BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN. 

VOL. I. MARCH, 1887. NO. 2. 

CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. 

 Archtypal Literature for the future. Chapter 1. General Plan of Brain, Synopsis of Cerebral Science Superficial Criticisms, a reply to Miss Phelps Spiritual Phenomenon, Abram James, Eglinton, Spirit writing Mind reading Amusement and Temperance MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Pigmies in Africa; A Human Phenomenon; Surviving Superstition; Spiritual test of Death; A Jewish Theological Seminary; National Death Rates; Religious Mediævalism in America; Craniology and Crime; Morphiomania in France; Montana Bachelors; Relief for Children; The Land and the People; Christianity in Japan; The Hell Fire Business; Sam Jones and Boston Theology; Psychometry; The American Psychical Society; Progress of Spiritualism; The Folly of Competition; Insanities of War; The Sinaloa Colony; Medical Despotism; Mind in Nature Physiological Discoveries in the College of Therapeutics Business Department, College of Therapeutics

THE ARCHETYPAL LITERATURE FOR THE FUTURE. 

If the science of man, the being in whom the spiritual and materialworlds are fully represented, and in whom both can be studied in theirrelations, has been fully (though not completely or finally) developedby the revelation through experiments, of the functions of the brain, then from the establishment of anthropology there necessarily begins aliterary revolution, which not only changes all philosophy, butextends through all the realms of literature. There is no realm whichcan escape the modifying influence of ideas which are at the basis ofall conceptions of man, of society, of duty, of religion, of art, ofsocial institutions, of the healing art, education, and government, and the new light which psychometric illumination throws upon allsciences. 

The literature of the future will therefore differ widely from theliterature of the past, and millions of volumes which still hold theirplaces on the shelves of libraries will in the next century take theirproper place in the mouldering mass which interests the antiquarianalone, --the mouldering mass which universities still cherish, andwhich helps to deaden the rising intelligence of the western world. Let us, as Tennyson says, "Hope the best, but hold the Present Fatal daughter of the Past. "

It is self-evident that the farther back we go for intelligence thedeeper we plunge in the darkness of ignorance; and even thoughintuitional and moral truths may be found in the old writings, theybelong to a literature imbedded in an ignorance which necessarilydarkens all that comes down from such periods. 

The benumbing influence of antiquity--or rather of that extendedperiod which may be called the Aristotelian age, the age in which allphilosophic thought was utterly benumbed by the Greek literature--hasnot yet passed away. American writers are just beginning to get rid oftheir absolute subserviency to foreign models in all things, and inthis partial independence they are still subservient to thefundamental philosophic and ethical ideas of the past. The change thatis taking place is only in minor matters. 

Even so graceful and able a writer as Longfellow illustrates fully thetruth of these suggestions. Mr. Charles F. Johnson, in a well-writtenessay on Longfellow, Emerson, and Hawthorne, says:

"Most people feel that national temper is of slow evolution; that manyheterogeneous elements must be fused and blended here; that we toomust have a past, and that the spirit of our past must be taken up andtransmitted before a new type is realized in a new art and a newliterature. We can see that Longfellow was essentially a scholar--areceiver of impressions from books; that he was like an Æolian harp, blown upon by many winds, so that his music was in many regardsnecessarily a melodious echo of what was 'whispered by world-wanderingwinds. ' And we can see, too, that he came into American literary lifejust as it was passing from the germ to the plant, and that every yearhe became more distinctive. "

There is nothing profound in this view, but it expresses well theaverage thought of the period, --that Americanism in literature must bethe very gradual growth of new circumstances, experience, andassociations, which may superficially modify the unbroken mass ofthought which has been transplanted from Europe, just as vines andflowers take on their modifications in a new soil and climate. 

Far different from this is the view that anthropology gives us. Theforeign plant, it is true, will gradually change, but a native plantwill ultimately take its place by the law of the "survival of thefittest. " The exotic must die out, for it was but a hothouse plant, reared in universities and cathedrals. 

The thought, the science, the philosophy, and even the forms ofliterary expression, for this continent, will be those which springfrom the bosom of nature, fresh and strong, imbued with the spiritualelement of immortality, the element of luminous originality. 

How and whence is this to come? It will come by the completeemancipation of the American mind from the thraldom of the falsephilosophies, the false theologies, and the debasingly narrowconceptions of science which have been transplanted into Americancolleges. When the strong American intellect shall realize that in thescience of man and in the cultivation of psychometry there is more ofenlightenment, of wisdom, and of actual knowledge than in all thatcolleges cherish to-day, we shall have such a flood of originalthought and immensely valuable knowledge as would seem impossible tothe literati who now have the public ear. 

Even the narrowest dogmatists of science are beginning to have aglimpse of the nobler knowledge of the future. Prof. Huxley, the mostdogmatic of British sceptics, has recently said:

"The growth of science, not merely of physical science, but of allscience, means the demonstration of order and natural causation amongphenomena which had not previously been brought under thoseconceptions. Nobody who is acquainted with the progress of scientificthinking in every department of human knowledge, in the course of thelast two centuries, will be disposed to deny that immense provinceshave been added to the realm of science, or to doubt that the next twocenturies will be witnesses of a vastly greater annexation. Moreparticularly in the region of the physiology of the nervous system isit justifiable to conclude from the progress that has been made inanalyzing the relations between material and psychical phenomena thatvast further advances will be made, and that sooner or later all theso-called spontaneous operations of the mind will have, not only theirrelations to one another, but their relations to physical phenomena, connected in natural series of causes and effects, strictly defined. In other words, while at present we know only the nearer moiety of thechain of causes and effects by which the phenomena we call materialgive rise to those which we call mental, hereafter we shall get to thefurther end of the series. "

The "further end of the series, " however, is vastly different fromanything within the mental range of the distinguished professor, whoseultra materialism led him to revamp the old Cartesian doctrine thatanimals were only machines, like clocks or mills, runningautomatically, and destitute of sensation, and intelligence. 

The science and philosophy of the future will be distinguished bytheir mastery of the realm of mind, and the closer approximation ofthe human to the Divine, not only in intelligence, but in ethics. 

The JOURNAL OF MAN, as the first periodical organ of the newphilosophy, will attempt gradually to initiate the archetypal forms ofthought of the coming period, in which the disappearance of oldphilosophy and ethics shall leave room for growth. 

Not that all ethics shall be changed among the civilized races, forthere are simple primary and true conceptions which are universallyrecognized, and are embalmed in all religions. Yet these few universalideas are but the rudiments of ethics, and no more constitute anethical system worthy of the name, than the four primary processes ofarithmetic constitute a system of mathematical science. The future isto evolve the true ethics, and therewith the educational system thatwill bring the true ethics into all spheres of human life. 

In all past time there has been no ethical system competent toestablish a perfectly harmonious social state, and no system ofeducation competent to lift society to a _higher_ life. Education asit has been brightens life with literature and art, but does not_elevate_ it. The same old element of poverty, misery, disease, crime, and insanity marches on, hand in hand with the college and the church, as it formerly went hand in hand with the hunting and warringbarbarians of the forest. And the dull, blunted conscience of thetime, lulled by the softly solemn platitudes of the pulpit and thesoulless system of education, rebels not against the old social order. In full view of the past twenty-five centuries, may we not exclaimwith Shakespeare's Macbeth:

 "To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow Creeps on this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The dusty way to death. "

But not to the end of time shall it be. The nineteenth century hasseen the glimmering dawn of the true civilization. How it came, whatit is, and what it is destined to realize, the JOURNAL OF MAN willattempt to show. 

SYNOPSIS OF CEREBRAL SCIENCE. [1]

 [1] Copyrighted, 1887, by Joseph Rodes Buchanan. 

CHAPTER I. 

GENERAL PLAN OF THE BRAIN. 

 The brain the centre of life--Its organs not distinctly separated--Its double functions and degrees of energy--Difficulty of nomenclature, chiefly basilar--The pathognomic law--Its application to the brain--The four cardinal directions and four divisions, the coronal, basilar, anterior, and occipital--Their effects on the character and constitution--The method of locating organs--The four groups--The law of antagonism--Its certainty and necessity--Difficulty of expressing it--Correspondence of the English language and the brain--Its limits--Radiating groups of organs--Contrasts of development. 

The details of cerebral science will be much more easily understood ifwe begin with a comprehensive view of the entire plan of the functionsand structure. 

The brain is distinguished from all other organs by being the sourceof commands which all other organs obey, and being the immediate seatof the soul, which has no knowledge of anything occurring in the body, until a message or impression has reached it through nervous channels. The compression of all the nerves before they enter the cranium andconnect with the brain would deprive us of all knowledge of the body, and of all sensations or perceptions; and the compression of the brainitself would render us totally unconscious, as if dead, --incapable ofeither thought or action. Manifestly, therefore, all the powers of thesoul are lodged in and exercised through the brain; and as alldistinct nerve structures have essentially different functions, andevery different function requires a different structure, it is obviousthat the vast variety of our psychic faculties, intellectual, emotional, sensitive, passional, and physiological, requires acorresponding multiplicity in the nervous apparatus; and thisincalculably great multiplicity we find in the brain. 

The crude, mechanical idea that all the organs of the brain should bedistinctly marked and separated by membranous walls or obvious changesof structure, is very unscientific; for even in the spinal cord, whichis more easily studied, we do not find such separation between thewidely distinct functions of sensibility and motility. Their nervefibres run together undistinguished, and it is only by the study ofpathological changes that we have been able to distinguish the courseof the motor fibres, which to the most careful inspection areindistinguishable from the sensitive. 

Moreover, the functions of the brain are not like those of the spinalcord, of a widely distinct and opposite character in adjacent fibres, but exhibit a gradual variation, like the blending colors of therainbow. The sensitive or psychic individual who touches any part ofthe head and feels an impression of the emotional, intellectual, orimpulsive function in the subjacent convolution of the brain, willfind the impression gradually changing as he moves his finger alongthe surface, until, after passing half around the cerebrum, he willfeel an influence exactly opposite to that with which he started. 

As there are many millions of sensitive persons who are capable ofreceiving these impressions from the brain, we cannot but wonder atthe unanimous _indifference_ (which some may hereafter call stupidity)which hinders the medical profession and scientists generally frombecoming acquainted with such facts, which I have proclaimed anddemonstrated until I have grown weary of attempting to instruct wilfulignorance. Not only does the nervaura, direct from the brain conveysuch impressions of organic action, but almost any substance held fora few moments in contact with any part of the head will absorb enoughof the local nervaura to convey a distinct impression to a sensitive, similar to that derived directly from the head. 

Although the organs of the brain are thus distinct, they are notdistinct like the spokes of a wheel, each totally independent of theother and fixed or invariable in its own simple character; for allorgans have double functions, and a great variety in their degree ofmanifestation. 

The double function is psychic and physiological, or physical. Whenthe action of the brain is confined within the cranium, its action ispurely psychic; but when its influence passes into the body, itproduces physiological effects. As the brain is the seat of the soul, its action is essentially and primarily psychic; but as it is thecommander of the body, and the source of its spiritual vitality, allits conditions or actions affect the body; and hence every organ hasits dual action, psychic and physiological. Cerebral physiology andsarcognomy explain in detail how the brain and the mental conditionsaffect the body; cerebral psychology shows how the brain and soul arecorrelated. The purpose of this treatise is to show how the brain iscorrelated with both soul and body, giving the principal attention tothe former. 

