BUCHANAN'S JOURNAL OF MAN. 

 VOL. I. JUNE, 1887. NO. 5. 

CONTENTS OF JOURNAL OF MAN. 

 The Most Marvellous Triumph of Educational Science The Grand Symposium of the Wise Men The Burning Question in Education MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE--Bigotry and Liberality; Religious News; Abolishing Slavery; Old Fogy Biography; Legal Responsibility in Hypnotism; Pasteur's Cure for Hydrophobia; Lulu Hurst; Land Monopoly; Marriage in Mexico; The Grand Symposium; A New Mussulman Empire; Psychometric Imposture; Our Tobacco Bill; Extinct Animals; Education Genesis of the Brain (concluded)

THE MOST MARVELLOUS TRIUMPH OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE. 

In the dull atmosphere which stagnates between the high walls ofcolleges and churches wherein play the little eddies of fashionableliterature, which considers the authorship of an old play[1] moreinteresting and important than the questions that involve the welfareof all humanity or the destiny of a nation, --an atmosphere seldomstirred by the strong, pure breezes of the mountain and theocean, --the best thought and impulse of which humanity is capable isstifled in its birth, or if it comes forth feels the overshadowinginfluence that chills its life. 

 [1] Mr. Lowell, having been minister to England, is profoundly reverenced in Boston for his social position. His position gives great weight to his suggestions. It is a moral power for the use of which he is responsible, but with which he has trifled. When a few earnest reformers thought that Mr. Gladstone's grand statesmanship in preserving the peace of the world deserved to be recognized and honored by Americans, conservative, rank-worshipping Bostonians thought it would be _indispensable_ to have Mr. Lowell's co-operation, and waited his return from Europe. When Mr. Lowell was appealed to be had nothing to say, --he _wanted rest_! And Boston had nothing to say on that grand occasion, though Boston has a perfunctory Peace Society!

 But now Mr. Lowell comes out to call forth Bostonians for his chosen themes, and what are they? The discussion of old English dramatists! If there is anything more dead and worthless than antiquated plays which are forgotten, what is it? If there is anything more worthy of the name of _rubbish_, pray let us know what it is. But Boston crowds to hear disquisitions which from men in a different social position would be voted a bore, and sits reverently and patiently to catch his feeble and to many, scarce audible utterances. Is not this the worship of triviality and trash! How different would have been the action of John Hancock, of Samuel Adams, of Fisher Ames, or of Wendell Phillips. The atmosphere of European courts is debilitating to American Republicanism, unless it be a profound sentiment of the heart. When my brother-in-law returned from his position as minister to Naples, I could see that he had learned to look upon the common people as a rabble, and to sympathize only with the aristocracy. Cassius M. Clay at St. Petersburg learned to sympathize with the Russians, but he returned with no impairment of his democratic principles. 

Not there, amid the pedantries of "culture, " do we find the atmospherefor free and benevolent thought, but rather far away from suchinfluences, in the forests, the mountain and prairie, where man comesmore nearly into communion with nature, and forgets the inheritance ofancient error which every corporate institution preserves andperpetuates. It is to this widespread audience that the JOURNAL OF MANappeals and offers a new suggestion. 

In sending forth the "New Education, " hoping for some appreciativeresponse from educational circles in which collegiate influencesprevail, I did not deem it prudent to introduce some of the noblestthoughts that belong to the great theme. The book was sent forthlimited and incomplete, hoping that, heretical as it was, and quiteirreverent toward the ignorance descended from antiquity, it mightstill receive sufficient approbation and appreciation to justify laterintroduction of matter that would have hindered its first reception. 

It has reached the third edition, but it has been very apparent thatits reception was cordial and enthusiastic only among the mostprogressive minds, the number of which increases as we travelwestward, and San Francisco called for more copies than the leadingcities of the East. 

The time has now arrived (when this JOURNAL is hailed cordiallythroughout the country) that I may venture to announce the mostremarkable feature of the art and science of education. There is anadditional reason, too, for speaking out at this time, which shouldmortify the pride of an American citizen. The philanthropic sciencewhich I thought it imprudent to mention then in this free country, isbeginning to be studied in France, where such themes are notsuppressed by the sturdy dogmatism which is so prevalent and sopowerful in the Anglo-Saxon race. 

THE NEW METHOD IN FRANCE. 

As the French National Scientific Association, in their meeting atGrenoble, two years ago, recognized in their most startling form thephenomena of human impressibility which are illustrated in the "Manualof Psychometry, " and reported the most marvellous experiments inmedicines, --an act of liberality which has no parallel inEnglish-speaking nations, --so at the late meeting of their ScientificCongress, as I learn from the German magazine, the _Sphinx_, the newprinciple of education was broached which I feared to present in the"New Education, " and was received with general approbation by thatlearned body. 

Of course there was not a complete presentation of the subject, forthat would require a complete knowledge of the brain, which noscientific association claims at present, and which will have itsfirst presentation to the readers of the JOURNAL OF MAN, but theprocess of educational development was studied by the French _savants_from the standpoint of mesmeric science and its leading methods, whichare now (freed from the name of an individual) styled _hypnotism_; or, the sleep-producing process. 

In that passive and impressionable condition which is called hypnotic, mesmeric, somnambulic, or somniloquent, it has long been known thatthe subject may be absolutely controlled by the operator, or by asimple command or suggestion, or by his own imagination. This has beenso often demonstrated before many hundred thousands of spectators, that it is a matter of general knowledge everywhere among intelligentpeople, --everywhere except, perhaps, in the thick darkness of medicalcolleges, where ignorance upon such subjects has long been made thecriterion of respectability, and perhaps among a few very orthodoxcongregations, where such things have been associated with the idea ofwitchcraft, and considered very offensive to the Lord. Such was thedoctrine of my old contemporary at Cincinnati, Dr. Wilson, at the headof the leading orthodox congregation; and it was equally offensive tothe champion debater of Presbyterian orthodoxy, the Rev. N. L. Rice, whom I arraigned before a vast audience for his antiquated falsehoods. If the church and the college are getting a _little_ more enlightenednow, I cannot forget the condition in which I found them, of stubbornhostility to scientific progress, and these things _should not beforgotten_ until they have repented, reformed, and ceased to be astationary obstruction. 

We are not accustomed to look to a Catholic country like France foradvanced thought, yet, in these instances just mentioned, we findFrench scientists entertaining advanced ideas which the leaders ofAmerican science treat with either indifference or hostility. The_Popular Science Monthly_ and medical journals generally treat allsuch matters with stubborn aversion and injustice. The learnedcollaborators of Johnson's Cyclopedia were unwilling even to have thescience of psychometry mentioned in it, and it was introduced by thepublisher against their protest. These things I mention now, that thegreat public to which I appeal may better understand the real value ofthe opinions of those who stand in positions of authority andinfluence. 

I would not wish to diminish by harsh criticism the sentiment ofreverence which is already too feeble in the American mind. We cannotbe too reverent to real intellectual and moral greatness, but toreverence beyond their worth the teachers of old inherited falsehoods, is to be a traitor to truth. The literature of to-day is controlled byancient or medięval errors, and the fresh science seeking expressionin the JOURNAL OF MAN could not have found expression in periodicalliterature. Our leading periodicals would not have opened their pagesto the exposition of educational methods which is to be given in thisessay. _Intolerance_ is the inheritance which the generation of to-dayhas received from ancestors who two or three centuries ago delightedin hanging or even burning the exponents of opinions contrary to theirown; and where intolerance is not in the way, the energy of literarycliques is exerted to hold exclusive possession of the field. 

With this exordium, which the occasion seemed to require, let usproceed to consider the most powerful and radical measure, whichbelongs to the science of education, and which has been developed bythe science of anthropology. 

DEFINITION OF EDUCATION. 

Education, rightly understood, signifies the development of all thefaculties or capacities of the soul, and, as a necessary consequence, of the brain, in which that soul is lodged, and of the body, which isas essential to the brain as the brain is to the soul. For without thebrain there is no soul expression, and in proportion to the conditionand development of the brain is the expression of all the soulfaculties. A soft and watery brain is always accompanied by feeblenessof character and mind. In like manner the manifestations of the braindepend for their strength upon the body, when the lungs and heart failto send a vigorous current of arterial blood to the brain, its powerdeclines proportionally; and when the current ceases entirely, theaction of the brain itself ceases, and with its cessation allmanifestations of the soul cease also. Or when the disordered viscerafail to supply a healthy blood, as in fevers of a low type, the brain, like all other organs, is brought down to the level of the depravedblood, and shows by its utter feebleness and by the incoherentexpressions of the patient that brain and soul depend upon the bodyfor their power and all their action in this life. [2]

 [2] The insane folly which assumes, without a particle of evidence, that everything depends upon mind, and that the brain, the body, and their environment, which is continually acting upon the _entire_ man, are of no importance whatever, would not be worthy even of mere mention if it were not for the fact that this form of delusion has of late become so common, under the deceptive names of metaphysics, Christian science, and mind-cure, when the theory is simply an attempt to get rid of science and common sense. 

FOUR EDUCATIONAL METHODS. 

The process of education by a teacher consists chiefly in establishingthe control of his stronger mind over that of the pupil, by placingthe latter in the most passive and receptive condition, in which thepupil not only receives the intelligence he gives, but also feels theinfluence of his will and principles. 

There are four methods by which the influence of the teacher is madeeffective: 1st, the power of conviction or reason; 2d, the spirit ofobedience; 3d, the spirit of imitation; and 4th, the spirit of passivesympathy. 

In the first method he addresses the understanding, enabling the pupilto understand what is best for him. If Socrates had been right inmaintaining that knowledge was the one thing needful to overcomepractical errors, and that men sinned only through ignorance (whichwas a very grave mistake), this would be the most effective method ofteaching. But it is effective only with those who are conscientiousand thoughtful, who are seeking to do right, and need only to beinstructed. It is entirely ineffective with the great majority ofwrong doers, whose moral nature and self-control are insufficient tocurb their animalism. 

