 

The ballot boxes are opened and inspected before voting begins to seethat they are empty. 

Electioneering is forbidden within one hundred feet of the polls. 

Twice as many official ballots are provided for every polling place asthere are registered voters in the district. 

If a person is illiterate he is allowed assistance in marking hisballot. 

An inspector may challenge a person's vote, but if they swear they areeligible their vote is recorded and marked challenged. 

A person cannot vote who is not naturalized for at least ninety daysbefore election. Also a person convicted of bribery or an infamouscrime, a deserter from the army or navy, and one who bets on thatelection cannot vote. 

The Governor of the State may restore one to citizenship so that theycan vote. 

In registration polls are opened from 6 a. M. To 9 p. M. , but inelection polls are opened from 6 a. M. To 4 p. M. 

When the polls are closed the ballots are counted by the electionofficers and announced and placed in ballot box, which is locked byofficers, who then take the ballot box, poll books, certificates, etc. , to the county clerk who unlocks the box in the presence of theelection officers to see if the packages containing the ballots areproperly sealed, and if so, the county clerk issues his receipt forthe box and ballots--one to the judge, and one to the sheriff. 

The county clerk within a certain time sends the ballots to acanvassing board which examines them and makes an officialannouncement of the number of votes cast for each candidate, and givesthem a certificate of their election. The successful candidates arenotified and later installed into office. 

AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION. 

Amendments to the Constitution are handled in the same way as anelection. The ballot contains the amendment proposed with "Yes" or"No" printed at the side. The party voting crosses out one of thesewords, puts the ballot in the blank envelope and returns it as in anelection. 

VOTING BY MAIL. 

Voting by mail is often a great convenience. 

The world is becoming more democratic and the right to vote forrepresentation is now arranged so that all eligible citizens of theUnited States, twenty-one and over, may have a part in governing hisor her country. 

If a voter is out of the state or county and holds his residence inthe same place as when he voted last--or calls home--he or she canvote by mail. He must first register, which is also done by mail. 

A printed ballot with return envelope is sent to him. The ballot ismarked by placing a cross opposite the name of the candidate votedfor, then put in a blank envelope, sealed and enclosed in an envelopeaddressed to the secretary or clerk of the county or chairman of thetellers. 

This envelope must be signed by the one voting. The blank envelopecontaining the ballot is opened and the ballot deposited in the ballotbox. 

The one voting must take an oath before a notary public that he or sheis eligible. 

ELECTORS FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT. 

When the voters go to the polls on election day to vote for Presidentand Vice President every four years on the first Tuesday after thefirst Monday in November they really cast their ballots for theelectors who were nominated at the state convention. The names of thestate electors of each party are printed on the ballots under theparty name. The ones receiving the most votes are elected, and aremorally bound to vote for the candidate of the party that electedthem. 

The campaign continues until the election on the first Tuesday afterthe first Monday in November. The electors elected in November meet attheir state capital in January and vote for President and VicePresident. The result of this vote is dispatched at once to thePresident of the Senate at Washington, D. C. The electors of thedifferent states meet at Washington on the morning of the secondMonday in January after their election, and give their vote at orafter twelve o'clock according to law. 

On the second Wednesday in February succeeding the meeting of theelectors, the Senate and House of Representatives meet in the Hall ofRepresentatives at 1 o'clock p. M. With the President of the Senatepresiding. 

Two tellers are appointed in each House to whom shall be handed, asthey are opened by the President of the Senate, all the certificatesand papers purporting to be certificates of the ---- electoral voters, which certificates and papers shall be opened, presented and actedupon in alphabetical order of the states; said tellers having thenread the same in the presence and hearing of the two Houses, shallmake a list of the voters as they shall appear from the saidcertificates, and the votes having been ascertained and counted, according to law; the result of the same shall be delivered to thePresident of the Senate, who shall announce the result of the vote, which announcement shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of thepersons elected President and Vice President of the United States, andtogether with the list of voters be entered on the journals of the twoHouses. 

If no one receives a majority of all the electoral votes theConstitution provides that the House of Representatives shall choose aPresident and the Senate a Vice President. (Article XII, NationalConstitution. )

The President and Vice President are inaugurated on March 4thsucceeding the election. 

They take the oath of office on a platform on the east front of theCapitol. The President delivers an address outlining his policies, then returns to the White House. 

