[Illustration: I WILL MAKE A PRIEF OF IT IN MY NOTE-BOOK MERRY WIVES OFWINDSOR]

A SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

BY JOHN W. COUSIN

LONDON: PUBLISHED

by J. M. DENT & SONS. LTD

AND IN NEW YORK

BY E. P. DUTTON & CO

INTRODUCTION

The primary aim of this book is to give as much information about Englishauthors, including under this designation American and Colonial writers, as the prescribed limits will admit of. At the same time an attempt hasbeen made, where materials exist for it, to enhance the interest byintroducing such details as tend to illustrate the characters andcircumstances of the respective writers and the manner in which theypassed through the world; and in the case of the more important, to givesome indication of the relative place which they hold and the leadingfeatures of their work. 

Including the Appendix of Living Writers, the work contains upwards of1600 names; but large as this number is, the number of those who havecontributed something of interest and value to the vast store of EnglishLiterature is larger still, and any attempt to make a book of this kindabsolutely exhaustive would be futile. 

The word "literature" is here used in a very wide sense, and this givesrise to considerable difficulty in drawing the line of exclusion. Thereare very many writers whose claim to admission may reasonably beconsidered as good as that of some who have been included; but even hadit been possible to discover all these, their inclusion would haveswelled the work beyond its limits. A line had to be drawn somewhere, andthe writer has used his best judgment in making that line as consistentas possible. It may probably, however, be safely claimed that everydepartment of the subject of any importance is well represented. 

Wherever practicable (and this includes all but a very few articles), various authorities have been collated, and pains have been taken tosecure accuracy; but where so large a collection of facts and dates isinvolved, it would be too sanguine to expect that success has invariablybeen attained. 

J. W. C. 

_January_, 1910. 

The following list gives some of the best known works of Biography:--

 Allibone, Critical Dictionary of English Literature and English and American Authors, 1859-71, Supplement, by J. F. Kirke, 1891; W. Hazlitt, Collections and Notes of Early English Literature, 1876-93; R. Chambers, Cyclopædia of English Literature, 1876, 1901; Halkett and Laign, Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature, 1882-88; Dictionary of National Biography, ed. By Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, 1885, etc. , re-issue, 1908, etc. ; Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, ed. By J. Grant Wilson and John Fiske, 1887, etc. ; J. Thomas, Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, 1887-89; Men and Women of the Time, 15th edit. , ed. By Victor G. Plarr, 1889. 

LIST OF CONTRACTIONS USED THROUGHOUT THE WORK

 _b. _ born Edin. Edinburgh _c. _ _circa_ _fl. _ flourished Camb. Cambridge Glas. Glasgow Coll. College _m. _ married _coll. _ collected Oxf. Oxford _cr. _ created pres. President _d. _ died _pub. _ published _dau. _ daughter Prof. Professor _ed. _ educated sec. Secretary { edition _s. _ son ed. { editor Univ. University { edited

ABBOTT, JACOB (1803-1879). --Educationalist and miscellaneous author, _b. _ at Hallowell, Maine, _ed. _ at Bowdoin Coll. And Andover, entered theministry of the Congregational Church, but was best known as aneducationist and writer of religious and other books, mainly for theyoung. Among them are _Beechnut Tales_ and _The Rollo Books_, both ofwhich still have a very wide circulation. 

ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877). --Historian, etc. , _b. _ Brunswick, Maine, and _ed. _ at Bowdoin Coll. He studied theology and became aminister of the Congregational Church at various places in Massachusettsand Connecticut. Owing to the success of a little work, _The Mother atHome_, he devoted himself, from 1844 onwards, to literature, andespecially to historical writing. Among his principal works, which werevery popular, are: _History of Napoleon Bonaparte_ (1852-55), _History ofthe Civil War in America_ (1863-66), and _History of Frederick the Great_(1871). 

À BECKETT, GILBERT ABBOTT (1811-1856). --Comic writer, _b. _ in London, the_s. _ of a lawyer, and belonged to a family claiming descent from Thomas àBecket. Destined for the legal profession, he was called to the Bar. Inaddition to contributions to various periodicals and newspapers, including _Punch_, _The Illustrated London News_, _The Times_, and_Morning Herald_, he produced over fifty plays, many of which attainedgreat popularity, and he also helped to dramatise some of Dickens' works. He is perhaps best known as the author of _Comic History of England_, _Comic History of Rome_, _Comic Blackstone_, etc. He was alsodistinguished in his profession, acted as a commissioner on variousimportant matters, and was appointed a metropolitan police magistrate. 

ABERCROMBIE, JOHN (1780-1844). --Physician and writer on mental science, _s. _ of a minister, was _b. _ at Aberdeen, and _ed. _ at the Grammar Schooland Marischal College there. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, in whichcity he practised as a physician. He made valuable contributions to theliterature of his profession, and _pub. _ two works, _Enquiry Concerningthe Intellectual Powers_ (1830) and _The Philosophy of the MoralFeelings_ (1833), which, though popular at the time of their publication, have long been superseded. For his services as a physician andphilanthropist he received many marks of distinction, including theRectorship of Marischal College. 

ABERCROMBIE, PATRICK (1656-1716). --Antiquary and historian, was physicianto James II. In 1685; he was a Jacobite and opposed the Union in variouspamphlets. His chief work was _Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation_(1711-16). 

ACTON, JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG-ACTON, 1ST LORD(1834-1902). --Historian, _s. _ of Sir Richard A. , and grandson of Sir JohnA. , who was Prime Minister of Naples, was _b. _ at Naples. He belonged toan ancient Roman Catholic family, and was _ed. _ first at Oscott nearBirmingham under Dr. (afterwards Card. ) Wiseman. Thence he went toEdinburgh, where he studied privately, and afterwards to Munich, where heresided in the house of Dr. Dollinger, the great scholar and subsequentleader of the Old Catholic party, by whom he was profoundly influenced. While at Edinburgh he endeavoured to procure admission to Cambridge, butwithout success, his religion being at that time a bar. He early devotedhimself to the study of history, and is said to have been on terms ofintimacy with every contemporary historian of distinction, with theexception of Guizot. He sat in the House of Commons 1859-65, but made nogreat mark, and in 1869 was raised to the peerage as Lord Acton ofAldenham. For a time he edited _The Rambler_, a Roman Catholicperiodical, which afterwards became the _Home and Foreign Review_, andwhich, under his care, became one of the most learned publications of theday. The liberal character of A. 's views, however, led to its stoppage indeference to the authorities of the Church. He, however, maintained alifelong opposition to the Ultramontane party in the Church, and in 1874controverted their position in four letters to _The Times_ which weredescribed as the most crushing argument against them which ever appearedin so condensed a form. A. 's contributions to literature were few, and, in comparison with his extraordinary learning, comparatively unimportant. He wrote upon _Cardinal Wolsey_ (1877) and _German Schools of History_(1886). He was extremely modest, and the loftiness of his ideals ofaccuracy and completeness of treatment led him to shrink from tasks whichmen of far slighter equipment might have carried out with success. Hislearning and his position as a universally acknowledged master in hissubject were recognised by his appointment in 1895 as Professor of ModernHistory at Cambridge. Perhaps his most valuable services to historicalliterature were his laying down the lines of the great _Cambridge ModernHistory_, and his collection of a library of 60, 000 vols. , which afterhis death was purchased by an American millionaire and presented to LordMorley of Blackburn, who placed it in the University of Cambridge. 

ADAMNAN, ST. (625?-704). --Historian, _b. _ in Donegal, became Abbot ofIona in 679. Like other Irish churchmen he was a statesman as well as anecclesiastic, and appears to have been sent on various politicalmissions. In the great controversy on the subject of the holding ofEaster, he sided with Rome against the Irish Church. He left the earliestaccount we have of the state of Palestine in the early ages of theChurch; but of even more value is his _Vita Sancti Columbæ_, giving aminute account of the condition and discipline of the church of Iona. He_d. _ 704. 

ADAMS, FRANCIS, W. L. (1862-1893). --Novelist, was _b. _ at Malta, and _ed. _at schools at Shrewsbury and in Paris. In 1882 he went to Australia, andwas on the staff of _The Sydney Bulletin_. In 1884 he _publ. _ hisautobiographical novel, _Leicester_, and in 1888 _Songs of the Army ofthe Night_, which created a sensation in Sydney. His remaining importantwork is _Tiberius_ (1894), a striking drama in which a new view of thecharacter of the Emperor is presented. He _d. _ by his own hand atAlexandria in a fit of depression caused by hopeless illness. 

ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719). --Poet, essayist and statesman, was the _s. _of Lancelot Addison, Dean of Lichfield. _B. _ near Amesbury, Wilts. , A. Went to the Charterhouse where he made the acquaintance of Steele(_q. V. _), and then at the age of fifteen to Oxford where he had adistinguished career, being specially noted for his Latin verse. Intendedat first for the Church, various circumstances combined to lead himtowards literature and politics. His first attempts in English verse tookthe form of complimentary addresses, and were so successful as to obtainfor him the friendship and interest of Dryden, and of Lord Somers, bywhose means he received, in 1699, a pension of £300 to enable him totravel on the continent with a view to diplomatic employment. He visitedItaly, whence he addressed his _Epistle_ to his friend Halifax. Hearingof the death of William III. , an event which lost him his pension, hereturned to England in the end of 1703. For a short time hiscircumstances were somewhat straitened, but the battle of Blenheim in1704 gave him a fresh opportunity of distinguishing himself. Thegovernment wished the event commemorated by a poem; A. Was commissionedto write this, and produced _The Campaign_, which gave such satisfactionthat he was forthwith appointed a Commissioner of Appeals. His nextliterary venture was an account of his travels in Italy, which wasfollowed by the opera of _Rosamund_. In 1705, the Whigs having obtainedthe ascendency, A. Was made Under-Secretary of State and accompaniedHalifax on a mission to Hanover, and in 1708 was appointed ChiefSecretary for Ireland and Keeper of the Records of that country. It wasat this period that A. Found his true vocation and laid the foundationsof his real fame. In 1709 Steele began to bring out the _Tatler_, towhich A. Became almost immediately a contributor: thereafter he (withSteele) started the _Spectator_, the first number of which appeared onMarch 1, 1711. This paper, which at first appeared daily, was kept up(with a break of about a year and a half when the _Guardian_ took itsplace) until Dec. 20, 1714. In 1713 the drama of _Cato_ appeared, and wasreceived with acclamation by both Whigs and Tories, and was followed bythe comedy of the _Drummer_. His last undertaking was _The Freeholder_, aparty paper (1715-16). The later events in the life of A. , viz. , hismarriage in 1716 to the Dowager Countess of Warwick, to whose son he hadbeen tutor and his promotion to be Secretary of State did not contributeto his happiness. His wife appears to have been arrogant and imperious;his step-son the Earl was a rake and unfriendly to him; while in hispublic capacity his invincible shyness made him of little use inParliament. He resigned his office in 1718, and, after a period ofill-health, _d. _ at Holland House, June 17, 1719, in his 48th year. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote a _Dialogue on Medals_, andleft unfinished a work on the Evidences of Christianity. The character ofA. , if somewhat cool and unimpassioned, was pure, magnanimous, and kind. The charm of his manners and conversation made him one of the mostpopular and admired men of his day; and while he laid his friends underobligations for substantial favours, he showed the greatest forbearancetowards his few enemies. His style in his essays is remarkable for itsease, clearness, and grace, and for an inimitable and sunny humour whichnever soils and never hurts. The motive power of these writings has beencalled "an enthusiasm for conduct. " Their effect was to raise the wholestandard of manners and expression both in life and in literature. Theonly flaw in his character was a tendency to convivial excess, which mustbe judged in view of the laxer manners of his time. When allowance hasbeen made for this, he remains one of the most admirable characters andwriters in English literature. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ Amesbury, _ed. _ Charterhouse and Oxford; receivedtravelling pension, 1699; _Campaign_ (1704) leads to political office;goes to Ireland, 1708; assists Steele in _Tatler_, 1709; _Spectator_started, 1711; marries Lady Warwick, 1716; Secretary of State, 1716-18;_d. _ 1719. 

Lives in _Biographica Britannica_, _Dict. Of Nat. Biog. _, _Johnson'sLives of Poets_, and by Lucy Aikin, Macaulay's _Essay_, Drake's _EssaysIllustrative of Tatler, Guardian, and Spectator_; Pope's and Swift'sCorrespondence, etc. 

The best edition of the books is that in _Bohn's British Classics_ (6vols. , 1856); others are Tickell's (4 vols. , 1721); _Baskerville_ edit. (4 vols. , 1761); Hurd's (6 vols. , 1811); Greene's (1856); Dent's_Spectator_ (1907). 

ADOLPHUS, JOHN (1768-1845). --Historian, studied law and was called to theBar in 1807. He wrote _Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution_(1799) and _History of England from_ 1760-1783 (1802), and otherhistorical and biographical works. 

ÆLFRED (849-901). --King of the West Saxons, and writer and translator, _s. _ of Ethelwulf, _b. _ at Wantage. Besides being the deliverer of hiscountry from the ravages of the Danes, and the restorer of order andcivil government, _Æ. _ has earned the title of the father of Englishprose writing. The earlier part of his life was filled with war andaction, most of the details regarding which are more or less legendary. But no sooner had he become King of Wessex, in 871, than he began toprepare for the work of re-introducing learning into his country. Gathering round him the few scholars whom the Danes had left, and sendingfor others from abroad, he endeavoured to form a literary class. Hischief helper in his great enterprise was Asser of St. David's, who taughthim Latin, and became his biographer in a "life" which remains the bestoriginal authority for the period. Though not a literary artist, Æ. Hadthe best qualities of the scholar, including an insatiable love alike forthe acquisition and the communication of knowledge. He translated severalof the best books then existing, not, however, in a slavish fashion, butediting and adding from his own stores. In all his work his main desirewas the good of his people. Among the books he translated or edited were(1) _The Handbook_, a collection of extracts on religious subjects; (2)_The Cura Pastoralis_, or Herdsman's book of Gregory the Great, with apreface by himself which is the first English prose; (3) _Bede'sEcclesiastical History of the English_; (4) _The English Chronicle_, which, already brought up to 855, he continued up to the date of writing;it is probably by his own hand; (5) Orosius's _History of the World_, which he adapted for English readers with many historical andgeographical additions; (6) the _De Consolatione Philosophiæ_ ofBoethius; and (7) a translation of some of the Psalms. He also made acollection of the best laws of his predecessors, Ethelbert, Ine, andOffa. It has been said "although King Alfred lived a thousand years ago, a thousand years hence, if there be England then, his memory will yet beprecious to his country. "

ÆLFRIC (955-_c. _ 1022). --Called Grammaticus (10th century), sometimesconfounded with two other persons of the same name, Æ. Of Canterbury andÆ. Of York, was a monk at Winchester, and afterwards Abbot of Cerne andEynsham successively. He has left works which shed an important light onthe doctrine and practice of the early Church in England, including twobooks of homilies (990-94), a _Grammar_, _Glossary_, _Passiones Sanctorum_(Sufferings of the Saints), translations of parts of the Bible withomissions and interpolations, _Canones Ælfrici_, and other theologicaltreatises. His writings had an influence on the formation of Englishprose. He filled in his age somewhat the same position that Bede did inhis, that of a compiler and populariser of existing knowledge. 

AGUILAR, GRACE (1816-1847). --Novelist and writer on Jewish history andreligion, was _b. _ at Hackney of Jewish parents of Spanish descent. Shewas delicate from childhood, and early showed great interest in history, especially Jewish. The death of her _f. _ threw her on her own resources. After a few dramas and poems she _pub. _ in America in 1842 _Spirit ofJudaism_, and in 1845 _The Jewish Faith_ and _The Women of Israel_. Sheis, however, best known by her novels, of which the chief are _HomeInfluence_ (1847) and _A Mother's Recompense_ (1850). Her health gave wayin 1847, and she _d. _ in that year at Frankfort. 

AIKIN, JOHN (1747-1822). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of Dr. John A. , Unitarian divine, _b. _ at Kibworth, studied medicine at Edinburgh andLondon, and received degree of M. D. At Leyden. He began practice atYarmouth but, one of his pamphlets having given offence, he removed toLondon, where he obtained some success in his profession, devoting allhis leisure to literature, to which his contributions were incessant. These consisted of pamphlets, translations, and miscellaneous works, somein conjunction with his sister, Mrs. Barbauld. Among his chief works are_England Delineated_, _General Biography_ in 10 vols. , and lives of Seldenand Ussher. 

AIKIN, LUCY (1781-1864). --Historical and miscellaneous writer, _dau. _ ofabove and niece of Mrs. Barbauld (_q. V. _). After _pub. _ a poem, _Epistles on Women_, and a novel, _Lorimer_, she began the historicalworks on which her reputation chiefly rests, viz. , _Memoirs of the Courtsof Elizabeth, James I. , and Charles I. _ (1818-33) and a _Life ofAddison_. She also wrote lives of her father and of Mrs. Barbauld. Shewas remarkable for her conversational powers, and was also an admirableletter-writer. Like the rest of her family she was a Unitarian. 

AINGER, ALFRED (1837-1904). --Biographer and critic, _s. _ of an architectin London, _grad. _ at Cambridge, entered the Church, and, after holdingvarious minor preferments, became Master of the Temple. He wrote memoirsof Hood and Crabbe, but is best known for his biography of Lamb and hisedition of his works in 6 vols. (1883-88). 

AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON (1805-1882). --Novelist, _s. _ of a solicitor, was _b. _ in Manchester. He was destined for the legal profession, which, however, had no attraction for him; and going to London to complete hisstudies made the acquaintance of Mr. John Ebers, publisher, and at thattime manager of the Opera House, by whom he was introduced to literaryand dramatic circles, and whose _dau. _ he afterwards married. For a shorttime he tried the publishing business, but soon gave it up and devotedhimself to journalism and literature. His first successful novel was_Rookwood_, _pub. _ in 1834, of which Dick Turpin is the leadingcharacter, and thenceforward he continued to pour forth till 1881 astream of novels, to the number of 39, of which the best known are _TheTower of London_ (1840), _Old St. Paul's_ (1841), _Lancashire Witches_, and _The Constable of the Tower_. The titles of some of his other novelsare _Crichton_ (1837), _Jack Sheppard_ (1839), _Guy Fawkes_, _The StarChamber_, _The Flitch of Bacon_, _The Miser's Daughter_ (1842), and_Windsor Castle_ (1843). A. Depends for his effects on strikingsituations and powerful descriptions: he has little humour or power ofdelineating character. 

AIRD, THOMAS (1802-1876). --Poet, _b. _ at Bowden, Roxburghshire, went toEdinburgh, where he became the friend of Professor Wilson, Carlyle, andother men of letters. He contributed to _Blackwood's Magazine_, and waseditor of the _Dumfries Herald_ (1835-63). His chief poem is _The Captiveof Fez_ (1830); and in prose he wrote _Religious Characteristics_, and_The Old Bachelor in the Old Scottish Village_ (1848), all of which werereceived with favour. Carlyle said that in his poetry he found everywhere"a healthy breath as of mountain breezes. "

AKENSIDE, MARK (1721-1770). --Poet, _s. _ of a butcher atNewcastle-upon-Tyne, gave early indications of talent, and was sent tothe University of Edinburgh with the view of becoming a dissentingminister. While there, however, he changed his mind and studied for themedical profession. Thereafter he went to Leyden, where he took hisdegree of M. D. In 1744. While there he wrote his principal poem, _ThePleasures of the Imagination_, which was well received, and wassubsequently translated into more than one foreign language. After tryingNorthampton, he settled as a physician in London; but was for longlargely dependent for his livelihood on a Mr. Dyson. His talents broughthim a good deal of consideration in society, but the solemn and pompousmanner which he affected laid him open to some ridicule, and he is saidto have been satirised by Smollett (_q. V. _) in his _Peregrine Pickle_. Heendeavoured to reconstruct his poem, but the result was a failure. Hiscollected poems were _pub. _ 1772. His works, however, are now littleread. Mr. Gosse has described him as "a sort of frozen Keats. "

ALCOTT, LOUISA M. (1832-1888). --Writer of juvenile and other tales, _dau. _ of Amos Bronson Alcott, an educational and social theorist, lecturer, and author, was _b. _ in Pennsylvania. During the American civilwar she served as a nurse, and afterwards attained celebrity as a writerof books for young people, of which the best is _Little Women_ (1868). Others are _Little Men_ and _Jo's Boys_. She also wrote novels, including_Moods_ and _Work_. 

