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The text is based on scans of two different physical copies of the sameedition; see end of e-text for one variant reading. Other errors arealso listed at the end of the e-text. 

Superscripts are shown with carets: w^t, y^e. All pilcrows ¶ in thebody text were added by the transcriber (see endnotes). 

The book was originally (1550) printed together with Erasmus’s _TheEducation of Children_. The introduction (1961) mentions Erasmusbriefly; the Index refers only to Sherry’s _Treatise_. Since thetwo texts have no connection except that Sherry is assumed to be thetranslator of the Erasmus essay, they have been made into separatee-texts. ]

A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES

 A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES (1550) by RICHARD SHERRY

 and his translation of

 THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN by DESIDERIUS ERASMUS

 A facsimile reproduction with an introduction and index by HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT _The University of Michigan_

 Gainesville, Florida SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS 1961

 SCHOLARS’ FACSIMILES & REPRINTS 118 N. W. 26th Street Gainesville, Florida, U. S. A. Harry R. Warfel, General Editor

 Reproduced from a copy in and with the permission of BODLEIAN LIBRARY _Oxford_

 L. C. Catalog Card Number: 61-5030

 Manufactured in the U. S. A. Letterpress by J. N. Anzel, Inc. Photolithography by Edwards Brothers Binding by Universal-Dixie Bindery

INTRODUCTION

Richard Sherry’s _A Treatise of Schemes and Tropes_ (1550), a familiarwork of the Renaissance, is primarily thought of as a sixteenth-centuryEnglish textbook on the figures. Yet it is also a mirror of onevariation of rhetoric which came to be called the rhetoric of style. Asa representative of this stylistic school, it offers little that is newto the third part of classical rhetoric. Instead, it carries forward themedieval concept that ornateness in communication is desirable; itsuggests that figures are tools for achieving this ornateness; itsupplies examples of ornateness to be imitated in writing and speaking;it supports knowing the figures in order to understand both secular andreligious writings; it proposes that clarity is found in the figures. Inshort, the work assisted Englishmen to understand eloquence as well asto create it. 

Four-fifths of ancient rhetoric is omitted in the _Treatise_. The nod isgiven to elocution. Invention is discussed, but only as a tool to assistthe communicator in amplifying his ideas, as a means to spin out histhoughts to extreme lengths. Arrangement, memory, and delivery areoverlooked. Accordingly, the _Treatise_ neatly fits into the category ofa Renaissance rhetoric on style. It is this school which recognized thetraditional five Ciceronian parts of rhetoric, but considered style tobe the most significant precept. The _Treatise_ is not the first tosupport an emphasis wholly on style, nor the foremost. We know thatAristotle’s _Rhetoric_, Cicero’s works on rhetoric, and Quintilian’s_Institutes_ discussed the significance of style, but they had a broadview. However, in England, about the time of Bede, arose a limitedconcept that rhetoric is mainly style, particularly that of the figures. It is this latter truncated version of rhetoric that the _Treatise_continues in the Renaissance. Rhetoric in Sherry’s work has lost itsancient meaning. 

The _Treatise_ is highly prescriptive. It was born in an age of rules. So much so, that the rhetorician who named his rules and tools was notout of rapport with the period. This accounts for the rigidity, the loveof classification, and the schematic presentation of the work. It isnothing more than a highly organized dictionary of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance schemes and tropes. In fact, the major variation fromprevious Latin compilers is to be found in the headnotes relative to thevarious kinds of figures. Nor is it as thorough in handling the figuresas its predecessors. It utilizes, however, the customary Greek and Latinterms and supplies a definition, but here the similarity withcontemporaries and ancients ends. It is weak in amplification ofexamples during an age when amplification was practiced. Sherryeconomizes by selecting usually one example in support of a figure whilecontemporary cataloguers, and ancients for that matter, are moredefinitive. 

Whether the work was ever popular within the schools or without isunclear. Probably it did not have extensive success because only oneissue of the work appeared and a revised edition was brought out in1555. By contrast, during the sixteenth century, Erasmus’ _De Copia_(1512) had at least eleven printings, Mosellanus’ _Table_ (c.  1529) hadat least eight editions, Susenbrotus’ _Epitome_ (1541) had at leasttwenty printings, Peacham’s _Garden_ (1577) had two editions, and Day’s_Secretorie_ (1586) underwent at least five editions. Some of theseworks had new editions printed in the seventeenth century and would seemto reflect a greater public acceptance than the _Treatise_. Some werealso written in Latin while Sherry moves in the vernacular. It still wasan age of Latin, and Sherry in part recognized this by his alternateLatin and English movement in his second rhetoric on style published in1555. Moreover, people seemed content to remain with the giants of theRenaissance, notably Erasmus and his _De Copia_ instead of turning to alesser light such as Sherry. 

The _Treatise_ does have merit. The work cannot be judged entirely bytallying its meager number of editions, its lack of thoroughness, or itsartificial divisions. Its signal contribution rests upon the fact thatit is a pioneering effort at permitting the figures to march, for thefirst time, in English. Here Sherry had an opportunity to provide theEnglish reader with additional words, ideas, and material to be employedin vernacular communication. His efforts in his works on rhetoric, the two editions of the _Treatise_, provided the sixteenth centuryEnglishman with the identical schemes and tropes which had been aheritage of the Latin language since antiquity. Hence the work can becalled a complicated ordering of the figures, but it is also a sincereattempt to provide in English those figures which would lend ornatenessto the expression of an idea. 

To indicate that the _Treatise_ was part of a continuing school ofrhetoric, we must consider a few rhetoricians subsequent to Sherry’swork. Indeed, one notices the continuance of dictionaries of figureswhich carry the admonition that the usual manner of utterance was to bedespised. Thomas Wilson’s _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), althoughpreserving the classical idea of rhetoric, also felt the definition of afigure employed in communication involved the uncommon. Twenty-sevenyears subsequent to Sherry, England again has a pure catalogue of thefigures; this is Peacham’s _Garden of Eloquence_. More elaborate thanthe _Treatise_, it too suggests that rhetoric is decoration. Continuedinterest in the stylistic tools is also seen in Puttenham’s The _Arte ofEnglish Poesie_ (1589). When we move to the latter part of the sixteenthcentury and then change the genre as exemplified in Day’s _The EnglishSecretorie_, we see a stylistic extension to the art of letter writingwhich borrowed rhetorical terms and rules and applied them to writtencorrespondence. The emphasis in these rhetorics on style is the same:ornateness in communication is achieved through using the figures. 

When we look in the opposite direction, to works which preceded Sherry, the figures, definitions, and examples in the _Treatise_ derive morefrom contemporaries than from the ancients. It relies extensively uponintermediaries. Sherry explains that Erasmus and Mosellanus will bemajor sources. Hence the _De Copia_, the _Ecclesiastae_, and the_Tabulae de schematibus et tropis_ are used with regularity. Althoughfurther removed in time, the _Rhetorica ad Herennium_ is the primaryancient source. But beyond this first-hand reliance on the ancients, examples from Vergil, Cicero, and Terence, to mention several, as wellas definitions of the figures, depend heavily upon neo-classicalintermediaries. 

Appended to the text on the figures of rhetoric is a seeminglygratuitous section entitled “That chyldren oughte to be taught andbrought vp gently in vertue and learnynge, and that euen forthwyth fromtheyr natiuitie: a declamacion of a briefe theme, by Erasmus ofRoterodame. ” This essay occupies almost two-thirds of the _Treatise_ andreceives its first English translation from the Latin at the hands ofSherry. William Woodward in his _Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the Aimand Method of Education_ gave us another English translation in 1904. One other translation, in German, by August Israel, is entitled “Vortragüber die Nothwendigkeit, die Knaben gleich von der Geburt an in einerfür Freigeborne würdigen Weise sittlich und wissenschaftlich ausbildenzu lassen. ”

The reason for the inclusion of the Erasmian essay is never clearlystated in the other sections of the _Treatise_. Nor do the othertranslators suppose a reason. From the internal evidence of the essayand from headnotes preceding it, we may assume that the purpose is oneof supplying readers with an example of amplification of a brief theme, first illustrated in miniature, and then full blown into a longdeclamation. The essay does not appear to be illustrating the numerousfigures discussed in the initial section of the work. 

Of Sherry we know little. Beyond the dates in the DNB, we infer from hisworks that he had an intense interest in English and had a desire forhis countrymen to communicate well in the vernacular. He was interestedin religion, was most likely a Protestant, and hoped to continue aninterest in religion which he developed in his youth. He was also ateacher. And although Latin was still a living language, the task ofinculcating a new tongue in the students fell to the schoolmaster;Sherry was active in this capacity. This does not weaken an acclamationwe possess of the man: “He was a Person elegantly learned. ”

 HERBERT W. HILDEBRANDT

 _The University of Michigan February 25, 1960_

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 A TREATISE OF SCHEMES AND TROPES by _Richard Sherry_ 1

 Introduction 2 Eloquucion 17 Of Evidence and Plainness 19 Of the Three Kyndes of Style 21 Scheme and Figure 25 Faute 32 Garnyshyng and His Kyndes 38 Figures of Sentence 62 Proves 78

 THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN by _Desiderius Erasmus_ 97

 ¶ A treatise of Schemes & Tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors, gathered out of the best Grammarians & Oratours by Rychard Sherry Lon doner. 

 Whervnto is added a declamacion, That chyldren euen strayt frõ their infancie should be well and gent- ly broughte vp in learnynge. Written fyrst in Latin by the most excel- lent and famous Clearke, Erasmus of Rotero- dame. 

 To the ryght worshyp ful Master Thomas Brooke Esquire, Rychard Shyrrey wysheth health euer- lastynge. 

[Sidenote: The tytle of thys worcke straunge. ] I doubtnot but that the title of this treatise all straungevnto our Englyshe eares, wil cause some men at thefyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it shouldmeane: yea, and peraduenture if they be rashe ofiudgement, to cal it some newe fangle, and so castingit hastily from thẽ, wil not once vouchsafe to readeit: and if they do, yet perceiuynge nothing to betherin that pleaseth their phansy, wyl count it but atryfle, & a tale of Robynhoode. But of thys sorte as Idoubte not to fynde manye, so perhaps there wyll beother, whiche moued with the noueltye thereof, wyllthynke it worthye to be looked vpon, and se what iscontained therin. [Sidenote: Sheme and Trope. ] Thesewords, _Scheme_ and _Trope_, are not vsed in ourEnglishe tongue, neither bene they Englyshe wordes. [Sidenote: Vse maketh straũge thinges familier. ] Nomore be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made bycontinual vse, very familier to most men, and come sooften in speakyng, that aswel is knowen amongest vsthe meanyng of them, as if they had bene of oure ownenatiue broode. Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thysworde Paraphrasis, homelies, vsurped, abolyshed, wythmanye other lyke? And what maruail is it if thesewords haue not bene vsed heretofore, seynge there wasno suche thynge in oure Englishe tõgue where vnto theyshuld be applyed? Good cause haue we therefore to gyuethankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men, whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongueboth wyth matter and wordes, haue endeuoured to makeit so copyous and plentyfull that therein it mayecompare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best. [Sidenote: Oure language falsely accused ofbarbarousnes. ] It is not vnknowen that oure languagefor the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe benecomplayned of, and yet not trewely, for anye defaut inthe toungue it selfe, but rather for slackenes of ourcoũtrimen, whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyngout the elegance and proper speaches that be ful manyin it: as plainly doth appere not only by the mostexcellent monumentes of our aũciẽt forewriters, [Sidenote: Gower. Chawcer. Lidgate. ] Gower, Chawcerand Lydgate, but also by the famous workes of manyother later: [Sidenote: Syr Thomas Elyot. ] inespeciallof y^e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot, whichfirst in hys dictionarye as it were generallyesearchinge oute the copye of oure language in allkynde of wordes and phrases, after that setting abrodegoodlye monumentes of hys wytte, lernynge andindustrye, aswell in historycall knowledge, as ofeyther the Philosophies, hathe herebi declared theplentyfulnes of our mother toũge, loue toward hyscountry, hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles. What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat?which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortuneand bodye, so flouryshed in the eloquence of hysnatiue tongue, that as he passed therin those wythwhome he lyued, so was he lykelye to haue bene equalwyth anye other before hym, had not enuious death tohastely beriued vs of thys iewel: teachyng al menverely, no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer andstable, but that quicklye it may be ouerthrowen andbroughte to the grounde. Manye other there be yetlyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vsto be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare ouremyndes in al kindes of Sciences: and that, whatsentence soeuer we conceiue, the same to haue Englysheoracion natural, and holpẽ by art, wherby it may mosteloquẽtly be vttered. [Sidenote: The occasion of thystreatise. ] Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talkewyth you, Master Brooke, among other matters thispresent argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place, and offered it selfe, demed to be bothe profitable andpleasaunte if they were gathered together, andhandsomelye set in a playne ordre, and wyth theiredescriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue. And bicause longe ago, I was well acquaynted withthem, when I red them to other in y^e Latin, and thatthey holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of goodeauthores, I was so muche the more ready to make themspeak English, partli to renew the pleasure of mineold studies, and partelye to satysfy your request. 

¶ [Sidenote: Rodulphus Agricola. ] Beside this, I wasmoued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarkeRodulphus Agricola, whyche in a certeine epistlewryten vnto a frynde of hys, exhorteth mẽ what soeuerthey reade in straunge tongues, diligently totranslate the same into their owne language: becausethat in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute inour speaking, and howe euerye thynge eyther rightlyhangeth together or is darkely, ruggishly, andsuperfluously wryttẽ. No lerned nacion hath therebene but y^e learned in it haue written of schemes &fygures, which thei wold not haue don, except thei hadperceyued the valewe. 

