A WOMAN'S PART IN A REVOLUTION

by

MRS. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND

Longmans, Green, and Co. 39 Paternoster Row LondonNew York and Bombay

1897

PREFACE

To the American Public, whose sympathy was my chief support throughdays of bitter trial, this book is gratefully dedicated. My personalexperience forms the subject of my story. The causes of the Revolt inJohannesburg, and the ensuing political questions, are but lightlytouched upon, in deference to the silence enforced upon my husband asone of the terms of his liberation by the Boer Government. 

 NATALIE HAMMOND. 

 BOUGHTON: BICKLEY, KENT. February, 1897. 

A WOMAN'S PART IN A REVOLUTION

 I hope I may be able to tell the truth always, and to see it aright according to the eyes which God Almighty gives me. --THACKERAY. 

I. 

Totsey the terrier lay blinking in the hot African sun, while CeciliaRhodes, the house kitten, languished in a cigar box wrapped about withtwine to represent bars of iron. Above her meek face was a large labelmarked 'African Lion. ' Her captor, my young son Jack, was out againamong the flower-beds in quest of other big game, armed with myriding-crop. The canvas awnings flapped gently in the cool breeze. Every now and then a fan-like arm of one of the large Madeira chairswould catch the impetus and go speeding down the wide red-tiledverandah. I looked up from the little garment which I was making, uponthis quiet picture. It was the last restful moment I was to know formany long months--such months of suffering and agonised apprehensionas God in His mercy sends to few women. 

David, my husband's black coachman, drove rapidly through the gate, and, coming up to me, handed me a letter. It was from his master andbriefly written. Jameson had crossed the Border; Johannesburg wasfilled with strange people, and he thought it wise for me to move withour family and servants into town. Rooms had been secured for us atHeath's Hotel, and he would meet us that night at dinner. This summonswas not entirely unexpected. For many months the political kettle hadbeen simmering. Johannesburg had grown tired of sending petitions into the Government to be answered by promises which were neverredeemed. An appalling death-rate of fifty-six in each thousand, directly traceable to lack of proper sanitation, resulting from badgovernment, spurred the general discontent, and a number ofrepresentative citizens, unwilling longer to wait upon gods andGovernment, finding all attempts to obtain redress of their grievancesby constitutional means ineffectual, determined to enforce theirdemands for right by arms if necessary. As arms for the Uitlanderunder the law of the Transvaal could only be obtained by a permit, guns and ammunition were smuggled into the country, hidden away in oiltanks and coal cars. 

My husband had vast interests in his charge; many million poundssterling had been invested at his instance in the mining industry ofthe country, and, actuated by a sense of duty and responsibility tothose who had confided in him, he felt in honour bound to take anactive part in the movement, for the protection and preservation ofthe property placed under his control. 

My leaving for the Cape, in case affairs should assume a dangerousphase, was frequently discussed between us, but I could not make up mymind to leave my husband, feeling that the separation would be moretrying than if I remained, even should a conflict be forced upon us. In addition to my wish to be with him, I knew that many of his staffhad their wives and children in Johannesburg, and would be unable tosend them away, and for me, the wife of their chief, 'to bundle to therear' would subject my husband, as well as myself, to harsh, and notunjust, criticism. 

The Leonard Manifesto was published December 26th, setting forth thedemands of the Uitlander. 

'We want, ' it reads:

 '1. The establishment of this Republic as a true Republic. 

 '2. A Grondwet or constitution which shall be framed by competent persons selected by representatives of the whole people, and framed on lines laid down by them; a constitution which shall be safeguarded against hasty alteration. 

 '3. An equitable Franchise law and fair representation. 

 '4. Equality of the Dutch and English languages. 

 '5. Responsibility to the Legislature of the heads of the great departments. 

 '6. Removal of religious disabilities. 

 '7. Independence of the Courts of Justice, with adequate and secured remuneration of the judges. 

 '8. Liberal and comprehensive education. 

 '9. An efficient Civil Service, with adequate provision for pay and pension. 

 '10. Free Trade in South African products. '

It was further planned to hold another meeting of the 'NationalUnion, ' and afterward make a last demand upon the Government toredress our wrongs. 

Arrangement meanwhile was made with Dr. Jameson, who was encamped onthe western border of the Republic with a body of the CharteredCompany's troops. In case of a disturbance he was to come to the aidof Johannesburg with at least a thousand men and 1, 500 guns. It wasalso distinctly understood between him and the five gentlemen who werethe recognised leaders of the movement, that he should not start untilhe had received instructions to do so directly from them. 

I gathered my household about me, explained the situation, and gavethe servants their choice, whether they would go into town or remainin the house. The four white servants decided to remain, but thenative boys begged leave to depart under various pretexts. One to gethis missis from Pretoria because he was afraid the Boers might killher. Another to tell his mother in Natal that he was all right. Another frankly said, that as the white men were going to fight amongthemselves, this was no place for Kaffirs. 

I arranged to leave Mr. Hammond's secretary in charge of the house. We hastily packed up a few of our most precious belongings, and left, to take possession of four tiny rooms at the hotel in town. With afull heart I looked back at my pretty home. The afternoon shadows werebeginning to lengthen; I saw the broad verandah, the long easy chairssuggestive of rest; my books on the sill of the low bedroom window;the quiet flower garden, sweet with old-fashioned posies associatedwith peace and thrift. We were going to--WHAT?

II

My diary carries the story on:--

DECEMBER 30. --We find the town intensely excited, but there is nodisorder. Men are hurrying about in cabs and on foot withdetermined-looking faces, but no other visible evidence of the day'stragedy. 

My husband ran in to see how we were faring about 8 o'clock thisevening. I had not seen him since early morning. He told me that aReform Committee had been formed of the leading men of the city. Alsothat the Americans had called a meeting in the course of the afternoonto hear the results of a Special Deputation, consisting of Messrs. Hennen Jennings and Perkins, to President Kruger. Mr. Jenningsreported the President as having listened to them attentively whilethey conveyed to him what they believed to be the sentiment of theAmericans on the Rand. They assured him that, although the Americansrecognised the rights of the Boers as well as those of the Uitlanders, unless he could in some way meet the demand of the unenfranchisedpeople of the Transvaal he could not expect their support when therevolution came. They also told him that the Americans wanted to seethe Republic preserved, but on a truer basis. And when questioned bythe President if in case of rebellion the Americans would be with oragainst the Government, they answered bluntly, 'They would be againstthe Government. '

President Kruger dogmatically declared 'this was no time fordiscussion, but a time for the people to obey the law, ' and with thisthey were dismissed. 

A Committee of three is appointed to visit Pretoria to-morrow andagain lay before the President a statement of the demands of theUitlanders, the attitude of the Americans and their wish to preservethe integrity of the Republic, but also to warn him that, if theGovernment insists upon ignoring these just demands, and thusprecipitates war, the Americans must array themselves on the side ofthe other Uitlanders. 

A large mass meeting is called to receive these gentlemen on theirreturn from Pretoria and to decide upon the Americans' future courseof action. 

The mail train to Cape Town was crowded with hundreds ofterror-stricken women and children sent away by anxious husbands to aplace of safety. The ordinary accommodation was far too inadequate tosupply the sudden rush. They were crowded like sheep on cattle trucks. I fear the journey of a thousand miles will be one of greatdiscomfort. [1]

There are many anxious souls in Johannesburg to-night. 

Betty and I are sitting up. The night is sultry, and we have draggedour chairs out on to the verandah which overhangs the street. 

MIDNIGHT. --The town has quieted down. Once a wild horseman clattereddown the street towards the 'Gold Fields' shouting, 'A despatch, men!a despatch. We've licked the Dutchmen!' A few heads peered out ofwindows--but that was all. 

DECEMBER 31. --My husband came in at 4 o'clock this morning, lookingvery tired. He was on the point of going to bed, when a messenger camefrom the 'Gold Fields' and hurried him away. 

The streets are alive at a very early hour, and the excitementincreases. The Reform Committee sits in perpetual session in theoffices of the 'Gold Fields. ' They are appointing sub-committees forthe safeguard and comfort of the town; 51, 000_l. _ for the relief ofthe poor has already been raised. Messengers are sent out to call inall the women and children from the mines. Arrangements are being madefor the housing and feeding of these. Nothing is forgotten, andeverything goes on with the utmost method and precision. It is like agreat, splendid piece of machinery. 

The merchants have sent up a deputation to try to bring the Presidentto reason. He has temporarily removed the dues from food stuffs as aresult of the interview. The Government has prohibited all telegraphiccommunication. _We are cut off from the world_. 

The Reform Committee repudiates Dr. Jameson's inroad, but publishesits intention to adhere to the National Union Manifesto, and'earnestly desires that the inhabitants should refrain from taking anyaction which can be construed as an overt act of hostility against theGovernment. ' A certain tone of security and dignity pervades all thenotices of the Reform Committee. The town is sure of success. 

In order to silence rumours in regard to the hoisting of the Englishflag, Mr. Hammond after some difficulty secured a flag of theTransvaal, and took it into the committee room this morning. Theentire body of men swore allegiance with uncovered heads and upraisedhands. The flag now floats from the roof of the 'Gold Fields. ' Themerchants have closed their shops and battened up the windows withthick boards and plates of corrugated iron. Boer police are withdrawnfrom the town. Excitement at fever heat, but everything runningsmoothly. No drunkenness nor rioting. The streets are filled withearnest-looking men. Near the Court House arms are being distributed. At another point horses are given over to the newly-enrolledvolunteers. 

4 P. M. --I have driven from one end of the town to the other, throughbusy crowded streets, without seeing one disorderly person, or beingregarded a second time by one of the thousands of men filing solemnlypast my carriage. They would form into squads and march gravely totheir posts of duty. A splendid-looking set of men, ranging in agefrom 25 to 35. Men from every walk in life, professional men, robustminers, and pale clerks, some among the faces being very familiar. Myeyes filled when I thought of what the future might be bringing them. At the hotel dinner Mrs. Dodd, Betty and I were the only womenpresent. The room was crowded with men who spoke excitedly of apossible war and exchanged specimen cartridges across the table. Ihear that one thousand Lee-Metford rifles have been given out. Thetown is now policed by Uitlanders under Trimble. 

The Americans have held another meeting. Five hundred men werepresent, and with only five dissenting votes determined to stand bythe Manifesto. After this meeting, the George Washington Corps of 150members was formed. 

Following are the names of the various Brigades:--

Australian, Scotch, Africander, Cycle, Colonial, Natal, Irish, Northumbrian, Cornish, and Bettington's Horse and the Ambulance Corps. Most of the mines are closing down. Women and children are stillflying from the town. Alas! some men, too, who are heartily jeered bythe crowd at the railroad station. [2]

St. John's Ambulance Society is advertising for qualified nurses orladies willing to assist. 

Natives are in a state of great panic. One of the Kaffir servants inthe hotel gave me a tremendous shock this morning by rushing into myroom to fling himself at my feet, sobbing and imploring me not toallow the Boers to kill him. 

LATER. --The sultry day has cooled down into a calm, moonlit night. 

This evening the Reform Committee received a deputation from theGovernment consisting of Messrs. Marais and Malan; these gentlemenshowed their authority from the Government, and were duly accredited. They are both progressive Boers and highly respected by theUitlanders. They stated that they had come with the olive branch, thatthe Government had sent them to the Reform Committee to invite adelegation of that Committee to meet in Pretoria a Commission ofGovernment officials, with the object of arranging an amicablesettlement of the political questions. They emphatically asserted thatthe Government would meet the Reform Committee half-way--that theGovernment was anxious to prevent bloodshed, &c. That they couldpromise that the Government would redress the Uitlander grievancesupon the lines laid down in the Manifesto, but that of course all thedemands would not be conceded at once, and both sides must be willingto compromise. The Reform Committee met to consider this proposal, and after long discussion decided to send a deputation to Pretoria. These gentlemen leave with Messrs. Malan and Marais on a special trainto-night for Pretoria. 

Johannesburg is quiet as ever was country town. The streets deserted. Nothing to suggest a city girt around by a cordon of soldiers, and yetsuch it is. 

At midnight my husband ran in for a moment to see how we had stood thestrain of the day. 

'Is the news from Jameson really true?' I asked, still hoping it wasrumour. 

'I am afraid so. '

'And are those heavy wagons just going down the street carrying thebig guns to the outskirts?'

'Yes. Good-night, dear. ' He was gone. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: The sufferings of this hapless crowd were acute. Provisions were hard to obtain at the way stations. The water supplygave out. A little child died of exposure, and the heart-broken motherheld the lifeless body twenty-four hours on her lap. There was no roomto lay it to one side. Another woman gave birth to an infant. ]

[Footnote 2: The Cornish miners were politely presented at Kimberleyand other places en route with bunches of white feathers by thehowling mob. One Cornishman afterwards related that he was pulled outat every station and made to fight. After the fourth mauling he turnedround and went back to Johannesburg, preferring to take his chanceswith the Boers. ]

III

January 1, 1896. --With the dawn of day I am out of bed and at thewindow waiting for the cry of the newsboy. 

What will the New Year bring us?

With nervous dread I opened the paper brought to my door. In largeheadlines it told of disaster. 

The Natal train filled with refugee women and children has beenwrecked, with great loss of life. The papers say forty have beenkilled outright, and many fearfully injured. Entire families have beenwiped out in some cases. Mr. ---- has lost his wife, his sister, andthree little children. This is the result of a Boer concession. Theaccident was caused by the Netherlands carriages being poorly builtand top-heavy. In rounding a curve they were swung off thetrack--collapsed at once like card-houses, crushing and mangling thehelpless and crowded occupants. 

The deputation to Pretoria did not leave last night, as was expected. They go this morning instead. 

My husband is greatly disturbed at the delay. He says time is allimportant, and the Reform Committee's hands should not be tied whilethe Boers gain time. 

Reports of Jameson's meeting the enemy have been amplified. Now it issaid that fifty of his men have been killed and three hundred Boers. Sir John Willoughby is believed to be shot. 

I drove out to my home to reassure my women, Mr. Sharwood havingbrought in word that the coachman Adams had almost caused a panic byhis garish tipsy account of 'what was going on in town, ' and 'the manyrisks he ran when taking the mistress out. '

Parker was overjoyed to see me, and so was Totsey. I found allstaunch, and ready, not only to protect themselves, but to fightanything, particularly the valiant Adams. 

On my way back to town I heard firing beyond the ridge east of us. Some men at practice probably, but it gave me a wrench and detractedfrom Adams's dignified bearing. More organising and drilling oftroops. I hear there is much suffering among them. The book-keeper, clerks, and indoor men find the unaccustomed exposure and fatiguetrying in the extreme. But they are a plucky lot, and stand for hourson guard in the scorching sun, and walk miles with their poorblistered feet with pathetic cheerfulness; swooning in many cases attheir posts rather than give in; to a man, eager to fight. 