The second method, the spirit of obedience, is the method of religion, which is far more effective. Jesus and other religious teachersimpress their followers that there is a great and benevolent power, the power to which we are indebted for our present lives and our hopeof unlimited future happiness, --to which we owe a profound gratitude, with an unhesitating love and obedience. Our love should not bewithheld from our grand benefactor; and if his wisdom transcends ourown, the wisest thing that we can do is to ascertain what that wisdomdictates, and obey it implicitly. That which we supremely love andreverence we delight in obeying. 

OBEDIENCE AND IMITATION. 

The teacher or parent, therefore, should endeavor to hold somethinglike the Divine relation to the child, --should show a superiority ofknowledge, an inflexible firmness, an unvarying love, and irresistibleattraction, ever endeavoring to win love, while enforcing thesupremacy of his will, so that obedience may be a pleasure. Thus may awoman with a masculine strength of will, or a man with femininestrength of love, develop that willing obedience which insures themoral elevation of the pupil. But whenever the teacher fails to elicitboth respect and love, his power for good is lost. In this evolutionof good the power of the teacher is vastly enhanced by that of music, especially in the form of song, when the pupil is made to sing songsof exalted sentiment; and there are very few natures so depraved as toresist long the combined power of exalted music and a superiorteacher, to which should be added the social influence of numbersalready elevated by such influences. 

In such schools, the power of the third element, _imitation_, is verygreat, for the pupil is generally more influenced by the example ofhis numerous associates in the school and family, with whom he iscontinually in contact, than by that of his teacher. 

To get the full benefit of imitation requires not only the influenceof well-trained schoolmates, but systematic exercises in reading, singing, declamation, and deportment, the teaching being given byexample. 

When a boy or girl is taught by example to express a noble sentimentin a natural manner, he is thereby compelled to feel the sentiment insome degree with sincerity. When he is required to imitate andpractice certain forms of politeness which express the bestsentiments, those sentiments must gradually become a part of hisnature. The acts of respect, of kindness and courtesy to which he maybe naturally averse, cannot be daily practised without rousing in hisnature the sentiments to which they correspond. 

VALUE OF DANCING. 

Among the many disciplinary methods which have been neglected in oureducational systems, I would give a high rank to _dancing_. Rightlyconducted, it embodies so much of grace, dignity, cheerfulness, playfulness, health, and the desire of pleasing, as to entitle it to ahigh rank in the promotion of health and virtue. Dancing is one of theimitative arts, and involves the amiable influence of imitation, aswell as the more lively sentiments. The hostility of the orthodoxchurches to this refining exercise is probably the effect of theinfernalism of their theology, which places mankind upon the brink ofhell, in full view of the infinite agony of their friends, relatives, and ancestors, so as to render every sentiment but that of gloom andterror inappropriate. How bitter their hostility to all gaiety! "Yes, dance, young woman, " said a famous Methodist preacher about twentyyears ago, "dance down to hell!" At the same time, his own privaterecord did not indicate any deep sincerity in his fear of hell. Thesame hostility is still kept up, and overflows in the popularharangues of Rev. Sam Jones, and many others. 

Popular Christianity, in the majority of the churches, is thereforeone of the greatest hindrances to a normal educational system, and tosocial refinement, notwithstanding its support of some of theessential virtues. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY METHOD. 

The fourth method, of _passive sympathy_, is the most scientific, themost novel and the most powerful of all, --the most competent to graspthe helpless, hopeless, half idiotic, and half criminal classes andrestore them to normal intelligence and virtue. It was not mentionedin the "New Education, " for fear of alarming the orthodox stolidity ofthe medical college and the church, but it will appear in futureeditions. It is the method of bringing the subject into absolutesympathy and absolute subordination under the operator. 

It has been known throughout this century that certain persons can bebrought under the control of those of stronger wills, so as to realizethe thoughts, and even sensations of the operator, feeling what hefeels, tasting what he tastes, apparently more familiar with his bodythan their own, and passively subject to his will. They are said to be_en rapport_ with him, and with no one else. In this condition hiswill is substituted for their own, which is entirely passive, and heis able to fix impressions on their minds and produce changes in theirfeelings and sentiments which may remain after his control is removed. 

It is self-evident that in this process we have the most powerfullever ever discovered for uplifting the fallen, and doing more in anhour than can be done by the usual methods in many months. Why, then, have we not had the benefit of this potent method throughout thecentury? The answer is one word, _Stolidity_! These proceedings, whichare called magnetic, or named after Mesmer, mesmeric, have had tobattle for recognition, for existence even, against the college andthe church. The medical and clerical professions have been everywhereeducated to deny, despise, and resist this species of science, andwould, if they had the power, suppress it by law, their educationhaving made them ignorant of its merits and ignorant of its deeplyinteresting literature. Prejudice and ignorance are inculcated aseasily as science, and they are inculcated in all colleges. 

But all who are acquainted with the history of animal magnetism duringthe present century know that it has nobly fulfilled its mission as asystem of therapeutics, by alleviating or curing all forms of diseaseof both body and mind. That which cures bodily diseases and sometimesovercomes insanity has certainly power enough to modify the action ofthe brain; and if the large number of magnetic physicians who havebeen successfully occupied in conquering disease had been employed inmodifying the action of the brain in the young, we might have had assatisfactory reports of their success, which neither the medical northe clerical profession would have been so much moved by jealousy tooppose. 

In the light of anthropology, however, it is not necessary to adhereto the old formulę of the followers of Mesmer. The hypnotic ormesmeric state is simply a condition arising from the exercise andpredominance of a faculty belonging to all human beings, --a facultywhich may be evoked by other methods, or by the voluntary action ofthe subject, or by the spontaneous action of the brain, as in thosewho in sleep pass into the state of somnambulism, and go forth in thenight, walking in dangerous places with perfect safety, but in anunconscious state. 

This condition is also produced by gentle manipulations over the headtoward the eyes, or upon the chest down to the epigastrium (pit of thestomach). The reason of these processes was entirely unknown until mydiscovery of the organ of Somnolence in the temples, and thecorresponding region in the body showed that the results were producedby manipulations which concentrated the nervous action to those twolocations. 

[Illustration]

The entranced or mesmeric state, in which the subject is in a dreamycondition with but little power of will and with extremesusceptibility, which is also a state of great mental clearness, maybe produced by directly stimulating the proper organs with thefingers, which should be placed upon the organ of Somnolence on eachside of the head, in the temples, about an inch horizontally behindthe brow. In persons who are impressible this produces a quiet dreamyfeeling, and a disposition to close the eyes. If carried further, theeyes become closed so that it is difficult to open them, and theunconscious state soon follows. The same effect may be produced byplacing the hand on the body just below the breastbone (sternum). Inthis condition, the character, or action of the brain, is under thecontrol of the operator, and by gently applying his hand over anyportion of the brain, its organs may be brought into predominantactivity, while other organs may be quelled or quieted by gentledispersive manipulations. Thus, placing the hand gently on the top ofthe head, touching very lightly, all the amiable or moral organs willbe brought into play, producing the most admirable and pleasingdisposition; or if the operator has the necessary knowledge of thelocations he may bring out each faculty separately, such as Love, Hope, Religion, Kindness, Conscientiousness, Firmness, Cheerfulness, Imitation, etc. 

At the same time, if there be any evil propensities, such as aquarrelsome, irritable temper, a love of turbulence and cruelty, selfishness, avarice, jealousy, etc. , all of which lie at the base ofthe brain, they may be for the time entirely suppressed by gentledispersive manipulations from the organs of such propensities eitherdown toward the chest or upward. 

What I state thus of the moral and selfish tendencies or faculties isequally applicable to all the faculties and their organs. We maystimulate all forms of intelligence, observation, memory, or reason, or check excessive intellectual activity when it disturbs sleep andexhausts the brain. We may thus cultivate modesty, obedience, prudence, industry, application, imagination, refinement, truthfulness, faith, spirituality, originality, invention, literarycapacity, patience, perseverance, fortitude, hardihood, health, temperance, and, in short, every good quality that we desire to seedeveloped, if we understand cerebral science; and if we understandonly its general-outlines we can at least improve the character bygiving a predominance to the superior regions of the brain. 

But while this may be done more effectively in the somnolizedcondition, it is not absolutely necessary to induce that condition. Speaking of the entire fourteen hundred millions now on the globe, wemay say that a large majority are susceptible, in various degrees, offeeling such influences without any previous somnolizing. Nearly allthe inhabitants of the torrid zone are subject to such influences intheir habitual condition, and actually require no medicine, becausetheir treatment by the hand of an enlightened anthropologist familiarwith therapeutic sarcognomy will control all their diseases. Thegreatest triumphs of sarcognomy are yet to be realized in suchclimates. 

In the United States, the susceptibility increases as we go South. Themajority of the southern population are impressible, and there aresome who would even maintain that a majority are, in the North; andcertainly magnetic healers have been very successful in New England. 

But whatever may be the case with adults, I believe that a majority ofthe young everywhere possess a considerable degree of impressibility, and that the mother's hand, gently applied upon the upper surface ofthe head, will generally quiet the evil passions and promote goodhumor. 

This is more especially true of girls. It is rare to find one who doesnot show in her youth, especially from ten to twenty years of age, adegree of susceptibility which makes her a good subject for the manualtreatment of disease, and also for improving the action of the brain, by the scientific use of the hand upon the head, by which despondent, restless, fretful, hysterical, or other evil conditions may be quicklyovercome. The speedy relief of headache is especially remarkable. 

My own experiments upon the brain have been made for the developmentand cultivation of science, or the assistance of the sick. I have nothad time to undertake the systematic cultivation and change ofcharacter by such processes in the young; but when I see how quicklyand completely the condition of a patient may be changed, and allcloudy, depressed conditions of the brain removed, --how easily I canproduce a state of insanity, idiocy, or pugnacity, and as quicklyremove it entirely, --I cannot doubt that a little perseverance incultivating the nobler qualities until they become by habit a secondnature will change even the most depraved, if the process be begun inchildhood or youth and steadily maintained, unless there be a greatorganic deficiency in the brain, which cannot be remedied. 