ALCUIN or EALHWINE (735-804). --Theologian and general writer, was _b. _and _ed. _ at York. He wrote in prose and verse, his subjects embracingeducational, theological, and historical matters. Returning from Rome, towhich he had been sent to procure the _pallium_ for a friend, he metCharlemagne at Parma, and made upon him so favourable an impression thathe was asked to enter his service as preceptor in the sciences to himselfand his family. His numerous treatises, which include metrical annals, hagiographical and philosophical works, are not distinguished byoriginality or profundity, but he is the best representative of theculture and mental activity of his age, upon which, as the minister ofeducation of the great emperor, he had a widely-spread influence. 

ALDRICH, THOMAS BAILEY (1836-1906). --Poet and novelist, _b. _ atPortsmouth, N. H. , was for some time in a bank, and then engaged injournalism. His first book was _The Bells, a Collection of Chimes_(1855), and other poetical works are _The Ballad of Babie Bell_, _Clothof Gold_, _Flower and Thorn_, etc. In prose he wrote _Daisy's Necklace_, _The Course of True Love_, _Marjorie Daw_, _Prudence Palfrey_, etc. 

ALESIUS, ALEXANDER (1500-1565). --Theologian and controversialist. Hisunlatinised name was Aless or Alane, and he was _b. _ at Edinburgh and_ed. _ at St. Andrews, where he became a canon. Originally a strong andable defender of the Romish doctrines, he was chosen to argue withPatrick Hamilton, the proto-martyr of the Reformation in Scotland, withthe object of inducing him to recant. The result, however, was that hewas himself much shaken in his allegiance to the Church, and the changewas greatly accelerated by the martyrdom of H. His subsequent protestagainst the immorality of the clergy led to his imprisonment, andultimately, in 1532, to his flying for his life to Germany, where hebecame associated with Luther and Melancthon, and definitely joined thereforming party. Coming to England in 1535, he was well received byCranmer and other reformers. While in England he studied medicine, andpractised as a physician in London. On the fall of T. Cromwell in 1540 heagain retired to Germany, where, at Leipzig, he obtained a professorship. During the reign of Edward VI. He re-visited England and was employed byCranmer in connection with the 1st Liturgy of Edward VI. Returning toLeipsic he passed the remainder of his days in peace and honour, and wastwice elected Rector of the University. His writings were both exegeticaland controversial, but chiefly the latter. They include _Expositio LibriPsalmorum Davidis_ (1550). His controversial works refer to such subjectsas the translation of the Bible into the vernacular, against Servetus, etc. 

ALEXANDER, MRS. CECIL F. (HUMPHREYS) (1818-1895). --_dau. _ of Maj. H. , _b. _ in Co. Waterford, _m. _ the Rev. W. Alexander, afterwards Bishop ofDerry and Archbishop of Armagh. Her _Hymns for Little Children_ hadreached its 69th edition before the close of the century. Some of herhymns, _e. G. _ "There is a Green Hill" and "The Roseate Hues of EarlyDawn, " are known wherever English is spoken. Her husband has also writtenseveral books of poetry, of which the most important is _St. Augustine'sHoliday and other Poems_. 

ALFORD, HENRY (1810-1871). --Theologian, scholar, poet, and miscellaneouswriter, _s. _ of a clergyman, was _b. _ in London. After passing throughvarious private schools, he proceeded to Cambridge, where he had adistinguished career, and after entering the Church and filling variouspreferments in the country, became minister of Quebec Chapel, London, whence he was promoted to be Dean of Canterbury. His great work was his_Greek Testament_ in 4 vols. , of which the first was _pub. _ in 1849 andthe last in 1861. In this work he largely followed the German critics, maintaining, however, a moderate liberal position; and it was for longthe standard work on the subject in this country. A. Was one of the mostversatile men, and prolific authors, of his day, his works consisting ofnearly 50 vols. , including poetry (_School of the Heart_ and _Abbot ofMunchelnaye_, and a translation of the _Odyssey_), criticism, sermons, etc. In addition to the works above mentioned he wrote _Chapters on theGreek Poets_ (1841), the _Queen's English_ (1863), and many well-knownhymns, and he was the first editor of the _Contemporary Review_. He wasalso an accomplished artist and musician. His industry was incessant andinduced a premature breakdown in health, which terminated in his death in1871. He was the friend of most of his eminent contemporaries, and wasmuch beloved for his amiable character. 

ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839). --Didactic and philosophical writer, was_b. _ in Edinburgh and _ed. _ at Glasgow University and Oxford. After beingpresented to various livings in England, A. Came to Edinburgh asincumbent of St. Paul's Episcopal Chapel, where he attained popularity asa preacher of sermons characterised by quiet beauty of thought and graceof composition. His chief contribution to literature is his _Essay on theNature and Principles of Taste_ (1790), in which the "association" theoryis supported. 

ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD (1792-1867). --Historian, _s. _ of the above, was_b. _ at Kenley, Shropshire, and after studying under a private tutor, andat Edinburgh University, was, in 1814, called to the Bar, at which heultimately attained some distinction, becoming in 1834 Sheriff ofLanarkshire, in which capacity he rendered valuable service in times ofconsiderable difficulty. It was when travelling in France in 1814 that heconceived the idea of his _History of Europe_, which deals with theperiod from the outbreak of the French Revolution to the restoration ofthe Bourbons, and extends, in its original form (1833-42), to 10 vols. The work is one of vast industry, and gives a useful account of animportant epoch, but is extremely diffuse and one-sided, and often prosy. Disraeli satirises the author in _Coningsby_ as Mr. Wordy, who wrote ahistory to prove that Providence was on the side of the Tories. It had, however, an enormous sale. A continuation of it (1852-59) brought thestory down to the accession of Louis Napoleon. A. Was also the author ofa life of Marlborough, and of two standard works on the criminal law ofScotland. In his private and official capacities he was highly respected, and was elected Lord Rector successively of Marischal Coll. , Aberdeen, and of Glasgow University. He was created a baronet by Lord Derby in1852. 

ALLEN, CHARLES GRANT (1848-1899). --Scientific writer and novelist, _b. _in Canada, to which his _f. _, a clergyman, had emigrated, and _ed. _ atBirmingham and Oxford. For a time he was a professor in a college fornegroes in Jamaica, but returning to England in 1876 devoted himself toliterature. His first books were on scientific subjects, and include_Physiological Æsthetics_ (1877) and _Flowers and Their Pedigrees_. Afterassisting Sir W. W. Hunter in his _Gazeteer of India_, he turned hisattention to fiction, and between 1884 and 1899 produced about 30 novels, among which _The Woman Who Did_ (1895), promulgating certain startlingviews on marriage and kindred questions, created some sensation. Anotherwork, _The Evolution of the Idea of God_, propounding a theory ofreligion on heterodox lines, has the disadvantage of endeavouring toexplain everything by one theory. His scientific works also included_Colour Sense_, _Evolutionist at Large_, _Colin Clout's Calendar_, andthe _Story of the Plants_, and among his novels may be added _Babylon_, _In all Shades_, _Philistia_ (1884), _The Devil's Die_, and _The BritishBarbarians_ (1896). 

ALLINGHAM, WILLIAM (1824-1889). --Poet, the _s. _ of a banker of Englishdescent, was _b. _ at Ballyshannon, entered the customs service, and wasultimately settled in London, where he contributed to _Leigh Hunt'sJournal_. Hunt introduced him to Carlyle and other men of letters, and in1850 he _pub. _ a book of poems, which was followed by _Day and NightSongs_ (1854), _Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland_ (1864) (his mostambitious, though not his most successful work), and _Collected Poems_ in6 vols. (1888-93). He also edited _The Ballad Book_ for the _GoldenTreasury_ series in 1864. In 1870 he retired from the civil service andbecame sub-editor of _Fraser's Magazine_ under Froude, whom he succeededas editor (1874-79). His verse is clear, fresh, and graceful. He marriedHelen Paterson, the water colourist, whose idylls have made the name of"Mrs. Allingham" famous also. He _d. _ in 1889. Other works are _FiftyModern Poems_ (1865), _Songs, Poems, and Ballads_ (1877), _Evil May Day_(1883), _Blackberries_ (1884), _Irish Songs and Poems_ (1887), and_Varieties in Prose_ (1893). A selection from his diaries andautobiography was _pub. _ in 1906. 

ALLSTON, WASHINGTON (1779-1843). --Painter and poet, _b. _ in S. Carolina, became a distinguished painter, and also wrote a good deal of verseincluding _The Sylphs of the Seasons_, etc. (1813), and _The TwoPainters_, a satire. He also produced a novel, _Monaldi_. He was known as"the American Titian. "

AMORY, THOMAS (1691(?)-1788). --Eccentric writer, was of Irish descent. In1755 he _publ. _ _Memoirs containing the lives of several ladies of GreatBritain, a History of Antiquities and Observations on the ChristianReligion_, which was followed by the _Life of John Buncle_ (1756), practically a continuation. The contents of these works are of the mostmiscellaneous description--philology, natural science, theology, and, infact, whatever occurred to the writer, treated without any system, butwith occasional originality and felicity of diction. The author, who wasprobably more or less insane, is described as having a very peculiaraspect, with the manner of a gentleman, scarcely ever stirring abroadexcept at dusk. He reached the age of 97. 

ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (1845-1909). --Poet, _s. _ of a quarrier at Kirkconnel, Dumfriesshire, became a surfaceman on the railway. Spending all hisleisure in self-culture, he mastered German, French, and Spanishsufficiently to read the chief masterpieces in these languages. Hispoetic vein, which was true if somewhat limited in range, soon manifesteditself, and his first book, _Songs of Labour_, appeared in 1873, andthere followed _Two Angels_ (1875), _Songs of the Rail_ (1878), and_Ballads and Sonnets_ (1879). In the following year he was made assistantlibrarian in the University of Edinburgh, and after an interval assecretary to the Philosophical Institution there, he returned as ChiefLibrarian to the university. Thereafter he wrote little. Of a simple andgentle character, he made many friends, including the Duke of Argyll, Carlyle, and Lord Houghton. He generally wrote under the name of"Surfaceman. "

ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626). --Churchman and scholar, was _b. _ inLondon, and _ed. _ at Merchant Taylor's School and Cambridge, where hetook a fellowship and taught divinity. After receiving various otherpreferments he became Dean of Westminster, and a chaplain-in-ordinary toQueen Elizabeth, who, however, did not advance him further on account ofhis opposition to the alienation of ecclesiastical revenues. On theaccession, however, of James I. , to whom his somewhat pedantic learningand style of preaching recommended him, he rose into great favour, andwas made successively Bishop of Chichester, of Ely, and, in 1618, ofWinchester. He attended the Hampton Court Conference, and took part inthe translation of the Bible, known as the _Authorised Version_, hisspecial work being given to the earlier parts of the Old Testament: heacted, however, as a sort of general editor. He was considered as, nextto Ussher, the most learned churchman of his day, and enjoyed a greatreputation as an eloquent and impassioned preacher, but the stiffness andartificiality of his style render his sermons unsuited to modern taste. His doctrine was High Church, and in his life he was humble, pious, andcharitable. Ninety-six of his sermons were published in 1631 by commandof Charles I. 

There are lives by A. T. Russell (1863), and R. L. Ottley (1894);_Devotions_ were edited by Rev. Dr. Whyte (1900). 

ANSTEY, CHRISTOPHER (1724-1805). --Poet, _s. _ of Dr. A. , a wealthyclergyman, rector of Brinkley, Cambridgeshire, was _ed. _ at Eton andCambridge. He _pub. _ in 1766 a satirical poem of considerable sparkle, _The New Bath Guide_, from which Smollett is said to have drawn largelyin his _Humphrey Clinker_. He made many other excursions into literaturewhich are hardly remembered, and ended his days as a country squire atthe age of eighty. 

D'ARBLAY, FRANCES (BURNEY) (1752-1840). --Novelist, _dau. _ of Dr. CharlesB. , a musician of some distinction, was _b. _ at Lynn Regis, where her_f. _ was organist. Her mother having died while she was very young, andher _f. _, who had come to London, being too busy to give her anyattention, she was practically self-educated. Her first novel, _Evelina_, _pub. _ anonymously in 1778, at once by its narrative and comic power, brought her fame, and, through Mrs. Thrale (_q. V. _), she made theacquaintance of Dr. Johnson, with whom she became a great favourite. Hernext literary venture was a comedy, _The Witlings_; but, by the advice ofher _f. _, it was not put upon the stage. In 1782, however, she produced_Cecilia_, which, like its predecessor, had an enormous sale, and which, though not perhaps so popular as _Evelina_, added to her fame. She nowbecame the friend of Burke and other distinguished persons, includingMrs. Delaney, through whom she became known to the royal family, and wasoffered the appointment of Second Keeper of the Robes, which, with somemisgivings, she accepted. This situation did not prove a happy one, theduties being menial, the society uncongenial, and the court etiquetteoppressive and injurious to her health, and in 1791 she obtainedpermission to retire on a pension of £100. She had, during her connectionwith the court, continued her _Diary_, which she had begun in girlhood, and continued during her whole life, and which during this periodcontains many interesting accounts of persons and affairs of note. Shemarried (1793) Gen. D'Arblay, a French _emigré_, their only income beingher slender pension. This she endeavoured to increase by producing atragedy, _Edwy and Elvira_, which failed. In 1795 she _pub. _ bysubscription another novel, _Camilla_, which, though it did not add toher reputation, considerably improved her circumstances, as it is said tohave brought her £3000. After some years spent in France, where herhusband had obtained employment, she returned to England and _pub. _ herlast novel, _The Wanderer_, which fell flat. Her only remaining work wasa life of her father, written in an extraordinarily grandiloquent style. She died in 1840, aged 87. 

ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735). --Physician and satirist, was _b. _ inKincardineshire, and after studying at Aberdeen and Oxford, took hisdegree of M. D. At St. Andrews. Settling in London, he taught mathematics. Being by a fortunate accident at Epsom, he was called in to prescribe forPrince George, who was suddenly taken ill there, and was so successful inhis treatment that he was appointed his regular physician. Thiscircumstance made his professional fortune, for his ability enabled himto take full advantage of it, and in 1705 he became physician to theQueen. He became the cherished friend of Swift and Pope, and himselfgained a high reputation as a wit and man of letters. His principal worksare the _Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus_, partly by Pope, but to which hewas the chief contributor, the _History of John Bull_ (1712), mainlyagainst the Duke of Marlborough, _A Treatise concerning the Altercationor Scolding of the Ancients_, and the _Art of Political Lying_. He alsowrote various medical treatises, and dissertations on ancient coins, weights, and measures. After the death of Queen Anne, A. Lost his courtappointments, but this, as well as more serious afflictions with which hewas visited, he bore with serenity and dignity. He was an honourable andamiable man, one of the very few who seems to have retained the sincereregard of Swift, whose style he made the model of his own, with suchsuccess that writings by the one were sometimes attributed to the other:his _Art of Political Lying_ is an example. He has, however, none of theferocity of S. 

ARGYLL, GEORGE JOHN DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, 8TH DUKE OF (1823-1900). --Statesmanand writer on science, religion, and politics, succeeded his _f. _, the7th duke, in 1847. His talents and eloquence soon raised him todistinction in public life. He acted with the Liberal party until itsbreak-up under the Irish policy of Mr. Gladstone, after which he was oneof the Unionist leaders. He held the offices of Lord Privy Seal, Postmaster-General, and Indian Secretary. His writings include _The Reignof Law_ (1866), _Primeval Man_ (1869), _The Eastern Question_ (1879), _The Unseen Foundations of Society_ (1893), _Philosophy of Belief_(1896), _Organic Evolution Cross-examined_ (1898). He was a man of thehighest character, honest, courageous, and clear-sighted, and, thoughregarded by some professional scientists as to a certain extent anamateur, his ability, knowledge, and dialectic power made him aformidable antagonist, and enabled him to exercise a useful, generallyconservative, influence on scientific thought and progress. 

ARMSTRONG, JOHN, M. D. (1709-1779). --Poet, _s. _ of the minister ofCastleton, Roxburghshire, studied medicine, which he practised in London. He is remembered as the friend of Thomson, Mallet, and other literarycelebrities of the time, and as the author of a poem on _The Art ofPreserving Health_, which appeared in 1744, and in which a somewhatunpromising subject for poetic treatment is gracefully and ingeniouslyhandled. His other works, consisting of some poems and prose essays, anda drama, _The Forced Marriage_, are forgotten, with the exception of thefour stanzas at the end of the first part of Thomson's _Castle ofIndolence_, describing the diseases incident to sloth, which hecontributed. 

ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904). --Poet, _s. _ of a Sussex magistrate, was_b. _ at Gravesend, and _ed. _ at King's School, Rochester, London, andOxford. Thereafter he was an assistant master at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and was in 1856 appointed Principal of the Government DeccanCollege, Poona. Here he received the bias towards, and gathered materialfor, his future works. In 1861 he returned to England and becameconnected with _The Daily Telegraph_, of which he was ultimately editor. The literary task which he set before him was the interpretation inEnglish verse of the life and philosophy of the East. His chief work withthis object is _The Light of Asia_ (1879), a poem on the life andteaching of Buddha, which had great popularity, but whose permanent placein literature must remain very uncertain. In _The Light of the World_(1891), he attempted, less successfully, a similar treatment of the lifeand teaching of Jesus. Other works are _The Song of Songs of India_(1875), _With Saadi in the Garden_, and _The Tenth Muse_. He travelledwidely in the East, and wrote books on his travels. He was made K. C. I. E. In 1888. 

ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888). --Poet and critic, _s. _ of Dr. A. , of Rugby(_q. V. _), was _b. _ at Laleham and _ed. _ at Rugby, Winchester, and BalliolColl. , Oxford, becoming a Fellow of Oriel in 1845. Thereafter he wasprivate secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, through whose influence he was in 1851 appointed an inspector of schools. Two years before this he had _pub. _ his first book of poetry, _TheStrayed Reveller_, which he soon withdrew: some of the poems, however, including "Mycerinus" and "The Forsaken Merman, " were afterwardsrepublished, and the same applies to his next book, _Empedocles on Etna_(1852), with "Tristram and Iseult. " In 1857 he was appointed to theProfessorship of Poetry at Oxford, which he held for ten years. Afterthis he produced little poetry and devoted himself to criticism andtheology. His principal writings are, in poetry, _Poems_ (1853), containing "Sohrab and Rustum, " and "The Scholar Gipsy;" _Poems, 2ndSeries_ (1855), containing "Balder Dead;" _Merope_ (1858); _New Poems_(1867), containing "Thyrsis, " an elegy on A. H. Clough (_q. V. _), "ASouthern Night, " "Rugby Chapel, " and "The Weary Titan"; in prose he wrote_On Translating Homer_ (1861 and 1862), _On the Study of CelticLiterature_ (1867), _Essays in Celtic Literature_ (1868), _2nd Series_(1888), _Culture and Anarchy_ (1869), _St. Paul and Protestantism_(1870), _Friendship's Garland_ (1871), _Literature and Dogma_ (1873), _God and the Bible_ (1875), _Last Essays on Church and Religion_ (1877), _Mixed Essays_ (1879), _Irish Essays_ (1882), and _Discourses in America_(1885). He also wrote some works on the state of education on theContinent. In 1883 he received a pension of £250. The rationalistictendency of certain of his writings gave offence to many readers, and thesufficiency of his equipment in scholarship for dealing with some of thesubjects which he handled was called in question; but he undoubtedlyexercised a stimulating influence on his time; his writings arecharacterised by the finest culture, high purpose, sincerity, and a styleof great distinction, and much of his poetry has an exquisite and subtlebeauty, though here also it has been doubted whether high culture andwide knowledge of poetry did not sometimes take the place of the truepoetic fire. 

There is a bibliography of A. 's works by T. B. Smart (1892), and booksupon him have been written by Prof. Saintsbury (1899), H. Paul (1902), and G. W. E. Russell (1904), also papers by Sir L. Stephen, F. Harrison, and others. 

ARNOLD, THOMAS (1795-1842). --Historian, _s. _ of an inland revenue officerin the Isle of Wight, was _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxford, and after someyears as a tutor, was, in 1828, appointed Head Master of Rugby. Hislearning, earnestness, and force of character enabled him not only toraise his own school to the front rank of public schools, but to exercisean unprecedented reforming influence on the whole educational system ofthe country. A liberal in politics, and a zealous church reformer, he wasinvolved in many controversies, educational and religious. As a churchmanhe was a decided Erastian, and strongly opposed to the High Church party. In 1841 he was appointed Professor of Modern History at Oxford. His chiefliterary works are his unfinished _History of Rome_ (three vols. 1838-42), and his _Lectures on Modern History_. He _d. _ suddenly ofangina pectoris in the midst of his usefulness and growing influence. Hislife, by Dean Stanley (_q. V. _), is one of the best works of its class inthe language. 