Betty and I began our daily visits to the women and children at theWanderers' and Tattersall's to-day. At the Wanderers' alone are nearlythree hundred. The wonderful provision made for their health andcomfort spoke well for the intelligence as well as heart of theReform Committee, and Mr. Lingham, an American, who has that especialdepartment in charge. We found the dancing-hall of the Wanderers'converted into a huge dormitory, the supper-room into a sick ward, andthe skating-rink reserved for women newly confined--fright andexcitement having brought on many premature births. There is a matronin charge of the sick, and a medical inspector, who comes twice a dayto visit the different wards. I overheard him soundly berate a motherwho kept her children too much indoors. The food was good, and therewas plenty of it. Fresh cow's milk was supplied to the children. Inoticed a large vessel of galvanised iron marked 'Boiled water fordrinking purposes. ' The little children were romping and tumblingabout with great energy. The women were wonderfully patient, Ithought, and firm in their adherence to the cause. This in some caseswas but vaguely understood, but there was a general belief that therewas 'goin' to be some fighten, ' which was sure to make us all betteroff. I heard but one complaint, and that from a hulking slouch of aman who had sneaked in from duty to take a nap on the foot of his sickwife's pallet. He complained of the food, showing me the remains ofdainties given out to the sick woman, and _which he had helped her toeat_. The woman looked up at me with haggard eyes: 'It ain't thevittles, but the pain that's worrying me, ma'am. '

A touching sight were the yelping dogs of every breed, family petstethered to the fence outside. All canteens are closed by order of theReform Committee as a precautionary measure, and where there was doubtof these precautions being observed, the liquors were bought andthrown away. 

Hundreds of varying rumours are afloat, which rush and swirl alonguntil lost in distorting eddies. 

This afternoon a horseman went through the town distributing aProclamation from the High Commissioner, Sir Hercules Robinson:--

 PROCLAMATION BY

 _His Excellency the Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robinson, Bart. , Member of Her Majesty's Most Hon. Privy Council, K. C. B. , of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, Governor, Commander-in-Chief of Her Majesty's Colony of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and of the Territories, Dependencies thereof, Governor of the Territory of British Bechuanaland, and Her Majesty's Commissioner, &c. , &c_. 

 'Whereas it has come to my knowledge that certain British subjects, said to be under the leadership of Dr. Jameson, have violated the territory of the South African Republic, and have cut telegraph wires, and done various other illegal acts; and

 'Whereas the South African Republic is a friendly State in amity with Her Majesty's Government; and whereas it is my desire to respect the independence of the said State:

 'Now therefore I hereby command the said Dr. Jameson and all persons accompanying him, to immediately retire from the territory of the South African Republic, on pain of the penalties attached to their illegal proceedings; and I do further hereby call upon all British subjects in the South African Republic to abstain from giving the said Dr. Jameson any countenance or assistance in his armed violation of the territory of a friendly State. 

 'GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. 

 'Given under my hand and seal this 31st day of December, 1895. 

 'HERCULES ROBINSON, 'High Commissioner. 

 'By command of His Excellency the High Commissioner. '

Johannesburg is dumfounded!

The sixth edition of the 'Star' this evening says that Jameson is onlyfifteen miles away, and that he has had a second encounter with theBoers. The populace has recovered from the Proclamation, and theirwild enthusiasm can scarcely be restrained. They want to go out tomeet Jameson and bring him in with triumphal outcry. It is hard to beonly a 'she-thing' and stay in the house with a couple of limber-kneedmen, when such stirring happenings are abroad. 

11 P. M. --Mr. Lionel Phillips has just addressed the crowd collectedaround the 'Gold Fields' waiting for news. He told them that theReform Committee Delegation--of which he was one--had been receivedwith courtesy by the Government Commission, the Chief Justice of theRepublic acting as chairman. 

They were assured that their proposals should be earnestly considered. Mr. Phillips then explained what was wanted, and reiterated the ReformCommittee's determination to stand by the Manifesto. He also told theCommission that the leaders of the Reform Committee had arranged withJameson to come to their assistance when necessary, but thatunfortunately he had come before required, probably through somemisunderstanding or false report. While the Reform Committee regrettedJameson's precipitate action, they would stand by him. And as they hadno means of stopping him they offered to prove their good faith bygiving their own persons as hostages that Jameson should leaveJohannesburg peacefully if he were allowed to come in unmolested. Thisoffer was rejected by the Commission, but a list of the names of theReform Committee was asked for. [3]

As a result of this interview the Government decided to accept theoffer made by Her Majesty's High Commissioner to come to Pretoria tosettle differences and avoid bloodshed. An armistice was then agreedupon pending the High Commissioner's arrival. Mr. Phillips was ofteninterrupted by the crowd, some with cheers and others hooting. Onevoice called out, 'And how about Jameson?' Mr. Phillips answered, 'Iam instructed by the Reform Committee to state to you, as I did to theGovernment, that we intend to stand by Jameson. Gentlemen, I now callupon you to give three cheers for Dr. Jameson. ' There was prolongedand enthusiastic cheering. 

The Reform Committee has sent out J. J. Lace to escort a messenger fromthe British Agent, who carries the Proclamation, and also to explainthe situation to Dr. Jameson. 

It is said that Lieutenant Eloff was captured by Jameson some milesbeyond Krugersdorp. Eloff declaring he had official orders to obstructhis advance, Jameson expressed his determination to go on, but addedthat he had no hostile intentions against the Government. 

JANUARY 2. --Betty and I sat up all night. The excitement is toointense to admit of hunger or fatigue. We know nothing beyond therumours of the street. Jameson is said to be at Langlaagte, fightinghis way into town, the Boers in hot pursuit. 

Mademoiselle has asked leave to go to the Convent to make her will. 

In the streets, private carriages, army wagons, Cape carts andambulances graze wheels. Every hour or two a fresh edition of the'Star' is published; public excitement climbing these bulletins, likesteps on a stair. We sit a half-dozen women in the parlour at Heath'sHotel. Two sisters weep silently in a corner. Their father is managerof the 'George and May'; a battle has been fought there a couple ofhours ago. No later news has come to them. A physician, with a hugered-cross badge around his arm, puts his head in at the door, andtells his wife that he is going out with an ambulance to bring in thewounded. At this we are whiter than before, if it were possible. 

Poor Mademoiselle returned an hour ago and was obliged to go to bed, done up with the nervous tension. 

Jacky is loose on the community; in spite of energetic endeavours(accompanied by the laying-on of hands in my case) his Aunt Betty andI cannot restrain his activity. He is intimate with the frequenters ofthe hotel bar, and on speaking terms with half the town. The day seemsendless. 

Things have gone so far, men want the issue settled, and perhaps theirresponsible are eager for a little blood-letting; there are certainprimitive instincts which are latent in us all, and the thought of waris stimulating. 

Mr. Lace returned this afternoon and reported that he had riddenthrough the lines to Jameson. He had had very little speech with thedoctor, as the time was short, and the messenger bearing theproclamation of the High Commissioner was also present. Jameson askedwhere the troops were. Lace told him that he could not rely on anyassistance from the Uitlanders, as they were unprepared, and anarmistice had been declared between the Boer Government and the peopleof Johannesburg. 

LATER. --News is brought of a battle fought at Doornkop this forenoon, and _Jameson has surrendered_. Johannesburg has gone mad. 

MIDNIGHT. --My husband has just come in, his face as white and drawn asa death mask. 

We talked earnestly, and then I insisted upon his going to bed, andfor the first time in three days he drew off his clothes and lay downto rest. The exhausted man now sleeps heavily; I sit beside himwriting by the spluttering candle. Now, while it is fresh in my mind, I am trying to put down all that I have just heard from my husband. 

He told me the Reform Committee were greatly surprised when theyreceived the report of Mr. Lace, as Jameson had no right to expectaid and succour from Johannesburg for the following reasons:--

_First_. --In answer to a telegram from Jameson, expressingrestlessness at the delay, my husband wired him on December 27 avigorous protest against his coming. 

_Second_. --Strong and emphatic messages were taken by Major Heaney, one of Jameson's own officers, to the same effect, also by Mr. Holden. Major Heaney went by special train from Kimberley, and Mr. Holden onhorseback across country. 

These messages informed Dr. Jameson that the time had not arrived forhis coming; that the people of Johannesburg were without arms, andthat his coming would defeat the aim and purposes of the wholemovement; and, further, that he could not expect any aid orco-operation from the people of Johannesburg. 

Notwithstanding all this, Jameson left Pitsani Sunday night, and thefirst intimation which Johannesburg had of his advance was throughtelegrams received Monday afternoon. 

The Reform Committee, thus informed of Jameson's coming, and knowingthat he was fully aware of their unarmed condition, believed that herelied only on his own forces to reach Johannesburg; and the Committeewere assured by Major Heaney and Captain White (two of Jameson'sofficers, the latter having two brothers with the invading force) thatno Boer force could stop him in his march; and this was confirmed byone of Jameson's troopers, who came from him this morning of thesurrender, and reported that he was getting along well; that, althoughhis horses were tired, he would reach Johannesburg within a few hours, and that he needed no assistance. 

The hope of the Committee was that, after receiving the proclamationof the High Commissioner, Jameson would retrace his steps instead ofpushing on. 

Monday, when we first heard of his starting, there were only 1, 000guns, and very little ammunition in the country, and these werehidden away at the different mines. One thousand five hundred moreguns arrived next day. So desperate was the extremity, these guns weresmuggled in at great risk of being discovered by the Boer Custom Houseofficials, under a thin covering of coke on ordinary coal cars. Butfor the bold courage of several men, who rushed the coke through, theywould have fallen into the hands of the Boers. The leaders had takenas few men as was possible into their confidence, so as to reduce to aminimum all liability of their plans being discovered by theGovernment. They had made almost no organisation, and Jameson's suddenoncoming placed them in a terrible position. To confess at thisjuncture that the Reform Committee was short of guns would havedemoralised the people, and placed Johannesburg entirely at the mercyof the Boers. These leaders played a losing game with splendidcourage. Realising that all would be lost if the true situation weresuspected, and feeling the fearful responsibility of their position, they kept their counsel, and turned bold faces to the world, continuing to treat with Government with the independence ofwell-armed men, and men ready to fight. 

When the news of Jameson's surrender was confirmed this evening, thesurging crowd around the 'Gold Fields' became an excited and dangerousmob. Pressing thickly together, in their frenzy, they began to mutterthreats against the Reform Committee, and demanded, 'Where is Jameson?We thought you promised to stand by Jameson! Why didn't you give usguns and let us go out to help Jameson?'

Plans were made to blow up the 'Gold Fields' where the Reformers satin session. Several gentlemen of the Committee essayed to speak fromthe windows, but were received with howls and curses from the stormytumult below. At last Mr. Samuel Jameson, brother to Dr. Jameson, madehimself heard:--

'I beg you, for my brother's sake, to maintain a spirit of calmrestraint. We have done everything in our power for him, and used ourvery best judgment. In face of the complicated circumstances, no othercourse could have been taken. '

It was as oil on the troubled waters. 

 JANUARY 3. --

 FROM THE REFORM COMMITTEE. 

The Reform Committee issued the following notice at noon:--

 '_Resolved_: That in view of the declaration by the Transvaal Government to Her Majesty's Agent that the mediation of the High Commissioner has been accepted, and that no hostile action will be taken against Johannesburg pending the results of these negotiations, the Committee emphatically direct that under no circumstances must any hostile action be taken by the supporters of the Reform Committee, and that in the event of aggressive action being taken against them, a flag of truce be shown, and the position explained. 

 'In order to avoid any possibility of collision, definite orders have been given. The matter is now left with the mediation of the High Commissioner, and any breach of the peace in the meanwhile would be an act of bad faith. 

 'By order of the Committee. '

Deep and universal depression follows upon the great excitement. Jameson and his men are prisoners of war in Pretoria. Armed Boertroops encircle the town. 

One man said to me to-day: 'If we do get the franchise after losingonly thirty men, how much we will have gained and at how cheap aprice. '

It was a man's view; birth and death could never mean so little to awoman!

JANUARY 4. --The High Commissioner has arrived at Pretoria. 

They say poor Dr. Jameson is greatly dejected, and never speaks to asoul. 

JANUARY 5. --This beautiful Sunday, quiet and serene, dawns upon usfree of the sounds of the past week. No cries of newspaper boys norhurry of wheels. A couple of bands of recruits drilled for a whilesedately on Government Square, and then marched away. It is wonderfulto an American woman, who still retains a vivid recollection ofPresidential Elections, to see two warring factions at the mostcritical point of dispute mutually agree to put down arms and waitover the Sabbath, and more wonderful yet seems the self-restraint ofgoing without the daily paper. The George Washington Corps attended aspecial service. The hymns were warlike and the sermon strong andanything but pacific. 

JANUARY 6. --The Government issues an ultimatum: Johannesburg must laydown its arms. 

The letter of invitation signed by Messrs. Charles Leonard, FrancisRhodes, Lionel Phillips, John Hays Hammond and George Farrar, invitingDr. Jameson to come to the succour of Johannesburg under certaincontingencies, was printed in this morning's paper. It was picked upon the battlefield, in a leathern pouch, supposed to be Dr. Jameson'ssaddle-bag. _Why in the name of all that is discreet and honourabledidn't he eat it!_

Two messengers from the High Commissioner, Sir Jacobus de Wet, theBritish Agent, and Sir Sydney Shippard, were received by the ReformCommittee this morning. De Wet told them that Johannesburg must laydown its arms to save Jameson and his officers' lives; that unlessthey complied with this appeal, which he made on behalf of the HighCommissioner, who was in Pretoria ready to open negotiations, Johannesburg would be responsible for the sacrifice of Jameson and hisfellow prisoners. It would be impossible for the Government to conductnegotiations with the High Commissioner for redress of grievancesuntil arms were laid down. He urged them to comply with this appeal toprevent bloodshed, and promised that they could depend upon theprotection of the High Commissioner, and that not 'a hair of theirheads would be touched. ' After much discussion, the Committee agreedto lay down their arms. 

Betty and Mrs. Clement were busy all the morning giving out books andflowers which had been generously sent by various ladies andcommercial firms for distribution among the women and children at theWanderers' and Tattersall's. Betty says the women were most grateful. They are busy, hard-working women, and the enforced leisure is verytrying to them. She spoke with the manager of Tattersall's; he thankedher for her gifts, remarking, with some weariness in his tone: 'Youdon't know, Miss, how hard it is to keep the women amused andcontented--and several of them have been confined!' as if that, too, were a proof of insubordination. 

My husband tells me that the Committee is to hold a meeting atmidnight, and another at six to-morrow morning. He says that LionelPhillips nearly fainted from exhaustion to-day. Mr. Phillips isconsistent and brave, and George Farrar, too, is proving himself ahero. Dear old Colonel, with the kind thoughtfulness so characteristicof him, never fails to ask how we are bearing the trial. 