The teacher of the future, duly educated in anthropology, will layaside the rod, and will find in the scientific application of hishands the means of overcoming acquired or even hereditary evils; andspecial asylums will be established, in which the most degenerateyouth may be restored to honor, not by cerebral treatment alone, butby all the appliances of industry, music, religion, and love, whichhave already reformed so many youthful criminals at Lancaster, Ohio, and given them to society as good citizens. 

The method of direct operation on the brain, which was introduced bymy discovery in 1841, is that with which I am more familiar, but themesmeric method has long been known, and the modification of this, which might be called the imaginative method, has been made familiarduring the last fifty years under the popular name of psychology, andsometimes under the absurd name of electro-biology. 

This method is simply that of assuming control of the subject when heis in the passive state, and making him believe anything he is told, as, for example, that a handkerchief is a snake, that a piece of moneyis burning hot, or that he is a king, a hero, an orator, anauctioneer, or anything else suggested by the fancy of the operator, which is at once carried into personation by the subject. This is afamiliar, popular exhibition, which never fails to attract and amuse, but has unfortunately not been applied to its philanthropic uses inhealing disease and elevating the character. If disease can beovercome by making the subject believe a glass of pure water apowerful restorative medicine, or by believing himself marvellouslywell and vigorous; or if his vicious or indolent habits can beovercome by making him for a time believe himself a religious saint oran energetic business man, --such experiments should be made a powerfuladjunct in education, and in the reformation of criminals; and thisapplication has recently been made in France, which has the honor ofleading in this important philanthropy. 

The passive state required may be produced by fixing the gaze intentlyfor a few minutes upon some object near the eyes which requires themto be turned inward, or by gazing at the eyes of the operator. Theoperator tells him if his eyes are shut that he cannot open them, orthat he cannot lift his foot, or cannot step across a certain mark, and he seems unable to do so, but does readily whatever his operatorsuggests, and believes himself to be whatever his operatorsays--experiments which have been made a source of infinite amusementto public audiences. 

For example, about forty-five years ago a Mr. Keeley was making suchexhibitions in Louisville, and found an old lawyer named Dozier a goodsubject. He informed Mr. Dozier on the platform that he was Mr. Polk, President of the United States, whereupon he attempted to assume acorresponding dignity. Then, bringing up Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, thewitty editor of the _Louisville Journal_, he informed thequasi-President Polk that this was his wife, Mrs. Polk, just arrived, whereupon an amusingly cordial reception of the quasi-wife occurred. 

The utilization of these principles by the French is shown in thefollowing translation from the German. 

 HYPNOTISM AND EDUCATION. 

 BY EDGAR BERILLON. 

 [Translated from the German in _Sphinx_, for the JOURNAL OF MAN. ]

 The careful study which the school of the medical faculty of Nancy has devoted to the phenomena of suggestion, and their actual progress in that department, present the question whether the time has not arrived for teachers to participate in this scientific movement. 

 The numerous observations by Dr. August Voisin of the Salpetriere have positively proved in his own practice not only the curability of mental diseases, but the great assistance which may be given to moral culture, so that we might successfully introduce hypnotism in educational schools. Dr. Voisin with great ease cured his first patient in the trial of hypnotic suggestion--a girl by the name of Johanna Schaaf, who was not only a thief, but dissolute, lazy, and unclean. He transformed her into an honest industrious, neat, and obedient person. For several years she could not be induced to read a line. Under the control of Dr. Voisin she was made to read several pages of a moral work, which she repeated before the class. Then with great facility he roused her feelings of sympathy, which appeared to have become extinct. This cure was so thorough that she has since been appointed a nurse in the hospital, and has given complete satisfaction, showing herself quite conscientious. 

 Many other experiments were made quite satisfactorily, and similar results were produced in his city practice. In one case, by hypnotic suggestion treatment Dr. Voisin transformed the character of a quarrelsome woman, making her a mild affectionate wife to her husband. Voisin's experiments related principally to adults, but Dr. Liebeault of Nancy made experiments with children, of which he has mentioned two cases. Once a child was brought to his clinic with great suffering from a nervous affection, but would not submit to a hypnotic treatment till her little brother present offered himself, not being afraid. When he was put to sleep his mother told the physician that the boy in school was always in the lower grades, without making any progress. While in the sleep he was strongly impressed for diligence and zeal, and the subsequent result was perfect; within six weeks he became an example of diligence and perseverance, and soon got promoted. The second case was that of a young idiot. He was incapable of intellectual culture, and could not be taught reading or arithmetic. Dr. Liebeault submitted him to many hypnotic sittings, making a very great effort to rouse his attention, though he seemed to have no capacity for being instructed. Finally he succeeded so well that after two months he could read, and could cipher in the four rules of arithmetic. A great number of similar cases were treated by Dr. Dumont at Nancy with decided success. 

 In one of his clinics Prof. Bernheim maintained that all children are receptive of hypnotic suggestion or transference of thought, and even more so when they enter the age of reasoning. Not only in sleep, but also in the waking condition, they may be affected; and the school of Nancy deserves great credit for presenting this important matter to the world in its true light. 

 One of the signs of the hypnotic sleep or state is the automatic condition of the individual. In consequence of having for the time an enfeebled will, the individual will yield to all impressions upon it; and this weakness of will may take place in a wakeful state, when, if there is no opposition, the individual will accept all assurances in good faith. In case there is no exertion of influence by others, the subject will act by his or her own imagination. Such auto-suggestion is the result of a tendency to imitation which seems to be developed in children particularly, and develops in the waking state in undisciplined minds or in a fatigued and passive state. 

 These important principles and facts render it the duty of every educator to study the efficacy of suggestion and imitation in children. The experiments made thus far, authorize us to establish the following rules for practice:

 If we have to deal with children of lazy, unintelligent, and indifferent character, we should confine ourselves to practicing verbal suggestion in their waking state, and to be effective it would be best to follow the experiments at Nancy, especially of Dr. Liebeault, and make great effort to gain the implicit confidence of the child. Seat it by itself on a chair, place your hand on its forehead, and enforce the suggestions by a mild voice and patient manner, but with firm determination. 

 When, however, our treatment is to ameliorate the future destiny of the children, --when their faculty of observation is deficient, when they have no diligence whatever, and are full of vicious, headstrong, evil inclinations, it is our opinion that by all means we should apply hypnotism fully to these degenerate creatures. The suggestions in the hypnotic sleep are of greater efficacy, more durable and profound, and probably in many cases it will be necessary to repeat these procedures frequently, until the imperfect intellectual faculties are developed, and the evil inclinations suppressed. Thus may we guide these young souls to a better and purer future. 

 In conclusion, I do not hesitate to assert the importance of hypnotism, in spite of all objections in its application to the mental and physical faculties of healthy persons. Its application as an educational method will be of vast importance to sick and depraved subjects. 

The train of thought in the above essay, which Dr. Berillon haspublished in the September number of his _Revue de l'Hypnotisme_, inspired the contents of a lecture presented at the ScientificCongress at Nancy (August, 1886), out of which arose a discussion inwhich Dr. Liebault observed that the facts mentioned by Dr. Berillonare entirely true. "My long practice, " said he, "has permitted me togather a great number of other cases, which will sustain the doctrinesof the speaker. I have never seen a child continue entirelyunreceptive of suggestion treatment. In the persons, children, andadults, with whom I have experimented, counting by thousands, I havenever observed the least injurious consequences whatever. "

 * * * * *

The report of the discussion given us above in _Sphinx_ shows thatthese important suggestions met with only one unfriendly criticism, and that of little force. M. Desjardins, Esq. , suggested that it washighly important that other honorable gentlemen, like Dr. Liebault, Dr. Voisin, and Dr. Dumont, should be officially appointed to carry onsuch experiments. He expressed his desire that the Congress shouldrecommend that hypnotic suggestion for the purpose of moralimprovement should be tried upon the worst class of pupils in thepublic schools. The suggestion was seconded with energy by Dr. Leclerc, who expressed his surprise that any one should object. It maybe said to have met with the general approbation of the Congress. 

 * * * * *

The _Public Ledger_ of Philadelphia published last year the followingsketch of the progress of the marvellous in France:

 MARVELS OF MIND AND BODY. 

 For several years past a number of French physicians have been experimenting on hypnotised or mesmeric subjects and on hysterical patients, with results of the most extraordinary character. It is our purpose to very briefly describe some of these remarkable experiments, from which, we may say, the standing of the doctors engaged in them, and the critical care with which they were conducted, seem to remove all questions of fraud or inaccuracy. 

 In these hypnotic experiments as practised by Dr. Charcot, of the Salpetriere; by Dr. Bernheim, Professors Beaunis and Liegeois and other persons of high professional standing, the most striking feature is that the influence exerted upon the patient does not vanish with the conclusion of the experiment, but may produce its effects days, weeks or even months afterwards, when the patient is seemingly in a normal state and controlled solely by his own thoughts. For instance, a sensitive person may be hypnotised, or mesmerized, to use the better known word, and it be suggested to him by the experimenter to go at a certain hour of the next or some succeeding day and shoot some person and then deliver himself up to justice. On being brought back to the normal state no recollection of this suggestion is present in his mind. And yet, if the experiment work as truly as it often seemingly has worked, he will endeavor at the time fixed to perform the action indicated, with the full belief that the impulse to do so is his own. We may quote some instances in corroboration of this seemingly improbable statement. 

 CASES OF HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION. --Among minor instances of this result, Frederick Myers relates that he suggested to a hypnotised subject, who was engaged in coloring a sketch, that it would be a good idea to paint the bricks blue. He repeated his suggestion several times, and then brought the subject to the normal state. She had no recollection of what had passed, yet on resuming her painting some time afterwards she hesitated, and then said to a lady companion, "I suppose it would never do to paint these bricks blue. " "Why blue?" "Oh, it only occurred to me that it would look rather nice. " She acknowledged that the idea of blue bricks had been persistently in her mind, with the notion that the color would look well. 