ASCHAM, ROGER (1515-1568). --Didactic writer and scholar, _s. _ of John A. , house-steward in the family of Lord Scrope, was _b. _ at Kirby Wiske, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ first by Sir Humphrey Wingfield, and then at St. John's Coll. , Cambridge, where he devoted himself specially to the studyof Greek, then newly revived, and of which, having taken a fellowship, hebecame a teacher. He was likewise noted for his skill in penmanship, music, and archery, the last of which is the subject of his first work, _Toxophilus_, _pub. _ in 1545, and which, dedicated to Henry VIII. , gainedhim the favour of the King, who bestowed a pension upon him. The objectsof the book are twofold, to commend the practice of shooting with thelong bow as a manly sport and an aid to national defence, and to set theexample of a higher style of composition than had yet been attempted inEnglish. Soon afterwards he was made university orator, and master oflanguages to the Lady (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth. He then went abroadin various positions of trust, returning on being appointed LatinSecretary to Edward VI. This office he likewise discharged to Mary andthen to Elizabeth--a testimony to his tact and caution in these changefultimes. His principal work, _The Schoolmaster_, a treatise on education, was printed by his widow in 1570. He also _pub. _ a book on the politicalstate of Germany. 

Editions: of _Toxophilus_, Arber; _Schoolmaster_, Arber, also Mayer(1883); English works, Bennet (1767), with life by Dr. Johnson; wholeworks, Giles (1864-5). 

ASGILL, JOHN (1659-1738). --Eccentric writer, student at the MiddleTemple, 1686, and called to the Bar 1692. In 1699 he _pub. _ in an unluckyhour a pamphlet to prove that death was not obligatory upon Christians, which, much to his surprise, aroused the public wrath and led to hisexpulsion from the Irish and English House of Commons successively. A. Thereafter fell on evil days, and passed the rest of his life between theFleet and the King's Bench, where, strange to say, his zeal as apamphleteer continued unabated. He _d. _ in 1738. 

ASHMOLE, ELIAS (1617-1692). --Antiquary, was _ed. _ at Lichfield, andbecame a solicitor in 1638. On the breaking out of the Civil War hesided with the royalists; went to Oxford and studied science, includingastrology. The result of his studies in this region of mystery was his_Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum_, which gained him great repute and thefriendship of John Selden. His last astrological treatise was _The Way toBliss_, which dealt with the subject of "the philosopher's stone. " Healso wrote various works on antiquarian subjects, and a _History of theOrder of the Garter_. A. Held various posts under government, andpresented to the University of Oxford a valuable collection ofcuriosities now known as the Ashmolean Museum. He also bequeathed hislibrary to the University. His wife was a _dau. _ of Sir W. Dugdale, theantiquary. 

ASSER (_d. _ 909?). --Chronicler, a monk of St. David's, afterwards Bishopof Sherborne, was the friend, helper, and biographer of Ælfred. Inaddition to his life of Ælfred he wrote a chronicle of England from 849to 887. 

ATHERSTONE, EDWIN (1788-1872). --Poet and novelist. His works, which wereplanned on an imposing scale, attracted some temporary attention andapplause, but are now forgotten. His chief poem, _The Fall of Nineveh_, consisting of thirty books, appeared at intervals from 1828 to 1868. Healso produced two novels, _The Sea Kings in England_ and _The Handwritingon the Wall_. 

ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732). --Controversialist and preacher, was _b. _near Newport Pagnel, Bucks, and _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxford. He became the leading protagonist on the High Church side in theecclesiastical controversies of his time, and is believed to have beenthe chief author of the famous defence of Dr. Sacheverell in 1712. Healso wrote most of Boyle's _Examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertations onthe Epistles of Phalaris_, and _pub. _ sermons, which, with his letters toSwift, Pope, and other friends, constitute the foundation of his literaryreputation. During the reign of the Tories he enjoyed much preferment, having been successively Canon of Exeter, Dean of Christ Church, Dean ofWestminster, and Bishop of Rochester. His Jacobite principles, however, and his participation in various plots got him into trouble, and in 1722he was confined in the Tower, deprived of all his offices, and ultimatelybanished. He _d. _ at Paris, Feb. 15, 1732, and was buried privately inWestminster Abbey. 

AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697). --Antiquary, was a country gentleman whoinherited estates in several counties in England, which he lost bylitigation and otherwise. He devoted himself to the collection ofantiquarian and miscellaneous observations, and gave assistance toDugdale and Anthony à-Wood in their researches. His own investigationswere extensive and minute, but their value is much diminished by hiscredulity, and want of capacity to weigh evidence. His only publicationis his _Miscellanies_, a collection of popular superstitions, etc. , buthe left various collections, which were edited and _publ. _ in the 19thcentury. 

AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817). --Novelist, _dau. _ of a clergyman, was _b. _ atthe rectory of Steventon near Basingstoke. She received an educationsuperior to that generally given to girls of her time, and took early towriting, her first tale being begun in 1798. Her life was a singularlyuneventful one, and, but for a disappointment in love, tranquil andhappy. In 1801 the family went to Bath, the scene of many episodes in herwritings, and after the death of her _f. _ in 1805 to Southampton, andlater to Chawton, a village in Hants, where most of her novels werewritten. A tendency to consumption having manifested itself, she removedin May, 1817, to Winchester for the advantage of skilled medicalattendance, but so rapid was the progress of her malady that she diedthere two months later. Of her six novels, four--_Sense and Sensibility_(1811), _Pride and Prejudice_ (1813), _Mansfield Park_ (1814) and _Emma_(1816)--were _pub. _ anonymously during her life-time; and the others, _Northanger Abbey_--written in 1798--and _Persuasion_, finished in 1816, appeared a few months after her death, when the name of the authoress wasdivulged. Although her novels were from the first well received, it isonly of comparatively late years that her genius has gained the wideappreciation which it deserves. Her strength lies in the delineation ofcharacter, especially of persons of her own sex, by a number of minuteand delicate touches arising out of the most natural and everydayincidents in the life of the middle and upper classes, from which hersubjects are generally taken. Her characters, though of quite ordinarytypes, are drawn with such wonderful firmness and precision, and withsuch significant detail as to retain their individuality absolutelyintact through their entire development, and they are never coloured byher own personality. Her view of life is genial in the main, with astrong dash of gentle but keen satire: she appeals rarely and slightly tothe deeper feelings; and the enforcement of the excellent lessons sheteaches is left altogether to the story, without a word of formalmoralising. Among her admirers was Sir W. Scott, who said, "That younglady has a talent for describing the involvements of feelings andcharacters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever metwith;" others were Macaulay (who thought that in the world there were nocompositions which approached nearer to perfection), Coleridge, Southey, Sydney Smith, and E. FitzGerald. 

AUSTIN, JOHN (1790-1859). --Jurist, served in the army in Sicily andMalta, but, selling his commission, studied law, and was called to theBar 1818. He did not long continue to practise, but devoted himself tothe study of law as a science, and became Professor of Jurisprudence inLondon University 1826-32. Thereafter he served on various RoyalCommissions. By his works he exercised a profound influence on the viewsof jurisprudence held in England. These include _The Province ofJurisprudence Determined_ (1832), and his _Lectures on Jurisprudence_. 

AYTON, SIR ROBERT (1570-1638). --Poet, _s. _ of A. Of Kinaldie in Fife. After _grad. _ at St. Andrews, he studied law at Paris, became ambassadorto the Emperor, and held other court offices. He appears to have beenwell-known to his literary contemporaries in England. He wrote poems inLatin, Greek, and English, and was one of the first Scotsmen to write inthe last. His chief poem is _Diophantus and Charidora; InconstancyUpbraided_ is perhaps the best of his short poems. He is credited with alittle poem, _Old Long Syne_, which probably suggested Burns's famous_Auld Lang Syne_. 

AYTOUN, WILLIAM EDMONSTONE (1813-1865). --Poet and humorist, _s. _ of RogerA. , a Writer to the Signet, was _b. _ in Edinburgh and _ed. _ there, andwas brought up to the law, which, however, as he said, he "followed butcould never overtake. " He became a contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_in 1836, and continued his connection with it until his death. In itappeared most of his humorous prose pieces, such as _The GlenmutchkinRailway_, _How I Became a Yeoman_, and _How I Stood for the DreepdailyBurghs_, all full of vigorous fun. In the same pages began to appear hischief poetical work, the _Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers_, and a novel, partly autobiographical, _Norman Sinclair_. Other works were _The BonGaultier Ballads_, jointly with Theodore Martin, and _Firmilian, aSpasmodic Tragedy_, under the _nom-de-plume_ of T. Percy Jones, intendedto satirise a group of poets and critics, including Gilfillan, Dobell, Bailey, and Alexander Smith. In 1845 A. Obtained the Chair of Rhetoricand Belles Lettres in Edinburgh University, which he filled with greatsuccess, raising the attendance from 30 to 150, and in 1852 he wasappointed sheriff of Orkney and Shetland. He was married to a _dau. _ ofProfessor Wilson (Christopher North). 

BACON, FRANCIS, LORD VERULAM, AND VISCOUNT ST. ALBAN'S(1561-1626). --Philosopher and statesman, was the youngest _s. _ of SirNicholas B. , Lord Keeper, by his second wife, a _dau. _ of Sir AnthonyCooke, whose sister married William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the greatminister of Queen Elizabeth. He was _b. _ at York House in the Strand onJan. 22, 1561, and in his 13th year was sent with his elder brotherAnthony to Trinity Coll. , Cambridge. Here he first met the Queen, who wasimpressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to call him"the young Lord Keeper. " Here also he became dissatisfied with theAristotelian philosophy as being unfruitful and leading only toresultless disputation. In 1576 he entered Gray's Inn, and in the sameyear joined the embassy of Sir Amyas Paulet to France, where he remaineduntil 1579. The death of his _f. _ in that year, before he had completedan intended provision for him, gave an adverse turn to his fortunes, andrendered it necessary that he should decide upon a profession. Heaccordingly returned to Gray's Inn, and, after an unsuccessful attempt toinduce Burghley to give him a post at court, and thus enable him todevote himself to a life of learning, he gave himself seriously to thestudy of law, and was called to the Bar in 1582. He did not, however, desert philosophy, and _pub. _ a Latin tract, _Temporis Partus Maximus_(the Greatest Birth of Time), the first rough draft of his own system. Two years later, in 1584, he entered the House of Commons as member forMelcombe, sitting subsequently for Taunton (1586), Liverpool (1589), Middlesex (1593), and Southampton (1597). In the Parliament of 1586 hetook a prominent part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. About this time he seems again to have approached his powerful uncle, theresult of which may possibly be traced in his rapid progress at the Bar, and in his receiving, in 1589, the reversion to the Clerkship of theStar Chamber, a valuable appointment, into the enjoyment of which, however, he did not enter until 1608. About 1591 he formed a friendshipwith the Earl of Essex, from whom he received many tokens of kindness illrequited. In 1593 the offices of Attorney-general, and subsequently ofSolicitor-general became vacant, and Essex used his influence on B. 'sbehalf, but unsuccessfully, the former being given to Coke, the famouslawyer. These disappointments may have been owing to a speech made by B. On a question of subsidies. To console him for them Essex presented himwith a property at Twickenham, which he subsequently sold for £1800, equivalent to a much larger sum now. In 1596 he was made a Queen'sCounsel, but missed the appointment of Master of the Rolls, and in thenext year (1597), he _pub. _ the first edition of his _Essays_, ten innumber, combined with _Sacred Meditations_ and the _Colours of Good andEvil_. By 1601 Essex had lost the Queen's favour, and had raised hisrebellion, and B. Was one of those appointed to investigate the chargesagainst him, and examine witnesses, in connection with which he showed anungrateful and indecent eagerness in pressing the case against his formerfriend and benefactor, who was executed on Feb. 25, 1601. This act B. Endeavoured to justify in _A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, etc. , of ... The Earl of Essex, etc. _ His circumstances had for some timebeen bad, and he had been arrested for debt: he had, however, received agift of a fine of £1200 on one of Essex's accomplices. The accession ofJames VI. In 1603 gave a favourable turn to his fortunes: he wasknighted, and endeavoured to set himself right with the new powers bywriting his _Apologie_ (defence) of his proceedings in the case of Essex, who had favoured the succession of James. In the first Parliament of thenew king he sat for St. Alban's, and was appointed a Commissioner forUnion with Scotland. In 1605 he _pub. _ _The Advancement of Learning_, dedicated, with fulsome flattery, to the king. The following year hemarried Alice Barnham, the _dau. _ of a London merchant, and in 1607 hewas made Solicitor-General, and wrote _Cogita et Visa_, a first sketch ofthe _Novum Organum_, followed in 1609 by _The Wisdom of the Ancients_. Meanwhile (in 1608), he had entered upon the Clerkship of the StarChamber, and was in the enjoyment of a large income; but old debts andpresent extravagance kept him embarrassed, and he endeavoured to obtainfurther promotion and wealth by supporting the king in his arbitrarypolicy. In 1613 he became Attorney-General, and in this capacityprosecuted Somerset in 1616. The year 1618 saw him Lord Keeper, and thenext Lord Chancellor and Baron Verulam, a title which, in 1621, heexchanged for that of Viscount St. Albans. Meanwhile he had written the_New Atlantis_, a political romance, and in 1620 he presented to the kingthe _Novum Organum_, on which he had been engaged for 30 years, and whichultimately formed the main part of the _Instauratio Magna_. In his greatoffice B. Showed a failure of character in striking contrast with themajesty of his intellect. He was corrupt alike politically andjudicially, and now the hour of retribution arrived. In 1621 aParliamentary Committee on the administration of the law charged him withcorruption under 23 counts; and so clear was the evidence that he made noattempt at defence. To the lords, who sent a committee to inquirewhether the confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is myact, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to abroken reed. " He was sentenced to a fine of £40, 000, remitted by theking, to be committed to the Tower during the king's pleasure (which wasthat he should be released in a few days), and to be incapable of holdingoffice or sitting in parliament. He narrowly escaped being deprived ofhis titles. Thenceforth he devoted himself to study and writing. In 1622appeared his _History of Henry VII. _, and the 3rd part of the_Instauratio_; in 1623, _History of Life and Death_, the _De AugmentisScientarum_, a Latin translation of the _Advancement_, and in 1625 the3rd edition of the _Essays_, now 58 in number. He also _pub. __Apophthegms_, and a translation of some of the _Psalms_. His life wasnow approaching its close. In March, 1626, he came to London, and shortlyafter, when driving on a snowy day, the idea struck him of making anexperiment as to the antiseptic properties of snow, in consequence ofwhich he caught a chill, which ended in his death on 9th April 1626. Heleft debts to the amount of £22, 000. At the time of his death he wasengaged upon _Sylva Sylvarum_. The intellect of B. Was one of the mostpowerful and searching ever possessed by man, and his developments of theinductive philosophy revolutionised the future thought of the human race. The most popular of his works is the _Essays_, which convey profound andcondensed thought in a style that is at once clear and rich. His moralcharacter was singularly mixed and complex, and bears no comparison withhis intellect. It exhibits a singular coldness and lack of enthusiasm, and indeed a bluntness of moral perception and an absence ofattractiveness rarely combined with such extraordinary mental endowments. All that was possible to be done in defence of his character and publicconduct has been done by his accomplished biographer and editor, Mr. Spedding (_q. V. _). Singular, though of course futile, attempts, supportedsometimes with much ingenuity, have been made to claim for B. Theauthorship of Shakespeare's plays, and have indeed been extended so as toinclude those of Marlowe, and even the _Essays_ of Montaigne. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ London 1561, _ed. _ Trinity Coll. , Cambridge, dissatisfiedwith Aristotelean philosophy, entered Gray's Inn 1576, in France 1576-79, called to Bar 1582, enters Parliament 1584, became friend of Essex 1591, who presents him with estate 1593, _pub. _ 1st ed. Of _Essays_ 1597, prosecutes Essex 1601, _pub. _ _Advancement of Learning_ 1605, Solicitor-Gen. 1607, _pub. _ _Wisdom of the Ancients_ 1609, Attorney-Gen. 1613, prosecuted Somerset 1616, Lord Keeper 1618, Lord Chancellor withtitle of Verulam 1619, Visc. St. Albans 1621, _pub. _ _Novum Organum_1620, charged with corruption, and retires from public life 1621, _pub. __Henry VII. _ and 3rd part of _Instauratio_ 1622, _d. _ 1626. 

The standard edition of B. 's works is that of Spedding, Ellis, and Heath(14 vols. 1857-74), including _Life and Letters_ by Spedding. See alsoMacaulay's _Essays_; Dean Church in _Men of Letters Series_; Dr. Abbott's_Life_ (1885), etc. For philosophy Fowler's _Novum Organum_ (1878). 

BACON, ROGER (1214?-1294). --Philosopher, studied at Oxford and Paris. Hisscientific acquirements, regarded in that age as savouring ofwitchcraft, and doubtless also his protests against the ignorance andimmorality of the clergy, excited the jealousy and hatred of theFranciscans, and he was in consequence imprisoned at Paris for ten years. Clement IV. , who had been a sympathiser, desired on his accession to seehis works, and in response B. Sent him _Opus Majus_, a treatise on thesciences (grammar, logic, mathematics, physics, and philosophy), followedby _Opus Secundum_ and _Opus Tertium_. Clement, however, was near deathwhen they arrived. B. Was comparatively free from persecution for thenext ten years. But in 1278 he was again imprisoned for upwards of tenyears. At the intercession of some English noblemen he was at lastreleased, and spent his remaining years at Oxford. He possessed one ofthe most commanding intellects of his own, or perhaps of any, age, and, notwithstanding all the disadvantages and discouragements to which he wassubjected, made many discoveries, and came near to many more. There isstill preserved at Oxford a rectified calendar in which he approximatesclosely to the truth. He received the sobriquet of the "DoctorMirabilis. "

BAGE, ROBERT (1728-1801). --Novelist, _b. _ in Derbyshire, was the _s. _ ofa paper-maker. It was not until he was 53 that he took to literature; butin the 15 years following he produced 6 novels, of which Sir Walter Scottsays that "strong mind, playful fancy, and extensive knowledge areeverywhere apparent. " B. , though brought up as a Quaker, imbibed theprinciples of the French Revolution. He was an amiable and benevolentman, and highly esteemed. _Hermsprong; or, Man as He is Not_ (1796) isconsidered the best of his novels, of which it was the last. The names ofthe others are _Mount Kenneth_ (1781), _Barham Downs_ (1784), _The FairSyrian_ (1787), _James Wallace_ (1788), and _Man as He is_ (1792). 

BAGEHOT, WALTER (1826-1877). --Economist, _s. _ of a banker, _b. _ atLangport, Somerset, _ed. _ at University Coll. , London, and called to theBar, but did not practise, and joined his _f. _ in business. He wrote forvarious periodicals, and from 1860 was editor of _The Economist_. He wasthe author of _The English Constitution_ (1867), a standard work whichwas translated into several languages; _Physics and Politics_ (1872), and_Lombard Street_ (1873), a valuable financial work. A collection ofessays, biographical and economic, was _pub. _ after his death. 

BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902). --Poet, _s. _ of a journalist, _b. _ atNottingham, and _ed. _ there and at Glasgow, of which he was made an LL. D. In 1891. His life was a singularly uneventful one. He lived atNottingham, Jersey, Ilfracombe, London, and again at Nottingham, where he_d. _ He travelled a good deal on the Continent. He was by profession abarrister, but never practised, and devoted his whole energies to poetry. His first poem, _Festus_ (1839), is, for the daring of its theme and theimaginative power and moral altitude which it displays, one of the mostnotable of the century; as the work of one little past boyhood it is aprodigy of intellectual precocity. Along with its great qualities it hasmany faults in execution, and its final place in literature remains tobe determined. It was _pub. _ anonymously, and had great success, but hasfallen into unmerited, but perhaps temporary, neglect. Among its greatestadmirers was Tennyson. The subsequent poems of B. , _The Angel World_(1850), _The Mystic_ (1855), _The Age_ (1858), and _The Universal Hymn_(1867), were failures, and the author adopted the unfortunate expedientof endeavouring to buoy them up by incorporating large extracts in thelater editions of _Festus_, with the effect only of sinking the latter, which ultimately extended to over 40, 000 lines. B. Was a man ofstrikingly handsome appearance, and gentle and amiable character. 

BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851). --Dramatist and poetess, _dau. _ of theminister of Bothwell, afterwards Professor of Divinity at Glasgow. Hermother was a sister of the great anatomists, William and John Hunter, andher brother was the celebrated physician, Matthew B. , of London. Shereceived a thorough education at Glasgow, and at an early age went toLondon, where the remainder of her long, happy, and honoured, thoughuneventful, life was passed. In 1798, when she was 36, the first vol. Ofher _Plays on the Passions_ appeared, and was received with much favour, other two vols. Followed in 1802 and 1812, and she also produced_Miscellaneous Plays_ in 1804, and 3 vols. Of _Dramatic Poetry_ in 1836. In all her works there are many passages of true and impressive poetry, but the idea underlying her _Plays on the Passions_, that, namely, ofexhibiting the principal character as acting under the exclusiveinfluence of one passion, is artificial and untrue to nature. 

BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL (1665-1746). --Poetess, _dau. _ of Sir Patrick Home orHume, afterwards Earl of Marchmont, was married to George Baillie ofJerviswoode. In her childhood she showed remarkable courage and addressin the services she rendered to her father and his friend, Robert Baillieof Jerviswoode, the eminent Scottish patriot, when under persecution. Sheleft many pieces both prose and verse in MS. , some of which were _pub. _The best known is the beautiful song, _Were na my heart licht I wad die_. 

BAILLIE, ROBERT (1599-1662). --Historical writer, _s. _ of B. Of Jerviston, _ed. _ at Glasgow, he entered the Church of Scotland and became ministerof Kilwinning in Ayrshire. His abilities soon made him a leading man. Hewas a member of the historic Assembly of 1638, when Presbyterianism wasre-established in Scotland, and also of the Westminster Assembly, 1643. In 1651 he was made Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, and 10 years laterPrincipal. His _Letters and Journals_, edited for the Bannatyne Club byD. Laing (_q. V. _), are of the greatest value for the interesting lightthey throw on a period of great importance in Scottish history. He wasone of the wisest and most temperate churchmen of his time. 

BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903). --Philosopher, _b. _ at Aberdeen, andgraduated at Marischal Coll. There, became in 1860 Professor of Logic inhis university, and wrote a number of works on philosophy and psychology, including _The Senses and the Intellect_ (1855), _The Emotions and theWill_, _Mental and Moral Science_ (1868), _Logic_ (1870), and _Educationas a Science_ (1879). In 1881 he was elected Lord Rector of AberdeenUniversity. 

BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1645). --Historian and religious writer, studiedlaw, was knighted in 1603, and was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire 1620. B. Was the author of _The Chronicle of the Kings of England_ (1643), whichwas for long held as a great authority among the country gentlemen. Ithas, however, many errors. B. Fell on evil days, was thrown into theFleet for debt incurred by others, for which he had made himselfresponsible, and _d. _ there. It was during his durance that the_Chronicle_ and some religious treatises were composed. The _Chronicle_was continued by Edward Phillips, Milton's nephew, who became a strongRoyalist. 

BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893). --Traveller, _b. _ in London, andafter being a planter in Ceylon, and superintending the construction of arailway between the Danube and the Black Sea, went with his wife, aHungarian lady, in search of the sources of the Nile, and discovered thegreat lake, Albert Nyanza. B. Was knighted in 1866, and was for 4 yearsGovernor-General of the Equatorial Nile Basin. His books, which are allon travel and sport, are well written and include _Albert Nyanza_ (1866), _Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia_ (1867). 

BALE, JOHN (1495-1563). --Historian and controversialist, _b. _ at Cove, Suffolk, and _ed. _ as a Carmelite friar, but becoming a Protestant, engaged in violent controversy with the Roman Catholics. After undergoingpersecution and flying to Flanders, he was brought back by Edward VI. Andmade Bishop of Ossory. On the death of Edward he was again persecuted, and had to escape from Ireland to Holland, but returned on the accessionof Elizabeth, who made him a Prebendary of Canterbury. His chief work isa Latin _Account of the Lives of Eminent Writers of Great Britain_. Besides this he wrote some dramas on scriptural subjects, and an accountof the trial and death of Sir John Oldcastle. He wrote in all 22 plays, of which only 5 have come down, the names of certain of which give someidea of their nature, _e. G. _, _The Three Leaves of Nature_, _Moses andChrist_, and _The Temptacyon of Our Lord_. 

BALLANTINE, JAMES (1808-1877). --Artist and author, _b. _ in Edinburgh, began life as a house painter. He studied art, and became one of thefirst to revive the art of glass-painting, on which subject he wrote atreatise. He was the author of _The Gaberlunzie's Wallet_ (1843), _Millerof Deanhaugh_ (1845), _Poems_ (1856), _100 Songs with Music_ (1865), anda _Life of David Roberts, R. A. _ (1866). 

BALLANTYNE, ROBERT MICHAEL (1825-1894). --Writer of tales for boys, _b. _in Edinburgh, was a connection of the well-known printers. As a youth hespent some years in the service of the Hudson's Bay Co. , and was then amember of Constable's printing firm. In 1856 he took to literature as aprofession, and _pub. _ about 80 tales, which, abounding in interestingadventure and information, and characterised by a thoroughly healthytone, had great popularity. Among them are _The Young Fur Traders_(1856), _The Coral Island_, _Fighting the Flames_, _Martin Rattler_, _TheWorld of Ice_, _The Dog Crusoe_, _Erling the Bold_, and _Black Ivory_. B. Was also an accomplished water-colour artist, and in all respects livedup to the ideals he sought to instil into his readers. He _d. _ at Rome. 

BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800-1891). --American historian, _b. _ at Worcester, Massachusetts, and after _grad. _ at Harvard, studied in Germany, where hebecame acquainted and corresponded with Goethe, Hegel, and other leadersof German thought. Returning to America he began his _History of theUnited States_ (1834-74). The work covers the period from the discoveryof the Continent to the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1782. Hisother great work is _The History of the Formation of the Constitution ofthe United States_ (1882). B. Filled various political offices, and wasin 1846 Minister Plenipotentiary to England, and in 1867 Minister toPrussia. His writing is clear and vigorous, and his facts generallyaccurate, but he is a good deal of a partisan. 

BANIM, JOHN (1798-1842). --Novelist, began life as a miniature painter, but was led by the success of his first book, _Tales of the O'HaraFamily_, to devote himself to literature. The object which he set beforehimself was to become to Ireland what Scott has been to Scotland, and theinfluence of his model is distinctly traceable in his writings. Hisstrength lies in the delineation of the characters of the Irish lowerclasses, and the impulses, often misguided and criminal, by which theyare influenced, and in this he has shown remarkable power. The firstseries of the _O'Hara Tales_ appeared in 1825, the second in 1826. Otherworks are _The Croppy_ (1828), _The Denounced_ (1830), _The Smuggler_(1831), _The Mayor of Windgap_, and his last, _Father Connell_. Most ofthese deal with the darker and more painful phases of life, but thefeeling shown in the last-named is brighter and tenderer. B. Latterlysuffered from illness and consequent poverty, which were alleviated by apension from Government. He also wrote some poems, including _The Celt'sParadise_, and one or two plays. In the _O'Hara Tales_, he was assistedby his brother, MICHAEL BANIM (1796-1874), and there is difficulty inallocating their respective contributions. After the death of John, Michael wrote _Clough Fionn_ (1852), and _The Town of the Cascades_(1864). 

BANNATYNE, RICHARD (_d. _ 1605). --Secretary to John Knox, compiled_Memorials of Transactions in Scotland from 1569 to 1573_. 

BARBAULD, ANNA LETITIA (1743-1825). --Poetess, etc. , _dau. _ of Dr. JohnAikin (_q. V. _), was _b. _ at Kibworth-Hencourt, Leicestershire. Her _f. _kept an academy for boys, whose education she shared, and thus becameacquainted with the classics. In 1773 she _pub. _ a collection ofmiscellaneous poems, which was well received, and in the following yearshe married the Rev. R. Barbauld, a French Protestant and dissentingminister, who also conducted a school near Palgrave in Suffolk. Into thisenterprise Mrs. B. Threw herself with great energy, and, mainly owing toher talents and reputation, it proved a success and was afterwardscarried on at Hampstead and Newington Green. Meantime, she continued herliterary occupations, and brought out various devotional works, includingher _Hymns in Prose for Children_. These were followed by _Evenings atHome_, _Selections from the English Essayists_, _The Letters of SamuelRichardson_, with a life prefixed, and a selection from the Britishnovelists with introductory essay. 

BARBOUR, JOHN (1316?-1395). --Poet. Of B. 's youth nothing is certainlyknown, but it is believed that he was _b. _ near Aberdeen, and studied atOxford and Paris. He entered the Church, and rose to ecclesiasticalpreferment and Royal favour. He is known to have been Archdeacon ofAberdeen in 1357, when, and again in 1364, he went with some youngscholars to Oxford, and he also held various civil offices in connectionwith the exchequer and the King's household. His principal poem, _TheBruce_, was in progress in 1376. It consists of 14, 000 octosyllabiclines, and celebrates the praises of Robert the Bruce and James Douglas, the flowers of Scottish chivalry. This poem is almost the sole authorityon the history it deals with, but is much more than a rhyming chronicle;it contains many fine descriptive passages, and sings the praises offreedom. Its style is somewhat bald and severe. Other poems ascribed toB. Are _The Legend of Troy_, and _Legends of the Saints_, probablytranslations. B. Devoted a perpetual annuity of 20 shillings, bestowedupon him by the King, to provide for a mass to be sung for himself andhis parents, and this was duly done in the church of St. Machar until theReformation. 

_The Bruce_, edited by C. Innes for Spalding Club (1856), and for EarlyEngl. Text Soc. By W. W. Skeat, 1870-77; and for Scott. Text Soc. (1894);_The Wallace_ and _The Bruce_ re-studied, J. T. T. Brown, 1900; G. Neilsonin Chambers' Cyc. Eng. Lit. (1903). 

BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (1475?-1552). --Poet, probably of Scottish birth, was apriest in England. He is remembered for his satirical poem, _The Ship ofFools_ (1509), partly a translation, which is of interest as throwinglight on the manners and customs of the times to which it refers. He alsotranslated Sallust's _Bellum Jugurthinum_, and the _Mirrour of GoodManners_, from the Italian of Mancini, and wrote five _Eclogues_. Hisstyle is stiff and his verse uninspired. 

BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621). --Satirist, _s. _ of a Scotsman, who wasProfessor of Law at Pont-à-Mousson, Lorraine, came with his _f. _ toEngland about 1603. He wrote several works in English and Latin, amongwhich are _Euphormionis Satyricon_, against the Jesuits, and _Argenis_, apolitical romance, resembling in certain respects the _Arcadia_ ofSidney, and the _Utopia_ of More. 

BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690). --Apologist of the Quakers, _s. _ of Col. David B. Of Ury, _ed. _ at the Scots Coll. In Paris, of which his unclewas Rector, made such progress in study as to gain the admiration of histeachers, specially of his uncle, who offered to make him his heir if hewould remain in France, and join the Roman Catholic Church. This herefused to do, and, returning to Scotland, he in 1667 adopted theprinciples of the Quakers as his _f. _ had already done. Soon afterwardshe began to write in defence of his sect, by _pub. _ in 1670 _Truthcleared of Calumnies_, and _a Catechism and Confession of Faith_ (1673). His great work, however, is his _Apology for the Quakers_, _pub. _ inLatin in 1676, and translated into English in 1678. It is a weighty andlearned work, written in a dignified style, and was eagerly read. It, however, failed to arrest the persecution to which the Quakers wereexposed, and B. Himself, on returning from the Continent, where he hadgone with Foxe and Penn, was imprisoned, but soon regained his liberty, and was in the enjoyment of Court favour. He was one of the twelveQuakers who acquired East New Jersey, of which he was appointed nominalGovernor. His latter years were spent at his estate of Ury, where he _d. _The essential view which B. Maintained was, that Christians areilluminated by an inner light superseding even the Scriptures as theguide of life. His works have often been reprinted. 

BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS (1788-1845). --Novelist and humorous poet, _s. _ ofa country gentleman, was _b. _ at Canterbury, _ed. _ at St. Paul's Schooland Oxford, entered the church, held various incumbencies, and wasDivinity Lecturer, and minor canon of St. Paul's. It is not, however, asa churchman that he is remembered, but as the author of the _IngoldsbyLegends_, a series of comic and serio-comic pieces in verse, sparklingwith wit, and full of striking and often grotesque turns of expression, which appeared first in _Bentley's Miscellany_. He also wrote, in_Blackwood's Magazine_, a novel, _My Cousin Nicholas_. 

BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812). --Poet, _b. _ at Reading, Connecticut, served fora time as an army chaplain, and thereafter betook himself to law, andfinally to commerce and diplomacy, in the former of which he made afortune. He was much less successful as a poet than as a man of affairs. His writings include _Vision of Columbus_ (1787), afterwards expandedinto the _Columbiad_ (1807), _The Conspiracy of Kings_ (1792), and _TheHasty Pudding_ (1796), a mock-heroic poem, his best work. These aregenerally pompous and dull. In 1811 he was _app. _ ambassador to France, and met his death in Poland while journeying to meet Napoleon. 

BARNARD, LADY ANNE (LINDSAY) (1750-1825). --Poet, _e. Dau. _ of the 5thEarl of Balcarres, married Andrew Barnard, afterwards Colonial Secretaryat Cape Town. On the _d. _ of her husband in 1807 she settled in London. Her exquisite ballad of _Auld Robin Gray_ was written in 1771, and _pub. _anonymously. She confessed the authorship to Sir Walter Scott in 1823. 

BARNES, BARNABE (1569?-1609). --Poet, _s. _ of Dr. Richard B. Bishop, ofDurham, was _b. _ in Yorkshire, and studied at Oxford. He wrote_Parthenophil_, a collection of sonnets, madrigals, elegies, and odes, _ADivine Centurie of Spirituall Sonnets_, and _The Devil's Charter_, atragedy. When at his best he showed a true poetic vein. 

BARNES, WILLIAM (1801-1886). --Poet and philologist, _s. _ of a farmer, _b. _ at Rushay, Dorset. After being a solicitor's clerk and aschoolmaster, he entered the Church, in which he served various cures. He first contributed to a newspaper, _Poems in Dorset Dialect_, separately _pub. _ in 1844. _Hwomely Rhymes_ followed in 1858, and acollected edition of his poems appeared in 1879. His philological worksinclude _Philological Grammar_ (1854), _Se Gefylsta, an Anglo-SaxonDelectus_ (1849). _Tiw, or a View of Roots_ (1862), and a _Glossary ofDorset Dialect_ (1863). B. 's poems are characterised by a singularsweetness and tenderness of feeling, deep insight into humble countrylife and character, and an exquisite feeling for local scenery. 

BARNFIELD, RICHARD (1574-1627). --Poet, _e. S. _ of Richard B. , gentleman, was _b. _ at Norbury, Shropshire, and _ed. _ at Oxford. In 1594 he _pub. __The Affectionate Shepherd_, a collection of variations in graceful verseof the 2nd Eclogue of Virgil. His next work was _Cynthia, with certainSonnets and the Legend of Cassandra_ in 1595; and in 1598 there appeareda third vol. , _The Encomion of Lady Pecunia, etc. _, in which are twosongs ("If music and sweet poetrie agree, " and "As it fell upon a day")also included in _The Passionate Pilgrim_, an unauthorised collection, and which were long attributed to Shakespeare. From this time, 1599, B. Produced nothing else, and seems to have retired to the life of a countrygentleman at Stone in Staffordshire, in the church of which he was buriedin 1627. He was for long neglected; but his poetry is clear, sweet, andmusical. His gift indeed is sufficiently attested by work of his havingpassed for that of Shakespeare. 

BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677). --Divine, scholar, and mathematician, _s. _ of alinen-draper in London, was _ed. _ at Charterhouse, Felsted, Peterhouse, and Trinity Coll. , Cambridge, where his uncle and namesake, afterwardsBishop of St. Asaph, was a Fellow. As a boy he was turbulent andpugnacious, but soon took to hard study, distinguishing himself inclassics and mathematics. Intending originally to enter the Church, hewas led to think of the medical profession, and engaged in scientificstudies, but soon reverted to his first views. In 1655 he becamecandidate for the Greek Professorship at Cambridge, but was unsuccessful, and travelled for four years on the Continent as far as Turkey. On hisreturn he took orders, and, in 1660, obtained the Greek Chair atCambridge, and in 1662 the Gresham Professorship of Geometry, which heresigned on being appointed first Lucasian Professor of Mathematics inthe same university. During his tenure of this chair he _pub. _ twomathematical works of great learning and elegance, the first on Geometryand the second on Optics. In 1669 he resigned in favour of his pupil, Isaac Newton, who was long considered his only superior among Englishmathematicians. About this time also he composed his _Expositions of theCreed_, _The Lord's Prayer_, _Decalogue_, and _Sacraments_. He was made aD. D. By royal mandate in 1670, and two years later Master of TrinityColl. , where he founded the library. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote other important treatises on mathematics, but in literature hisplace is chiefly supported by his sermons, which are masterpieces ofargumentative eloquence, while his treatise on the _Pope's Supremacy_ isregarded as one of the most perfect specimens of controversy inexistence. B. 's character as a man was in all respects worthy of hisgreat talents, though he had a strong vein of eccentricity. He _d. _unmarried in London at the early age of 47. B. 's theological works wereedited by Napier, with memoir by Whewell (9 vols. , 1839). 

BARTON, BERNARD (1784-1849). --Poet, _b. _ of Quaker parentage, passednearly all his life at Woodbridge, for the most part as a clerk in abank. He became the friend of Southey, Lamb, and other men of letters. His chief works are _The Convict's Appeal_ (1818), a protest against theseverity of the criminal code of the time, and _Household Verses_ (1845), which came under the notice of Sir R. Peel, through whom he obtained apension of £100. With the exception of some hymns his works are nownearly forgotten, but he was a most amiable and estimable man--simple andsympathetic. His _dau. _ Lucy, who married Edward Fitzgerald, thetranslator of _Omar Khayyam_, _pub. _ a selection of his poems andletters, to which her husband prefixed a biographical introduction. 

BAYNES, THOMAS SPENCER (1823-1887). --Philosopher, _s. _ of a Baptistminister, _b. _ at Wellington, Somerset, intended to study for Baptistministry, and was at a theological seminary at Bath with that view, butbeing strongly attracted to philosophical studies, left it and went toEdin. , when he became the favourite pupil of Sir W. Hamilton (_q. V. _), ofwhose philosophical system he continued an adherent. After working as ed. Of a newspaper in Edinburgh, and after an interval of rest renderednecessary by a breakdown in health, he resumed journalistic work in 1858as assistant ed. Of the _Daily News_. In 1864 he was appointed Prof. OfLogic and English Literature at St. Andrews, in which capacity his mindwas drawn to the study of Shakespeare, and he contributed to the_Edinburgh Review_ and _Fraser's Magazine_ valuable papers (chieflyrelating to his vocabulary and the extent of his learning) afterwardscollected as _Shakespeare Studies_. In 1873 he was appointed tosuperintend the ninth ed. Of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, in which, after 1880, he was assisted by W. Robertson Smith (_q. V. _). 

BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691). --Divine scholar and controversialist, was_b. _ of poor, but genteel, parents at Rowton in Shropshire, and althoughhe became so eminent for learning, was not _ed. _ at any university. Circumstances led to his turning his attention to a career at court underthe patronage of the Master of the Revels, but a short experience of thissufficed; and giving himself to the Christian ministry, he was ordainedin 1638, and, after being master of a school at Dudley, exercised hisministry successively at Bridgnorth and Kidderminster. His learning andcapacity for business made him the leader of the Presbyterian party. Hewas one of the greatest preachers of his own day, and consistentlyendeavoured to exert a moderating influence, with the result that hebecame the object of attack by extremists of opposing views. Thoughsiding with the Parliament in the Civil War, he opposed the execution ofthe King and the assumption of supreme power by Cromwell. During the warhe served with the army as a chaplain. On the return of Charles II. , B. Was made one of his chaplains, and was offered the see of Hereford, whichhe declined, and his subsequent request to be allowed to return toKidderminster was refused. He subsequently suffered persecution at thehands of Judge Jeffreys. After the Revolution he had a few years of peaceand quiet. His literary activity was marvellous in spite of ill-healthand outward disturbance. He is said to have written 168 works, the bestknown of which are _The Saints' Everlasting Rest_ (1650), and _Call tothe Unconverted_ (1657), manuals of practical religion; and, among hiscontroversial writings, _Methodus Theologiæ_ (1681), and _CatholicTheology_ (1675), in which his theological standpoint--a compromisebetween Arminianism and Calvinism--is set forth. Dr. Isaac Barrow saysthat "his practical writings were never mended, and his controversialseldom confuted, " and Dean Stanley calls him "the chief EnglishProtestant schoolman. " B. Left an autobiography, _Reliquiæ Baxterianæ_, which was a favourite book with both Johnson and Coleridge. Other worksby him are _The Life of Faith_ (1670), _Reasons of the ChristianReligion_ (1672), and _Christian Directory_ (1675). _Practical Works_ in23 vols. (1830) edited with memoirs by W. Orme, also _Lives_ by A. B. Grosart (1879), Dean Boyle (1883), and J. H. Davies (1886). 