JANUARY 7. --Sir Jacobus de Wet and Sir Sydney Shippard addressed thepopulace from the Band Club balcony, exhorting them to accept theultimatum. 

LATER. --I have had such a reassuring conversation with Sir SydneyShippard this evening. He is a most intelligent man, and speaks withsuch fluent decisiveness that all he says carries conviction. I amtold that Sir Jacobus's speech was a rambling, poor affair and weak;the crowd showed a restlessness that at one time threatened to becomedangerous. He was fortunately pulled down by his coat-tails before thecrowd lost self-control. 

Sir Sydney's speech, on the contrary, was strong and full of feeling. He told the people that he sympathised deeply with them in theirstruggle for what he believed to be their just rights, but that beingan English Government official he could take no part. He reminded themthat Jameson was lying in prison, his life and the lives of hisfollowers in great jeopardy. The Government had made one condition forhis safety: the giving up of their arms. 'Deliver them up to your HighCommissioner, and not only Jameson and his men will be safe, but alsothe welfare of those concerned in this movement--I mean the leaders. 'He continued: 'I, whose heart and soul are with you, say again thatyou should follow the advice of the High Commissioner, and I beg youto go home and to your ordinary avocations; deliver up your arms toyour High Commissioner, and if you do that you will have no occasionto repent it. '

JANUARY 8. --Arms are being delivered up. About 1, 800 guns alreadyhanded in. The Government assert that we are not keeping our agreementand are holding back the bulk of the guns. My husband tells me thatthese are being given up as fast as possible, but that there are notover 2, 700 among the entire Uitlander population. The Reform Committeehas assured the High Commissioner that they are keeping good faith, but that they never had more than about 2, 700. The disarmament isuniversally considered the first step to an amicable settlement. TheReform Committee has sent out orders and the guns are coming quietlyin. Everybody feels a certain relief now that the strain is eased; themembers of the Committee are dropping down into all sorts of oddplaces to make up for the lost sleep of the past week. Dozens arestretched on the floor of the club rooms. Some steady-going gentlemenof abstemious habit are unprejudiced enough to allow themselves to befound under the tables wrapped in slumber as profound as that ofinfancy. 

In contrast to my feelings of yesterday I am almost joyous. But forpoor impetuous Jameson and the newly dead and wounded of Doornkop, Icould laugh again. 

The women are going back to the mines. Many brave little men who haveremained in the shade to comfort their wives now step boldly to thefront and tell us what they would have done if it had really come to aquestion of fighting. There is so much talk of _moral courage_ fromthese heroes, I fear it is the only kind of courage which theypossess. One gentleman, not conspicuous for his bravery during thepreceding days, gravely said to me: 'If there had been war, I wonderif I should have had the moral courage to keep out of the fight?' Ilooked into his face, and, seeing there his character, answered withdryness, 'Oh! I suspect you would. ' He was too complaisant toappreciate the sarcasm. God made little as well as great things! Isuppose we should love all humanity, even if it be in the spirit of acollector of curios. 

The protracted excitement has caused several deaths from heartfailure, and I heard of two cases of acute mania. There woulddoubtless have been a far greater mortality but for the fact thatJohannesburg is populated by young and, for the most part, vigorousmen and women. 

I hear that Dr. Jameson answered, when asked after his first night inthe Pretoria jail if there was anything he would like to have, 'Nothing, thank you, but flea powder. '

I sat on the verandah with Sir Sydney Shippard and Betty this eveningand watched the 'Zarps'[4] take control of the town. There was noremonstrance on the part of the populace. 

LATER. --It is rumoured that a Commando of Boers will attack the townto-night. The place is practically defenceless; most of the men havingreturned to their work and the companies being disbanded. [5]

JANUARY 9. --There is a fearful impression abroad this morning that theReform Committee, or at least the leaders, will be arrested. Myhusband comforts me by saying the Government could not pursue such acourse after having recognised the Reform Committee and offered notonly to consider, but reform the grievances which have brought allthis trouble about. He declares that Great Britain would not allowthis after commanding her subjects to disarm and promising them herprotection, and to see that their wrongs were righted. 

'It would be the worst sort of faith, ' he insists. 

NOON. --The situation is very strained. I can see that my husband istrying to prepare me for his possible arrest. 'It will merely be amatter of form. ' Ah me! I can read in his grave face another truth. May God in His mercy grant us a happy issue out of all ourafflictions. 

At a quarter to ten on the night of January 9, my husband, with twodozen others of the Reform Committee, was arrested and thrown intojail on the charge of rebellion and high treason. They had heard thatthis was probable several hours earlier in the day. 

The four leaders were secretly offered a safe conduct over the border, but refused to forsake their comrades and the Cause. Leaving wordwhere he was to be found, and with the further stipulation that nohandcuffs were to be used in his arrest, or 'he would blow the brainsout of the first man who approached him, ' my husband hastened tobreak the news gently to us. I packed a tiny handbag with necessariesand filled his pockets with cakes of chocolate; chocolate wasnourishing, and would sustain a hungry man hours, even days. We satdown hand in hand to wait for the officer, Betty in delicacy havingleft us alone together. 

The Australians were giving a banquet below stairs, and as we clung toeach other we could hear their shouts of boisterous mirth andhand-clapping. We started up at a tap on the door. A friend to tell usthe officer was waiting at the street entrance. I helped my husbandinto his coat and we kissed each other good-bye. He was filled withsolicitude for me. My thoughts were of the two thousand excited Boerslaagered between Johannesburg and Pretoria, but recollection of myunborn child steadied me and gave me self-command. 

Kind Mrs. Heath came to me, and, putting her arms about my shoulders, led me gently back into the bedroom, 'Mrs. Heath, will you pleasetell my sister-in-law that I am alone?' and Betty knew what hadhappened and came to me at once. Some time later Mr. John Stroyanbrought a note from my husband:--

 Johannesburg Jail--2 A. M. 

 'We are well--a couple of dozen--waiting for the train to Pretoria. Don't worry. 

 'Yours, J. H. H. '

Then nature came to my relief. My overtaxed nerves refused to bear anymore--they were paralysed. I threw myself across the foot of my littleboy's bed, and lay like a dead woman until the morning broke. .. . 

Many days afterward I heard further details of the arrest. Some of theincidences were amusing, as was the polite borrowing and making use ofMr. King's carriage--he being one of the Reformers--for conveyance ofthe prisoners to the gaol. At the Rand Club there was so large acollection of Reformers, that the carriages, even over-crowded, couldnot carry them all. Lieuts. De Korte and Pietersen, the officers incharge, said in the most friendly manner, 'Very well, gentlemen, someof you must wait until we can come back for you. ' And they _did_ wait. Colonel Rhodes was taken from his own home; roused from his bed, hestood brushing his hair with martial precision, and expressing to theofficer his regret at putting him to the trouble of waiting while hedressed, Mr. Seymour Fort meanwhile packing his valise. 'Fort, oldman, put in some books, ' said the Colonel, who is a great reader; 'allthe books you can find;' and Mr. Fort threw in book after book--bigones and little ones; and for this lavish provision the poor Colonelpaid dearly some hours later, in company with several husbands, whosewives in excess of tenderness had provided them with every knowntoilette luxury filled into silver-topped cut crystal bottles. Thesight of these afflicted men carrying their heavy burdens from thestation to the prison at Pretoria was both amusing and dramatic. Attimes their speech reached the epic. 

The sad side was poor Sam Jameson, crippled and broken withrheumatism--a seriously ill man--accompanied to the very prison gatesby his ever-faithful wife; and the second lot of Reformers, sent toPretoria the following morning, met with an experience which some ofthem have never since been able to speak of without turning white. Bythe hour of their arrival the whole country round about Pretoria knewof their coming, and a large and violent mob was gathered at therailroad station to receive them. Through some misadventure, aninadequate guard was detailed to march them to the gaol. The prisonerswere set upon by the mob, reviled, stoned, and spat upon, the officersin charge trampling them under their horses' hoofs, in their vain andexcited endeavours to protect them. The poor prisoners reached thejail in a full run, bruised and breathless, but thankful for theasylum the prison door afforded them from their merciless pursuers. They were quickly locked into cells. For many hours they had nottasted food. The first Reformers imprisoned slipped in to them a partof their own provisions, but as it was quickly and stealthily done onecell would receive the pannikin of meat, another the tin of potatoes, &c. The cells were in a filthy condition. As has been truly said, aBoer prison is not built for gentlemen. It was an unavoidablemisfortune that this prison, which had up to this time housed onlyrefractory Kaffirs, should by force of circumstance become thedomicile for six long dreary months, and through a hot tropicalsummer, of gentlemen nurtured in every decency. Captain Mein told methat he stood the greater part of that first night rather than situpon the filthy floor, but exhaustion at length conquered hisrepugnance. These were times which proved men's natures. It distilledthe very essence of a man, and if anywhere in his make-up was the saltof selfishness, it was pretty sure to appear. Many who before hadappreciated Charlie Butter's open hospitality, realised now that itwas more than kindliness which prompted him to give up his lastswallow of whisky to a man who was older or weaker than himself. Andthey tell me that my own good man's cheery spirits helped along many afellow of more biliary temperament. 

The four leaders were put into a cell 11 feet by 11 feet, which wasclosed in by an inner court. There was no window, only a narrow grilleover the door. The floor was of earth and overrun by vermin. Of thefour canvas cots two were blood-stained, and all hideously dirty. Theywere locked in at 6 o'clock--one of them ill with dysentery--and therethey remained sweltering and gasping through the tropical night untilsix of the morning. For two weeks they remained in this cell. Meanwhile, I knew nothing of my husband's plight, being mercifullydeceived by both him and our friends, every day Mr. Heath bringing toParktown telegrams from my husband assuring me of his good treatmentby the Government, and imploring me not to worry. 

The Reform Committee consisted of seventy-eight members; sixty-fourwere arrested. One of this number subsequently committed suicide in atemporary fit of insanity caused by protracted anxiety and prisonhardship. 

The Committee was composed of men of many nationalities and variousprofessions--lawyers, doctors, and, with only one or two exceptions, all the leading mining men on the Rand. The Young Men's ChristianAssociation was well represented, and a Sunday-school Superintendentwas one of the list. 

I returned to my home, and was in the doctor's care, and attended by aprofessional nurse. 

By my Journal I see how good was Mr. Seymour Fort and how faithful Mr. Manion, the American Consular Agent, during this time of trial. Fromthe flat of my back I listened to and took into consideration manyplans suggested for the liberation of my husband. One lady proposedgetting up a petition, which she would take to England to the Queen. It was to be headed with my name, as wife of one of the leaders: Mrs. Lionel Phillips being in Europe, and Mrs. George Farrar at the Cape;Colonel Rhodes a bachelor. I had small hopes of the success of thingswhich had to be sent to Court, or placed before Courts. The subjectwas dismissed. 

Then there was another plan thought out by a very shrewd man, andbrought to my bedside, 'news which concerns your husband' being apassport to any one. I was to go at once to Cape Town, see Mr. CecilRhodes, and demand one hundred thousand dollars from him. 

'What for?' I asked. 

'You see, ' said the gentleman, 'your husband and those other men aregoing to be tried _sure_, and we need money to lobby Pretoria. '

I was stupid--it was my first Revolution--and I hadn't the least ideawhat lobbying Pretoria meant. My friend gave me a sketchy view of itsmeaning, and assured me it was usually done in grave cases. 

'But it will kill me to leave my bed and start for Cape Townto-morrow, ' I exclaimed. 

My adviser delicately hinted that my husband's life was of more valuethan my own. On this point we agreed. I was to make Mr. Rhodesunderstand that we didn't want any more 'tom-fool military men up hereto ball up the game. '

He was to give the money to me unconditionally, to be disbursed as myfriend saw fit. We rehearsed the part several times; I was hopelesslydull!

'And now, ' he questioned, 'if Rhodes refuses to give you the money, what will you do?'

I thought of Jael and Charlotte Corday, and all the other women whohad to do with history, and said, 'I suppose I'll have to shoot him. '

My preceptor looked discouraged. We went over the part once again. 

It is but fair to say that he had made every provision for my comfort. Attendants were ready, and at the right moment I have no doubt butthat a neat pine coffin could have been produced. Reflection, however, showed me the inadvisability of this project; but I was happily sparedthe embarrassment of drawing back from promised compliance. 

There was a higher power ruling. The next morning's papers announcedthe sailing of C. J. Rhodes for England. 

The morning of January 10th, Johannesburg disarmed, and the Reformersin prison, the President of the Transvaal Republic issued aproclamation offering pardon to all who should lay down their arms, and declaring them to be exempt from prosecution on account of whathad occurred at Johannesburg--'_with the exception of all persons orbodies who may appear to be principal criminals, leaders, instigators, or perpetrators of the troubles at Johannesburg and suburbs_. Suchpersons or bodies will justify themselves before the legal andcompetent Courts of this Republic'

The principal criminals, leaders, instigators, or perpetrators werethe same to whom was tendered the olive-branch brought from Pretoriaby Messrs. Malan and Marais, acting envoys by the unanimous vote ofthe Executive; and three of these same principal criminals, leaders, instigators, or perpetrators were received seven days since, asrepresentatives of the Reform Committee, in a conciliatory spirit bythe Government's Special Commission, and told that their demands wouldbe earnestly considered. During the intervening seven days Dr. Jamesonhad been conquered at Doornkop and made a prisoner of the State. TheReform Committee, in obedience to Sir Jacobus de Wet's long and prolixsolicitation, and the strong appeal of Sir Sydney Shippard, assuringthem that Jameson's life was in imminent danger, and the Governmenthad made Johannesburg's disarmament the one condition of his safety, laid down their arms to preserve the life of a man already protectedby the terms of his own surrender. 'Placing themselves, ' cables theHigh Commissioner to Mr. Chamberlain, 'and their interestsunreservedly in my hands, in the fullest confidence that I will seejustice done them. ' The sixty-four Reformers were then promptly driveninto jail, and their property placed under an interdict. 