 In another instance, Dr. Bernheim, of Nancy, suggested to a hypnotised person to take Dr. X. 's umbrella when awake, open it, and walk twice up and down the gallery. On being awakened he did so, but with the umbrella _shut_. When asked why he acted so, he replied: "It is an idea. I take a walk sometimes. " "But why have you taken Dr. X. 's umbrella?" "Oh, I thought it was my own. I will replace it. "

 These are harmless instances of this strange power. There are others the reverse of harmless in this significance. One or two of these we may quote: Prof. Liegeois, in his recently published pamphlet, "Of Hypnotism in its relations to Civil and Criminal Law, " describes experiments with the subjects of M. Liebault, a well-known hypnotiser. In these experiments he took pains to induce the patients to commit crimes. As he relates, Mdlle. A. E. (a very amiable young lady) was made to fire at her own mother with a pistol, which she had no means of knowing was unloaded. The same lady was made to accuse herself before a judge of having assassinated an intimate friend with a knife. Yet in both these instances she was wide awake at the time and supposed that she was acting from her own impulse. 

 Many other instances might be given, but these will suffice for illustration. As to the length of time in which such a suggestion may remain operative, Prof. Beaunis relates a case in which he suggested to a hypnotised subject that he would call on her on the next New Year's day (172 days after the date of the experiment). On that date, being perfectly conscious, she seemed to see him walk into the room where she was, pay his compliments, and retire. She insisted that this had really happened, and could not be convinced to the contrary. A striking feature of this incident was that he seemed to be dressed in summer attire (as at the date of experiment), though it was now the dead of winter. 

 A natural conclusion from the facts above detailed is, that the strange power here indicated might prove a very dangerous weapon in the hands of an unscrupulous man. If a person can suggest to a subject in the hypnotic sleep that, at a certain future day, he or she shall kill a person obnoxious to the experimenter, or perform some other criminal act, and if the act be duly performed, the subject being in a seemingly normal state, and fully convinced that he acted solely through an impulse originating in his own mind, it might appear as if there was little safety left for honest people, and that a villain might carry out his murderous schemes with perfect impunity. In such a case as we have said, the mind of the patient would cease to be his own, but would partly belong to the person whose deadly thoughts it contained, and whose involuntary agent it had become. Will the jurisprudence of the future have to take account of such possibilities as this? Yet it must be remembered that the great majority of people are not susceptible to hypnotic influence, and that those whose will can be so completely subjected to that of another are comparatively few. Very few such have yet been found in France. In America, the realm of a less excitable people, still fewer could be found. 

 It may be said, moreover, that this influence in several cases has been exerted for the good of the patient. One instance is given in which the patient was a great smoker and drinker, and voluntarily gave up both under the influence of hypnotic suggestion. Several other cases of the same kind are related, while a humorous instance is given of an idle school boy who, impelled by a hypnotic suggestion, became a very ardent student. After working off that spell, however, he obstinately refused to be hypnotised again, apparently with the impression that there was something uncanny in his unusual fit of devotion to study. 

THE GRAND SYMPOSIUM OF THE WISE MEN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

The question of our future destiny is paramount to all others indignity and importance. Upon this subject all wise men must have clearand positive views. The editor of the _Christian Register_ of Boston, according to the very common idea that men in prominent positions asprofessors and decorated with college honors must be the wisest, thought it well to ask them if science could take cognizance of thequestion of immortality, and if its verdict was for or against afuture life. Such questions he addressed to twenty-three professors, presidents, doctors of laws, etc. But he did not reflect that therewere several hundred gentlemen in Boston who had more knowledge onthis subject, and who could give him positive and reliableinformation, and he entirely forgot that the only scientist who hasexamined this question from the physiological standpoint resides inBoston. 

The editor did not obtain what he was ostensibly seeking, but he didobtain an amount of evidence of ignorance, in high places, which Ishould be happy to record, but for the fact that it would occupy morethan half of one number of the JOURNAL OF MAN. Nevertheless, I cannotdeprive my readers of the pleasure and amusement derived from thiscorrespondence. I have condensed the responses into a readable compassleaving out their useless verbiage, and putting them in a poetic form, as poetry best expresses the essence and spirit of an author'sthought. I think the learned gentlemen, if they could peruse thesedoggerel rhymes, would acknowledge that their meaning has beenexpressed even more plainly and forcibly than in their own prose. Thereader will observe that of the whole twenty-three only two appear tohave any knowledge on the subject, the famous A. R. Wallace and thebrilliant Dr. Coues. The following is the essence or ratherquintessence of the voluminous responses in the order in which theywere published. The learned gentlemen ought to feel grateful for theincreased candor, brevity and explicitness of their replies, whenboiled down into the rhyming form, bringing out new beauties whichwere not apparent in the original nebulous condition of vagueness inwhich some of them disclaim opposition to immortality, while theironly immortality is that of atoms and force. 

While there is something amusing in these responses (which I shallcarefully file away for the future), which may furnish matter forsurprise and laughter in a more enlightened age, and which may causethe writers, if they live long enough, to realize a feeling of shamefor the wilful ignorance or affectation of ignorance displayed, wecannot overlook the very serious fact that the educational leadershipof our country is in the hands of men of whom a large proportion aredestitute of the very foundation of the sentiment of religion, whileanother large portion are so utterly regardless of scientific truth asto ignore the best attested facts, which are continually in progresswithin their reach--a degree of bigotry which is not surpassed in thehistory of the "Dark Ages. " Verily the shadow of those ages rests uponthe leading institutions of to-day. 

1. Response of PROF. CHARLES A. YOUNG, LL. D. , of Princeton College. 

 I must confess this creed of Immortality Hath not in the light of science much reality; But all such questions are beyond our science, And revelation is our sole reliance. 

2. PROF. JAMES D. DANA, LL. D. , of Yale College. 

 Though very much hurried--not to say flurried, I will venture to say, as my answer to-day, There is nothing in science to prevent our reliance On the solemn reality of life's immortality. 

3. PROF. ASA GRAY, LL. D. , Harvard University. 

 Were the gospel light out, we should all be in doubt, For science looks on, astride of the fence, And never can tell us the whither or whence; But I shrewdly suspect it is slightly inclined To harmonize now with the Orthodox mind. 

4. PROF. JOSEPH LEIDY, M. D. , LL. D. , University of Pennsylvania. 

 Your doctrine of life eternal And everything else supernal Might well he pronounced an infernal; Delusion! For Solomon said at an ancient date That everything dieth early or late, And man or beast, or small or great, Hath but one fate. Your future life is an awful bore; I've tried life once, and I want it no more. You may guess and imagine o'er and o'er, But where's the proof? Yet nevertheless, I won't deny You may live without brains in realms on high, But as for myself I'd rather not try, I'd rather die. 

5. SIMON NEWCOMB, LL. D. , F. R. A. S. , etc. 

 Science deals only with matters of sense, It has nothing to do with a mere pretence. 'Tis one thing to say, that the soul survives, And another to say that a cat has nine lives; But I do not say the one or the other, Nor affirm nor deny that the monkey's my brother. I've nothing to say of angels or sprites, Or the spooks that appear in the darkest of nights. For if we can't see them, nor chase them nor tree them, They can't be detected, nor caught and dissected, So science must be mum--and I, too, am dumb. 

6. J. P. LESLEY, State Geologist of Pennsylvania, an ex-Reverend. 

 Science knows nothing about this matter, But fancy may come to talk and flatter. And as all mankind in this agree, There's a future life for you and for me. Let science slide; we'll go with the tide, Uplift ourselves above the sod, And claim to be a part of God; Though God extends through time and space, While man, alas! soon ends his race, And whether he lives his own life again Or is lost in the infinite, I do not think plain. 

7. LESTER F. WARD, A. M. , of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 

 As for immortal life, I must confess, Science hath never, never answered "yes. " Indeed all psycho-physical sciences show, If we'd be logical, we must answer no! Man cannot recollect before being born, And hence his future life must be "in a horn. " There must be _parte ante_, if there's a _parte post_, And logic thus demolishes every future ghost. Upon this subject the voice of science Has ne'er been ought but stern defiance. Mythology and magic belong to "_limbus fatuorum_" If fools believe them, we scientists deplore 'em But, nevertheless, the immortal can't be lost, For every atom has its bright eternal ghost. 

8. EDWARD MORSE, Ph. D. , of Salem. 

 That immortality which Science denies Cannot be admitted by those who are wise, For if we give up and concede Immortality, There's nothing to check its wide Universality. The toad-stool and thistle, the donkey and bear Must live on forever, --the Lord knows where. I tell you, dear sir, that Science must wake up And grapple these spooks to crush them, and break up This world of delusion of Phil. D's and D. D's, Who are all in the dark, as dear Huxley agrees, Proud Huxley's "The Prince of Agnostics, " you see, And Huxley and I do sweetly agree. 

9. PROF. JOSIAH PARSONS COOKE, LL. D. Of Harvard University. 

 I freely confess that the life of the dead Is a mystery alike to the heart and the head Of all the mortals that dwell on earth, Although revealed since our Saviour's birth, And I fully believe in the old-fashioned God, Who, walking in Eden, made man of a clod; And I fully believe the same Deity still Controls all things, here by the fiat of will. 

10. EDWARD D. COPE, A. M. , Ph. D. , author of "Theology of Evolution. "Dr. Cope answers in a very voluminous and intricate manner, but thefollowing is the essence of his answer. 

 Of life eternal little can we know, And yet we hope some glimmerings may grow, By patient inference as facts appear. I hope there's something coming near. Science but sees extinction in our death, And life the incident of fleeting breath. We travel round the ologies to see Naught but a grand revolving mystery; But then if we have a controlling mind, Why should not God have the same kind? "Kinetogenesis" was ruled by will, The conscious thought goes with it still, And as conscious thought erst "ruled the roast, " Why may it not become a ghost? But as ghosts are like a vapor mixed, All speculation is lost betwixt The possible this, and the possible that, And so philosophy falls flat. 

11. SIR JOHN WILLIAM DAWSON, LL. D. , F. R. S. , Principal of McGillUniversity, Montreal. 

 We are bound to believe in eternal life, 'Tis an instinct which in humanity's rife, Of savages, some have been found so low, As neither a God or a heaven to know; If civilized men sink down to their level, They are on the highway to the realms of the Devil. 

12. J. STERRY HUNT, LL. D. , F. R. S. 

 In a terrible hurry, I cannot say much, But Science, I think, opposes all such Belief in the future. But God is so great, I accept what he gives as my future state. 