If cerebral organs all have this double function, it is manifestlyexceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to find any words competentto express the double functions, and it will be necessary to adapt ournomenclature to expressing the psychic function, leaving thephysiological to be expressed otherwise. As the basilar organs actmore directly upon the body, their nomenclature will be moresuggestive of physiological effects. The organ, for example, ofalimentiveness or appetite will suggest by its name its relation tothe stomach. 

The difficulty of arranging a satisfactory nomenclature for a certainportion of the brain, in consequence of the varying energy of organicaction, is very great, and must be met by using the word which willexpress in a general manner the organic tendency, leaving to theintelligence of the reader to imagine the variations of intensity. Inthe greatest energy of organic action the opposite faculty is entirelyovercome, and the conduct becomes abnormal, for normal action impliesthe harmonious co-operation of all parts of the brain. Nevertheless, it is in this abnormal or excessive action that we get the true, isolated tendency or function in its naked expression. 

For example, if we refer to that portion of the brain near the mastoidprocess, which in its excessive action produces murder, we perceivethat as murder is an abnormal action, such a term is not a suitablename for an organ, as it would convey the impression that every humanbeing has a constant murderous impulse, and that the faculty is keptinactive when murder is not committed; from which we might infer thatthe human constitution is badly planned. 

Still, it is not to be concealed that murderous violence is theultimate result of this organ when unrestrained, --that it is the mostconspicuous faculty in carnivorous animals, and alas! that it has aterrible and at times predominant action in the masculine portion ofthe human race. Throughout the greater part of ancient history themurderous violence of this faculty has been as conspicuous in thehuman race as in the wild beasts. Even to-day, after centuries ofso-called civilization and religion, no man's life would be safe ifnot protected by policemen; and the civilized nations, with a skilfulferocity, devote the major part of their governmental revenues topreparations for international homicide as a defence against themurderous impulse in their neighbors, and to watching or controllingthe murderers within their own limits; whose homicidal propensities, however, are not restrained from _mutual homicide_, by agreement, inthe warlike form of the duel, which is considered a proper institutionto cultivate a martial spirit and promote the efficiency of thearmy, --ay, and even tolerated in the German system of education, provided that life is not actually sacrificed. 

Murder is therefore not an improper term to express the consummateenergy of this basilar organ, if we at the same time understand itsgentler manifestations; and Dr. Gall was a faithful student of naturewhen he called this faculty the "carnivorous instinct, or dispositionto murder, " for that is the way that it exhibits in animals, and, unfortunately, in mankind also. 

Yet as an element of character, and an organ in the brain, thisfaculty needs a more general and comprehensive term than murder toexpress its ordinary action. It operates as an impelling and modifyinginfluence in our daily life, giving a certain kind of energy tophysical and mental action, as our fruits have a certain degree ofsweetness in their juices which is not due to crystals of sugar, though if the sweetening element were extracted it would appear inthat solid form. Thus the violent impulsive energy which appears inour vigorous language, emphatic gestures, ultra sentiments, andthreatening expressions, if it could be isolated from its psychiccombination, would appear in its isolated purity as an impulse to thedestruction of life and everything else that stands before us. 

Hence the term Destructiveness has been very properly applied to thisorgan by Spurzheim. Yet even this term expresses too much for itsaverage daily action, and Violence, Impulsiveness, or Vehemence wouldcome nearer to expressing its ordinary manifestation. 

The reader will now perceive that the psychic functions of certainorgans can seldom be adequately expressed by one word, and that threewords are required to express fully the moderate, the active, and theabnormal manifestations. Fortunately, however, this difficulty ofnomenclature applies only to that portion of the brain which tends tothe abnormal. Man's nobler faculties belonging to the upper region ofthe brain are essentially good and normal. The abnormal difficultydoes not come into their description. 

[Illustration]

Its operation is limited to the region lying around the ears, thebasilar region, the tendency of which is to exhaust the spiritualvitality of the brain in ministering to the body. This will be clearlyunderstood when we understand the fundamental law of all cerebralaction, the law of direction, or

PATHOGNOMIC LAW. 

This law is the grandest generalization of science that was everconceived. It is the fundamental law of the relations of the twoworlds, the psychic and the physical. The spiritual and materialworlds unite in man, in whom the eternal spirit is combined with atransitory material body, and the law of their interaction is _the lawof the universe_. 

In its application to man, the law is simply this, that all organs ofthe brain act in accordance with their position, --in accordance withtheir _pathognomic line_, or line of action, which is the line oftheir central fibres, the tendency of which is toward the surface ofthe brain, where they reach the interior of the cranium. It will be asufficient approximation to the mathematical truth if for the presentwe say that the pathognomic line may be indicated by a perpendicularto the surface of the cranium where the organ is located. 

When we establish the pathognomic line, we establish a perfectcriterion of the organic action, for the action is always inaccordance with the line; and this fundamental law gives a key to allpsychology, and gives it a geometrical simplicity. 

In accordance with this law, the frontal or intellectual organs acttoward the front, and maintain our relations with that which is beforeus. Acting in that manner, they throw out or expend the vital forces, and exhaust the energies which belong to the posterior part of thebrain and posterior part of the body. The posterior half of the brainacts in the opposite direction, and thus draws in, acquires, andenergizes. The posterior action impels the body to advance, as theanterior portion checks our progress and causes us to yield. Hence ifwe erect a perpendicular from the ear, we shall find all the energeticimpelling faculties behind it, and all that moderates, checks, andenlightens before it. Thus the occipital development makes a powerful, domineering, conquering character, as the frontal makes a passive, unselfish, yielding one. 

Hence all organs in proportion to their energy are located nearer tothe posterior region of the brain, and in proportion to their delicacyor weakness have a more anterior location. 

[Illustration]

There are four classes of pathognomic lines, as there are four aspectsof the brain, which may be represented on a plane surface, and whichare sufficient for this incomplete introductory statement--theanterior and posterior--the superior or upward, and the inferior ordownward. The anterior and posterior tendencies may be separated bythe vertical line through the ear. The superior and inferior, orupward and downward, may be separated by a nearly horizontal line fromthe forehead backward, which nearly coincides with the lateralventricles that separate the superior and inferior convolutions. Thelateral ventricles (cavities the walls of which are in contact, ) arethe central region of the brain around which the convolutions areformed. Dividing the brain thus into superior and inferior halves, wefind that the major portion of the superior has an upward line whichis fully expressed at the upper surface of the brain, while the lowerhalf has downward lines which are most fully expressed on the basilarsurface of the brain, which is covered by the face and neck. 

Intermediate between these coronal and basilar surfaces are lateralorgans which participate in the upward or downward tendency as theyapproach the highest and lowest surfaces. 

The tendency of the coronal region is upward, that of the basilardownward. The latter operates downward upon the body, rousing themuscles and viscera to activity, but exhausting the brain and thespiritual life. Hence, while they vitalize the body, they are thesource of all that is sensual, violent, beastly, and criminal, --allthat degrades human nature, --when they become the controlling power, which is an abnormal condition. 

The coronal organs tend upward; they withdraw excitement from thebody, quiet the muscles, and diminish the energy of the appetites andpassions, while they originate all noble and lofty impulses. Theirtendency is toward heaven, toward the highest possible condition ofhumanity, the performance of every duty, the enjoyment of happinessand health, the perfection of love and fidelity. They make the life onearth resemble the life in heaven, and consequently bring us intosympathy with all holy influences. They make religion a reality, andproduce a character which we cannot but admire and love. Theirtendency is to draw life upward from the body to the head and theupper part of the chest, and thereby to energize the soul, which hasits home in the brain, and which is the essential seat and source oflife, and is in interior connection with the infinite source of life. Hence the coronal half of the brain is the home of spiritual life, theantagonist of disease, the promoter of longevity, by which theharmonious love of the upper world is realized on earth, and thatdivine quality of the soul which frees it from disease and death is toa limited extent imparted to the human body. 

The excessive action of the basilar region exhausts the brain, degrades the soul, and thereby impairing the fountain of life andhealth, introduces disease and death. Gluttony, drunkenness, sensuality, passion, and violent exertion are the processes thatexhaust the soul power. Excessive and prolonged muscular exertionwithout rest exhausts the brain. But the normal action of the basilarorgans is essential to all the processes of life, and maintains theunion of soul and body. Hence their good development is necessary tolongevity. 

On the other hand, excessive predominance of the coronal region, although it heightens the spiritual nature, withdraws life from thebody, and culminates in trance, ending in death by the ascension ofthe soul from the body. But so long as the basilar organs havesufficient energy to maintain the connection of the soul with thebody, the most powerful action of the coronal region increases thepower of the brain, the brilliance of the mind, the perfection of thehealth, and the moral greatness and power of the person. 

These statements are essentially different from the physiological andphrenological ideas heretofore current, but they are sustained byuniversal experience, which recognizes the power of heroism, hope, religion, and love to exalt our powers of endurance and achievement, whether intellectual or physical; and they are sustained by therecords of pathology, which show that softening or ulceration of thesuperior regions of the brain impairs, paralyzes, or destroys all ourpowers. Moreover, all that I teach on these subjects is but anexpression of the formulated results of many thousand experimentsduring the last forty-five years. 

The simplicity and applicability of these pathognomic laws whichpervade all psychic phenomena are such that they are easily mastered, and a single evening devoted to the subject enables my students tolocate with approximate correctness nearly all the organs of thebrain. The multiplicity of the cerebral organs is somewhatdiscouraging to a student at first, but all embarrassment is removedwhen the simplicity of the Divine plan is shown. 

In illustrating these principles, we take up a number of facultiessuccessively, and determine by their nature what should be theirlatitude and longitude upon the map. Thus, for example, if Modesty ismentioned, students would say it should be above the horizontal line, but not so high as the virtues, and that it should be not among theenergies, but among the moderating faculties of the front half of thehead. Hence they usually ascertain its true location. If Avarice orAcquisitiveness should be considered, they would recognize it asentitled to a place below the horizontal line, and also behind thevertical line, but neither the lowest nor the most posterior. IfFirmness is mentioned, they recognize it as entitled to a high place, but behind the vertical line; and thus they seldom make any greaterror in determining the location of an organ. 

[Illustration]

If we thus go through the catalogue of psychic powers or qualities, weobserve finally that the organs are grouped as follows; and thisgrouping should be impressed upon the memory, as it is easily learned, and serves as a basis for the further study of organology. The organsin this drawing are not arranged to show their antagonism, butantagonism is the most important fundamental principle of cerebralpsychology. 

THE LAW OF ANTAGONISM. 