¶ Wherefore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytlelesure, I red ouer sundrye treatises, as wel of thosewhich wrot long ago, as of other now in our daies:fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouerbrieflye, some confuselye, and falselye some. [Sidenote: Mosellain. ] Mosellane hathe in hys tablesshewed a fewe fygures of grammer, and so hatheconfoũded them together, that his second order calledof Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoriciansthen to hys purpose. [Sidenote: Quintilian. ]Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of theGramatical and rhetorical Shemes, but so that you maysoone perceyue he did it by the waye, as muche asserued hys purpose. [Sidenote: Cicero. ] Cicero in hysboke of an oratour with hys incompetable eloquencehathe so hid the preceptes, that scarselye they may betryed oute by theyr names, or by theyr exãples. [Sidenote: Erasmus. ] Erasmus in hys double copye ofwords and thynges, hath made as y^e tytle declarethbut a comentarye of them bothe, and as it wer a litlebil of remembraũce. Wherefore to make these thingesmore playne to y^e students that lyst to reade them inoure tongue, I haue taken a lytle payne, morethorowelye to try the definicions, to apply theexamples more aptly, & to make things defused moreplaine, as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to thedylygente. I haue not translated them orderly out ofanye one author, but runninge as I sayde thorowe many, and vsyng myne owne iudgement, haue broughte them intothis body as you se, and set them in so playne anorder, that redelye maye be founde the figure, and thevse wherevnto it serueth. Thoughe vnto greate wittesoccupyed with weightye matters, they do not greatelyepertayne, yet to such as perchaũce shal not haueperfecte instructoures, they may be commodious tohelpe them selues for y^e better vnderstandynge ofsuch good authors as they reade. ¶ For thys darre Isaye, no eloquente wryter maye be perceiued as heshulde be, wythoute the knowledge of them: for asmucheas al togethers they belonge to Eloquucion, whyche isthe thyrde and pryncipall parte of rhetorique. Thecommon scholemasters be wont in readynge, to saye vntotheir scholers: _Hic est figura_: and sometyme to axethem, _Per quam figuram?_ But what profit is herein ifthey go no further? In speakynge and wrytynge nothyngis more folyshe than to affecte or fondly to laboureto speake darkelye for the nonce, sithe the proper vseof speach is to vtter the meaning of our mynd with asplayne wordes as maye be. [Sidenote: A figure not tobe vsed but for a cause. ] But syth it so chaunseth y^tsomtyme ether of necessitie, or to set out the mattermore plaĩly we be compelled to speake otherwyse thenafter common facion, onles we wil be ignorante in thesence or meaninge of the mater that excellente authorsdo wryghte of, we muste nedes runne to the helpe ofschemes & fygures: which verely come no sildomer inthe writing and speaking of eloquente english men, then either of Grecians or Latins. Many thinges mightI brynge in to proue not onely a great profyt to be inthem but that they are to be learned euen ofnecessitie, for as muche as not only prophane authorswythout them may not be wel vnderstand, but that alsothey greatelye profit vs in the readinge of holyescripture, where if you be ignoraunte in thefyguratiue speches and Tropes, you are lyke in manyegreate doubtes to make but a slender solucion:[Sidenote: Westimerus] as ryght wyll do testefy_Castelio Vestimerus_ and [Sidenote: Augustinus] y^tnoble doctor saint Augustine. I confesse I haue notmade the matter here so perfecte as my wyll and desyeris it shoulde haue ben, and that I haue but brieflyetouched, and as it were with my litle fynger poyntedto these thinges, which require a lẽger declaracion. For what can be hasted, and absolute to? But if Godspare me lyfe, I truste hereafter to make it anintroducciõ, wherbi our youth not onlye shall sauethat moste precious Iewell, Time, whyle they wander bythem selues, readynge at all aduentures sundry andvaryous authors: but that also thei shalbe able betterto vnderstande and iudge of the goodlye gyftes andornamentes in mooste famous and eloquente oratoures. [Sidenote: And apte similitude. ] For as lyke plesureis not to him whiche gooeth into a goodlye gardengarnyshed wyth dyuers kindes of herbes and flowers, and that there doeth no more but beholde them, ofwhome it maye be sayde that he wente in for nothyngebut that he wold come out, and to hym which besyde thecorporall eie pleasure, knoeth of eueri one the name &propertye: so verelye much difference is there inreadynge good authors, and in sundrye sortes of mennethat do it: and muche more pleasure, and profit hathehe whiche vseth arte and iudgement, then the other, whiche wyth greate studye in dede turneth them ouerbut for lacke of the knowledge of preceptes wantethalso the fruite and delectacyon that he more amplyemyghte obtayne. The lyuynge God from whome all goodgiftes do procede, gyue vs grace so to order all ourewords and speache, that it may be to his honour andglory for euer and euer. Amen. 

 ¶ Geuen at London the. Xiii. Day of Decembre. Anno . M. D. L. 

 ¶ A briefe note of eloquciõ, the third parte of Rhetoricke, wherunto all Figures and Tropes be referred. 

[Sidenote: Eloquucion] _Eloquucion_, which the Greekescall Phrase, whereof also the name of eloquence dotheryse, as of al partes it is the goodlyest, so also isit the most profitable and hardeste: in the whyche isseene that diuine myghte and vertue of an oratoure, whych as Cicero in hys oratorie particions defineth, is nothyng else but wisedom speakyng eloquently. Forvnto the maruelous greate inuencion of all thynges, bothe it addeth a fulnes, and varietie: it settethoute & garnysheth wyth lyghtes of eloquent speche, the thinges that be spoken of and also wyth very grauesentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated, and wel soundyng, it bryngeth that greate fludde ofeloquence vnto a certein kynd of stile and indyghtyng. And oute of thys greate streame of eloquucion, notonly must we chose apte, and mete wordes, but alsotake hede of placinge, and settinge them in order. For the myghte and power of eloquucion consisteth inwordes considered by them selues, and when they beioyned together. Apt wordes by searchyng muste befounde oute, and after by diligence conuenientlycoupled. For there is a garnyshynge, euen when they bepure and fyne by them selues, and an other, whẽ theybe ioyned together. To chose thẽ oute finely, andhandsomlye to bestow them in their places, after themynde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easy thynge. SoMarcus Antonius was wonte to say, that he had knowenmany wel spoken men, but none eloquente. ¶ Tullye andQuintilian thoughte that inuencion and disposiciõ werethe partes of a wytty and prudent man, but eloquenceof an oratour. For howe to finde out matter, and setit in order, may be comen to all men, whyche eythermake abridgementes of the excellent workes ofaunciente wryters, and put histories in remẽbraunce, or that speake of anye matter them selues: but tovtter the mynde aptely, distinctly, and ornately, is agyft geuen to very fewe. And because we haue deuidedeloquucion into two partes, that is, wordes symple, or considered by them selues, and compound or ioynedtogether in speache, accordyng to thys we saye, thateuerye eloquente oracion must haue in it thre poyntes:euidence, which belongeth to the fyrst parte ofeloquucion, composicion & dignitie, which belongeth tothe other. 

Of Euidence and plainenes. 

Of these thynges that we put in eloquucion, lette thysbe the fyrste care, to speake euidentlye after thedignitye and nature of thynges, and to vtter suchewordes, whych as Cicero sayth in hys oratour, no manmay iustely reprehende. The playne and euident specheis learned of Gramarians, and it keepeth the oracionpure, and without all faute, and maketh that eueryethyng may seme to be spoken purelye apertlye, andclerelye. Euerye speche standeth by vsuall wordes thatbe in vse of daylye talke, and proper wordes thatbelonge to the thinge, of the which we shal speke. Neyther be properties to be referred onely to the nameof the thing, but much more to the strength and powerof the significacion: & must be considered not byhearyng, but by vnderstandyng. So translacion in thewhych comonly is the greatest vse of eloquuciõ, applieth wordes not the selfe proper thinges. But yetan vnvsed worde or poetical, hath also somtyme in theoracion hys dignitie, and beyng put in place (asCicero sayeth) oftentymes the oracion may semegreater, and of more antiquitie, for that Poetes dospeake in a maner as it were in another tonge, it isrighte sone perceiued. Finally two fautes are cõmittedin euerye language, whereby it is not pure:Barbarisme, and Solecisme. Of the whych, that on iscommitted, when anye worde is fautely spoken orwriten: that other, when in many wordes ioynedtogether, the worde that foloweth is not wel applyedto that that goeth before. Of composicion anddygnitye, we wyll speake here after, when we come tothe figures of rethoryque. 

Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge. 

Before we come to the precepts of garnishing anoraciõ, we thinke good, bryeflye, to shewe you of thethre kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych allthe eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For thatthere be thre sundry kyndes, called of the Grekescharacters, of vs figures, I trowe there is no man, though he be meanlye learned, but he knoweth, namelywhen we se so manye wryters of sciences, bothe Grekeand latine, whych haue ben before tyme, to hauefolowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes ofwrytyng, the one vnlyke to the other. And there hathbene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge:The greate, the small, the meane. 

The greate kynde. 

The greate, the noble, the mightye, and the full kyndeof endyghtynge, wyth an incredible, & a certen diuinepower of oracion, is vsed in wayghty causes: for ithathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes, proper, translated, & graue sentences, whych arhandled in amplificacion, and commiseracion, and ithathe exornations bothe of woordes and sentences, wherunto in oracions they ascribe verye great strengthand grauitie. And they that vse thys kynde, beevehement, various, copious, graue, appoynted andreadye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes. Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for AulusCluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for CaiusRabirius: agaynste Catiline, agaynste Verres, agaynstePiso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimesfall into fautes, when vnto them that seemeth a graueoracion, whych swelleth, and is puffed vp, whych vsethstraunge wordes hardelye translated, or to olde, andthat be nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylyetalke, or more graue then the thing requyreth. 

The small kynde. 

The small kynde of indighting, is in a subtile, pressed, and fyled oracion, meete for causes that be alytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge. For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euento the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng. It hathe fyne sentences, subtile, sharpe, teachyng allthynges, and makynge them more playne, not more ample. ¶ And in the same kynde (as Cicero sayeth in hysoratoure) some bee craftye, but vnpolyshed, and ofpurpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull: Other in thatleaues are trymme, that is somwhat floryshynge alsoand garnyshed. Cicero vsed thys kynde in hysphilosophicall disputacions, in the oraciõ forQuincius for Roscius y^e Comedy plaier, & Terẽce, & Plautus in their Comedies. Such as cã not hãdsomlyvse them selues in that mery conceyted slendernes ofwordes, fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion. 

The meane kynde. 

The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth ofthe lower, and yet not of the loweste, and moste comenwordes and sentẽces. And it is ryghtyly called thetemperate kynde of speakyng, because it is very nyghvnto the small, and to the greate kynde, folowyng amoderacion and temper betwyxt thẽ. And it foloweth aswe saye in one tenour, distinguyshyng all the oracionwyth small ornamentes both of wordes, and sentences. Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius, for AulusCecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and moste of all in hysbookes of offices. In this it is fautye to come to thekynd that is nye vnto it, whyche is called dissolute, because it waueth hyther and thyther, as it werewythout senowes and ioyntes, standyng surely in nopoynte. And suche an oracion can not cause the hearerto take anye heede, when it goeth so in and out, andcomprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes. 

Of Schemes and Tropes. 

[Sidenote: Scheme] Scheme is a Greke worde, andsignifyeth properlye the maner of gesture thatdaunsers vse to make, whẽ they haue won the best game, but by translacion is taken for the fourme, fashion, and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge orpayntinge: and is taken here now of vs for the fashionof a word, sayynge, or sentence, otherwyse wrytten orspoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage, and thatthre sũdry waies: by figure, faute, vertue. 

Figure. 

Fygure, of Scheme y^e fyrst part, is a behaueoure, maner, or fashion eyther of sentence, oracion, orwordes after some new wyse, other thẽ men do commenlyevse to wryte or speake: and is of two sortes. Dianoias, that is of sentence, and Lexeos of worde. 

Figure of Dianoias, or sentence, because it properlyebelongeth to oratoures, we wyll speake of it hereafterin place conuenient, now wyll we entrete of the figureLexeos, or of worde, as it perteyneth to theGramarians. 

Figure of worde. 

Figure Lexeos, or of worde, is when in speakyng orwrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made neweor straunge, otherwyse then after y^e comen custume:& is of . Ii. Kyndes; diccion, & construccion. 

Figure of Diccion. 

Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word, either written or pronoũced: & hath these partes. 

[Sidenote: Prosthesis. ] _Appositio_, apposiciõ, the putting to, eyther of letter or sillable at thebegynnyng of a worde, as: He all to bewretched hym. 

[Sidenote: Apheresis] _Ablatio_, the takynge awaye ofa letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde, of a letter, when we say: The pẽthesis of thys houseis to low, for the epenthesis. Wher note this y^e wordpẽthesis is a greke worde, & yet is vsed as anenglishe, as many mo be, and is called a pentis bythese figures, Sincope and Apheresis, the whole wordbeynge as is before, epenthesis, so called because itis betwyxt y^e lyght & vs, as in al occupiers shopscõmenli it is. 

[Sidenote: Epenthesis. ] _Interpositio_, when a letteris added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and thelaste, as: Relligiõ for religion, relliques forreliques. 

[Sidenote: Syncope. ] _Consicio_, contrary toEpenthesis, is when somewhat is cutte of from themyddeste of the worde, as: Idolatry for Idololatry. 

[Sidenote: Proparalepsis. ] _Preassumpcio_, when asillable is added to a word, the significacion of theworde therby nothyng altered, as: He vseth to slackenhis matters, for to slacke his matters. 

[Sidenote: Apocope. ] _Absissio_, y^e cuttyng away of aletter or sillable frõ the end of a word, as: She is awel fayr may, for maid. 

[Sidenote: Ectasis. ] _Extensio_, the making lõg of asillable whych by nature is short, as: This wasordeined by acte, for ordined. 

