A Short _System_ OF English GRAMMAR. For the use of the BOARDING SCHOOL In WORCESTER. _By_ HENRY BATE _A. B. _ _Worcester:_ Printed by R. LEWIS, Bookseller, in _High-Street_. THE PREFACE. _Usage and Custom are the Rules and Measures of every_ Language, _andthe Rules of_ GRAMMAR _have nothing more to do, than to teach it. The_GRAMMAR _is to be fashioned from the particular_ Language, _it treatsof, and not the Language from the_ GRAMMAR. _For want of following thisregular Plan, our Modern_ GRAMMARIANS_ have introduced the_ GRAMMARRules _of other_ Languages _into their own; as if all_ Language _wasfounded on_ GRAMMAR, _and the Rules in one_ Language _would serve thesame End and Purpose in another. _ The Latin, _for Instance, has only_ eight Parts of Speech, _and theWriters of_ English GRAMMAR _have unthinkingly adopted the same Number;whereas with the Article, which the_ Latin _has not, and which is ofgreat Service in a_ Language, _we have no less than nine. The_ Latin_admits of_ Cases; _but as different_ Cases, _properly speaking, arenothing more than the different Inflections and Terminations of Nouns_, English Nouns _have no_ Cases. _It is not agreeable to the Principlesof_ GRAMMAR _to say that_--of a Rose--_is the Genitive Case of_--Rose, _or_--to a Rose, _the Dative; for_ of _and_ to _are no Part of theWord_ Rose, _but only_ prefix Particles _or_ Prepositions, _which shewthe different Relation of the Word_ Rose. _So likewise when we say_Alexander's Horse, _the Word_ Alexander's _is not the Genitive Case of_Alexander; _for strictly speaking the_ 's _is no Part of the Word_Alexander _but the final Letter of the Pronoun Possessive_ his, _andwithout the_ Apostrophe _we shou'd read it thus;_ Alexander his Horse. _If any of the_ Parts of Speech _have_ Cases, _the_ Pronouns _have, andsome of the_ Pronouns _may perhaps have_ two; _but for the Sake ofmaking every Thing as easy as I can to the Learner, I have taken theLiberty of distinguishing such_ Pronouns _into_ Prefix _and_Subsequent, _and entirely laid aside_ Cases _as useless andunnecessary. The_ Latin _has_ Genders, _the_ Adjective _in thatLanguage always varying to correspond with the_ Substantive; _butour_Adjectives _never vary, and therefore the Distinction of_ Genders_has nothing to do with_ English GRAMMAR, _but is idle, trifling, impertinent. _ EXPERIENCE _shews, that this Sort of pedantick Ignorance and Folly, hasmade that dark and obscure, which it was intended to elucidate, andunhappily puzzled and perplexed a great many more, than it has everinstructed. Every attempt to make_ English easy _must be fruitless, that is not formed upon a different Plan, and such is the following_short System of English GRAMMAR. AShort _System_OFEnglish GRAMMAR. _Of_ GRAMMAR _and it's_ DIVISIONS. Grammar is the Science of Letters or Language, and is the Art ofSpeaking and Writing properly. It's Divisions are four; ORTHOGRAPHY ANALOGYPROSODY SYNTAX _Of_ ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography comprehends _Writing_, and _Articulation_. _Articulation_treats of Simple Sounds, which are made by the Organs of Speech, and bywhich we communicate our Ideas and Sentiments to one another. _Writing_represents the Living Speech, and makes as it were these Sounds andSentiments visible. _Of_ PROSODY. Prosody treats of Pronunciation with respect of _Accent_, _Time_, and_Quantity_. But as the Science of Letters, Sounds, and Pronunciation isinstilled into the Minds of the English Youth very early in Life, andas this GRAMMAR is not intended for the Use of _Foreigners_, but forthem; I shall not trifle away their Time, in teaching them, what theycannot be supposed to be unacquainted with; but proceed to the thirdPart of GRAMMAR called _Analogy_. _Of_ ANALOGY. Analogy is the mutual Relation, or Agreement of Words with one another, and treats of all the _Parts of Speech_, which in English are _nine_. _Article_ _Verb_ _Conjunction__Noun_ _Participle_ _Preposition__Pronoun_ _Adverb_ _Interjection_ _Of An_ ARTICLE. An Article is a _Part of Speech_ put before _Nouns_ to ascertain andfix their Vague Signification. There are three Articles, _a_, _an_, and_the_. _A_ and _an_ are Indefinite Articles and applied to Persons orThings indifferently; as _an Oyster_, _a Prince_. The Article _the_distinguishes individually or particularly; as _the Oyster_, _thePrince_. _Of a_ NOUN. A Noun is a _Part of Speech_ which expresses the Subject spoke of; as_Ink_, _Paper_, _Witness. _ A Noun is either _Substantive_, or _Adjective_. A Noun _Substantive_ is the Name of a Thing considered simply initself, and without any Regard to it's Qualities; as _a Man_, _aWoman_, _a Child_. A Noun _Adjective_ is a Word added to the _Noun Substantive_, expressing the Circumstance or Quality thereof; as _a good Man_, _anold Woman_, _a young Child_. _Of a_ PRONOUN. A Pronoun is a _Part of Speech_ substituted in the Place of a _Noun_, to avoid the frequent and disagreeable Repetition of the same Word; as_the Bird_ is joyous, _he_ chirps, _he_ sings; which without the_Pronoun_ wou'd be thus; _the Bird_ is joyous, _the Bird_ chirps, _theBird _ sings. PRONOUNS PERSONAL. _I_ _He_ _Myself_ _I myself__Me_ _Him_ _Yourself_ _You yourself__You_ _She_ _Thyself_ _Thou thyself__Thou_ _Her_ _Himself_ _He himself__Thee_ _One's self_ _Herself_ _She herself_ PRONOUNS RELATIVE. _Who_, _whose_, _whom_, _what_, _which. _ PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE. _This_, _that. _ PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE. _My_ _Ours_ _Your_ _Theirs__Mine_ _Thy_ _Yours_ _Her__Our_ _Thine_ _His_ _Hers_ _Of_ NUMBER. Number expresses the Difference betwixt one Thing and many, and iseither _Singular_ or _Plural_. When a Thing is considered as single, or a Multitude of Thingsconsidered as united together, it is of the _Singular Number_; as _aMan_, _a Troop_. When several Things are considered as distinct from each other it is ofthe _Plural Number_, as _Men_, _Soldiers_. The _Plural_ is usually formed in _Noun Substantives_ by adding _s_ tothe _Singular_; as _Article Articles_, _Noun Nouns_. But when the Pronunciation requires it, or when the _Singular_ ends in_s_, _x_, _sh_, or _ch_, the _Plural_ is usually formed by adding theSyllable _es_; as _Ass Asses_, _Fox Foxes_, _Sash Sashes_, _ChurchChurches_. When the _Singular_ ends in _f_ or _fe_, the _Plural_ is usually form'dby changing the _f_ or _fe_ into _ves_; as _Wife Wives_, _Self Selves_. Sometimes the _Plural_ is formed by adding the Syllable _en_; as _OxOxen_; sometimes by changing the _Vowel_; as _Man Men_; and sometimesthe _Vowels and Consonants_; as _Penny Pence_, _Mouse Mice_, _LouseLice_. Some of the _Pronouns_ form their _Plural_ very irregular; as _I We_, _Me Us_, _Thou Ye_, _Thee You_, _He They_, _Him Them_, _She They_, _HerThem_. Some _Nouns_ have no _Singular Number_; as _Scissors_, the_East-Indies_, the _West-Indies_. Some have no _Plural_; the Names of Kingdoms for Instance; as_England_, _Ireland_, _Portugal_. Cities, Towns and Villages; as _Worcester_, _Kinver_, _Hagley_. Seas, and Rivers; as the _Mediterranean_, _Severn_. _Wheat_, _Barley_, _Gold_, _Silver_, _Pewter_, and a great many Words, that cannot be reduced to any Rule want the _Plural Number_; as _Ale_, _Beer_, _Bread_, _Butter_, _Honey_, _Milk_, _Hunger_, _Thirst_, _Drunkenness_. The Termination of some _Nouns_ is the same both in the _Singular_ and_Plural_; as _a Sheep_, _a Swine_, a Flock of _Sheep_, a Herd of_Swine_, &c. _Of_ COMPARISON. Comparison is the comparing the different Circumstances of Persons orThings with each other, and serves to alter the Signification of aWord, either by a gradual Increase, or a gradual Diminution; as _longlonger longest_, _short shorter shortest_. ADJECTIVES, _Adverbs_, and _Substantives_, have three Degrees ofComparison, the _Positive_, the _Comparative_, and the _Superlative_. The _Positive_ lays down the Natural Signification