Six months later, the four principal leaders were tried and sentencedto be hanged by their necks until they were dead, by a judge _broughtfrom a neighbouring Republic, the Orange Free State_, for thatpurpose. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 3: This list was used as a roll-call a week later in thearrest of the Sixty-four members. ]

[Footnote 4: Abbreviated term for South African police. ]

[Footnote 5: The following cablegram will show that there were verysubstantial grounds for the rumour:--

'Sir Hercules Robinson (Pretoria) to Mr. Chamberlain. --8thJanuary--No. 3. Since my telegram No. 1 of this morning matters havenot been going so smoothly. When the Executive Council met I receiveda message that only 1, 814 rifles and three Maxim guns had beensurrendered, which the Government of the South African Republic didnot consider a fulfilment of the ultimatum, and orders would beimmediately issued to a Commando to attack Johannesburg. I at oncereplied that the ultimatum required the surrender of guns andammunition for which no permit of importation had been obtained, andthat onus rested with the Transvaal Government to show that guns andammunition were concealed for which no permit had been issued. Ifbefore this was done any hostile step were taken against JohannesburgI should consider it a violation of the undertaking for which I hadmade myself personally responsible to the people of Johannesburg, andI should leave the issue in the hands of Her Majesty's Government . .. ']

IV

SUNDAY, JANUARY 12. --Mr. And Mrs. Perkins called this morning toadvise Betty's not going immediately to Pretoria, as was herintention. Mr. Perkins said that the Boer feeling was very bitter, andforeign women were insulted in the streets. Advocate Wessels has alsowritten to me, insisting upon my waiting two or three days, as mypresence in Pretoria could do no good, and might prejudice myhusband's cause. A little trunk was packed and sent to my husband lastnight. I got out of bed to superintend, and felt tragically tender asI watched the things laid in. A fresh suit of clothes, some personaland bed linen, towels, shoes, family photographs, flea powder, ginger-snaps, beef essence, soap, my little down pillow, and hisbeloved and well-read Shakespeare. I was able to sit up for an hourthis afternoon to receive Sir Sydney Shippard, Mr. Seymour Fort, andMr. Manion. 

Yesterday the Governor of Natal, Sir Walter Hely Hutchinson, startedfor Pretoria to confer with the High Commissioner in regard to thetransport of Dr. Jameson and his men through Natal. They are to behanded over to the English Government. 

Search parties of mounted Boers are going about looking for hiddenguns. The Robinson Mine seems to be the spot most suspected. 

Yesterday's 'Volksstem'--a Government organ--recalled to the minds ofthe Boers the Slachter Nek affair of eighty years ago--a story ofBoers hung by Englishmen for their insistence in punishing a negroslave according to established custom. What a cruel sinistersuggestion underlies this![6]

Keen resentment is felt here against the young German Emperor and hisindiscreet message to Kruger. I never dreamed years ago, when I usedto see him, a tall, slender-legged boy in Berlin, that in maturity Ishould have so strong a desire to chastise him. England hascommissioned a Flying Squadron, and the forces at Cape Town are to bestrongly augmented. 

JANUARY 13. --Mr. Manion showed me to-day a cable from the UnitedStates Secretary of State, Mr. Olney. 'Take instant measures toprotect John Hays Hammond, and see that he has fair play. ' It broughtsuch a feeling of confidence and comfort! All he wants _is_ fair play, and I pray to God that he may be protected until he gets it. 

Many business meetings had to be postponed to-day on account of thelarge number of influential men in jail. I hear from Mr. ---- that onThursday and Friday it was most difficult to keep the Boers fromstorming the town. President Kruger dissuaded them by promising each anew suit of clothes. These they have since been seen carrying, tiedto the cantle of their saddles. 

Feeling is strong and bitter against the leaders; they are heldresponsible for all the trouble brought about by the Jameson invasion. 

Commandant Cronje's Burgher force paraded the street thismorning--they are the men who captured Jameson. Jameson is the god ofthe hour, and Johannesburg resented the intrusion; but for the sake oftheir hero, still in the power of the Government, there was noindication of intolerance beyond a few audible sarcasms; remarks whichwere answered in kind by the Burghers. 

Betty says they were an interesting-looking body of men;strong-framed, heavy-featured, with long unkempt hair and beards. Theyrode shaggy, moth-eaten-looking little ponies, each man with a bundleof hay bound to his saddle and a sausage in his wallet. Fathers amongthem as hale as the brawny sons by their sides. They looked capableof any amount of fatigue. 

Numbers of stray dogs and cats attest the many deserted homes. 

JANUARY 15. --Every train brings women and children, hobby-horses andcanary birds back to their homes in Johannesburg. Betty has returned, accompanied by Mr. Seymour Port, from Pretoria. She gives a veryspirited account of her visit. Through Mr. Sauer, one of the advocatesretained by the Reformers, a visiting permit was obtained. She and Mr. Fort were obliged to wait several hours, in company with a crowd ofwives, at the prison gates, under a broiling sun. All were loaded downwith offerings. 

Betty's own donation was several green-lined umbrellas (a god-send ina whitewashed court beat upon by a tropical sun). After being admittedeach lady was taken into a private room and 'felt all over by a Boerwoman, ' who was so fat, Betty declares, 'she must have grown up inthe room, as she could not possibly have got through the door, evensideways. '

In the prison court the prisoners were sitting about in greatdiversity of costume, pyjamas predominating. The weather wassuffocatingly hot. To while away the tedious time some were playingmarbles, others reading, and a few of the most active brains on theRand were caught dozing at midday, in a strip of shadow the width ofone's hand, the sole shade in the whole enclosure. Colonel Bettingtonsat on a bench near the entrance in a peculiar and striking costumewhich proved to be, to those who had courage to linger and analyse, pyjama drawers rolled to the knees, a crash towel draped with happyblending of coolness and perfect propriety around body, noble Bedouinarrangement of wet crash towel on head, single eyeglass in eye, merrysmile. Mr. Lace was the only one of the company who could suddenlyhave been set down in Piccadilly without confusion to himself andbeholders. He wore a neat brown suit, pale pink shirt, and a_stylish_ straw sailor hat. The prisoners showed a touching interest, Betty says, in the distribution of their gifts. One husband asked hiswife almost before she was within arm's length what she had broughthim. She had brought him a box of Pasta Mack tabloids, andunfortunately there was not at that time a bath in the whole prison. Another gentleman was presented with a Cologne spray. He was the envyof the jail; within twenty-four hours every Cologne spray in Pretoriawas bought up and in the possession of the Reform Committee. 

The four leaders are kept apart. After much ceremony my husband wasallowed to see his sister at the door of the inner court where theyare housed. Jameson and his men are in a tiny cottage by themselves, and no communication whatever is allowed between the prisoners. Arrangements have been made with the authorities to allow food to beserved to the Reformers from the Pretoria Club at the prisoners'expense. The head jailer, Du Plessis, is a cousin of Kruger's. Aponderous man with a wild beard, a blood-shot eye, and a heavy voice. He is said to have gone to the President several days after the arrestand said, 'Those men are not like us, they are gentlemen, and cannotstand such hardships. ' $250, 000, 000 are estimated as being representedby the men within the four walls of the Pretoria jail. 

President Kruger suggests the adjournment of the Volksraad. Every onefeels this to be a wise move while party spirit runs so high. TheHollanders in the Transvaal are much more rabid against the Reformersthan the Boers. 

Mr. Chamberlain has cabled to the High Commissioner respecting theleaders in the recent rising. He points out that their imprisonmentmay disorganise the mining industry, and inquires as to what will bethe likely penalties. 

America has asked Great Britain to protect Americans arrested inJohannesburg. I hear that a Burgher, who saw some of the great ironpipes of the Waterworks Company being put in the ground, reachedPretoria in a state of intense excitement, exclaiming that he had seen'miles of big guns at Johannesburg. '

Mr. Andrew Trimble, chief detective and head of the Uitlander police, quitted Johannesburg the night of the arrest with much precipitation;unfortunately, before indeed he had filed away his most importantprivate papers. Following his hasty flight his office was carefullyguarded by Zarps; no one was allowed to enter--'Oh yes, the Kaffir boymight go in to clean up. ' A good friend of Mr. Trimble's, with sternaspect, instructed the boy to make a 'good job' of the room and burnall the papers strewn over the floor and desks. This was faithfullydone by the unconscious negro, to the entire satisfaction of all savethe Zarps in charge. 

It is said Dr. Jameson entered the Transvaal with his despatch-boxfilled with important papers in cypher, _and the cypher code withit_. I cannot believe this of any man in his sound senses. 

The High Commissioner left Pretoria by special train yesterday. Thiswas the man who offered his service as Mediator and was accepted byboth Uitlander and Boer. To placate the Boer he refrained fromvisiting Dr. Jameson and his men imprisoned at Pretoria, nor did hepermit Sir Jacobus de Wet to visit them. He never acquainted himselfwith the terms of Dr. Jameson's surrender. He commanded Johannesburgto disarm to appease the Boer, and this being successfullyaccomplished through the self-control of the Reform Committee, hedeparted with his gout and other belongings, leaving the unarmedbetrayed Reformers to shift for themselves. Was this being a Mediator?

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 6: This affair was the result of an interference by theEnglish. It arose out of the ill-treatment of a negro slave. The Boersresisted arrest, there was a clash of arms, and four of the Boers werehanged. ]

V

JANUARY 21. --The Burghers are disbanding and returning to their homes. 

Trade is thoroughly unsettled, and business of every kind is in anunsatisfactory condition. Great disorder prevails in the town. Scarcely a night but there is some sort of disturbance betweencitizens and police; the latter are mostly raw German recruits. 

Dr. Jameson and his officers left Pretoria yesterday. Dr. Jamesonlooked very downcast, and sat gazing stolidly before him until thetrain started. They were cheered at many places along the route. TheUnited States Government has thanked Mr. Chamberlain for his offer toprotect Americans in the Transvaal. 

All travellers coming into the country must submit to a rigorouspersonal search for firearms at Vereeniging. In one case even theinfant of the party was overhauled for guns and ammunition beforebeing handed over to the loving father, who had come down to meet hislittle family. 

LATER. --I came up to Pretoria this afternoon with Betty and the sicknurse. We were stopped at the station while the officials examined ourhandbags for cannon. This delay would have been irritating, but themen were so universally good-natured--little dull-witted, with noappreciation of fitness, but good-natured. We drove at once to theGrand Hotel, and I went to bed that I might look rested when I saw myhusband on the morrow. Lady de Wet and Dr. Messum, the prisonphysician, called to tell me the four men had been moved into theJameson Cottage, but I was asleep, and not allowed to be roused. Thereis comfort in being this much nearer to my poor prisoner. The hotel isfull of Reformers' wives, and there is much excitement and coming andgoing. We are warned to be cautious in what we say in public places, because of spies. Every woman has a nervous look on her face, and someof them shut the windows and doors before uttering even the mostcommonplace remarks. 

Pretoria lies in a shallow basin in the heart of the hills--a fittinghome for the Sleeping Princess. It is hushed and drowsy and overrun bya tangle of roses. Weeping willows edge the streets, which are wideand as neglected as a country road. Open gutters carry off, or rathercontain, the sewage of the town. Its altitude is lower than that ofJohannesburg, and the climate very relaxing. Every month or couple ofmonths the town is full of stir and life. The Boers trek in fromneighbouring farms with their long span of oxen, as many as eighteenand twenty being yoked to a wagon. They buy and sell, and partake ofthe Nacht Maal, or sacrament, laagered around the Dopper Church; andwith their dogs, Kaffirs, and oxen make of that square a mostunsavoury spot. 

JANUARY 24. --I have been several times to the prison, and have seen myhusband. He looks thin, but his face is much rested. He was greatlydistressed on my first visit at the change in my appearance, which Ideclared was most ungrateful, as I had put on my best clothes for theoccasion. His mouth showed a tendency to grow square at the corners; Ihad seen his children's do the same a thousand times in our nursery, and I turned away to conceal my emotion. 

The leaders are still kept apart from the other Reformers, a chalkedline showing the margin of their liberty. They are fairly comfortablein the Jameson Cottage. It contains two tiny rooms; in one all foursleep, and the other is used for a sitting-room. These are kept veryclean and bright. Mr. Farrar is housekeeper, and 'tidies up' with suchvigour that his three comrades threaten to give up their lodgings anddecamp. 

'Hang it all, ' says Mr. Phillips, 'we never sit down to a meal thatGeorge does not begin to sweep the floor'; 'And he takes our cups awayand begins washing them before we've finished our coffee, ' complainsthe Colonel. Mr. Farrar reproaches me for my husband's want of order. He says I have not trained him at all, which is quite the truth. Eachman has his chief treasures on a little shelf above his bed. The threehusbands have photographs of wife and children; Colonel Rhodes, thebachelor, a sponge-bag and pin-cushion. Every day I find a short listof things which they want got for them. It is many a long year sincethey had such simple desires: bed-sheets and pillow-cases, a shade fortheir window, Dutch dictionary, and lead pencils. 

JANUARY 25. --The Reformers, with the exceptions of Messrs. LionelPhillips, George Farrar, Colonel Rhodes, John Hays Hammond, and PercyFitzpatrick, are released to-day on bail of ten thousand dollarseach. They are not permitted to leave Pretoria however. 

JANUARY 27. --Dr. Jameson has sailed on the 'Victoria' for England. TheGovernor of Natal was hooted at Volksrust for congratulating PresidentKruger on his defeat of Jameson. 

We are again in Pretoria. I have asked for an interview with thePresident. 

 * * * * *

 _My First Prison Pass_

 BEWIJS VAN TOEGANG

 Aan den Cipier van de Gevangenis te Pretoria. 

 Verlof wordt verliend aan Mrs. Hammond en Miss Hammond en Lady de Wet

 Om den gevangene genaamd Hammond, Phillips, Rhodes en Farrar te bezoeken in Uwe tegenwoordigheid. 

 Den 22nd--1--1896. 

VI

Sir James Sivewright said, as I left my rooms for the President'shouse, 'I am glad that you are going. You will find a man with a roughappearance but a kind heart. ' Mr. Sammy Marx accompanied me. 

The home of the President of the South African Republic is anunpretentious dwelling, built of wood and on one floor. There is alittle piazza running across the front, upon which he is frequentlyseen sitting, smoking his pipe of strong Boer tobacco, with a coupleof his trusted burghers beside him. Two armed sentinels stood at thelatch gate. I hurried through the entrance. A negro nurse wasscurrying across the hall with a plump baby in her arms. A young manwith a pleasant face met me at the sitting-room door and invited meto enter. It was an old-fashioned parlour, furnished with blackhorse-hair, glass globes, and artificial flowers. A marble-toppedcentre table supported bulky volumes bound in pressed leather withlarge gilt titles. There were several men already in the room, Boers. Those nearest the door I saw regard me with a scowl. I was a womanfrom the enemy's camp. At the further end of the long room sat a largesallow-skinned man with long grizzled hair swept abruptly up from hisforehead. His eyes, which were keen, were partly obscured by heavyswollen lids. The nose was massive, but not handsome. The thin-lippedmouth was large and flexible, and showed both sweetness and firmness. A fine mouth! He wore a beard. It was President Kruger. He was fillinghis pipe from a moleskin pouch, and I noticed that his broad stoopingshoulders ended in arms abnormally long. We shook hands, and hecontinued to fill and light his pipe. Mr. Grobler, the pleasant-facedyoung man, grandson and Secretary to the President, observing that Iwas trembling with fatigue and suppressed excitement, offered me achair. We sat opposite each other, the President in the middle. Ispoke slowly, Mr. Grobler interpreting. This was hardly necessary, President Kruger answering much that I said before it was interpreted. I could understand him perfectly from my familiarity with German andespecially _Platt-Deutsch_. 