13. WILLIAM JAMES, M. D. , Prof. Philosophy, Harvard University. 

 I can only say my philosophy floats In the German life-boat of Prof. Lotze, At one opinion we both arrive, That all who ought to will survive. 

14. BENJAMIN APTHORP GOULD, LL. D. , Astronomer, Cambridge. 

 My faith is firm, but I have no time To explain it all in this tuneful rhyme. Science cannot say much, I fear, But must admit that God is here, And if the priests would let us alone, Perhaps a little more might be known. Spirit is fact, and this I assume, For Matter is nothing but solid Gloom. 

15. ALFRED R. WALLACE, the compeer of Darwin. 

 Spiritual science has told the whole story Of the claims of mankind to realms of glory. Our facts are abundant, harmonious and true, They satisfy me and should satisfy you. No baseless hypothesis shapes our knowledge, No dogmatic rule derived from a college, As we fearless explore the worlds unseen, And learn what all their mysteries mean. The science we study is truly Divine, They only reject it who are mentally blind. 

16. THOMAS HILL, D. D. , LL. D. , Ex-President of Harvard. 

 As for life after death, a life without breath, Though science says no, I don't think it's so, For 'tis well understood our God is too good To create us and cherish, and then let us perish. 

17. PROF. ASAPH HALL, LL. D. , of the National Observatory, Washington. 

 Metaphysics and science are still our reliance, Taking them for our guide, we can't quite decide, But as we incline, a doctrine we find. 

18. PROF. ELLIOTT COUES, M. D. , Ph. D. , Scientist and Theosophist. 

 I think that science is bound to answer Every question that comes to hand, sir. Then why do some scientists fail to acknowledge Discoveries made outside of their college? There's a reason for all things that come to pass, And no man likes to be proved an ass; And hence they refuse to agree with St. Paul, The spiritual body is all in all. 

19. HERBERT SPENCER, British Philosopher, as reported by Rev. M. J. Savage. 

 'Tis all in a muddle we cannot make out, Nor does evolution diminish the doubt; The facts that we get prove very refractory, And I cannot find anything quite satisfactory. 

20. PROF. CHARLES S. PIERCE, A. M. , of Johns Hopkins University, (avoluminous reply). 

 I've looked this question through and through, But for future life the prospect's blue. Psychic Researchers have gathered up much, But it crumbles to dust beneath my touch. 'Tis nothing but rubbish that Society brings, For the ghosts they have found are the stupidest things, Poor "starveling" idiots, all of that ilk, Who are coming back here to cry over "spilled milk. " Serenely we smile at "the lamp of Aladdin, " And stories of ghosts about this world gadding. Yet after all, I don't believe in Spencer, In Kant or in Comte, or in any of them, sir; Nor in Christendom's sacred and reverend creed, Though weaklings adopt it because they have need; But I believe in this world's events, And a life regulated by common sense. 

21. DANIEL COIT GILMAN, LL. D. , President of Johns Hopkins University. 

 Man hath soul-freedom here on earth, And from Almighty God hath birth; Therefore, should stand in faith sublime, And fear no science of our time. 

22. F. A. P. BARNARD, President of Columbia College, New York. 

 Your question stands outside of science, Of any science that is mine, The only doctrine worth reliance, Comes from the old Bible--Still Divine. 

23. PROF. T. HUXLEY, British Philosopher, etc. 

 If a soul works with brains, can it work without? Would seem to be a matter somewhat in doubt. If you know that it can, pray tell me why? If you know that it can't, you know more than I. You may answer such questions if you know how, But I'll not wait a moment to hear you now!

THE BURNING QUESTION IN EDUCATION. 

If our left hand had been mangled, and continued to be an inflamed, ulcerating mass, though carried in a sling and treated by all thesurgeons of repute around us, --never through a long life giving anypromise of restoration or even relief, --would not its restoration bethe most prominent question in our minds?

Society has a crushed, ulcerous, and painful hand upon which thedoctors of the college and church have expended such skill as theyhave in their occasional perfunctory visits, and the hand grows nobetter, but rather worse, during the whole existence of the AmericanRepublic. 

The existence of an increasing mass of crime, pauperism, and insanityis the crushed and diseased hand of civilized society, to which and toits obvious, natural method of healing I have vainly endeavored, inthe "New Education, " to call the attention of our clergy and ourteachers. It is true that three editions of that book have beendisposed of to the delight of progressive thinkers, but it has madelittle impression on those who control public institutions and publicopinion. Why is this?

There are sounds in nature too finely delicate to be heard by theaverage ear, and rays beyond the violet too fine for the average humaneye, though visible to those of superior nervous endowments. So in theworld of thought there are ethical conceptions too high and pure forthe multitude, --conceptions so far away from their habitual life thatthey cannot appreciate or sympathize with them. Such conceptionsconstitute the ethical system of education, which is competent tobanish crime, and to introduce a higher social condition, as has beenamply proved by its imperfect introduction in the Lancaster, Ohio, andother reformatory schools. 

Why is not this made the prominent theme in every religious society, as prominent as temperance? True, intemperance supplies us themajority of criminals, but when the criminal is prepared in thehot-bed of alcohol, society transplants him into a richer soil, impregnated with a greater amount of filth than the saloon, andcultivates him into the full-blown, hardened villain, for whom thereis nothing but a career of crime, very costly indeed to society. 

Why is this insane course pursued? Because society has not theChristianity which it professes, and the pulpit has not learned how toinstil the Divine law of love, while the college cares nothing aboutit. 

Society itself is _criminally indifferent_, and barbarously cruel. Itsonly thought in reference to its debased members is not their lostcondition, and how to redeem them, but how to punish them revengefullyfor their evil deeds, in imitation of the Divine Demon whom orthodoxtheology recognizes as its model. Until society has enough ofbenevolence or enough of practical sagacity to get rid of this commonimpulse of brute life, we shall continue to have an energetic, skilful, and formidable army of criminals, spread all over the land, levying an immense tax upon respectable citizens, and requiring anincreasing army of police to restrain them. 

The best discourse that has yet been preached in a Boston pulpit wasonce delivered in Trinity Church by the assistant minister, Mr. Allen, a few weeks since, which was made the basis of an admirable article on"our prisoners" in the _Banner of Light_ of April 2. Mr. Allen treatedthis subject in the spirit of the "New Education, " showing that ourpenal system, instead of reforming criminals, educates and perfectsthem in crime, under which system crime is continually and alarminglyincreasing, the statistics which he gives being of the same terriblecharacter as those presented in the "New Education, " showing that ourdemoralization is progressing beyond that of any other country. Hisstatistics, which I have not examined in detail, show that there weremore than eight times as many prisoners in this country in 1880 asthere were in 1850. In Massachusetts, and especially in Boston, theproportion of criminal population was still greater. 

England, having adopted a reformatory system, has kept the criminalpopulation in check, --brought it down to one in 18, 000, while we haveone to every 837, because our prisons are colleges of crime instead ofhouses of reformation. A criminal population of 5, 000 in Massachusettsis kept under this debasing system, excepting about 700 in thereformatory at Concord and the women's prison at Sherburne. Ourcriminals are held for punishment amid evil influences, and turned outonly qualified to prey upon society again, since they have the brandof shame upon them. 

The only proper and wholesome view of this subject, the only viewcompatible with ethical or religious principles, is that ourunfortunate criminal brethren need our loving care instead ofvindictive hate. They should never be sent to prison for any definiteterm of confinement, as a punishment, but, like lunatics and pauperpatients, should be placed under care and control until they arecured. Every criminal who will not obey the law in freedom should besent to prison for life, under a kind and humane system, there to earnhis own support and in some cases to repay the damage he has done, andin all cases to remain there until he has, beyond all doubt, become sothoroughly reformed that he may be safely entrusted with freedom. Toencourage in the work of reformation, he should be from time to timerewarded by enlargement of his privileges and enjoyments, just inproportion as he proves himself worthy; and after enjoying partialfreedom for years, with faithful and exemplary deportment, he shouldbe granted full liberty, on the sole condition of reporting himself atcertain regular periods, that a supervision may be retained over hisconduct, and confinement renewed if ever he should prove unworthy ofentire freedom. 

This system has been tried with entire success, and travellers speakof seeing prisoners in Ireland half emancipated, working in thefields, whom they should not have distinguished from the commonlaborers. That courageous philanthropist, the late Burnham Wardwell, adopted a system of moral government in the Virginia penitentiary, under which punishment was almost abolished; and he was able to sendout convicts in the city, under paroles, without any doubt that theywould faithfully return. Under a similar system at Lancaster, Ohio, walls and locks were made unnecessary, and the youthful convicts wentout freely, when permitted to mingle with the neighboring youth. Whentheir reformation was completed, which did not require over threeyears, they went forth to lead an honest life; and subsequent reportsshowed that they walked in the path of respectability and honor. 

The mother's love never abandons the idiot and criminal; but, alas!society is neither mother nor father nor brother to its unfortunatemembers, and hence society suffers, as we ever suffer from violationof the Divine law. 

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 

BIGOTRY AND LIBERALITY, THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. --Upon these subjects itis customary to find a mingling of contradictions. Leading New Englandliterati, who inherit all the narrowness and self-sufficiency ofBritish conservatism, are frequently impelled to utter expressionswhich would lead the reader to think them persons of liberal andprogressive minds. Such expressions we find in the writings of Dr. Holmes, a thorough medical bigot and sceptic; R. W. Emerson, whoclosed his eyes against modern spiritual science, and adored theignorance of Greece; Col. Higginson, the most intolerant and scornfulopponent of psychic science; Dr. F. H. Hedge and President Elliot, whorepresent the status of Harvard College. This was recently brought tomind by seeing the admirable expressions of Dr. Hedge at the 150thanniversary of West Church, Boston, now under the ministry of Rev. C. A. Bartol. For this church Dr. Hedge claims an unsectarian character. 