[Sidenote: Systole. ] _Contractio_, the makynge shortof a sillable which bi nature is lõg, as He is a manof good perseueraũce: wher some men cõmit . Ii. Fautesat once, one y^t they take perseueraũce forknoweledge, which signifieth alwais cõtinuance, another y^t they make this sillable (ue) short, where itis euer longe: and so do they erre in thys worde, adherentes, also, makyng (he) short, when it isalwayes longe, as when they saye: I defye hym, and allhis adherentes. 

[Sidenote: Synolephe. ] _Delecio_, puttynge oute, when. Ii. Vowels comyng together, the first is as it wereput out: as thone and thother, for the one and theother. 

[Sidenote: Antisthecon. ] _Littera pro littera. _ Oneletter for an other, as akecorne for okecorne. 

_Transposicio. _ Transposing of letters in wrytynge, as chambre, for chamber. 

Figure of construccion. 

Figure of construccion is when the order ofconstruccion is otherwyse then after the comen maner. And the kyndes be these. 

[Sidenote: Prolepsis. ] _Presumpcio_, a takynge before, or generall speakynge of those thynges whychafterwardes be declared more perticulerlye: as, in themeane seasõ that kyng Henry rode royally to Calais ona sumpteous courser, Lewes in a gorgeous chariot wascaried to Boloygne. 

[Sidenote: Zeugma. ] _Iunctio_, ioynyng, as Linacersayeth, is when in lyke sentences a certen comen thyngthat is put in the one, and not chaunged in the otheris not expressed, but lefte out: as in Vyrgyll. BeforeI forget Cesar, eyther the Parthian shall drynke ofthe flud Araris, or Germany of Tigris: here is leftout, shall drynke. Or to define it more playnelye. ¶ _Iniunctio_, is when the verbe in diuerse lykesentences is referred to one: and that thre maner ofwaies. 

[Sidenote: Presozeugma. ] Fyrste when it is set before, and is called _preiunctio_, as: There dyd ouercome inhym, lechery, his chastitie, saucines his feare, madnesse hys reason. 

[Sidenote: Mesozeugma. ] Secondlye when it is set inthe middes, & is called, _Media iunctio_, as bewtye, eyther by age decaieth, or by syckenes. 

[Sidenote: Hypozeugma. ] Thyrdly whẽ it is put in theend and is called _Postiunctio_, as bewtie bysyckenes, by sorowe, or by age decayeth. 

[Sidenote: Diazeugma. ] _Disiunctio_, disiunccion, whenof those thynges of whych we speake, eyther both, oreche one of them is concluded with their certen verbe, thus: The people of Rome destroyed Numance, ouerthrewCartage, cast downe Corinth, and raced Fregels. Couetousnes hurteth the bodye, and corrupteth themynd. 

[Sidenote: Silepsis. ] _Concepcio_, when in vnlikeclauses a certeyn cõmon thynge that is put in one ofthẽ, can not agre with the other, excepte it bechaunged. But thys is more playne in the latinebecause of the concordes, albeit in englyshe for theverbe we may vse this example. The Nobles and theKynge was taken. Hys head and hys handes were cutteof: In the whyche sentences the verbe agreeth wyth thenexte. 

[Sidenote: Epergesis. ] _Appositio_, when twosubstãtiues are put together immediatly withoute anyverbe betwyxt, the one to declare the other, as inVyrgyll. ¶ Coridõ loued faire Alexis his mastersdarlynge. 

[Sidenote: Hyperbaton] _Transgressio_, when theryghte order of wordes is troubled, & hath thesekyndes. 

[Sidenote: Anastrophe. ] _Reuersio_, a preposterousorder of the woordes contrarye to the good order ofspeakyng, as: He fell from of the wall, for he fel offrom the walle. 

[Sidenote: Hysterologia. ] _Prepostera loquutio_, wheny^t that is done afterwardes, is set in speaking inthe former place, as: plucke of my bootes and spurres. 

[Sidenote: Tmesis] _Dissectio_, a cutting, when theioynyng of a compound worde is losed by puttingsomewhat betwixt, as: Hys saying was true, as hereshal appere after, for hereafter. He shal by punyshedwhat man so euer offẽdeth, for whatsoeuer man. 

[Sidenote: Parenthesis] _Interpositio_, Interposicion, is a dissoluciõ of the order of the words by putting asentence betwixt, as: The man (I speke it for noharme) wyl somtime haue his owne wyll. 

[Sidenote: Eclipsis. ] _Defectus_, when somewhatlacketh in speakyng, but cõmenlye vsed to bevnderstand, as: Good morowe, good nyght. 

[Sidenote: Antiptosis. ] _Casus pro casu_, when onecase is putte for another, as me thynke it is so. 

Faute. 

Of Scheme, the second parte is in speach as it were afaute, which though it be pardoned in Poetes, yet inprose it is not to be suffered. The kyndes bee these:obscure, inordinate, barbarous. 

Obscure and hys partes. 

Obscure is, when ther is a darknes thorow faut, eytherof the wordes, or of the settynge of them, and theseben the partes. 

[Sidenote: Acyrologia. ] _Improprietas_, when a wordenothynge at all in hys proper significacion isbroughte into a sentence as a cloude: as you shallhaue syxe strypes you longe for. 

[Sidenote: Pleonasmus. ] _Superabundancia_, when y^esentence is laden with superfluous wordes, as, hespake it wyth his mouthe, he sawe it wyth hys eyes. 

[Sidenote: Perissologia. ] _Sermo superfluus_, when asentẽce is added, y^e matter therby made neuer thewaightyer, as y^e Embassadours obteining no peace, returned backe home, frõ whẽce they came. 

[Sidenote: Tautologia. ] _Inutilis repeticio eiusdem_, is a vayne repeting agayn of one word or moe in allone sentence, whyche faute by takyng lytle heede, Cicero also fell into, as in the oracion for AulusCluencius. Therefore that iudgemẽt was not lyke aiudgemẽt O Iudges. 

[Sidenote: Homiologia. ] _Sermo ubique sui similis_, a greater faute then the other, is when the wholematter is all alyke, and hath no varietie to auoydetediousnes, as: He came thither to y^e bath, yet hesaide afterwardes. Here one seruaunt bet me. Afterwardes he sayde vnto hym: I wyll consider. Afterwardes he chyd wyth hym, & cryed more and morewhen manye were presente. Suche a folyshe tellyng of atale shall you heare in many simple & halfe folyshepersons. 

[Sidenote: Amphibologia. ] _Ambiguitas_, when thorowfaute of ioynyng the wordes, it is doutefull to whychthe verbe belongeth, as: Hys father loueth hym betterthen hys mother. 

[Sidenote: Periergia. ] _Sedulitas superflua_, whenther is in speakyng to much diligence and curiositye, and the sentence ouerladen with superfluous wordes, whiche faute is the same, or verye lyke to that, [Sidenote: Macrologia] that is called _Macrologia_, whych is when the sentence vpon desyre to seme fyneand eloquent, is longer then it shulde be. 

Inordinate and his partes. 

Inordinate is, when eyther order or dignitie lackethin the wordes: and the kyndes ben these:

[Sidenote: Tapinosis. ] _Humiliatio_, when the dygnityeof the thyng is diminyshed by basenes of the worde: asif we shuld say to a greate prynce or a kynge: If itplease your mastershyp. 

[Sidenote: Aschrologia. ] _Turpis loquutio_, when thewords be spoken, or ioyned together, that they may bewronge into a fylthye sence. Of thys it nedeth not toput any example, when lewde wanton persons wyl soonefynde inowe. 

[Sidenote: Cacozelia. ] _Mala affectatio_, euyllaffectaciõ or leude folowyng, when the wytte lackethiudgement, and fondlye folowyng a good maner ofspeaking, runne into a faute, as when affectyng copy, we fall into a vaine bablynge, or laboryng to bebrief, wax bare & drye. Also if we shuld saye:a phrase of building, or an audiẽce of shepe, as acertẽ homely felow dyd. 

[Sidenote: Aschematistõ] _Male figuratum_, when theoracion is all playne and symple, & lacketh hisfigures, wherby as it wer wyth starres it might shyne:which faute is counted of wryters, not amonge theleaste. 

[Sidenote: Cacosintheton. ] _Male collocatum_, whenwordes be naughtelye ioyned together, or set in aplace wher thei shuld not be. 

[Sidenote: Soraismus. ] _Cumulatio_, a mynglyng andheapyng together of wordes of diuerse languages intoone speche: as of Frenche, welche, spanyshe, intoenglyshe: and an vsynge of wordes be they pure orbarbarous. And although great authors somtyme in longworkes vse some of these fautes, yet must not theirexamples be folowed, nor brought into a cõmon vsage ofspeakyng. 

Barbarie and hys partes. 

Barbarie is a faute, whych turneth the speche frõ hispurenes, and maketh it foule and rude, and the partesbe these. 

[Sidenote: Barbarismus. ] Barbarismus is, when a wordeis either naughtely wrytten or pronoũced cõtrary tothe ryght law & maner of speakynge. And it is done byaddicion, detracciõ, chaunging, transposynge, eytherof a letter, a syllable, tyme, accent or aspiraciõ. Hereof we haue shewed exampels partly wher they becalled figures, and partly, doute ye not, but both thespeakynge and wrytyng of barbarouse men wyll gyue youinow. Hytherto be referred the fautes of euilpronouncing certein letters, & of to much gapyng, or contrarye of speakyng in the mouth. 

[Sidenote: Solecismus. ] _Inconueniens structura_, is an vnmete and vnconuenient ioynynge together thepartes of spech in construccion, whych is marked byall thynges that belong to the partes of speche: aswhen one parte is put for another, when gender forgender, case for case, tyme for tyme, mode for mode, number for number, aduerbe for aduerbe, preposicionfor preposiciõ, whych because it is vsed of famousauthores, instede of fautes, be called figures. 

Vertue. 

Vertue, or as we saye, a grace & dygnitye inspeakynge, the thyrde kynde of Scheme, is when thesentence is bewtyfied and lyfte vp aboue the comenmaner of speaking of the people. Of it be two kyndes:Proprietie and garnyshyng. 

Proprietie and his partes. 

Proprietie is when in wryting and pronunciacion therbe no fautes committed, but thynges done as theyshulde be. The partes bee proposicion, and accenting. 

[Sidenote: Analogia. ] _Proportio_, proporcion is, whereby the maner of true wrytynge is conserued. Bythys the barbarous tonge is seperated from the veryetrue and naturall speche, as be the fyne metals fromthe grosser. To speke is no faute, but an obseruacionor markyng, not leanyng vpõ cause, but vpon example. For in eloquence, the iudgement of excellẽt menstandeth for reason, as saythe Quintilian in hys fyrstboke. 

[Sidenote: Tasis. ] _Extensio_, is that wherby a sweteand pleasaunt modulacion or tunablenes of wordes iskepte, because some are spoken wyth a sharpe tenure oraccent, some wyth a flatte, some strayned out. Thisgrace specially perteineth to a turnyng of y^e voycein pleasaunte pronunciation. 

Garnyshyng and his kyndes. 

Garnishyng as the word it selfe declareth, is whẽ theoraciõ is gaylye set oute and floryshed w^t diuersegoodly figures, causyng much pleasauntnes anddelectaciõ to the hearer: and hath two kyndes, composicion, and exornacion. 

[Sidenote: Sinthesis. ] Composicion is an apte settingetogether of wordes, whych causeth all the partes of anoracion to bee trymmed al alyke. And in it muste beconsidered that we so order our wordes, that thesentence decrease not by puttynge a weaker word aftera stronger, but that it styl go vpwarde and increase. There is also a naturall order, as to saye: men &women, daye and nyght, easte, and weste, rather thenbackewardes. In thys muste be auoyded also to oftencomyng together of vowels, which make the oracion wydeand gapyng. To muche repetyng of all one letter in thebeginning of wordes, to much repeting of one word, and that they ende not to much all alyke, that thesentence be not held on to longe, which werieth thehearer, and the speaker: nor that manye consonãtes runnot to harshely together, wyth many other, whichCicero speaketh of in hys thyrde booke of hys oratour, and Quintilian in hys nynth, wherof here to putexamples were to longe. 

Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes andsentences by disseueryng thẽ w^t diuerse goodlycolours and tropes or chaũgings of speach. 

Tropes. 

Emonge authors manye tymes vnder the name of figures, Tropes also be comprehended: Neuerthelesse theris a notable difference betwixt thẽ. In figureis no alteracion in the wordes frõ their propersignificacions, but only is the oracion & sẽtence madeby thẽ more plesaũt, sharpe & vehemẽt, after y^eaffecciõ of him that speketh or writeth: to y^e whichvse although tropes also do serue, yet properlye bethey so called, because in them for necessitye orgarnyshynge, there is a mouynge and chaungynge of aworde and sentence, from theyr owne significaciõ intoanother, whych may agre wyth it by a similitude. The former partes ben these. 

[Sidenote: Metaphora. ] _Translatio_, translacion, thatis a worde translated from the thynge that itproperlye signifieth, vnto another whych may agrewith it by a similitude. And amonge all vertuesof speche, this is the chyefe. ¶ None perswadeth moreeffecteouslye, none sheweth the thyng before oure eyesmore euidently, none moueth more mightily theaffeccions, none maketh the oraciõ more goodlye, pleasaunt, nor copious. 

Translacions be diuerse. 

[Sidenote: i. ] Some frõ the body to the mynd, as:I haue but lately tasted the Hebrue tonge, for newelybegunne it. Also I smell where aboute you go, for Iperceyue. 

[Sidenote: ii. ] From the reasonable to thevnresonable, as Vyrgyll in hys Georgexe applyed thecounselles and fashion of warres belongynge to men;to bees. 

[Sidenote: iii. ] From the vnreasonable to theresonable. What whinest thou, what chatterest thou?That one taken of a wolfe, that other of a pye. 