CHAPTER IX. 

TAXATION. 

The national government is supported by taxation in various ways, andit requires a great amount of money to carry on the business of ourcountry even in times of peace--over $2, 000, 000, 000. This money israised through a system of taxation of two kinds--direct and indirect. 

A direct tax is a tax on real property or a poll tax. 

An indirect tax is a tax on one individual, but is indirectly paid byanother. (Taxes assessed on merchandise are indirect, as the consumerpays them. )

Most of the money is raised by import duties and excise taxes. 

Import duties are taxes on imported goods. 

Excise tax is a tax levied on goods manufactured in this country. 

Duties are taxes on goods imported from foreign countries. Theconsumer on imported goods indirectly pays the duty assessed by thegovernment. 

There are two kinds of duties--specific and ad valorem. 

Specific duties are fixed amounts levied on certain commodities as theyard, pound and gallon. 

Ad valorem duties are levied at a certain rate per cent on the valueof the articles taxed. 

Duties are leviable on either imports or exports. 

Imports relate only to goods brought into the country from abroad. 

Exports relate to goods sent out of a country. 

There is a special system for the collection of import duties, bynaming many places along the coast to be used as "ports of entry, "where custom houses in charge of collectors have been established. "Each custom house has a collector and the government has employed alarge force of officers and special agents to overtake anydishonesty--attempting to smuggle goods through without paying duty. "

The state legislature levies the state tax, the city council the citytax, and the taxes to keep up the national government are levied byCongress. 

The law making power of Congress and state legislatures not only havethe power of passing laws, raising money by taxation, but also theright and power of saying how that money shall be spent. 

There are several kind of taxes collected for the benefit of thecounty, town, city and state, viz. : Poll tax, income, inheritance, franchise, property. 

Poll tax: This is a tax on the person and not on property. A malecitizen twenty-one and over must pay a poll tax of $1. 00 even if hehas no property. He must pay this tax before he can vote. In Kentuckythe poll tax is one dollar. 

Income Tax: There is an income tax levied on the income one receivesand not on the amount of property he has. It is levied on salaries orprofits upon business. Unmarried persons with an income of over$1, 000. 00 and married persons with an income of over $2, 000. 00 mustpay an income tax. 

Inheritance Tax: Many states have an inheritance tax levied onproperty inherited. This tax is really designated to reach wealthypeople, and is easily collected since probate court records state theamounts. Kentucky has an inheritance tax, drawn and introduced by L. F. Johnson, of Frankfort, in 1906. 

Franchise Tax: The government or state gives to a person orcorporation special privileges, the rights to use the streets of acity for railway, water, lighting, gas plants, etc. , is consideredvaluable property in the right vested in them by their franchise. Thisis really a source of income and should be taxed. 

Property Tax: Property owners pay a large part of the money raised bytaxation. Personal property which includes bonds, stocks, mortgages, household goods, jewels, etc. 

Real estate which includes houses, lots, lands and building. 

While taxes are levied upon real estate there are some kinds ofproperty exempt from taxation, viz. : public institutions andlibraries, cemeteries, school houses, churches, and other publicbuildings. 

A great amount of revenue is derived by state and local governmentsfrom licenses, fees and special assessments. Men and women engaged incertain kinds of business must pay to the national, state and localgovernments a license or fees, as merchants, peddlers, manufacturers, pawnbrokers, etc. 

A fee is a sum paid to an officer of the government, state, city orcounty for performing some public service or for a license inbusiness. If you wanted to get a deed to land recorded you would haveto pay the officer a fee. 

The expense of our government is enormous, but the paying of taxes isone way in which all must take part. 

ACQUISITION OF NEW TERRITORY. 

While the acquisition of new territory has increased the expenses ofour nation, yet it has made us the greatest nation in the world. 

We have expanded by acquisition of new possessions which Congressorganized under the direct control of the "Federal Government, " butgiving them limited powers of self government, through legislation oftheir own. When their population is sufficient they will be admittedas states. 

Today our national flag contains forty-eight stars, and no part of theUnited States except Alaska and Hawaii remains under a territorialform of government. 

Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. 

The President of the United States, with the advice and consent of theSenate, appoints the governor and judges of the courts. 