Antagonism or opposition is the universal condition of all that weknow. Up suggests down; inward, outward; forward, backward; advance, recession; motion, rest; elevation, degradation; abundance, deficiency; heat, cold; light, darkness; strength, weakness. The sameantagonism exists in the psychic nature, as in love, hate; hope, despair; courage, cowardice; pride, humility, etc. ; and equally in thephysiological, as we see in the action of flexor and extensor muscles, their antagonism being a necessity. If we had only flexor muscles, onemotion would exhaust the muscular capacity; when the limb is flexed itcan do nothing more; but when the extensor muscle moves it back, flexion can be again performed. Thus all vital voluntary action is aplay of opposing forces, --the existence of one force renderingpossible the existence of its opposite. The coronal organs, carryingthe soul above the body, would bring the end of terrestrial life, andthe basilar organs exhausting the brain would bring to a moredisastrous end; but the joint action of the two, like that of flexorand extensor muscles, produces the infinite variety of life, whichmoves on like pendulums, in continual alternation. 

Man would be utterly unfit for the sphere that he occupies, if he hadnot the opposite capacities required by innumerable oppositeconditions. Physiologically, he requires calorific powers to fit himfor cold climates, and cooling capacities to fit him for the torridzone. Morally, he requires warlike powers to meet enemies and dangers, as well as affections for the sphere of domestic love. He requires theconscious intellect to call forth and guide his powers in exertion, and a faculty for repose and recuperation in sleep. He requires selfrespect to sustain him in elevated positions, and humility to fit himfor humble duties and positions. We can conceive no faculty which hasnot its opposite, --no faculty which would not terminate its ownoperation, like a flexor muscle, if there were no antagonist. Benevolence would exhaust the purse and be unable to give, ifAcquisitiveness did not replenish it; and Avarice unrestrained wouldlose all financial capacity in the sordid stupidity of the miser. Eachfaculty alone, without its antagonist, carries us to a helplessextreme. 

The antagonism of faculties is so self evident a law of nature that ifDr. Gall had pre-arranged a psychic philosophy in his mind, instead ofbeing a simple observer of facts, he might have given a very differentaspect to the science. But he arranged no psychic philosophy, and hedid not carry his observations far enough to lead him into the law ofantagonism, and hence left a rude system, lacking in the symmetry andcompleteness necessary to give it the position of a completephilosophy. 

But while the law of antagonism should control our psychic studies, itis not always convenient to express this antagonism in ournomenclature, or to group the functions of all regions of the brain insuch a manner that each group or organ shall exactly correspond to anantagonism in another organ; for in expressing the functions of partsof the brain we are limited by the structure of the English language, and have to make such groups as will be conveniently expressed byfamiliar English words, --the words of a language that has grown up ina confused manner, and was not organized to express the faculties ofsub-divisions of the brain. Hence, for want of a pre-arrangedlanguage, with words of accurate definition and exact antagonism, wecan only approximate a perfect nomenclature, and must rely more upondescription than upon classification and technical terms. 

Technicality, however, is to be avoided as far as possible. Anthropology may need, like other new sciences, new terms for its newideas, but the old words of plain English express all the veryimportant elements of human nature. To the master of anthropology itis easy to take any word expressive of an element of human characteror capacity and show from what convolution, what group ofconvolutions, or what part of a convolution the quality or facultyarises which that word expresses. An evening might be profitably spentwith a class of students in tracing English words to their cerebralsource. 

In expressing the functions of the brain by nomenclature, we areentering upon an illimitable science, and must hold back to keepwithin the limits of the practicable and useful. The innumerablemillions of fibres and ganglion globules in the brain are beyondcalculation, and their varieties of function are beyond alldescriptive power. Geography does not attempt to describe every squaremile of the earth's surface, nor does astronomy presume to know allthe stars. In reference to the brain, psychic students will hereaftersend forth ponderous volumes of descriptive detail, for which there isno demand at present. I willingly resign that task to my successors. Adescription which portrays the general character of an inch ofconvolution, or of a half inch square of the finer intellectualorgans, is sufficiently minute for the purposes of a student. Actingupon these views, the following catalogue of psychic functions hasbeen prepared, which is offered now not for the reader's study, as themultiplicity of detail would be embarrassing, but merely to give ageneral conception of the scope of cerebral psychology, and to showhow extensive and apparently intricate a system may, by properexplanation of its principles, be made intelligible to all. 

[Illustration]

Instead of attempting to master this catalogue and the psychic bustswhich are to be shown hereafter, the reader should approach thesubject by familiarizing himself with the profile grouping herepresented, leaving the catalogue and busts for future exposition. 

If radiating lines are drawn outward from the ear, the _generalcharacter_ of the groups thus formed is indicated in the drawing. Thedepartment marked Inspiration extends from the median line as shown tothe interior of the hemispheres on the median line. The region of theappetites is marked as Sensual Selfishness, the tendency of which isantagonistic to that of the region marked Duty. 

CATALOGUE OF CEREBRAL ORGANS. 

1. INTELLECTUAL. 

 UNDERSTANDING. --Intuition, Consciousness, Foresight, Sagacity, Judgment, Wit, Reason, Ingenuity, Scheming, Imagination, Invention, Composition, Calculation, Somnolence. 

 RECOLLECTION. --Memory (recent and remote), Time, System. 

 PERCEPTION. --Clairvoyance, Phenomena, Form, Size, Distance, Weight, Color, Light, Shade, Order, Tune, Language, Sense of Force, Sensibility. 

 SEMI-INTELLECTUAL. --Liberality, Sympathy, Expression, Sincerity, Humor, Pliability, Imitation, Admiration, Spirituality, Marvelousness, Ideality. 

2. ETHICAL OR MORAL ORGANS. 

 Benevolence, Devotion, Faith, Politeness, Friendship, Love, Hope, Kindness or Philanthropy, Religion, Patience or Serenity, Integrity or Conscientiousness, Patriotism or Love of Country, Cheerfulness, Energy, Fortitude, Heroism, Health, Sanity, Caution, Sublimity, Reverence, Modesty. 

3. SOCIAL ENERGY. 

 Self-respect or Dignity, Self-confidence, Love of Power, Ostentation, Ambition, Business Energy, Adhesiveness, Self-sufficiency, Playfulness, Approbativeness, Oratory, Honor, Magnanimity, Repose, Chastity, Coolness. 

4. SELFISH FORCES. 

 Arrogance, Familiarity, Fascination, Command, Dogmatism, Combativeness, Aggressiveness, Secretiveness, Avarice, Stolidity, Force, Rivalry, Profligacy, or Lawless Impulse, Irritability, Baseness, Destructiveness, Hatred, Disgust, Animalism, Turbulence, Virility. 

5. SENSITIVE AND ENFEEBLING ELEMENTS. 

 Interior Sensibility or Disease, Appetite, Relaxation, Melancholy or Sullenness, Insanity, Idiocy, Rashness and Carelessness, Expression. 

The reader should be careful not to attach too much importance toclassification or nomenclature. The special descriptions of organs arenecessary to a correct understanding. 

CONTRASTS OF DEVELOPMENT

The contrast of intellectual development is seen in comparing theworld-renowned philosopher Humboldt and the idiot figured bySpurzheim. The contrast of coronal and basilar development is seen incomparing the benevolent negro Eustace, who received the Monthyonprize for virtue in France with the skull of the cannibal Carib, asfigured by Lawrence. As to the coronal or upward development of thebrain, there is always a great contrast between untamable wildanimals, such as the lion and the eagle, and those of gentle andlovely nature, such as the gazelle and the dove. 

[Illustration: HUMBOLDT IDIOT EUSTACE CARIB GAZELLE LION DOVE EAGLE]

SUPERFICIAL CRITICISM. 

A RESPONSE TO MISS ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. 

 The publication in the Chicago _Inter-Ocean_ of two columns of sharp criticism on the spiritual movement by Miss Phelps, which were widely republished, induced the editor to send the following reply to the _Inter-Ocean_, which was duly published. 

 BOSTON, MASS. , Jan. 23. 

The rhetorically eloquent essay of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps onspiritualism has been read by the undersigned with that peculiarpleasure with which we witness an intellectual or psychic _tour deforce_ which produces singular results. It is quite an ableproduction, for the ability of an advocate is measured by his capacityto make that which is obviously absurd appear quite rational, and togive to that which is intrinsically small or mean an air of refineddignity. Divested of its dignified and delusive rhetoric, what doesthe lady say or mean in plain, homely English?

She says that "cultivated thought" has a "slippery surface" on whichspiritualism has made "a clutch, " and that it has lately made an"encroachment upon scientific attention, " so that psychical societiesof distinguished men are "busying themselves;" also that spiritualismmust be "made subject to the laws of common sense" and controlled by"common integrity, " and if this truth "is at last materializing beforethe consciousness of the believers in spiritualistic phenomena somegood may come of it. "

That a certain style of "cultivated thought" familiar in Boston has a"slippery surface" on which neither religion nor philosophy makes muchimpression, cannot be denied, and that it is only lately (as she says)that psychical societies of more or less distinguished men haveallowed spiritual science to encroach on their attention, is verytrue. It has always been so. Societies of distinguished men havealways been behind the progress of undistinguished men. Neither Harveynor Galvani was honored by societies of distinguished men until the"slippery surface" of their "cultivated thought" was clutched andcrushed by the power of a widely diffused truth. As a general rule, the last place in which to find the foremost thought of the age is inthe societies of distinguished men, whether they be politicians, theologians, or scientists. Hence it is that phenomena as old ashistory itself and of late as thoroughly investigated as any branch ofpositive science have just begun to encroach upon the attention of thesocieties to which the lady desires us to surrender our judgment. Nodoubt they have resisted such encroachments as long as decency wouldpermit, and some very able writers think a great deal longer. 

As to the insinuation that "believers in spiritualistic phenomena haveonly of late begun to appreciate common sense and common honesty, "when these believers count by millions, and include many more eminentmen than her infallible psychic societies, the lady has permission towithdraw the charge, for it is obviously only the _lapsus linguæ_ of atoo fluent tongue. 

Again she says: "Which of us would not lay down life itself to knowthat he had spoken yesterday with the darling of our souls dead yearsago?" Not one of you! The expression is rather hysterical in itsintensity. The majority of your ultra-sceptical class would not evenspend a day or an hour in the pursuit, for you have neglected theopportunities which have been open to all the world. You might haveheld a pair of slates in your own hands, secured in any manner, withno pencil between them; might have heard the writing in progress, thenopened them and recognized the message of your own darling--perhapsthe handwriting also. Thousands of modest, honest seekers of truthhave done these things. But the Pharisees who talk of heaven and thenfly from its approach have "religiously shunned" them; that is the waythey express it, and you are their apologist. But what is yourapology?

You give a graphic description of a cheap style of dishonestmediumship with vulgar surroundings, in which, nevertheless, there arewonderful revelations, "the golden thread of a truth that is worthhaving, " and you suggest that the truth must now be "garnered" by apsychical research society, intimating that if they do not garner it, it will cease to be recognized as truth, and that the mediums mustbring it all to them for sanction, or cease to be respected byhonorable people. Was ever a more unfair and delusive statement madeby a hired attorney? The grandeur of the theme has not inspired aspirit of fairness or justice. The question lies between the eternaland holy verities of spiritual science or religious science and theconscience of the inquirer. The poor, illiterate, and obscure peoplewho exhibit for a living whatever capacity they may have, have nothingto do with it. Would our lady critic select a cheap sign painter torepresent the beauty and glory of art, or the exhibitors of laughinggas to illustrate the science of Sir Humphrey Davy, or theperformances of an illiterate quack to illustrate the dignity of themedical profession? Is our critic so profoundly ignorant of theprogress of psychic science as to think such representations fair orallowable?