I explained that I had not come to talk politics. 'No, no politics, 'interrupted the President in a thick loud voice. Nor had I come to askfavour for my husband, as I felt assured that the honesty of hismotives would speak for themselves at the day of his trial; but I_had_ come as a woman and daughter of a Republic to ask him tocontinue the clemency which he had thus far shown, and to thank Mrs. Kruger for the tears which she had shed when Johannesburg was inperil. 

President Kruger relaxed a little. 'That is true, she did weep. ' Hefixed me with his shrewd glance. 'Where were you?' he asked abruptly. 

'I was in Johannesburg with my husband. '

'Were you not afraid?'

'Yes, those days have robbed me of my youth. '

'What did you think I was going to do?'

'I hoped that you would come to an understanding with the Reformers. '

His face darkened. 

'I was disappointed that the Americans went against me, ' he said. 

Mr. Sammy Marx rose and left the room. I was seized with one of thosesudden and unaccountable panics, and from sheer embarrassment--my moodwas far too tragic to admit of flippancy--blurted out, 'You must cometo America, Mr. President, as soon as all this trouble is settled, andsee how _we_ manage matters. '

Kruger's face lighted up with interest. 'I am too old to go so far. '

'No man is older than his brain, Mr. President'; and Kruger, who knewthat in all the trouble he had shown the mental vigour of a man in hisprime, accepted my praise with a hearty laugh. This was joined in bythe Boers from the other end of the room. 

Mrs. Kruger refused to see me, and I liked her none the less for herhonest prejudice. I stood to go. President Kruger rose, removed thepipe from between his teeth, and, coughing violently, gave me hishand. 

Mr. Grobler escorted me to the gate. 'Mrs. Hammond, I shall be glad toserve you in any way possible to me, ' he said with courtesy. 

'Then will you say to Mrs. Kruger that I am praying to the same Godthat peace may come?'

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 3. --The preliminary trial of the Reform Committeeprisoners was called this morning. The hearing was in the secondRaadzaal. Although the accommodation for the public was limited therewas a large crowd of Johannesburgers present. 

Shortly before ten o'clock an armed escort marched up to the jail forMessrs. Hammond, Phillips, Farrar, Fitz-Patrick, and Rhodes. The otherReformers stood in a bunch at the entrance of the hall. All theprincipal Government officials were present. Sir Jacobus de Wetappeared, accompanied by Mr. J. Rose Innes, Q. C. , who had come fromthe Cape to watch the case on behalf of the Imperial Government. 

Punctually at ten the State Attorney, Coster, took his seat, and, beginning with my husband's name, called the accused into Court. 

The sixty-four prisoners were assigned to rows of cane-bottomed chairsin the north-west corner of the building. The proceedings were inDutch, and continued throughout the day. With the exception of a few, none of the Reformers understood Dutch. The hall was withoutventilation, and overcrowded, and sixty-four more bored anddisconsolate-looking men, I believe, were never brought together. Someof them fanned vigorously with their hats, others gave themselves upto circumstance and sank into apathy. On the second day, profiting byexperience, fans and paper-backed novels were brought into the Courtroom by the arraigned. 

When the Reformers filed in I noticed my husband was not amongst them. Captain Mein caught my eye and beckoned me to come down from theladies' gallery. I hurried to him in some alarm. He told me that myhusband was not well, and handed me a permit which Advocate Sauer hadprocured for me. I went at once to the prison, and found my husbandwith acute symptoms of dysentery, a feeble pulse, and a heart whichmurmured when it beat. 

'Jack, ' I said, 'I am going to dig you out of this jail!'

He looked incredulous, and said despondently, 'I'd rather stay _here_than go to the prison hospital. '

'I'm not thinking of the prison hospital, ' simply to reassure him, andwith absolutely no plan of procedure in mind I smiled wisely. 

On my way back to the hotel I was perplexed and uncertain which end totry first--the American Government or the Government of the Transvaal. I decided upon the latter, and, assisted by Advocate Scholtz, set towork with such good effect that by the end of the day I had receivedpermission to remove my invalid into a private house and personallyattend him. Captain Mein cabled to Mr. David Benjamin, who was inEngland, for the use of his cottage. An answer returned within a fewhours, granting us cordial possession. 

I was told that we should be kept under strict guard and that anofficer would be lodged in the house with us. Colonel Bettingtonadvised me to ask the Government that this officer might be Lieutenantde Korte, who was a gentleman, and a man of kindly instincts. This Idid, and again my wishes were generously considered. My first act inthe cottage home was to cable the United States Secretary of State ofmy privilege; Betty and my faithful housemaid, Parker, were allowed tobe with us. 

Thirteen men were stationed on guard around the tiny flower-coveredcottage. No letters or telegrams were allowed to be sent or receivedwithout first being read by Lieutenant de Korte; visitors were obligedto obtain permits to see us, and many were the times I saw my bestfriends hang disconsolate faces over the garden gate, because theprescribed number of passes had already been distributed. 

The ladies of the house were allowed to go out twice in the week. Inever accepted this freedom. Betty did once, and returning after hourswas refused entrance by the sentinel. Fortunately Mr. De Korte cameto the rescue. Another time, in consequence of a change of guard, hehimself was obliged to show his papers before being allowed to leavethe premises. Lieutenant de Korte was excessively strict, as was hisduty to the Government, but throughout the two weeks we were under hiscare he proved himself entirely worthy of Colonel Bettington's praise, 'A gentleman and a man of kindly instincts!' One piece of kindness Iparticularly appreciated. _He never wore his uniform in the house_. When he sat down to table it was in the usual evening dress of a manof the world, and our conversation was always on pleasant subjects. Wenever forgot, however, that we were prisoners. My husband and I sleptlike Royalty in the throne-room, with all the Court assembled. Oneguard sat at our bedroom door, gun in hand, and two others on theverandah just outside the low window. I could hear their breathingthroughout the night. My husband and I could never exchange a privateword; sometimes I would write a message which was hurriedly burnt inthe bedroom candle. The day we moved into the cottage I saw a rose inthe garden which I thought would please and refresh my patient. Istepped over the threshold to find my nose in conjunction with thehighly-polished barrel of an unfriendly rifle. There was no necessityfor me to understand the guttural speech of the guard, to appreciatethat he desired me to return into the house at once. I did so. Effortsto induce Mr. Hammond to take a little exercise in the garden I soongave over. After a few steps (a guard only two feet behind him) hewould be utterly exhausted, and would almost faint away on reachinghis chair again. Under these petty irritations my husband showed anangelic patience and fortitude that alarmed me. It was so unlike hisnormal self. I longed to hear him cuss a cosy swear; it would havebraced us both. But he was gentle, and appreciative of littlekindnesses; so, to keep from weakening tears, I took to swearingmyself. 

Pretoria was like a steam bath. Frequent thunderstorms were followedby a blazing sun. Vegetation grew inches in a day, and emitted a ranksmell. People were sallow and languid, and went about withyellow-white lips. My husband was losing strength perceptibly. 

I called upon Dr. Messum, and begged that he would summon Dr. Murray, our family physician, from Johannesburg, in consultation. He preferreda Hollander. I would have none of them! We haggled, and he gave in. Dr. Murray came to Pretoria. He was very grave when he came out of myhusband's sick room. His report to the Government gained the allowanceof a daily drive, but even for this slight exertion the sick man wassoon too feeble. I wanted to take him to the bracing heights ofJohannesburg, but lawyers and physicians advised me not to make thisrequest. Johannesburg was still a red rag to the Government, and Iwould be sure to meet with a rebuff. Notwithstanding, I went one nightat eleven o'clock, escorted by Lieutenant de Korte, carrying aglimmering lantern, to interview Dr. Schaagen van Leuwen, and laid thecase before him. 

My husband would surely die if kept in Pretoria; the Governmentphysician who had been attending him could attest the truth of mystatement. I begged to be allowed to take him to his home inJohannesburg, under whatever restrictions or guard the Governmentmight choose to impose. _Johannesburg was my desire_, and I positivelyrefused to accept any alternative. Dr. Schaagen van Leuwen was verykind, and promised to do all he could to help me, and he gave me goodreason to hope that my request would be considered. 

In the morning I went again to visit Dr. Messum, this time with Mr. Percy Farrar. I urged him to send in his report of my husband's caseat once, as he seemed inclined to let the matter drift. Mr. Farrarand I also drew his attention to the condition of the Jameson Cottage. The walls were covered with mildew from the recent rains and the floordamp with seepage water. Mr. Phillips was suffering from lumbago, andMr. Fitzpatrick with acute neuralgia. 

Next day we were pleasantly surprised by a call at the cottage fromMessrs. Phillips, Farrar, and Colonel Rhodes, liberated under the sameconditions as was my husband--a bail of 50, 000 dollars and a heavyguard. They were then on their way to a cottage at Sunnyside. Mrs. Farrar and I hugged each other with joy, and were quite ready to dothe same to the lawyers who had been so successful in attaining thisend. When I learned a little later that consent had been given for Mr. Hammond to be taken to Johannesburg my measure of happiness seemedindeed complete. 

With all speed Parker and I tied up our belongings. Lieutenant deKorte, with nine guards, was to attend us as far as Johannesburg. Abed was made for the sick man on one of the seats, and frequentstimulants helped him bear the journey. The thought of going home didas much as the cordials to stay his strength, I shall always believe. A number of gentlemen of my husband's staff were at the station tomeet us. Mr. Catlin's kind face I could see above all the others, anddear Pope Yeatman's. Before we could exchange greetings we werewhisked off into our carriage by the officer whose duty it was to takeus in charge. A soldier hopped up on the box, and another plantedhimself on the seat opposite to us--to my inconvenience, and Parker'sintense indignation. Our home was alight. There was a good dinner onthe table, and my husband, with his natural hospitality, invited theofficer to share it with us. I think I should have shot him if he hadaccepted--but he did not accept. 

There had been a fearful dynamite explosion at Fordsburg, a suburb ofJohannesburg, late in the afternoon, and he was busied with bringingin the wounded. Very politely he asked me to take him through thehouse. This I did, grimly remarking, as I pointed to the window in mydressing-room, 'That is the one he will escape by when we have made upour minds to run. ' This cheap wit cost me weeks of inconvenience, forthe literal Hollander took me at my word, and posted a guard directlyopposite this window. Being a Vrywilliger[7] and a gentleman, thispoor man suffered as sharply from his position as did I. That nighttwo armed men stood at our chamber door. One was stationed at each ofour bedroom windows. Another guarded the house entrance, and theremainder of the guard were dispersed around the yard. Their guns wereloaded, and a bandolier of cartridges crossed their breasts. All thisto restrain a poor, broken man, who could not walk a dozen yards!

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 7: A volunteer. ]

VII

ASH WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 19. --The dynamite explosion was somethingterrific. Fifty-five tons exploded at one time, wounding 700 people, killing 80, and leaving 1, 500 homeless. It ripped a chasm in the earthdeep enough to hold an Atlantic steamer with all her rigging. TheKaffirs thought the sun had burst. Betty says the noise of the reportwas something awful. Little Jacky was digging in the garden at thetime. He returned to the house at once with a very troubled face. Thecoachman coming from town an hour later told of the dreadfulcatastrophe. Jacky took his aunt aside: 'Aunt Bet, I heard that greatbig noise when I was diggin' and I thought I had dug up hell. '

The explosion was the result of neglect. For four days fifty-five anda half tons of dynamite lay under a hot sun at the NetherlandsRailroad junction, left in charge of an inexperienced youth of twentywho had 'forgotten to remove it' as was ordered the day before theexplosion occurred. 

Fordsburg is populated by poor Dutch and Boers. With generousdisregard of recent conflicts, the Uitlanders at once gave help andsympathy to the afflicted. Seven of the members on the ReliefCommittee were Reformers; and Reformers' wives were among the first tonurse the wounded. President Kruger came over to Johannesburg to visitthe scene of the accident. He visited the wounded at the Wanderers'and hospital, and seemed greatly affected. He made a speech in whichhe begged the sufferers to turn their eyes to the Great Healer, whoalone could comfort. He also said that he was gratified to hear thatthe subscriptions in aid of the distressed had reached so high afigure; 'Johannesburg had come nobly to the rescue, and he was glad toknow it. ' He quoted the words of the Saviour, 'Blessed are themerciful, for they shall obtain mercy. ' In benefiting others hedeclared they would benefit themselves. 

FEBRUARY 23. --I am housed with my ill husband. Betty comes in and goesout in constant service to the sufferers from the dynamite explosion. We can think of nothing else. All the tragic stories we hear fromfriends and read in the papers fill our days with sadness. 

A friend of my cook's was visiting a neighbour at Fordsburg. She stoodon the threshold, an infant in her arms, and a three-year-old boy ather side. The explosion came. Her baby was killed outright, and thechild clinging to her skirts dropped with one leg ripped entirely fromthe socket. The mother was not even scratched. Another woman wassewing on a sewing machine. After recovering from the shock, she foundherself unhurt, her house collapsed, and the sewing machine entirelydisappeared. Most of the houses fell outward and not inward, andthose persons near the explosion describe their experience of theshock as falling asleep or going off in a trance. 

The society women of Johannesburg are doing noble work. Dr. Murraysays it is astonishing how intelligently alert and self-sacrificingthey are proving themselves to be. A story has been told me of a Boerwoman who was fearfully mangled; she bore the necessary surgicaloperation with fortitude, but wept copiously when a green baizepetticoat, which she had recently made out of a tablecloth, was takenoff. Only a solemn promise from Mrs. Joel, her lady nurse, to keep thegarment safe until her recovery, appeased her outcries. 

I asked the officer in charge yesterday if I might see some of myfriends who called, the sentinels having thus far denied thementrance. 'Yes, but there are some women in the place whom I do notcare to have come here. ' 'And who might they be?' I asked. 'The wivesof the Reformers, ' he answered. 'Then, ' I flashed out, 'I do not careto accept _any_ favours at your hands; those women are my personalfriends, and the only persons under existing circumstances whom I wishto see. '

(We were under this gentleman's surveillance for some time, and heafterwards proved very friendly, _so my husband says_, but I neverspoke to him again. I did not like him. His voice was unpleasant andhe had a high, hard nose, and I do not fancy people with hard, highnoses. )

A poor little two-year-old baby was found wandering among the ruins atFordsburg, with only a slight scratch on her wrist. It is supposedthat she has been lying unconscious under the débris. 

A Malay woman was discovered cowering over the ruins of what was onceher home, crooning to a dead child at her breast. 

The Netherlands Railroad Company, _under whose auspices_ the accidenttook place, have donated 50, 000 dollars to the Relief Fund; and theTransvaal Government has set aside 125, 000 dollars for the samepurpose; the Uitlanders, 325, 000 dollars, which was collected within afew hours after the explosion. 

FEBRUARY 25. --Business continues stagnant. 

A deputation of mining men go to Pretoria in regard to the depressionin the mining industry resulting from the imprisonment of the leaders. I hear many of the mines will have to shut down. 