They have a legislature composed of two houses whose members areelected by the people. A delegate to Congress with the right to takepart in debates but not to vote is also elected by the people. 

Hawaii: Hawaii is a regularly organized territory and is governed likeAlaska; President appointing the governor with the consent of theSenate, etc. 

Possessions: The Philippines, Porto Rico, and other islands arepossessions rather than territories of the United States. 

Philippines: The Governor General and eight commissioners appointed bythe President with the advice and consent of the Senate are at thehead of the general government of the Philippines. 

"Five members of the commission are heads of the executive departmentsas well as having legislative powers. The other four members have onlylegislative power. "

Commission: The nine members of the commission appointed by thePresident constitute the Upper House of the Legislature known as theSenate. 

Lower House: The members of the Lower House of Representatives areelected by the people of the various civilized districts. 

The nine commissioners represent the legislative body and have controlof that part of the island not civilized. 

Courts: They have a system of courts in which the judges of theSupreme Court are appointed by the President, and the judges of thelower courts are appointed by the Governor General with the approvalof the commission. 

Commissioners: There are two resident commissioners sent to theUnited States from the Philippines with seats in the House ofRepresentatives, but cannot vote, only taking part in the debates. 

Provinces: The islands are divided into provinces "each of which isgoverned by a provincial board of three members, and each province hasits own city or town with its local government. " Two of the members ofthe boards are elected by the people, and the third, who is thetreasurer, is appointed by the Governor General, but usually a"Filipino. "

PORTO RICO. 

Under President Wilson's administration "The new organic law grantedthe people of Porto Rico a greater self government than they had everenjoyed. "

They have a Governor appointed by the President, a legislature of twoHouses elected by the people, and a system of courts. 

"There are seventy-six cities and towns which enjoy some localgovernment. "

They send as their representative to Congress, a residentcommissioner. While these new possessions are expensive they add greatwealth and power to our nation. 

Taxes are contributions that the people are required by the governmentto pay in order to meet the expenses of our nation. 

We are not patriotic unless we respond to the call of our government. 

REFERENDUM AND INITIATIVE. 

Some states have the referendum and initiative power of helping tomake laws. 

If a state legislature passes a law that the people do not approve ofa petition may be signed by a certain number of voters which willrequire the law to be referred to the people for their approval ordisapproval. 

Referendum means referring a law passed by the legislature back to thevoters for their approval or disapproval. 

"If five per cent of the voters of a state and two-thirds of thecongressional districts do not approve of a bill passed by the GeneralAssembly they sign a petition and file it with the Secretary of Statein ninety days after the General Assembly adjourns. " The questioninvolved is then submitted to the voters at the next election fortheir approval or disapproval. 

The initiative is the right of the voters to start legislation. Theobject of the initiative and the referendum is to compel legislativebodies to act and respect the will of the people whom they represent. 

The initiative petition must be filed four months before the regularelection with the Secretary of State. 

THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The District of Columbia, including Washington, the Capital of theUnited States, is governed by Congress and by judicial and executiveofficers appointed by the President of the United States. The peoplehave no power of self government. 

The Constitution gives Congress the exclusive right of government inthe District of Columbia. 

It is governed by three commissioners appointed by the President. Onemust be an officer of the army and the other two appointed from civillife. 

Congress keeps a watch over the District, and devotes certain days toconsidering the business of the District. 

The courts of the district are Court of Appeals, Supreme Court, policecourt, justices of the peace. 

The judicial officers are appointed by the President. 

The District of Columbia has no representative in Congress. 

PANAMA CANAL ZONE. 

The Panama Canal Zone is under the control of a governor who isappointed by the President of the United States. 

"It is neutral and open to vessels of commerce and war of all nations, but war vessels must pass through without delay and while in the canalcannot load or unload troops or munitions of war. "

The cost of the construction of the canal was about $400, 000, 000. Itshortens the voyage from New York to San Francisco 8, 000 miles. 

GUAM AND SAMOAN ISLANDS. 

These islands are naval stations and are governed by the navalofficers stationed there. 

COMMERCE. 

Commerce is divided between the state and Federal governments. We haveinterstate commerce, foreign commerce and commerce with the Indians. Congress regulates commerce. 