BAYLY, ADA ELLEN (_d. _ 1903). --Novelist, wrote several stories under thename of "Edna Lyall, " which were very popular. They include_Autobiography of a Slander_, _Donovan_, _Hope the Hermit_, _In theGolden Days_, _To Right the Wrong_, _We Two_, and _Won by Waiting_. 

BAYLY, THOMAS HAYNES (1797-1839). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of awealthy lawyer in Bath. Originally intended for the law, he changed hismind and thought of entering the Church, but abandoned this idea also, and gave himself to writing for the stage and the periodical press. He ischiefly known for his songs, of which he wrote hundreds, which, set tothe music of Bishop and other eminent composers, found universalacceptance. Some were set to his own music. He also wrote several novelsand a number of farces, etc. Although making a large income from hiswritings, in addition to that of his wife, he fell into embarrassedcircumstances. Among the best known of his songs are _I'd be aButterfly_, _Oh, no, we never mention Her_, and _She wore a Wreath ofRoses_. He may be regarded as, excepting Moore, the most popular songwriter of his time. 

BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, 1ST EARL of (1804-1881). --Statesman andnovelist, was the _s. _ of Isaac D. (_q. V. _). Belonging to a Jewish familysettled first in Spain, whence in the 15th century they migrated toItaly, he was _b. _ in London in 1804 and privately _ed. _ His _f. _destined him for the law, and he was articled to a solicitor. The lawwas, however, uncongenial, and he had already begun to write. After somejournalistic work, he brought himself into general notice by thepublication, in 1827, of his first novel, _Vivian Grey_, which created asensation by its brilliance, audacity, and slightly veiled portraits ofliving celebrities. After producing a _Vindication of the BritishConstitution_, and some political pamphlets, he followed up his firstsuccess by a series of novels, _The Young Duke_ (1831), _ContariniFleming_ (1832), _Alroy_ (1833), _Venetia and Henrietta Temple_ (1837). During the same period he had also written _The Revolutionary Epic_ andthree burlesques, _Ixion_, _The Infernal Marriage_, and _Popanilla_. These works had gained for him a brilliant, if not universally admitted, place in literature. But his ambition was by no means confined toliterary achievement; he aimed also at fame as a man of action. Aftervarious unsuccessful attempts to enter Parliament, in which he stood, first as a Radical, and then as a Tory, he was in 1837 returned forMaidstone, having for his colleague Mr. Wyndham Lewis, whose widow heafterwards married. For some years after entering on his politicalcareer, D. Ceased to write, and devoted his energies to parliamentarywork. His first speech was a total failure, being received with shouts oflaughter, but with characteristic courage and perseverance he pursued hiscourse, gradually rose to a commanding position in parliament and in thecountry, became leader of his party, was thrice Chancellor of theExchequer, 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68, in which last year he became PrimeMinister, which office he again held from 1874 till 1880. To return tohis literary career, in 1844 he had _pub. _ _Coningsby_, followed by_Sybil_ (1845), and _Tancred_ (1847), and in 1848 he wrote a life of LordG. Bentinck, his predecessor in the leadership of the Protectionistparty. His last novels were _Lothair_ (1870), and _Endymion_ (1880). Hewas raised to the peerage as Earl of Beaconsfield in 1876, and was aKnight of the Garter. In his later years he was the intimate friend aswell as the trusted minister of Queen Victoria. The career of D. Is oneof the most remarkable in English history. With no family or politicalinfluence, and with some personal characteristics, and the then currentprejudices in regard to his race to contend with, he rose by sheer forceof will and intellect to the highest honours attainable in this country. His most marked qualities were an almost infinite patience andperseverance, indomitable courage, a certain spaciousness of mind, anddepth of penetration, and an absolute confidence in his own abilities, aided by great powers of debate rising occasionally to eloquence. Thoughthe object, first of a kind of contemptuous dislike, then of an intenseopposition, he rose to be universally regarded as, at all events, a greatpolitical force, and by a large part of the nation as a great statesman. As a writer he is generally interesting, and his books teem with strikingthoughts, shrewd maxims, and brilliant phrases which stick in the memory. On the other hand he is often artificial, extravagant, and turgid, andhis ultimate literary position is difficult to forecast. 

_Lives_ by Froude (1890), Hitchman (1885), see also _Dictionary of Nat. Biog. Etc. _

BEATTIE, JAMES (1735-1803). --Poet and philosophical writer, _s. _ of ashopkeeper and small farmer at Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, and _ed. _at Aberdeen; he was, in 1760, appointed Professor of Moral Philosophythere. In the following year he _pub. _ a vol. Of poems, which attractedattention. The two works, however, which brought him most fame were: (1)his _Essay on Truth_ (1770), intended as an answer to Hume, which hadgreat immediate success, and led to an introduction to the King, apension of £200, and the degree of LL. D. From Oxford; and (2) his poem of_The Minstrel_, of which the first book was _pub. _ in 1771 and thesecond in 1774, and which constitutes his true title to remembrance. Itcontains much beautiful descriptive writing. The _Essay on Truth_ and hisother philosophical works are now forgotten. B. Underwent much domesticsorrow in the death of his wife and two promising sons, which broke downhis own health and spirits. 

BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (1584-1616), AND FLETCHER, JOHN (1579-1625). --Poets anddramatists. As they are indissolubly associated in the history of Englishliterature, it is convenient to treat of them in one place. B. Was the_s. _ of Francis B. , a Judge of the Common Pleas, and was _b. _ at thefamily seat, Grace Dieu, Leicestershire. He was _ed. _ at Oxford, but his_f. _ dying in 1598, he left without taking his degree. He went to Londonand entered the Inner Temple in 1600, and soon became acquainted with BenJonson, Drayton, and other poets and dramatists. His first work was atranslation from Ovid, followed by commendatory verses prefixed tocertain plays of Jonson. Soon afterwards his friendship with F. Began. They lived in the same house and had practically a community of goodsuntil B. 's marriage in 1613 to Ursula, _dau. _ and co-heiress of HenryIsley of Sundridge in Kent, by whom he had two _dau. _ He _d. _ in 1616, and is buried in Westminster Abbey. F. Was the youngest _s. _ of RichardF. , Bishop of London, who accompanied Mary Queen of Scots to thescaffold. He went to Cambridge, but it is not known whether he took adegree, though he had some reputation as a scholar. His earliest play is_The Woman Hater_ (1607). He is said to have died of the plague, and isburied in St. Saviour's Church, Southwark. The plays attributed to B. AndF. Number 52 and a masque, and much labour has been bestowed by criticsin endeavouring to allocate their individual shares. It is now generallyagreed that others collaborated with them to some extent--Massinger, Rowley, Shirley, and even Shakespeare. Of those believed to be the jointwork of B. And F. _Philaster_ and _The Maid's Tragedy_ are considered themasterpieces, and are as dramas unmatched except by Shakespeare. _The TwoNoble Kinsmen_ is thought to contain the work of Shakespeare. As regardstheir respective powers, B. Is held to have had the graver, solider, andmore stately genius, while F. Excelled in brightness, wit, and gaiety. The former was the stronger in judgment, the latter in fancy. The playscontain many very beautiful lyrics, but are often stained by grossindelicacy. The play of _Henry VIII. _ included in Shakespeare's works, isnow held to be largely the work of F. And Massinger. Subjoined is a listof the plays with the authorship according to the latest authorities. 

(1) BEAUMONT. --_The Masque_. (2) FLETCHER. --_Woman Hater_ (1607), _Faithful Shepherdess_ (1609), _Bonduca_ (_Boàdicea_) (1618-19), _Witwithout Money_ (1614?), _Valentinian_ (1618-19), _Loyal Subjects_ (1618), _Mad Lover_ (1618-19), _Humorous Lieutenant_ (1618?), _Women Pleased_(1620?), _Island Princess_ (1621), _Pilgrim_ (1621), _Wild Goose Chase_(1621), _Woman's Prize_ (? _pub. _ 1647), _A Wife for a Month_ (1624), _Chances_ (late, _p. _ 1647), perhaps _Monsieur Thomas_ (_p. _ 1639), and_Sea Voyage_ (1622). (3) BEAUMONT and FLETCHER. --_Four Plays in One_(1608), _King and No King_ (1611), _Cupid's Revenge_ (1611?), _Knight ofBurning Pestle_ (1611), _Maid's Tragedy_ (1611), _Philaster_ (1611), _Coxcomb_ (1612-13), _Wits at Several Weapons_ (1614), _Scornful Lady_(1616), doubtfully, _Thierry and Theodoret_ (1616), and _Little FrenchLawyer_ (1620) perhaps by F. And Massinger, and _Laws of Candy_ (?)perhaps by B. And Massinger. (4) FLETCHER and OTHERS. --_Honest Man'sFortune_ (1613), F. , Mass. , and Field; _The Captain_ (1613), and _NiceValour_ (_p. _ 1647), F. And Middleton (?); _Bloody Brothers_ (1616-17), F. , Mid. , and Rowley or Fielding and B. Jonson (?); _Queen of Corinth_(1618-19), F. And Row. Or Mass. And Mid. ; _Barneveld_ (1619), by F. AndMassinger; _Knight of Malta_ (1619), _False One_ (1620), _A Very Woman_(1621?), _Double Marriage_ (1620), _Elder Brother_ (_p. _ 1637), _Lover'sProgress_ (_p. _ 1647), _Custom of the Country_ (1628), _Prophetess_(1622), _Spanish Curate_ (1622), by F. And Shakespeare; _Henry VIII. _(1617), and _Two Noble Kinsmen_ (_p. _ 1634), by F. And Rowley, orMassinger; _Maid of the Mill_ (1625-6), _Beggar's Bush_ (?) (1622), by F. And Shirley; _Noble Gentleman_ (?) _Night Walker_ (1633?), _LoversPilgrimage_ (1623?), _Fair Maid of the Inn_ (1625-26), also withMiddleton?

The latest ed. Is that of Mr. Bullen (11 vols. , 1904), and A. R. Waller (7vols. , _pub. _ C. U. P. , 1909); Dyce (11 vols. , 1843-46); _FrancisBeaumont_, G. C. Macaulay (1883); _Lyric Poems_ of B. And F. , E. Rhys(1897); _Bibliography_, A. C. Potter in _Harvard Bibliograph. Contributions_, 1891. 

BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1582-1627?). --Poet, elder brother of Francis B. , thedramatist (_q. V. _). His poems, of which the best known is _BosworthField_, _pub. _ by his _s. _, 1629. Another, _The Crown of Thorns_, islost. 

BECKFORD, WILLIAM (_c. _ 1760-1844). --Miscellaneous writer, only _s. _ ofWilliam B. , Lord Mayor of London, the associate and supporter of JohnWilkes, inherited at the age of 9 an enormous fortune. In thesecircumstances he grew up wayward and extravagant, showing, however, astrong bent towards literature. His education was entrusted to a privatetutor, with whom he travelled extensively on the Continent. At the age of22 he produced his oriental romance, _Vathek_ (_c. _ 1781), writtenoriginally in French and, as he was accustomed to boast, at a singlesitting of three days and two nights. There is reason, however, tobelieve that this was a flight of imagination. It is an impressive work, full of fantastic and magnificent conceptions, rising occasionally tosublimity. His other principal writings are _Memoirs of ExtraordinaryPainters_ (1780), a satirical work, and _Letters from Italy with Sketchesof Spain and Portugal_ (1835), full of brilliant descriptions of scenesand manners. B. 's fame, however, rests nearly as much upon his eccentricextravagances as a builder and collector as upon his literary efforts. Incarrying out these he managed to dissipate his fortune of £100, 000 ayear, only £80, 000 of his capital remaining at his death. He sat inparliament for various constituencies, and one of his two _dau. _ becameDuchess of Hamilton. 

BEDDOES, THOMAS LOVELL (1803-1849). --Dramatic poet and physiologist, _s. _of Dr. Thos. B. , an eminent physician, and nephew of Maria Edgeworth. _Ed. _ at the Charterhouse and Oxford, he _pub. _ in 1821 _TheImprovisatore_, which he afterwards endeavoured to suppress. His nextventure was _The Bride's Tragedy_ (1822), which had considerable success, and won for him the friendship of "Barry Cornwall. " Thereafter he went toGöttingen and studied medicine. He then wandered about practising hisprofession, and expounding democratic theories which got him intotrouble. He _d. _ at Bale in mysterious circumstances. For some timebefore his death he had been engaged upon a drama, _Death's Jest Book_, which was published in 1850 with a memoir by his friend, T. F. Kelsall. B. Had not the true dramatic instinct, but his poetry is full of thought andrichness of diction. Some of his short pieces, _e. G. _: "If there weredreams to sell, " and "If thou wilt ease thine heart, " are masterpieces ofintense feeling exquisitely expressed. 

BEDE or BÆDA (673-735). --Historian and scholar. B. , who is sometimesreferred to as "the father of English history, " was in his youth placedunder the care of Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth, and of Ceolfrith, afterwards Abbot of Jarrow. Ordained deacon in 692 and priest in 703, hespent most of his days at Jarrow, where his fame as a scholar and teacherof Latin, Greek, and Hebrew brought him many disciples. Here likewise he_d. _ and was buried, but his bones were, towards the beginning of the11th century, removed to Durham. The well-deserved title of "Venerable"usually prefixed to his name first appears in 836. He was the mostlearned Englishman of his age. His industry was marvellous, and itsresults remain embodied in about 40 books, of which about 25 arecommentaries on books of Scripture. The others are lives of saints andmartyrs, and his two great works, _The Ecclesiastical History of England_and the scientific treatise, _De Natura Rerum_. The former of these givesthe fullest and best information we have as to the history of Englanddown to the year 731, and the latter is an encyclopædia of the sciencesas then known. In the anxious care with which he sought out and selectedreliable information, and referred to authorities he shows the bestqualities of the modern historian, and his style is remarkable for "apleasing artlessness. "

_History of Early Engl. Lit. _, Stopford Brooke (2 vols. , 1892), etc. 

BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887). --Orator and divine, _s. _ of Lyman B. And_bro. _ of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one of the most popular of Americanpreachers and platform orators, a prominent advocate of temperance and ofthe abolition of slavery. His writings, which had a wide popularity, include _Summer in the Soul_ and _Life Thoughts_. 

BEHN, APHRA (JOHNSTON) (1640-1689). --Novelist and dramatist, _dau. _ of abarber named Johnston, but went with a relative whom she called father toSurinam, of which he had been appointed Governor. He, however, _d. _ onthe passage thither, and her childhood and youth were passed there. Shebecame acquainted with the celebrated slave Oronoko, afterwards the heroof one of her novels. Returning to England in 1658 she _m. _ Behn, a Dutchmerchant, but was a widow at the age of 26. She then became attached tothe Court, and was employed as a political spy at Antwerp. Leaving thatcity she cultivated the friendship of various playwrights, and producedmany plays and novels, also poems and pamphlets. The former are extremelygross, and are now happily little known. She was the first Englishprofessional authoress. Among her plays are _The Forced Marriage_, _Abdelazer_, _The Rover_, _The Debauchee_, etc. , and her novels include_Oronoko_ and _The Nun_. The former of these was the first book to bringhome to the country a sense of the horrors of slavery, for which let herhave credit. 

BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1805-1874). --Poet and historian, was a member ofthe Scottish Bar, and became Sheriff of Lanarkshire. He wrote a _Life ofMary Queen of Scots_ (1830), strongly in her defence, and two vols. Ofpoetry, _Summer and Winter Hours_ (1831), and _My Old Portfolio_, thelatter also containing pieces in prose. 

BELLENDEN, or BALLANTYNE, JOHN (_fl. _ 1533-1587?). --Poet, _b. _ towardsthe close of the 15th century, and _ed. _ at St. Andrews and Paris. At therequest of James V. He translated the _Historia Gentis Scotorum_ ofBoece. This translation, _Chroniklis of Scotland_ is a very free one, with a good deal of matter not in the original, so that it may be almostconsidered as a new work. It was _pub. _ in 1536, and is the earliestexisting specimen of Scottish literary prose. He also translated thefirst five books of Livy. He enjoyed the Royal favour, and was Archdeaconof Moray. He latterly, however, became involved in controversy which ledto his going to Rome, where he _d. _, according to one account, about1550. Another authority, however, states that he was living in 1587. 

BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832). --Writer on jurisprudence and politics, _b. _in London, _s. _ of a prosperous attorney, _ed. _ at Westminster andOxford, was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, but disliking the law, hemade little or no effort to practise, but devoted himself to physicalscience and the theory of jurisprudence. In 1776 he _pub. _ anonymouslyhis _Fragment on Government_, an able criticism of Blackstone's_Commentaries_, which brought him under the notice of Lord Shelburne, andin 1780 his _Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation_. Otherworks were _Panopticon_, in which he suggested improvements on prisondiscipline, _Discourse on Civil and Penal Legislation_ (1802), _Punishments and Rewards_ (1811), _Parliamentary Reform Catechism_(1817), and _A Treatise on Judicial Evidence_. By the death of his _f. _he inherited a competency on which he was able to live in frugalelegance, not unmixed with eccentricity. B. Is the first and perhaps thegreatest of the "philosophical radicals, " and his fundamental principleis utilitarianism or "the greatest happiness of the greatest number, " aphrase of which he is generally, though erroneously, regarded as theauthor. The effect of his writings on legislation and the administrationof the law has been almost incalculable. He left his body to bedissected; and his skeleton, clothed in his usual attire, is preserved inUniversity College, London. 

_Life_ by Bowring in collected works (J. H. Barton, 11 vols. , 1844). _Study of Life and Work_, Atkinson, 1903. 

BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742). --Theologian, scholar, and critic, _b. _ inYorkshire of humble parentage, went at the age of 14 to Camb. , afterwards had charge of a school at Spalding, and then becoming tutor tothe _s. _ of Dr. Stillingfleet, Dean of St. Paul's, afterwards Bishop ofWorcester (_q. V. I_), accompanied his pupil to Oxf. After taking hisdegree at both universities, and entering the Church, he laid thefoundation of his reputation as perhaps the greatest scholar England hasproduced by his letter in Mill's ed. Of the _Chronicle of John Malelas_, and his _Dissertation on the Letters of Phalaris_ (1699), which spreadhis fame through Europe. After receiving various preferments, includingthe Boyle lectureship and the Keepership of the Royal Library, he was, in1700, appointed Master of Trinity, and afterwards was, largely owing tohis own pugnacity and rapacity, which were almost equal to his learning, involved in a succession of litigations and controversies. These lastedfor 20 years, and led to the temporary loss of his academic prefermentsand honours. In 1717, however, he was appointed Regius Prof. Of Divinity. During the contentions referred to he continued his literary activitywithout abatement, and _pub. _ various ed. Of the classics, includingHorace and Terence. He was much less successful in certain emendations ofMilton which he attempted. Having incurred the resentment of Pope he wasrewarded by being assigned a niche in _The Dunciad!_ His style is strongand nervous, and sparkles with wit and sarcasm. His classicalcontroversies called forth Swift's _Battle of the Books_. 

_Life_ by Monk (1833). _Life_ by Sir R. Jebb in _English Men of Letters_(1882). 