England's Queen and President Kruger have exchanged messages over theexplosion. 

A Kaffir has been found in the wrecked station at Fordsburg; althoughhe had been imprisoned five days in the débris, he was still alive, and revived promptly after being given food. (He succumbed however, some days later to pneumonia brought on by the exposure). 

1, 500 of the survivors from the dynamite disaster are now encamped atthe Agricultural Show Yard. The Relief Committee are doing allpossible to assuage their sufferings. Poor people! many of them areutterly crushed, and sit about dazed and listless; while the littlechildren, unconscious of the despair surrounding them, frolic aboutwith the chickens, and make mud-pies as if nothing had happened. Butfor the thoughtless elasticity of childhood, how few of us could liveto grow up!

VIII

The preliminary trial dragged its undignified course through theCourts with a fortnight's interruption, because a youth namedShumacher refused to give his opinions on a certain subject to theAttorney-General, and was committed to prison for contempt. 

The High Commissioner was going through genuflexions before the BoerPresident. Peace, peace, at any price! at the cost of broken promises, humiliating compromises, and the lives of sixty-four Reformers, ifneed be. [8]

Mr. Chamberlain had caught the infection, and was salaaming across theworld to Mr. Kruger, like a marionette out of a box. Thoughtful peoplebegan to wonder if he were swung by a heavy weight, which was unknownto us. Sir William Harcourt was giving the House of Commons, inEngland, ill-founded and flippant assurances that 'the Uitlandersdesired no interference from the outside, whether British or other, but preferred rather to work out their own salvation. ' He added manyunpleasant remarks about the Reformers. I said to one of hiscountrymen, 'Why does he, in his safety, flourish about, pinning usdeeper down in the wreckage?'

'Don't let that distress you. Everybody understands that he belongs tothe other party. If he were of the party in power he would be howlingfor the Reformers. Remember, Mrs. Hammond, that our system of partypolitics seems to call for such attitudes of injustice. ' I didn'tquite understand the argument, but the gentleman spoke withconviction, and I was willing to accept his proffered comfort. 

In our quiet home at Park Town we had settled down to domesticroutine. The guard had gone to housekeeping in a tent under thedining-room window. They had made friends with Totsey, and then withTotsey's master, little Jack. Although I never recognised them beyonda formal bow, in answer to their salute as we drove in and out of thegrounds, I realised that they were kind-hearted men. They wereBurghers belonging to the Volunteer Corps, and were quite a differentgrade altogether from the men who composed our guard at Pretoria. Atfirst we had thirteen, then the number was diminished to nine. Eachman was paid $5. 00 a day out of my good man's pocket, fed, and cabfare provided (to fetch and carry the relief squad from and to thetown). 

It was very like boiling a kid in its mother's milk, but I had thegratification of remarking once or twice with casual superiorityduring conjugal conversation, that revolutions were expensive things, and that was _some_ comfort. 

My invalid's health, which at first showed a decided change for thebetter, began to wane again. Massage was tried, and tonics were freelyadministered. Dr. Murray and I thought of Cape Town and the sea; but Imust own up, it was _the officer in charge_ who was most influentialin obtaining a permit for my husband to leave the Transvaal. The bailbond was increased to a hundred thousand dollars. Fearing _somebody_might change his mind, I insisted on Dr. Murray's starting at oncewith my husband for the Cape. Jacky was thrown in as a bonus. Parkerand I were to follow on the mail train two days later. 

The guard, who were by this time genuinely attached to their charge, begged him to be photographed in a group with themselves. To theirgreat pride this was done. I missed my husband just before hisdeparture, and Jacky, joining in my search from room to room, gavethe information, 'Papa is playing with his guard outside. ' Weak thoughhe was, he had crawled out to the tent, with a big bottle ofchampagne, and when I stepped to the study window I saw, in the paletwilight, Mr. Hammond standing with the men about him. They liftedtheir glasses to him, and their hearty cheers shook me through. 

The travellers were despatched, and, according to our plan, I followedwith the maid. My dear husband was well enough to meet us in Cape Townat the depot, and Jacky was in high feather--he had a tin steamboat;he was inclined to swagger; and showed a personal complacency notwarranted by his appearance, for some of his clothes were put on withgreat care, _hind-part before_. 

We found lodgment at Muizenburg, near Cape Town--sun, wind, andprimitive discomfort, this last mitigated by the never-failingkindness of the proprietor. His little children fell over one anotherin eager service to my invalid; they were always sure of appreciativerecognition from him, and every child is sensitive to kindness. 

Mr. Joseph Story Curtis, the Reformer, joined us, brought down fromthe Rand by his physician and sick nurse; he was suffering frompartial paralysis, induced by the excitement of the revolution andpreliminary trial. 

Young Shumacher had come to the coast for building up, also Mr. VanGoenert, who had carried a gun on duty when Johannesburg was underarms. We were a saddened little circle at Muizenburg, and we used towatch the great ships sail out for 'home' with a lump in our throats. 

The strong salt breeze buoyed us up to fresh hope. A new friend cameto me: a woman with all a woman's tenderness, and the simplenecessities of life had a fresh meaning when supplied by you, dearJessie Rose Innes!

Dr. Murray was obliged to leave us. 

An untimely sea-bath brought back most serious symptoms to mypatient, and I was the prey every afternoon to a low fever whichsapped my strength. Although at first this fever bore a horriblemenace, it proved a disguised blessing. For two or three hours eachday I was absolutely free of care, and would lie with quick pulse andmildly intoxicated brain dreaming I was with my elder boy on theborder of England. I saw him in his little Eton jacket and broadturned-down collar, his sweet young face fresh as the morning. Or Iwould dream of the pretty home under the hill, in far-off California. The fragrance of thick beds of violets would seem to float to me overthe long waste of sea, and I could see the tall roses nodding in thewhite summer fog. My temples beat like the winter rain on the roof, and the light before my eyes was the library fire, picking out, in itsold familiar way, the gilt lettering on the books ranged about. It wassweet to go back to all this, even down the scorching path of fever. 

Our stay at Cape Town was coming to its close. 

The first trial was called for April 24, and my husband insisted upongoing back to meet his sentence. Drs. Thomas and Scholtz declared thismost unadvisable. His heart was in such condition, any shock mightprove fatal. Their reports were forwarded to the Transvaal Government, and I begged for a few days' reprieve, cabling my urgent request toMr. Olney in Washington, Dr. Coster at Pretoria, and our faithfulfriend, Mr. Robert Chapin, United States Consul at Johannesburg. Mr. Olney _at once_ petitioned the Boer Government in our behalf. Dr. Coster answered curtly by wiring Mr. Chapin that John Hays Hammond wassummoned to appear before the High Court of the Transvaal on themorning of April 24, at 10 o'clock. To me he vouchsafed no word. 

Letters came from friends in Johannesburg begging my husband not toreturn, and cables from the United States to the same effect. Thesentence was sure to be a death sentence or a term of longimprisonment. 

From important sources, which for obvious reasons I cannot quote, Ireceived private messages and letters informing of a plan on foot tolynch the leaders. The beam from which four Boers had been hung yearsbefore at Schlaagter's Nek (Oh! that poisonous suggestion in the'Volksstem') had already been brought from the Colony for this specialpurpose. Mr. Manion, the Consular Agent, and Mr. K. B. Brown, anAmerican just arrived in Cape Town from the Rand, took me aside andlaid the case in all its bare brutality before me. _To allow myhusband to return to Pretoria was for him to meet certain death_. Ifhe were not lynched by the excited Boers, he was sure to get a deathsentence. Mr. Brown showed feeling as he plead with me to use a wife'sinfluence to save her husband's life. My head was swimming. I couldonly repeat in a dull, dogged way: 'He says his honour takes himback. He is the father of my sons, and I'd rather see him dead thandishonoured. '

Somehow I got to my room, and the page-boy stumbled over me at thedoor some time afterward, and ran for Mrs. Cavanagh. When I felt alittle recovered, I put on my hat, and, not waiting for my husband'sreturn from an appointment with Dr. Thomas, I drove to the office ofMr. Rose Innes. He was not in, and his clerk declared he did not knowwhen he would be in. 'Very well, then; I'll wait until he does comein. '

I was given a comfortable chair, and a dictionary was dusted andplaced under my feet. Mr. Rose Innes at length appeared. He wasgreatly astonished to find me waiting for him. I began abruptly: 'DearMr. Innes, I am in need of a friend; my distress is so great that Ican no longer distinguish right from wrong. ' I told him everything;showed him the letters which I had received, and, facing him, asked, 'What is my duty? I can appeal to my husband--for my sake, to savethe life of our child--and perhaps dissuade him! _My God, it is atemptation!_'

Mr. Rose Innes sat deep in thought. 

'If you think his going back is a needless throwing away of a valuablelife, ' I began, with a timid hope beginning to grow in my heart--'Iwill chloroform him and have him taken to sea!'

Mr. Rose Innes leaned forward, and took my hand gently between hisown: 'Mrs. Hammond, your husband is doing the right thing in goingback; don't try to dissuade him. If he were my own brother I would saythe same'--and I accepted his decision. 

For a further strong but ineffectual effort to gain a few days' longerleave of absence for Mr. Hammond, I am indebted to this good friend. Also for many personal kindnesses which I can never forget. MissLouisa Rhodes was a most helpful friend as well; the anxiety incommon brought us very close together. She was a veritablefairy-godmother, bringing us wines and dainty food from GrooteSchuur's well-stocked larder to tempt us to eat. 

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 8: Cablegram of the High Commissioner to Mr. Chamberlain, January 8, 1896:--

'I intend, if I find that the Johannesburg people have substantiallycomplied with the Ultimatum, to insist on the fulfilment of promisesas regards prisoners and consideration of grievances, and will notallow, at this stage, the introduction of any fresh conditions asregards the London Convention of 1884. Do you approve?']

IX

At Cape Town I saw the High Commissioner--a gentle old man withdelicate hands. He had lived two-thirds of his life, and passed thevirile period. 

The responsibility of taking my husband to Pretoria was more than Icould assume alone; my strength was nearly spent. Doctors Thomas andScholtz assisted me in every way. Although called separately, and notin consultation, these two gentlemen were far too broad-minded andgenerously interested in our welfare to stand upon professionaletiquette. Dr. Scholtz accepted the post of medical attendant on thejourney up-country, and one of the last faces which I saw at Cape Townas our train drew out was that of Dr. Thomas, who had left a criticalcase to hurry down in order to wish us God-speed. 

Jessie Rose Innes had come too, wild night though it was. Under hertweed cape she had brought from her home at Rondebosch a basket filledwith food--fresh butter, chicken jelly, extract of coffee, and ahome-made cake for 'Jacky boy. ' Dear heart of gold! there was no needof words between us that sorrowful night. 

Trotting along beside the slowly-moving train, Sir James Sivewrightheld my hands thrust through the open window. 

'When the worst comes, you'll do all you can to help us, Sir James?' Iasked. 

'Indeed I will, ' was the hearty response. 

The trip was a wearisome one. The weather was hot, and there was muchdust. Little Jack was the leaven of our heavy days, and a sweetletter, tucked away in a safe place, from the boy in England, wrungand cheered my aching heart. It bade us to 'brace up. ' He had heardall about the troubles, and was glad his father was not idle when menwere needed. His house had won the football match. There were only afew more weeks to wait, and we would all be together again! Fatecarried a smile in her pocket for me so long as that boy kept well!

At night we reached Vereenigen, on the border of the Transvaal. Wewere delayed there two hours (120 minutes, 7, 200 seconds) while theCustom House officials examined the luggage. Faint and exhausted, myhusband lay on the seat before me. I sat at the open windowwaiting--waiting with every nerve strained and a fearful rushing soundin my ears, for the possible attack of excited Boers or a stray shotfrom some fanatic's rifle. Jacky, trying to clamber over my lap, wouldwhimper under the fierce clutch of my fingers as I dragged him downfrom the window. 

As is usual, the passengers' names had been telegraphed ahead, and acrowd of Boers had gathered at the station to see the man who had comeback to get his sentence. They were a wild, uncouth-looking crowdfrom the adjacent farms. I could hear them ask, 'Where is he?' 'Inthere, ' another would answer, pointing with his thumb over hisshoulder to our compartment. In threes and fours they would shuffleinto our car and gaze with dull, stupid curiosity upon the prostrateman, as sheep gaze at a dead member of the flock. Dr. Scholtz, keen-eyed and watchful, stood on guard in the doorway. Platinum wouldhave melted under the courteous warmth of his manner to the officials. 

Our train at last under way, I found some one had thrust a bunch offresh grapes into my little boy's hand. 

Nearing Johannesburg Dr. Scholtz came to me: 'Your husband isexhausted. I think it best for him to pass the night at his home, going to Pretoria on the mid-day train to-morrow. '

It was well we did this, for between Johannesburg and Pretoria thistrain met with one of the collisions so frequent on the NetherlandsRailway. Only the engineer and a brakeman were killed, but the shockwould certainly have been most disastrous to us. 

SUNDAY, NOON, APRIL 26. --My husband with Dr. Scholtz started forPretoria. I was unable to leave my bed, but it was agreed that Bettyand I should follow on the early train of the morrow. 

The Reform trial which was begun on Friday, April 24, was resumed onMonday. 

Repeated wires from Mr. Hammond and Dr. Scholtz prevailed upon me toremain at my home to rest another day. 'It would probably be a longtrial. '

X

My husband reached Pretoria Sunday evening, April 26. The informationthat we had received en route, regarding the pleas of guilty enteredby the imprisoned Reformers, was confirmed by his associates: theother three leaders, Messrs. Rhodes, Farrar, and Phillips, had entereda plea of guilty under count one of the indictment for high treason, the fifty-nine Reformers entering a like plea of guilty under thecount of lese-majesté. As conjectured by us when we heard of thisaction of the Reformers, the prisoners had received certain assurancesbefore making such pleas:

_First_. --That they should not be tried under the comparativelyobsolete Roman Dutch Law, which punished the crime of treason withdeath; but they would be tried and punished under, and in accordancewith, the code laws of the Transvaal Republic, which imposed penaltiesof fine and imprisonment for the crime charged in the indictment. 

_Second_. --The leaders were further assured that this action on theirpart would measurably mitigate the sentences of the other fifty-nineReformers. 

On Monday, the 27th, the Court reconvened in the market hall, the_imported_ Judge Gregorowsky occupying the bench. 

Mr. Hammond took his place with the three leaders, attended by hisphysician, Dr. Scholtz, who remained at his side during the entiretrial. 

After some preliminary matters were disposed of, Mr. Hammond, actuatedby the same influences that were brought to bear on his associates, entered a plea of guilty to count one of the indictment, and placedhis signature to the written statement which had been previouslysigned by Messrs. Rhodes, Phillips, and Farrar. 

