A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1758-1908 [Illustration: George Washington, the first Pittsburgher] A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH 1758-1908 BY SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH AUTHOR OF "OLIVER CROMWELL: A HISTORY, " "PENRUDDOCK OF THE WHITE LAMBS, " "JOHN MARMADUKE, " "BEOWULF: A POEM, " ETC. PRINTED AT THE DE VINNE PRESS NEW YORK 1908 Copyright, 1908, by SAMUEL HARDEN CHURCH CONTENTS PAGEHISTORICAL 13 INDUSTRIAL 79 INTELLECTUAL 89 INDEX 127 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS George Washington, the first Pittsburgher _Frontispiece_ PAGEWilliam Pitt, Earl of Chatham 26 Plan of Fort Pitt 31 Henry Bouquet 32 Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764 33 Anthony Wayne 41 Conestoga wagon 44 Stage-coach 46 Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled over the portage road 47 View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817 50 Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers 80 The Pittsburgh Country Club 88 Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park 93 Entrance to Highland Park 97 The Carnegie Institute 101 Court-house 104 Zoölogical Garden in Highland Park 107 Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted) 111 Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women 115 Design of University of Pittsburgh 119 Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh 123 Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park 125 PREFACE Some ten years ago I contributed to a book on "Historic Towns, "published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, of New York and London, a briefhistorical sketch of Pittsburgh. The approach of the one hundred andfiftieth anniversary of the founding of Pittsburgh, and the elaboratecelebrations planned in connection therewith, led to many requests thatI would reprint the sketch in its own covers as a souvenir of theoccasion. Finding it quite inadequate for permanent preservation in itsoriginal form, I have, after much research and painstaking labor, rewritten the entire work, adding many new materials, and making of itwhat I believe to be a complete, though a short, history of our city. The story has developed itself into three natural divisions: historical, industrial, and intellectual, and the record will show that under eitherone of these titles Pittsburgh is a notable, and under all of them, animperial, city. S. H. C. Lake Placid Club, Adirondack Mountains, August 25, 1908. A SHORT HISTORYOFPITTSBURGH1758-1908 A SHORT HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH HISTORICAL I George Washington, the Father of his Country, is equally the Father ofPittsburgh, for he came thither in November, 1753, and established thelocation of the now imperial city by choosing it as the best place for afort. Washington was then twenty-one years old. He had by that timewritten his precocious one hundred and ten maxims of civility and goodbehavior; had declined to be a midshipman in the British navy; had madehis only sea-voyage to Barbados; had surveyed the estates of LordFairfax, going for months into the forest without fear of savage Indiansor wild beasts; and was now a major of Virginia militia. In pursuance ofthe claim of Virginia that she owned that part of Pennsylvania in whichPittsburgh is situated, Washington came there as the agent of GovernorDinwiddie to treat with the Indians. With an eye alert for the dangersof the wilderness, and with Christopher Gist beside him, the youngVirginian pushed his cautious way to "The Point" of land where theconfluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers forms the Ohio. That, he declared, with clear military instinct, was the best site for a fort;and he rejected the promontory two miles below, which the Indians hadrecommended for that purpose. Washington made six visits to the vicinityof Pittsburgh, all before his presidency, and on three of them (1753, 1758, and 1770), he entered the limits of the present city. At the timeof despatching the army to suppress the whisky insurrection, while hewas President, in 1794, he came toward Pittsburgh as far as Bedford, andthen, after planning the march, returned to Philadelphia. His contactwith the place was, therefore, frequent, and his information always verycomplete. There is a tradition, none the less popular because it cannotbe proved, which ascribes to Washington the credit of having suggestedthe name of Pittsburgh to General Forbes when the place was capturedfrom the French. However this may be, we do know that Washington wascertainly present when the English flag was hoisted and the city namedPittsburgh, on Sunday, November 26, 1758. And at that moment Pittsburghbecame a chief bulwark of the British Empire in America. II As early as 1728, a daring hunter or trader found the Indians at thehead waters of the Ohio, --among them the Delawares, Shawanese, Mohicans, and Iroquois, --whither they tracked the bear from their village ofLogstown, seventeen miles down the river. They also employed the countryroundabout as a highway for their march to battle against other tribes, and against each other. At that time France and England were disputingfor the new continent. France, by right of her discovery of theMississippi, claimed all lands drained by that river and itstributaries, a contention which would naturally plant her banner uponthe summit of the Alleghany Mountains. England, on the other hand, claimed everything from ocean shore to ocean shore. This situationproduced war, and Pittsburgh became the strategic key of the greatMiddle West. The French made early endeavors to win the allegiance ofthe Indians, and felt encouraged to press their friendly overturesbecause they usually came among the red men for trading or exploration, while the English invariably seized and occupied their lands. In 1731some French settlers did attempt to build a group of houses atPittsburgh, but the Indians compelled them to go away. The next year thegovernor of Pennsylvania summoned two Indian chiefs from Pittsburgh tosay why they had been going to see the French governor at Montreal; andthey gave answer that he had sent for them only to express the hope thatboth English and French traders might meet at Pittsburgh and carry ontrade amicably. The governor of Pennsylvania sought to induce the tribesto draw themselves farther east, where they might be made to feel thehand of authority, but Sassoonan, their chief, forbade them to stir. AnIroquois chief who joined his entreaties to those of the governor wassoon afterward killed by some Shawanese braves, but they were forced toflee into Virginia to escape the vengeance of his tribe. Louis Celeron, a French officer, made an exploration of the countrycontiguous to Pittsburgh in 1747, and formally enjoined the governor ofPennsylvania not to occupy the ground, as France claimed itssovereignty. A year later the Ohio Company was formed, with a charterceding an immense tract of land for sale and development, includingPittsburgh. This corporation built some storehouses at Logstown tofacilitate their trade with the Indians, which were captured by theFrench, together with skins and commodities valued at 20, 000 francs; andthe purposes of the company were never accomplished. III Washington's first visit to Pittsburgh occurred in November, 1753, whilehe was on his way to the French fort at Leboeuff. He was carrying aletter from the Ohio Company to Contrecoeur, protesting against theplans of the French commander in undertaking to establish a line offorts to reach from Lake Erie to the mouth of the Ohio River. The winterseason was becoming very severe, in despite of which Washington and Gistwere forced to swim with their horses across the Allegheny River. On theway they fell in with a friendly Indian, Keyashuta, a Seneca chief, whoshowed them much kindness, and for whom a suburban town, Guyasuta, isnamed. Washington, in writing of his first sight of the forks of the river, says: As I got down before the canoe, I spent some time in viewing the rivers and the land at the fork, which I think extremely well situated for a fort, as it has the absolute command of both rivers. The land at the point is twenty-five feet above the common surface of the water, and a considerable bottom of flat, well-timbered land all around it very convenient for building. The rivers are each a quarter of a mile across and run here very nearly at right angles, the Allegheny being northeast and the Monongahela southeast. The former of these two is a very rapid and swift-running water, the other deep and still without any perceptible fall. About two miles from this on the southeast side of the river at a place where the Ohio Company intended to erect a fort, lives Shingiss, King of the Delawares. We called upon him to invite him to a council at Logstown. As I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday at the fork, my curiosity led me to examine this more particularly and I think it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages, especially the latter. For a fort at the fork would be equally well situated on the Ohio and have the entire command of the Monongahela, which runs up our settlement and is extremely well designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still nature. Besides, a fort at the fork might be built at much less expense than at the other place. Leaving Pittsburgh, Washington and Gist proceeded in a northeasterlydirection, and after a day's journey they came upon an Indiansettlement, and were constrained by the tribe to remain there for threedays. A group of these Indians accompanied the two travelers to theFrench fort, and on the journey a large number of bear and deer werekilled. At Leboeuff Washington received from the French commander a verysatisfactory reply. On the trip back the two pioneers encountered almostinsupportable hardships. Lacking proper food, their horses died, so thatthey were forced to push forward in canoes, often finding it necessary, when the creeks were frozen, to carry their craft for long stretchesoverland. When Venango was reached, Washington, whose clothes were nowin tatters, procured an Indian costume, and he and Gist continued theirway on foot, accompanied by an Indian guide. At this point anillustrious career was put in deadly peril, for on the second day of hisescort, the treacherous guide deliberately fired his gun at Washingtonwhen standing only a few feet away from him. Bad marksmanship saved theintended victim, and Gist started to kill the Indian on the spot; butWashington, patient then as always, sent the savage away, giving himprovisions to last until he could reach his tribe. But an apprehensionof further trouble from the friends of the discomfited guide impelledthe two men to travel all that night and the next day, althoughWashington was suffering acute agony from his frosted feet. Whilerecrossing the Allegheny River on a rude raft, Washington fell into theicy waters and was saved by Gist from drowning only after the greatestefforts had been employed to rescue him. Reaching Herr's Island (withinthe present city limits), they built a fire and camped there for thenight, but in the morning Gist's hands were frozen. The bitter cold hadnow solidified the river and the two wanderers passed over it on foot. By noon they had reached the home of John Frazier, at Turtle Creek, where they were given clothes and fresh supplies. The journey wascompleted in three more days, and on receiving the reply ofContrecoeur, the English began their preparations for sending troopsto Pittsburgh. IV As soon as Washington's advice as to the location of the fort wasreceived, Captain William Trent was despatched to Pittsburgh with aforce of soldiers and workmen, packhorses, and materials, and he beganin all haste to erect a stronghold. The French had already built fortson the northern lakes, and they now sent Captain Contrecoeur down theAllegheny with one thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, and eighteenpieces of cannon, in a flotilla of sixty bateaux and three hundredcanoes. Trent had planted himself in Pittsburgh on February 17, 1754, adate important because it marks the first permanent white settlementthere. But his work had been retarded alike by the small number of hismen and the severity of the winter; and when Contrecoeur arrived inApril, the young subaltern who commanded in Trent's absence surrenderedthe unfinished works, and was permitted to march away with histhirty-three men. The French completed the fort and named it Duquesne, in honor of the governor of Canada; and they held possession of it forfour years. Immediately on the loss of this fort, Virginia sent a force underWashington to retake it. Washington surprised a French detachment nearGreat Meadows, and killed their commander, Jumonville. When a largerexpedition came against him, he put up a stockade near the site ofUniontown, naming it Fort Necessity, which he was compelled to yield onterms permitting him to march away with the honors of war. V The next year (1755) General Edward Braddock came over with tworegiments of British soldiers, and after augmenting his force withColonial troops and a few Indians, began his fatal march upon FortDuquesne. Braddock's testy disposition, his consuming egotism, hiscontempt for the Colonial soldiers, and his stubborn adherence tomilitary maxims that were inapplicable to the warfare of the wilderness, alienated the respect and confidence of the American contingent, robbedhim of an easy victory, and cost him his life. Benjamin Franklin hadwarned him against the imminent risk of Indian ambuscades, but he hadcontemptuously replied: "These savages may indeed be a formidable enemyto your raw American militia; but upon the king's regular anddisciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make anyimpression. " Some of his English staff-officers urged him to send therangers in advance and to deploy his Indians as scouts, but he rejectedtheir prudent suggestions with a sneer. On July 9 his army, comprisingtwenty-two hundred soldiers and one hundred and fifty Indians, wasmarching down the south bank of the Monongahela. The variant color andfashion of the expedition, --the red-coated regulars, the blue-coatedAmericans, the naval detachment, the rangers in deerskin shirts andleggins, the savages half-naked and befeathered, the glint of sword andgun in the hot daylight, the long wagon train, the lumbering cannon, thedrove of bullocks, the royal banner and the Colonial gonfalon, --the pompand puissance of it all composed a spectacle of martial splendor unseenin that country before. On the right was the tranquil river, and on theleft the trackless wilderness whence the startled deer sprang into adeeper solitude. At noon the expedition crossed the river and pressed ontoward Fort Duquesne, eight miles below, expectant of victory. What needto send out scouts when the king's troops are here? Let young GeorgeWashington and the rest urge it all they may; the thing is beneath thedignity of his majesty's general. Meanwhile, all was not tranquil at the French fort. Surrender was talkedof, but Captain Beaujeu determined to lead a force out to meet theapproaching army. Taking with him a total effective of thirty-sixofficers and cadets, seventy-two regular soldiers, one hundred andforty-six Canadians, and about six hundred Indian warriors, a commandless than half the number of the enemy, he sallied out to meet him. Howinsignificant were the armed forces with which the two empires were nowchallenging each other for the splendid prize of a new world! Beaujeu, gaily clad in a fringed hunting dress, intrepidly pressed on until hecame in sight of the English invaders. As soon as the alert Frenchcommander felt the hot breath of his foe he waved his hat and hisfaithful followers disappeared behind rocks and trees as if the veryearth had swallowed them. The unsuspecting English came on. But here, when they have crossed, is alevel plain, elevated but a few feet above the surface of the river, extending nearly half a mile landwards, and then gradually ascendinginto thickly wooded hills, with Fort Duquesne beyond. The troops infront had crossed the plain and plunged into the road through the forestfor a hundred feet when a heavy discharge of musketry and arrows waspoured upon them, which wrought in them a consternation all the greaterbecause they could see no foe anywhere. They shot at random, and notwithout effect, for when Beaujeu fell the Canadians began to flee andthe Indians quailed in their covers before the cannon fire of theEnglish. But the French fighters were rallied back to their hiddenrecesses, and they now kept up an incessant and destructive fire. Inthis distressing situation the English fell back into the plain. Braddock rode in among them, and he and his officers persistentlyendeavored to rally them, but without success. The Colonial troopsadopted the Indian method, and each man fought for himself behind atree. This was forbidden by Braddock, who attempted to form his men inplatoons and columns, making their slaughter inevitable. The French andIndians, concealed in the ravines and behind trees, kept up a cruel anddeadly fire, until the British soldiers lost all presence of mind andbegan to shoot each other and their own officers, and hundreds were thusslain. The Virginia companies charged gallantly up a hill with a loss ofbut three men, but when they reached the summit the British soldiery, mistaking them for the enemy, fired upon them, killing fifty out ofeighty men. The Colonial troops then resumed the Indian fashion offighting from behind trees, which provoked Braddock, who had had fivehorses killed under him in three hours, to storm at them and strike themwith his sword. At this moment he was fatally wounded, and many of hismen now fled away from the hopeless action, not waiting to hear theirgeneral's fainting order to retreat. Washington had had two horseskilled and received three bullets through his coat. Being the onlymounted officer who was not disabled, he drew up the troops still on thefield, directed their retreat, maintaining himself at the rear withgreat coolness and courage, and brought away his wounded general. Sixty-four British and American officers, and nearly one