A science is represented by its leaders, its authors, its teachers, not its camp followers. Examine the writings of Alfred RussellWallace, Professor Crookes of London, Epes Sargent, William Howitt, Professor Hare--of Swedenborg, Kerner, Ennemoser, Du Prel, Hellenbach, Fichte, Varley, Ashburner, Flammarion, Aksakoff, and a score of othersof the highest rank, and criticize if you can the magnificentphilosophy of these and of many an ancient writer. Consider the wellattested facts and sublime religion that you will find in them, andobserve that the facts are a hundred times better attested and athousand times more critically observed than any of those upon whichthe world's great religions rest, before which our critic reverentlybows. 

[NOTE. --Rev. Henry Ward Beecher is reported to have said in 1860: "Thephysiology, the anthropology of the Bible, is highly odic, and must bestudied as such. As such it will be found to harmonize with thegeneral principles of human experience in such matters in all ages. Ifa theory be adopted everywhere else but in the Bible, excludingspiritual intervention _in toto_, and accounting for everythingphysically, then will the covers of the Bible prove but pasteboardbarriers. Such a theory will sweep its way through the Bible and itsauthority, and its inspirations will be annihilated. On the otherhand, if the theory of spiritual intervention be accepted in theBible, it cannot be shut up there, but must sweep its way through thewide domain of 'popular superstitions, ' as they are called, separatingthe element of truth on which they are based, and asserting its ownauthoritative supremacy. "]

Then if you must for a partisan purpose ignore all this, and selectobscure people to represent the other side of the question, it wouldbe very easy to find mediumship of a pure and honorablecharacter--mediums whom no one visits without carrying away a sweet, refining influence, a stronger faith, and a brighter realization ofheavenly truths. And there are mediums, too, from whose lips distil alofty eloquence and a remarkable wisdom upon any or all subjectsproposed, with a flow of extemporaneous poetry or of heavenly musicwhich has never been equaled under such circumstances by uninspiredmortals. 

But, forsooth, they must come to a psychic society that the world maylearn from their papal infallibility if anything exists at all worthyof notice. This is indeed seriously proposed! Well, if a group ofclergymen in synod assembled should summon all geologists andastronomers to come before them and show if there was anything intheir scientific teachings, their heretical, astronomical, andgeological doctrines, would any one have responded to the presumptuousdemand? Would Airy, Lyell, Miller, Darwin, or the poorest countryschool master have taken any notice of such a demand?

The majority of the American Psychical Research Society know vastlyless of psychic science than clergymen know of geology and astronomy. They have been not inquirers, but obstructionists, assailing those whodare to inquire, and the subject, as their friend says, has onlylately encroached on their attention. The admirable scientificexperiments of Professor Hare and Professor Crookes have long sincesettled the questions which they now propose to take up, and when, over forty years ago, I published in my JOURNAL OF MAN theincontestable facts then established, and gave their rationale, thepsychic researchers of to-day were as ignorant as sucking babes of thewhole subject. This ignorance is the very _raison d'etre_ of thesociety. They don't know if there is anything to be discovered, andthey propose to look out. Their failure so far is considered byColonel Higginson a proof of their superior wisdom, which means thatthey are looking for a mare's nest, and have shown their wisdom by notfinding it!

Let those who are seeking to enter the freshman class in psychicscience assume a little appearance of modesty, and not attempt to setthemselves above the old graduates and professors of the university, at which they have heretofore been throwing stones like anunrestrained mob. This is plain speech, but it is just. Let them begintheir operations by an act of justice--by building a monument toProfessor Hare, the noblest of American scientists, and the object oftheir persecution. 

"The time has come, " says our lady critic, "for mystery to work handin hand with scientific study or to lay aside its claims to scientificrespect. " Very true, very true, indeed, except your chronology; thetime has long since gone by. Science has grappled with mystery longsince. I can point out, if you wish to see it, the very anatomicalstructures, the special fibres in connection with which the spiritualphenomena are developed. The _modus operandi_ is understood, and thefacts have been known some thirty, some a hundred, some severalthousand years. Among advanced thinkers psychic science is no more adebatable question than the rotundity of the earth or the principlesof astronomy. 

Finally, dear, eloquent lady, your exhortations in behalf of honestyare very admirable, indeed, and would be much more admirable if theexhortation itself were more fair and honest--if you did not seem tosprinkle the reproach of dishonesty over multitudes of honest peoplemore gifted than yourself, with the power to find and clasp theholiest truths. If the inferior and less honorable class of mediumsare now before the public, why is it? It is due solely, dear lady, tosuch people as yourself and your psychic society men, and "fellows ofa baser sort, " who follow your lead--to those whose censorious andsometimes scurrilous hostility against spiritual phenomena has driveninto retirement or kept in concealment the most beautiful and holyphenomena that were ever known on earth. Angels do not confront thehissing mob. But their visits to-day are neither few nor far between. In every bower of perfect spiritual purity they come. Let but thisbrutal opposition of men and fluent scorn of women cease, and theuniversal air will be fragrant as the spiritual beauty now hiddenshall become a part of our social life, and even the fastidious MissPhelps will be satisfied and delighted. 

[NOTE. --Miss Phelps, if she had due respect for her grandfather, theRev. Dr. Phelps of Stratford, Conn. , ought to be an earnest championof spiritualism, for it was at his house that the most wonderfulphenomena were realized, when invisible spirits carried on theirpranks with the furniture like human beings. Dr. Phelps was a thoroughspiritualist, and introduced the spiritual doctrine into his sermons, though exercising the worldly wisdom of not using the word_spiritualism_. ]

SPIRITUAL PHENOMENA. 

ABRAM JAMES--MAN AND MEDIUM. 

It was in the summer of 1863 that I first met this marvelous medium, one of the very best in the way of intellectual development that Iever saw. James was born in Pennsylvania, of Quaker parentage. Heinherited the simplicity, candor, and truthfulness of the sect. He hadabsolutely no guile in his nature. He had had but six months' commonschool education, but, possessing considerable natural ability, he hadto some degree remedied his deficiencies in this particular. He wrotea fair hand, spelled well and conversed with some facility on ordinarytopics, but was absolutely ignorant of any language but his nativeEnglish, and had no knowledge whatever of scientific subjects; this Iknow to be a fact. James was above the medium height, very thin andspare, blonde complexion, light hair and blue eyes--a natural negativeorganization. When I first made his acquaintance he was employed inthe yards of one of the railroad companies in Chicago, making uptrains, or some employment of that character. 

Of James's original development as a medium I know nothing, as I firstknew him in his abnormal character, in which he was truly marvelous, being perfectly familiar with all languages, living and dead, and withall subjects--religion, science, philosophy, and ethics. 

I have heard this man speak and deliver long discourses in German, Spanish, Italian, French, Latin, Greek, and other tongues which I didnot know. I have taken scholarly linguists in his presence and to themhe demonstrated that he spoke in foreign tongues. 

I have heard him deliver lectures on a great variety of scientificsubjects, --on political economy, theology, and natural philosophy. Histhought and method of treatment were of the very highest types ofintellectual ability. Of course James did not profess to do this ofhimself; he was in fact, wholly unconscious of doing anything. Whenentranced, the controlling spirit would say, for example: "The Baronvon Humboldt will address you this afternoon on the Cosmos. " Then in adiscourse or lecture of an hour's duration he would give a condensedhistory of the origin and development of the world. I remember on oneoccasion he took up the nebular or La Place theory, adopted it as thetrue one, and traced the rise and progress of the earth through theevolution of matter to its present condition, in a most comprehensiveand masterly manner. At another time it was said: "John Quincy Adamswill speak to you to-day on the political condition of your country, "and with all the grace, dignity, and eloquence of the famous oldSenator from Massachusetts when addressing the Senate of the UnitedStates, this medium delivered a speech of which Adams himself wouldnot have been ashamed. It was in the war times, and fully embodied thesentiments which we know were predominant in Mr. Adams's mind--thepermanency of the Union and liberty for the slave. It was before theemancipation proclamation, but the speaker assured his hearers thatthe day was close at hand when the oppressed and abused slave shouldwalk out in freedom before all the world. 

I remember one very remarkable occurrence. James was entranced by thespirit of Michael Angelo, and a lady medium present was controlled byRaphael, and these two, partly in Italian and partly in English, discoursed upon art, painting, architecture, and sculpture in a mannercalculated to produce a lasting impression upon the minds of those whowere so fortunate as to be witnesses of the scene. The spirits wereevidently fearful of losing control of the medium, and in their hastydesire to speak constantly interrupted each other, but they referredto the great works in which they had been engaged while on the earth, and the monuments they had left behind them. I remember Raphaelparticularly speaking of his last great painting of theTransfiguration, which he declared he had left in an unfinishedcondition in Rome, and which he desired to complete if he only had theopportunity. I regret that I am not able at this distant time to givefull details of these, their marvelous revelations. I had shorthandnotes taken which were afterwards written out, but unfortunately theywere all destroyed in the great Chicago fire, in 1871. 

James was also a drawing medium, and as such he executed many finepictures. His method of work in this direction was quite beyond thecapacity of any human being. He operated with six pencils, three ineach hand, each pencil doing a separate part of the work at the sametime; the consequent rapidity of execution was something wonderful. James once drew a colossal picture of Lincoln, which measured sevenand one half feet in length. The sheet of paper was laid upon thefloor, and upon it, without any outline or measurements, he first madean eye, and then in its proper relative position a boot. When theoutlines were completed, these came into their proper places. Thepicture was a fair likeness of Lincoln, and represented him in the actof reading the emancipation proclamation. The pictorial heading ofyour paper, with its name in the letters as they now stand, RELIGIO-PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL, all finished and complete as it is, wasdone by James in the manner above stated. The engraver who reproducedit has not altered one line or mark; yet this man in his naturalcondition could not draw the outline of a barn. 

James located the first artesian well which was bored in Chicago. Hedeclared by his clairvoyant sight that a stream of water could befound many hundreds of feet beneath the surface. The boring was doneand the water found, and this well was the originator of the numerousother wells which now supply our parks and factories. James afterwardwent to the oil regions of Pennsylvania, where he was successful inlocating productive oil wells. Since 1869, I have lost sight of him, but wherever he may be he is a marvelous, intellectual medium, and ashonest and truthful as the sunlight. 

 GEO. A. SHUFELDT, _Religio-Philosophical Journal_. 

MR. EGLINTON'S MEDIUMSHIP. --A correspondent of the _London Medium_describes an interview with Mr. Eglinton, in which the followingoccurred. They are not extraordinary to those familiar with spiritualfacts. I have held a slate in my own hand in the presence of a medium, and received messages on the slate in which every letter was writtenin double marks, as if written with two different colored pencils, although _no pencil was furnished_ or seen. 