Interstate commerce is carried on in the United States, as when goodsare shipped from one state to another, or one place in a state toanother, either by land or water. The Interstate Commerce Commissionprovided for by Congress is composed of nine men appointed by thePresident, and regulates interstate commerce. The members of thiscommission receive a salary of $10, 000. 00 annually. 

FOREIGN COMMERCE. 

Foreign commerce is commerce carried on with foreign countries. Certain regulations are prescribed for vessels engaged in foreigncommerce, "Enter" and "Clear" ports. 

All vessels registered in the United States are protected by thegovernment in any part of the world. Only vessels can be registered bya citizen of the United States. No foreign vessel can register. 

Congress regulates commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and Indian tribes. 

INDIAN TRIBES. 

The government looks after the interest of "Indian affairs. " There areabout 300, 000 Indians on 150 reservations in different states andterritories all under the protection of the United States. 

NATIONAL PARKS. 

The national government has set aside several large tracts of land forNational Parks. The Yellowstone National Park is about half as largeas Massachusetts and is the most beautiful and interesting park in theworld. 

CHAPTER X. 

VOTER'S DUTY AS A CITIZEN. 

To vote is an expression of choice for this man or woman for anoffice. The ballot is the only efficient way to express public opinionand should be regarded as a sacred trust. 

Every person in the state is either a citizen or alien. 

"An alien is a person born in a foreign country who lives here, but isstill a subject of some other country. "

An alien may become a citizen of the United States after he has livedin this country for five years and in the state one year. He must beable to read and write his name, to speak English and be of moralcharacter. 

Only white persons and negroes may become naturalized. 

"Chinese, Japanese and East Indians cannot become citizens unless bornin the United States. "

Unmarried women can become citizens like the men. 

A married woman is a citizen if her husband is a citizen. She cannotbecome naturalized by herself. A woman born in the United States whomarries an alien ceases to be an American citizen and becomes asubject of the country to which her husband belongs. 

The wife of a man not a citizen of the United States cannot vote inthis country. 

If a resident of the United States she resumes her citizenship at thedeath of her husband, or if she is divorced. 

A foreign born woman who marries a citizen becomes a citizen. 

An American born may live abroad for many years and not lose his orher citizenship. 

An alien enjoys the same protection of the law as does the citizen. 

CITIZEN. 

A citizen is a person born in the United States and subject to thejurisdiction thereof. 

We are living in a democratic government which is a priceless heritageand a great blessing to mankind. 

Democracy demands a sense of responsibility, personal interest in theaffairs of government and respect for human rights. 

As citizens we must become more conscious and appreciative of theinheritance our forefathers left us. This great inheritance is awonderful land of opportunity and freedom. 

To be an intelligent and desirable citizen we must have a knowledge ofour Constitution, and know by whom and how our country is governed. 

The man or woman who does not possess some knowledge of how thecountry is governed--as has been said--may easily become a prey ofpersons who are anxious to advance their own interests at the expenseof the people. 

The things needed for the use and protection of the people areprovided by the people through their government. 

As a part of the community you enjoy the good roads, streets, schools, libraries and many other things; therefore, you have no right to shirkyour duty in not helping to maintain your government. If we enjoy thegood things in this life without doing our part to have them we arecowards. 

To live in a country and enjoy its freedom, peace and comforts and notdo our part toward maintaining such peace and comforts we have failedto do our duty toward our fellowman and government, and may be calleda sponger, a coward and a shirker if we fail to vote and do our parttoward maintaining our government. 

It is not only our duty to vote but we should study and understandpublic questions so that we can vote intelligently on the issues ofthe day. We should be interested in the ballot for it is one way inwhich public opinion may be expressed. 

Every man or woman under the protection of our government should feelobligated to give his or her best to make our government one of highideals. 

Plato said: "Only that state is healthy and can thrive whichunceasingly endeavors to help the individuals who constitute it. "

The United States is both a democracy and a republic. 

A democracy means a government by the people. 

A republic is a democracy in which the people elect representatives tocarry on the government for them. 

UNITED STATES. 

The United States is a great republic composed of more than100, 000, 000 citizens under the protection of one flag with forty-eightstars which represent the forty-eight states of the union. 

"A citizen might be termed a member of a large society called theUnited States. "

Every man, woman and child is a member of this society, unless analien, an idiot, or convicted of some infamous crime. 