thousandprivates, were killed or wounded in this battle, while the total Frenchand Indian loss was not over sixty. A few prisoners captured by theIndians were brought to Pittsburgh and burnt at the stake. Four daysafter the fight Braddock died, exclaiming to the last, "Who would havethought it!" VI Despondency seized the English settlers after Braddock's defeat. But twoyears afterward William Pitt became prime minister, and he thrilled thenation with his appeal to protect the Colonies against France and thesavages. [Illustration: William Pitt, Earl of Chatham] William Pitt, the great Earl of Chatham, the man for whom our city isnamed, was one of the most indomitable characters in the statesmanshipof modern times. Born in November, 1708, he was educated at Eton and atOxford, then traveled in France and Italy, and was elected to Parliamentwhen twenty-seven years old. His early addresses were not models eitherof force or logic, but the fluent speech and many personal attractionsof the young orator instantly caught the attention of the people, whoalways listened to him with favor; and it was not long before hisconstant participation in public affairs developed the splendid talentswhich he possessed. Wayward and affected in little things, Pitt attackedthe great problems of government with the bold confidence of a masterspirit, impressing the clear genius of his leadership upon the yearningheart of England in every emergency of peace or war. Too great to beconsistent, he never hesitated to change his tactics or his opinion whenthe occasion developed the utility of another course. Ordinary men havebeen more faithful to asserted principles, but no statesman morefrequently departed from asserted principles to secure achievementswhich redounded to the honor of the nation. During the thirty years inwhich Pitt exercised the magic spell of his eloquence and power over theEnglish Parliament, the stakes for which he contended against the worldwere no less than the dominion of North America and of India. In thepursuit of these policies he fought Spain and subdued her armies. Hesubsidized the king of Prussia to his interests. He destroyed the navyof France and wrested from her the larger part of her possessions beyondsea. Having always a clear conception of the remotest aim of nationalaspiration, he was content to leave the designing of operations indetail to the humbler servants of the government, reserving to himselfthe mighty concentration of his powers upon the general purpose forwhich the nation was striving. The king trusted him, the Commons obeyedhim, the people adored him and called him the Great Commoner. He waswise, brave, sincere, tolerant, and humane; and no man could moredeserve the honor of having named for him a city which was destined tobecome rich and famous, keeping his memory in more enduring fame thanbronze or marble. VII Pitt's letters inspired the Americans with new hope, and he promised tosend them British troops and to supply their own militia with arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions at the king's charge. He sent twelvethousand soldiers from England, which were joined to a Colonial forceaggregating fifty thousand men, the most formidable army yet seen in thenew world. The plan of campaign embraced three expeditions: the firstagainst Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, which was successful;the second against Ticonderoga, which succeeded after a defeat; and thethird against Fort Duquesne. General Forbes, born at Dunfermline (whencehave come others to Pittsburgh), commanded this expedition, comprisingabout seven thousand men. The militia from Virginia, North Carolina, andMaryland was led by Washington, whose independent spirit led the testyScotchman, made irritable by a malady which was soon to cause his death, to declare that Washington's "behavior about the roads was no ways likea soldier. " But we cannot believe that the young Virginian was moved byany motive but the public good. On September 12, 1758, Major Grant, aHighlander, led an advance guard of eight hundred and fifty men to apoint one mile from the fort, which is still called Grant's Hill, onwhich the court-house now stands, where he rashly permitted himself tobe surrounded and attacked by the French and Indians, half his forcebeing killed or wounded, and himself slain. Washington followed soonafter, and opened a road for the advance of the main body under Forbes. Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, had just been taken by GeneralAmherst, with the result that supplies for Fort Duquesne were cut off. When, therefore, Captain Ligneris, the French commandant, learned of theadvance of a superior force, having no hope of reinforcements, he blewup the fort, set fire to the adjacent buildings, and drew his garrisonaway. On Saturday, November 25, 1758, amidst a fierce snowstorm, the Englishtook possession of the place, and Colonel Armstrong, in the presence ofForbes and Washington, hauled up the puissant banner of Great Britain, while cannons boomed and the exulting victors cheered. On the next day, General Forbes wrote to Governor Denny from "Fort Duquesne, nowPittsburgh, [A] the 26th of November, 1758, " and this was the first useof that name. On this same Sunday the Rev. Mr. Beatty, a Presbyterianchaplain, preached a sermon in thanksgiving for the superiority ofBritish arms, --the first Protestant service in Pittsburgh. The Frenchhad had a Roman Catholic chaplain, Father Baron, during their occupancy. On the next day Forbes wrote to Pitt with a vision of prophecy asfollows: PITTSBOURGH, 27th Novem'r, 1758. _Sir_, I do myself the Honour of acquainting you that it has pleased God to crown His Majesty's Arms with Success over all His Enemies upon the Ohio, by my having obliged the enemy to burn and abandon Fort Du Quesne, which they effectuated on the 25th:, and of which I took possession next day, the Enemy having made their Escape down the River towards the Missisippi in their Boats, being abandoned by their Indians, whom I had previously engaged to leave them, and who now seem all willing and ready to implore His Majesty's most Gracious Protection. So give me leave to congratulate you upon this great Event, of having totally expelled the French from this prodigious tract of Country, and of having reconciled the various tribes of Indians inhabiting it to His Majesty's Government. * * * * * I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Du Quesne, as I hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that now makes us Masters of the place. .. . These dreary deserts will soon be the richest and most fertile of any possest by the British in No. America. I have the honour to be with great regard and Esteem Sir, Your most obed't. & most hum'le. Serv't. JO: FORBES. [Footnote A: Local controversialists should note that the man who namedthe city spelt it with the final h. ] VIII As a place of urgent shelter the English proceeded to build a new fortabout two hundred yards from the site of Fort Duquesne, which istraditionally known as the first Fort Pitt, and was probably so calledby the garrison, although the letters written from there during the nextfew months refer to it as "the camp at Pittsburgh. " This stronghold cutoff French transportation to the Mississippi by way of the Ohio River, and the only remaining route, by way of the Great Lakes, was soonafterward closed by the fall of Fort Niagara. The fall of Quebec, withthe death of the two opposing generals, Montcalm and Wolfe, and thecapture of Montreal, ended the claims of France to sovereignty in thenew world. [Illustration: Plan of Fort Pitt] The new fort being found too small, General Stanwix built a second FortPitt, much larger and stronger, designed for a garrison of one thousandmen. The Indians viewed the new-comers with suspicion, but ColonelHenry Bouquet assured them, with diplomatic tergiversation, that, "Wehave not come here to take possession of your country in a hostilemanner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open alarge and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians tothe westward. " A redoubt (the "Blockhouse"), built by Colonel Bouquet in1764, still stands, in a very good state of preservation, being caredfor by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The protection of thegarrison naturally attracted a few traders, merchants, and pioneers toPittsburgh, and a permanent population began to grow. [Illustration: Henry Bouquet] [Illustration: Block House of Fort Pitt. Built in 1764] But the indigenous race continued to resent the extension of whiteencroachment; and they formed a secret confederacy under Pontiac, therenowned Ottawa chief, who planned a simultaneous attack on all thewhite frontier posts. This uprising was attended by atrocious crueltiesat many of the points attacked, but we may take note here of themovement only as it affected Pittsburgh. At the grand council held bythe tribes, a bundle of sticks had been given to every tribe, eachbundle containing as many sticks as there were days intervening beforethe deadly assault should begin. One stick was to be drawn from thebundle every day until but one remained, which was to signal theoutbreak for that day. This was the best calendar the barbarian mindcould devise. At Pittsburgh, a Delaware squaw who was friendly to thewhites had stealthily taken out three of the sticks, thus precipitatingthe attack on Fort Pitt three days in advance of the time appointed. The last stick was reached on June 22, 1763, and the Delawares andShawanese began the assault in the afternoon, under Simon Ecuyer. Thepeople of Pittsburgh took shelter in the fort, and held out whilewaiting for reinforcements. Colonel Bouquet hurried forward a force offive hundred men, but they were intercepted at Bushy Run, where a bloodybattle was fought. Bouquet had fifty men killed and sixty wounded, butinflicted a much greater loss on his savage foes and gained the fort, relieving the siege. As soon as Bouquet could recruit his command, hemoved down the Ohio, attacked the Indians, liberated some of theirprisoners, and taught the red men to respect the power that controlledat Pittsburgh. In 1768 the Indians ceded their lands about Pittsburgh to the Colonies, and civilization was then free to spread over them. In 1774 a landoffice was opened in Pittsburgh by Governor Dunmore, and land warrantswere granted on payment of two shillings and six pence purchase money, at the rate of ten pounds per one hundred acres. IX Washington made his last visit to Pittsburgh in October, 1770, when, onhis way to the Kanawha River, he stopped here for several days, andlodged with Samuel Semple, the first innkeeper, whose hostelry stood, and still stands, at the corner of Water and Ferry Streets. This housewas later known as the Virginian Hotel, and for many years furnishedentertainment to those early travelers. The building, erected in 1764 byColonel George Morgan, is now nearly one hundred and forty years old, and is still devoted to public hospitality, but the character of itspatronage has changed from George Washington to the deck roysterers wholodge there between their trips on the river packets. At the time ofWashington's visit the lower story of the house was divided into threerooms, two facing on Ferry Street, and the third, a large room, on WaterStreet, and in this latter room was placed, in the year of Washington'sstop there, the first billiard table ever brought to Pittsburgh. Themahogany steps from the first to the second floors, which were once thepride of the place, are still in the house. [B] According to Washington'sjournal, there were in Pittsburgh in 1770 twenty houses situated onWater Street, facing the Monongahela River. These were occupied bytraders and their families. The population at that time is estimated atone hundred and twenty-six men, women, and children, besides a garrisonconsisting of two companies of British troops. [Footnote B: On going again to look at this house, which I have seenmany times, I find that it was recently demolished to make room forrailway improvements. ] In October, 1772, Fort Pitt was ordered abandoned. The works aboutPittsburgh, from first to last, had cost the British Crown some threehundred thousand dollars, but the salvage on the stone, brick, and ironof the existing redoubts amounted to only two hundred and fifty dollars. The Blockhouse was repaired and occupied for a time by Dr. JohnConnelly; and during the Revolution it was constantly used by ourColonial troops. X With the French out of the country, and with William Pitt out of officeand incapacitated by age, the Colonies began to feel the oppression of aBritish policy which British statesmen and British historians to-daymost bitterly condemn. America's opposition to tyranny found its naturalexpression in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. The fires ofpatriotism leapt through the continent and the little settlement atPittsburgh was quickly aflame with the national spirit. On May 16th aconvention was held at Pittsburgh, which resolved that This committee have the highest sense of the spirited behavior of their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee, respectively, will animate and encourage their neighborhood to follow the brave example. No foreign soldiers were sent over the mountains to Pittsburgh, but amore merciless foe, who would attack and harass with remorselesscruelty, was impressed into the English service, despite the horrifiedprotests of some of her wisest statesmen. American treaties with theIndians had no force against the allurements of foreign gold, and underthis unholy alliance men were burnt at the stake, women were carriedaway, and cabins were destroyed. With the aim of regaining the friendship of the Indians, Congressappointed commissioners who met the tribes at Pittsburgh; and ColonelGeorge Morgan, Indian agent, writes to John Hancock, November 8, 1776: I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud that threatened to break over us is likely to disperse. The Six Nations, with the Muncies, Delawares, Shawanese, and Mohicans, who have been assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors to the number of 644, have given the strongest assurance of their determination to preserve inviolate the peace and neutrality with the United States. These amicable expectations were not realized, and General Edward Handcame to Pittsburgh the next year and planned an expedition against theIndians. Colonel Broadhead took out Hand's expedition in the summer andburned the Indian towns. The depreciation of paper currency, or Continental money, had by thistime brought the serious burden of high prices upon the people. Thetraders, who demanded apparently exorbitant rates for their goods, weredenounced in public meetings at Pittsburgh as being "now commonly knownby the disgraceful epithet of speculators, of more malignant naturesthan the savage Mingoes in the wilderness. " This hardship grew inseverity until the finances were put upon a more stable basis. In 1781, there was demoralization and mutiny at Fort Pitt, and GeneralWilliam Irvine was put in command. His firm hand soon restored thegarrison to obedience. The close of the war with Great Britain in thatyear was celebrated by General Irvine by the issue of an order at thefort, November 6, 1781, requiring all, as a sailor would say, "to splicethe mainbrace. " This order read as follows: The commissioners will issue a gill of whisky, extraordinary, to the non-commissioned officers and privates, upon this joyful occasion. The Penn family had purchased the Pittsburgh region from the Indians in1768, and they would offer none of it for sale until 1783. Up to thistime they had held the charter to Pennsylvania; but as they hadmaintained a steadfast allegiance to the mother country, the generalassembly annulled their title, except to allow them to retain theownership of various manors throughout the State, embracing half amillion acres. In order to relieve the people of Pittsburgh from going to Greensburgto the court-house in their sacred right of suing and being sued, thegeneral assembly erected Allegheny County out of parts of Westmorelandand Washington Counties, September 24, 1788. This county originallycomprised, in addition to its present limits, what are now Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties. The Act required that the court-house and jail should be located inAllegheny (just across the river from Pittsburgh), but as there was noprotection against Indians there, an amendment established Pittsburgh asthe county seat. The first court was held at Fort Pitt; and the next daya ducking-stool was erected for the district, at "The Point" in thethree rivers. In 1785, the dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania for thepossession of Pittsburgh was settled by the award of a joint commissionin favor of Pennsylvania. A writer says that in 1786 Pittsburgh contained thirty-six log houses, one stone, and one frame house, and five small stores. Another recordsthat the population "is almost entirely Scots and Irish, who live in loghouses. " A third says of these log houses: "Now and then one had assumedthe appearance of neatness and comfort. " The first newspaper, the Pittsburgh "Gazette, " was established July 29, 1786. A mail route to Philadelphia, by horseback, was adopted in thesame year. On September 29, 1787, the Legislature granted a charter tothe Pittsburgh Academy, a school that has grown steadily in usefulnessand power as the Western University of Pennsylvania, and which has inthis year (July 11, 1908) appropriately altered its name to Universityof Pittsburgh. [Illustration: Anthony Wayne] In 1791, the Indians became vindictive and dangerous, and General ArthurSt. Clair, with a force of twenty-three hundred men, was sent down theriver to punish them. Neglecting President Washington's imperativeinjunction to avoid a surprise, he led his command into an ambush andlost half of it in the most disastrous battle with the redskins sincethe time of Braddock. In the general alarm that ensued, Fort Pitt beingin a state of decay, a new fort was built in Pittsburgh at Ninth andTenth Streets and Penn Avenue, --a stronghold that included bastions, blockhouses, barracks, etc. , and was named Fort Lafayette. GeneralAnthony Wayne was then selected to command another expedition againstthe savages, and he arrived in Pittsburgh in June, 1792. After drillinghis troops and making preparations for two years, in the course of whichhe erected several forts in the West, including Fort Defiance and FortWayne, he fought the Indians and crushed their strength and spirit. Onhis return a lasting peace was made with them, and there were no furtherraids about Pittsburgh. XI The whisky insurrection demands a brief reference. Whisky seems to be asteady concomitant of civilization. As soon as the white settlers hadplanted themselves securely at Pittsburgh, they made requisition onPhiladelphia for six thousand kegs of flour and three thousand kegs ofwhisky--a disproportion as startling as Falstaff's intolerable deal ofsack to one half-penny-worth of bread. Congress, in 1791, passed anexcise law to assist in paying the war debt. The measure was veryunpopular, and its operation was forcibly resisted, particularly inPittsburgh, which was noted then, as now, for the quantity and qualityof its whisky. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptyinginto the Monongahela. The time and circumstances made the tax odious. The Revolutionary War had just closed, the pioneers were in the midst ofgreat Indian troubles, and money was scarce, of low value, and very hardto obtain. The people of the new country were unused to the exercise ofstringent laws. The progress of the French Revolution encouraged thesettlers to account themselves oppressed by similar tyrannies, againstwhich some of them persuaded themselves similar resistance should bemade. Genêt, the French demagogue, was sowing sedition everywhere. Lafayette's participation in the French Revolution gave it in America, where he was deservedly beloved, a prestige which it could never havegained for itself. Distillers who paid the tax were assaulted; some ofthem were tarred and feathered; others were taken into the forest andtied to trees; their houses and barns were burned; their property wascarried away or destroyed. Several thousand insurgents assembled atBraddock's Field, and marched on Pittsburgh, where the citizens gavethem food and submitted to a reign of terror. Then President Washingtonsent an army of fifteen thousand troops against them, and they meltedaway, as a mob will ever do when the strong arm of government smites itwithout fear or respect. [Illustration: Conestoga wagon] XII It was not long after the close of the Revolutionary War beforePittsburgh was recognized as the natural gateway of the Atlanticseaboard to the West and South, and the necessity for an improved systemof transportation became imperative. The earliest method oftransportation through the American wilderness required the easternmerchants to forward their goods in Conestoga wagons to Shippensburg andChambersburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland, and thence toPittsburgh on packhorses, where they were exchanged for Pittsburghproducts, and these in turn were carried by boat to New Orleans, wherethey were exchanged for sugar, molasses, and similar commodities, whichwere carried through the gulf and along the coast to Baltimore andPhiladelphia. For passenger travel the stage-coach furnished the mostluxurious method then known. [Illustration: Stage-coach] The people of Pennsylvania had given considerable attention to inlandimprovements and as early as 1791 they began to formulate the daringproject of constructing a canal system from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, with a portage road over the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. In 1825, the governor appointed commissioners for making surveys, certainresidents of Pittsburgh being chosen on the board, and in 1826 (February25th) the Legislature passed an act authorizing the commencement of workon the canal at the expense of the State. The western section wascompleted and the first boat entered Pittsburgh on November 10, 1829. Subsequent acts provided for the various eastern sections, including thebuilding of the portage railroad over the mountains, and by April 16, 1834, a through line was in operation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The termini of the road were Hollidaysburg, 1, 398 feet below themountain summit, and Johnstown, 1, 771 feet below the summit. The boatswere taken from the water like amphibious monsters and hauled up the teninclined planes by stationary engines. The total cost of the canal andportage railroad was about ten million dollars, and the entire systemwas sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1857 (June 25th) for$7, 500, 000. The importance of canal transportation in the popular mindis shown by the fact that in 1828, when the Pennsylvania Legislaturegranted a charter to the Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad Company (whichnever constructed its road), the act stated that the purpose of therailroad was to connect Pittsburgh with the canal at Massillon, Ohio. The railroad quickly superseded the canal, however, and when menperceived that the mountains could be conquered by a portage road, itwas a natural step to plan the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohiorailroads on a system of easy grades, so that all obstacles of heightand distance were annihilated. The Pennsylvania Railroad wasincorporated April 13, 1846, and completed its roadway fromPhiladelphia to Pittsburgh February 15, 1854. The canal was for a timeoperated by the Pennsylvania Canal Company in the interest of thePennsylvania Railroad Company, but its use was gradually abandoned. Thedivision from Pittsburgh to Johnstown ceased to be operated in 1864, andthat portion which was in the Juniata Valley was used until 1899, whilethe portion lying along the Susquehanna River was operated until1900. [C] [Footnote C: There is an interesting relief map of the portage railroadof the Pennsylvania Canal in the Carnegie Museum. ] [Illustration: Over the mountains in 1839; canal boat being hauled overthe portage road] Other railroads came as they were needed. The Baltimore and Ohioreceived a charter from the State of Maryland on February 28, 1827, butdid not reach Pittsburgh until December 12, 1860, when its Pittsburghand Connellsville branch was opened. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroadwas built into Pittsburgh July 4, 1851, and became part of thePittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway in 1856, that line reachingChicago in 1859. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. LouisRailway (the "Pan Handle") was opened between Pittsburgh and Columbus, Ohio, October 9, 1865. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, now a partof the New York Central Lines, was opened into Pittsburgh in February, 1879. The Wabash Railway completed its entrance into the city on June19, 1904. XIII [Illustration: View of Old Pittsburgh, 1817] In 1784 the town was laid out and settlers, among whom were many Scotchand Irish, came rapidly. The town was made the county seat in 1791, incorporated as a borough in 1794, the charter was revived in 1804, and the borough was chartered as a city in 1816. The first chartergranted to Pittsburgh in 1816 vested the more important powers of thecity government in a common council of fifteen members and a selectcouncil of nine members. In 1887 a new charter was adopted giving to themayor the power to appoint the heads of departments who were formerlyelected by the councils. On March 7, 1901, a new charter, known as "TheRipper, " was adopted, under the operations of which the elected mayor(William J. Diehl) was removed from his office, and a new chiefexecutive officer (A. M. Brown) appointed in his place by the governor, under the title of recorder. By an act of April 23, 1903, the title ofmayor was restored, and under the changes then made the appointing powerrests with the mayor, with the consent of the select council. Thefollowing is a list of the mayors of Pittsburgh: 1816-1817, Ebenezer Denny 1817-1825, John Darragh 1825-1828, John M. Snowden 1828-1830, Magnus M. Murray 1830-1831, Matthew B. Lowrie 1831-1832, Magnus M. Murray 1832-1836, Samuel Pettigrew 1836-1839, Jonas R. McClintock 1839-1840, William Little 1840-1841, William W. Irwin 1841-1842, James Thomson 1842-1845, Alexander Hay 1845-1846, William J. Howard 1846-1847, William Kerr 1847-1849, Gabriel Adams 1849-1850, John Herron 1850-1851, Joseph Barker 1851-1853, John B. Guthrie 1853-1854, Robert M. Riddle 1854-1856, Ferdinand E. Volz 1856-1857, William Bingham 1857-1860, Henry A. Weaver 1860-1862, George Wilson 1862-1864, B. C. Sawyer 1864-1866, James Lowry 1866-1868, W. S. McCarthy 1868-1869, James Blackmore 1869-1872, Jared M. Brush 1872-1875, James Blackmore 1875-1878, William C. McCarthy 1878-1881, Robert Liddell 1881-1884, Robert W. Lyon 1884-1887, Andrew Fulton 1887-1890, William McCallin 1890-1893, Henry I. Gourley 1893-1896, Bernard McKenna 1896-1899, Henry P. Ford 1899-1901, William J. Diehl 1901, A. M. Brown (Title changed to Recorder) 1901-1903, J. O. Brown (Recorder) 1903, W. B. Hays (Recorder; served about one week under that title) 1903-1906, W. B. Hays (Mayor again) 1906-1909, George W. Guthrie A movement to consolidate the cities of Pittsburgh and Alleghenytogether with some adjacent boroughs, was begun in 1853-54. It failedentirely that year, but in 1867 Lawrenceville, Peebles, Collins, Liberty, Pitt, and Oakland, all lying between the two rivers, wereannexed to Pittsburgh, and in 1872 there was a further annexation of adistrict embracing twenty-seven square miles south of the MonongahelaRiver, while in 1906 Allegheny was also annexed; and, as there waslitigation to test the validity of the consolidation, the Supreme Courtof the United States on December 6, 1907, declared in favor of theconstitutionality of the act. XIV The first national convention of the Republican party was held inPittsburgh on February 22 and 23, 1856. While this gathering was aninformal convention, it was made for the purpose of effecting a nationalorganization of the groups of Republicans which had grown up in theStates where slavery was prohibited. Pittsburgh was, therefore, in abroad sense, the place where the birth of the Republican party occurred. A digression on this subject, in order that the record may be madeclear, will probably not be unwelcome. In 1620, three months before the landing of the _Mayflower_ atProvincetown, a Dutch vessel carried African slaves up the James River, and on the soil of Virginia there was planted a system of servitudewhich at last extended throughout the Colonies and flourished withincreasing vigor in the South, until, in the War of the Rebellion, Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation put an end forever toslavery in America. When the builders of our Government met in theConstitutional Convention of 1787, slavery was a problem which more thanonce threatened to wreck the scheme for an indissoluble union of theStates. But it was compromised under a suggestion implied in theConstitution itself, that slavery should not be checked in the Statesin which it existed until 1808. In the meantime the entire labor systemof the South was built upon African slavery, while at the North thehorror of the public conscience grew against the degrading institutionfrom year to year. By 1854 the men in the free States who were opposedto slavery had begun to unite themselves by political bonds, and in thespring and summer of that year, groups of such men met in more or lessinformal conferences in Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Iowa, Ohio, and other northern States. But it was atJackson, Michigan, where the men who were uniting their politicalfortunes to accomplish the destruction of slavery first assembled in aformal convention on July 6, 1854, nominated a full State ticket, andadopted a platform containing these declarations: Resolved: That, postponing and suspending all differences with regard to political economy or administrative policy, in view of the imminent danger that Kansas and Nebraska will be grasped by slavery, and a thousand miles of slave soil be thus interposed between the free States of the Atlantic and those of the Pacific, we will act cordially and faithfully in unison to avert and repeal this gigantic wrong and shame. Resolved: That in view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of Republican government, and against the schemes of an aristocracy, the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed or man debased, we will coöperate and be known as "Republicans" until the contest be terminated. On January 17, 1856, "the Republican Association of Washington, D. C. , "referring to the extension of slavery into Kansas and Nebraska as "thedeep dishonor inflicted upon the age in which we live, " issued a call, in accordance with what appeared to be the general desire of theRepublican party, inviting the Republicans of the Union to meet ininformal convention at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, for the purposeof perfecting the national organization, and providing for a nationaldelegate convention of the Republican party, at some subsequent day, tonominate candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency, to besupported at the election in November, 1856. The Republican party met accordingly for the first time in a nationalconvention in Pittsburgh on the date appointed, and was largelyattended. Not only were all the free States represented, but there werealso delegates from Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Kentucky, andMissouri. John A. King was made temporary chairman, and Francis P. Blairpermanent chairman. Speeches were made by Horace Greeley, Giddings andGibson of Ohio, Codding and Lovejoy of Illinois, and others. Mr. Greeleysent a telegraphic report of the first day's proceedings to the New York"Tribune, " stating that the convention had accomplished much to cementformer political differences and distinctions, and that the meeting atPittsburgh had marked the inauguration of a national party, based uponthe principle of freedom. He said that the gathering was very large andthe enthusiasm unbounded; that men were acting in the most perfectharmony and with a unity of feeling seldom known to politicalassemblages of such magnitude; that the body was eminently Republican inprinciple and tendency; and that it combined much of character andtalent, with integrity of purpose and devotion to the great principleswhich underlie our Government. He prophesied that the moral andpolitical effect of this convention upon the country would be felt forthe next quarter of a century. In its deliberations, he said thateverything had been conducted with marked propriety and dignity. The platform adopted at Pittsburgh demanded the repeal of all lawsallowing the introduction of slavery into free territories; promisedsupport by all lawful measures to the Free-State men in Kansas in theirresistance to the usurped authority of lawless invaders; and stronglyurged the Republican party to resist and overthrow the existing nationaladministration because it was identified with the progress of the slavepower to national supremacy. On the evening of the second day, a mass meeting was held in aid of theemigration to Kansas. The president of the meeting was George N. Jackson, and D. D. Eaton was made secretary. Horace Greeley and othersmade addresses, and with great enthusiasm promises of aid to thebleeding young sister in the West were made. This record seems to show beyond question that the Republican party hadits national birth at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856, and that it cameinto being dedicated, as Horace Greeley described it at that moment, tothe principle of human freedom. A later formal convention, as providedfor at Pittsburgh, was held at Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, whichnominated John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This ticket polled a totalpopular vote of 1, 341, 264, but was beaten by the Democraticcandidates, --James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice-President, who polled 1, 838, 169votes. This defeat of a good cause was probably a fortunate piece ofadversity, for the men who opposed slavery were not yet strong enough tograpple the monster to its death as they did when Lincoln was nominatedfour years later. It was the high mission of the party in 1856 and 1860to stand against the extension of slavery, and in 1864 against allslavery as well as against the destruction of this Union; and in 1868, against those who wished to nullify the results of the war. Its latermission has been full of usefulness and honor. XV Among the eminent men who visited Pittsburgh in bygone days we findrecord of the following: 1817, President Monroe 1825, General Lafayette 1833, Daniel Webster 1842, Charles Dickens 1848, Henry Clay 1849, President Taylor and Governor Johnston 1852, Louis Kossuth 1860, Prince of Wales (now King Edward VII) 1861, President Lincoln 1866, President Johnson, Admiral Farragut, General Grant, and Secretaries Seward and Welles In 1845 (April 10th), a great fire destroyed about one third of thetotal area of the city, including most of the large business houses andfactories, the bridge over the Monongahela River, the large hotel knownas the Monongahela House, and several churches, in all about elevenhundred buildings. The Legislature appropriated $50, 000 for the reliefof the sufferers. In 1889, the great flood at Johnstown, accompanied by a frightful lossof life and destruction of property, touched the common heart ofhumanity all over the world. The closeness of Johnstown geographicallymade the sorrow at Pittsburgh most poignant and profound. In a few hoursalmost the whole population had brought its offerings for the strickencommunity, and besides clothing, provisions, and every conceivable thingnecessary for relief and comfort, the people of Pittsburgh contributed$250, 000 to restore so far as possible the material portion of theloss. In the autumn of 1908 a series of imposing celebrations was held tocommemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding ofPittsburgh. XVI In 1877, the municipal government being, in its personnel, at themoment, incompetent to preserve the fundamental principles on which itwas established, permitted a strike of railroad employees to growwithout restriction as to the observance of law and order until itbecame an insurrection. Four million dollars' worth of property wasdestroyed by riot and incendiarism in a few hours. When at last outragedauthority was properly shifted from the supine city chieftains to theindomitable State itself, it became necessary, before order could berestored, for troops to fire, with a sacrifice of human life. For some months preceding the riots at Pittsburgh disturbances among therailroad employees, especially the engineers and brakemen offreight-trains, had been frequent on railroads west and east of thiscity. These disturbances arose mainly from resistance to reductions inthe rates of wages, made or proposed by the executive officers of thevarious railroads, and also from objections of train crews toregulations governing the transportation system. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, some time after the panic of 1873, reduced the wages of its employees ten per cent. , and, on account of thegeneral decline in business, made another reduction of ten per cent. Totake effect on June 1, 1877; these reductions to apply to all employeesfrom the president of the company down. The reductions affected theroads known as the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, as well as thePennsylvania Railroad, and similar alterations were also made on the NewYork Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads. The changed conditionscaused a great deal of dissatisfaction among the trainmen, but acommittee was appointed by them, which held a conference with Mr. ThomasA. Scott, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and agreed tothe reduction, reporting its conclusions to the trainmen. On July 16th an order was issued by the railroad company that thirty-sixfreight-cars, instead of eighteen, as before, were to be made up as atrain, without increase in the number of the crew, and with a locomotiveat the end to act as a pusher, assisting the one at the front, makingwhat is technically called "a double header. " The train employees lookedupon this order as doubling their work under the decreased pay of June1st, and in its effect virtually tending to the discharge of many menthen employed in the running of freight-trains. The strike whichfollowed does not seem to have been seriously organized, but was rathera sudden conclusion arrived at on the impulse of the moment, and wasprobably strengthened by a wave of discontent which was sweeping overthe roads to the east and west, as well as by an undercurrent ofhostility toward the railroads exhibited by some of the newspapers. Asfar back as July 23, 1876, a Pittsburgh paper, in publishing an articleheaded "Railroad Vultures, " had said: "Railroad officials are commencingto understand that the people of Pittsburgh will be patient no longer;that this community is being aroused into action, and that presently thetorrent of indignation will give place to condign retribution"; and inanother paragraph the same paper had said: "We desire to impress uponthe minds of the community that these vultures are constantly preyingupon the wealth and resources of the country; they are a class, as itwere, of money jugglers intent only on practising their trickery forself aggrandizement, and that, consequently, their greed leads them intoall known ways and byways of fraud, scheming, and speculating, toaccomplish the amassing of princely fortunes. " These intemperateutterances were the first seeds of popular sedition. It was not until 8. 30 o'clock on the morning of the 19th that the realtrouble began. Two freight-trains were to start at 8. 40, but ten minutesbefore that the crews sent word that they would not take the trains out. Two yard crews were then asked to take their places, but they refused todo so. The trains were not taken out, and the crews of all the trainsthat came in, as they arrived, joined the strikers. As the day wore onthe men gradually congregated at the roundhouse of the road atTwenty-eighth Street, but did not attempt or threaten any violence. Thenews of the strike had spread through the two cities, and large numbersof the more turbulent class of the population, together with manyworkmen from the factories who sympathized with the strikers, hastenedto Twenty-eighth Street, and there was soon gathered a formidable mob inwhich the few striking railroad employees were an insignificantquantity. When the railroad officials found their tracks and roundhouse in thepossession of a mob which defied them, they called upon the mayor of thecity for protection, to which Mayor McCarthy promptly responded, goingin person with a detail of officers to the scene of the trouble. Whenthe police arrived on the ground they found an excited assemblage ofpeople who refused to listen to their orders to disperse, and the mayormade no serious effort to enforce his authority effectually. There wasno collision, however, until a man who had refused to join the strikersattempted to couple some cars, when he was assaulted. An officer of theroad who undertook to turn a switch, was also assaulted by one of themob, who was arrested by the police. His comrades began throwing stones, but the police maintained their hold of their prisoner, and conveyedhim to the jail. A crowd then gathered in front of the police stationand made threats of rescuing their comrade, but no overt act wascommitted. The mob, which had by this time become greatly enraged, wasreally not composed of railroad employees, who had contemplated no suchresult of their strike, and now generally deplored the unfortunate turnwhich the affair had taken. It was for the most part composed of theworst element of the population, who, without any grievance of theirown, real or imagined, had gathered together from the very force oftheir vicious inclinations and the active hope of plunder. The strikers held a meeting that evening, at which they demanded thatthe ten per cent. Should be restored, and the running of double headersabolished. In the meantime, the railroad authorities, perceiving theinefficiency of the local police powers, and alarmed at thestill-increasing mob and the vicious spirit which it displayed, invokedthe aid of the sheriff of the county. At midnight Sheriff Fife came toTwenty-eighth Street with a hastily summoned _posse_, a part of whichdeserted him before he reached the scene of action, and ordered therioters to disperse, which they, with hoots and jeers, defiantly refusedto do. The sheriff then sought aid from the military, and General A. L. Pearson issued an order to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth regiments ofthe National Guards of Pennsylvania, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, toassemble at half past six the next morning, armed and equipped forduty. Sheriff Fife also telegraphed to the State authorities atHarrisburg, stating that he was unable to quell the riot, and askingthat General Pearson be instructed to do this with his force; andAdjutant General Latta issued the orders accordingly. General Pearsonmarched his forces to the Union Depot and placed them in position in theyard and on the hillside above it. The mob was not, however, deterred bythis action, as the troops were supposed to be more or less in sympathywith the strikers, and were expected to be disinclined to fire upontheir fellow citizens if they should be ordered to do so. The employmentof local troops at this moment constituted a grave mistake in themanagement of the riot. The governor had, however, been telegraphed to, and had ordered GeneralBrinton's division of troops to leave Philadelphia for Pittsburgh. Thisbecame known to the mob, which was still increasing in numbers andturbulence, and the calling of troops from the east drove them to fury. The feeling had spread to the workingmen in the factories on the SouthSide, where a public meeting was held, and demagogical speeches made, upholding the action of the strikers; and five hundred men came thencein a body and joined the crowd. At this critical moment the mob received an endorsement that not onlygreatly encouraged it, but incited it to extreme violence. A localnewspaper, on Friday, the 20th, in the course of an editorial headed"The Talk of the Desperate, " which formulated what was assumed as theexpression of a workingman, used this language: This may be the great civil war in this country between labor and capital that is bound to come. .. . The workingmen everywhere are in fullest sympathy with the strikers, and only waiting to see whether they are in earnest enough to fight for their rights. They would all join and help them the moment an actual conflict took place. .. . The governor, with his proclamation, may call and call, but the laboring people, who mostly constitute the militia, won't take up arms to put down their brethren. Will capital then rely on the United States Army? Pshaw! Its ten to fifteen thousand available men would be swept from our path like leaves in a whirlwind. The workingmen of this country can capture and hold it, if they will only stick together, and it looks as though they were going to do so this time. Of course, you say that capital will have some supporters. Many of the unemployed will be glad to get work as soldiers, or extra policemen; the farmers, too, might turn out to preserve your law and order; but the working army would have the most men and the best men. The war might be bloody but the right would prevail. Men like Tom Scott, Frank Thomson--yes, and William Thaw--who have got rich swindling the stockholders of railroads, so that they cannot pay honest labor living rates, we would hang to the nearest tree. Although the paper in a later edition suppressed that part of theeditorial, and the other papers of the city refrained from anyeditorials that might increase the excitement, yet the mischief had beendone, the unfortunate words had been widely read, and the moreintelligently vicious of the rioters proceeded to make the most ofthem. The eastern troops left Philadelphia on Friday night and arrived at theUnion Depot on Saturday afternoon, tired and hungry. After a scant andhasty lunch they were placed out along the tracks to the roundhousewhere the great bulk of the mob was assembled. In order to secure andprotect the building and tracks it was necessary that the crowd shouldbe forced back. When the troops undertook this movement some stones werethrown and a few soldiers were hit. Then one of the subordinate officersgave an order to fire, and about twenty persons were killed and thirtywounded, three of whom were children. When the rioters beheld their associates attacked, their rage passed allcontrol, and the troops were closed in upon and driven into theroundhouse. Encouraged by this retreat, the mob took steps to burn themout. Many cars loaded with whisky and petroleum were set on fire andsent down the track against the building, and fire was opened on it witha cannon which the crowd had seized from a local armory. General Brintoncame personally to one of the windows of the roundhouse and appealed tothe mob to desist, warning them that if they did not he must and wouldfire. The rioters paid no attention to his appeal, but continued theirassaults, whereupon General Brinton gave orders to his men to fire atthose who were handling the cannon, and several of them were killed andwounded. Incendiarism, having been inaugurated, went on through thenight, whole trains being robbed and then burned. The troops held theirposition until Sunday morning, and then retreated out Penn Avenue toSharpsburg, where they went into camp. During Saturday night and Sunday morning the mob seemed to have takenpossession of the city. They broke open several armories and gun stores, and supplied themselves with arms and ammunition. The banks werethreatened, and the city seemed about to be pillaged, the business partof the city being filled with bands of rioters who uttered threats ofviolence and murder. On Sunday morning the roundhouse and all thelocomotives which it contained were destroyed by fire. The Union Depot, the grain elevator, the Adams Express building, and the Pan Handle depotwere also set on fire and consumed. The firemen who hastened to thescene and attempted to extinguish the flames were met by armed men anddriven back. At half past twelve on Sunday morning a committee appointedby a citizens' meeting tried to open a consultation with the mob, butwere promptly driven away. The committee found that they were notdealing with dissatisfied railroad employees but with a mob of the worstof the city's population, there being neither organization nor leader, but each man or party of men doing what the frenzy of the momentsuggested. When it seemed as if the whole city was to be destroyed, someof the original strikers were persuaded to attend a meeting of thecitizens at four o'clock and arrange to aid in suppressing theincendiarism, and they did this with such a good spirit as showed thatthe railroad strikers were not a part of the mob and did not countenanceits violence. At this meeting the mayor was authorized to enroll fivehundred police, but the accounts of the day show that the ranks filledup slowly. The state of terror continued through all of Sunday night, and on Monday morning the mob was still in an unorganized control. Throughout the thirty-six hours from Saturday night until Monday morninga most unusual state of public mind developed here and there whichseemed like a moral epidemic. There was almost a wholesale appropriationof goods from the burning cars by men and even women who would at othertimes have shuddered at the idea of robbery; and after the riot wassuppressed goods were for some time voluntarily returned by persons whohad taken them unreflectingly, having at length recovered their moralperceptions, which had seemingly been clouded by the vicious influenceof the mob. On Monday morning, however, the uprooted law seemed to be recovering aportion of its dissipated majesty. During the night posters had beenplaced conspicuously throughout the city, on which was printed the lawunder which the citizens of Allegheny County were liable for all thedamage done by the mob or arising from its actions. At eleven o'clockin the morning, a meeting of citizens was called at the Chamber ofCommerce, to form a Committee of Public Safety to take charge of thesituation, as the city authorities, the sheriff, and the military seemedpowerless to control it. This committee presented the following addressto the public: The Committee of Public Safety, appointed at the meeting of citizens held at the Chamber of Commerce July 23d, deeming that the allaying of excitement is the first step toward restoring order, would urge upon all citizens disposed to aid therein the necessity of pursuing their usual avocation, and keeping all their employees at work, and would, therefore, request that full compliance be accorded to this demand of the committee. The committee are impressed with the belief that the police force now being organized will be able to arrest and disperse all riotous assemblages, and that much of the danger of destruction to property has passed, and that an entire restoration of order will be established. The committee believe that the mass of industrious workmen of the city are on the side of law and order, and a number of the so-called strikers are already in the ranks of the defenders of the city, and it is quite probable that any further demonstration will proceed from thieves and similar classes of population, with whom our working classes have no affiliation and will not be found among them. It is to this end that the committee request that all classes of business be prosecuted as usual, and our citizens refrain from congregating in the streets in crowds, so that the police of the city may not be confused in their effort to arrest rioters, and the military be not restrained from prompt action, if necessary, from fear of injuring the innocent. While the rioters had by this time been somewhat restrained by theresolute action of the committee, yet they were, although dispersed asa body, holding meetings and still breathing sullen threats of furtheroutrage and murder. The strike had spread to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne& Chicago Railway, and its trains were for two or three days virtuallystopped; in other sections of the country the railroad troubles wereincreasing, and the committee thought best to call Major-General JosephBrown and Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth National Guards, intoconsultation. Under their advice a camp of the military was formed atEast Liberty, to be held in readiness for any further outbreak. MayorMcCarthy, at last inspirited by the determined men who urged him to hisduty, enrolled five hundred extra police, and issued a proclamation inwhich he said: I have determined that peace, order, and quiet shall be restored to the community, and to this end call upon all good citizens to come forward at once to the old City Hall and unite with the police and military now organizing. I call upon all to continue quietly at their several places of business and refrain from participating in excited assemblages. A proclamation had also been issued by Governor Hartranft, and he hadcome to Pittsburgh to address the rioters, and subsequently two or threethousand troops were ordered by him to Pittsburgh, and were encampednear East Liberty for several days. Under these vigorous measures quiet was in a few days restored, although the Committee of Public Safety continued to hold sessions andto take steps not only to prevent any further demonstrations, but toarrest and bring to punishment a number of the prominent rioters. Claims for losses in the riot were made on Allegheny County in the sumof $4, 100, 000, which the commissioners settled for $2, 772, 349. 