BERESFORD, JAMES (1764-1840). --Miscellaneous writer and clergyman. Hemade translations and wrote religious books, but was chiefly known as theauthor of a satirical work, _The Miseries of Human Life_ (1806-7. )

BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685-1753). --Philosopher, eldest _s. _ of William B. , acadet of the noble family of Berkeley, _b. _ at Kilcrin near Kilkenny, and_ed. _ at the school of his native place and at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, where he graduated and took a Fellowship in 1707. His earliestpublication was a mathematical one; but the first which brought him intonotice was his _Essay towards a New Theory of Vision_, _pub. _ in 1709. Though giving rise to much controversy at the time, its conclusions arenow accepted as an established part of the theory of optics. There nextappeared in 1710 the _Treatise concerning the Principles of HumanKnowledge_, which was followed in 1713 by _Dialogues between Hylas_ and_Philonous_, in which he propounded his system of philosophy, the leadingprinciple of which is that the world as represented to our senses dependsfor its existence on being perceived. Of this theory the _Principles_gives the exposition and the _Dialogues_ the defence. One of his mainobjects was to combat the prevailing materialism of the time. A theory sonovel was, as might be expected, received with widespread ridicule, though his genius was realised by some of the more elect spirits, such asDr. S. Clarke. Shortly afterwards B. Visited England, and was receivedinto the circle of Addison, Pope, and Steele. He then went to theContinent in various capacities, and on his return was made Lecturer inDivinity and Greek in his university, D. D. In 1721, and Dean of Derry in1724. In 1725 he formed the project of founding a college in Bermuda fortraining ministers for the colonies, and missionaries to the Indians, inpursuit of which he gave up his deanery with its income of £1100, andwent to America on a salary of £100. Disappointed of promised aid fromGovernment he returned, and was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. Soonafterwards he _pub. _ _Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher_, directedagainst Shaftesbury, and in 1734-37 _The Querist_. His last publicationswere _Siris_, a treatise on the medicinal virtues of tar-water, and_Further Thoughts on Tar-water_. He _d. _ at Oxford in 1753. Hisaffectionate disposition and genial manners made him much beloved. As athinker his is the greatest name in English philosophy between Locke andHume. His style is clear and dignified. 

The best ed. Of B. Is Prof. A. C. Fraser's, with Life (4 vols. , 1871, andnew, 1902); there is also a small work by the same (1881). 

BERNERS, BERNES, or BARNES, JULIANA (_b. _ 1388?). --Writer on heraldry andsports. Nothing of her real history is known, but statements more or lessmythical have gathered round her name. The work attributed to her is _TheBoke of St. Albans_ (1486). It consists of four treatises on _Hawking_, _Hunting_, _The Lynage of Coote Armiris_, and _The Blasynge of Armis_. She was said to be the _dau. _ of Sir James B. , and to have been Prioressof Sopwell Nunnery, Herts. 

BERNERS, JOHN BOURCHIER, 2ND LORD (1467-1553). --Translator, _b. _ atSherfield, Herts and _ed. _ at Oxf. , held various offices of state, including that of Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VIII. , andLieutenant of Calais, where he _d. _ He translated, at the King's desire, _Froissart's Chronicles_ (1523-25), in such a manner as to make distinctadvance in English historical writing, and the _Golden Book of MarcusAurelius_ (1534); also _The History of Arthur of Lytell Brytaine_(Brittany), and the romance of _Huon of Bordeaux_. 

BESANT, SIR WALTER (1836-1901). --Novelist and historian of London, _b. _at Portsmouth and _ed. _ at King's Coll. , London, and Camb. , was for a fewyears a professor at Mauritius, but a breakdown in health compelled himto resign, and he returned to England and took the duties of Secretary tothe Palestine Exploration Fund, which he held 1868-85. He _pub. _ in 1868_Studies in French Poetry_. Three years later he began his collaborationwith James Rice (_q. V. _). Among their joint productions are _Ready-moneyMortiboy_ (1872), and the _Golden Butterfly_ (1876), both, especially thelatter, very successful. This connection was brought to an end by thedeath of Rice in 1882. Thereafter B. Continued to write voluminously athis own hand, his leading novels being _All in a Garden Fair_, _DorothyForster_ (his own favourite), _Children of Gibeon_, and _All Sorts andConditions of Men_. The two latter belonged to a series in which heendeavoured to arouse the public conscience to a sense of the sadness oflife among the poorest classes in cities. In this crusade B. Hadconsiderable success, the establishment of The People's Palace in theEast of London being one result. In addition to his work in fiction B. Wrote largely on the history and topography of London. His plans in thisfield were left unfinished: among his books on this subject is _London inthe 18th Century_. 

Other works among novels are _My Little Girl_, _With Harp and Crown_, _This Son of Vulcan_, _The Monks of Thelema_, _By Celia's Arbour_, and_The Chaplain of the Fleet_, all with Rice; and _The Ivory Gate_, _Beyondthe Dreams of Avarice_, _The Master Craftsman_, _The Fourth Generation_, etc. , alone. _London under the Stuarts_, _London under the Tudors_ arehistorical. 

BICKERSTAFFE, ISAAC (_c. _ 1735-1812?). --Dramatic writer, in early life apage to Lord Chesterfield when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, producedbetween 1756 and 1771 many dramatic pieces, which had considerablepopularity, the best known of which are _Love in a Village_ (1762), and_The Maid of the Mill_. Owing to misconduct he was dismissed from beingan officer in the Marines, and had ultimately, in 1772, to fly thecountry. The remainder of his life seems to have been passed in penuryand misery. The date of his death is unknown. He was alive in 1812. 

BIRD, ROBERT MONTGOMERY (1803-1854). --Novelist, an American physician, wrote three tragedies, _The Gladiator_, _Oraloosa_, and _The Broker ofBogota_, and several novels, including _Calavar_, _The Infidel_, _TheHawks of Hawk Hollow_, _Peter Pilgrim_, and _Nick of the Woods_, in thefirst two of which he gives graphic and accurate details and descriptionsof Mexican history. 

BISHOP, SAMUEL (1731-1795). --Poet, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at MerchantTaylor's School and Oxf. , took orders and became Headmaster of MerchantTaylor's School. His poems on miscellaneous subjects fill two quartovols. , the best of them are those to his wife and _dau. _ He also _pub. _essays. 

BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898). --Novelist. After studying as a landscapepainter, he took to journalism in Glasgow. In 1864 he went to London, andsoon after _pub. _ his first novel, _James Merle_, which made noimpression. In the Austro-Prussian War he acted as a war correspondent. Thereafter he began afresh to write fiction, and was more successful; thepublication of _A Daughter of Heth_ (1871) at once established hispopularity. He reached his highwater-mark in _A Princess of Thule_(1873). Many other books were added before his death in 1898, among whichmay be mentioned _In Silk Attire_ (1869), _The Strange Adventures of aPhæton_ (1872), _Macleod of Dare_ (1878), _White Wings_ (1880), _ShandonBells_ (1882), _Yolande_ (1883), _Judith Shakespeare_ (1884), _WhiteHeather_ (1886), _Stand Fast Craig-Royston!_ (1890), _Green Pastures andPiccadilly_, _Three Feathers_, _Wild Eelin_ (1898). 

BLACKIE, JOHN STUART (1809-1895). --Scholar and man of letters, _b. _ inGlasgow, and _ed. _ at the Universities of Aberdeen and Edin. , after whichhe travelled and studied in Germany and Italy. Returning to Scotland hewas, in 1834, admitted to the Scottish Bar, but did not practise. Hisfirst work was his translation of _Faust_ (1834), which won theapprobation of Carlyle. From 1841-52 B. Was Prof. Of Humanity (Latin) inAberdeen, and from 1852-82, when he retired, of Greek in Edinburgh. Hisliterary activity was incessant, his works consisting of translations of_Æschylus_ and of the _Iliad_, various books of poetry, including _Laysand Legends of Ancient Greece_, and treatises on religious, philosophical, and political subjects, among which may be mentioned_Self-Culture_ (1873), _Horæ Hellenicæ_, and a life of Burns. He was anenthusiastic champion of Scottish nationality. Possessed of greatconversational powers and general versatility, his picturesqueeccentricity made him one of the most notable members of Scottishsociety. It was owing to his efforts that a Chair of Celtic Language andLiterature was established in Edinburgh University. 

BLACKLOCK, THOMAS (1721-1791). --Poet, _b. _ near Annan of humbleparentage, lost his sight by smallpox when 6 months old. He began towrite poetry at the age of 12, and studied for the Church. He wasappointed Minister of Kirkcudbright, but was objected to by theparishioners on account of his blindness, and gave up the presentation onreceiving an annuity. He then retired to Edinburgh, where he took pupils. He _pub. _ some miscellaneous poems, which are now forgotten, and ischiefly remembered for having written a letter to Burns, which had theeffect of dissuading him from going to the West Indies. He was made D. D. In 1767. 

BLACKMORE, SIR RICHARD (_c. _ 1650, _d. _ 1729). --Poet, one of the CourtPhysicians to William III. And Anne, wrote several very long andwell-intentioned, but dull and tedious, poems, which, though praised byAddison and Johnson, are now utterly forgotten. They include _PrinceArthur_, _Creation_, _Redemption_, _Alfred_. As may be imagined, theywere the subject of derision by the profaner wits of the day. B. Was asuccessful physician and an excellent man. 

BLACKMORE, RICHARD DODDRIDGE (1825-1900). --Novelist and poet, _b. _ atLongworth, Berks, _ed. _ at Tiverton School and Oxf. , practised for ashort time as a lawyer but, owing to his health, gave this up, and tookto market-gardening and literature at Teddington. His first _pub. _ was_Poems by Melanter_ (1853), followed by _Epullia_ (1855), _The Bugle ofthe Black Sea_ (1855), etc. ; but he soon found that fiction, not poetry, was his true vocation. Beginning with _Clara Vaughan_ in 1864, heproduced fifteen novels, all of more than average, and two or three ofoutstanding merit. Of these much the best in the opinion of the public, though not of the author, is _Lorna Doone_ (1869), the two which ranknext to it being _The Maid of Sker_ (1872) (the author's favourite) and_Springhaven_ (1887). Others are _Cradock Nowell_ (1866), _AliceLorraine_ (1875), _Cripps the Carrier_ (1876), _Mary Anerley_ (1880), and_Christowell_ (1882). One of the most striking features of B. 's writingsis his marvellous eye for, and sympathy with, Nature. He may be said tohave done for Devonshire what Scott did for the Highlands. He has beendescribed as "proud, shy, reticent, strong-willed, sweet-tempered, andself-centred. "

BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780). --Legal Writer, posthumous _s. _ of asilk mercer in London, was _ed. _ at Charterhouse School and Oxf. , andentered the Middle Temple in 1741. His great work is his _Commentaries onthe Laws of England_, in 4 vols. (1765-1769), which still remains thebest general history of the subject. It had an extraordinary success, andis said to have brought the author £14, 000. B. Was not a man of originalmind, nor was he a profound lawyer; but he wrote an excellent style, clear and dignified, which brings his great work within the category ofgeneral literature. He had also a turn for neat and polished verse, ofwhich he gave proof in _The Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse_. 

BLAIR, HUGH (1718-1800). --Divine, and man of letters, _b. _ and _ed. _ atEdin. After being minister at Collessie in Fife, he was translated toEdinburgh, where he filled various pulpits, latterly that of the HighChurch. In 1759 he commenced a series of lectures on composition, andsoon after the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres was founded, to whichhe was appointed. His _Lectures_ were _pub. _ on his resignation of thechair in 1783. His chief fame, however, rests upon his _Sermons_, in 4vols. , which had an extraordinary popularity, and obtained for him apension of £200. Time has not sustained the opinion of hiscontemporaries: they have been described as feeble in thought thoughelegant in style, and even as "a bucket of warm water. " B. Was amiable, kind to young authors, and remarkable for a harmless, but ratherridiculous vanity and simplicity. 

BLAIR, ROBERT (1699-1746). --Poet, _b. _ at Edin. , where his _f. _ was aclergyman, became minister of Athelstaneford, Haddingtonshire. His solework was _The Grave_, a poem in blank verse extending to 767 lines ofvery various merit, in some passages rising to great sublimity, and inothers sinking to commonplace. It was illustrated by William Blake(_q. V. _) B. 's _s. _, Robert, was a very distinguished Scottish judge andLord President of the Court of Session; and his successor in hisministerial charge was Home, the author of _Douglas_. 

BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827). --Poet and painter, _b. _ in London, was fromearliest youth a seer of visions and a dreamer of dreams, seeing "Ezekielsitting under a green bough, " and "a tree full of angels at Peckham, " andsuch he remained to the end of his days. His teeming imagination soughtexpression both in verse and in drawing, and in his 14th year he wasapprenticed to James Basire, an eminent engraver, and thereafter studiedat the Royal Academy. Among his chief artistic works were illustrationsfor Young's _Night Thoughts_, Blair's _Grave_, "Spiritual Portraits, " andhis finest work, "Inventions to the Book of Job, " all distinguished byoriginality and imagination. In literature his _Songs of Innocence_appeared in 1789, _Songs of Experience_ in 1794. These books wereliterally made by Blake and his heaven-provided wife; poems and designsalike being engraved on copper by B. And bound by Mrs. B. In like fashionwere produced his mystical books, _The Book of Thel_ (1789), _TheMarriage of Heaven and Hell_ (1790), _The Gates of Paradise_, _Visions ofthe Daughters of Albion_, _Europe_, _The Book of Urizen_ (1794), _TheBook of Los_ and _The Book of Ahania_ (1795). His last books were_Jerusalem_ and _Milton_. His earlier and shorter pieces, _e. G. _ "TheChimney-Sweeper, " "Holy Thursday, " "The Lamb, " "The Sun-flower, " "TheTiger, " etc. , have an exquisite simplicity arising from directness andintensity of feeling--sometimes tender, sometimes sublime--alwaysindividual. Latterly he lost himself in clouds of mysticism. A trulypious and loving soul, neglected and misunderstood by the world, butappreciated by an elect few, he led a cheerful and contented life ofpoverty illumined by visions and celestial inspirations. 

BLAMIRE, SUSANNA (1747-1794). --Poetess, was of good Cumberland family, and received the sobriquet of "The Muse of Cumberland. " Her poems, whichwere not collected until 1842, depict Cumbrian life and manners withtruth and vivacity. She also wrote some fine songs in the Scottishdialect, including "Ye shall walk in Silk Attire, " and "What ails thisHeart o' Mine. "

BLESSINGTON, MARGARET (POWER), COUNTESS of (1789-1849). --Married as hersecond husband the 1st Earl of B. , with whom she travelled much on theContinent, where she met Lord Byron, her _Conversations_ with whom she_pub. _ in 1834. This is the only one of her books which has any value. The others were slight works on Travel, such as _The Idler in Italy_, annuals, and novels. She became bankrupt and went to Paris, where shelived under the protection of the Count d'Orsay. 

BLIND HARRY or HENRY THE MINSTREL (_fl. _ 1470-1492). --Is spoken of byJohn Major in his _History of Scotland_ as a wandering minstrel, skilledin the composition of rhymes in the Scottish tongue, who "fabricated" abook about William Wallace, and gained his living by reciting it to hisown accompaniment on the harp at the houses of the nobles. Harry claimsthat it was founded on a Latin _Life of Wallace_ written by Wallace'schaplain, John Blair, but the chief sources seem to have beentraditionary. Harry is often considered inferior to Barbour as a poet, and has little of his moral elevation, but he surpasses him in graphicpower, vividness of description, and variety of incident. He occasionallyshows the influence of Chaucer, and is said to have known Latin andFrench. 

BLIND, MATHILDE (1841-1896). --Poetess, _b. _ at Mannheim, but settled inLondon about 1849, and _pub. _ several books of poetry, _The Prophecy ofSt. Oran_ (1881), _The Heather on Fire_ (1886), _Songs and Sonnets_(1893), _Birds of Passage_ (1895), etc. She also translated Strauss's_Old Faith and New_, and other works, and wrote Lives of George Eliot andMadame Roland. Her own name was Cohen, but she adopted that of herstepfather, Karl Blind. 

BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT (1766-1823). --Poet, _b. _ at Honington in Suffolk, losthis _f. _ when he was a year old, and received the rudiments of educationfrom his mother, who kept the village school. While still a boy he wentto London, and worked as a shoemaker under an elder brother, enduringextreme poverty. His first and chief poem, _The Farmer's Boy_, wascomposed in a room where half a dozen other men were at work, and thefinished lines he carried in his head until there was time to write themdown. The manuscript, after passing through various hands, fell intothose of Capel Lofft, a Suffolk squire of literary tastes, by whoseexertions it was _pub. _ with illustrations by Bewick in 1800. It had asignal success, 26, 000 copies having been sold in three years. The Dukeof Grafton obtained for him an appointment in the Seal Office, and when, through ill-health, he was obliged to resign this, allowed him a pensionof 1s. A day. Other works were _Rural Tales_ (1804), _Wild Flowers_(1806), _The Banks of the Wye_ (1811), and _May Day with the Muses_(1817). An attempt to carry on business as a bookseller failed, hishealth gave way, his reason was threatened, and he _d. _ in great povertyat Shefford in 1823. B. 's poetry is smooth, correct, and characterised bytaste and good feeling, but lacks fire and energy. Of amiable and simplecharacter, he was lacking in self-reliance. 

BODENHAM, JOHN (_fl. _ 1600). --Anthologist, is stated to have been the ed. Of some of the Elizabethan anthologies, viz. , _Politeuphuia_ (_Wits'Commonwealth_) (1597), _Wits' Theater_ (1598), _Belvidere, or the Gardenof the Muses_ (1600), and _England's Helicon_ (1600). Mr. Bullen saysthat B. Did not himself ed. Any of the Elizabethan miscellaniesattributed to him by bibliographers: but that he projected theirpublication, and he befriended the editors. 

BOECE, or BOETHIUS, HECTOR (1465?-1536). --Historian, probably _b. _ atDundee, and _ed. _ there and at Paris, where he was a regent or professor, 1492 to 1498. While there he made the acquaintance of Erasmus. Returningto Scotland he co-operated with Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, infounding the univ. There of which he was the first Principal. Hisliterary fame rests on two works, his _Lives of the Bishops of Mortlachand Aberdeen_, in which his friend Elphinstone figures prominently, andhis _History of Scotland_ to the accession of James III. These workswere, of course, composed in Latin, but the _History_ was translated intoScottish prose by John Bellenden, 1530 to 1533, and into English forHollinshed's _Chronicle_. The only predecessor of the work was thecompendium of Major, and as it was written in a flowing and pleasingstyle it became very popular, and led to ecclesiastical preferment andRoyal favour. B. Shared in the credulity of his age, but the charge ofinventing his authorities formerly brought against him has been shown tobe, to some extent at any rate, unfounded. 

BOKER, GEORGE HENRY (1823-90). --Poet, was in the American DiplomaticService. Among his dramas, generally tragedies, are _Anne Boleyn_, _TheBetrothed_, and _Francesca da Rimini_, and among his books of poetry, _Street Lyrics_, _Königsmark_, and _The Book of the Dead_. His dramascombine poetic merit with adaptability for acting. 

BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1678-1751). --Statesman andphilosopher, _s. _ of Sir Henry St. J. , _b. _ at Battersea, and _ed. _ atEton and perhaps Oxf. , was during his youth noted chiefly fordissipation, but entering Parliament in 1701 as a supporter of Harley, soon made himself a name by his eloquence and talent. He held office asWar and Foreign Sec. Successively, became a peer in 1712, intriguedsuccessfully against Harley, and formed an administration during the lastdays of Queen Anne, with the intention of bringing back the Stuarts, which was frustrated by the Queen's death. On the arrival of George I. And the accession to power of the Whigs, B. Was impeached, and his nameerased from the Roll of Peers. He went to France, and became Sec. OfState to the Pretender James, who, however, dismissed him in 1716, afterwhich he devoted himself to philosophy and literature. In 1723 he waspardoned and returned to England, and an act was passed in 1725 restoringhis forfeited estates, but still excluding him from the House of Lords. He thereupon retired to his house, Dawley, near Uxbridge, where heenjoyed the society of Swift and Pope, on the latter of whom he exerted astrong influence. After some ineffectual efforts to regain a position inpolitical life, he returned to France in 1735, where he remained for 7years, and wrote most of his chief works. 

B. Was a man of brilliant and versatile talents, but selfish, insincere, and intriguing, defects of character which led to his political ruin. Hiswritings, once so much admired, reflect his character in their glitteringartificiality, and his pretensions to the reputation of a philosopherhave long been exploded; the chief of them are _Reflections upon Exile_, _Letters on the Study of History_ (in which he attacked Christianity), _Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism_, and _Idea of a Patriot King_. Heleft his MSS. To David Mallet (_q. V. _), who _pub. _ a complete ed. Of hisworks in 5 vols. (1753-54). 

BONAR, HORATIUS (1808-1889). --Divine and poet, _s. _ of James B. , Solicitor of Exise for Scotland, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Edin. , entered theMinistry of the Church of Scotland, and was settled at Kelso. He joinedthe Free Church at the Disruption in 1843, and in 1867 was translated toEdin. In 1853 he was made D. D. Of Aberdeen. He was a voluminous andhighly popular author, and in addition to many books and tracts wrote anumber of hymns, many of which, _e. G. _, "I heard the voice of Jesus say, "are known all over the English-speaking world. A selection of these was_pub. _ as _Hymns of Faith and Hope_ (3 series). His last vol. Of poetrywas _My Old Letters_. 