[Sidenote: iiii. ] From the liuinge to the not liuyng. The mouthe of the well, the fatnes of the earth. Thelande wyl spewe them oute. 

[Sidenote: v. ] From the not lyuynge to the liuyng. Cicero florisheth in eloquẽce. 

[Sidenote: vi. ] From the liuyng, to the liuynge. The iews winched against Moses. 

[Sidenote: vii. ] From the not liuinge to the notliuynge. The wordes flewe oute of hys mouth. He isgood for a greue wounde. 

[Sidenote: Catachresis. ] _Abusio_, when for a certeyneand proper worde, we abuse a lyke, or that is nie vntoit, as when we say: longe counsel, lytle talke, smalmatter. Here maye we soone perceyue that by abusionwee take wordes that be somwhat nye, whych property dobelong to vnlyke thinges. 

[Sidenote: Metalepsis. ] _Transsumptio_, Transsũpcion, is when by degrees we go to y^t that is shewed as:he hyd hym selfe in the blacke dennes. By blacke isvnderstand ful of darkenes & consequently stepe downeand verye depe. 

[Sidenote: Metonomia. ] _Metonomya_, Transnominacion, when a worde that hathe a proper significacion of hysowne, beynge referred to another thing, hath another:& this is done diuerse waies. 

[Sidenote: i. ] When the chiefe master or doar of athyng is put for y^e thing it self, as: Put vpon youthe Lorde Iesus Christ. Also: you play Iudas w^t me. 

[Sidenote: ii. ] When the place, or that thatcõteineth, is put for the thyng that is in it, as: Allthe round earthe prayseth God. Oxforth (some say) hathnot forsaken all popery, for the studentes therin. 

[Sidenote: iii. ] When that that is conteyned is putfor that that doth conteine, as: The fryer Austens isgoodly buylded, for y^e house wher y^e fryers wer. 

[Sidenote: iiii. ] When the doer is put for that y^t isdone, as: God brought the Israelites out of Egyptewyth a stretched out arme, and stronge hande. Also:Is gods hand drawen in? for power and strength. 

[Sidenote: v. ] When y^t is done is put for y^e doer. 

[Sidenote: Synecdoche. ] _Intellectio_, Intelleccionwhẽ one thyng is vnderstand by another y^t is of thesame maner and kynd, and this is done many wayes. 

[Sidenote: i. ] When of the whole is vnderstãd a parte, as: Abraham set a calfe before them, for caluesfleshe. 

[Sidenote: ii. ] By a parte the whole, as: He receyuedthe straũgers vnder the succour of hys house rofe, forinto hys house. 

[Sidenote: iii. ] By one many, as: The Frenchemã in y^ebatail had the ouerthrow. 

[Sidenote: iiii. ] By a kynd y^e general, as: If thouse thyne enemies Asse fal vnder his burden, forcattell. 

[Sidenote: v. ] By the general the kynd: Eue the motherof al liuing things, for of al mẽ: Preach to alcreaturs, to al mẽ

[Sidenote: vi. ] By that goeth before, the thynge thatfoloweth, as: He set hys spurres to hys horse, for herode a pace, or fled faste awaye. 

[Sidenote: vii. ] By that y^t foloweth, the thingewente before, as: I got it wyth the swete of my face, for w^t my labour. 

[Sidenote: viii. ] By the matter, y^e thynge that ismade of it, as: Fleshe and bloude shewed the not it. 

¶ [Sidenote: ix. ] By the signe, y^e thyng y^t issignified as: Lo, naw the toppe of the chymneyes inthe villages smoke a farre of: wherby Vyrgylsignifieth night to be at hande. 

[Sidenote: Pronominacio. ] _Antonomasia_ is, whych fory^e proper name putteth some other word: As: theArchebyshop confuted the errour, for Cranmer. ThePhilosopher lyed that the worlde was eternall, forAristotle. The Apostle sayeth wee be iustified byfaythe, for Paule. 

[Sidenote: Periphrasis. ] _Circuicio_, is a largerdescripcion eyther to garnyshe it, or if it bee fouleto hyde it, or if it be bryefe to make it more playn:by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. ¶ Example ofthe fyrste: The prouidẽce of Scipio ouerthrew y^emight of Carthage. Here saue onlye for garnyshyngsake he myghte haue sayde playnlye: Scipio ouerthrewCarthage. Of the nexte: When Saule was doyng hisbusines, Dauid might haue killed hym. Doyng hysbusines, ye wot what it meaneth. Of y^e thyrd, youhaue the larger exposicions vpon the Gospels called bythe name of thys figure. 

By Etymologie or shewyng the reasõ of the name. Wellmaye he be called a parasite, for a parasite is y^tloueth other because of his meat. 

By sygnes, as when by certeine notes, we describe anyethynge, as if a man vnderstãdyng anger wyll saye thatit is the boylynge of the mynde, or color whychbryngeth in palenes into the coũtenaũce, fiersenesof the eies, and trẽblyng in the members. 

By destincion. The arte of well indyghting, forRethorique. 

The second parte of Trope. 

_Allegoria_, the seconde parte of Trope is aninuersion of wordes, where it is one in wordes, and another in sentence or meanynge. 

[Sidenote: Aenigma. ] _Sermo obscurus_, a riddle ordarke allegorie, as: The halfe is more thẽ the hole. 

[Sidenote: Paremia. ] _Adagium_, a sayinge muche vsedand notable for some noueltye, as: The wolfe is in ourtale. 

[Sidenote: Ironia. ] _Dissimulatio_, is a mockyngwhiche is not perceiued by the wordes but eyther bythe pronũciacion, or by the behaueour of the person orby the nature of the thyng, as You are an honest manin deede. 

[Sidenote: Sarcasmus. ] _Amara irrisio_, is a bittersporting & mocke of our enemye, of a maner of iestyngor scoffinge bytynglye, a nyppyng tawnte, as: TheIewes saide to Christ, he saued other, but he couldnot saue hym selfe. 

[Sidenote: Astysmus. ] _Festiua urbanitas_, is a certenmery conceyted speakyng, as on a tyme a mery felowmetynge w^t one that had a very whyte head, axed himif he had lyen in the snowe al nyght. 

[Sidenote: Mycterismus. ] _Subsannatio_, a skornyng bysome iesture of the face, as by wrythinge the nose, putting out the tonge, pottyng, or suche lyke. 

[Sidenote: Antiphrasis. ] _Dictio cõtrariũsignificans_, when the mock is in a worde by acontrarye sence, as when we call a fustilugges, a minion. 

[Sidenote: Charientismus. ] _Graciosa nugatio_, whenwordes roughly spokẽ be molified by pleasaunt wordes:as when we saye to hym that threatneth vs: I praye yoube good master to me. 

The fyrst order of the figures Rethoricall. 

[Sidenote: Epanaphora] _Repeticio_, repeticion, whenin lyke and diuerse thynges, we take our begynnyngcõtinually at one & the selfe same word, thus: To youthis thyng is to be ascribed, to you thanke is to begeuen, to you thys thynge shal be honour. In thisexornacion is much plesantnes, grauitie, and sharpnes, & it is much vsed of al oratours, & notably settethoute, and garnysheth the oracion. 

[Sidenote: Antistrophe. ] _Conuersio_, conuersion iswhych taketh not hys begynnynges at al one and thesame worde, but w^t all one worde styll closeth vp thesentence, & it is contrary to that other before, as:Sence the time y^e cõcord was takẽ awaye from thecitie, lyberty was takẽ awai: fidelity was takẽ away:frẽship was takẽ away. 

[Sidenote: Symploce. ] _Cõplexio_, complexion cõprisethboth two exornacions, both this, & that whych wedeclared before, y^t both all one fyrste worde shuldebe oftẽ repeted, & we shuld turne often to all onelaste word, as: Who toke Sedechias prisoner, & put outboth hys eyes? Nabuchodonozer. Who put Daniell and hysfelowes into the burnyng furnace? Nabuchodonozer. Whowas transformed frõ a man into a beast, & eate hayewyth oxen? Nabuchodonozer. 

[Sidenote: Anadiplosis. ] _Reduplicatio_, is acontinent rehearsyng agayne of all one worde, orwordes, for the more vehemence, and some affect of themynde. Cicero agaynst Catiline. Yet he liueth, liueth:yea commeth also into the counsel house. It is thou, it is thou that troublest all the houshold. ¶ Also, dareste thou nowe come into our syght, y^e traitour ofthy cõtrei? Thou traitour I say of thy contrei, darestthou come into oure syght?

[Sidenote: Epanodus. ] _Traduccio_, Traduccion is, whyche maketh that whẽ all one word is oftentymesvsed, that yet it doth not onlye not displease themynde, but also make y^e oracion more trim in thiswyse: Suffer ryches to belonge to riche men, butprefer thou vertue before ryches. For if y^u wyltcompare ryches wyth vertue, thou shalte scarse thynkethem meete to be called ryches, whych ar buthãdmaydens to vertue. Also, we are vnto God the swetesauour of Christ. To the one part are we the sauour ofdeath vnto deathe, and vnto the other part are we thesauour of lyfe vnto lyfe . Ii. Cor. Ii. 

[Sidenote: Sinonimia] _Nominis cõmunio_, cõmunion ofthe word, when we renewe not the selfe same worde byrehearsyng agayn, but chaunge that that is put wyth another word of the same valewe, thus: Thou hastouerthrowen the comon wealth euen from the foundacion, and cast downe the citye, euen from the roote. Theiuste man shall floryshe as the palme tre, andshall be multiplyed as the Ceder tre. Cicero for. Q.  Ligarius. ¶ Whose syde wolde that poynte of thyswerd haue pricked? what meaned thy weapons? what wasthy mynde? what meante thyne eyes? handes, thatburning of thy mynd? what desiredst y^u? whatwyshedste thou? Lytle differeth thys figure from theother before, only because the wordes be chaũged, thesentẽce remayning. 

[Sidenote: Sinathrismus. ] _Frequentacio_, frequentacion is, when the thynges that be dispersedthorowout all the cause, are gathered together intoone place that y^e oracion shulde be the wayghtier, & rebukefuller, thus: What faute is he without? whyshuld you O Iudges be mynded to deliuer hym? He is anharlot of hys owne bodye, he lyeth in wayte forothers, gredy, intemperate, wanton, proud, vnnaturalto his parentes, vnkynd to hys frindes, troubleous tohys kynsefolke, stubborn to hys betters, dysdaynful tohis equals, cruel to hys inferiours, finally, intollerable to all men. 

[Sidenote: Epiphonesis. ] _Exclamacio_, exclamaciõ is, whiche sheweth the signification of sorowe, or ofanger, by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or athynge? Cicero in hys oratour: O deceitful hope ofmen, and frayle fortune: & our vayne contencions, whych oftẽ tymes are broken in the myd way, rushedowne, and in the fal ar quite ouerthrowen before theycan se the hauen. Hereunto belõgeth expectaciõ, obtestaciõ, wishyng, rebuking. 

[Sidenote: Areia. ] _Execracio_, execracion: O fye vponIdolatry, that taketh away the honoure due vnto Godalone, and geueth it to synfull creatures, and Imagesmade by mans hand. 

[Sidenote: Deesis. ] _Obtestacio_, obtestacion, whẽ forGod, or for mannes sake we vehemently desyre to haueany thynge. As Cicero for Publius Sestius: O I prayeyou, & for the Gods sakes most herteli besech you, y^tas it was your wylles to saue me, so you wyl vouchsafto saue thẽ thorew whose helpe you receiued me agayne. 

[Sidenote: Euche. ] _Votum_, wyshynge: O wolde God thatthe adulterer had bene drowned in the ragyng sea, whanwyth hys nauye of shyppes he sayled to Lacedemonia. 

[Sidenote: Epiplexis] _Increpacio_, Cicero agaynstCatiline: Thynkest thou that thy counselles are notknowen? and that we knowe not what thou dyddest thelaste nyghte? and what the nyghte before?

[Sidenote: Erotesis. ] _Interrogacio_, Eueryeinterrogaciõ is not of grauity, neither yet a Scheme, but thys whyche when those thinges be rehearsed vpwhiche hurte oure aduersaryes cause, strengthneth thatthynge that is gone before, thus seynge then that hespake all these wordes, and dyd all these thynges, whether dyd he put away our felowes myndes frõ thecõmon wealthe or not?

[Sidenote: Erotema. ] _Raciocinatio_, raciocinacion is, by the whych we our selues axe a reason of oure selfe, wherefore euerye thynge shulde be spoken, & thatoftentymes we demaund of our selues a declaracion ofeuery proposicion after thys maner: Thys was wellordeined of oure elders to depryue no kynge of hyslyfe whome they had taken in batayl. Why so? for thepower whyche fortune had geuen vs, it to consume inthe punyshement of them whom the same fortune a lytlebefore had set in hyeste degree, were agaynste reason. Yea but he brought a greate army agaynst you? I wylnot remember it. Why so? For it is the poynte of avaliaunte man, suche as contend for the vyctorye, themto count enemyes: suche as be ouercome, those to countmẽ: so that fortitude maye diminishe war, humanitieincrease peace. But he if he had ouercome, wolde hehaue done so? Verelye he wolde not haue bene so wyse. Why shulde ye spare hym then? because such foly I amwont to despise, not to folowe. 

[Sidenote: Prosapodosis. ] _Subiectio_, when we axe ofoure selfe what can be saide agaynst vs, and answereto our selues thus: ¶ Shall we tary in synne? Godforbyd. Or compell our aduersarye to answer thus:O Iewes, what can you say for denyall of Christe. Wylyou saye that you haue not youre Messias? but yourprophets say the contrarye. Your Types are confoũded. Whom wyl you be iudged by? by Hystories? Oures declarethat you be out of the way, & shall come agayne toChrist. 