53. Ofthis sum $1, 600, 000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose claimfor $2, 312, 000 was settled for that sum. In addition to the buildingsalready specified as burned, there were 1, 383 freight-cars, 104locomotives, and 66 passenger coaches destroyed by fire. Twenty-fivepersons in all were killed. The lesson was worth all it cost, and anarchy has never dared to raiseits head in the corporation limits since that time. XVII The Homestead strike and riot of 1892 is another incident of falseleadership in industrial life which must be chronicled here. For many years the Carnegie Steel Company, whose principal works weresituated at Homestead, just outside the present boundaries of the city, had employed a large number of skilled workmen who belonged to theAmalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, and had contractedfor their employment with the officers of that Association. On July 1, 1889, a three years' contract was made which was to terminate at the endof June, 1892. The workmen were paid by the ton, the amount theyreceived depending on the selling price of steel billets of a specifiedsize which they produced. If the price of these billets advanced, thewages they received per ton advanced proportionately. If the pricedeclined, their wages also declined to a certain point, called aminimum, but a decline in the selling price below this minimum caused noreduction in wages. The minimum was fixed in the contract at $25. 00 perton. At the date the contract was made the market price of the billetswas $26. 50 per ton. As the time drew near for the contract to expire, the Carnegie Company, through its chairman, Mr. Henry C. Frick, submitted to the workmenbelonging to the Association a proposition as the basis of a newcontract. The three most important features of the proposed contractwere, first, a reduction in the minimum of the scale for billets from$25. 00 to $22. 00; second, a change in the expiration of the date of thescale from June 30th to December 31st; third, a reduction of tonnagerates at those furnaces and mills in which, by reason of theintroduction of improved machinery, the earnings of the workmen had beenincreased far beyond the liberal calculation of their employers. Atthose places where no such improvements had been made, no reduction intonnage rates was proposed. The company gave as a reason for reducingthe minimum that the market price of steel had gone down below $25. 00per ton, and that it was unfair for the workmen to have the benefits ofa rise in the market above $25. 00, and share none of the losses of thecompany when the market price fell below that figure. Indeed, thecompany contended that there ought to be no minimum as there was nomaximum under the sliding scale. The workmen insisted that there oughtto be a minimum to protect them against unfair dealing between thecompany and its buyers, as they had no voice or authority in selling theproducts of their labor. The reason for changing the time for closing the contract was that thecompany's business was less active at the end of the calendar year thanin midsummer, and that it was easier to complete new arrangements foremployment at that time. Another reason was that the company often madesales for an entire year, and consequently contracts for labor could bemore safely made if they began and ended at times corresponding withcontracts made with their customers. The workmen opposed this change inthe duration of the contract on the ground that in midwinter they wouldbe less able to resist any disposition on the part of the company to cutdown their wages, and that in the event of a strike, it would be moredifficult to maintain their situation than it would be in summer. Theyclaimed, therefore, that the change in time would be a seriousdisadvantage to them in negotiating with their employers. They proposedto the company, as a counter proposition, that the contract should endthe last of June, as had formerly been the case, and that if any changewas to be demanded, three months' notice must be given them, and that, if this was not done, the contract, which was to run for three years, should continue for a year longer; in other words, from June 30, 1895, until June 30, 1896. This suggestion was rejected by the company. Butthe company then proposed to make the minimum $23. 00 per ton for steelbillets, and the Association, through its committee, named a price of$24. 00, refusing to concede any more. While these negotiations were pending, the superintendent of theHomestead Steel Works had concluded contracts with all the employees, except three hundred and twenty-five of the highest skill, who wereemployed in three of the twelve departments. All the others were to bepaid on the former basis of remuneration without any reduction whatever. Of the three hundred and twenty-five high-priced men with whom contractshad not been made, two hundred and eighty would have been affected bythe tonnage reductions and about forty-five more by the tonnagereductions and scale minimum. Under the proposed readjustments those who received the low grades ofcompensation and the common laborers would not have been touched intheir earnings. The actual controversy was thus narrowed down to asmall number of men, less than ten per cent. Of those employed atHomestead. During the remainder of the month of June other steps were taken toeffect an agreement, but the relations between the officers of thecompany and the workmen, instead of improving, grew worse. On the 28ththe company began to close the different departments, and on the lastday of the month work in all of them ceased. On July 1st the strikingworkmen congregated about the gates, stopped the foremen and employeeswho came to work, and persuaded them to go away. The watchmen of thecompany were turned away from the works; guards were placed at all theentrances, the river, streets and roads entering the town were patrolledby strikers, and a rigid surveillance was exercised over those whoentered the town or approached the plant. When the sheriff came on July4th and attempted to put deputies of his own selection in possession ofthe works, to guard them for the company, he was opposed by a counterforce, the striking workmen proposing to place guards of their own andgive indemnity for the safety of the property; but this the sheriffdeclined because it would enable the strikers to keep any new non-unionmen from taking their places. On July 5th, when the sheriff sent twelvedeputies to take possession of the works, they were driven away. In the meantime Mr. Frick had begun negotiations as early as June 20thwith Robert A. Pinkerton, of New York, for the employment of threehundred watchmen to be placed in the works at Homestead. They werebrought from Ashtabula to Youngstown by rail, thence to Pittsburgh byriver. On the evening of July 5th, Captain Rodgers' two boats, withDeputy Sheriff Gray, Superintendent Potter, of the Homestead works, andsome of his assistants, on board, dropped down the river with two bargesin tow, until they met the Pinkerton men. When the boat, with the bargesin tow, approached Homestead in the early morning of the 6th, they werediscovered by a small steamer used by the strikers as a patrol, and thealarm was given. A short war of words was followed by firing on eachside, which resulted ultimately in the death of three of the Pinkertonsand seven of the workmen, and the wounding of many on each side. After abrief fusillade those on shore fled in various directions, and thePinkerton men retreated into their barges. About five o'clock in theafternoon the Pinkertons surrendered, being allowed to take out theirclothing, but their arms and supplies fell into the possession of theHomestead people. The barges were immediately set on fire and burned, and in their burning the pump-house belonging to the Carnegie Companywas also destroyed. The Pinkerton men, now being practically prisonersof war, were marched up-town to the skating-rink for temporaryimprisonment. The sheriff was notified, and he came down that night andtook the prisoners away. He then informed the governor of Pennsylvaniaof what had occurred, and called upon him for troops to enforce the lawand restore public order. Governor Pattison made a prompt response tothis appeal, as his duty under the law required him to do. On themorning of the 12th the soldiers of the State militia entered Homestead. As soon as they arrived the Carnegie Company took possession of itsworks, and began to make preparations to resume work with non-union men. It was difficult to secure employees, and several months passed awaybefore the company was able to obtain all the men it desired. At firstthe new employees were fed and housed within the enclosure, and thisplan continued for several weeks until their number had increased tosuch a degree that they felt secure in going outside for their mealswith the protection afforded by the sheriff's deputies. The company made an effort to employ their old workmen and fixed a timefor receiving applications for employment from them. When the time hadexpired, however, which was on July 21st, not one participant in thestrike had returned. At a later period many of the old employeesreturned to work. By the close of July, nearly a thousand men were atwork at Homestead. On July 23d Mr. Frick was shot in his office byAlexander Berkman, an anarchist, who was not, and never had been, anemployee. The chairman recovered from his wounds and his assailant wassent to the penitentiary. The last of the troops were not withdrawn until October 13th. At thattime the mill was in full operation with non-union men. Though the strike was ended in October, its formal termination by theAmalgamated Association was not declared until November 20th, when thedisposition of the strikers to return to work was very general. Assumingthat the strike lasted nearly five months, as the monthly pay-roll ofthe mill was about $250, 000, the loss to the striking employees for thatperiod was not far from $1, 250, 000. No estimate of the loss sustained bythe company has been published. The cost to the State in sending andmaintaining the National Guard at Homestead was $440, 256. 31. INDUSTRIAL I Pittsburgh has thus passed through many battles, trials, afflictions, and adversities, and has grown in the strength of giants until it nowembraces in the limits of the county a population rapidly approachingone million. This seems a proper moment, therefore, turning away fromthe romantic perspective of history, to attempt a brief description ofPittsburgh as we see her to-day. In order to give value to the record itwill be necessary to employ certain statistics, but the effort will beto make these figures as little wearisome as possible. The presentpopulation after the annexation of Allegheny (December 6, 1907) isestimated at 550, 000, and if we were to add McKeesport with its tubemills, Homestead with its Carnegie works, and East Pittsburgh with itsWestinghouse plants, all of which lie just outside of the presentcorporate limits, the population would be 700, 000. In 1900 we can givethe population definitely (omitting Allegheny) at 321, 616, of whom85, 032 were foreign born and 17, 040 were negroes. Of these foreign born21, 222 were natives of Germany, 18, 620 of Ireland, 8, 902 of England, 6, 243 of Russian Poland, 5, 709 of Italy, 4, 107 of Russia, 3, 553 ofAustria, 3, 515 of German Poland, 2, 539 of Wales, 2, 264 of Scotland, 2, 124 of Hungary, 1, 072 of Sweden, 1, 025 of Austrian Poland, and 154Chinese. [Illustration: Pittsburgh, showing the junction of the Allegheny andMonongahela Rivers] II It has already been said that the city is a gateway from the East to theWest and South, and as such it is the center of a vast railway system. The principal railroads serving Pittsburgh are the Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, the New York Central Lines, and the Wabash System, and she has also a numerous fleet of boats plying the three rivers. Coalis brought to the city by boats as well as by rail, and great fleets ofbarges carry it and other heavy freight down the Ohio. A ship canal forthe establishment of water transportation between Pittsburgh and LakeErie (127. 5 miles) has been projected. The railroads carry throughPittsburgh over eight per cent. Of all the railroad traffic of theUnited States; and have a particularly heavy tonnage of coal, coke, andiron and steel products; while a large proportion of the iron ore thatis produced in the Lake Superior region is brought here to supplyPittsburgh manufactures. The total railway and river tonnage is greaterthan that of any other city in the world, amounting in 1906 to122, 000, 000 tons, of which about 12, 000, 000 tons were carried on boatsdown the Ohio. Her tonnage is equal to one half the combined tonnage ofthe Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The following table will be veryinteresting as showing the extraordinary fact that the tonnage ofPittsburgh exceeds the combined tonnage of the five other greatestcities in the world (1902): Pittsburgh 86, 636, 680 tons London 17, 564, 110 tons New York 17, 398, 000 " Antwerp 16, 721, 000 " Hamburg 15, 853, 490 " Liverpool 13, 157, 720 " ---------- Total 80, 694, 320 " ---------- Pittsburgh's excess 5, 942, 360 " Pittsburgh has freight yards with a total capacity for more than 60, 000cars. Its harbor has a total length on the three rivers of twenty-eightmiles, with an average width of about one thousand feet, and has beendeepened by the Davis Island Dam (1885) and by dredging. Slack waternavigation has been secured on the Allegheny River by locks and dams atan expense of more than a million and a quarter dollars. TheMonongahela River from Pittsburgh to the West Virginia State line (91. 5miles) was improved by a private company in 1836, which built sevenlocks and dams. This property was condemned and bought by the UnitedStates Government, in 1897 for $3, 761, 615, and the Government isplanning to rebuild and enlarge these works. Pittsburgh is surrounded by the most productive coal-fields in thecountry. The region is also rich in petroleum and natural gas, andalthough the petroleum in the immediate vicinity has been nearlyexhausted, it is still obtained through pipes from the neighboringregions. The first petroleum pipe line reached Pittsburgh in 1875. Pittsburgh is also a port of entry, and for the year ending December, 1907, the value of its imports amounted to $2, 416, 367. In 1806 the manufacture of iron was begun, and by 1825 this had becomethe leading industry. Among the earlier prominent iron industries wasthe Kensington Iron Works, of which Samuel Church (born February 5, 1800; died December 7, 1857), whose family has been resident inPittsburgh from 1822 to the present day, was the leading partner. In themanufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburgh ranks first among thecities of the United States, their value in 1905 amounting to$92, 939, 860, or 53. 3 per cent. Of the total of the whole country. Several towns in the near neighborhood are also extensively engaged inthe same industry, and in 1902 Allegheny County produced about 24 percent. Of the pig iron; nearly 34 per cent. Of the Bessemer steel; 44 percent. Of the open hearth steel; 53 per cent. Of the crucible steel; 24per cent. Of the steel rails, and 59 per cent. Of the structural shapesthat were made that year in the United States. In 1905 the value ofPittsburgh's foundry and machine-shop products amounted to $9, 631, 514;of the product of steam railroad repair shops, $3, 726, 990; of maltliquors, $3, 166, 829; of slaughtering and meat-packing products, $2, 732, 027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2, 297, 228; of glass, $2, 130, 540;and of tin and terne plate, $1, 645, 570. Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies were manufactured largely in the city, to a value in 1905of $1, 796, 557. The Heinz Company has its main pickle plant inPittsburgh, the largest establishment of its kind in the world. Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In1900, and for a long period preceding, the town ranked first amongAmerican cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it wasoutranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey, and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the limitsof Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glassdistrict is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or itsimmediate vicinity the more important plants of the United States SteelCorporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Justoutside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Company forthe manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which GeorgeWestinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals whichhe also invented. Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the PennsylvaniaRailroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful ofall our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here. James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road, lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C. Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegiesteel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shownin his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railwaytravel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and socialpillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, themaker of delicate instruments, is a well-beloved citizen. Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in theUnited States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all Americancities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47. 