simply and withoutexcess or Diminution; as _long_, _short_, _often_. The _Comparative_ raises or lowers the _Positive_ in Signification, andis formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _er_; as _longlonger_, _short shorter_, _often oftener_. The _Superlative_ raises or lowers the Signification as much aspossible, and if formed of the _Positive_ by adding the Syllable _est_;as _long longest_, _short shortest_, _often oftenest_. Sometimes they are compared by the _Adverbs_ _very, infinitely_; andthe _Adjectives_ _more, most_; _less, least_; as _long, very long, infinitely long_; _short, more short, most short_; _commonly, lesscommonly, least commonly_. These _Adjectives_ deviate from the general Rule, _good better best_, _bad worse worst_, _little less least_, _much more most_. SUBSTANTIVES are compared by the _Adjectives_ _more, most_, the Words_than_, or _that_, always following; as a Dunce, _more_ a Dunce _than_I or me, the _most_ a Dunce _that_ ever I did see. _Of a_ VERB. A Verb is a _Part of Speech_, which serves to express, what we affirmof, or attribute to any Subject, and is either _Active_ or _Passive_. A Verb _Active_ is that which expresses an _Action_; as _I kick_, _Isee_. A Verb _Passive_ is that which receives the _Action_ or expresses the_Passion_; as _I am kick'd_, _I am seen_. A Verb has two _Numbers_ the _Singular_ and the _Plural_; and three_Persons_ in each _Number_; as _I am, thou art, he is_. _We are, yeare, they are. _ The same is to be observed in every _Mood_ and in every _Tense_ but inthe _Infinitive_, which has neither _Number_ nor Person. _Of_ MOODS. A mood is the Manner of _conjugating Verbs_ agreeably to the differentActions or Affections to be expressed. There are _four Moods_, the _Indicative_, the _Imperative_, the_Conjunctive_, and the _Infinitive. _ The _Indicative Mood_ expresseth the _Action_ or _Passion_ simplydirectly and absolutely; as _I love, I have loved, I will love_. The _Imperative_ commands or forbids; as _come_, _go_, _begone_. The _Conjunctive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ conditionally andis always joined with the _Indicative_, or the same _Mood_; as _I willlove you, if you wou'd love me_; _I wou'd dance, if you wou'd dance_. The _Infinitive_ expresses the _Action_ or _Passion_ indeterminatelywithout any Regard to _Time_, _Place_, _Number_, or _Person_; as _tolove, to be loved_. _Of the_ TENSES. Tense is an Inflection of Verbs, whereby they are made to signify, anddistinguish the Circumstance of _Time_. There are _five Tenses_, _the Present Tense_, _the Preterimperfect_, _the Preterperfect_, _the Preterpluperfect_, and _the Future_. 1. The _Present Tense_ expresses the Time, that now is; as _I sup_. 2. The _Preterimperfect Tense_ denotes the historical Relation of apast Action, but yet not perfectly compleated, when joined to anotherAction that is perfectly compleated; as _when or while I supped he camein_. 3. The _Preterperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past perfectly; as _Ihave supped_. 4. The _Preterpluperfect Tense_ expresses the Time Past doubly; as _Ihad supped_. 5. The _Future Tense_ expresses the Time to come; as _I shall sup, Iwill sup_. _Of the_ CONJUGATION. Conjugation is the Variation of Verbs through all their _Moods andTenses_; and the English Verbs are chiefly conjugated by _auxiliarySigns_; as _to love_; or by _auxiliary Verbs_; as _I am loved, I haveloved_. _Of the_ AUXILIARY SIGNS. The _auxiliary Signs_ are Words that serve to express the Variations ofthe _Verb_. The _Imperative Mood_ has the _Signs_ _do, let_; as--_do thou love, lethim love_. The _Infinitive Mood_ has the _Signs_ _to, about_; as _to love, aboutto love_. The other _Moods_ have the _auxiliary Signs_ following. _Singular_ 1st _Person_ { I do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. 