[Sidenote: Antiphora. ] _Tacite obiectioni responsio. _whẽ we make answere to a thynge that myght priuely beobiected agaynst vs, as in the fyrst epystle of Ouide, Penelope wylling her husband Vlysses to come homehymselfe, and wryte nothyng vnto her. Wher he myghthaue layed for hys tarying the warres, she priuelytoke away y^t excuse, saying: Troy is destroied. 

[Sidenote: Aporia. ] _Dubitatio_, Dubitacion; when weedoute of two thynges, or of many, which we shuldinespecially speke of. Much hurted the cõmonwealth atthat tyme, whether I shuld saye the folyshenesse ofthe consolles, or the malyce, or bothe, I can nottell. 

[Sidenote: Apophasis. ] _Expeditio_, expedicion, whenmany reasons rehearsed vp, wherby a thynge myghte bedone or not, the other are taken away, and one leftthat we entende, thus: It muste needes bee that thyscontrouersie touching the sacrament must stand eythervpon the much pressyng and rigour of the wordes; orvpon the meanynge and vnderstandynge of them. Thewordes as they stande, brynge wyth them greateinconuenience, to wytte, to expositoures, and theother textes. The meaning doth not so but auoydeth althese incõueniences, & satisfieth reason, expositours, & texts of the scripture, wherfore wyt, expositour, & scripture thinketh it better to take the sentence, then the worde. 

[Sidenote: Epilogus. ] _Conclusio_, conclusiõ is, whichby a brief argumẽtacion of these thinges that bespoken before or done, inferreth that thynge thatnecessarilye shulde folowe, thus: And if a reuelacionwer geuen to the Troianes, y^t Troy myght not be takenwithout y^e arowes of Philectetes, and thei didnothing else but strike Alexander to kyl him that indede was Troy to be taken. 

[Sidenote: Epitrope. ] _Permissio_, permission, when weshew y^t we geue & graũt any thyng altogether to amans wyll, thus: ¶ Because al thynges takẽ away, onlyis left vnto me my body & mynd, these thynges, whychonly ar lefte vnto me of many, I graunte thẽ to youand to your power. 

[Sidenote: Anacinosis. ] _Cõmunicacio_, cõmunicacionis, when we leaue sumwhat to y^e Iudges to be estemed, thus: I leaue vnto you o iudges to be thought whathurt y^e cõmõ welth shal take hereof _Diuisio_, [Sidenote: Dialisis. ] diuision is which diuiding onethyng frõ another, endeth thẽ both by shewing a reasõ, thus: why shuld I lay ani thing to thi charge? if y^ubee good, y^u haste not deserued it, if thou benaught, thou carest not for it. Also, what shuld Ispeake of myne owne good turnes towarde the. If thoudo remember them, I shuld but trouble you: If you haueforgotten them, when by deede I haue profited nothyng, what good can I do in wordes?

[Sidenote: Antitheton. ] _Contentio_, contencion, whenthe reason stãdeth by contrary wordes or contraries berehearsed by cõparison, thus: Flattery hath pleasaũtbegynnynges, but the same hathe verye bytter endynges. Cicero agaynst Catiline: when they coulde not lyuehonestlye, they had rather dye shamefully. They thatbe after the fleshe, care for these thynges y^t be ofthe fleshe. They that be after the spirite, care forthe thynges of the spirite. 

[Sidenote: Antithesis. ] _Contrarium_, contrary is, that of two diuerse thynges confirmeth y^e onebryefely and easelye, thus: For he that alwayes wyllbe an enemy to hys owne rekenyngs, how shuld a mantrust that he wold be a frind to other mens matters?He that in familiare cõmunicacion and company of hysfriendes wyl neuer say truth, thinkest thẽ y^t he wilabsteine from a lye in a cõmon audience. 

[Sidenote: Colon. ] _Membrum oracionis_, a mẽber of thereasõ is so called when a thinge is shewed perfitelyin fewe wordes the whole sentence not shewed, butreceyued agayne w^t an other parte, thus: Thou dyddestbothe profite thyne enemie, and hurte thy frynd. Thysexornacion may be made of two partes only, but theperfiteste is made of thre, thus: Thou diddest profitethine enemy, hurt thi frind, and dydst no good to thyselfe. 

[Sidenote: Dialyton. ] _Articulus_, article is, wheneche word is set asunder by cutting the oracion thus. By sharpnes, voyce, countenaunce, thou madeste thyneenemyes afrayd. Thou destroyedst thyne enemyes wythenuye, wronges, power, falsehead. 

[Sidenote: Isocolon. ] _Compar_, euen or equall, iswhen the oracion hath in it the partes of the whychewe spake before, & that they be made of euen number ofsillables: but thys equalitie must not stand bynumbrynge of them, but by perceyuyng of it in y^emynd. Christe afore the Iudge was led, & on hys head acroune of thorne was putte, in token that in dede, thekynge of Iews he was borne. Here be some mo wordes inon mẽber then in an other, yet sound they to the eareof lyke lengthe. 

[Sidenote: Homioptotõ] _Similiter cadens_, fallyng alalike is, when in the same construccion of wordes therbe two wordes or mo which be spoken alyke in the selfesame cases, thus: Thou praysest a man nedye of vertue, plenteful of money. Cicero for Flaccus: There is inthẽ no varietie of opinion, none of wyll, none oftalke. 

[Sidenote: Homoteleto. ] _Similiter desinens_, endyngeal alyke, when words or sentẽces haue alyke endyng, as: Thou dareste do fylthely, and studiest to spekebaudely. Content thy selfe w^t thy state, in thy hertedo no man hate, be not the cause of stryfe and bate. 

[Sidenote: Climax. ] _Gradacio_, is, when we rehearseagain the word y^t goth next before, & descẽd to otherthinges by degrees thus: To Affrican industry gatvertue, vertue glory, glory hatered. [Sidenote:Orismus. ] _Definicio_, definiciõ, wher by y^e propereffect of any thynge is declared briefely & absolutelyin this wyse: This is not diligẽce but couetousnes, because y^t diligẽce is a nedy sauing of thine own:couetousnes is a wrongful desyre of other mens. ¶ [Sidenote: Metabasis. ] _Transicio_, transiciõ is, wherby briefly we monyshe what hath ben spoken, & whatmay folowe, as: What he hath ben to hys contrey I hauetold, now ye shal hear how he hath shewed him self tohys parẽtes. Also Cicero for the law of Manilius:Because we haue spoken of y^e kind of the warre, nowwyll we shewe a fewe thynges of the greatnes of it. ¶ [Sidenote: Paralepsis. ] _Occupatia_, occupacion is, when we make as though we do not knowe, or wyl notknow of y^e thyng y^t wee speke of most of al, in thiswyse: I wyl not say that y^u tokest money of ourfelowes, I wyl not stand much in thys that y^urobbedst kingdoms, cityes, and al mens houses: I passeouer thy theftes, & al thy rauyns. ¶ [Sidenote:Asindeton. ] _Dissolutio_, when the oracion lackethconiũccions, thus: Obey thy parẽtes, be ruled by thikinsfolke, folow thy fryndes, obey the lawes. 

[Sidenote: Apostrophe. ] _Auersio_, auersion, when weturne our speche from them to whom we dyd speake toanother personne, eyther present or absent, or to athing to the whych we fayne a person, as a precher, speaking of priestes, that feede not the flocke, mayfytly turn hys speche vnto Peter, sayinge: O Peter, I wold thou liuedst, & sawest what thy brethren do, howe far they be gone frõ that thou prescribedst themto do. Againe: O world, howe pleasant be the thyngesthat thou dost promyse, how bytter ben they that thougeuest. 

[Sidenote: Anangeon. ] _Necessum_, necessitie, when wecõfesse the thynge to be done, but excuse it bynecessitye, eyther of y^e person or tyme, thus:I confesse that thys I dyd. But the woman that thougauest me, dyd deceyue me. Also, somtyme I was in thatopinion, but the tyme so required. 

[Sidenote: Anaclasis. ] _Refractio_, that is theturninge backe agayne of a worde into a cõtrarysignificacion, thus: I knowe kynge Ezechias that allthys lyfe is but bitternes, but I praye thee, gyue mesuche bytternes. 

[Sidenote: Bomphiologia. ] _Verborum bombus_, whensmall & triflyng thynges are set out wyth great gasyngwordes. Example of this haue you in Terrence of theboasting souldiar, & creping smel feast. 

[Sidenote: Miosis. ] _Diminutio_, when greate mattersare made lyghte of by wordes, as when he was wel beatẽbi a knaue, that knaue wyll saye he dyd but a lytlestryke hym. 

[Sidenote: Liptote. ] _Extenuatio_, the makyng lesse ofa thynge to auoyde arrogance, thus: If I haue any witO Iudges, if any exercyse of endyghtyng, al may Ithanke Archias the Poete of. ¶ Cicero for Archias. 

[Sidenote: Diasirmus. ] _Eleuacio_, when we make lyghteof, and dyspyse great argumentes brought agaynst vs, whych to aunswer vnto it is labour, and we saye theyperteyne not to the purpose, or that they are vnworthyto be answered vnto, or that we kepe them tyll anothertyme: Of thys ther nedeth none example. 

As oute of lytle springs ariseth greate fluddes:so now these preceptes of grammer finyshed, and thefyrste order of the Rethorical figures: We nowe comevnto that greate declaracion of eloquence, called ofQuintilian & Cicero, the ornametẽs of sentence. 

Figures of sentence. 

[Sidenote: Particio. ] Particion called also diuision &distribucion rethoricall, is when a thing that mai begenerally spokẽ, is more largely declared, and diuidedinto partes. Example: He is perfitely seene in all thesciences. ¶ This sẽtence spoken as it were in a sũme, may be enlarged, if seuerally you reherse vp al thekindes of learning. There is no kynd of doctrine at albut he is exquisitely sene in it. There is no science, but he hathe learned it thorowly, and so learned it, that you wolde thynke he had labored onely in it. So maruelouslye he knoweth all the fables of al thePoetes, he so aboundeth in the floures of theRethoricians: He hath so boulted oute the paynefullrules of the gramarians. So perfitely knoweth he thesubtilnesse of the Logicians, and hath so soughte outethe priuities of natural thynges, and ouercome theharde poyntes of supernaturall wisedome: he hathepassed thorowe the secretes of the diuines, and haththorowlie perceyued the mathematical demõstracions. Heso knoweth the mocions of the starres, the reasons ofnumbers, the measurynges of the earth, the situacions, names & spaces of cities, mountaynes, fluddes, andfountaynes, he so knoweth the difference and harmoniesof tunes: He so remẽbreth all hystoryes olde and late:So knoweth all good authors, all antiquities &nouelties, and also is perfitelye well seene as wel inGreke as latyne. Finallye whatsoeuer learnynge hathebene found and taught of good authors, al thatthorowlye hath he perceyued, knowen and remẽbred. Herethese wordes, he is perfitelye seene in all thesciences, bee declared in theyr partes. 

[Sidenote: Enumeracio. ] Enumeracion is much lyke vntothys, when not beynge contente at once to declare theende of the matter, we rehearse vp all y^t went beforeit was done. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of thynges that gobefore] Example: Cicero oppressed the mischeuouspurposes of Catiline. Thus maye you set it forth: Themyscheuous enterpryses of Catiline by most vngraciousyonge men, whych went about the destruccion of thecitie of Rome, M Tullius the consull dyd quickelyesmell out by hys foresyghte, and by hys singulervigilancye sought thẽ oute, by his hyghe prudenceespyed them, by his incredible eloquence conuincedthem, and by hys graue authoritie repressed thẽ, byforce of armes subdued them, & with great happinestoke them quyte awaye. 

[Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of the causes. ] Hitherto alsoapperteineth, whẽ we expoũd a thyng not barely, butrepete the causes also sumwhat before, and of whatbegynnynges it came of. As if not contente to hauesayd, that the Frenchmen made bataile with theNeapolitans, we rehearse also what wer the causes oftheyr stryfe, who was the setter forward, and what wasthe occasion of the warre, what hope and truste eytherof them had to the victorye. Of these ar many examplesin Saluste & Liuie. [Sidenote: Enumeraciõ of effectes, & consequẽtes. ] From thys differeth not when we do notsimplye shewe forthe the matter, but reherse alsothose thynges that eyther go with it, or folowe it, as thus: We thanke the of thys warre. Thus maye youdilate the matter. The treasure spente vpon theBarbariens, the youthe broken wyth laboures, the cornetroden downe, the catel driuen awaye, stretes andvyllages euery where set on fyre, fieldes leftedesolate, walles ouerthrowen, houses robbed, templesspoyled, so many olde men chylderles, so manyeorphanes, so manye wyddowes, so many virginsshamefully defiled, y^e maners of so many yong mẽ madeworse by leude liberty, so many mẽ slayne, so greatmourning, so many good artes loste, lawes oppressed, religion blotted, al thynges of god and manconfounded, all good order of the citie corrupted:I say all this heape of myschiefs that riseth of war, we mai thãke the only of it, which wast y^e beginnerof this war

[Sidenote: Energia. ] _Enargia_, euidence orperspicuitie called also descripcion rethoricall, iswhen a thynge is so described that it semeth to thereader or hearer y^t he beholdeth it as it were indoyng. Of thys figure ben many kyndes. 

The fyrste, called effiguracion or descripcion of athynge, whereby the figure and forme of it is set out:as of the vniuersall flud. 

The seconde, the descripcion of a personne, when a manis described, as are the noble menne in Plutarch, and the Emperours in Suetonius. Howe be it therethoricianes vse thys worde _Prosopopeia_, that isdescripcion of a personne to comprehende the sixekyndes folowinge. 

[Sidenote: Charactirismus. ] The thyrde kinde is called_Charactirismus_, that is the efficcion or pycture ofthe bodye or mynde, as Dauus describeth Crito, & Mitiodescribeth Demea. 