The members of this great society when they reach the age oftwenty-one have a duty to perform which should be a sacred one. Inthis society citizenship is defined in the national Constitution inthe fourteenth amendment. "All persons born or naturalized in theUnited States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens ofthe United States and of the state wherein they reside. "

One of the first duties of a citizen is to vote. If we fail to vote wehave no right to complain of the condition of affairs, and how ourgovernment is managed. 

It is a privilege to be a citizen of this great country and a memberof this great "society called the United States. " It should be agreater privilege to cast our vote in every election and know we aredoing our part to keep up the government. 

There are four ways which we, as citizens, can help maintain ourgovernment:

"First: Vote at every election, read and be interested in publicaffairs. 

"Second: Help to manage public affairs and be ready to hold an office, if you are the choice of the people. 

"Third: Try to understand public questions, so you can voteintelligently and criticize justly. 

"Fourth: Remember to pay your share of the expense of doing the work. "

There are now over 27, 011, 330 voting women in the United States, soonto take part in all elections, and share the responsibility as well asthe privilege of suffrage. 

In maintaining this great government of ours two parties are necessaryto keep the wheels moving. As has been said, the two dominant partiesnow in existence are the Democratic party and Republican party. 

We have learned that parties are means of securing united action amongthe voters who think alike. It was Washington who said: "The spirit ofparty unfortunately is inseparable from our nature, having its root inthe strongest passions of the human mind. "

There must be organization under the direction of leaders to secureunited action. 

Let the women of our country come forward and identify themselves withthe party of their choice and organize under competent leaders, showing to the world we not only deem it a great privilege to vote, but are willing to share the responsibility of making our governmentthe best in the world. 

Will you do your bit to keep this great machinery moving onward andupward?

CHAPTER XI. 

WHY SHOULD WOMEN VOTE?

It is important that every woman who possesses the constitutional andstatutory qualifications should exercise her right to vote; because itis only in this way that there can be a fair expression of thepolitical sentiment of the qualified voters on any question. 

Another reason is that the right to vote is not only a privilege but aduty that is imposed by law, and where one is entitled to exercisethat privilege, the failure to so exercise it is a failure to performa duty on the part of the voter. 

Then, if only a small per cent of the women were to vote, and a largeper cent of the men were to vote, it would always be problematical asto what effect the consensus of the women's opinion would have had inthe result, if a full vote had been polled; and this questionableresult of an election is one of the dangers incident to the exerciseof the right of suffrage. If the women manifest anything approaching aunanimous desire to participate in the exercise of this governmentalfunction, it will have the effect to increase the public confidence inthis government and its institutions. 

Men and women without regard to race, color or social condition, musttake their turn exactly alike at the polling place. Each ballot hasexactly the same weight in the election, and the ballot of the poorestman counts just as much as the ballot of the most influential citizen. The voting place is the leveling place, and when women realize thatthe exercise of suffrage gives not only the equal right to vote, butalso allows equal expression of opinion, then the better purpose ofwoman suffrage will have been accomplished. This equality is not acondescension on the part of women, but it is the exercise of a rightunder the law, to call for the fair expression of opinion from allthe people of every social and political standard, without referenceto mental ability, social standing or business prominence. Therefore, it is the duty of every intelligent woman to vote and use herinfluence to get the women interested in voting and doing their partin keeping up the government. We know that the lower classes will allvote and many floaters will be found in such classes, so it behoovesthe intelligent women to do their part. The vote is the equal right ofevery one who is qualified under the law, and every qualified personhas one vote, and that one vote from each one is the thing which theConstitution is most zealous to secure and safeguard. 

We appeal to every intelligent woman of the United States andespecially in Kentucky to take part in the coming campaign. Organizeunder competent leaders and let your organization extend into everyprecinct. See that the voters register on the first Tuesday inOctober, or the special registration days, then on 2nd day of Novembergo to the polls and vote for President and Vice President of theUnited States. 

Women as well as men in Kentucky can vote for President and VicePresident if twenty-one years old and over, unless an alien, idiot orhave committed some infamous crime. We have suffrage so far, whetherwe want it or not, and let us, as intelligent women, not forget theduty it carries with it. We love our government and the good things itgives, as schools, good roads, protection of life and property and themany other things. Should we not be willing to do our part to getthese things, or must we be a sponger, a coward, or shirker and letour fellow man do all? Should we fail to vote and help maintain ourgovernment we certainly will come under one of these heads, that is ifwe are able to go to the polls and register and vote, and fail to doit. If you are absent from the county or state you can vote by mail. There is no way to escape our duty unless providentially hindered. 