BOORDE, or BORDE, ANDREW (1490?-1549). --Traveller, _b. _ near Cuckfield, Sussex, was brought up as a Carthusian, and held ecclesiasticalappointments, then practised medicine at various places, includingGlasgow, and was employed in various capacities by T. Cromwell. Hetravelled widely, going as far as Jerusalem, and wrote descriptions ofthe countries he had visited. His _Dyetary_ is the first English book ofdomestic medicine. The _Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge_ describeshis journeys on the Continent. Other works are _The Boke of Berdes_(Beards), _Handbook of Europe_, and _Itinerary of England_. 

BORROW, GEORGE (1803-1881). --Philologist and miscellaneous author, andtraveller, _b. _ at East Dereham, Norfolk, _s. _ of a recruiting officer, had a somewhat wandering childhood. He received most of his education inEdin. , and showed a peculiar talent for acquiring languages. After beingfor a short time in the office of a solicitor in Norwich, he travelledwidely on the Continent and in the East, acquainting himself with thepeople and languages of the various countries he visited. He speciallyattached himself to the Gipsies, with whose language he became sofamiliar as to _pub. _ a dictionary of it. His learning was shown by hispublishing at St. Petersburg _Targum_, a work containing translationsfrom 30 languages. B. Became a travelling agent of the Bible Society, andhis book, _The Bible in Spain_ (1843), giving an account of hisremarkable adventures in that country, made his literary reputation. Itwas followed by _Lavengro_ (1851), and its sequel, _Romany Rye_ (1857), and _Wild Wales_ (1862), which, though works of originality and extremeinterest, and now perhaps his most popular books, were received with lesspublic favour. The two first give a highly coloured picture of his ownstory. He translated the New Testament into Manchu. In his latter yearshe settled at Oulton Broad, Norfolk, where he _d. _ B. Was a man ofstriking appearance and great vigour and originality of character andmind. His writings hold a unique place in English literature. 

BOSTON, THOMAS (1677-1732). --Scottish divine, was successivelyschoolmaster at Glencairn, and minister of Simprin in Berwickshire, andEttrick in Selkirkshire. In addition to his best-known work, _TheFourfold State_, one of the religious classics of Scotland, he wrote anoriginal little book, _The Crook in the Lot_, and a learned treatise onthe Hebrew points. He also took a leading part in the Courts of theChurch in what was known as the "Marrow Controversy, " regarding themerits of an English work, _The Marrow of Modern Divinity_, which hedefended against the attacks of the "Moderate" party in the Church. B. , if unduly introspective, was a man of singular piety and amiability. Hisautobiography is an interesting record of Scottish life, full ofsincerity and tenderness, and not devoid of humorous touches, intentionaland otherwise. 

BOSWELL, SIR ALEXANDER (1775-1822). --Antiquary and song writer, _s. _ ofJames B. , of Auchinleck, Johnson's biographer, was interested in oldScottish authors, some of whose works he reprinted at his private press. He wrote some popular Scotch songs, of which _Jenny's Bawbee_ and _Jennydang the Weaver_ are the best known. B. _d. _ in a duel with Mr. Stuart ofDunearn. 

BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795). --Biographer, _s. _ of Alexander B. OfAuchinleck, Ayrshire, one of the judges of the Supreme Courts ofScotland, was _ed. _ at the High School and Univ. Of Edin. , and practisedas an advocate. He travelled much on the Continent and visited Corsica, where he became acquainted with the patriot General Paoli. Fortunatelyfor posterity he was in 1763 introduced to Dr. Johnson, and formed anacquaintance with him which soon ripened into friendship, and had as itsultimate fruit the immortal _Life_. He was also the author of severalworks of more or less interest, including an _Account of Corsica_ (1768), and _Journal of Tour to the Hebrides_ (in the company of Johnson) (1786). Vain and foolish in an exceptional degree, and by no means free from moreserious faults, B. Has yet produced the greatest biography in thelanguage. _The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. _ appeared in 1791, and atonce commanded an admiration which has suffered no diminution since. Butby this time a cloud had fallen upon the author. He had lost hisexcellent wife, his health had given way, the intemperance to which hehad always been subject had mastered him, and he _d. _ four years afterthe appearance of his great work. B. Was called to the English as well asto the Scottish Bar, but his various foibles prevented his reaching anygreat success, and he had also vainly endeavoured to enter on a politicalcareer. The question has often been raised how a man with thecharacteristics of B. Could have produced so unique a work, and has beendiscussed at length by Macaulay and by Carlyle, the former paradoxicallyarguing that his supreme folly and meanness themselves formed hisgreatest qualifications; the latter, with far deeper insight, thatbeneath these there lay the possession of an eye to discern excellenceand a heart to appreciate it, intense powers of accurate observation anda considerable dramatic faculty. His letters to William Temple werediscovered at Boulogne, and _pub. _ 1857. 

BOUCICAULT, DION (1820-90). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ in Dublin and_ed. _ in London, joined Macready while still young, and made his firstappearance upon the stage with Benj. Webster at Bristol. Soon afterwardshe began to write plays, occasionally in conjunction, of which the first, _London Assurance_ (1841) had an immediate success. He was an excellentactor, especially in pathetic parts. His plays are for the most partadaptations, but are often very ingenious in construction, and have hadgreat popularity. Among the best known are _The Colleen Bawn_, _Arrah-na-Pogue_, _Faust and Marguerite_, and _The Shaughraun_. B. _d. _in America. 

BOWDLER, THOMAS (1754-1825). --Editor of _The Family Shakespeare_, _b. _near Bath, _s. _ of a gentleman of independent fortune, studied medicineat St. Andrews and at Edin. , where he took his degree in 1776, but didnot practise, devoting himself instead to the cause of prison reform. In1818 he _pub. _ his _Family Shakespeare_ in 10 vols. , "in which nothing isadded to the original text, but those words and expressions are omittedwhich cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family. " The work hadconsiderable success, 4 editions having been _pub. _ before 1824, andothers in 1831, 1853, and 1861. It was, however, subjected to somecriticism and ridicule, and gave rise to the expression "bowdlerise, "always used in an opprobrious sense. On the other hand, Mr. Swinburne hassaid, "More nauseous and foolish cant was never chattered than that whichwould deride the memory or depreciate the merits of B. No man ever didbetter service to Shakespeare than the man who made it possible to puthim into the hands of intelligent and imaginative children. " B. Subsequently essayed a similar enterprise in regard to Gibbon, which, however, was not so successful. 

BOWER, ARCHIBALD (1686-1766). --Historian, _b. _ at Dundee, and _ed. _ atthe Scots Coll. , Douay, became a Jesuit, but afterwards joined the Churchof England, and again became a Jesuit. He wrote a _History of Rome_(1735-44), a _History of the Popes_ (1748-66). These works areill-proportioned and inaccurate. His whole life appears to have been avery discreditable one. 

BOWER, or BOWMAKER, WALTER (_d. _ 1449). --Was Abbot of Inchcolm, andcontinued and enlarged Fordun's _Scotichronicon_. 

BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762-1850). --Poet and antiquary, _b. _ at King'sSutton, Northamptonshire, of which his _f. _ was vicar, and _ed. _ atWinchester and Oxf. , was for the most of his life Vicar of Bremhill, Wilts, and became Prebendary and Canon Residentiary of Salisbury. Hisfirst work, _pub. _ in 1789, was a little vol. Containing 14 sonnets, which was received with extraordinary favour, not only by the generalpublic, but by such men as Coleridge and Wordsworth. It may be regardedas the harbinger of the reaction against the school of Pope, in whichthese poets were soon to bear so great a part. B. _pub. _ several otherpoems of much greater length, of which the best are _The Spirit ofDiscovery_ (1805), and _The Missionary of the Andes_ (1815), and he alsoenjoyed considerable reputation as an antiquary, his principal work inthat department being _Hermes Britannicus_ (1828). In 1807 he _pub. _ a_Life of Pope_, in the preface to which he expressed some views on poetrywhich resulted in a rather fierce controversy with Byron, Campbell, andothers. He also wrote a _Life of Bishop Ken_. B. Was an amiable, absent-minded, and rather eccentric man. His poems are characterised byrefinement of feeling, tenderness, and pensive thought, but are deficientin power and passion. 

Other works are _Coombe Ellen and St. Michael's Mount_ (1798), _TheBattle of the Nile_ (1799), _The Sorrows of Switzerland_ (1801), _St. John in Patmos_ (1833), etc. 

BOWRING, SIR JOHN (1792-1872). --Linguist, writer, and traveller, was _b. _at Exeter. His talent for acquiring languages enabled him at last to saythat he knew 200, and could speak 100. He was appointed editor of the_Westminster Review_ in 1824; travelled in various countries with theview of reporting on their commercial position; was an M. P. 1835-37 and1841-49, and held various appointments in China. His chief literary workwas the translation of the folk-songs of most European nations, and healso wrote original poems and hymns, and works on political and economicsubjects. B. Was knighted in 1854. He was the literary executor of JeremyBentham (_q. V. _). 

BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON (1825-1899). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _of Rev. Dr. B. Of Glasgow, was originally intended for the English Bar, but entered the Church of Scotland, and was minister latterly at St. Andrews, wrote in _Fraser's Magazine_ a series of light, chirpingarticles subsequently collected as the _Recreations of a Country Parson_, also several books of reminiscences, etc. , written in a pleasant chattystyle, and some sermons. He was D. D. And LL. D. 

BOYD, ZACHARY (1585-1653). --Divine, belonged to the family of B. OfPinkhill, Ayrshire, was _ed. _ at Glasgow and at Saumur. He translatedmany parts of Scripture into uncouth verse. Among his works are _TheGarden of Zion_ and _Zion's Flowers_. 

BOYLE, THE HON. ROBERT (1627-1691). --Natural Philosopher and chemist, 7th_s. _ of the 1st Earl of Cork, was _b. _ at Lismore, Co. Waterford, and_ed. _ at Eton and by private tutors, after which he pursued his studieson the Continent. On his return to England he devoted himself to thestudy of science, especially natural philosophy and chemistry. He was oneof the founders of the Royal Society, and, by his experiments andobservations added to existing knowledge, especially in regard topneumatics. He at the same time devoted much study to theology; so muchindeed that he was strongly urged by Lord Clarendon to enter the Church. Thinking, however, that he could serve the cause of religion better as alayman, he declined this advice. As a director of the East India Co. Hedid much for the propagation of Christianity in the East, and for thedissemination of the Bible. He also founded the "Boyle Lectures" indefence of Christianity. He declined the offer of a peerage. B. Was a manof great intellectual acuteness, and remarkable for his conversationalpowers. Among his writings are _Origin of Forms and Qualities_, _Experiments touching Colour_, _Hydrostatical Paradoxes_, and_Observations on Cold_; in theology, _Seraphic Love_. His complete workswere _pub. _ in 5 vols. In 1744. 

BRADLEY, EDWARD (1827-1889). --Novelist, was a clergyman. He wrote underthe name of "Cuthbert Bede" a few novels and tales, _Fairy Fables_(1858), _Glencraggan_ (1861), _Fotheringhay_ (1885), etc. ; but his mostpopular book was _Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman_, which had greatvogue. 

BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (1290?-1349). --Theologian, was at Oxf. , where hebecame Prof. Of Divinity and Chancellor, and afterwards Chaplain toEdward III. , whom he attended in his French wars. He was twice electedArchbishop of Canterbury by the monks, and on the second occasionaccepted, but _d. _ of the plague within 40 days. He wrote on geometry, but his great work was _De Causa Dei_ (on the Cause of God againstPelagius), in which he treated theology mathematically, and which earnedfor him from the Pope the title of the Profound Doctor. 

BRAITHWAITE, or BRATHWAITE, RICHARD (1588-1673). --Poet, _b. _ near Kendal, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , is believed to have served with the Royalist army inthe Civil War. He was the author of many works of very unequal merit, ofwhich the best known is _Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys_, which recordshis pilgrimages through England in rhymed Latin (said by Southey to bethe best of modern times), and doggerel English verse. _The EnglishGentleman_ (1631) and _English Gentlewoman_ are in a much more decorousstrain. Other works are _The Golden Fleece_ (1611) (poems), _The Poet'sWillow_, _A Strappado for the Devil_ (a satire), and _Art Asleepe, Husband?_

BRAMSTON, JAMES (_c. _ 1694-1744). --Satirist, _ed. _ at Westminster Schooland Oxf. , took orders and was latterly Vicar of Hastings. His poems are_The Art of Politics_ (1729), in imitation of Horace, and _The Man ofTaste_ (1733), in imitation of Pope. He also parodied Phillips's_Splendid Shilling_ in _The Crooked Sixpence_. His verses have someliveliness. 

BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (1790-1883). --Novelist, _dau. _ of Mr. J. Kempe, wasmarried first to C. A. Stothard, _s. _ of the famous R. A. , and himself anartist, and secondly to the Rev. E. A. Bray. She wrote about a dozennovels, chiefly historical, and _The Borders of the Tamar and Tavy_(1836), an account of the traditions and superstitions of theneighbourhood of Tavistock in the form of letters to Southey, of whom shewas a great friend. This is probably the most valuable of her writings. Among her works are _Branded_, _Good St. Louis and his Times_, _Trelawney_, and _White Hoods_. 

BRETON, NICHOLAS (1545-1626). --Poet and novelist. Little is known of hislife. He was the _s. _ of William B. , a London merchant, was perhaps atOxf. , and was a rather prolific author of considerable versatility andgift. Among his poetical works are _A Floorish upon Fancie, Pasquil'sMad-cappe_ (1626), _The Soul's Heavenly Exercise_, and _The PassionateShepherd_. In prose he wrote _Wit's Trenchmour_, _The Wil of Wit_ (1599), _A Mad World, my Masters_, _Adventures of Two Excellent Princes_, _Grimello's Fortunes_ (1604), _Strange News out of Divers Countries_(1622), etc. His mother married E. Gascoigne, the poet (_q. V. _). Hislyrics are pure and fresh, and his romances, though full of conceits, arepleasant reading, remarkably free from grossness. 

BREWSTER, SIR DAVID (1781-1868). --Man of science and writer, _b. _ atJedburgh, originally intended to enter the Church, of which, after adistinguished course at the Univ. Of Edin. , he became a licentiate. Circumstances, however, led him to devote himself to science, of which hewas one of the most brilliant ornaments of his day, especially in thedepartment of optics, in which he made many discoveries. He maintainedhis habits of investigation and composition to the very end of his longlife, during which he received almost every kind of honorary distinctionopen to a man of science. He also made many important contributions toliterature, including a _Life of Newton_ (1831), _The Martyrs of Science_(1841), _More Worlds than One_ (1854), and _Letters on Natural Magic_addressed to Sir W. Scott, and he also edited, in addition to variousscientific journals, _The Edinburgh Encyclopædia_ (1807-29). He likewiseheld the offices successively of Principal of the United Coll. Of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, St. Andrews (1838), and of the Univ. Of Edin. (1859). He was knighted in 1831. Of high-strung and nervous temperament, he was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he wasrepeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highlyhonourable and fervently religious character. 

BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (_d. _ 1563). --Translator, was the author of _TheTragicall Historie of Romeus and Juliett_, from which Shakespeareprobably took the story of his _Romeo and Juliet_. Though indirectlytranslated, through a French version, from the Italian of Bandello, it isso much altered and amplified as almost to rank as an original work. Theonly fact known regarding him is his death by shipwreck when crossing toFrance. 

BROME, RICHARD (_d. _ 1652?). --Dramatist, the servant and friend of BenJonson, produced upwards of 20 plays, some in conjunction with Dekker andothers. Among them are _A Fault in Friendship_, _Late Lancashire Witches_(with Heywood and Dekker), _A Jovial Crew_ (1652), _The Northern Lass_(1632), _The Antipodes_ (1646), _City Wit_ (1653), _Court Beggar_ (1653), etc. He had no original genius, but knew stage-craft well. 

BRONTÉ, CHARLOTTE (1816-1855). --Novelist, _dau. _ of the Rev. Patrick B. , a clergyman of Irish descent and of eccentric habits who embittered thelives of his children by his peculiar theories of education. Brought upin a small parsonage close to the graveyard of a bleak, windswept villageon the Yorkshire moors, and left motherless in early childhood, she was"the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters, " of whom two, Emily and Anne, shared, but in a less degree, her talents. After variousefforts as schoolmistresses and governesses, the sisters took toliterature and _pub. _ a vol. Of poems under the names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, which, however, fell flat. Charlotte then wrote her firstnovel, _The Professor_, which did not appear until after her death, andbegan _Jane Eyre_, which, appearing in 1847, took the public by storm. Itwas followed by _Shirley_ in 1849, and _Villette_ in 1852. In 1854 shewas married to her father's curate, the Rev. A. Nicholls, but after ashort though happy married life she _d. _ in 1855. EMILY B. (1818-1848). --a woman of remarkable force of character, reserved andtaciturn, _pub. _ in 1848 _Wuthering Heights_, a powerful, but somewhatunpleasing, novel, and some striking poems; and ANNE (1820-1849), was theauthoress of _The Tenant of Wildfell Hall_ and _Agnes Grey_ (1848). Shehad not the intellectual force of her sisters. The novels of Charlotteespecially created a strong impression from the first, and the _pub. _ of_Jane Eyre_ gave rise to much curiosity and speculation as to itsauthorship. Their strength and originality have retained for them a highplace in English fiction which is likely to prove permanent. There is abiography of Charlotte by Mrs. Gaskell (_q. V. _). 

Complete ed. Of the works of Charlotte B. Have been issued by Mrs. Humphrey Ward (7 vols. 1899-1900), and by Sir W. R. Nicoll, LL. D. (1903). _Note on Charlotte Bronté_, A. C. Swinburne, 1877. A short _Life_ in GreatWriters Series by A. Birrell. 

BROOKE, FULKE GREVILLE, LORD (1554-1628). --Poet and statesman, _b. _ atBeauchamp Court, Warwickshire, and _ed. _ at Shrewsbury and Camb. , was aPrivy Councillor, and held various important offices of state, includingthat of Chancellor of the Exchequer (1614-21). In the latter year he wascreated a peer. He was murdered by a servant. His works, which werechiefly _pub. _ after his death, consist of tragedies and sonnets, andpoems on political and moral subjects, including _Cælica_ (109 sonnets). He also wrote a Life of Sir P. Sidney, whose friend he was. His style isgrave and sententious. He is buried in the church at Warwick, and theinscription on his tomb, written by himself, is a compendious biography. It runs: "Fulke Greville, servant to Queen Elizabeth, counsellor to KingJames, friend to Sir Philip Sidney. "

BROOKE, HENRY (1703-1783). --Novelist and dramatist, _b. _ in Ireland, _s. _of a clergyman, studied law, but embraced literature as a career. Hewrote poems, dramas, and novels; but the only work which has kept itsplace is _The Fool of Quality_ (5 vols. 1766-70), which was a favouritebook with John Wesley. His now forgotten poem, _Universal Beauty_ (1735)was admired by Pope. His _dau. _, CHARLOTTE, the only survivor of 22children, tended him to his last days of decay, and was herself a writer, her principal work being _Reliques of Irish Poetry_ (1789). She _d. _1793. 

BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874). --Journalist and novelist, _b. _ in London, began life in a solicitor's office. He early, however, took to literature, and contributed to various periodicals. In 1851 hejoined the staff of _Punch_, to which he contributed "Essence ofParliament, " and on the death of Mark Lemon (_q. V. _) he succeeded him aseditor. He _pub. _ a few novels, including _Aspen Court_ and _The GordianKnot_. 

BROOKS, MARIA (GOWAN) (1795?-1845). --American poetess, was early _m. _ toa merchant, who lost his money, and left her a young widow, after whichshe wrote highly romantic and impassioned poetry. Her chief work, _Zophiël or The Bride of Swen_, was finished under the auspices ofSouthey, who called her "Maria del Occidente, " and regarded her as "themost impassioned and imaginative of all poetesses, " but time has notsustained this verdict. 

BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745). --Poet and translator, _b. _ at Haslington, Cheshire, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , entered the Church, and heldvarious incumbencies. He translated the _Iliad_ in prose along withothers, and was employed by Pope, whom he excelled as a Greek scholar, intranslating the _Odyssey_, of which he Englished the 8th, 11th, 12th, 16th, 18th, and 23rd books, catching the style of his master so exactlyas almost to defy identification, and thus annoying him so as to earn aniche in _The Dunciad_. He _pub. _ verses of his own of very moderatepoetical merit. 