[Sidenote: Prosopographia. ] The . Iiii. Is the fainyngof a persõ called _Prosopographia_, and is of . Ii. Sorts. Fyrst y^e descripciõ of a fained person, asVyrgyl in the syxt of Eneid, faineth Sibil to be mad, & fayneth the persons in hell. An other forme is whẽwe fayne persõ, cõmunicacion, or affecte of a man orof a beaste, to a dumme thynge, or that hath no bodye, or to a dead man: as to the Harpies, furies, deuils, slepe hongar, enuie, fame, vertue, iustice, and suchelyke, the poetes fayne a person, and communicacion. This seconde fashion the Poetes do call _Prosopopey_. [Sidenote: Aetopeia. ] The fyrst kind is called_AEtopeia_, that is an expressiõ of maners or myldeaffeccions, and hath thre kyndes: of the whych thefyrst is a significacion or expression of manerssomewhat longer, as of wittes, artes, vertues, vices. Thus we expresse Thraso a boaster, and Demea a sowrefelowe. 

The seconde forme, is an expression of naturallpropensitie, and inclinacions to naturall affeccions, as of the fathers loue toward the chyldren . &c. Offryendshyppe, neyghbourhod & cetr. As you maye se inhystoryes. 

¶ The thyrd kynde is the expression of lighteraffeccions, as when wee go about by fayre meanes togette the mery affeccions of menne to vs ward or toother, & when the mynd is lyft vp into hope, myrth, & laughter, and as be louyng salutations, promises, & cõmunynges together in familiar epistles anddialogues, and the getting of loue and fauour in thebegynnynges, and finallye thys figure doth teach, thatRethorique is a part of flattery. [Sidenote:Pathopeia. ] The sixt kynde of rethoricall descripcionis _Pathopeia_, that is expressyng of vehementaffeccions and perturbacions, of y^e whych ther be twosortes. The fyrste called _Donysis_, or intencion, andsome call it imaginacion, wherby feare, anger, madnes, hatered, enuye, and lyke other perturbacions of myndeis shewed and described, as in Ciceros inuectiues. Another forme is called _Oictros_, or cõmiseracion, wherby teares be pyked out, or pyty is moued, orforgeuenes, as in Ciceros peroraciõs, and complaintesin Poets: And to be shorte ther is gotten no greateradmiracion or commendacion of eloquence then of thesetwo, _AEtopeia_, and _Pathopeia_, if they be vsed inplace. [Sidenote: dialogismus] The . Vii. Kind is_Dialogismus_ whych is how often a short or longcommunicacion is fayned to a person, accordyng to thecomelines of it. Such be the concious in Liuie, &other historians. [Sidenote: Mimisis. ] The . Viii. Kyndis called _Mimisis_, that is folowing eyther of thewordes or manoures whereby we expresse not onlye thewordes of the person, but also the gesture: and theseforesayd sixe kindes Quintiliane dothe put vnder_Prosopopeia_. The . Ix. Kynde is the descripcion of aplace, as of Carthage in the fyrst of Eneid. Referrehither Cosmographie and Geographie. The . X. Kynd iscalled _Topotesia_, that is ficcion of a place, whena place is described such one peraduenture as is not, as of the fieldes called Elisii in Virgil: referhither _Astrothesiam_, that is the descripciõ ofstarres. The . Xi. Kinde is _Chronographia_, that isthe descripcion of the tyme, as of nyght, daye, andthe foure tymes of the yere. 

[Sidenote: Amplificacio] A greate parte of eloquenceis set in increasing and diminyshing, and serueth forthys purpose, that the thyng shulde seme as great asit is in dede, lesser or greater then it seemethto manye. For the rude people haue commonly apreposterous iudgemẽt, and take the worst thyngesfor the beste, and the beste for the worst. Alamplificacion and diminucion is taken eyther ofthinges, or of wordes. Of thynges ryse effeccions, ofwords those fashions that nowe I wyll shewe. The firstwaye of increasyng or diminishing is by chaungynge theworde of the thynge, when in encreasynge we vse a morecruell worde, and a softer in diminyshynge, as when wecall an euyll man a thiefe, and saye he hathe kylledvs, when he hathe beaten vs. And it is more vehemẽteif by correccion we compare greater wordes wyth thosethat we put before: As thou haste broughte not athyefe, but an extorcioner, not an adulterer, but arauysher. &c. ¶ Lyke vnto this is _Hyperbole_, whychesay the more then the truthe is in deede, as when wesaye: The crye was hearde to heauen, meanyng it was agreate crye. An other kynde is by increase, whyche iswhen the thynges goyng before beynge exaggerate, we come from them to the hyeste: As agaynste Verres. It is a myscheuous deede to bynde a Citizen of Rome, haynous to beate hym, what? shall I saye to hange hym?An other waye of increase is, when wythoutedistinccion in the context and course of the oracion, the circumstaunces sette in order, somewhat alwayes isadded bygger then the fyrste, and that we come to thehyest by a swyfte pace. As he was not ashamed to playeat dyce wyth iesters in the common cokerye, beynge aprieste, a Person, a Diuine, and a Monke. There isanother kynde of amplyfienge that is by comparisoncontrary to increase. For as in increase the thyngesthat go before beyng exaggerat, we go from them to thehyest, so comparison taketh increase of the lesser, whych if they be greater in all mens opinions, thatmust nedes appeare verie greate that we wyll haueamplified: And comparison is made by ficcion, & byputtynge to an example. By ficcion, eyther in onedegree, or in many. As in the fyrst part of theamplifiyng of Antonies vomite, for he fayneth it hadhappened vnto hym at supper beyng but a priuateperson. If at supper in these great bowles of thinethys happened vnto thee, who wolde not haue counted ita shame: But now in y^e syght of the people of Romebeynge a cõmon officer, master of the horse, to whomit was shame once to belch, he wyth hys gobbets ofmeat that stanke al of wyne, fylled al his lap, andthe iudgement seate. Here amplificacion is taken ofsmaller thinges, and is made by one degree of manydegrees, this maye be an example. If a mã gaue theeuery yere . Xl. Poũd, woldest y^u not thanke him? If afriend had redemed the out of prison w^t hys money, woldest thou not loue hym? If eyther in battell orshypwracke a man by hys valiantnes had saued the, woldest thou not worshyp hym as God, and saye thouwere neuer able to make hym amendes? What ingratitudeis it then that Christ God & man, which hathe madethe, to whom thou dost owe al that thou hast, &c. Soto dispyse hym, so wyth dayely fautes to anger him, & for so great beniuolẽce to geue hym agayn so greatcontumelye and despyte? Neyther skylleth it that wehaue rehearsed ficcion and comparicion amongeargumentes, for there is no cause why thatamplificacion and oruacion shuld not be taken out ofthe same places from whence ther commeth probacion. Nor it is no newes the selfe same thynges to beapplyed to diuerse vses. As of all circumstaunces bothof the thyng, and of the person are taken argumentes, but euen oute of the selfe same are set affeccions andexaggeracions, whych is manifest in the kyndedemonstratiue: As when we prayse chastitie in a yongeman, we go not aboute to perswade that he was chaste, but that that vertue shulde appeare greater infloryshyng age. To lyke vse serue examples andsimilitudes, as in Esaye: The Oxe knewe hys owner, andthe Asse the maunger of hys master, but Israel hathenot knowen me. The example of the Oxe & the Asse isnot vsed for this to proue that the Hebrewes dyd notknowe their God, but that the impietie and folishnesof that nacion shulde be amplified. The same may beapplied to profe after thys maner. If the Oxe and Asseknowledge theyr masters, of whõ they are norished anddo serue them, how much more conueniente is it, thatmã shuld knowledge hys maker and norisher, and seruehim bothe in bodye and mynd. Contrarye, when Paulsayth: no man serueth in warre on his owne wages, heproueth by similitudes, that it is not comelye, thatthey that war vnder the gospell, shulde be compelledto be carefull for their liuynge. He shuld haueapplied it to amplifiyng, if he had propouned it thus. They that serue vnder a capteine be not careful fortheir liuyng, but lokinge for the sustenaunce of theircapteine, only studye for thys to do hym faythfulseruice, howe muche more shame is it that some mennethat haue promised to fyght vnder Christ in thegospel, to distrust such a capteyne, and studye allthey can to gather riches. Cõparison by puttyng toexample is, whẽ by setting out as it were a lykeexample, wee brynge to passe that that we exaggeratemay be thought either very lyke, eyther equal, eitherbygger. ¶ And in this kynd both the whole is cõparedto the whole, & the partes to partes: as in theoracion of Cicero for Milo. Did I pray you y^t noblemã Scipio being a priuat persõ kil Tiberius Gracchuswhych shaked the cõmõ wealthe but a lytle, & shall weebeynge consulles suffer Catiline, that gothe aboute towast the whole worlde wyth murther and fyre? Here bothCatiline is compared to Gracchus, and the estate ofthe common wealthe to the whole world, & a lytleshakyng to slaughter, fyer and wastyng, and a priuateperson to the consuls. ¶ Ther is an amplificacion alsowhẽ contraries be set together, wherby bothe thepartes seme bygger, and more euidente. As whenexhorting men to liberalitie, we shewe howe foule afaute couetousenes is, that the foulnes of the fautebeing exaggerate, the goodlines of the vertue shuldebe more encreased. There is another kynd of amplifiyngcalled reasonynge, when of those thinges that eytherfolowe or go before, the hearer doth gather how greatthat thynge is that we wolde to be amplified. Bythynges that go before, as when Homer armeth Achylles, or Hector to batayle, by the greate preparacion, wegather how sore y^e sight shal be. Of thinges y^tfolowe: How much wyne Antony dranke, when y^t hauyngsuch a strong body he was not able to digeste it, butspewed it vp the nexte daye after. Of thynges ioynedto: as whẽ Maro sayeth to Poliphemus: He had the bodyeof a pineapple tree for a staffe in hys hande. Manyeother kyndes ben there of amplifiynge, which who sowyl se more at large, may read that right excellentboke of the famouse doctor Erasmus, whych he intituledthe preacher. 

The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefestate or principal proposion of the cause is declaredand proued by manye other proposicions and argumẽtes, so set in iuste order that there be no confusion ofproposions. And proposicions be taken partely of thosethat be cõmon, and partly of those thynges thatbelonge properlye to the cause: As if a man woldecounsell Tullye not to take the condicion offered ofAntony, that is, that by burnynge of hys bookes calledphilippia, he shulde haue hys lyfe, hy myght vsecommonly these proposicions. Fyrste y^t no man oughteto by his life so dere, that therby he shulde lose hysimmortall name. ¶ To thys generall may serue aperticuler taken oute of circumstaunces, that itoughte not to be done, inespecialy of Cicero, whych byso many laboures hathe gotten vnto hym selfe anexcellente and euerlastyng name, and that hath shewedmoste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workesthat deathe ought to be despised, inespeciallye seyngethat now he hath not much tyme to lyue beynge an oldeman. ¶ Agayn, another principall proposicion shall betaken of the circũstaũces. That nothynge is worse, then that Cicero beyng a very good mã shulde owe hislyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world. The thirdproposicion shal be cõiectural: how that Antonycraftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned, in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortalinfamye to be, and the immortal glory of Cicero, whẽhe hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe, he mayevtterlye extinguyshe Cicero. 

¶ A copious heaping of probacions. 

[Sidenote: Proues. ] So when proposicions be found, remaineth argumẽtaciõ or proues, called in Greke_Pistis_, because they make suretye of a doutefullthyng. [Sidenote: Two sortes of proues. ] Of prouessome be artificiall, some vnartificial. Vnartificialbe, foreiudgementes, rumoures, tormentes, tabelles, othe, wytnesses, diuinacion, oracles. [Sidenote:Signes be referred to proues vnartificial, & why?] Tothese be referred whych the Greekes cal _Symeia_ orsygnes: For they also commonlye are not set by thewytte of hym that disputeth, but are ministredotherwyse. [Sidenote: Signes wherfore. ] They be calledsignes properlye, whyche rysynge of the thynge itselfe that is in question come vnder the sences ofmenne, [Sidenote: Signes be referred to tyme. ] asthreatninges, whych be of the time that is paste, cryinge herde oute of a place, whyche is of the tymepresente, palenesse of hym whyche is axed of themurther, whyche is of the tyme folowynge, or thatbloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye slayne, when hecame that dyd the murther. [Sidenote: Two maner ofsignes. ] Also of signes some bee necessary, as that heliueth whiche dothe breathe, and some probable, asbloude in the garmente, whych myghte also come oute ofthe nose, or otherwyse. [Sidenote: Proues takẽ oute ofcircũstauces. ] Also proues and argumentes are takenoute of circũstaunces, partly of the person, partlyeof the cause or thyng it self, and be called also ofthe Rethoricians places, neyther cleane contrarie tothose that Aristotle hath taughte, neyther the verysame: for some agree wyth them, some be all one, andsome diuerse. [Sidenote: How proues of circũstaũcesdiffer frõ Aristotels places. ] Onlye differeth themanour of teachynge, because the Rethoricianes doteache a patrone, the philosopher generally helpethiudgement. [Sidenote: Circũstãces of person. ]Circumstaunces of the person ben these. Kinred, nacion, contrey, kynde, age, bryngynge vp, ordiscipline, hauioure of the body, fortune, condicion, nature of the mynde, studies, affectacion, wordesforespoken, & deedes done before, commocion, counsell, name. [Sidenote: Kynred. ] Kynred monisheth vs tocõsider of what progeny a man dothe come. For it issemely, and happeneth cõmonlye that the sonnes be lykethe forefathers, and thereof procedeth causes to lyuewell or euyll: [Sidenote: Nacion] Naciõ sheweth whatdisposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly oftheyr owne. [Sidenote: Kynd. ] The difference of kyndeis knowen to euerye man: [Sidenote: Age. ] To diuerseages diuerse thyngs be conueniente. [Sidenote:Educacion. ] It skylleth more by whom, and by whatwayes men be brought vp, then of whom they bebegotten. [Sidenote: Hauiour of the bodie. ] Thehauioure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes orfoulnes, strength or weaknes: For more credible is theaccusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in afoule, and violence more probable in the strong, thenin the weake. [Sidenote: Fortune] Fortune perteinethto ryches, kynred, friendes, seruitures, dignities, honours. [Sidenote: Condicion. ] Condicioncomprehendeth manye thynges: as whether he be noble ornot noble, an officer, or a priuate person, a fatheror a sonne, a citizen or a straunger, a fre man, or aseruaunt, a maried manne, or a single man, a father ornone, hauinge had but one wyfe, or two. [Sidenote:The nature of the mynd] The nature of the mynde hathmanifold varieties in men. Some be fearful, somestrong, some gentle, some vehemẽt, chaste, lecherous, glorious, modeste &c. [Sidenote: Studies] Studies, for other be the maners of the rustical, then of thelawyer, of the marchaunte, then of the Soldier, of the shipman then of the phisicion. [Sidenote:Affectacion. ] To these they adde affectacion: For itskylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde semeto be, whether he be y^e same or not: as ryche, oreloquent, iuste or mightie, mery or sad, a fauorer ofthe people, or of the great men. [Sidenote: Wordesspoken, & deedes done before] Both wordes that bespoken before time, and dedes that be done, be alsoconsidered. For of thynges that be paste, the presentbe estemed, & also thinges that be to come. [Sidenote:Commocion] Cõmocion in thys differeth from the natureof the mynde, because that one is perpetuall, thatother for a whyle: as anger is commocion, rancourthe nature of the mynde, and feare a cõmocion, fearefulnesse nature. 