In Kentucky there are 1, 201, 185 voters, of which 663, 454 are men and537, 731 are women. The white female voters are 477, 731. The negrofemale voters are 60, 000. 

There are 13, 225 foreign born white males of voting age, that havebeen naturalized. 

Let us train ourselves for good citizenship and serve our nation, state, county, city and town in every way possible to make ourgovernment one of high ideals and the best in the world. 

INDEX

 A. 

 Page

 Aliens, Definition of--to vote, 56

 Aliens--may become citizens, 57

 Amendments to Constitution, 10, 11, 13, 46

 Amendment--extending suffrage, 12, 13

 Ad Valorem--duty, 49

 Acquisition of new territory, 51

 Alaska, 51

 Amendment to Kentucky Constitution, 10

 Amendment, 18th and 19th, 11, 12

 Amendment to change Superintendent of Public Instruction, 11

 Amendment to change school funds of Kentucky, 11

 Attorney General of U. S. , 18

 Agriculture, Secretary of, 18

 B. 

 Bill of Rights, 11

 Bill--reported favorably or unfavorably, 23

 Bills passed in congress and State--how, 22, 23, 24

 Bills, legislative--how enacted, 22, 23

 Ballot--picture of, 42

 Ballots--counted, 45, 46

 C. 

 Citizenship, 7

 Citizen--definition of, 7, 57

 Classes of Citizens, 7

 Civil rights, 7, 8

 Constitution, 9

 Charter, 9, 30

 Constitution--amendment of, 10

 Constitution--revision, 11

 Constitution--supreme law, 13

 Committee--work of, 15

 Committee on Rules--Congress, 15

 Cabinet, U. S. --appointment of, 18

 Cabinet Officers--named, 18

 Court of Appeals, 24

 Circuit Court, 24

 County Court, 26

 Court of Justice of Peace, 26

 County Government, 29

 City Government, 30

 City Council, 30

 Commission form government, 30

 Committee--national, 38

 Convention--national, 37

 Committee--county, 35

 Convention--county, 35

 Convention--state, 35

 Convention--national, 37, 38, 39

 Committee--credential, 37, 38

 Convention--contested seats, 37, 38

 Civil Service, 20

 Congressional Districts, 14

 Commander-in-Chief of National Army, 17

 Commerce--secretary of, 18

 Cities--classes of, 30

 Committees--how formed, 33

 Columbia, District of, 54

 Commerce, 54, 55

 Congressman--qualification, 14

 Congressmen--number from Kentucky, 14

 D. 

 Duty as a citizen, 56, 57

 Democracy, 9

 Departments of State, 21

 Democratic party, 32

 Democratic convention, 37, 38

 Democratic State Central Committee, 33, 34

 Democratic State Executive Committee, 34

 District Judges of U. S. , 17

 Direct tax, 49

 E. 

 Executive Department--national, 17, 18

 Elections, 44

 Elections--laws of, 44, 45

 Electioneering--forbidden, 45

 Election--polls open and closed, 45

 Electors--President and Vice President, 47

 Excise Tax, 49

 Exports, 49

 Exchange of Ratification, 19

 Executive Department of State, 28

 F. 

 Federal Constitution, 13

 Federal or National Government, 14

 Federal Courts--kinds, 17

 Franchise Tax, 50

 Fee, 51

 Foreign Voters, 62

 Foundation of Government, 10

 Foreign Commerce, 55

 G. 

 Government, 8, 9

 Government--derivation of, 9

 Government--kinds of, 14

 Government--branches of, 14

 Grand Jury, 41

 Governor--duties of, salary, etc. , 24, 28

 Government--county, 29

 Government--town, 29

 Government--city, 30

 Government--state, 21

 Government--national, 14

 Grand Juries, 27

 General Assembly--convenes, when and where, 21

 Guam and Samoan Islands, 54

 Government--helped, four ways, 58, 59

 H. 

 Hawaii, 51

 I. 