1per cent. , while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906, there were one hundred and seventy-nine banks and trust companies inthe Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72, 058, 402, and asurplus of $87, 044, 622. The gross deposits were $395, 379, 783, while thetotal resources amounted to $593, 392, 069. Pittsburgh, withclearing-house exchanges amounting to $2, 640, 847, 046, ranks sixth amongthe cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following citiesin the order named: New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, and often on a given day exceeds those of St. Louis. III The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609, 632, 427. She mines onequarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an investedcapital of $641, 000, 000, she has 3, 029 mills and factories with anannual product worth $551, 000, 000, and 250, 000 employees on a pay-rollof about $1, 000, 000 a day, or $350, 000, 000 a year. Her electricstreet-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for fourhundred and ninety-two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into hermills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output ofcoke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Sevenhundred passenger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to andfrom her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there solarge a Bessemer-steel plant, crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant, chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-railplant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armorsheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Russia and Japan. Sheequips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Herbridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the ArgentineRepublic; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on theSiberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain andBrazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she distributesher varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth. [Illustration: The Pittsburgh Country Club] INTELLECTUAL I But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth, population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the_ultima thule_ of her people. Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dimsthe blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesquesituation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, andnarrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffsthroughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet thesurpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinkingstranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vastindustrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks ofall three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges whereiron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city iswedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and thereis a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses, banks, tall officebuildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals; but right wherethese stop the residence section begins like another city of happyhomes--an immense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns dividedoff by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe wouldbe called castles and palaces, with scarce a fence between to mark theland lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city. There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On therolling hills above the Monongahela River is Schenley Park (about fourhundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths, and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above theAllegheny River is Highland Park (about two hundred and ninety acres), containing a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits ofits great hills. It also contains a very interesting zoölogical garden. Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and nearHighland Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidstdrooping willows and shading elms. Connecting the two parks and leadingto them from the downtown section is a system of wide boulevards abouttwenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Allegheny) is RiverviewPark (two hundred and seventeen acres), in which the AlleghenyObservatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span therivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad expanse of rollingacres for pastoral sports. II In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building, dedicated in April (11, 12, and 13), 1907, with imposing ceremonieswhich were attended by several hundred prominent men from America andEurope. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and fourhundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls ofarchitecture and sculpture, a museum, and a hall of music; while theCarnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by. It is built in the later Renaissance style, being very simple and yetbeautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finishis largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, broughtfrom every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is aseries of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son ofPittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in1895, contains about 300, 000 volumes, has seven important branches, andone hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books. Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of itscreation, and, after several years of successful service, was followedby Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is nowthe efficient librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many castsof notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry thevisitor in fancy through an almost unbroken development from theearliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to thepresent day. It is now the aim of this department to develop itsgalleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings fromthe very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire suchportraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make thesehalls to some extent a national portrait gallery; and, third, to obtainsuch pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of athoroughly representative collection of modern painting. The Art Galleryis already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annualcompetitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries forprizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Directorof Fine Arts, has made the building up of this department his ripest andbest work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy, vertebrate and invertebrate zoölogy, entomology, botany, comparativeanatomy, archæology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation, carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, andbiological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology isparticularly noteworthy as it has extended the boundaries of knowledgethrough its many explorations in the western fossil fields. Thesuccess of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr. W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphonyorchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organtwice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began itswork thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many personsin Pittsburgh, other than musical students, who knew the differencebetween a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there arethousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe theshading differences in the Ninth Symphony and give good reasons fortheir preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished. " Thefirst conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years, who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came EmilPaur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School ofApplied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journeymen, a School ofApplied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capablefaculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering1, 916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable directorof this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board ofTrustees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, VicePresident, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed, Treasurer. Charles C. Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, JohnCaldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Macbeth, of the Librarycommittee, and William McConway, of the Technical Schools committee. [Illustration: Panther Hollow Bridge, Schenley Park] The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute hasbecome one of the most notable platform occasions in America, made so bythe illustrious men who participate in the exercises. Some of thesedistinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, formerPresidents of the United States; John Morley and James Bryce, foremostamong British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a beloved actor;Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat, and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of thenew building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassedall previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustriousgroup of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made thefestival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came toPittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. LeonceBénédite, Director Musée du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles deConstant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court ofArbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, andDr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Germany, uponthe personal suggestion of his Majesty, Emperor William II, HisExcellency Lieutenant-General Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General tohis Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on MilitaryScience to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr. Maj. D. Kaisers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the PrussianState Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from GreatBritain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball, Director of Cambridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, managerLondon "Times"; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Provost of Edinburgh; SirEdward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost ofDunfermline; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zoölogical Society ofLondon; Sir William Henry Preece, Consulting Engineer to the G. P. O. And Colonies; Dr. John Rhys, Principal of Jesus College, Universityof Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of CambridgeUniversity; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. JohnRoss, Chairman Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor"Review of Reviews"; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. De Marees vanSwinderen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to theUnited States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz("Maarten Maartens"), author. [Illustration: Entrance to Highland Park] Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid Institute, with its schoolsystem, at a cost already approximating twenty million dollars, and hemust enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying groundfor the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress madeeach year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employthe phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "Thepoint which was yesterday invisible is to-day its starting-point, andto-morrow will be its goal. " The Institute has truly a splendid mission. III The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated bythe Legislature in 1787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 thename was changed to the Western University of Pennsylvania, but, holdingto the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become auniversity until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine bytaking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 theDepartments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the firsttime admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In1908 (July 11th) the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh. The several departments of the University are at present (1908) locatedin different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres hasbeen acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring themall together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of thechancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of hiscause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial difficulties. TheUniversity embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines, a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, SaturdayClasses, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, andDentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructorsand a body of 1, 138 students. IV The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which hasbeen made by him several times, looking to a working coöperation or evena closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the Universityof Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute onFounder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on thissubject: The temptation to go a little further into the future first requires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of marriage: "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance. " There will soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new buildings of the Western University (now University of Pittsburgh), conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning that hill like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred and twenty-five years the University is already venerable in this land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be effected between that institution and this? Here we have painting, and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a wonderfully rich scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme seems to be lacking something which marks its unfinished state. The Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned professions, but these must always rest in the University. Should not one school thus supplement the other? And then, the students on each side of this main building would find available here those great collections which, if properly demonstrated, would give them a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered by any other community in the world. For we should no longer permit these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to remain in a passive state, but they should all be made the means of active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory, composition, and performance on every instrument should be taught where demonstrations could be made with the orchestra and the organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris or Munich. Architecture should thrive by the hand of its trained votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the ancient world came to Athens to obtain the purest culture of that age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this. [Illustration: The Carnegie Institute] V In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian;chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the NorthSide (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (UnitedPresbyterian; founded in 1825), which has six instructors and sixty-onestudents; the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of34, 000 volumes; and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary(founded in 1856). There are five high schools and a normal academy andalso the following private academies: Pittsburgh Academy, for both boysand girls; East Liberty Academy, for boys; Lady of Mercy Academy, forgirls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, forgirls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls; andthe Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy. The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture), the largest in America, and theHall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps. There is an interesting zoölogical garden in Highland Park which wasfounded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee. The Pittsburgh "Gazette, " founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated withthe Pittsburgh "Times" (1879) in 1906 as the "Gazette Times, " is one ofthe oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominentnewspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post"(1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press"(1883); and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the"Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter, " oneSlavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besidesjournals devoted to society and the iron, building, and glass trades. The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here, and there are several periodical journals published by the variousreligious bodies. The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildingsand an unusual number of beautiful churches. The Allegheny CountyCourt-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of$2, 500, 000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's masterpieces. The NixonTheater is a notable piece of architecture. The Post-Office and theCustoms Office are housed in a large Government building of polishedgranite. [Illustration: Court-house] The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured, or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. Thereis the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Deafand Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by the State, wheretrades are taught as a part of the educational system. The State alsohelps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for ColoredChildren. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city arethe Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Convicts, anextensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Womenand Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society ofWestern Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the PittsburghAssociation for the Improvement of the Poor, and the WesternPennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Women's Clubsseveral playgrounds are open to children during the summer, wherecompetent teachers give instruction to children over ten years of age inmusic, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work. The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River andpumped into reservoirs, the highest of which is Herron Hill, fivehundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plantfor the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a partof it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed anact prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of theState, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health willstop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisonedstreams. VI Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphonyorchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science, literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughoutthe world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs, particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education andbenevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park, over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and HenryPhipps, who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers inour country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise andcontinuous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond humanprecedent. [Illustration: Zoölogical Garden in Highland Park] If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer, they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songsare verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures, for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home, " "Nelly Bly, " "My Old KentuckyHome, " and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among ourmusical composers, his "Narcissus, " "The Rosary, " and many others beingknown throughout the world. Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are thebest known among our painters. Henry O. Tanner, the only negropainter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his arthere. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W. Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includesWilliam A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A. Poole, Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and JohannaWoodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor. Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member ofthe House of Representatives, are prominent among those who have servedPittsburgh ably in the National Government. VII And how about letters? Has Pittsburgh a literature? Those rolling cloudsof smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men ofenergy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends--can theseproduce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Onlythe other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York forthirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh isthe most intellectual city in America. " He had never visited Pittsburghand the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?"asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now, " heanswered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him whyhe spoke thus of Pittsburgh. "Because, " said he, "distant as I am fromPittsburgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things hascome to me from that city than from any other place in America. " Butthat may have been his dinner or the cigar. Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thoughtand action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writershave substantially enriched the field of literature in every department, and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin oursurvey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary productionis so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. LetPegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the emptyair, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steedwith grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridalpaths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and itwould be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise theliterary value of that work with any great degree of detail. Theoccasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles; andwhile pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possiblethat some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertenceonly. VIII Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen isProfessor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon. " This is a painstakingand authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered everybodybut himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chancellor of the Universityof Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to thefield of popular science "The Butterfly Book"--an author who knows everybutterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "TriumphantDemocracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch asto make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An AmericanFour-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vividimpressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys asympathetic portraiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gospelof Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursiveness, although itreally seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Carnegie's best exposition ofthe gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildingserected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in thosesplendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund; the WashingtonCarnegie Institution for Scientific Research; the Pension for CollegeProfessors, which has so much advanced the dignity and security ofteaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Workmen; the Hero Fund, withits provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the manycollege endowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at TheHague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience ofcivilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations ofthe earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been alreadyestablished within the borders of each State. [Illustration: Carnegie Technical Schools (uncompleted)] But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitraryfashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to beleast. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meantto do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defiance, runaway at the very start. IX The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hurried review of thefield is "Modern Chivalry, " by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volumeof this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two havingbeen published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M. Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the LateWar between the United States and Great Britain, " "History of theWestern Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794, " "Journal ofa Voyage up the River Missouri, Performed in 1811, " "Recollections ofPersons and Places in the West, " and several other books. Neville B. Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh, " published in 1851, which is stilla work of standard reference. Another "History of Pittsburgh" wasbrought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson, who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observations, " selected fromhis newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate"History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by MissSarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "CuriousQuestions, " is an entertaining collection of many queer things that haveoccurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and"Three Kings. " Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in chargeof the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer onscientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine weremade while he was a resident in Pittsburgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "FortPitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Washington'sscout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Menin the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin. Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All Sorts ofPittsburghers. " George Seibel has written three beautiful plays whichhave not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem toprefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam, "which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before hecould arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus, " andhe has just finished an important tragedy entitled "OEdipus, " dealingartistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for earlyproduction by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on"The Mormon Problem. " Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor, "and a drama, "The Invisible Prince, " which was played in the oldPittsburgh Theater. Bartley Campbell was the most prolific writer ofplays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have beenplayed in nearly every theater in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known asa playwright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is ayoung author who is coming to the front as a writer of successfuldramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Orderof the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Staircase, "has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The BraytonEpisode, " was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater, Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the FifthAvenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905. [Illustration: Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women] Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of history under the title of "The Skeinof Life. " Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who usedto strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing downthe walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom ofHeaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topicscomposed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only suchsensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are"Christianity between Sundays, " the "Heresy of Cain, " and "Faith andSocial Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics. " That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cutler Jillson, wrote abook called "Home Geology, " and another, "River Terraces In and NearPittsburgh, " which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. ProfessorDaniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "FieldWork for Civil Engineers" and "Treatise on Plane Surveying. " From J. Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in1845. " Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mirror, " and Robert P. Nevin"Poems, " a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, aclergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual ofTherapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language. " Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the University of Edinburgh, came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was a very distinguished preacher andauthor. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in associationwith Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mightycongregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His booksare: "The Gospel Restored, " "The Great Demonstration, " and "The Union ofChristians. " A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, givesa record of a life so spent that many men were truly made betterthereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Societyof Western Pennsylvania, has written useful monographs on the earlyhistory of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in thatfield. He has also composed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwellwrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Preserving of FoodProducts. " Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart, " and someof them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathesthe deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh. Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, haspublished an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine, "describing his travels in the Orient. Our men who have written most knowingly on industrial topics are JamesM. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, haspublished a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole, " andArthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues, " a novel satirizingthe Harvard Summer School. Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers, " is anengaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days. Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J. E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. JosiahCopley wrote "Gathering Beulah. " Logan Conway is the author of "Moneyand Banking. " He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution. "Miss Cara Reese has published a little story entitled "And She Got AllThat. " Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems. " CharlesMcKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirringbook that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale. William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier, " waswritten and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard schoolbooks--always of thevery first importance in the literature of any country. Among these arethe books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of readers byLucius Osgood. [Illustration: Design of University of Pittsburgh] Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studiedwork. Henry A. Miller's "Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientiousstatement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brownhas written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of FamousSayings. " Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is auseful technical work. L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature inHolland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's greatDutch classical poem "Lucifer. " Vondel published the original of thiswork some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Paradise Lost" appeared, and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Miltondrew the inspiration for some of his highest poetical flights fromVondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was unconscious of theexistence of Vondel's work. S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness andfeeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets. Morgan Neville published a poem, "Comparisons. " From that Prince Rupertof the astronomers, Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more thanone fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have"Spectroscopic Observations of Nebulæ. " That truly gifted woman, Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pittsburgh in 1857 and resided hereuntil her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher, ""The Story of a Child, " "Philip and His Wife, " and "Old Chester Tales. "Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experienceunder the title "Half a Century of Life. " Nicholas Biddle composed astudious "Life of Sebastian Cabot, " and another book, "Modern Chivalry. "Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fatheredmany able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom wasWilliam H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country. " William B. Conway wrote"Cottage on the Cliff. " From Rev. John Black we have "The EverlastingKingdom, " and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ. " William G. Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner, " waspublished in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels, "The Colonel of the Red Hussars" and "Beatrix of Clare. " Martha FryBoggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia. " Then there are "Polly and I, "by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Triumph, " by Mrs. Jane S. Collins; "Her Brother Donnard, " by Emily E. Verder; "Essays, " by AnnaPierpont Siviter; "Human Progress, " by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manualfor Steel Users, " a useful monograph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir ofJohn B. Gibson, " by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poorthings from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I mayadd them at the end--"Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "JohnMarmaduke: A Romance of the English Invasion of Ireland in 1649"(1897); "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901); "Penruddock of the White Lambs, " anovel (1903); "The Brayton Episode, " a play (1903); "The Sword of theParliament, " a play (1907); and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh"(1908). And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that Ihave been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it allis! History, biography, philosophy, religion, nature, science, criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama, travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of humanactivity, all themes of human speculation, have been covered in bookswritten with more or less interest and power by men and women ofPittsburgh. Much of this volume of production is ephemeral, but some ofit on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world'sliterature. X One word more before leaving this subject. Literature has not untilrecently enjoyed that degree of attention from the public press ofPittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every humanunit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the development ofliterature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thoughtand action. Mobs will melt away when the units in the mob begin tothink, and they will think when they read. Then will the law beparamount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of ourserious people annually subscribe for literary reviews of one kind oranother in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the writtenrecord of the thought and action of the world, when the whole departmentmight be covered so admirably by our daily newspapers. Should not thenewspaper give each household practically all it needs in criticism andinformation outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we couldspare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the dailyrecord of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which inflame themind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcomeinstead an intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, discriminating, piquant--in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the writtenrecord of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in itsstatesmanship, its oratory, its education, its heroism, and itsliterature. [Illustration: Allegheny Observatory, University of Pittsburgh] XI And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story ofa great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of acommunity within its boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer atPittsburgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have neverbeheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequentoccasions, seen the assemblage of men native here where a goodly sectionof the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is muchwealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not aspirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here, but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity willtransform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of goodfellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of theintellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the bestcivic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like untothe old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation. [Illustration: Phipps Conservatory, Schenley Park] INDEX Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, 51 Alexander, John W. , 91, 106 Allegheny, made county-seat, 40; county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, 40; annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Allegheny Cemetery, 90 Allegheny County, erection of, 40; iron and steel products of, 84 Allegheny Observatory, 84, 99 Allegheny River improved, 82 Allegheny Theological Seminary, 102 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 71, 78 Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, 29 Anderson, Edwin H. , 91 Archer, Frederick, 94 Archer, William, 100 Armstrong, Colonel, raises English flag over Fort Duquesne, 29 Artists, list of, 106 Astronomical Observatory, 91, 106 Authors, list of, 112 Ball, Sir Robert S. , 96 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 49, 60, 81 Barker, Joseph, Mayor, 51 Baron, Father, 29 Beatty, John W. , 92, 108 Beatty, Rev. Mr. , 29 Beaujeu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, 22; killed, 23 Bell, C. F. Moberly, 96 Bénédite, Leonce, 95 Bennett, Frank M. , 120 Biddle, Nicholas, 121 Bingham, William, Mayor, 51 Black, John, 121 Blackmore, James, Mayor, 52 Blair, Francis P. , 55 Blair, Thomas S. , 121 "Blockhouse, " built by Bouquet, 34; occupied by Dr. John Connelly, 37; used by Colonial troops in Revolution, 37 Boggs, Martha Fry, 121 Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse, " 34; leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, 35 Brackenridge, Henry M. , 112 Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 112 Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, 21; wounded in battle, 24; his army defeated, 24; death of, 25 Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, 25 Brashear, John A. , 85 Breckinridge, John C. , 57 Broadhead, Colonel, 38 Brown, A. M. , Recorder, 52 Brown, Joseph, 70 Brown, J. O. , Recorder, 52 Brown, Marshall, 120 Brown, William Harvey, 118 Brush, Jared M. , Mayor, 52 Bryce, Right Honorable James, 95 Buchanan, James, 57 Burgoyne, Arthur G. , 113 Burleigh, William H. , 121 Burt, Andrew, 118 Bushy Run, Battle of, 35 Caldwell, John, 94 Calvary Cemetery, 90 Campbell, Alexander, 117 Campbell, Bartley, 114 Carhart, Daniel, 116 Carnegie, Andrew, 85, 96, 106, 110 Carnegie Institute, 91, 99 Carnegie Steel Company, 71, 77 Carnegie Technical Schools, 91, 94 Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, 85 Cassatt, Mary, 106 Cather, Willa Sibert, 118 Celeron, Louis, 16 Charitable institutions, 103 Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt), 25, 29, 37 Church, Samuel, 83 Church, Samuel Harden, 94, 114, 121 Civil War, 53 Clarke, Thomas S. , 123 Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Cleveland, Grover, 95 Coffin, William A. , 108 Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Collins, Jane S. , 121 Composers, list of, 106 Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 95 Constitutional Convention, 53 Contrecoeur, Captain, visited by Washington, 17; his reply received by English, 19; captures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, 20 Conway, Logan, 118 Conway, William B. , 121 Copley, Josiah, 118 Country Club, 90 Court-house, architect of, 103; cost of, 103 Craig, Neville B. , 113 Cranston, Sir Robert, 96 Craver, Harrison W. , 92 Dalzell, John, 108 Darlington, W. M. , 113 Darragh, John, Mayor, 51 Daughters of American Revolution, 34 Davis Island Dam, 82 Dayton, William L. , 57 Defiance, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42 Deland, Margaretta Wade, 120 Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, 51 Denny, Governor, 29 Dickens, Charles, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, 96 Diehl, William J. , Mayor, 52 Dinwiddie, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, 14 Donnelly, H. G. , 114 Doumer, Paul, 95 Duckwell, E. W. , 117 Dunfermline, 28 Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, 35 Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, 20; captured by English, 29; blown up and burned by French, 29; taken possession of by English, 29; name changed to Fort Pitt, 29 East Liberty Academy, 102 Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, 35 Elgar, Sir Edward, 96 Emancipation Proclamation, 53 England, war with France, 15 Enlart, Camille, 95 Fang, Wu Ting, 95 Farragut, Admiral, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Fleishman, S. L. , 120 Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, 14; names captured fort Pittsburgh, 14, 29; his letter to Pitt announcing capture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, 29 Ford, Henry J. , 118 Ford, Henry P. , Mayor, 52 Foster, J. Heron, 116 Foster, Stephen C. , 106 Founder's Day, 95 France, war with England, 15 Franklin, Benjamin, 21 Fremont, John C. , 57 French Revolution, 43 Frew, William N. , 94 Frick, Henry C. , 72, 76, 77, 85 Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, 29 Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, 52 Gilder, Richard Watson, 95 Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, 14; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; saves Washington from drowning, 19 Gleim School, 102 Goff, Milton B. , 118 Gourley, Henry I. , Mayor, 52 Grant, General U. S. , visits Pittsburgh, 58 Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, 28 Great Meadows, Battle of, 20 Greeley, Horace, 55, 56, 57 Greensburg, 40 Guthrie, George W. , Mayor, 52 Guthrie, John B. , Mayor, 51 Guthrie, P. N. , 70 Guyesuta, 17 Hailman, Johanna Woodwell, 108 Hall of Botany, 102 Halpin, W. R. , 113 Hamerschlag, Arthur A. , 94 Hancock, John, 38 Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, 38 Hay, Alexander, Mayor, 51 Hays, W. B. , Recorder and Mayor, 52 Heinz Company, 84 Herbert, Victor, 94 Herron Hill Reservoir, 105 Herron, John, Mayor, 51 Herr's Island, 19 Hetzel, George, 108 Highland Park, 90 Hill, Francis, 117 Hodges, George, 116 Holland, W. J. , 94, 110 Homestead Steel Works, 68 Homestead strike, 71 Homewood Cemetery, 90 Hopkins, Anderson H. , 91 Hospitals, 103 Howard, William J. , Mayor, 51 Hunter, Stephen A. , 116 Ihne, Ernst von, 96 Indians cede land about Pittsburgh to Colonies, 35 Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, 39 Irwin, William W. , Mayor, 51 Jackson, George N. , 56 Jefferson, Joseph, 95 Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, 116 Johns, Clarence M. , 108 Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Johnston, William G. , 121 Johnstown Flood, 58 Jumonville, death of, 20 Keeler, James E. , 120 Kensington Iron Works, 83 Kerr, William, Mayor, 51 Keyashuta, Indian chief, 17 Killikelly, Sarah H. , 113 King, John A. , 55 Kirk, Ella Boyce, 120 Knox, Philander C. , 108 Koser, Reinhold, 96 Kossuth, Louis, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Lady of Mercy Academy, 102 Lafayette, Fort, built, 42 Lafayette, General, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Lambing, A. A. , 117 Langley, Samuel P. , 113 Lawman, Jaspar, 108 Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Leboeuff, Fort, 17 Leisser, Martin B. , 108 Lexington, Battle of, 37 Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Liddell, Robert, Mayor, 52 Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, 29 Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Lincoln, John L. , 117 Lincoln, W. L. , 117 Little, William, Mayor, 51 Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, 95 Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, 16; captured by French, 16 Louisburg, capture of, 28 Lowrie, Walter B. , Mayor, 51 Lowry, James, Mayor, 51 Lyon, Robert W. , Mayor, 52 "Maarten Maartens, " 96 Macbeth, George A. , 94 Macbeth, James Currie, 96 Mackay, W. G. , 116 Magee, C. L. , 102 Mail route to Philadelphia established, 40 Mansfield, Robert, 114 Mantel, Robert, 114 Mayflower, landing of, 53 McCallin, William, Mayor, 52 McCarthy, William C. , Mayor, 52 McCarthy, W. L. , Mayor, 52 McClintock, Jonas R. , Mayor, 51 McConway, William, 95 McCook, Henry C. , 118 McCormick, Samuel Black, 99 McCrea, James, 78 McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, 52 McKinley, William, 95 McKnight, Charles, 118 Mellon, Joseph, 118 Mellor, Charles C. , 94 Metcalf, William, 121 Miller, Henry A. , 118 Milton, John, 120 Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 107 Monongahela River improved, 83 Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, 58 Montcalm, death of, 31 Moretti, Eleanor, 114 Morgan, Colonel George, 38 Morley, John, 95 Murray, Magnus M. , Mayor, 51 Necessity, Fort, built by Washington, 21; captured by French, 21 Neville, Morgan, 120 Nevin, Adelaide M. , 116 Nevin, Ethelbert, 106 Nevin, Robert P. , 113, 116 Newspapers, list of, 40, 113 New York Central Lines, 60, 81 Niagara, Fort, fall of, 31 Nixon Theater, 103 Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 O'Hara, James, 84 Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad, 49 Ohio Company formed, 16 Osgood, Lucius, 118 Parke, J. E. , 118 Paur, Emil, 94 Pearson, A. L. , 63 Peebles annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Penn family, purchased Pittsburgh region from Indians, 39; their title annulled, 39 Pennsylvania, dispute with Virginia settled, 40 Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. Incorporated, 48 Pennsylvania Canal, proposed, 47; construction authorized, 47; canal completed, 48; termini of, 48; portage railroad, 48; cost, 48; sold to Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48; abandoned, 49 Pennsylvania College for Women, 102 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48, 49, 60, 81, 85 Pennsylvania, Western University of. See University of Pittsburgh Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, 51 Phipps Conservatory, 102 Phipps, Henry, 85, 102, 106 Pier, Arthur Stanwood, 118 Pinkerton, Robert A. , 76 Pitcairn, Robert, 94 Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, 52 Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, 30; building of second fort, 31; abandoned, 36; mutiny at, 39; General William Irvine put in command, 39; first court held, 40 Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 25, 29, 37 Pittsburgh, site selected for fort, 13, 14; site claimed by Virginia, 14; said to have been named by Washington, 14; French attempt to make settlement, 16; explored by Louis Celeron, 16; Washington's first impressions of, 17; first permanent white settlement, 20; captured by Contrecoeur, 20; named Fort Duquesne, 20; captured from French by English, 29; name changed to Pittsburgh, 29; first Fort Pitt built, 30; second Fort Pitt built, 31; attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, 35; land ceded to Colonies by Indians, 35; land office opened, 35; made county seat, 40; first court held, 40; ducking-stool erected, 40; size of in 1786, 40; mail route to Philadelphia established, 40; new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, 42; town laid out, 50; incorporated as a borough, 50; chartered as a city, 50; new charter adopted in 1887, 50; "Ripper" charter adopted, 50; list of mayors, 51; first Republican Convention, 53; distinguished visitors, 58; great fire, 58; railroad riots, 59; consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, 52; present population, 79, 81; tonnage compared with other cities, 82; surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, 83; imports in 1907, 83; manufacture of iron begun, 83; iron and steel statistics, 83, 84, 86; value of various products, 84; first glass works built, 84; rank as a glass-producing center, 84; as a banking center, 85; tax valuation of property, 86; public buildings, 103; hospitals, 103; charitable institutions, 103; water supply, 105 Pittsburgh Academy, 41, 98, 102 Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, 81 Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh Country Club, 90 Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 49 Pittsburgh Harbor, 82 Pittsburgh Orchestra, 94, 106 Pittsburgh riots, 59 Pittsburgh, University of, 41, 98 Plimpton, Thomas B. , 118 Pontiac plans attack on whites, 34 Poole, Eugene A. , 108 Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Marius Willem van der ("Maarten Maartens"), 96 Preece, Sir William Henry, 96 Quebec, fall of, 31 Realf, Richard, 117 Rebellion, War of, 53 Reed, James H. , 94 Reese, Cara, 118 Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 102 Reid, Whitelaw, 95 Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 106 Republican Association, 54 Republican Party, founding of, 52; first Convention, 55; first candidates, 57 Rhys, John, 96 Richardson, H. H. , 103 Riddle, Robert M. , Mayor, 51 Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 114 "Ripper" charter, 50 Riverview Park, 90 Roberts, E. S. , 96 Roberts, Thomas P. , 121 Robertson, William, 96 Ross, John, 96 St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, 42; defeated, 42 Sassoonan, 16 Sawyer, B. C. , Mayor, 51 Schaper, Fritz, 96 Schenley, Mrs. Mary, 106 Schenley Park, 90, 91 Scott, Walter, 116 Seibel, George, 114 Semple, Samuel, 35 Seward, William H. , Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Sheedy, Morgan M. , 116 Shiras, Charles R. , 114 Singer, William H. , 108 Siviter, Anna Pierpont, 121 Slavery, introduction into United States, 53; abolished, 53 Sloane, William H. , 110 Smith, Lee S. , 117 Snowden, John M. , Mayor, 51 Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, 31 Stead, William T. , 107 Stuart-Mitchell School, 102 Swank, James M. , 117 Swinderen, R. De Marees van, 96 Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 121 Tanner, Henry O. , 108 Tassey, John, 121 Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Thaw, William, 106 Thomson, James, Mayor, 51 Thurmston, Cora, 121 Thurston School, 102 Ticonderoga, capture of, 28 Trent, Captain William, established first permanent white settlement in Pittsburgh, 20 Truax, Sarah, 114 Turtle Creek, 19 Uniontown, fort at, 21 United States Steel Corporation, 85 University of Pittsburgh, 41, 98 Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, 102 Van Noppen, L. C. , 120 Venango, 18 Verder, Emily E. , 121 Virginia, claims site of Pittsburgh, 14; sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; dispute with Pennsylvania settled, 40 Volz, Ferdinand E. , Mayor, 51 Vondel, 120 Wabash R. R. Co. , 49, 74 Wade, Annie, 121 Wales, Prince of, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Wall, A. Bryan, 108 Wall, Albert S. , 108 Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, 13; first visits Pittsburgh, 13, 17; his visits to Pittsburgh, 13, 14, 17, 35; said to have named Pittsburgh, 14; first impressions of site of Pittsburgh, 17; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; shot at by his Indian guide, 19; saved from drowning by Gist, 19; sent to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; directs the retreat of Braddock's army, 24; commands militia at Fort Duquesne, 28; last visit to Pittsburgh, 35; warns General St. Clair against Indians, 42; sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, 44 Wayne, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42 Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, 42; builds Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, 42; defeats Indians, 42 Weaver, Henry A. , Mayor, 51 Webster, Daniel, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Weeks, Joseph D. , 117 Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy, visits Pittsburgh, 58 Western Theological Seminary, 102 Western University of Pennsylvania. See University of Pittsburgh Westinghouse Company, 85 Westinghouse, George, 85 Whisky insurrection, 42 William II, Emperor of Germany, 101 Wilson, Erasmus, 113 Wilson, George, Mayor, 51 Wolfe, death of, 31 Woodwell, Joseph R. , 108 Zoölogical garden, 102 Transcriber's notes: Page 30 (026. Png) - Left spelling of Missisippi as is in quoted letter Index (026. Png) - Corrected spelling of Breckinridge, John C. To matchcorrect spelling as in text (based on Internet search) The name Rhys appears once in the text and once in the Index. In the printcopy, there is a carat over the y which is not included in this version. The name Contrecoeur appears throughout the text with an oe ligature whichis removed for this version. Similarly OEdipus appears once herein withoutthe OE ligature.