This written paper was in substance as follows:--

 That for a number of years the Uitlanders had earnestly and peacefully sought relief for their grievances by the constitutional right of petition. That what they asked was only what was conceded to new-comers by every other South African Government. 

 That petition after petition was placed before the authorities--one bearing 40, 000 signatures, asking alleviation of their burdens and wrongs; that they could never obtain a hearing, and that the provisions of law already deemed obnoxious and unfair were being made more stringent; and, realising that they would never be accorded the rights they were entitled to receive, it was determined to make a demonstration of force in support of their just demands. 

 The statement then recites the coming of Jameson against their express commands and understanding with him, and all the subsequent acts of the Transvaal Government, the High Commissioner, and De Wet, Her Majesty's Agent, which are now matters of history. 

The paper concluded as follows:--

 'We admit responsibility for the action taken by us. We practically avowed it at the time of the negotiations with the Government, when we were informed that the services of the High Commissioner had been accepted with a view to a peaceful settlement. 

 'We submit that we kept faith in every detail of the arrangement. We did all that was humanly possible to protect both the State and Dr. Jameson from the consequences of his action; that we have committed no breach of the law which was not known to the Government at the time; and that the earnest consideration of our grievances was promised. 

 'We can now only put the bare facts before the Court, and submit to the judgment that may be passed upon us. '

After the examination of several witnesses and the introduction of thecelebrated cipher telegrams, the Court was adjourned for the day. 

TUESDAY, THE 28TH. --There was a vast concourse gathered at the MarketHall on this day of the trial. The chamber was crowded to its utmostlimit by anxious and interested listeners. Many ladies were present. 

His Lordship (the imported Judge) was late in ascending the bench, unnecessarily prolonging the suspense of the waiting crowd. 

The proceedings were commenced with every formality that could renderthem impressive. A large number of armed men were stationed at theentrance and about the Court-room. A prominent object in theCourt-room, one which immediately struck the eye of those entering, asthis was its first appearance during the trial, was a plain woodendock, low in front, high at the back, and large enough to hold fourmen. 

As in the preliminary examination, the Court proceedings wereconducted in the Dutch language, an unfamiliar tongue to a majorityof the accused. 

After the despatch of some minor matters, Mr. Wessels, counsel for thedefence, made his address to the Court, closing by reading the writtenstatement of the four leaders, and asking the clemency of the Court. 

He made no reference or protest to the tribunal as constituted--aCourt presided over by a Judge _not a_ citizen of the country whosesovereignty had been offended by the treasonable acts charged. 

Mr. Wessels was followed by the State Attorney, Dr. Coster, in abitter and vindictive speech. 

He demanded that the prisoners at the bar should be punished under the_Roman Dutch Law_, and that the four leaders should receive the_death_ penalty. 

This demand of the State Attorney was apparently a surprise to Mr. Wessels, for he sprung to his feet in an excited manner and protestedmost vigorously against the demand of Dr. Coster; his language andmanner were such as to impress many present that it was provoked by abreach of good faith. 

At the conclusion of the speech of the State Attorney, Gregorowsky(the imported Judge) summed up the case at length, and held that theprisoners were guilty of high treason as charged in the indictment, and that the Roman Dutch Law governed in such cases; and that thesentences imposed would be in accordance therewith. 

The Sheriff then with a loud voice commanded silence whilst thesentence of death was pronounced. 

A deep hush fell upon the Court-room--a profound, breathless silencethat became oppressive before the next official utterances disturbedit. 

'Lionel Phillips, George Farrar, Francis Rhodes, John Hays Hammond!'called the Registrar. 

In response these four were singled out from the rest of the prisonersand conducted to the new dock. 

It was the Registrar who again spoke. 

'Lionel Phillips, have you any legal reasons to urge why sentence ofdeath should not be passed upon you, according to law?'

'No, ' was the response. 

This was followed by the sentence. 

In like manner, Farrar and Rhodes were interrogated and sentenced. 

Mr. Hammond was then called to his feet and the same formal questionasked. 

Although pale and weak from protracted illness, Mr. Hammond respondedin a firm voice to the Registrar's question. 

The Judge, then addressing the prisoner, said: 'John Hays Hammond, itis my painful duty to pass sentence of death upon you. 

'I am only applying the punishment which is meted out and laid downaccording to law, leaving it to his Honour the State President, andthe Executive Council, to show you any mercy which may lie in theirpower. 

'May the magnanimity shown by his Honour the State President, and thisGovernment, to the whole world, during the recent painful events bealso shown to you. 

'I have nothing to do with that, however. 

'I can only say, that in any other country you would not have a claimon their mercy. The sentence of the Court is, that you be taken fromthis place where you are now, and be conveyed to the jail at Pretoria, or any such other jail in this Republic as may be appointed by law, tobe kept there till a time and place of execution shall be appointed bylawful authority, that you be taken to the place of execution to bethere hanged by the neck till you are dead. 

'May Almighty God have mercy on your soul!'

Whilst the sentences were being passed upon the four leaders theauditors were wrought up to the highest pitch; sobs were heard onevery side, tears were on many cheeks, and even stolid old Boers wereseen to weep. One man was carried from the room in a fit. 

The four Reform leaders, who had borne themselves during this tryingtime in a brave and fearless manner, then stepped out of the dockfirmly and unhesitatingly, and were taken to the Pretoria jail. 

The other fifty-nine prisoners were then called to the bar andsentenced each to pay a fine of ten thousand dollars, and to suffertwo years' imprisonment. 

Thus ended this remarkable trial, a judicial trial unprecedented inthe annals of jurisprudence. 

A mockery of justice and a travesty upon civilisation. [9]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 9: The foregoing regarding the trial and sentence of theReformers is from information derived from eye-witnesses and the localPress. ]

XI

By a strange providence Betty and I missed the early train. I had notreckoned on the delay in dressing which sorrow and fatigue couldoccasion. 

The paper had announced that the sentence was to be given at noon. Though I had no intention of being present in the Court-room, I wishedto be within reach of my husband in case he should need me. We tookthe local train which left Johannesburg at 10. 30. 

Our journey came to an end. I saw Mr. Rose Innes and Dr. Scholtz onthe platform. 

'Is it the death sentence?'

Mr. Rose Innes, with both hands on my shoulders to keep me fromfalling, said 'Yes. '

There were many other friends, I have since learned, who were there toreceive me. I have a hazy recollection of Mr. Barnato, goodkind-hearted 'Barney, ' begging me 'not to fret'; that he had broughtmy husband to Africa and he meant to stand by him till he got out ofAfrica. Mrs. Clement and Betty remained beside me. The day was withouthours to me, a dry aching stretch of time; I had no tears to shed!

At some time in the afternoon Mrs. Joel brought me a flower and a notefrom my husband, beseeching me to keep up a brave heart, and assuringme that he was all right and as comfortable as was possible under thecircumstances. 

After the death sentence had been pronounced and the Court dismissed, Mrs. Joel, with woman's thoughtfulness, put a flask of brandy in herpocket and started for the prison. In the confusion of receiving theprisoners she managed to slip in and went at once to the condemnedcell. Her visit was a God-send to the four unhappy men, who were muchworn by months of anxiety, ill-health, and this final strain of thedeath sentence. They were bearing up wonderfully well, she said. 

One of the lawyers came and sat at the end of my sofa. He burst intotears. 'We've been played! we've been played!' he exclaimed, withvehemence. Remembering how the lawyers for the Reformers had muddledeverything from the beginning of the trial, how they hadconscientiously and persistently walked into every trap laid for them, I sat upright to look squarely into his face. 'My God! when haven'tyou been played?'

The effect of the death sentence on Johannesburg was extreme: allshops and the Stock Exchange were closed, and the flags of the townwere placed at half mast. 

This, from the 'Standard and Diggers' News'--a tribute from theenemy's paper--goes to my heart:--

'One respects the probity of the man who, dangerously ill and totallyunfit for the hardship of a prison, preferred to take his stand in thedock, rather than sacrifice his self-respect by flight from Cape Town;Mr. Hammond has worthily upheld the reputation of a nation whichclaims its sons as men who "never run away. "'

It was decided by the Executive this same night to commute the deathsentence, but this was not communicated to the condemned men until thefollowing morning. The night of suspense passed under the eye of thedeath watch with a dim light burning was a needless cruelty; it madethe President's subsequent magnanimity more dramatic, but with that Inaturally felt no sympathy. 

I have often been asked since if I did not realise that the Boerswould never have _dared_ execute my husband? And many dear friends whowere thousands of miles away assure me now that they never had amoment's real apprehension for his safety. We however, who were inPretoria, at the time, a helpless handful in the power of a primitivepopulation of narrow experience, a people inflamed by long years ofracial feud and recent victory, were by no means so sure that allwould end well. Two prominent men, standing high in authority, confessed to me later that they were most anxious and fearful ofresults, although at the time their sustaining support helped to keepmy body and soul together. _The gallows was prepared, and the orderwas to hang the four victims simultaneously_. 

The night following the sentence, Mr. Chapin, the U. S. Consul, and hiswife came to me. They were then and for months afterwards as tenderand faithful as people of my own kindred. Mr. Chapin was tireless inhis efforts in behalf of the Americans in trouble, and the highpersonal regard in which he was held by the Boer, as well asUitlander, did much subsequently to ameliorate their circumstances. Mr. Chapin at once interviewed Mr. Wessels, chief advocate for theReformers--and he told me immediately after the interview the resultof their meeting. Mr. Wessels distinctly said that, although it wasnot put in writing, it was understood between the State Attorney andhimself 'as between man and man' that if the prisoners pleaded guiltyhe would not press for severe punishment. (Mr. Wessels has since, forreasons only known to himself, denied this both privately andpublicly. )

APRIL 29. --The commutation was published. Mrs. George Farrar had comefrom Johannesburg, and together we went to see our husbands. Our visitwas limited to five minutes. We found the four men haggard, butapparently cheerful. The condemned cell had an earthen floor. It hadbeen newly whitewashed and reeked of antiseptics. Four canvasstretchers, a tin pail filled with water, and a dipper, furnished it. A negro murderer had been its last occupant. I sat on one of thecanvas cots with an arm around my husband and holding Colonel Rhodes'hand. Mrs. Farrar was sitting on the opposite cot, locked in herhusband's embrace. The guard came to order us out. Poor Mrs. Farrarlooked so frail and white, I put my arm about her to give her support. In the courtyard we stopped to speak to one of the Reformers. Theguard became furious, and, swinging his arms in a threatening manner, rushed at us with curses. We were driven violently out of the yardlike depredating dogs. Surely the sun never looked upon two women insadder case. She was just up from her confinement, and I was faradvanced in pregnancy. 

XII

No cable of political purport could be sent from Pretoria safe frommutilation. I therefore despatched Mr. Hammond's secretary to CapeTown with a message to the American press, reporting Mr. Wessels' pleafor the Reformers, the statement of the four leaders, and thesentence. I did this, believing that, if the American public fullyunderstood the circumstances of the case, popular sympathy would allowno stone to remain unturned to protect their unfortunate countrymanfrom so violent and unjust a sentence. 

Pretoria seethed with overwrought wives. In the prison the men weresuffering real hardship. The sanitary arrangements were shocking. Twenty-two Reformers were crowded into a room thirty feet by ten. This room had been hastily built of corrugated iron, and leaked atevery seam. Draughts were strong enough to blow the hair about theirtemples; the men slept on straw mattresses laid on the floor, andthere was scarcely room enough for a man to get out of bed withoutstepping on his neighbour. Rations of mealie pap--a coarse, insipidporridge--with a hunk of hard, dark-coloured bread were given to eachprisoner in tin pannikins--not particularly clean. At mid-day a littlegreasy soup and soup meat were added. This unsavoury fare caused manyof the Reformers to go hungry rather than eat it. Others ate it, buttheir stomach afterwards rejected it. They were locked in the cells at5 o'clock and without lights. Prison regulations were most strict atthis period. 

Mr. S. , one of the Reformers, had the misfortune to have his teethdrawn a short while before the trial. A new set was completed the dayafter his incarceration, and although his friends used every effortto convince the jailers of the perfect harmlessness of these falseteeth, and explained Mr. S. 's painful predicament in being withoutthem when he had nothing but hard food to chew, they insisted uponconsidering them contraband, and would not allow them to pass. PoorMr. S. Lived for three days on a half-tin of condensed milk, smuggledin by the wife of a fellow-prisoner. The world has never seen suchwholesale smuggling as was practised by these devoted women. Mrs. Solly Joel as she passed daily through the prison gate was a completebuttery. The crown of her hat was filled with cigars; suspended fromher waist, under her dainty summer silk skirt, hung a bottle of cream. Tied to her back by way of a bustle was a brace of duck, or a roastedfowl wrapped neatly in linen. She said this gave her a slightlyout-of-date appearance, but she did not mind that. Under her cape Mrs. Clement wore a good-sized Bologna sausage around her waist as a belt;this was in time adroitly removed by Mr. Clement. Another ladysupplied the prisoners with tins of sardines and beef essence, whichshe carried concealed in her stockings. Occasional vagaries on thepart of these affectionate wives were subsequently explained to thecomplete satisfaction of their captive lords. Mrs. Butters' coynessand refusal to be embraced because of the flask of coffee in her bosomis an instance of this. All this sounds very funny now, but it wasdesperately earnest work then. In time the stringent rules relaxed. The prisoners were allowed to buy their own food, and Mr. AdvocateSauer made the same arrangement with the Pretoria Club to supply foodfor the Reformers as had been done during their former imprisonment. Those were boom times for little Pretoria. Hotel-keepers and tradesmencoined money, and the cab-drivers were able to open an account withthe bank. 

Mrs. Lionel Phillips closed up her beautiful home in Johannesburg, sent her babies to her people at the Cape, and took permanent lodgingsin Pretoria. She was most faithful in her visits to the prison, andwas kind to the three room-mates of her husband in many ways. 

XIII

My diary continues through May:

FIRST WEEK. --Petitions in favour of the Reformers are being signed allover the country. All feeling against the Reform Committee has veeredround, and the strongest sympathy is now felt for them. Only theextreme of the Boer and Hollander factions chant the old story oftheir trying to subvert the Government--conniving with Jameson, andthen deserting him, &c. , &c. 

Landdrost Schutte and Captain Shields quarrel over who shall havecharge of the jail. Apparently it is an appointment of honour, orlarge emolument. 

Gregorowski is publicly hooted on his return to Bloemfontein. I hearthat as soon as Gregorowski had pronounced the death sentence, JudgeMorice dashed from the Court-room and ran hatless through the streetsof Pretoria to withdraw Gregorowski's name, which had been put up atthe Club, at his request. This is a sample of the feeling amonghonourable men. Judge Morice is a Burgher and a prominent Judge of theTransvaal Court. The Jury of Burghers called for the final trial, which was never empanelled, were greatly surprised and affected by thefearful sentence--some of them wept like children. And they were thefirst to draw up a petition for commutation. 