Dr. Hedge says, "Let there be schools of dogmatic theology, as many asyou please, but the church should not be a school of dogmatictheology. It should be a school of practical Christianity, inspired, expounded, and enforced by the pulpit. I can conceive of a churchwhich should be so undogmatic, so unpolemic, as to command therespect, engage the interest, and secure the co-operation of all whocare less for the prevalence of their specialty than they do for themaintenance of public worship. " There is one Boston pulpit at presentconducted in this spirit, but it is very feebly sustained. There wasanother, and it was occupied with brilliant ability, but Boston wouldnot sustain it. It is vacant now. Boston prefers theology to religion, but it is growing slowly, and there are pulpits that are slowlyapproaching the unsectarian position--very slowly; while the Rev. Mr. J. Savage displays a refreshing freedom of thought, and has been moresuccessful than any other clergyman in carrying a large congregationwith him, a solitary specimen of a successful though unsectarianteacher in Boston. 

RELIGIOUS NEWS. --"During the past few months, the Chinese authoritiesin various parts of the empire have issued proclamations to thepeople, calling on them to live at peace with Christian missionariesand converts, and explaining that the Christian religion teaches mento do right, and should therefore be respected. These documents havebeen published in so many parts of China that it is probable thatevery viceroy in the eighteen provinces has received instructions onthe subject, and that there is a concerted movement throughout theempire to bring all classes of the population to a knowledge of thedangers of persecuting missionaries and native Christians, and toremove popular delusions respecting the objects and teachings ofChristian missionaries. "

"The Jesuits appear to meet with little toleration anywhere but inGreat Britain. The sultan has now issued a decree enacting thathenceforth they are not to open any new schools in the Ottoman empire, that they are not to teach except in schools placed under theauthority of the Porte, and that all the schools now conducted by themare placed under the supervision of the State, and must be subjectedto a rigorous supervision. "

"Divine worship is a somewhat costly affair in Great Britain, says the_World_. The one hour's service in Westminster Abbey on the 21st ofJune, when the great personages of the realm are to assemble for thepurpose of prayer, is to cost the moderate sum of $100, 000. Commonersand ordinary people will not be admitted within the portals of thesacred edifice, yet it is their pockets which will be taxed for thepurpose of enabling the princes and lords to pray in due state for thepreservation of the Queen. "

"The monument to the memory of Giordano Bruno in Rome, is completed, but permission to erect it has been refused by the Municipal Councilof that holy city. This denial is easily explained when it is learnedthat a majority of the council are clergymen, or under theirinfluence. "

Governor Marmaduke has signed the bill recently passed by the Missourilegislature, making Sunday virtually a Puritanical Sabbath. A powerfulprotest was presented to the Governor, respectfully requesting him notto sign the obnoxious bill, but it seems he yielded, says the _JewishTimes_, to the wishes of a few fanatics, backed by schemingpoliticians. 

ABOLISHING SLAVERY. --It is pleasant to learn that the movement infavor of abolishing slavery in Brazil is making excellent progress, despite some discouragements. Long ago the Legislature fixed the dateby which every slave in the empire must be freed; but the chamber ofdeputies, acting in opposition to the senate, has lately put a strangeinterpretation upon certain of the clauses of the most recent law uponthe subject, which will have the effect of delaying the latest day ofenfranchisement a further 18 months. The Brazilian public hasexpressed great indignation at this ill-advised action; and, by way ofprotest, the recent progress of the emperor throughout the province ofSan Paulo was made the occasion of liberating many slaves at the costof the local municipalities. When a prominent abolitionist, SenatorBonifacio, of Santos, died, recently, his native town honored hismemory by enfranchising the whole of the slaves within itsjurisdiction. Herein Santos was but following the example of theprovinces of Ceara and the Amazons, in both of which the last slavewas freed some years ago. It is, perhaps, wise to add that theslave-owners are being quite fairly treated in the way ofcompensation. --_St. James Gazette. _

Bokhara the noble, the richest, most enlightened, and most holy of allMahommedan nations in Central Asia, and beyond it, has just officiallydeclared the complete abolition of slavery. Up to the present thiscurse had not altogether disappeared, although it was generallyassumed that, since Russia secured control over the Ameer's country, it had quite ceased to exist. 

Fourteen years ago, M. Eugene Schuyler, the author of "Turkestan, " inorder to demonstrate to the Russian government that its prestige hadnot put a stop to the slave trade, as was then alleged, purchased ayoung boy slave for one hundred roubles, the average price of thehuman article in Bokhara, and brought him to St. Petersburg. The boywas subsequently apprenticed to a Tartar watchmaker, and later becamea convert to the Russian church. According to a letter in the Russian_Official Gazette_, the young Ameer's decree, finally freeing all thebondmen within his dominion, was promulgated Nov. 19, 1886. 

OLD FOGY BIOGRAPHY. --It seems that biography as well as history willhave to be re-written in the light of modern progress. _Appleton'sCyclopedia of American Biography_ has sent out its first volume, edited by Gen. Wilson and Prof. John Fiske. The sources of this volumedo not promise much liberality, and the first volume does not show it. While professing to record the lives of all who are eminent ornoteworthy, it fulfils this promise by recording many who are not veryeminent or noteworthy; indeed, Mr. Lowell says, by way of commendation, that he has hunted for obscure names and found them. What then is thereason of the omission of the Hon. Cassius M. Clay, our formerminister to Russia, one of the most conspicuous figures for many yearsin American politics and _par excellence_, the lion of the strugglewhich ended in negro emancipation? His life, recently published is avolume of fascinating and romantic interest. Mr. Clay might treat thisomission as the old Roman said of having a statue in the forum--thathe would rather men should ask why he had _no_ statue there, than toask why his statue was there. Dr. Joseph Rodes Buchanan is brieflynoticed, his name incorrectly spelled, a catalogue of his publicationsgiven, and a volume attributed to him which was written by thenotorious Dr. John Buchanan of Philadelphia. But nothing is said ofthe new school of philosophy, or of the new sciences, established byDr. Buchanan. Evidently this is old fogy biography. The editors havegathered their material with a scoop, unable to distinguish betweendirt, pebbles and jewels. Nevertheless they have made a valuablerecord if not a fair one. 

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN SOMNOLENT CONDITIONS. --In the Academy ofMedicine at Paris, Dr. Mesnet made a report of his experience inhypnotism, showing that somnambulic or mesmeric subjects were notaccountable for their acts in that condition. In this case, thepatient, a youth of nineteen years, had been subject to somnambulicattacks in which he acted strangely, and, on one occasion, had openlytaken several articles of furniture from a shop, for which he wasarrested, when he fell again into somnolence and was sent to the HotelDieu. Dr. Mesnet, for an experiment, gazed firmly at him, and got himin magnetic rapport and then ordered him to steal the watch of one ofthe students the next day. He manifested a great deal of repugnance tothis command, but yielded, and the next day came with the student, with whom he talked. After a time he fixed his eyes on the student'swatch and appeared mentally agitated, his breathing hurried, and hislimbs trembling, his face red in one part and pallid in another. Inthis condition, he put forth his hand in an indecisive manner, stolethe watch, put it in his pantaloons pocket, and ran down the stairs, where he was arrested and wakened up. He indignantly denied the theft, and fell into such agitation it required a number to hold him. He fellagain into the hypnotic state from which they could not rouse himthen, as it was owing to a mental cause. Dr. M. Concluded by showingthe importance of this matter being understood by magistrates thatthey may not punish irresponsible parties. 

PASTEUR'S CURE FOR HYDROPHOBIA. --I am by no means convinced that M. Pasteur has really discovered a remedy for hydrophobia, saysLabouchére in the _London Truth_. The Anti-Vivisection Society haspublished a tabular statement, which shows that from March, 1885, tothe present date, 63 persons who have been treated by his system havedied. Against this, I should like to know how many persons reallysuffering from hydrophobia have been cured by it. 

The immense interest of the medical profession and the public inPasteur's method of inoculation with hydrophobia virus is due mainlyto the _Stolid Skepticism_ of the medical profession. Other methods ofcure have been far more successful, but they have been shamefullyneglected, for medical colleges are always indifferent, if not hostileto improvements not originating in their own clique. The cures thathave been effected by the use of Scutellaria (Skull-cap), and ofXanthium are far beyond anything achieved by inoculation. I recollectmany reports published by farmers, about sixty years ago, of theircures of hydrophobia by skull-cap. 

The latest statement concerning Pasteurism is that of Miss FrancesPower Cobbe, who writes to the _London Globe_:

"Ramon was not the forty-fifth, but the seventy-sixth patient who haddied after receiving the Pasteurian treatment for hydrophobia. Ofthese seventy-six victims thirty-nine were inoculated in Paris underthe first method, seventeen in Russia and twenty in Paris under thesecond or 'intensive' method. For the verification of this statement Ibeg to enclose a complete list of all the patients, with dates ofdeath, and authority for each record. Your readers who may beinterested in the bursting of this huge medical bubble of Pasteurismwill do well to procure the book just published in Paris, 'M. Pasteuret la Rage, ' by M. Zutand, editor of the _Journal de Medecine_. Itproves pretty clearly that M. Pasteur does not cure rabies, but givesit by his inoculation in a new and no less deadly form, bearing theominous title of 'Rage de Laboratoire. '"

LULU HURST. --This wonderful medium who displayed such astonishingmuscular powers has changed her name. Mrs. Buchanan psychometricallydescribed and explained her wonderful powers, and predicted that theywould soon cease. A Southern newspaper says:

"Paul M. Atkinson, of Chattanooga, Tenn. , who achieved quite areputation as manager of Lulu Hurst, the young lady who possessed suchmarvellous magnetic powers, was married to that lady a few days ago ather home near Cedartown, Ga. Miss Hurst, since her wonderful powerdeserted her, has been attending school, and graduated in Decemberlast. It is reported that the fortune of $200, 000 she amassed while onthe stage has been trebled since by lucky investments. "

LAND MONOPOLY. --_The Kansas City Times_ publishes a list of theleading foreign corporations that own lands in the United States, showing an aggregate of 20, 740, 000 acres, equal to more than one-halfof England. Well, Americans may as well work to support foreign ashome idlers; but a generation is nearing the voting age that willobject to doing either. 