 Impeachment, 15

 Inauguration of President, Vice President, 48

 Indirect Tax, 49

 Import Duties, 49

 Income Tax, 50

 Inheritance Tax, 50

 Initiative, 53

 Interior--Secretary of, 18

 Indian Tribes, 55

 J. 

 Judicial Department--Federal, 16

 Judicial Department--State, 24

 Justices of Peace Court, 26

 Juries, 27

 Judges of Court of Appeals--qualification and salary, 24

 Judges of Supreme Court of United States--appointment and salary--term of office, 17

 K. 

 Kentucky Legislature, 21

 Kinds of Government, 14

 L. 

 Legislative Department--National and State, 14, 21, 22

 Legislative Department--National, 14

 Law making power, 21, 22, 50

 License, 51

 League of Nations, 19

 Lieutenant Governor, 22

 Labor--Secretary of, 18

 M. 

 Mayor--chief executive--city, 30

 N. 

 Naturalized citizen, 7

 Native born citizen, 7

 Nominations, 43

 Naturalized--kind of persons, 56

 Naturalized--manner of, 56

 National convention, 38

 National convention--rules of, 38

 Negro female voters--number of, 62

 Navy--Secretary of, 18

 National parks, 55

 O. 

 Organization, 31, 59

 Organization--definition of, 31

 P. 

 Political rights, 8

 Platform, 38, 39

 Polls open, 40, 45

 Primary election, 43

 Ports of entry, 49

 Poll tax, 50

 Property tax, 50

 Property exempt from taxation, 50

 Possessions, 51

 Philippines, 52

 Philippines--how governed, 52

 Philippine commissioners, 52

 Philippines--Provinces, 52

 Porto Rico, 52

 Parties, 8

 President concerning treaties, power, etc. , 19

 Postmaster General, 18

 Police court, 27

 Petit jury, 27

 Preamble, 10

 President, U. S. --qualifications, salary, etc. , 17

 President--term of office, salary, 17

 President of U. S. --duties of, 17

 President--pro tem. Senate, 22

 Police court, 27

 Party organization, 31

 Political parties--origin of, 31

 Parties--two principal, 31, 32

 Party--oldest, 32

 Party--ballot, picture of, 42

 Primaries, 43

 Poll tax, 50

 Philippines--how governed, 52

 Porto Rico--how governed, 52

 Panama Canal Zone, 54

 President and Vice President inaugurated, 48

 Principal parties in United States, 8

 Q. 

 Qualification of voters, 44

 R. 

 Republic, 9

 Revision of National Constitution and State, 11, 21

 Representatives--how proportioned, 14

 Representatives in Congress--qualification of, 14

 Revenue--raising of, 15

 Republican party, 32

 Republican State Central Committee, 34, 35

 Registration, 40

 Real estate, 50

 Referendum, 53

 Representatives in State, 21

 Registration--special, 41

 Rules of importance in Democratic convention, 38

 Restoration of citizenship, 46

 S. 

 Senators, U. S. --number of, 15

 Senators, U. S. --how elected, 15

 Senators--qualification of, 16

 Sessions of Congress, 16

 Supreme Court of U. S. , 16

 Salaries of Judges, Supreme Court, 17

 Supreme Judges--retirement, 17

 State government, 21

 State Constitution, 21

 State government--departments of, 21

 State Senator--qualification, salary, etc. , 22

 State Senate--presiding officer of, 22

 State courts, 24, 25, 26

 Supreme Court of the State, 16, 17

 State officials, 28

 Special registration, 41

 Specific duties, 49

 State Representative--qualification, salary, etc. , 22

 Secretary of United States--duties of, 18

 Senate--duties of, 22

 T. 

 Town government, 29

 Taxation, 49

 Treaties, 19

 U. 

 Unit rule, 38

 United States--a democracy and republic, 9

 United States Senate, 15

 United States Senators--qualification of, 16

 United States as a society, 58

 V. 

 Vice President, U. S. --qualification and salary, 18

 Veto--power of President, 24

 Voters--qualification of, 44

 Voting--manner of, 44, 45, 46

 Vote--challenged, 45

 Voting--by mail, 46

 Voters--duty as citizen, 56

 Vote necessary to ratify a treaty, 19

 W. 

 Women as voters, 60, 61, 62

 Women voters in United States, 8

 Women voters in Kentucky--white, 62

 Women voters in Kentucky--colored, 62

 War--Secretary of, 18