 "Three small pieces of writing-pencil--green, red, and white--were put upon the perfectly clean school slate, and placed under the table as before, with this difference: that G. 's left hand held the slate with Mr. Eglinton, his left being above the table. The slate was now thoroughly rolled about so as to completely displace the pieces of pencil from their previous relations. G. Asked aloud that 200 might be put down in _red_; I called for 69 in _green_; and Mr. Eglinton requested that they be added up in _white_. Upon examining the slate, this was found correctly executed. I then took a book at random from a case containing perhaps 300 or 400 volumes. G. Wrote down upon the school slate the number of a page, a line, and of a word, which she desired to be transcribed. The slate was turned over, and I placed the book, which had not been opened, across it, resting upon the frame. Under the book I placed a morsel of pencil. The slate, with the book upon it, was then passed under and pressed against the table-top as before. No one but G. Was cognizant of what she had written, and, of course, as the book was never out of my possession from the time I took it from its fellows in the case until it was placed with the slate under the table-top, there was no possibility of its pages being scanned. The sound of writing soon occurred, and upon its ceasing we examined the slate, when we found 'P. 7, L. 18, W. 6, Llanwrst. ' The other side of the slate contained 'P. 7, L. 18, W. 6, ' as written by G. I now and for the first time opened the book, which was 'The Irish Educational Guide and Scholastic Directory, ' for 1883 and 1884, published by John Mara, 17 Crow Street, Dublin; and upon turning to page 7, line 18, and word 6, the word there printed was 'Llanwrst. '"

SPIRIT WRITING. --The world is full of spiritual phenomena which aresuppressed or concealed in consequence of the prejudices instilledinto all minds by education and perpetuated by the dogmatism of thecollege, the pulpit, the press, and the votaries of Mammon. The _St. Louis Globe_ gives a recent example, as follows:

 "I have known of a great many astonishing things that I can account for in no other way than by supposing that they were brought about by some influence outside of human agency [said a believer in Spiritualism the other day to a St. Louis Globe reporter]. I know a lady--a church member--who makes no pretensions as a fortune teller, clairvoyant, or medium, and who would indignantly resent being called a Spiritualist. This lady takes a pencil in her hand and writes rapidly and legibly, with her arm extended, without looking at the paper or pencil, and gazing in an opposite direction from the work. And this is done in a way that shows no control of her arms in the operation. She writes answers to questions she could not possibly have any knowledge of in a correct and thoroughly truthful way. Even when she is separated from the questioner by a closed door she readily writes out the correct answer to a mental question with no effort of her own. This woman could not be induced to do so for any compensation. I have seen all the performances of the mediums in the way of musical instruments floating around the room in the air, but these are open to doubt. In the case of the lady I speak of, all is done by daylight without any thought of compensation or notoriety. It is a natural endowment, a spiritual control, an unseen influence, and a power outside of our ability to account for. "

MIND-READING AMUSEMENT. 

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TRANSCRIPT:

This amusement may possibly help to attract the indifferent publictoward the higher branches of science, which are so much neglected. Probably not one in a thousand of those who are attracted to thissubject by curiosity has given any attention to that department ofscience to which mind-reading belongs. 

Americans are not distinguished for reverence. They often rush intothe consideration and discussion of subjects with which they have nofamiliarity, without pausing to learn whether any investigations havealready been made. In matters of mechanical invention attempts arecontinually making to achieve what investigation has provedimpossible, and a great deal of labor and money are wasted in findingby costly experience what is already known, and might have beenlearned by an hour's attention to recorded science. 

The dabbler in science and invention often fancies himself adiscoverer, asserts his claims, and receives recognition from thosewho are still more ignorant of the subject than himself. Under thishead come the performances of Mr. Bishop and other sciolists who areexercising similar powers with similar success. 

"A little knowledge is a dangerous thing, " said Pope; for the sciolistis continually blundering in the false and superficial theories whichbelong to the first stage of investigation, through which the patientstudent of nature has made his way to a full understanding of thesubject. 

The sympathetic transference of thought from one mind to another, andthe acquisition of knowledge of things either present or remote, without the aid of the external senses, are phenomena known as farback as history has any records. Such phenomena are wonderful andmysterious, but not more so than the generation of animal life or theappearance of a rainbow in the sky--subjects from which science hasremoved much of the mystery. 

Trans-corporeal or non-sensual perception has also been investigated, its laws established, its anatomical and physiological foundationexplained, its range of power determined, its vast powers andutilities illustrated, and its method of development and culture madeknown. But of all this the mind-reading sciolists know nothing andhave not attempted to learn anything. They are attitudinizing on theouter steps of the temple of science, before the gazing multitude, instead of penetrating the interior of the temple, where the multitudedo not follow. 

The exhibiting mind-readers start with the assumption that matter doesall, and that the ample literature in which the powers of the soul arerecorded, demonstrated, and explained is unworthy of notice. Thus theyplace themselves in sympathy with the prevalent ignorance on suchsubjects, and the dogmatism of a certain class of scientists. 

The dogmatism of this hypothesis cannot be maintained by any carefuland conscientious inquirer, who knows how to conduct an investigation. When the psychic faculties are well developed, as they certainly arein Mr. Bishop, the inquirer cannot fail to realize that ideas aredeveloped by transference in the mind without the slightestopportunity of being instructed by muscular movements. Hence Mr. Bishop finally admits the direct transference of thought from mind tomind; but instead of presenting it boldly as a positive and thousandtimes demonstrated act, he still leans upon the letter of Dr. Carpenter, which represents him as learning the thoughts of others, by"careful study of the indications unconsciously given by the subject. "

He confesses that he once stood upon the strictly material hypothesis, from which he has advanced to the psychic doctrine he now maintains, and adds, "Where I am may be only a stopping, not an abiding, place. "Very true; the remark is honorable to his candor. He should advance agreat deal farther; but he would not have stopped at either positionif he had taken pains to learn what was already known and published aquarter of a century, or even what was known several centuries, beforehe began. 

If he would even now read Professor Gregory's "Letters on AnimalMagnetism" and the "Manual of Psychometry, " published in Boston, hemight make a new departure, might understand the vast extent of hisown powers, which he has not yet developed, and show to those whom hehas already astonished that there is much more in the mysteries ofearth and heaven than their mechanical philosophy has even suspected. 

"Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring, " was the suggestion ofPope; and if Mr. Bishop or any of those who have been sipping at thisfountain of knowledge would call upon me (at 6 James Street, FranklinSquare) I would take pleasure in showing them the unsuspected extentof their own powers, and showing how thoroughly the questions they areinterested in were investigated over forty years ago, to scatter themystery and bring the wonderful and almost incredible powers of themind into correlation with biology and anatomy. 

I might show them, too, that mind-readers are not such extraordinarypersons as they are commonly supposed. There are many millions in theworld who can exercise the class of faculties to which mind-readingbelongs--a class of faculties long neglected by superficialscientists, from the cultivation of which more may be expected for thefuture intellectual progress of mankind than from anything else nowknown to the universities. 

I mean no disrespect in styling Mr. Bishop a sciolist (or undevelopedscientist). That very sciolism brought him into sympathy with Dr. Carpenter and other distinguished gentlemen who would not havelistened to him if he had come in any nobler manner, and enabled himto open their eyes. Perhaps if he will take another step in advance hecan lead the majority of his pupils to a higher position, and thusrender a signal service to society. I hope he will have the candor andcourage to advance far beyond his present position. 

 JOS. RODES BUCHANAN. 

Since Mr. Bishop's exhibitions have been so successful and profitable, several others have repeated his performances of telling the number ofa bank note, finding hidden articles, and going through anyperformance that was enacted during his absence from the hall. Mr. Montague, an editor of the _Globe_, Mr. George, Mr. Wilder, andseveral others have shown the same powers. A dispatch from St. John, New Brunswick, to the _Herald_ describes a remarkable performance atthat place as follows:

 "ST. JOHN, N. B. , Jan. 17, 1887. In a 'mind reading' performance Saturday night, after several examples indoors, the 'reader, ' a young man who belongs to this city, asked for an outdoor test. The party separated, one remaining with the reader, and hid a pin in the side of a little house used by the switchman of the New Brunswick railway at Mill Street. In their travels they went over the new railway trestle, a most difficult journey. The reader was blindfolded, and one took his wrist, but at the trestle hesitated, fearing to venture, and was told by the reader to let go his wrist and place his hand on his head. The subject did so, and the reader went upon the trestle. Some of the party suggested that the bandage should be removed, but he told them not to mind, and, the subject again taking his wrist, he went on over the icy and snow-covered sleepers. With a firm step he crossed to the long wharf, went over as far as the mill gates, then quickly turned, retraced his steps and went back to the corner of Mill Street. Here he rested a moment, then again took the subject's hand, and in less than five minutes afterward found the pin. At the conclusion of the test, the reader inquired what the matter had been when they first reached the trestle. It was easily explained. The storm had covered the sleepers with snow, and it was thought dangerous even for a man not blindfolded to cross them. The subject felt anxious for the reader's safety, and hesitated about going across. The tests were most satisfactory. "

 * * * * *

TEMPERANCE. --"There has not been a liquor saloon in Hancock County, W. Va. , for forty years. This accounts for the fact that there is not aprisoner in the county jail, and the grand jury failed to find asingle indictment. "

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 

PIGMIES. --A while ago, says the _Sun_, Mr. Grenfell of the CongoMission encountered on the Bosari River, south of the Congo, the Batwadwarfs whom Stanley mentions in "The Dark Continent, " though Stanleydid not see them. Grenfell says these little people exist over a largeextent of country, their villages being scattered here and there amongother tribes. Wissmann and Pogge also met them a few years ago intheir journey to Nyangwe. 

It was long supposed that the story of Herodotus about the pigmies ofAfrica was mythical, but within the past twenty years abundantevidence has accumulated of the existence of a number of tribes ofcurious little folks in equatorial Africa. The chief among thesetribes are the Akka, whom Schweinfurth found northwest of AlbertNyassa; the Obongo, discovered by DuChaillu in west Africa, southwestof Gaboon; and the Batwa, south of Congo. 

These little people range in height from 4 feet 2 inches to about 4feet 8 inches. They are intellectually as well as physically inferiorto the other tribes of Africa. They are perhaps nearer the brutekingdom than any other human beings. The Obongo, for instance, wear nosemblance of clothing: make no huts except to bend over and fasten tothe ground the tops of three or four young trees, which they coverwith leaves; possess no arts except the making of bows and arrows, anddo not till the soil. They live on the smaller game of the forest andon nuts and berries. They regard the leopard, which now and then makesa meal of one of them, as their deadliest enemy. They live only a fewdays or weeks in one place. 

When Schweinfurth first met the Akka dwarfs he found himselfsurrounded by what he supposed was a crowd of impudent boys. Therewere several hundred of them, and he soon found that they wereveritable dwarfs, and that their tribe probably numbered severalthousand souls. One of these dwarfs was taken to Italy a few yearsago, was taught to read, and excited much interest among scientificmen. There are other tribes of dwarfs in Abyssinia and also inSomaliland. 