MARRIAGE IN MEXICO. --A newspaper correspondent from California, writes:

"You may not be aware, as I was not till recently, that Juarez, thenative-blood President of Mexico acting, I presume, under authority ofCongress, decreed that all children born, or that should be born inMexico, should be legitimate, regardless of all laws of the Church orState. So rigorous, expensive, and despotic had become the control ofthe clergy that not one in ten of the children of Mexico were born'legitimate, ' the people did not marry. This stroke of the State atthe Church was the 'holy terror' that broke its back; but it liberatedthe people, and settled the differences between the 'higher' and lowerclasses in a manner that has left marriage in Mexico in the hands ofthe contracting parties where it properly belongs. "

THE GRAND SYMPOSIUM. --The wise (?) men express themselves in oursymposium upon immortality. Their utter blindness to the granddisplays of immortality, which have long challenged attention, andtheir reference to every obscure and blind path for its search, remindone of Carlyle's expression in reference to Comte. "I found him to beone of those men who go up in a balloon and take a lighted candle tolook at the stars. " What a deep shadow upon the intellectual landscapeof America is seen in this picture of collegiate ignorance in contrastwith foreign enlightenment. While the sovereigns of England, France, and Russia have been communing with the higher world, our collegepresidents have their heads and eyes covered with the cowl of monkishsuperstition and ignorance. 

Surely the search for truth is the most imperative of duties for thosewho are chosen to lead the rising generation. They who fail in thisduty are as guilty as the sentinels who sleep or carouse upon theirposts. The eloquent words of Rev. J. K. Applebee are appropriate tosuch offences: "The man who is not true to the highest thing withinhim, does a treble wrong. He wrongs himself; he wrongs all whom hemight have influenced for good; he wrongs all the willing workers forhumanity by heaping on their shoulders extra toils and extraresponsibilities. " What is the difference between the Barnard, Hill, Gilman, Elliott, Newcomb, Youmans, and their sympathizers to-day, andthe old time opponents of Galileo, Columbus, and Harvey. The men whorely upon learning or memory represent the past, while those who relyupon investigation and intuition represent the future. They are everin conflict, and ever illustrate the truth of Goethe's remark that"Error belongs to the libraries, truth to the human mind. "

A NEW MUSSULMAN EMPIRE has been established on the Red Sea, east ofthe territory occupied by the followers of the Mahdi. Mohammed Abu isthe Sultan, and Kassala is his residence. His army has 8000 men. 

PSYCHOMETRIC IMPOSTURE. --Those who wish to understand and practicepsychometry should avoid being duped by an _ignorant_ pretender whoprofesses to _develop_ their psychometric faculties--a pretence whichis a self-evident imposition. 

OUR TOBACCO BILL. --The _American Grocer_ estimates the total annualexpenditure for tobacco in the United States, at $256, 500, 000. Theestimates of cost are as follows: Liquor, $700, 000, 000; tobacco, $256, 500, 000; sugar, $187, 000, 000; coffee, tea, and cocoa, $130, 000, 000; schools, $110, 000, 000. 

EXTINCT ANIMALS. --Wonderful bones have been dug up in Spokane County, Washington Territory--nine mammoths, a cave bear, hyenas, extinctbirds, and a sea turtle. One of the tusks measured twelve feet nineinches long, and twenty-seven inches round, weighing 295 pounds. Someof the ribs were eight feet long. The molar teeth weighed eighteenpounds each. The pelvic arch was six feet across; a man could walkthrough it erect. The monster was estimated to be eighteen andone-half feet high, and to weigh twenty tons. 

EDUCATION is making great progress in France. The number of collegesand the number of children at school are greatly increased. There arenow five and a quarter millions attending primary schools. Politiciansclaim that whenever the people in a department are well educated theybecome republicans. 

GENESIS OF THE BRAIN

(_Continued from page 32. _)

Is there anything miraculous or extravagant in believing that thisinvisible potentiality, which has such magical transforming anddeveloping power, but which has never been known to arise fromcombinations of matter, has an origin which is, like itself, spiritual? For we can obtain matter from matter, and spirit fromspirit, but never obtain spirit or life from dead matter. 

The genesis of the human brain is therefore a microcosmic epitome ofthe macrocosmic evolution, controlled by the "over-soul"--the Divinepower, of which we know so little. 

To return to the embryo brain, which gives us visibly the epitome ofthe evolution of vertebrated animals, --why is it not also an epitomeof the entire animal kingdom, from the radiata, articulata, andmollusca to the vertebrata, instead of representing the evolution ofvertebrates alone? It may be so. It may be that man and other animalsin germination pass through _all_ stages, from the lowest to thehighest; but the microscope cannot reveal the fact, for the jelly-likeor fluid conditions of the nervous system during the first month afterconception do not enable us to discover any organization or outlinefrom which anything can be learned. And yet, from certain interestingexperiments in sarcognomy which have never been performed except bymyself or my pupils, I am disposed to believe that the germinalprocess of man goes beyond the beginning of the animal kingdom, andthat he retains in his constitution spiritual elements which might notimproperly be called, not a photograph, but a psychograph of theentire animal kingdom, --yea, of everything that lives, and even of themineral elements that have no life. 

These things are wonderful and grand indeed, but the self-sufficientpowers that rule the world of human society have no desire to knowthem, and hence I have been content to enjoy them alone, or with a fewenlightened friends. 

It is in the second month of life in the womb that the fish form ofbrain is distinctly apparent, as shown by Tiedemann. The fish form isthat in which we have only a rudiment of the cerebrum, which is solarge in man. Behind the little cerebrum, which is smaller than thebulb of the olfactory nerve, we have the middle brain or optic lobes, which give origin to the optic nerves, and behind them the cerebellum. 

Let it be understood that the cerebrum is the psychic brain, thecerebellum the physiological brain, and the optic lobes theintermediate or psycho-physiological brain, not sufficient to give theanimal its character and propensities, but sufficient to guide it inswimming about. 

[Illustration]

What the cerebrum is when fully developed in man has already beenshown; what it is in the fishy stage of development, when it is thesmaller portion of the brain, may be understood by a dissection givenin Serres "Anatomie Comparée du Cerveau, " representing the brain ofthe codfish dissected or opened from above. In this figure H is thespinal cord, E the cerebellum, C the optic lobes divided, and B thecerebrum divided, showing the radiating fibres of the corpus striatum, m, from which the cerebrum begins its development. 

When animal life reaches a high development, the functions which arediffused become concentrated into special organs. Intelligence orpsychic life is concentrated in the cerebrum, and entirely removedfrom the spinal cord. The physiological energy apart from the psychic, is concentrated in the cerebellum, and thus the intermediatepsycho-physiological organ, the optic lobes or quadrigemina, being nolonger important, dwindles to become the smallest part of the brain. 

[Illustration: EXPLANATION. --In the codfish, roach, and flounder, IIis the cerebellum, n the optic lobes, in front of which is thecerebrum, from which the olfactory nerve extends forward. Behind thecerebellum is the superior end of the spinal cord. The letter c isplaced on the restiform bodies or posterior part of the medullaoblongata of the cod. The engravings show the upper surfaces of thebrains, as we look down upon them. ]

If the reader will look at the sketch of the brains of the codfish, flounder, and roach, as figured by Spurzheim, he will see in each avery small cerebrum, a larger cerebellum, and still larger middlebrain or optic lobes. This is the model on which the human brain isfirst developed, when in the second month it becomes possible to studyit with the microscope. It presents to view in the third month threevesicles of soft neurine, the one which is to form the cerebellumbeing larger than that which is to become the cerebrum. 

These are three brains of different grades, formed alike on the samevesicular plan. The resemblance of the optic lobes to the cerebrum isvery striking, and when we open them we see what corresponds to thelateral ventricles of the cerebrum, with a structure at the bottomcorresponding in position and character with the inferior ganglion ofthe cerebrum. The subdivision of function is similar to that of thecerebrum, the anterior portion of these lobes being of anintellectual, perceptive character, and the posterior the seat of theimpulses. This has been demonstrated also in the experiments ofvivisectors, in which the irritation of the posterior part hasproduced a vocal utterance or bark. Spurzheim gives a view of thebrain of the pike with an optic lobe partially opened, to show theventricle. 

The cerebellum or physiological brain is formed on the same generalplan, having its energetic or forcible functions in the posteriorinferior regions, and its more sensitive functions located anteriorly. 

In the embryo of twelve weeks a great advance has taken place; theoptic lobes or quadrigemina are still large, but the cerebrum islarger than all the remainder. Still, it has not yet developed whatmight be called frontal and occipital lobes. The basis of the middlelobe, which is the most physiological portion of the cerebrum, beingdevoted to the sensibility, appetites, and muscular impulses, is thatwhich first presents itself, being the first outgrowth from the greatinferior ganglion or summit of the spinal system. As human brainsdegenerate to a lower type they approximate this form. The frontal andoccipital lobes dwindle and the principal mass remaining is that inthe basis of the skull between the ears. We see this form distinctlyin congenital idiots. The embryo cerebrum here represented measuresbut three lines vertically, four lines in length, and five lines inthickness. (The line is the twelfth of an inch. ) The nerve membrane ofthis hollow cerebrum is barely a fourth of a line thick. Thecerebellum, formed in the same way by projection from the summit ofthe spinal cord, making two leaves that come together on the medianline, has also a cavity contained between them, and just behind themedulla oblongata, which is finally reduced to the little space calledthe fourth ventricle, when the cerebellum grows to become a solidbody. 

[Illustration: 12 Weeks]

The growth of the cerebrum and cerebellum into solid bodies instead ofvesicles is effected by the folding together of the primitive membraneas furrows appear upon its surface, by which it is changed into foldsor convolutions, each of which (like the fold of a ruffle) may be cutout from its neighbors and opened from its inner side, like a book. Itresembles a book also in the fact that it contains innumerable ideasor psychic elements, and the psychometer might read from eachconvolution as a book the impressions recorded in it. In its place inthe brain it is like a book in a library; and as the book offers onits back a title expressive of its contents, so we label eachconvolution with its proper title. 

In addition to the folding process, a complex growth of fibres unitingin the corpus callosum completes the solidification, but not sothoroughly as to prevent our reopening and spreading out theconvolutions by exercising a little dexterity. This was a puzzle tosome of the anatomists in the time of Gall, but I have found nodifficulty in opening out the convolutions to the extent of five orsix inches square. The cerebellum, too, though its ventricle isobliterated, is susceptible also of a manipulation, showing that ithas some traces of its original formation. 