2d _Person_ { Thou do'st, did'st, must, { may'st, can'st, might'st, { wou'd'st, cou'd'st, shou'd'st, { shalt _or_ wilt. 3d _Person_ { He does, or do'th, did, must, { may, can, might, wou'd, { cou'd, shou'd, shall, _or_ { will. _Plural_ 1st _Person_ { We do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall, _or_ will. 2d _Person_ { Ye do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall _or_ will. 3d _Person_ { They do, did, must, may, { can, might, wou'd, cou'd, { shou'd, shall _or_ will. _Of the_ AUXILIARY VERBS. The _auxiliary Verbs_ are only two, _to Have_ and _to Be_; which cannotbe conjugated without the _auxiliary Signs_, and without the reciprocalAssistance of each other. _To HAVE. _ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I have; thou hast; he hath, _or_ has. _Plur. _ We have; ye have;they have. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I had; thou hadst; he had. _Plur. _ We had; ye had; they had. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I have had; thou hast had; he hath, _or_ has had. _Plur. _ Wehave had; ye have had; they have had. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I had had; thou hadst had; he had had. _Plur. _ We had had; yehad had; they had had. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, or will have; thou shalt, or wilt have; he shall, _or_will have. _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will have; ye shall, _or_ will have;they shall, _or_ will have. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing. _ Let me have; do thou have, _or_ have thou; let him have. _Plur. _ Let us have; do ye have, _or_ have ye; let them have. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I may, _or_ can have; thou may'st, _or_ can'st have; he may, _or_ can have. _Plur. _ We may, _or_ can have; ye may, or can have; they may, _or_ canhave. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; thou must, might'st, woud'st, coud'st, _or_ shoud'st have; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_shou'd have; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'dhave had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st had had; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'dhad had; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd had had. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will have had; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have had; heshall, _or_ will have had; _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will have had; yeshall, _or_ will have had; they shall, _or_ will have had. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to have_Perfect_ ---- to have had_Future_ ---- about to have. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- having_Preterperfect_ ---- having had. _To BE. _ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I am; thou art; he is. _Plur. _ We are; ye are; they are. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I was; thou wast; he was; _Plur. _ We were; ye were; they were. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I have been; thou hast been; he hath been. _Plur. _ We havebeen; ye have been; they have been. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I had been; thou hadst been; he had been. _Plur. _ We had been;ye had been; they had been. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will be; thou shalt, _or_ wilt be; he shall, _or_will be. _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will be; ye shall, _or_ will be; theyshall, _or_ will be. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing. _ Let me be; do thou be, _or_ be thou; let him be. _Plur. _ Let usbe; do ye be, _or_ be ye; let them be. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I may, _or_ can be; thou may'st, _or_ canst be; he may, _or_can be. _Plur. _ We may, _or_ can be; ye may, _or_ can be; they may, _or_ can be. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st be; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_shou'd be; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have been; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd, have been. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'dhave been; they must, might, wou'd cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; thoumust, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st, have had been; hemust, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_shou'd have had been. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will have been; thou shalt, _or_ wilt have been;he shall _or_ will have been. _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will have been; yeshall, _or_ will have been; they shall, _or_ will have been. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to be_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been_Future_ ---- about to be. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- being_Preterperfect_ ---- having been. _Of_ REGULAR VERBS. Regular _Verbs_ are those that are _conjugated_ by some establishedRules. The _Termination_ of the _Infinitive Mood Present Tense, of the VerbActive, in regular Verbs_, is always the same as the _first Person_ ofthe _Indicative Mood Present Tense singular_; as _to love, I love_. The _Termination_ of the _second Person Singular_ is formed out of the_first_ by adding _st_ or _est_; as _I love, thou loves_t; _I read, thou readest_. The _Termination_ of the _third Person singular_ is formed out of the_first_ by adding _th_ or _eth_; as _I love, he loveth, I read, hereadeth_; or only by adding _s_; as _he loves, he reads_. The _Termination_ of the _first Person Preterimperfect Tense singular_, is formed out of the _first Person Present Tense singular_ by addingthe Syllable _ed_; as _I love, I loved_. The _Termination_ of the _Participle Present of the Verb Active_, isalways formed out of the _first Person Present_ by adding the Syllable_ing_; as _I love_, _loving_. The _Termination_ of the _Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect, and thePreterpluperfect of the Indicative Mood; and the Preterperfect, thePreterpluperfect and the Future of the Conjunctive, and the ParticiplePassive_ is in regular Verbs the same; as _I loved, I have loved, I hadloved, I may have loved, I might have loved, I shall have loved, I amloved_. And The _Termination_ of every other _Tense, Number or Person_, is the samewith the _Infinitive_. _Of a_ VERB ACTIVE. A Verb _Active regular_ is conjugated by the _auxiliary Signs, theauxiliary Verbs_, and the general Rules foregoing. _To LOVE. _ INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I love, _or_ do love; thou lovest, _or_ dost love; he loveth, _or_ loves, _or_ doth love. _Plur. _ We love, _or_ do love; ye love, _or_ do love; they love, _or_ do love. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I loved, _or_ did love; thou loved'st, _or_ did'st love; heloved, _or_ did love. _Plur. _ we loved, _or_ did love; ye loved, _or_did love; they loved, _or_ did love. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I have loved; thou hast loved; he hath loved, _or_ has loved. _Plur. _ We have loved; ye have loved; they have loved. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I had loved; thou hadst loved; he had loved. _Plur. _ We hadloved; ye had loved; they had loved. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will love; thou shalt, _or_ wilt love; he shall, _or_ will love. _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will love; ye shall, _or_ willlove; they shall, _or_ will love. IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. _Sing. _ Let me love; do thou love, _or_ love thou; let him love. _Plur. _ Let us love; do ye love, _or_ love ye; let them love. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I may, _or_ can love; thou may'st, or can'st love; he may, _or_can love. _Plur. _ We may, _or_ can love; ye may, _or_ can love; theymay, _or_ can love. _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st love; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love; theymust, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd love. _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; thou must, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have loved; he must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'dhave loved. _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; thoumust, might'st, wou'd'st, cou'd'st, _or_ shou'd'st have had loved; hemust, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved. _Plur. _ We must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; ye must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had loved; they must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_shou'd have had loved. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will have loved; thou shalt, _or_ wilt haveloved; he shall, or will have loved. _Plur. _ We shall, _or_ will haveloved; ye shall, _or_ will have loved; they shall, _or_ will haveloved. INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to love_Preterperfect_ ---- to have loved_Future_ ---- about to love. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- loving_Preterperfect_ ---- having loved. _Of a_ VERB PASSIVE. The _Verb Passive_ is nothing more than the _Participle Passive_ joinedto the _Auxiliary Verb to be_; as INDICATIVE MOOD. _Present Tense_ I am loved; _&c. __Preterimperfect_ I was loved; _&c. __Preterperfect_ I have been loved; _&c. __Preterpluperfect_ I had been loved; _&c. __Future_ I shall or will be loved; _&c. _ IMPERATIVE MOOD. _Present_ and _Future_. Let me be loved _&c. _ CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. _Present Tense. _ _Sing. _ I may, _or_ can be loved; thou _&c. _ _Preterimperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd be loved; thou _&c. _ _Preterperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have been loved; thou_&c. _ _Preterpluperfect Tense. _ _Sing. _ I must, might, wou'd, cou'd, _or_ shou'd have had been loved;thou _&c_. _Future Tense. _ _Sing. _ I shall, _or_ will have been loved; thou _&c. _ INFINITIVE MOOD. _Present_ ---- to be loved_Preterperfect_ ---- to have been loved_Future_ ---- about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. _Present_ ---- being loved_Preterperfect_ ---- having been loved. _Of a_ PARTICIPLE. A Participle is a _Part of Speech_, which partaketh of a _Verb_ and a_Noun_. When it has a Relation to Time it may be considered as a_Verb_; but when it is joined to a _Substantive_ or admits of_Comparison_, it may be considered as an _Adjective_. When the _termination_ of the _Participle Passive_ is not formed byadding the Syllable _ed_ to the _first Person_ of the _Indicative MoodPresent Tense Singular_; or when the _Termination_ of the _ParticiplePassive_ differs from the _Termination of the Preter Tenses_, the_Verb_ becomes _irregular_; but in all other Respects is conjugated asthe regular Verb; as I abide, thou abidest, &c. _Pres. Tense. _ _Preter. _ _Participle Passive. _ Abide Abode Abode Bite Bit Bitten Catch Caught Catched Do Did Done Eat Eat Eaten Fall Fell Fallen Get Got Gotten Hold Held Holden Know Knew Known Lie Lay Laid Make Made Made Rise Rose Risen Shine Shone Shined Tread Trod Trodden Weave Wove Woven _&c. _ _&c. _ _&c. _ To these may be added the _Auxiliary Verbs_ ---- _To Have, and to Be_. _Of an_ ADVERB. An Adverb is a _Part of Speech_ joined to a _Verb_, a _Noun Substantive_, an _Adjective_ or _Participle_, and sometimes to another _Adverb_, toexpress the Manner or Circumstance of the Thing signified; as _hespeaks properly_, _an orderly Man_, _truly good_, _extreamly loving_, _very devoutly_. Adverbs are very numerous, and have Relation to Time; as _now_, _lately_, _always_. Place; as _here_, _there_, _no-where_. Order; as _by Turns_, _abreast_, _orderly_. Quantity; as _enough_, _more_, _entirely_. Number; as _once_, _twice_, _thrice_. Dobting; as _perhaps_, _may be_, _peradventure_. Asking; as _why?_ _whence?_ _wherefore?