It is believed that all these people, including the Bushmen of SouthAfrica, are the remains of an aboriginal population that is nowbecoming extinct. In the migrations and subjugations that have been inprogress for many centuries among powerful tribes, the dwarf tribe ofAfrica has been scattered, and its isolated fragments are still foundin widely separated parts of the continent. 

A HUMAN PHENOMENON. --M. De Quatrefages, the naturalist, has examined areal phenomenon, a Provençal of thirty, named Simeon Aiguier, who hadbeen presented by Dr. Trenes. Aiguier, thanks to his peculiar systemof muscles and nerves, can transform himself in most wondrous fashion. He has very properly dubbed himself "L'Homme-Protee. " At one moment, assuming the rigidity of a statue, his body may be struck sharply, theblows falling as on a block of stone. At another he moves hisintestines from above and below and right to left into the form of alarge football, and projects it forward, which gives him theappearance of a colossally stout personage. He then withdraws it intothe thorax opening like a cage, and the hollow look of his bodyimmediately reminds one of a skeleton. Aiguier successfully imitates aman subjected to the tortures of the rack, as also a man hanginghimself, and assumes a strikingly cadaveric look. What most astonishedM. De Quatrefages was the stoppage of the circulation of the blood, now on the left and now on the right side, which was effected bymuscular contraction. --_Boston Transcript_. 

SURVIVING SUPERSTITIONS. --The once flourishing and wealthy colony ofGerman Rappites, or Harmonists, who sold out New Harmony, Indiana, toold Robert Owen sixty years ago, (where Owen's grand fiasco occurred, )and removed to Economy, Pa. , held their annual festival on the 15th ofFebruary in the usual solemn manner. Father Rapp is dead long ago, andof the thousand energetic religious and industrious enthusiasts whohave been so prosperous in worldly matters, scarcely fifty remain asfeeble old men, and their pastor, Father Henrici, is over 83 yearsold; but the honest and worthy old enthusiasts are still waiting forthe personal coming of Christ, who, they believe, is to come beforetheir society dies out, establish his kingdom with his throne on MountSinai, and judge and rule the world. They believe that their belovedFather Henrici will never die, but will lead them to the presence oftheir Divine Master on Mount Sinai; and he proposes to lead them toPalestine, when they have signs of the Lord's approach, that they maybe ready to meet him. 

There is a solemn beauty and grandeur in these weird old superstitionsof good people; but, alas! the Rappites must soon pass away, as theGirlingites have expired in England, when Mother Girling could not beimmortal. 

A SPIRITUAL TEST OF DEATH. --John R. Fowler, an old steamboat man, whodied at Louisville, in January, 1887, made his wife promise to keephis body three days to see if he would not recover consciousness. Onthe third day after his death, the doctor and coroner pronounced himdead, but his wife sent for a medium, and through her the deceasedhusband stated that he was dead, and the happiness of spirit life wasso great that he had no desire to return, but would wait patientlyuntil his wife joined him. 

The most perfect test of death is by Faradic electricity. As a generalrule, three hours after death, the muscles entirely fail to respond tothe Faradic current. When the muscles cannot be affected, death isestablished. 

A JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. --The community at large is interestedin a new movement to establish in this city a Jewish theologicalseminary. The objects of investigation contemplated by the projectedinstitution are the Old Testament in the original Hebrew, the partplayed by the Jews in ancient, mediæval, and modern history, and theinfluence exerted upon thought and research by Jewish philosophers. The current knowledge of these subjects is almost wholly derived fromthe conclusions and opinions of non-Jewish inquirers, and maytherefore be presumed to be more or less affected by prejudice. A rôleof such capital importance in civilization as that of the Hebrewpeople ought to be examined from all sides, and the friends of truthwill welcome a systematic study of it from the Hebrew point ofview. --_N. Y. Sun_. 

NATIONAL DEATH RATES. --In France, 48 per cent of the deaths are ofpersons over fifty years of age; and what is more remarkable, 25 percent are of persons over seventy years of age. The French present thebest showing, except, perhaps, the Irish, of any nation as regardslong life. Only about 26 per cent of their deaths are of childrenunder five years. About 6 per cent only are of persons from five totwenty years. 

No nation of Europe is supposed to be more oblivious of sanitaryscience than the Irish, and yet a far greater percentage of the peopleof Ireland than of any other people, except the French, live to andbeyond the age of seventy years. Nearly five in 100 of the deaths areof persons over eighty-five years of age! Only about 35 per cent ofthe deaths are of persons under twenty years of age. About 42 per centof the deaths are of persons over fifty-five years. One half almost ofthe deaths are of persons over forty-five years. In England and Walesonly 33 per cent of the deaths are of persons over forty-five years, while in the United States only 30 per cent are of persons over fortyyears of age. --T. S. Sozinksey, M. D. , in _Scientific American_. 

RELIGIOUS MEDIÆVALISM IN AMERICA. --Twelve miles from Dubuque, Ia. , there stands in grim isolation, upon a blackened and desolate prairie, a monastery of the fifteenth century pattern. Every morning at 2o'clock the monks who occupy this lugubrious dwelling-place arise fromthe hard planks which serve them in lieu of beds, and pray in woodenstalls, so constructed as to compel them either to stand or kneel. Their devotions completed, the next duty is for each to go into theyard and dig a part of his own grave, and when they have it oncecompleted, they fill it up again, and repeat the operationindefinitely throughout their lives. They are not permitted to speakto each other except by special dispensation, which is very rarelygiven except at the close of a meal, when each one says to the other"Memento mori"--remember that you are to die. The system resembles, inall essential respects, that of the Indian fakirs and other religiousenthusiasts who believe that the only way to please God is to makeone's self as miserable as possible. --_Herald_. 

BUDDHISM IN AMERICA. --A high caste Brahmin, Mohini Mohun Chatterjee, has arrived in the United States at New York, who has been teaching inEngland and on the continent. He has the approval of the brotherhoodin Thibet, and has a high intellectual reputation. The JOURNAL willendeavor to discuss this subject hereafter. Buddhism is much nearerthan Christianity to modern agnosticism, but it embodies fine moralteaching, and is free from intolerance. Mohini represents, it is said, "that his visit to this country is simply in the capacity of an agent, sent by the divine Mahatmas to enlighten a materialistic barbarismwith the spiritual wisdom--religion of the East. He represents amovement which has for its object the uniting of the East and West inthe acceptance of a universal faith. An attempt was at first made tointerest people in the subject by laying some stress upon the minorphenomena of occult science. Unfortunately, such wonders attracteddisciples who cared more for thaumaturgy than for doctrine, and thesefell away as soon as they discovered that the object in view was notthe production of marvels. The new world has riches, and the old worldhas ideas. It would be to the advantage of both if an exchange couldbe effected. The Asiatic philosophers teach that all religions are theexpressions of the Eternal Verity. Life is ephemeral, they say, itschief value consisting in the opportunities it affords of doing goodand making others happy. "

CRANIOLOGY AND CRIME. --The _British Medical Journal_ presents at somelength the results arrived at by Prof. Benedict, in his examination ofthe brains of criminals--some sixteen in all. Every one of these, incomparison with the healthy brain, proved to be abnormal. Not only, too, has he found that these brains deviate from the normal type, andapproach that of lower animals, but he has been able to classify them, and with them the skulls in which they were contained, in threecategories. 

First, absence of symmetry between the two halves of the brain;Second, an obliquity of the interior part of the brain or skull--infact, a continuation upward of what is usually termed a slopingforehead; third, a distinct lessening of the posterior cerebral lobes, so that, as in the lower animals, they are not large enough to hidethe cerebellum. In all these peculiarities, the criminal's brain andskull are distinctly of a lower type than those of normal men. 

That a diminution of the posterior lobes should be recognized as amark of inferiority, does not harmonize with the old ideas ofphrenology. Nevertheless, it is true that a good development of theposterior part of the brain is essential to the superiority of manover animals. 

MORPHIOMANIA IN FRANCE. --In the course of the last few years thedisease which the doctors call morphiomania has made formidableheadway all over France. In the capital its victims almost rival thoseof alcoholism. At Bellevue a great hospital has been opened for thecare, and, if possible, for the cure of these patients. The disease inits present form is necessarily but of recent origin. Morphia itselfwas only discovered in the year 1816. The cure of it is very rare. Itis found that both the use and the deprivation of the drug lead thevictims almost inevitably to suicide, and at Bellevue there arecushioned rooms for some of the patients and a constant watch kept onall. One is not surprised to hear that the chief sufferers are women. After women come doctors. Very many Parisian women carry about withthem a small ivory syringe. In this delicate toy is contained morphia, and it may often be remarked how ladies at convenient opportunitiestake out this little trinket and give themselves a prick in the arm orwrist with it. But ere long these little pricks no longer suffice tostimulate the nerves of the votaries of the habit--the dose is toosmall. Then it is necessary to have recourse to recently establishedmorphine institutes, where old women, under the name of"morphineuses, " carry on their profession, and give the Parisian damespricks in the arm and breast, according to all the rules of the art. 

MONTANA BACHELORS. --There are no less than 30, 000 bachelors inMontana, and every single one of them is in need of and anxious to geta wife, writes a correspondent of the _New York Times_. Theseentertaining young fellows and would-be benedicts have no time to gocourting themselves, and so, much of that thing is done by proxy. Theyare entirely too busy amassing fortunes, either at sheep herding, cattle growing, or mining, in which at least fifty per cent of themare bound to become millionaires sooner or later. There is thegreatest possible need in Montana for young girls and maidens, oldwomen, and old maids, too, for that matter, each and every one of whomwould fill a long-felt want. Domestics are in high demand. As servantgirls they can command wages here that would give them comfortablecompetences in a short time, with very little offered in return. Butthe trouble with the girls who come out in this way looking for a jobis that none of them remain in service for any length of time. Theyare soon gobbled up by young fellows in search of a wife. 

RELIEF FOR CHILDREN. --A very beneficent action is now required by lawin Germany and Switzerland, by which holidays are obligatory in allpublic and private schools when the temperature reaches a certainheight. These heat-holidays are called _hitzlenien_, and are worthy ofadoption in other schools. In Basle new regulations have just beenissued concerning heat-holidays. When the temperature rises toseventy-seven degrees in the shade at ten o'clock in the morning, holiday is to be proclaimed to the scholars until the afternoon. Twosuch holidays were proclaimed during a recent hot week, to the nosmall delight of the boys and girls. It would be equally beneficent todismiss the schools whenever, for any reason, the temperature of theschoolroom could not be kept up to sixty-five degrees. 

"THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE. "--The atrocities of landlordism in Ireland, evicting the poor in midwinter, tearing down their cabins, and burningtheir roofs to drive them out, have excited horror in England, andsympathy for the Irish. 

CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. --The Rev. Mr. Harris has expressed the opinionthat in ten or twenty years Christianity might become the nationalreligion of Japan, as the heathen temples are going into decay. If itdoes, Christianity will be as much benefited by it as the Japanese. The cast iron theology of the Anglo-Saxon race will not suit theJapanese. The works of agnostic scientists and liberals have already astrong hold on the Japanese. The Christianity of the past will have tobe reformed and ameliorated to suit Japan. They will never appreciatethe theology of the Andover creed, which has been versified as followsby _Puck_:

 "There is a place of endless terror Prepared for those who fall in error, Where fire and death and torture never Cease their work, but rule forever; To this dark cave, for Adam's sin, Must all his children enter in. But the all-merciful Creator Took pity on the fallen traitor, Prepared a narrow path of pardon That led to heaven's happy garden; And, lest mankind prefer to sin, _Predestined some_ to walk therein. But millions still in error languish, Doomed to death and future anguish, Who ne'er had heard of Adam's sin, Nor of the peril they are in; Who know not of the way of pardon, Nor of the fall in Eden's garden. 

 "This, my friends, is the Andover creed; Put it aside for the time of need! In the hour of grief and sorrow From it consolation borrow; When your dearest friends are dying, Read it to the mourners crying; Teach it to the tender maiden, To the man with sorrow laden; Teach it to the timid child, Watch its look of horror wild, Note the half-defiant fear, Flushing cheek and pitying tear; Teach it to the broken hearted, From their loved ones newly parted; Show them that their pride and beauty-- Type of love and filial duty-- This, their darling, whom they cherished, Has in hell forever perished, All because of Adam's folly! 'Twill drive away your melancholy. A wonderful thing is the Andover creed, Put it aside for the hour of need!"

THE HELLFIRE BUSINESS. --This expression is homely English, and suchlanguage is best in describing _horrible realities_. The managers ofthe American Board (sturdy champions of hell) have been compelled bypublic opinion to let Mr. Hume go back to India as a missionary, though he will not agree to send all the heathen to hell. To keep uptheir dignity, however, they represented Mr. Hume as having backeddown, and compelled him to show that he had not. Since passing Mr. Hume they have refused to allow Mr. Morse to go on the same terms, because he will not insist on the absolute _certainty_ that theheathen are all in hell. The _Boston Herald_ says the Board's moralobliquity is a puzzle to honest people. 

REV. SAM JONES AND BOSTON THEOLOGY. --The _Herald_ says: "Brother SamJones and Brother Sam Small do chiefly limit themselves to the simplethings of the gospel, and have less theology to the square inch thanthe average of ministers, as Brother Sam Jones would express it. Butthey are hardly fitted for this field, we should say. "

Perhaps the following extracts from Rev. Samuel's sermons explain hisrelations to Boston. Before an audience of 7, 500 he said, "There are100, 000 people in twenty different states praying that I may succeedin arousing Boston to a sense of her moral and spiritual degradation. 

 "I love to live in the world, but not to be troubled with creeds. I know I am on dangerous ground here in Boston when I am on creeds, for a fellow could get up a fight here on that question quicker than he could on stealing. "

 "Whiskey is the worst enemy God or man ever had, and the best friend the devil ever had. "

 "We have got sentiment enough to put whiskey out of Boston. "

 "You have enough church members in Boston to vote the whiskey out of Boston any morning before breakfast. "

 "It is every preacher's duty to denounce the things of hell just as much as it is to preach the beauty of Christ. "

 "I know you denounce drunkenness, but how few pulpits pull out their dagger and stab it. "

 "God has not lost his power, but the pulpit has lost its voice. "

 "Boston had a fire once, but that does not hurt you half as much as the fire of damnation that is smouldering in the hearts of people of this town. "

 "I don't know what will become of my converts if I leave them in Boston. "

The greatest religious work that has been done in Boston, is that ofJones and Small. Every hall they occupied was crowded, and at mid-dayin the week they filled Fanueil Hall. 

PSYCHOMETRY. --The entire pages of the JOURNAL OF MAN would beinsufficient for the presentation which this subject demands, and forthe present readers must be content with the "Manual of Psychometry. "The article designed for this number must be postponed until April, after which it will receive more attention. 

THE AMERICAN PSYCHICAL SOCIETY, poor thing, is in a bad way. It needsnourishment, warmth, and interested attention, to prevent it fromdying of a compilation of infantile maladies which arise from badnursing. The chief nurse, Professor Newcomb (president), gave thebantling an _ice-bath_ in January (his presidential address), and thispractically puts the thing in its coffin. We have never had highanticipations of the usefulness or continued existence of thisorganization. It is a queer proceeding to throw a new-born baby on arubbish-heap, and leave it there, while its parents walk around _onstilts_ to look at it. The British society is glowing with warmthcompared with the state of its American cousin. It is clear that thepsychical knowledge which the society desires to obtain will nevercome to it under its present management; indeed, we are inclined tothink no society under any management can obtain satisfactoryknowledge of the kind which is sought. It must be obtained in_private_, under conditions far different from any which can besecured in organizations, where men act together with diverse viewsand opinions. --_Pop. Sci. News_. 

PROGRESS OF SPIRITUALISM. --In all European countries, Spiritualism ismaking rapid progress. In England, the eloquent and distinguishedlecturer, Mrs. Emma Hardinge Britten, says in a recent letter to the_London Medium_ that "Spiritualism in England is not only on theincrease, but has already take too deep and earnest a hold of thepublic heart, up here in the north, to be uprooted by imbecileantagonism, or even marred by the petty shams of imposture. In placeswhere I have been told it was recently difficult to collect together ascore of people to listen to spiritual lectures, the largest halls areoften found insufficient to accommodate my Sunday evening audiences, and the spoken blessings and thanks that follow me, as well as thefloods of inquiring letters that besiege me, bear ample testimony tothe fact, that the seed sown has not all fallen on stony places. "

Its progress is rapid in Italy, Spain, Norway, Denmark, and Russia, and is steadily onward in France and Germany. On our Pacific Coast, the _Golden Gate_ says, "it is advancing with grand strides. " In theEastern States it is obtaining a much needed purification bydiscussing the genuineness of the phenomena. 

THE FOLLY OF COMPETITION. --We live under a ruinous system of_competition_ instead of _co-operation_, in which the weakest sinkinto poverty, beggary, disease, crime, and suicide. Every day thehorrors of our social system are recognized and commented on, but howlittle is done, and how little thought for its amendment. According to_Bradstreet_, during the first six weeks of this year the loss ofwages by strikers has amounted to _three millions of dollars_. Thisdamage falls on those who cannot afford it, the most of whom findthemselves in a worse and more hopeless condition in consequence ofthe strike, if not entirely out of employment. It has been a matter ofcomparatively little importance to the parties against whom thestrikes were made. The JOURNAL will pay some attention to the remedialmeasures which are being introduced. 

INSANITIES OF WAR. --Senator Vest recently stated to the Senate that"there was not in the history of the civilized world a page ofmaladministration equal to that of the Navy Department of the UnitedStates since 1865.... There had been expended for naval purposes sincethe close of the war over $419, 000, 000. " Query: How much over$5, 000, 000 would it all bring if sold out to-day? Would it bring thatmuch?

THE SINALOA COLONY has had too great an influx already, and Mr. Owenpositively prohibits any more arrivals. If any more come they will notbe received until due preparation has been made. The colony has asplendid harbor in a delightful climate, and large tracts of fertileland, capable of producing everything belonging to semi-tropical andtemperate climates. 

Other attempts by societies to solve the great social question arebeginning. A society with the same objects and principles as theSinaloa colony is now organizing to found a colony in Florida on themargin of a beautiful harbor. 

Another scheme has been proposed by a company of Chicago Knights ofLabor, who "have gone to Tennessee to found a co-operative colony. Thepurpose is the establishment of a manufacturing community in which therule shall be 'eight hours and fair wages, ' and the spot chosen isrepresented as a salubrious table land of 120, 000 acres, 2, 000 feetabove sea level, abounding in iron, timber, and limestone. Here it isintended to set up an iron furnace, a nail factory, and the sash, door, and blind industry, to build 200 houses within 30 days, put up acity hall, public school and engine house at once, and secureincorporation as a city within two weeks. They have begun to sellchoice locations at $7 to $10 per acre. "

MEDICAL DESPOTISM. The bill which has been introduced into the RhodeIsland Legislature for the suppression of independent physicians byconfining all practice to those licensed by a medical board, is sogreat an outrage on common sense and justice, that it meets withstrenuous opposition. The editor of the JOURNAL made an address inopposition to the bill in the hall of the House of Representatives onthe sixteenth of February, occupying about an hour and a half, showingthat the proposed legislation was more despotic and unjust than thelaws under European despotisms. The _Providence Star_, in reportingthe address, spoke of it as the most eloquent ever delivered in theHouse on any subject. 

"MIND IN NATURE, " the best monthly publication of its kind in theworld and the nearest approach in its character to the JOURNAL OF MAN, has just expired at Chicago after issuing two volumes. A few boundcopies may be obtained at $1. 25 per single volume, or $2. 25 for twovolumes, by addressing the editor, J. E. Woodhead, Chicago. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS. 

The resolutions of my most recent class in Boston are the same inspirit as have been expressed during forty years, and will no doubt beexpressed again by my students in May, 1887. They not only know thetruth of the science but recognize sarcognomy as "the most importantaddition ever made to physiological science by any individual, " andtheir testimony was based on their own personal experience. To thestudents of sarcognomy this is a familiar idea, but to others someexplanation may be necessary. 

What are the greatest discoveries in physiology? Common opinion wouldmention as the foremost the action of the heart in circulating theblood, --a discovery not originated but consummated by Harvey; and yetthe discovery is of so simple and obvious a nature that we wonder now, not so much at the ability manifested in the discovery, as at thestupidity which permitted it to remain so long unknown, and even to bedenied and ridiculed when published. Harvey's work on the generationof animals entitled him to a higher rank as a pioneer in science thanhis theory of the circulation. 

A far greater discovery was that of Dr. Gall, which embraced not onlythe anatomy but the functions of the brain as a mental organ--adiscovery twenty times as great, whether we consider the superiorimportance of the brain, or the greater investigating genius necessaryto the discovery. It easily ranks at the head of the physiologicaldiscoveries of the past centuries. 

Next comes the discovery of the motor and sensory roots of the spinalnerves by Majendie and Bell, which did not, as commonly supposed, include the motor and sensory of the spinal cord. This was a smalldiscovery compared to Gall's, but not inferior to Harvey's discoveryof the cardiac function. 

A fourth discovery, perhaps of equal rank, was the discovery byHarvey's contemporary, Aselli, of the lacteals that absorb the chyle. 

A fifth discovery or discoveries of importance was that of thecorpuscles of the blood, and the Malpighian bodies of the kidneys, byMalpighi. 

A sixth discovery, considered more important and occupying a largerspace in medical literature, is the cell doctrine of Schwann, adoctrine still under discussion and by no means a finality. 

Anatomical science has few first class discoveries. Anatomy has been agrowth of observation and description--not discovery. Vesalius andEustachius may be considered the fathers of modern anatomy, and thename of the latter is immortalized by the Eustachian tube, which hefirst recognized and described. But the Fallopian tubes, named afterFallopius, were not his discovery. They had been described long beforeby Herophilus and others. Eustachius was nearly two centuries ahead ofhis age in anatomy, and should be gratefully remembered as astruggling scientist. His valuable anatomical works, which he was toopoor to publish, were published one hundred and forty years after hisdeath, by Lancisi. 