¶ [Sidenote: Name. ] To these they adde the name of theperson, of whence many tymes an argument is takẽ: asCicero iesteth muche vpon Verres, or sweepers name, because beyng a strong thief, he swepte altogether. Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken ofthynges belongyng to a personne, so maye be also ofthose that belonge to a thynge or cause, whiche placesbee so handeled of Quintiliane, that he myngleth thẽwyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehendedin hys eyghte bookes of Topyckes. [Sidenote:Circũstaunces of things be these. ] Circumstances ofthe thynges be these: Cause, place, tyme, chaunce, facultie, instrumente, manour. And fyrste of eueryethinge there be foure causes, efficient, materiall, formall and finall. Matter is the receptacle of alformes. The forme causeth it to be thys, and notanother thynge: as the reasonable soule geueth to thebody that it is a man, and the soule because it is asubstaunce hathe her vnnamed forme, whereby she is asoule, and not an aungel. [Sidenote: Fine or ende. ]And what soeuer is made, is made to a certen ende, andone thynge maye haue diuerse endes: as nature hathegeuen brestes vnto women to geue milke, and also forcomlynesse of theyr bodies, neyther doth any man thatis of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse, butfor that he desyreth to haue some thynge: nor there isnothynge desyred, but vnder the consideracion of goodor profite. ¶ So the ende whyche is laste in effecte, and fyrste in intencion, loketh vpon the gettinge ofprofites, increase, and cõfirmacion of them, and alsovpon them, eschuynge of disprofites, diminyshynge, or puttyng them awaye. But in chosyng them, falseperswacion deceyueth manye, whylest by errour theybeleue that to be good y^t is naughte. ¶ This placetherfore serueth for many thynges, to make more orlesse. ¶ Greatly happy shulde men be, if euerye manwolde looke vpon the marke, not the whych desyre hathesette before hym, but whyche God and honest reasonhath prefixed. ¶ And of such strengthe is the ende, that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng. Tofast that the body maye obeye the mynde, to do goodworkes is an holy deede. To fast to be counted holye, is hypocrisie. To faste to encrease thy good, iscouetousenesse. To faste to be whole in thy bodie isphisycke, and so of praiynge, almose, and otherlaudable workes. After lyke maner must be wayed thesecondarie endes. [Sidenote: Place. ] An othercircumstaunce of a thynge, is the place, whosequalitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter orlesser: as to steale an holye thing out of an holyplace, is worse then some other kynde of theft. [Sidenote: Tyme. ] No lesse matter of argumentacionministreth the qualitie of time, which signifieth twothynges. [Sidenote: Time hathe two significacions. ]Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present, past, or to come: Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do athynge, and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it, we saye he cometh in time. And in the seuenth of Ihon, when Christ sayth: My tyme is not yet come, tyme istaken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in thesyxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. &c. [Sidenote: Chaunce. ] The Rethoricianes put chauncevnder tyme, because the ende of a thynge perteyneth tothe time that foloweth: but of thys wyll we speke inthe place called Euent. Facultie is a power to do thethynge that is taken in hand: and in coniectures twothinges speciallye be considered: whether he could orwold. Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it, and ismade more probable whẽ the nature of the mynde isioyned to it: as it is not like he wyl abide in hisglorye, because he is enuious and ambicious. Also whenwe counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge, when itis not in his power to get agayne that is gone. 

[Sidenote: Instrument. ] Instrument semeth to be a partof facultie: for instrumentes sometyme are cause ofoure hablenes to do a thinge: and it is a moremischeuous deede to kyl with venome thẽ with swearde. And to instrumẽt so nie is the manour of doyng, thatalmoste it is all one. But more properlye perteyne tothe manour or fashion, those thynges that be eytherexcused, or made greater by wyl: As lesse faute is itto fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie, then ofa purpose and full deliberacion. The vse ofcircũstances profiteth to amplifie, to extenuate, to euidence, to confirmacion, and probabilitie. Andhytherto be referred also the common places thatindifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partesof causes, of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth, andAristotle in his Topyckes. But before we speake ofthem, it is to be noted, that thys woorde place, istaken foure maner of wayes. They are called commonplaces, because thei be entreated of, of bothe partes, althoughe not in all one cause: as he that is sorespoken agaynste by witnesses, swadeth that we shuldenot geue credite to witnesses. Contrarye, he that isholpen by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses, andso of other that we spake of before, when we entreatedof vnartificial argumentes. Lyke to thys sorte besentences, whyche wee exaggerate as it were wythoutethe cause, but so that they serue to the cause whichewee haue in hande: as bee the amplificacions ofvertues, and the exaggeracions of vices. As when weeaccuse anye manne that by euyll companions he wasbroughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. ¶ A commonplace shall bee, wyth wordes to exaggerate howe muchit profiteth to keepe goodnesse, to bee in companyewyth good men, and contrarye howe greate myschyefe thecompanye of euyll men dothe cause. 

¶ In the third sence places be called seates ofargumentes, whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to echekyndes of causes: As in the kynde suasorie, honest, profitable, pleasaũt easye, necessarie. &c. Indemonstratiue kynde, kynred, contrey, goodes of thebodye and of the mynde. In the Iudiciall kynde, inespecial deniall, those that we spake of euen nowe. The fourth places be general, whych declare whatbelongeth to euerye thynge, and howe oute of eche ofthem there be taken argumentes, partly necessary, andpartlye probable. These be commen to the Oratours withthe Logicians, albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelyewritten of them in hys Topickes; and in hisRethorickes hathe not touched thẽ, and they profitemuch both to iudgement, and to endightynge, but thevarietie of authors hath made the handlynge of themsumwhat darke, because amonge them selues they can notwel agre, neyther of the names, neyther of the number, neyther of the order. 

[Sidenote: Examples. ] An example is a rehearsall of athynge that is done, and an applyynge of it vnto ourcause, eyther for similitude or dissimilitude, profitable to perswade, garnyshe, and delyght. Examples, some be taken out of hystories, some oftales, some of fayned argumẽtes, in comedies; andbothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion. Comparacion sheweth it equall, lesse, or bygger. Parable is a feete similitude, whych sheweth y^eexample that is brought, either like, vnlyke orcõtrarye. Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealthof the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen, and when it was brought into extreme losse, by theyrvaliauntnesse expelled the Barbariens: So Valla, whanthorowe the ignorãce of y^e Barbarians, learnyng wasdestroyed, restored it agayn, as it wer from deathinto hys former brightnes. Vnlike. As not lyke thankeis done to Laurence and Camillus, because that the onemoued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfedeliuered his contrey from the vngracious, that otherstyrred vp by desyre of fame, or rather wyth an euyllluste to checke manye, not restored agayn the lattẽtong oppressed, but brought it as it were into certenrules. Cõtrary, Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng abouttreason, Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes ofhys sonne. Comparacion sheweth y^e thing y^t isbrought, eyther equall, lesse, or bigger: Lesse, asour elders haue warred oftentymes, because theyrmarchaũtes and mariners wer euyl entreated. What myndought you to be in, so many thousande citizens of Romeslaine at one message, and one time? Equall, as in thesame Cicero. ¶ For it happed vnto me to stand for anoffyce wyth two gentlemenne, that one very naughte, that other very gentle, yet ouercame I Catiline bydignitie, and Galba by fauoure. Bygger: As for Milo, they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathekylled a man, when M.  Horacius was quitte, whychekylled hys owne syster. 

[Sidenote: Parable. ] Parable, which some callsimilitude, some cõparacion, is a comparyng of a thyngy^t hath no life, or no bodye to our cause andpurpose, for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke. And asexample is taken of y^e dede of a man, and the personof an hystorye, or that is fabulous and fayned, so iscomparison taken of thinges that be done, or that beioyned to them by nature, or by chaunce. ¶ As Attiliusretournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example ofkepynge faythe and promise: But a shyp in the whychthe sayles be hoysed vp, or takẽ down after theblowyng of the winde, is a parable whiche teacheth awyse man to geue place to tyme, and applye hymselfe tothe world that is presente. And lyke fashion is ofdilatyng a parable, as we haue shewed in example. For sometime it is noted in a word as: Doest thou notvnderstand that the sayles muste be turned? Sometymeit is more largelye declared, as in the oracion forMurena. And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen. &c. Analogie. 

_Icon_, called of the latines _Imago_, an Image inEnglyshe, is muche lyke to a similitude, and if youdeclare it is a similitude: as if you saye: As an Assewyll not be driuen from her meat, no not with a club, vntyl she be full: no more wil a warriour reste frommurther vntyll he hath fylled his mynd with it. Thisis a similitude: but if you saye that a man flewe vponhis enemies like a dragon, or lyke a lyon, it is anImage. Howbeit an Image serueth rather to euidence orgrauitie, or iocunditie, then to a profe. There isalso a general comparacion, speciallye in the kyndedemonstratiue, person wyth person, and one thing withan other, for praise or dispraise

[Sidenote: Indicacio. ] _Indicacio_, or authoritie, is the cõparing of an other mans saying or sentencevnto our cause: of the whiche ther be seuen principalkyndes. The fyrst a comon morall sentence, as a commonprinciple perteyning to maners: as continuall laboureouercommeth all thynges, and as be the sentences ofSalomon and Cato: and all morall philosophy is ful ofsuche sentences. The seconde are common rules, whychbe called dignities in euery science. The . Iii. A prouerb. The fourth called _Chria_, which is a veryshort exposicion of any dede or worde wyth the name ofthe author recited. The fyfte an _Enthimeme_, whycheis a sentence of contraries: as if it be a greatpraise to please good men, surely to please euyl menit is a greate shame. The syxte called _AEnos_, thatis a saying or a sentence, taken out of a tale, as bethe interpretacions of fables, and theyr allegories. The seuen is any answere takẽ out of the mouth of God, or taken out of the cõmaundement of God. 

[Sidenote: Exergasia. ] Expolicion is, when we tarye inone thynge, speakynge the same in diuerse wordes andfashions, as though it were not one matter butdiuerse. A goodlye example of the moste largestexpolicion is rehearsed in Erasmus, whych, because itis very profitable, I wyll wholye rehearse it. A wyseman for the cõmon wealth sake shall eschue no peryll:euen for thys cause that it happeneth oftẽ, that wherhe wold not dye for the common wealth, he peryshethyet of necessitie wyth the cõmon wealth. And becauseall the commodities we haue be taken of our contrey, ther ought no incõmoditie to be counted paynfull, taken for our contrey. They therfore that flye thatperyll which must be takẽ for the cõmon wealth, dofolyshely: for neither can they auoyde it, and they befound vngrate to the citie. But they that by theirowne peril put away the perils of their cõtrei, theyare to be counted wyse, seyng that bothe they geue tothe cõmon wealth that honour y^t they shulde geue, andhad rather dye for many, thẽ w^t many. For it is muchagainst reason that receiuing thy naturall lyfe by thycontrey, to deliuer it agayne to nature when shecompelleth the, and not to geue it to thy cõtrey whenshe desyreth the. And where y^u mayst wyth hyevaliauntnes & honour die for thy contrei, to hauerather lyke a cowarde to liue in shame. And for thyfryndes and parentes, and other acquayntance to putthy selfe in peryll: for the cõmon wealth in thewhyche both it & that most reuerende name of thecontrey is conteyned, not to be willynge to come inieopardye. Wherfore as he is to be dyspised whychebeing vpon the sea had rather haue hym selfe safe, then the ship: so is he to be rebuked, whych inieopardye of the commen wealthe, prouideth more forhis own then for y^e cõmon wealthe. When the shyppehathe ben broken, many haue ben saued: But after theshypwrake of the cõtrey no man can escape. Whychethynge me thynketh Decius dyd wel perceiue, whychreported wholy to haue bestowed hym selfe, and for thesauegard of his men of war to haue run amonge themyddest of hys enemyes. Wherfore he loste not hyslyfe, but let it go: for he redemed for a thynge ofverye small pryce, a ryght dere thyng. He gaue hislife, but he receiued his contrei. He loste his life, but he inioyed glorye, whyche written to his greateprayse, shyneth euerye daye more and more. Whereforeif we haue proued both by reason & by exãple, that webe bounde to put oure selfe in peryll for the commonwealthe, they are to be counted wyse men, whych forthe sauegarde of the contrey auoyde no peryll. Itwolde be meete to exercyse chyldren in suche themes, wherby shal be gottẽ bothe wysedome and eloquence. And here me thynketh I maye ryghte well ende theseRethoricall preceptes, although I be not ignorauntthat much helpeth bothe to persuasions and copye, theproper handlyng of tales taken oute of the nature ofbeastes, dreames, fayned narracions, sumwhat lyke vntothe truth, w^t allegories much vsed of diuines. Butbecause they requyre a longer treatie, for this tyme Ileaue them of, addynge vnto these before written rulesof oratory, a declamacion bothe profitable and verye elo- quente, wrytten by Erasmus vnto the moste noble Duke of Cleue, as here appe- reth after. 