_. Affirmation; as _yes_, _indeed_, _certainly_. Negation; as _no_, _never_, _not at all_. Comparison; as _more_, _less_, _likewise_. Quality; as _justly_, _prudently_, _indifferently_. _Of a_ CONJUNCTION. A Conjunction is _a Part of Speech_, which serves to connect and jointhe several Parts of a Discourse together, and is of various Kinds. Copulative; _as and_, _also_, _moreover_. Disjunctive; _as or_, _neither_, _whether_. Adversative; _as but_, _yet_, _notwithstanding_. Conditional; _as if_, _unless_, _provided_. Casual; _as for_, _because_, _forasmuch_. Conclusive; _as then_, _so that_, _therefore_. _Of a_ PREPOSITION. A Preposition is _a Part of Speech_, that serves to express theparticular Relation and Circumstance of some other _Part of Speech_, and is either used in _Apposition_, as _in Heaven_; or in_Composition_, as _Invisible_. PREPOSITIONS _used in_ APPOSITION. Above between ofabout betwixt onafter beyond overagainst by throughamong for throughoutamongst from towardsat in underbefore into untobehind near uponbeneath near to withbelow nigh withinbeside nigh to without. PREPOSITIONS _used in_ COMPOSITION. A-base ap-pointab-use as-certainabs-tract at-taintac-commodate be-friendad-apt circum-ambientaf-fix co-adjutorafter-noon com-poundamphi-theatre com-plotante-date con-strainanti-christ contra-dictionan-archy counter-balance. De-camp op-pressionDis-appoint over-reachdif-fusive out-landishdi-minish per-forme-mission post-masterem-brace pre-eminenceen-close preter-naturales-say pro-longex-terminate re-gainextra-ordinary retro-gradefor-bear sub-joinfore-see super-fineim-perfect trans-migrationin-glorious un-worthyinter-view under-writtenintro-duction up-rightob-noxious with-drawoff-spring _&c. _, _&c. _, _&c. _ _Of an_ INTERJECTION. An Interjection _is a Part of Speech_, that serves to express somesudden Motion or Passion of the Mind, transported with the Sensation ofPleasure or Pain. Of Pleasure; as, _O brave!_ _O Heavens! O Joy!_ Of Pain; as _Alas! O my God! O Lord!_ INTERJECTIONS _of a_ lower Order. Of Caution; as, _hold! take Care!_ Of Admiration; as, _see! look! behold!_ Of Aversion; as, _fie! away you Fool!_ Of Silence; as, _be still! Silence!_ _Of_ SYNTAX. Syntax is the Manner of constructing one Word with another prescribedby the _Rules of_ GRAMMAR. RULE 1st. The Article _a_ is usually placed before a Word that begins with a_Consonant_, the Article _an_ before a Word that begins with a _Vowel_, and either _a_ or _an_ before a Word that begins with an _h_; and theArticle _the_, before a Word that begins either with a _Vowel_ or a_Consonant_; as, _a Christian_, _an Infidel_, _a Heathen_, or _anHeathen_; _the Christian_, _the Infidel_, _the Heathen_. RULE 2d. A Noun _Substantive_ is usually placed after its _Noun Adjective_; asthe _Second Chapter_, a _great Man_. But sometimes for the Sake ofgreater Distinction the _Adjective_ is placed after, with the Article_the_ before it, as _George the Second_, _Peter the Great_. In _Poetry_the _Adjective_ is placed either before or after its _Substantive_indifferently, as the Versification requires it. RULE 3d. All _Nouns and Pronouns_ are of the _third Person_ except _I and we_, which are of the _first Person_, and _Thou, you and ye_, which are ofthe _Second Person_; and except the _Relative Pronouns_ which arealways of the _same Person_ with the _Personal Pronoun_ to which theyrelate; as _I love, thou lovest, he loveth; I who love, Thou wholovest, he who loveth_. RULE 4th. The _prefix Pronouns_, _I, we, thou, you, ye, he, she, they, who_, areusually placed before the _Verb_; and the _Subsequent Pronouns_, _me, us, thee, him, her, them, whom_, are usually placed after; as _I lovethe Dog, the Dog loves me_. But when a _Question_ is asked, or when the_Verb_ is of the _Imperative Mood_, or in short Sentences, the _prefixPronouns_ are usually placed after; as _lovest thou me? love thouthyself, said he, said they_. RULE 5th. When a Question is asked, and the _Verb_ has an _Auxiliary Sign_, or an_Auxiliary Verb_, the _governing Noun_ or _Pronoun_ is placedimmediately after such _Auxiliary_; as _does the Sun shine? has hewashed his Hands?