From the twelve weeks embryo to those of twenty-one weeks and of sevenmonths we trace a progressive development and a commencement of thefurrows that form the convolutions. 

Thus we perceive in the essential plan of the brain its two organs, cerebrum and cerebellum, are hollow spheres which grow gradually intosolid bodies, filling their interior cavities, of which the lateralventricles in the cerebrum, which have been explained, are theremnants. 

The great importance of these anatomical details arises from the factthat they show us the true central region of the brain from which itsdevelopment must be determined; and although this work, designed forthe general reader, cannot say much of the brain, it is necessary toshow its true conformation to enable us to estimate the living braincorrectly, so as to describe accurately living men, study the forms ofcrania, and derive some profit in ethnological studies from the formsof crania which to the ethnologists of the present time are of verylittle value or significance, since they neither have nor claim aknowledge of the psychic functions of the brain. I trust, therefore, my readers will not neglect these anatomical memoranda, which theywill find very valuable. 

[Illustration: 21 Weeks 7 Months;In the brain of seven months, the right hemisphere is out openhorizontally, showing the ventricle. ]

I am not aware that any anatomical, physiological, or phrenologicalwriter has given the exposition of the principles of cerebraldevelopment which I have been presenting for nearly half a century, although the anatomical facts are patent to all who choose to examinecerebral embryology, and think of what dissection reveals, instead ofbeing thoughtlessly occupied in the mere details of dissection withoutrising to a comprehension of the Divine plan. Indeed, thephrenological school have positively misconceived and misstated theprinciples of cerebral development. We can hardly be said to have hadany phrenological anatomists since the time of Gall and Spurzheimsufficiently interested in comparative human development to trace itsbasis in anatomy, for the able work of Solly presented the brainsolely as seen by the science of dissection, and not by the science ofdevelopment and psychic function. 

Gall and Spurzheim, understanding cerebral structure themselves, failed to state certain principles which were necessary to guardagainst misconception; and they did not realize its necessity, becausetheir methods did not include the functions of the base of the brain. Mr. George Combe, who has been the great popular exponent of theirsystem, for which he was well qualified by his clear, philosophicmind, adopted the erroneous idea, in which he has been followed by allsubsequent writers on the subject, that the cerebral organs were to beregarded as so many cones, starting from their apex at the medullaoblongata and extending to their base at the surface of the skull. Hence their development was to be estimated by measuring the distance(with a pair of callipers) from the cavity of the ear (whichcorresponds very nearly to the medulla oblongata) to the locations ofthe organs on the frontal superior and posterior surfaces of the head. 

In my first study of phrenology over fifty years ago, I adopted thismethod, and diligently measured heads with callipers, relying on theresults, until I found them decidedly erroneous. I came upon theastounding fact that the head of a prominent citizen of New Orleans, when measured in this way, indicated by the height of the upper regiona character entitling him to rank among the saints, when in fact hewas notorious for the unrestrained energy of his violent and viciouspropensities. Engaging then in more careful study and dissection ofthe brain, I found why the rule was so deceptive; as the basilarregion is developed below the ventricles, giving depth, while thecoronal region developed above gives height, and the measurement fromthe ear to the top of the head included both depth and height, itmight be a very large measurement from animal predominance or basilardepth alone, as it was in the case that first revealed the error ofMr. Combe. 

In such cases of animal predominance we find that the moral regiondoes not rise above the forehead, but runs back flat withoutelevation, while the depth of the ear below the level of the brain andthe massiveness of the base of the brain running into a large neckshow plainly that the animal organs rule. 

In the more noble characters, the rounded elevation of the coronalregion, combined with the moderate depth and thickness of the base ofthe brain, make it easy to see that their vertical measurement is dueto height and not to depth. The great error of the phrenologicalschool has been in estimating moral development by the total verticalmeasurement, and estimating animal development without regard todepth, which is its chief indication. 

[Illustration]

In a profile view, a line drawn from the middle of the foreheadbackward, horizontally, is sufficiently near the line of the lateralventricles to enable us to compare the upward and downward developmentof the brain. In the two profiles here presented we see a markeddifference of character illustrated by drawing a line backhorizontally from the brow. The head in front, which is that of aprivate citizen of excellent character, named Smith, I obtained inFlorida nearly fifty years ago. At the same time I obtained the other, which is that of a French count who lost his life on the coast ofFlorida by wreck when engaged in a contraband slave trade with Cuba. In the count we observe much less elevation and much greater depth. Heis especially deficient in Benevolence. 

In proportion as men or animals rise in the scale of virtue the brainis developed above the level of the face, and in proportion as theyincline to gross brutality the development falls behind the face; andthere is no exception to this law, either in quadrupeds, birds, orreptiles. Indeed, notwithstanding the smallness of the brains offishes, their portraits show that this law applies also to them--as ifnature had determined to warn mankind of the character of everyanimal. Alas for the dulness of human observers! Our naturalists andanatomists have said not one word of the most conspicuous fact thatmay be seen in the general survey of the animal kingdom. [3]

 [3] The reader may naturally ask why have I not demonstrated this assertion before the scientific world. The reason is, that dogmatism rules in the sphere of natural science, and no communication would receive fair treatment which contravened the opinions of editors or the mass of prevalent opinion in colleges and scientific societies. It would be peremptorily rejected from our leading scientific magazine, the _Popular Science Monthly_. 

To return to the theory of cerebral development: The reader willunderstand by referring to the last chapter that the summit of thespinal system or great inferior ganglion of the brain, bearing thenames of optic thalami and corpora striata, is the true beginning ofthe cerebrum, instead of the medulla oblongata, which _does not_contain the fibres of the cerebral organs. And as this beginning is alittle in front of the ear and its first radiating fibres are nearlyon the horizontal line just mentioned, it follows that we may locateaccordingly a centre from which cerebral development may be estimated;and when we take this true centre we may describe around it a circle, and find that the circle singularly coincides with the outline of thecranium, so that if we add to that circle the outlines of the nose, mouth, and chin, we have sketched a well-developed head of strongcharacter, and ascertained the method of studying the development ofthe brain, which has so remarkably been overlooked. 

[Illustration]

No one can begin the study of brain development in men and animalsguided by a correct system without being delighted with the uniformaccuracy of the science; for even the incomplete and inaccuratescience of Gall and Spurzheim, marred in its application bymisconceptions of anatomy, has proved sufficiently correct andinstructive to maintain its hold upon the minds of all students ofnature, by giving them more truth than error, and _sometimes_ givingthe truth with marvellous accuracy. The errors they did not attempt toinvestigate. [4]

 [4] I would merely mention, as a familiar example of such errors, that an enlightened student of phrenology called upon me yesterday, to whom phrenologists had given the character of avaricious selfishness and an incapacity for friendship, which indeed was the correct application of the old system, but was the reverse of his true character. The old system did not explain friendship correctly, and entirely mislocated the organ of avarice by placing it in the temples. The gentlemen had never before received a correct description from phrenologists he had visited. 

BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. 

The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensiveundertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost morethan he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months ofeditorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not thereforeask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing thecirculation of the Journal among his friends?

The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other wayeffectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge. Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization, " that "No greatpolitical improvement, no great reform, either legislative orexecutive, has ever been originated in any country by its rulingclass. The first suggestors of each steps have invariably been boldand able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point outthe remedy. "

This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When theadvance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform orrevolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church, government, capital, and the press, present a solid combinedresistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome withoutan appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science ofAnthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawnof a new civilization, " and in other departments an entire revolutionin social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, hasexperienced the same fate as all other great scientific andphilanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itselfagainst the mountain mass of established error by the power of truthalone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of thetruth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would benecessary to the full development of these sciences to which I cangive but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths aregiven, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task ofsustaining and diffusing the truth. 

The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere ofliberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a morewarm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to anyperiodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirtythousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, butthey are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them canbe reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I mostearnestly request. 

Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who willuse them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinitymay confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus orspecimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed tothose who canvass for subscribers. 

Enlargement of the Journal. 

The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are alreadycoming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelledeach month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important tohuman welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The secondvolume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum. 

"Irene, or the road to Freedom. " 612 pages, $1; published by H. N. Fowler, 1123 Arch street, Philadelphia; called the "Uncle Tom's Cabinof Woman Slavery. " Ostensibly a novel, it is a _doctrinaire_ book, presenting a series of almost impossible incidents to enable thecharacters to present their ideas of woman's rights and wrongs andconjugal relations. The full development of the writer's doctrines(who is a woman) is postponed to another volume. The ideas in thiswould please only the most extreme radicals. The Journal isover-loaded with its special themes, and has not room for discussionsof such subjects. 

COLLEGE OF THERAPEUTICS. 

The eighth session is now in progress with an intelligent class. Theninth session will begin next November. I do not approve of medicallegislation, but if it could be considered just to prohibit medicalpractice without a college education, it would be much more just toprohibit magnetic and electric practice without such practicalinstruction as is given in the College of Therapeutics and at presentnowhere else. 

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Is the ablest Spiritualist paper in America.... Mr. Bundy has earnedthe respect of all lovers of the truth, by his sincerity andcourage. --_Boston Evening Transcript. _

I have a most thorough respect for the JOURNAL, and believe its editorand proprietor is disposed to treat the whole subject of spiritualismfairly. --_Rev. M. J. Savage (Unitarian) Boston. _

I wish you the fullest success in your courageous course. --_R. HeberNewton, D. D. _

Your course has made spiritualism respected by the secular press as itnever has been before, and compelled an honorablerecognition. --_Hudson Tuttle, Author and Lecturer. _

I read your paper every week with great interest. --_H. W. Thomas, D. D. , Chicago. _

I congratulate you on the management of the paper.... I indorse yourposition as to the investigation of the phenomena. --_Samuel Watson, D. D. , Memphis, Tenn. _

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 Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first issue of the volume. The article GENESIS OF THE BRAIN is continued from the previous issue's page 32. Liebault, Liebeault are retained as spelled in the quoted documents.