Prisoners are still wearing their own clothes, although it is saidthat enough jumpers of prison sacking are waiting to breech the lot. They suffer severely from cold and dampness, the prison accommodationsoffering little or no protection from the weather. Many of them areill. There is talk of separating the Reformers and sending them tojail in various districts--Barberton, Rustenburg, and Lydenburg. Thisthreat causes much apprehension, for their one solace is beingtogether. 

Rumour of English troops gathering on the Border. 

President Kruger and the High Commissioner exchanging opinion over theuneasiness. Kruger calls out, 'I see Bugaboos in your front yard, ' andSir Hercules responds, 'Oh no; that's our tame cat. '

Petitions come in from the country districts of the Transvaal. FromDurban and Pietermaritzburg, with over a thousand signatures, fromLorenço Marques, a second from Durban, and one from the Orange FreeState, expressing sympathy and the hopes of President Steyn. 

Natal sends a petition signed by 4, 000 Burghers. 

The sentences are commuted, but nobody knows to what. 

General Joubert is sent off with a ten days' leave of absence to takehis annual bath. 

Messrs. Rose Lines and Solomon visit the jail daily. 

SECOND WEEK. --In spite of hardships my dear husband's health improves. He vows the death sentence has cured him. From day to day we arepromised a final decision from the Executive, but matters are stilldrifting. Nothing will probably be done in this direction untilGeneral Joubert returns to Pretoria, as he is one of the members ofthe Executive Council. It is suggested to me by one of the Governmentcircle that a visit from me to Mr. Kruger would be timely. All which Iwished to say I would not be allowed to say, and just to pay anaimless visit seemed a foolish thing to do, and, being outspoken, Isaid so. A friend in whom I had implicit confidence advised me to goby all means. I was possibly being used as a political pivot. Aftersome delay I did go, splattering through the mud in a wheezy old cabbehind a splayfooted white horse driven by a hunchbacked negro boy. The interview lasted five minutes, and was perfectly meaningless. Isuppose it was meant to be that. Ten fathoms down under many otherthings I could see that Kruger had strong heart qualities. Educatedand morally matured, he would be one of those grand characters whomake epochs in the world's history. We shook hands at parting and wentout of each other's lives for ever. 

Mr. G. Told me, as he helped me into the cab at the door, that Mr. Kruger had received a cable from America in my husband's behalf, signed by the Vice-President and a large number of the Senate andHouse of Representatives. This information opened my eyes. I now sawwhy a visit from me would be 'timely. '

Within an hour news was cabled by _some one_ to all parts of thecivilised world that the wife of the American prisoner, John HaysHammond, had received audience of the President of the Transvaal. 'Theinterview was of long duration. What transpired was of a privatecharacter, but it is believed to be very hopeful and satisfactory. '

THIRD WEEK. --Delays, shiftings, postponements, delays with excuses, and delays without excuses. Each day strong petitions sent in to theExecutive. A continual stream of disheartened wives and friends ontheir way to the Presidency, many going in the early dawn, as thePresident--an early riser and of simple habit--was known then to beeasy of access. A pitiful picture lingers in my mind of a dozenReformers' wives in the deep golden yellow of an African sunrisesitting on the edge of the broad side-walk with their feet in the dustwaiting for the President to return from burying a Landdrost's wife. Icannot remember that Mr. Kruger made any specific promises. 'All shallcome right, ' he said frequently. 'Wait; don't hurry me. I must goslow, or my Burghers will get out of hand. ' We waited, and the meninside of the prison walls one after another sickened and lost heart. 

On May 12, Dr. Messum sent the following report in to the Landdrost:--

Dear Sir, --I have, on the 29th and 30th April, written to theInspector of Jails about the state of the jail. I do not know if I amto report to you or to the Inspector of Jails; in any case, I have thehonour again to report that as yet no alteration has been made in thesheds in which the political prisoners are kept. I must repeat againthat they are too small and unhealthy for the number of prisonersplaced in them. I find now, on account of their immediate vicinity tothe native section, that vermin is beginning to trouble the politicalprisoners. There are amongst the political prisoners very old andsickly men, whose lives, on account of the insufficient accommodation, are placed in danger. There is not yet any proper hospital room forthe sick, who are thus obliged to remain amongst the others. I findthat the accommodation is very insanitary and unhealthy. 

About the prisoner F. Gray I wish to make special mention, because heis showing signs of developing melancholia (lunacy), caused by theuncertainty of the future and what he has gone through during the lastfew months. 

I also fear that he later on will develop suicidal tendencies. I wouldrecommend that his sentence should be taken into immediateconsideration, and to discharge him at once from the jail. 

 I have the honour to be, etc. , GORDON MESSUM, M. D. , _District Surgeon_. 

Unfortunately this report was not considered, and on the 16th day ofMay poor Gray, distraught by his sufferings, cut his throat. 

Mr. Fred Gray was a man of high business standing. He was married, andthe father of six children. His tragic death was a shock to every one. Johannesburg turned out in a body ten thousand strong to carry hisremains to the burial-place. Inside the jail, his fellow prisoners hadformed in procession and with uncovered heads followed the body as faras the prison gates, the limit of their freedom, not a man with dryeyes. 

_The first prisoner was liberated_. 

FOURTH WEEK. --The decision still withheld. President Kruger excusesthis by saying it is due to the fact that only half the captiveRandites have signed the petition for commuting the banishment andimprisonment clauses to fines. 

The suspense is heartbreaking, and night brings no forgetfulness. Those long voiceless nights of South Africa! Not a bird's call, nor achirp from the tiny creatures which hide in the grass. A white moon, awide heaven filled with strange stars, and the tall moon-flowers atthe gate lifting up their mute white trumpets to the night wind. 

The little boy beside me rouses from his sleep to ask:--'Mother dear, why do you laugh and shake the bed so?'

Fearing an illness, I yearned for a last interview with my husband. Itwas a Saturday that I went to Pretoria, and although the prison wassupposed to be closed on that day to visitors, I had several timesgained admittance through the kindness of those in authority. I wentto the Landdrost who had the dispensing of permits. 

'Will you please make an exception in my favour and allow me to see myhusband? I am ill, and must return to my home in Johannesburg atonce. '

'What does she say?' roared the Landdrost, who for some reason was ina furious temper. He turned to a Boer in the room. 'Tell her she maywhine as much as she pleases, she can't see her husband on Saturday. _Nobody_ can go in the prison on Saturday. If she wants to see herhusband she must wait until next Monday!' The man turned fiercelytowards me, but seeing my patient face, or perhaps for the sake ofsome Boer woman on a distant farm, his voice broke, and became quitegentle as he delivered the message. 

With one exception this was the only time I ever received harshtreatment from a Boer official. Of course I sometimes met with a_strictness of manner_ which was to be expected, and which I was quiteprepared to submit to. Brutal unkindness I never experienced buttwice. 

Reaching the jail, whither I had directed the cabman to drive me, Ifound Advocate Sauer and Mr. Du Plessis standing at the gate. Theyalmost dropped at sight of my face. Dignity had deserted me. I wasactually howling in my distress, 'Please, _please_ let me in to my husband!'

Du Plessis, rough and violent as he was to most people, was alwayskind to me. He opened the wicket and pushed me gently through. Thatwas his answer. My sudden entrance, a ball of a woman with the tearsdripping down on to her breast, surprised the warders. They regardedme with stricken faces. One at last rallied. With his eyes stillfastened upon me, he called, 'Mister H-a-m-mond, Mister H-a-m-mond, your missis is here!' and myhusband came rapidly across the yard. 

I went home to my bed. Dr. Murray came in charge. 

'Poor little woman! There is nothing to prescribe but oblivion in acase like this. ' He ordered narcotics. Two weeks later I was told thatI had been dangerously ill. In that darkened room I had suspected myjeopardy. Surely there is a special place in heaven for mothers whodie unwillingly. 

From distant parts of the world kind letters came to me--and fromJohannesburg messages, sweet, with full-hearted sympathy--many ofthese from people whom I had never seen, nor ever shall in this life. I found friends in the days of my trouble, as precious as rare jewels, whom I shall wear on my heart until it stops its beating. 

The Government most generously allowed my husband to come to mybedside. He was accompanied by the chief jailer, Du Plessis. He woresome violets in his buttonhole, I remember, which the jailer's childhad given him. Mr. Du Plessis asked to see me. He had news to tell mewhich would cheer me up, he said. Brought to my bedside, all he couldsay, and he said it over and over again in his embarrassment, was:

'Don't be unhappy; your husband won't be many years in prison. '

This did not bring the cheer intended. Playing the part of guest wasirksome to Du Plessis. He went home to Pretoria the secondday--leaving Mr. Hammond, who was not on parole, or even under bail, entirely free. No point in my husband's career has ever given me soentire a sense of gratification as the confidence in his honour thusmanifested by the Boer Government. In my convalescence he returned toPretoria and gave himself up at the prison. 

'You might have waited another day, ' said the warder in charge; 'wedon't need you yet. '

XIV

One day the 'Star' (in a third edition) announced the great decisionwas at last concluded. The sixty-three Reformers were to be dividedinto four groups and sentenced in lots. Ten were to be liberatedbecause of ill-health. Some were to be imprisoned twelve months, others five, and still others three months. The four leaders weresentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, which, if carried out, wasequivalent to death. However, this sentence was provisional, and itwas understood petitions would be entertained. 

This news was first taken into the jail by two wives who had outrunthe messenger. My husband says that when he saw Mrs. X. Throw herselfweeping and speechless into her husband's arms, he thought 'it was allup with him. '

X. Wasn't half the offender he was, and the sentence was evidentlysomething too dreadful to tell. Mr. X. Was one of the three months'men, I believe. 

These sentences, although unpopular, relieved to a certain extent theawful strain. But what was Johannesburg's wrath to hear two days laterthat the sentences were not for the periods mentioned, _but that atthe expiration of these periods the prisoners could make freshapplications to be again considered!_ This was juggling with humansouls! Everybody believed it to be the work of Dr. Leyds. A man moreexecrated than Dr. Leyds, I believe, does not live!

Three more weeks of cruel suspense followed. 

Mr. Chamberlain continued to tumble down the Boer back stairs headover heels, yelling out excuses as he descended. He publicly denied onthe 29th that Great Britain had promised to protect the Reformers, and added that they were not being unfairly treated. I will never makestatesmen of my sons. I'd rather set them to ploughing. 

Mark Twain came to the Rand. He visited the men at Pretoria. Myhusband did the honours of the prison, and introduced him to theReformers. He talked a long while to them, sitting on a dry goods box. Expressed his satisfaction at finding only one journalist in thecrowd, and no surprise that the lawyers were largely represented. Heassured them that they were to be congratulated and envied, althoughthey did not know it. There was no place one was so safe frominterruption as in a jail. He recalled to their minds Cervantes andColumbus--it was an honour to share captivity with such men as these. 

They have sent another member of the Executive away to the baths, andlater his absence will be given as an excuse for delay. 

MAY 30. --All the Reformers with the exception of Davies and Sampson, and the four leaders, are released after paying ten thousand dollarseach, and giving their oath to abstain in future from discussing orparticipating in Transvaal politics. 

JUNE. --Meetings are called by the labourers on the Rand. They send amonster petition to Pretoria. The miners and mechanics also send apetition. The famous Innes petition is being circulated all over SouthAfrica, and the mayors of all the large towns are preparing to go in abody to Pretoria to present their petitions for the release of theleaders. The President promises and postpones from day to day. Theretention of the leaders is acknowledged to be only a question of theamount of fine. 

An influential deputation from the Cape Town branch of the AfricanderBond wait upon President Kruger, and a petition signed by sixtymembers of the Cape Parliament is read to him. Another deputationcomes from the Chamber of Commerce. The Mayor of Durban forwardsthrough the Colonial Secretary a petition bearing 1, 250 names, and theKimberley branch of the Bond send a petition. Nothing comes of it all. The President appoints the 7th to be a day of humiliation and prayer, and Dr. Leyds doubles his bodyguard. 

JUNE 10. --The whole of South Africa is appealing to President Krugerto let the leaders free. The entire white population--two millions ofpeople--give voice to this desire and hope of United South Africa. Onehundred and fifty mayors, representing 200 towns and many of the ruraldistricts, are in Pretoria waiting for audience with the ExecutiveCouncil. 

This evening, Thursday, June 11, the leaders were given their libertyafter paying each a fine of 125, 000 dollars, and taking an oath toabstain from taking part in the politics of the Transvaal. ColonelRhodes refused, being an English officer, to take the oath, and wasbanished, not to appear again in the Transvaal, under pain of death. 

The Executive then politely announced its decision to receive theMayoral delegates on _Saturday morning_ next. Perhaps the Mayors werenot mad! Some of these men had trekked for days in ox-wagons beforereaching the railroad to take train for Pretoria. A large banquet wasgiven in their honour. They insisted upon the liberated leaders beinginvited as guests--but those criminals, leaders, and instigators didnot attend, deeming it injudicious under the circumstances. 

My husband flew to me, who am still kept indoors. He came with a lightin his face I had not seen for months. 'We are free!'

JUNE 12. --This is a gala day in Johannesburg. Everybody isjoyous--Kruger's name is cheered everywhere. Several thousand peoplewere at the station to receive the leaders. Messrs. Phillips andFarrar were the only two left of the four to step off the train. Theywere caught up shoulder-high and carried by the crowd. Cheers rent theair. The horses were unyoked from their victoria, and willing handsgrasped the shafts; and like returning conquerors, instead ofcriminals, these instigators were dragged triumphantly down the heartof the town followed by a vociferous multitude. 

As the invited guests of Cape Colony we travelled on a special trainto Cape Town--by 'we, ' I mean a dozen or two Reformers with theirfamilies. The heartfelt ringing cheers as we pulled out of the stationI can never forget. The cheers again at Bloemfontein and the strangerswho came forward to shake hands and congratulate have enriched mylife. One man at a way station in the Free State rode up shouting:

'Where is the American, John Hays Hammond?' My husband came forward. 'Mr. Hammond, I have come miles from an ostrich farm to shake handswith you. You are a white man, and Americans are proud of you!'

The Mayor of Cape Town received us, and dear friends were there totell us with brimming eyes of their joy in our release. 

XV

Those good people who have followed me thus far will see that awoman's part in a revolution is a very poor part to play. There islittle hazard and no glory in it. 

The day we made Southampton, as we stood, a number of Reformers andReformers' wives, on the 'Norham's' deck, one of the gentlemen who hadcome to welcome us asked:

'Mrs. Hammond, what did _you_ do in the revolution?'

'She helped us bear our trouble, ' said Lionel Phillips, and his wordswere sweet praise to my ears. 

A few weeks later, in my lovely English home, a third son was born tous. There was something very appropriate in this child of war-timesbeing first consigned to the professional arms of a Miss Gunn. 

'He is perfect, ' were his father's first words to me as he leaned overthe new-born infant, and every mother will know all that meant to me. 

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