_ And when the _Verb_ has two or more _Auxiliaries_, the _Noun or Pronoun_ is placed after the first; as _have I beentaught? Cou'd the Truth have been known?_ RULE 6th. The _Verb_ agrees with its _governing Noun_, _Pronoun Personal_, or_Pronoun Relative_, in _Number_ and _Person_; as _the Birds sing_, _thou lovest_, _he who loveth_. RULE 7th. A NOUN of _Multitude_ may have a _Verb_ either _Singular_ or _Plural_;as _the People is mad_, or _the People are mad_. But if a _Substantive_ of the same Signification follows, that is not a_Noun of Multitude_, then the _Verb_ is always Plural; as we do not say_the People is a mad Man_, but _the People are mad Men_. RULE 8th. Two or more _Nouns_ or _Pronouns Singular_, will have a _Verb Plural_;as _the Dog and Cat are very loving_. But when two or more_Substantives Singular_ signify the same _Thing_ or _Person_, or whenthe _Preposition_ OF intervenes, the _Verb_ is always _Singular_; as_the River Severn is Navigable. _ _William the Conqueror was a greatMan. _ _This System of Grammar is compendious_. RULE 9th. The _subsequent Pronouns_ are usually placed after _Prepositions andInterjections_; as _of me, to us, for thee, with her, from them, against whom, O me!_ _Of the_ POINTS _or_ PAUSES. The _Points_ or _Pauses_ have a Sort of musical Proportion. The _Period_ is marked thus (. )----Its _Time_ is equal to two _Colons_and is never placed but at the End of a Sentence, the Sense of which isperfect and compleat; as _By me Kings reign, and Princes decreeJustice. _ The _Colon_ is marked thus (:) ---- Its _Time_ is equal to two_Semicolons_, and is placed where the Sense seems to be perfect andcompleat; but to which notwithstanding something may still be added; as_give Instruction to a wise Man, and he will be yet wiser: Teach a justMan and he will increase in Learning_. The _Semicolon_ is marked thus (;) ---- its _Time_ is equal to two_Commas_, and is placed where the Sense is less compleat than the_Colon_, and more compleat than the _Comma_; as _a wise Man's Heart isat his right Hand; but a Fool's Heart is at his left_. The _Comma_ is marked thus (, ) ---- It is the last and least _Pause_ or_Time_ that is made use of, and serves to distinguish the simpleNumbers of a _Period_; as _arise, my Friend, and come away_. _Of the other NOTES or CHARACTERS. _ A Note of _Interrogation_ (?) is used when a Question is asked; as _whocomes there?_ A Note of _Admiration_ (!) is used after _Interjections_ or _shortSentences_ to express our Wonder and Surprize; as _O!_ _O LORD!_ A Parenthesis (_rarely made use of by a good Writer_) is used toinclose one Sentence within another. The _Paragraph_ is marked thus (¶) and denotes the beginning of a newDiscourse. An (') _Apostrophe_ is used when some Part of a Word is left out; as_Alexander's Horse_, for _Alexander his Horse_. A _Hyphen_ (-) is used to join together two Words, as _Foot-stool_, _&c. _ and is used also when part of a Word is written in one Line, andpart in another. The _Caret_ is marked thus, (^) to shew where the Words in any Sentencethat are left out, shou'd come in; as is_the Lady ^ beautiful. _ The _Subdivision_, or part of a Chapter is marked usually thus, §. The _Index_ points to some remarkable Passage thus, Index finger, pointing to the right]. A _Quotation_ is a double _Comma_ reverse and set against some Lines onthe left side of a _Page_, to shew that they are quoted from another_Author_, thus, ". The _Notes_ that refer to the _Margin_ are an _Asterisk_ made thus, *, an _Obelisk_ thus, [Dagger symbol], also thus, ||. Besides these there are _literal Characters_, _numeral Characters_, and_Abbreviations_, the Knowledge of which is not so easily to be acquiredby GRAMMAR _Rules_, as by diligent Observation and Experience. _The_ END.