 ¶ Impryn- ted at London by Iohn Day, dwellinge ouer Aldersgate, beneth saint Martyns. And are to be sold at his shop by the litle conduit in Chepesyde at the sygne of the Resurrec- tion. 

 _Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. Per septennium. _

INDEX TO AUTHORS AND ORATORS

 Afer, Publius Terentius, 23, 61 Africanus, Julius, 58 Agricola, Rodolphus, 8, 86 Antonius, Marcus (143-87 B. C. ), 18 Archias, Aulus, 61 Aristotle, 80, 82, 86, 88 Augustine, Saint, 14 Brooke, Thomas, 2, 7 Caecina, Aulus, 24 Calpurnius, Lucius (Piso), 22 Castellio, Sebastianus, 14 Catiline, Lucius, 22, 48, 51, 56, 64, 75,  90 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 5 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 33, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 90 Cluencius, Aulus, 22, 33 Elyot, Thomas, 5 Erasmus, Desiderius, 1, 10, 77, 93, 96, 97 Flaccus, Lucius, 58 Gower, John, 5 Homer, 76 Ligarius, Quintus, 49 Linacre, Thomas, 29 Livy, Titus, 65, 69 Lydgate, John, 5 Manilius, Gaius, 24, 59 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 24 Milo, Titus Annius, 22, 75, 90 Mosellanus, Petrus (Peter Schade), 9 Murena, Lucius, 91 Ovid, 53 Plautus, Titus, 23 Plutarch, 86 Quintilian, 10, 18, 37, 39, 62, 69, 82 Quintus, Caius, 23 Rabirius, Gaius, 22 Roscius, Quintus, 23 Sallust, Gaius, 65 Sestius, Publius, 51 Sulla, Lucius, 22 Suetonius, Gaius, 66 Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 Verres, Gaius, 22, 71, 82 Westimerus, Bartholomew (Westheimer), 14 Wyatt, Thomas, 6

INDEX OF FIGURES

[Transcriber’s Note: Spelling in the Index generally corresponds tospelling in the body text. When the spelling in the body text isdifferent, it is shown here in {braces}. ]

 Ablatio, 26 Absissio, 27 Abusio, 41 Acyrologia, 32 Adagium, 45 Aenigma, 45 Aenos, 93 Aetopeia, 67, 69 Allegoria, 45 Amara irrisio, 46 Ambiguitas, 33 Amphibologia, 33 Amplificacio, 70, 76 Anacinosis, 55 Anaclasis, 60 Anadiplosis, 48 Analogia, 37, 91 Anangeon, 60 Anastrophe, 31 Antiphora, 53 Antiphrasis, 46 Antiptosis, 31 Antisthecon, 28 Antithesis, 56 Antitheton, 56 Antistrophe, 47 Antonomasia, 44 Apheresis, 26 Apocope, 27 Apophasis, 54 Aporia, 54 Apostrophe, 60 Appositio, 26, 30 Areia, 51 Articulus, 57 Aschematiston, 35 {Aschematistõ} Aschrologia, 34 Asindeton, 59 Astrothesiam, 69 Astysmus, 46 Auersio, 60

 Barbarie, 35 Barbarismus, 36 Bomphiologia, 61

 Cacosintheton, 35 Cacozelia, 34 Casus pro casu, 31 Catachresis, 41 Charactirismus, 66 Charientismus, 46 Chria, 93 Chronographia, 69 Circuicio, 44 Circumstances of thynges, 83 Climax, 58 Colon, 57 Commonplaces, 86 {Common places} Common rules, 92 Communicacio, 55 {Cõmunicacio} Compar, 57 Comparison, 71, 75, 90 {75 Cõparison} Complexio, 47 {Cõplexio} Composicion, 38 Concepcio, 30 Conclusio, 55 Consicio, 27 Construccion, 28 Contentio, 56 Contractio, 27 Contraries, 76 Contrarium, 56 Conuersio, 47 Correction, 70 {Correccion} Cosmographie, 69 Cumulatio, 35

 Deesis, 51 Defectus, 31 Definicio, 58 Definicion, 45 Delecio, 28 Description, 66, 69 {Descripcion} Dialisis, 55 Dialogismus, 69 Dialyton, 57 Dianoias, 25 Diasirmus, 61 Diazeugma, 30 Diccion, 26 Dictio contrarium significans, 46 {Dictio cõtrariũ significans} Diminutio, 61 Disiunctio, 30 Dissectio, 31 Dissimulatio, 45 Dissolutio, 59 Distribucion, 62 Diuisio, 55 Donysis, 68 Dubitatio, 54

 Eclipsis, 31 Ectasis, 27 Effiguracion, 66 Eleuacio, 61 Eloquucion, 17 Energia, 66 Enthimeme, 93 Enumeracio, 63 Epanaphora, 47 Epanodus, 48 Epenthesis, 27 Epergesis, 30 Epilogus, 55 Epiphonesis, 50 Epiplexis, 51 Epitrope, 55 Erotema, 52 Erotesis, 51 Etymologie, 45 Euche, 51 Exaggeration, 71 {exaggerate} Example, 74, 75, 88 Exclamacio, 50 Execracio, 51 Exergasia, 93 Exornacion, 39 Expeditio, 54 Expolicion, 93 Extensio, 27, 37 Extenuatio, 61

 Faute (fault), 32; obscure, 32; inordinate, 34; barbarous, 35 Festiua urbanitas, 46 Ficcion, 72 Frequentacio, 50 Fygure, of scheme, 25; of diccion, 26; of words, 26; of construction, 28; rethoricall, 47; of sentences, 62

 Garnyshyng, 38 Geographie, 69 Graciosa nugatio, 46 Gradacio, 58

 Homiologia, 33 Homioptoton, 58 {Homioptotõ} Homotelento, 58 {Homotelẽto} Humiliatio, 34 Hyperbaton, 30 (last line) Hyperbole, 71 Hypozeugma, 29 Hysterologia, 31

 Icon, 91 Image, 91 Improprietas, 32 Inconueniens structura, 36 Increase, 71 Increpacio, 51 Indicacio, 92 Iniunctio, 29 Inordinate, 34 Intellectio, 42 Interpositio, 27, 31 Interrogacio, 51 Inuencion, 77; proposicions, 77; artificial proues, 78; unartificial proues, 79, 80; {Vnartificial} circumstances of thynges, 83; commonplaces, 86 {Common places} Ironia, 45 Isocolon, 57 Iunctio, 29

 Lexeos, 25, 26 Liptote, 61 Littera pro littera, 28

 Macrologia, 34 Mala affectatio, 34 Male collocatum, 35 Male figuratum, 35 Media iunctio, 29 Membrum oracionis, 57 Mesezeugma, 29 Metabasis, 59 Metalepsis, 41 Metaphora, 40 Metonomia, 42 Mimisis, 69 Miosis, 61 Morall sentence, 92 Mouth of God, 93 Mycterismus, 46

 Necessum, 60 Nominis communio, 49 {Nominis cõmunio}

 Obscure, 32 Obtestacio, 51 Occupatia, 59 Oictros, 68 Orismus, 58

 Parable, 90 Paralepsis, 59 Paremia, 45 Parenthesis, 31 Particio, 62 Pathopeia, 68, 69 Periergia, 33 Periphrasis, 44 Perissologia, 32 Permissio, 55 Pistis, 78 Pleonasmus, 32 Postiunctio, 29 Preassumpcio, 27 Preiunctio, 29 Prepostera loquutio, 31 Presozeugma, 29 Presumpcio, 28 Probacions, 78 Prolepsis, 28 Pronominacio, 44 Proparalepsis, 27 Proportio, 37 Proposicions, 77 Proprietie, 37 Prosapodosis, 53 Prosopographia, 66 Prosopopeia, 66, 67, 69 {67 Prosopopey} Prosthesis, 26 Prouerb, 93 Proues (proof), 78-90

 Raciocinatio, 52 Reasonynge, 76 Reduplicatio, 48 Refractio, 60 Repeticio, 47; inutilis, 33 Rethoricall, figures, 47; diuision, 62 Reuersio, 31

 Sarcasmus, 46 Scheme, 3, 25; faute of, 32; vertue of, 37 Sedulitas superflua, 33 Sentence, figures of, 62 Sermo, superfluus, 32; ubique sui similis, 33; obscurus, 45 Silepsis, 30 Similiter cadens, 58; desinens, 58 Similitudes, 74 Sinathrismus, 50 Sinonimia, 49 Sinthesis, 38 Solecismus, 36 Soraismus, 35 Style, kinds, 21; greate, 22; small, 23; meane, 24 Subsannatio, 46 Subiectio, 53 Superabundancia, 32 Sygnes, 45, 79 Symeia, 79 Symploce, 47 Syncope, 27 Synecdoche, 42 Synolephe, 28 Systole, 27

 Tapinosis, 34 Tacite objectioni responsio, 53 {obiectioni} Tasis, 37 Tautologia, 33 Tmesis, 31 Topotesia, 69 Traduccio, 48 Transgressio, 30 Transicio, 59 Translatio, 40 Transposicio, 28 Transsumptio, 41 Tropes, 3, 39-46 Turpis loquutio, 34

 Verborum bombus, 61 Votum, 51

 Worde, 26; compound, 19; simple, 19 {symple}

 Zeugma, 29

 * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

_Paragraphs_

Some paragraph breaks in this e-text are conjectural. The printed bookhad the following kinds of breaks:

 --conventional paragraph with indented first line --unambiguous paragraph with non-indented first line --ambiguous paragraph: previous line ends with blank space, but the space is not large enough to contain the first syllable of the following line --sentence break corresponds to line break: this happens randomly in any printed book, and only becomes ambiguous when the book also has non-indented paragraphs

In this e-text, the second type of paragraph is marked with a pilcrow ¶. The third type has a pilcrow ¶ but no paragraph break. The fourth typeis not marked. 

_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (Noted by Transcriber)

Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged. 

_Note on “homotele(n)to”_

In the facsimile edition, the body text has _homoteleto_ but the Indexhas _homotelento_. In the other available text, the body text has_homotelẽto_ with clear overline. The correct form is “homeoteleuton”(in this book’s spelling, probably “homioteleuton”). 

Spelling:

 The pattern of initial “v”, non-initial “u” is followed consistently. The spelling “they” is more common than “thei”. The form “then” is normally used for both “then” and “than”; “than” is rare. The most common spelling is “wyll”, but “wyl”, “wil” and “will” also occur. 

Word Division:

Line-end hyphens were completely arbitrary; words split at line breakwere hyphenated about two-thirds of the time. The presence or absenceof a hyphen has not been noted. Hyphenless words at line-end were joinedor separated depending on behavior elsewhere in the text:

 Always one word (re-joined at line break): som(e)what, without, afterward(e)s Usually one word: often()times, what()so()euer One or two words: an()other Usually two words: it/him/my... ()self/selues; shal()be; straight()way Always two words: here to

Roman Numerals:

Numbers were printed with leading and following . Period. When the numbercame at the beginning or end of a line, the “outer” period was sometimesomitted. These have been silently supplied for consistency. 

Contents:

 Faute 32 [33]

Text:

 because that in it we sonar perceiue [_text unchanged: “sooner”_] to make things defused more plaine [_text unchanged: variant of “diffused”?_] [Sidenote: And apte similitude. ] [_text unchanged: error for “An”_] wordes not the selfe proper thinges [_text unchanged: error for “thẽ selfe”?_] Idolatry for Idololatry. [Idololatty] [Sidenote: Presozeugma. ] [_text unchanged: usual form is “Prozeugma”_] [Sidenote: Hyperbaton] [“Hyperbation”] _Antonomasia_ [Antonomasias] _Occupatia_, occupacion [_text unchanged: correct form is “Occupatio”_] [Sidenote: Energia. ] [_text reads “Euergia”: intended form may be “Enargia” as in Latin_] [Sidenote: Charactirismus. ] [_text unchanged: usual form is “Characterismus”_] and these foresayd sixe kindes [_text unchanged: eight items have been listed_] The inuencion of many proposicions is, when the chyefe state or principal proposion of the cause is declared and proued by manye other proposicions and argumẽtes, so set in iuste order that there be no confusion of proposions. [_text unchanged: “proposion” (twice) may be errors for “proposicion”_] Kynred monisheth vs to cõsider [Rynred]

Punctuation and mechanical errors:

 [Sidenote: The occasion of thys treatise. ] [_“trea/ ise” at line break with invisible t_] to al mẽ [. Missing] by etimology, by sygnes, by definicion. [. Missing] Cicero for . Q.  Ligarius. [_punctuation as shown_] by callyng vpon eyther a man, a place, or a thynge? [? in original] I graunte thẽ to you and to your power [_“to / to” at line break_] y^e beginner of this war [. Missing] the fyrst is a significacion or expression of maners [_“of / of” at line break_] he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede. [, for . ] for praise or dispraise [. Missing]

Index:

 Cicero ... 90 [90, ] Vergil, 29, 30, 40, 44, 67, 69 [67 69]

 Charientismus [Charietismus] Execracio [Excracio] Media iunctio [iniunctio] Mesozeugma [Mesezeugma]