From this brief glance at the discoveries of Eustachius, Harvey, Aselli, Malpighi, Gall, Majendie, and Schwann, it is apparent that butone physiological discovery on record is sufficiently important in itsnature and scope to be compared with sarcognomy, which comprehends therelations of soul, brain, and body. What is their relative value?Gall's discovery embraced about one half of the psychic functions ofthe brain, with nothing of its physiological functions. Sarcognomy, onthe contrary, embraces the entire mass of cerebral functions toconnect them with corresponding functions in the body. It presents inone complete view the psychic powers in the soul operating in thebrain, and extending their influence into the body; and on the otherhand, the physiological powers of the body, operating through thebrain, and by definite, intelligible laws acting upon the soul--a vastsystem of science, based on anatomical facts, but evolved byexperiment, to which no single volume could do justice. Its medicalapplications alone, concisely presented in thirty lectures, would makea volume of four hundred pages. 

It is not, like the phrenological system of Gall, a mental doctrineonly, but, combining psychology, physiology, and pathology, goes tothe foundations of medical science, of health, disease, and cure, aswell as the foundations of all spiritual science, and originates newsystems of magnetic and electric practice. It is manifest, therefore, that no biological discovery now on record occupies more than afraction of the vast area occupied by Sarcognomy, and being ademonstrated science, in the opinion of all who are acquainted withit, it needs only sufficient time to circulate the works upon thesubject now in preparation (the first edition of "TherapeuticSarcognomy" having been speedily exhausted), and sufficient time toovercome the mental inertia and moral torpor that hinder all progress, and even war against the million times repeated facts of spiritualscience. The warfare against all new truth will be continued until thepeople demand that our colleges, the castles of antiquated error, shall conform to the spirit of progressive science. 

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. 

The BUSINESS DEPARTMENT of the Journal deserves the attention of allits readers, as it will be devoted to matters of general interest andreal value. The treatment of the opium habit by Dr. Hoffman isoriginal and successful. Dr. Hoffman is one of the most gifted membersof the medical profession. The electric apparatus of D. H. Fitch isthat which I have found the most useful and satisfactory in my ownpractice. Bovinine I regard as occupying the first rank among the foodremedies which are now so extensively used. The old drug house of B. O. & G. C. Wilson needs no commendation; it is the house upon which Ichiefly rely for good medicines, and does a very large business withskill and fidelity. The _American Spectator_, edited by Dr. B. O. Flower, is conducted with ability and good taste, making aninteresting family paper, containing valuable hygienic and medicalinstruction, at a remarkably low price. It is destined to have a veryextensive circulation. I have written several essays in commendationof the treatment of disease by oxygen gas, and its three compounds, nitrous oxide, per-oxide and ozone. What is needed for its generalintroduction is a convenient portable apparatus. This is now furnishedby Dr. B. M. Lawrence, at Hartford, Connecticut. A line addressed tohim will procure the necessary information in his pamphlet on thatsubject. He can be consulted free of charge. 

Dr. W. F. Richardson of 875 Washington Street is one of the mostsuccessful practitioners we have, as any one will realize who employshim. Without specifying his numerous cases I would merely mention thathe has recently cured in a single treatment an obstinate case ofchronic disease which had baffled the best physicians of Boston andLowell. 

Dr. K. MEYENBERG, who is the Boston agent for Oxygen Treatment, is amost honorable, modest, and unselfish gentleman, whose superiornatural powers as a magnetic healer have been demonstrated duringeighteen years' practice in Washington City. Some of his cures havebeen truly marvelous. He has recently located in Boston as a magneticphysician. 

 * * * * *

College of Therapeutics. 

The large amount of scientific and therapeutic knowledge developed byrecent discoveries, but not yet admitted into the slow-moving medicalcolleges, renders it important to all young men of liberal minds--toall who aim at the highest rank in their profession--to all who arestrictly conscientious and faithful in the discharge of their dutiesto patients under their care, to have an institution in which theireducation can be completed by a preliminary or a post-graduate courseof instruction. 

The amount of practically useful knowledge of the healing art which isabsolutely excluded from the curriculum of old style medical collegesis greater than all they teach--not greater than the adjunct sciencesand learning of a medical course which burden the mind to theexclusion of much useful therapeutic knowledge, but greater than allthe curative resources embodied in their instruction. 

The most important of these therapeutic resources which have sometimesbeen partially applied by untrained persons are now presented in theCollege of Therapeutics, in which is taught not the knowledge which isnow represented by the degree of M. D. , but a more profound knowledgewhich gives its pupils immense advantages over the common graduate inmedicine. 

Therapeutic Sarcognomy, a science often demonstrated and endorsed byable physicians, gives the anatomy not of the physical structure, butof the vital forces of the body and soul as located in every portionof the constitution--a science vastly more important than physicalanatomy, as the anatomy of life is more important than the anatomy ofdeath. Sarcognomy is the true basis of medical practice, while anatomyis the basis only of operative surgery and obstetrics. 

Indeed, every magnetic or electric practitioner ought to attend such acourse of instruction to become entirely skilful in the correcttreatment of disease. 

In addition to the above instruction, special attention will be givento the science and art of Psychometry--the most important addition inmodern times to the practice of medicine, as it gives the physicianthe most perfect diagnosis of disease that is attainable, and thepower of extending his practice successfully to patients at anydistance. The methods of treatment used by spiritual mediums and "mindcure" practitioners will also be philosophically explained. 

The course of instruction will begin on Monday, the 2d of May, andcontinue six weeks. The fee for attendance on the course will be $25. To students who have attended heretofore the fee will be $15. Forfurther information address the president, JOSEPH RODES BUCHANAN, M. D. 6 JAMES ST. , BOSTON. 

The sentiments of those who have attended these courses of instructionduring the last eight years were concisely expressed in the followingstatement, which was unanimously signed and presented to Dr. Buchananby those attending his last course in Boston. 

"The undersigned, attendant upon the seventh session of the College ofTherapeutics, have been delighted with the profound and wonderfulinstructions received, and as it is the duty of all who becomeacquainted with new truths of great importance to the world, to assistin their diffusion, we offer our free and grateful testimony in thefollowing resolutions:

"_Resolved_, That the lectures and experiments of Prof. Buchanan havenot only clearly taught, but absolutely demonstrated, the science ofSarcognomy, by experiments in which we were personally engaged, and inwhich we cannot possibly have been mistaken. 

"_Resolved_, That we regard Sarcognomy as the most important additionever made to physiological science by any individual, and as the basisof the only possible scientific system of Electro-Therapeutics, thesystem which we have seen demonstrated in all its details by Prof. Buchanan, producing results which we could not have believed withoutwitnessing the demonstration. 

"_Resolved_, That Therapeutic Sarcognomy is a system of science of thehighest importance, alike to the magnetic healer, to theelectro-therapeutist, and to the medical practitioner, --giving greatadvantages to those who thoroughly understand it, and destined tocarry the fame of its discoverer to the remotest future ages. "

 * * * * *

 The "Chlorine" Galvanic and Faradic Batteries. 

 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS. 

 Description, Prices, and Testimonials Mailed Free, on Application. 

 6 JAMES ST. , BOSTON, MASS. , February 8, 1886. 

D. H. FITCH, Cazenovia, N. Y. :

DEAR SIR: Your last letter has a valuable suggestion. YourCarbon Electrodes ARE the very best now in use, and MetallicElectrodes are objectionable from the metallic influence they impart, even if no metal can be chemically traced into the patient. 

 J. R. BUCHANAN, M. D. 

 AURORA, ILL. , Dec. 24, 1886. 

D. H. FITCH, Cazenovia, N. Y. :

I am very glad to inform you that the battery which I purchased fromyou seven months ago is better than you represented it, and works aswell to-day as it did on the first day. 

The cells have not been looked at since they were first placed in thecabinet. The battery is always ready and has never disappointed me. 

 Resp'y yours, H. G. GABEL, M. D. 

 WORCESTER, MASS. , Aug. 10, 1886. 

D. H. FITCH, Cazenovia, N. Y. :

DEAR SIR: Over a year ago, as you will remember, I bought ofyou one of your "Chlorine Batteries" of twenty-five cells. This Iplaced in the cellar and connected with my office table for use there. It has been in almost daily use since without ever having to do thefirst thing to it, not even refilling, and now, after a year'sservice, I cannot see but that it runs just as well as it did thefirst day I used it, and the battery is just as clean as when put in, nor the least particle of corroding. This is a better record than anyother battery can furnish with which I am acquainted. I can only say Iam more than pleased with it, as every man must be who knows anythingabout electricity and has occasion to use a battery for medicinalpurposes. 

 J. K. WARREN, M. D. 

 WHITESTOWN, N. Y. , April 15, 1886. 

D. H. FITCH, ESQ. :

DEAR SIR: The "Chlorine Battery" is simply admirable, complete, justthe thing. 

 SMITH BAKER, M. D. President Oneida Co. Med. Society. 

 TYLER, TEX. , Feb. 11, 1886. 

D. H. FITCH, ESQ. , Cazenovia, N. Y. :

I am so well pleased with your "Chlorine Faradic Machine" that I nowuse it in preference to any other. The current is so smooth andregular that patients like it and seem to derive more benefit from itthan from the same strength of current from any other battery that Ihave used. I would not be without it for many times its cost. 

 S. F. STARLEY, M. D. 

 D. H. FITCH, P. O. Box 75. Cazenovia, N. Y. 

 * * * * *

 Religio-Philosophical Journal. 

 ESTABLISHED 1865. 

 PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT

 92 La Salle Street, Chicago, BY JOHN C. BUNDY, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION IN ADVANCE:

One copy, one year $2. 50

Single copies, 5 cents. Specimen copy free. 

All letters and communications should be addressed, and allremittances made payable to

 JOHN C. BUNDY, Chicago, Ill. 

A Paper for all who Sincerely and Intelligently Seek Truth withoutregard to Sect or Party. 

Press, Pulpit, and People Proclaim its Merits. 

_Concurrent Commendations from Widely Opposite Sources. _

Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America.... Mr. Bundy has earnedthe respect of all lovers of the truth, by his sincerity andcourage. --_Boston Evening Transcript. _

I have a most thorough respect for the JOURNAL, and believe its editorand proprietor is disposed to treat the whole subject of spiritualismfairly. --_Rev. M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston. _

I wish you the fullest success in your courageous course. --_R. HeberNewton, D. D. _

Your course has made spiritualism respected by the secular press as itnever has been before, and compelled an honorablerecognition. --_Hudson Tuttle, Author and Lecturer. _

I read your paper every week with great interest. --_H. W. Thomas, D. D. , Chicago. _

I congratulate you on the management of the paper.... I indorse yourposition as to the investigation of the phenomena. --_Samuel Watson, D. D. , Memphis, Tenn. _

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For his professional success he refers to Prof. Buchanan, and tonumerous citizens whose testimonials he can show. 

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 Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents was copied from the index to the volume.