BROUGHAM AND VAUX, HENRY, 1ST LORD (1778-1868). --_S. _ of Henry B. OfBrougham Hall, Westmoreland, _b. _ in Edin. , and _ed. _ at the High Schooland Univ. There, where he distinguished himself chiefly in mathematics. He chose a legal career, and was called to the Scottish Bar in 1800, andto the English Bar in 1808. His chief forensic display was his defence ofQueen Caroline in 1822. In 1810 he entered Parliament, where hisversatility and eloquence soon raised him to a foremost place. Thequestions on which he chiefly exerted himself were the slave trade, commercial, legal, and parliamentary reform, and education, and in all ofthese he rendered signal service. When, in 1830, the Whigs, with whom hehad always acted, attained power, B. Was made Lord Chancellor; but hisarrogance, selfishness, and indiscretion rendered him a dangerous andunreliable colleague, and he was never again admitted to office. Heturned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuedhis efforts on behalf of reform in various directions. He was one of thefounders of London Univ. And of the Society for the Diffusion of UsefulKnowledge. In literature he has a place as one of the original projectorsof and most voluminous contributors to _The Edinburgh Review_, and as theauthor of a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, andhistory, including _Dialogues on Instinct_, Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George III. , NaturalTheology, etc. , his last work being an autobiography written in his 84thyear, and _pub. _ 1871. His writings were far too numerous and far toodiverse in subject to be of permanent value. His fame now rests chieflyon his services to political and specially to legal reform, and to thediffusion of useful literature, which are his lasting monuments. 

BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, 1ST LORD (1786-1869). --Eldest _s. _ of SirBenjamin H. , _b. _ at Redland near Bristol, _ed. _ at Westminster Schooland at Camb. , where he became intimate with Byron, and accompanied him inhis journeys in the Peninsula, Greece, and Turkey, and acted as his "bestman. " In 1816 he was with him after his separation from his wife, andcontributed notes to the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_, which wasdedicated to him. On his return he threw himself into politics with greatenergy as an advanced Radical, and wrote various pamphlets, for one ofwhich he was in 1819 imprisoned in Newgate. In the following year heentered Parliament, sitting for Westminster. After the attainment ofpower by the Whigs he held various offices, including those of Sec. AtWar, Chief Sec. For Ireland, and Pres. Of the Board of Control. He _pub. __Journey through Albania_ (1813), _Historical Illustrations of the FourthCanto of Childe Harold_ (1818), and _Recollections of a Long Life_(1865), for private circulation, and he left in MS. _Diaries, Correspondence, and Memoranda, etc. , not to be opened till 1900_, extracts from which were _pub. _ by his _dau. _, Lady Dorchester, alsounder the title of _Recollections from a Long Life_ (1909). 

BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-1810). --Novelist, _b. _ in Philadelphia, belonged to a Quaker family, became a lawyer, but exchanged law forliterature, and has the distinction of being the first American to adopta purely literary career. He wrote several novels, including _Wieland_(1798), _Ormond_ (1799), _Arthur Mervyn_ (1800-1), and his last, _JaneTalbot_ (1801). With a good deal of crudeness and sentimentality he hasoccasional power, but dwells too much on the horrible and repulsive, theresult, perhaps, of the morbidity produced by the ill-health from whichhe all his life suffered. 

BROWN, GEORGE DOUGLAS (1869-1902). --Novelist, wrote _The House with theGreen Shutters_, which gives a strongly outlined picture of the harderand less genial aspects of Scottish life and character. It may beregarded as a useful supplement and corrective to the more roseatepresentations of the kail-yard school of J. M. Barrie and "Ian Maclaren. "It made a considerable impression. The author _d. _ almost immediatelyafter its publication. There is an ed. With a memoir by Mr. Andrew Lang. 

BROWN, DR. JOHN (1810-1882). --Physician and essayist, _s. _ of John B. , D. D. , a distinguished dissenting minister in Edin. _B. _ at Biggar, he was_ed. _ at the High School and Univ. Of Edin. , where practically the wholeof his uneventful life was spent as a physician, and where he was reveredand beloved in no common degree, and he was the cherished friend of manyof his most distinguished contemporaries, including Thackeray. He wrotecomparatively little; but all he did write is good, some of it perfect, of its kind. His essays, among which are _Rab and his Friends_, _PetMarjorie_, _Our Dogs_, _Minchmoor_, and _The Enterkine_, were collectedalong with papers on art, and medical history and biography, in _HoræSubsecivæ_ (Leisure Hours), 3 vols. In the mingling of tenderness anddelicate humour he has much in common with Lamb; in his insight intodog-nature he is unique. His later years were clouded with occasionalfits of depression. 

BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820). --Metaphysician, _s. _ of the Rev. Samuel B. , minister of Kirkinabreck, practised for some time as a physician inEdin. , but his tastes and talents lying in the direction of literatureand philosophy, he devoted himself to the cultivation of these, andsucceeded Dugald Stewart as Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. OfEdin. , in which position he had remarkable popularity as a lecturer. Hismain contribution to literature is his _Lectures_, _pub. _ after hisdeath. B. Was a man of attractive character and considerable talents, butas a philosopher he is now largely superseded. He also wrote poetry, which, though graceful, lacked force, and is now forgotten. 

BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897). --Poet, _b. _ at Douglas, Isle of Man, _s. _ of a clergyman, and _ed. _ there and at Oxf. , entered the Church andheld various scholastic appointments, including a mastership at Clifton. His later years were spent in his native island. He had a true lyricalgift, and much of his poetry was written in Manx dialect. His poemsinclude _Fo'c'sle Yarns_ (1881), _The Doctor_ (1887), _The Manx Witch_(1889), and _Old John_ (1893). He was also an admirable letter-writer, and 2 vols. Of his letters have been _pub. _

BROWN, TOM (1663-1704). --Satirist, was _ed. _ at Oxf. , and there composedthe famous epigram on Dr. Fell. He was for a few years schoolmaster atKingston-on-Thames, but owing to his irregularities lost the appointment, and went to London, where he wrote satires, epigrams, and miscellaneouspieces, generally coarse and scurrilous. 

BROWNE, CHARLES FARRAR (1834-1867). --Humorist (Artemus Ward), _b. _ inMaine, U. S. , worked as a compositor and reporter, and became a highlypopular humorous writer, his books being _Artemus Ward his Book_, _A. W. His Panorama_, _A. W. Among the Mormons_, and _A. W. In England_. 

BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760). --Is remembered as the author of someclever imitations of contemporary poets on the theme of _A Pipe ofTobacco_, somewhat analogous to the _Rejected Addresses_ of a later day. He also wrote a Latin poem on the immortality of the soul. B. , who was acountry gentleman and barrister, had great conversational powers. He wasa friend of Dr. Johnson. 

BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682). --Physician and miscellaneous andmetaphysical writer, _s. _ of a London merchant, was _ed. _ at Winchesterand Oxf. , after which he studied medicine at various Continental univs. , including Leyden, where he _grad. _ He ultimately settled and practised atNorwich. His first and perhaps best known work, _Religio Medici_ (theReligion of a Physician) was _pub. _ in 1642. Other books are _PseudodoxiaEpidemica: Enquiries into Vulgar Errors_ (1646), _Hydriotaphia, orUrn-burial_ (1658); and _The Garden of Cyrus_ in the same year. After hisdeath were _pub. _ his _Letter to a Friend_ and _Christian Morals_. B. Isone of the most original writers in the English language. Though by nomeans free from credulity, and dealing largely with trivial subjects ofinquiry, the freshness and ingenuity of his mind invest everything hetouches with interest; while on more important subjects his style, iffrequently rugged and pedantic, often rises to the highest pitch of graveand stately eloquence. In the Civil War he sided with the King's party, and was knighted in 1671 on the occasion of a Royal visit to Norwich. Incharacter he was simple, cheerful, and retiring. He has had a profound ifindirect influence on succeeding literature, mainly by impressingmaster-minds such as Lamb, Coleridge, and Carlyle. 

There is an ed. Of B. 's works by S. Wilkin (4 vols. , 1835-6), _ReligioMedici_ by Dr. Greenhill, 1881. _Life_ by Gosse in Men of Letters Series, 1903. 

BROWNE, WILLIAM (1590?-1645?). --Poet, _b. _ at Tavistock, _ed. _ at Oxf. , after which he entered the Inner Temple. His poems, which are mainlydescriptive, are rich and flowing, and true to the phenomena of nature, but deficient in interest. Influenced by Spenser, he in turn had aninfluence upon such poets as Milton and Keats. His chief works were_Britannia's Pastorals_ (1613), and _The Shepheard's Pipe_ (1614). 

BROWNING, ELIZABETH BARRETT (1806-1861). --Poetess, was the _dau. _ ofEdward Barrett Moulton Barrett, who assumed the last name on succeedingto the estates of his grandfather in Jamaica. She was _b. _ at CoxhoeHall, Durham, but spent her youth at Hope End, near Great Malvern. Whilestill a child she showed her gift, and her _f. _ _pub. _ 50 copies of ajuvenile epic, on the Battle of Marathon. She was _ed. _ at home, but owedher profound knowledge of Greek and much mental stimulus to her earlyfriendship with the blind scholar, Hugh Stuart Boyd, who was a neighbour. At the age of 15 she met with an injury to her spine which confined herto a recumbent position for several years, and from the effects of whichshe never fully recovered. In 1826 she _pub. _ anonymously _An Essay onMind and Other Poems_. Shortly afterwards the abolition of slavery, ofwhich he had been a disinterested supporter, considerably reduced Mr. B. 's means: he accordingly disposed of his estate and removed with hisfamily first to Sidmouth and afterwards to London. At the former Miss B. Wrote _Prometheus Bound_ (1835). After her removal to London she fellinto delicate health, her lungs being threatened. This did not, however, interfere with her literary labours, and she contributed to variousperiodicals _The Romaunt of Margaret_, _The Romaunt of the Page_, _ThePoet's Vow_, and other pieces. In 1838 appeared _The Seraphim and OtherPoems_ (including "Cowper's Grave. ") Shortly thereafter the death, bydrowning, of her favourite brother gave a serious shock to her alreadyfragile health, and for a time she hovered between life and death. Eventually, however, she regained strength, and meanwhile her fame wasgrowing. The _pub. _ about 1841 of _The Cry of the Children_ gave it agreat impulse, and about the same time she contributed some criticalpapers in prose to R. H. Horne's _New Spirit of the Age_. In 1844 she_pub. _ two vols. Of _Poems_, which comprised "The Drama of Exile, ""Vision of Poets, " and "Lady Geraldine's Courtship. " In 1845 she met forthe first time her future husband, Robert Browning (_q. V. _). Theircourtship and marriage, owing to her delicate health and theextraordinary objections entertained by Mr. B. To the marriage of any ofhis children, were carried out under somewhat peculiar and romanticcircumstances. After a private marriage and a secret departure from herhome, she accompanied her husband to Italy, which became her home almostcontinuously until her death, and with the political aspirations of whichshe and her husband both thoroughly identified themselves. The unionproved one of unalloyed happiness to both, though it was never forgivenby Mr. Barrett. In her new circumstances her strength greatly increased. Her husband and she settled in Florence, and there she wrote _Casa GuidiWindows_ (1851)--by many considered her strongest work--under theinspiration of the Tuscan struggle for liberty. _Aurora Leigh_, herlargest, and perhaps the most popular of her longer poems, appeared in1856. In 1850 _The Sonnets from the Portuguese_--the history of her ownlove-story, thinly disguised by its title--had appeared. In 1860 sheissued a _coll. _ ed. Of her poems under the title, _Poems beforeCongress_. Soon thereafter her health underwent a change for the worse;she gradually lost strength, and _d. _ on June 29, 1861. She is generallyconsidered the greatest of English poetesses. Her works are full oftender and delicate, but also of strong and deep, thought. Her ownsufferings, combined with her moral and intellectual strength, made herthe champion of the suffering and oppressed wherever she found them. Hergift was essentially lyrical, though much of her work was not so in form. Her weak points are the lack of compression, an occasional somewhatobtrusive mannerism, and frequent failure both in metre and rhyme. Thoughnot nearly the equal of her husband in force of intellect and the higherqualities of the poet, her works had, as might be expected on acomparison of their respective subjects and styles, a much earlier andwider acceptance with the general public. Mrs. B. Was a woman of singularnobility and charm, and though not beautiful, was remarkably attractive. Miss Mitford (_q. V. _) thus describes her as a young woman: "A slight, delicate figure, with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of amost expressive face; large, tender eyes, richly fringed by darkeyelashes, and a smile like a sunbeam. "

_Life_ by J. H. Ingram (1889); _Letters of R. Browning and E. B. Browning_(1889). _Coll. _ ed. Of her works, _see_ above. 

BROWNING, ROBERT (1812-1889). --Poet, only _s. _ of Robert B. , a man offine intellect and equally fine character, who held a position in theBank of England, was _b. _ in Camberwell. His mother, to whom he wasardently attached, was the _dau. _ of a German shipowner who had settledin Dundee, and was alike intellectually and morally worthy of hisaffection. The only other member of the family was a younger sister, alsohighly gifted, who was the sympathetic companion of his later years. Inhis childhood he was distinguished by his love of poetry and naturalhistory. At 12 he had written a book of poetry which he destroyed when hecould not find a publisher. After being at one or two private schools, and showing an insuperable dislike to school life, he was _ed. _ by atutor, and thereafter studied Greek at Univ. Coll. , London. Through hismother he inherited some musical talent, and composed settings, forvarious songs. His first _pub. _ was _Pauline_, which appeared anonymouslyin 1833, but attracted little attention. In 1834 he paid his first visitto Italy, in which so much of his future life was to be passed. Thepublication of _Paracelsus_ in 1835, though the poem had no generalpopularity, gained the notice of Carlyle, Wordsworth, and other men ofletters, and gave him a reputation as a poet of distinguished promise. Two years later his drama of _Stratford_ was performed by his friendMacready and Helen Faucit, and in 1840 the most difficult and obscure ofhis works, _Sordello_, appeared; but, except with a select few, didlittle to increase his reputation. It was followed by _Bells andPomegranates_ (containing _Pippa Passes_) (1841), _A Blot in the'Scutcheon_ (drama) (1843), _Luria_ and _A Soul's Tragedy_ (1846). Inthis year he married Miss Elizabeth Barrett (_q. V. _), the poetess, aunion of ideal happiness. Thereafter his home until his wife's death in1861 was in Italy, chiefly at Florence. In 1850 he wrote _Christmas Eveand Easter Day_, and in 1855 appeared _Men and Women_. After the death ofMrs. Browning he returned to England, paying, however, frequent visits toItaly. Settling in London he published successively _Dramatis Personæ_(1864), _The Ring and the Book_ (1868-69), his greatest work, _Balaustion's Adventure_, and _Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau_ (1871), _Fifine at the Fair_ (1872), _Red Cotton Night-cap Country_ (1873), _TheInn Album_ (1875), _Pacchiarotto_ (1876), translation of _Agamemnon_(1879), _La Saisiaz_, etc. (1878), _Dramatic Idylls_ (1879 and 1880), _Asolando_ (1889) appeared on the day of his death. To the great majorityof readers, probably, B. Is best known by some of his short poems, suchas, to name a few, "Rabbi Ben Ezra, " "How they brought the good News toAix, " "Evelyn Hope, " "The Pied Piper of Hammelin, " "A Grammarian'sFuneral, " "A Death in the Desert. " It was long before England recognisedthat in B. She had received one of the greatest of her poets, and thecauses of this lie on the surface. His subjects were often recondite andlay beyond the ken and sympathy of the great bulk of readers; and owing, partly to the subtle links connecting the ideas and partly to his oftenextremely condensed and rugged expression, the treatment of them was notseldom difficult and obscure. Consequently for long he appealed to asomewhat narrow circle. As time went on, however, and work after work wasadded, the circle widened, and the marvellous depth and variety ofthought and intensity of feeling told with increasing force. Societiesbegan to be formed for the study of the poet's work. Critics became moreand more appreciative, and he at last reaped the harvest of admirationand honour which was his due. Many distinctions came to him. He was madeLL. D. Of Edin. , a life Governor of London Univ. , and had the offer of theLord Rectorship of Glasgow. He _d. _ in the house of his son at Venice, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The keynote of his teaching is awise and noble optimism. His poems were collected in 2 vols. In 1896. Some vols. Of his correspondence with Mrs. B. Were also _pub. _

Uniform ed. Of Works (17 vols. 1888-90); Furnivall's _BrowningBibliography_ (1883), _Lives_ by Mrs. Sutherland Orr (1891); Gosse(1890); Dowden (1904), G. K. Chesterton (English Men of Letters), etc. ;_Poetry of Robert Browning_ by Stopford Brooke, 1902, etc. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1812, _pub. _ _Paracelsus_ 1835, _Sordello_ 1840, _Bellsand Pomegranates_ 1841, _m. _ to E. B. B. 1846, lives chiefly in Italy tillher _d. _, 1861, when he returned to England and continued to write untilhis _d. _, _pub. _ _Dramatis Personæ_, _Ring and Book_ 1868-9, _Asolando_1889, _d. _ 1889. 

BRUCE, JAMES (1730-1794). --Traveller, was _b. _ at the family seat ofKinnaird, Perthshire, and _ed. _ at Harrow. After various travels inEurope he set out in 1768 on his expedition to Abyssinia, and in 1770reached the source of the Blue Nile. He returned to England in 1774, andin 1790 _pub. _ his _Travels_ in 5 quarto vols. His notorious vanity, thesingular adventures he related, and the generally embellished characterwhich he imparted to his narrative excited some degree of scepticism, andhe was subjected to a good deal of satire, to which, though much annoyed, he did not reply. It is, however, generally allowed that he had showngreat daring, perseverance, and zeal in his explorations, and that hemade a real addition to the geographical knowledge of his day. 

BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767). --Poet, _s. _ of a poor weaver at Kinnesswood, Kinross-shire, as a child herded cattle, but received a good education, including 4 sessions at the Univ. Of Edin. , and for a short time kept aschool. His longest poem, _Loch Leven_, shows the influence of Thomson. His best is his _Elegy_. His promising career was cut short byconsumption in 1767. The authorship of the beautiful _Ode to the Cuckoo_beginning "Hail, beauteous stranger of the grove" is contested, someauthorities claiming it for B. And others for the Rev. John Logan(_q. V. _), who ed. B. 's works, adding some of his own, and who claimed the_Ode_ as his. 

BRUNTON, MARY (BALFOUR) (1778-1818). --Novelist, _dau. _ of Col. Balfour ofElwick, and _m. _ to the Rev. Dr. Brunton, Prof. Of Oriental Languages inthe Univ. Of Edin. , was the authoress of two novels, _Self-Control_(1811) and _Discipline_ (1814), which were popular in their day. 

BRYANT, JACOB (1715-1804). --Scholar, _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , wrotelearnedly, but paradoxically, on mythological and Homeric subjects. Hischief works were _A New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology_(1774-76), _Observations on the Plain of Troy_ (1795), and _Dissertationconcerning the Wars of Troy_ (1796). In the last two he endeavoured toshow that the existence of Troy and the Greek expedition were fabulous. Though so sceptical on these points he was an implicit believer in theauthenticity of the Rowley authorship of Chatterton's fabrications. Healso wrote on theological subjects. 

BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN (1794-1878). --Poet, was _b. _ at Cummington, Massachusetts, the _s. _ of a doctor. His ancestors on both sides cameover in the _Mayflower_. His first poem was _Thanatopsis_ (1817), whichwas greeted as the best poem produced in America up to that time. Afterbeing a lawyer for some time he was induced to exchange law forjournalism, and acted as ed. Of various periodicals. Among his best knownpoems are _Lines to a Water-fowl_, _The Rivulet_, _The West Wind_, _TheForest Hymn_, _The Fringed Gentian_, etc. His muse is tender and graceful, pervaded by a contemplative melancholy, and a love of solitude and thesilence of the woods. Though he was brought up to admire Pope, and in hisearly youth imitated him, he was one of the first American poets to throwoff his influence. He had a high sense of duty, was a prominent andpatriotic citizen, and enjoyed the esteem and even the reverence of hisfellow-countrymen. B. Also produced a blank-verse translation of the_Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_. 

BRYDGES, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837). --Bibliographer and genealogist, _ed. _ at Camb. , was called to the Bar in 1787. He wrote some novels andpoems, now forgotten, but rendered valuable service by hisbibliographical publications, _Censura Literaria, Titles and Opinions ofOld English Books_ (10 vols. 1805-9), his editions of E. Phillips's_Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum_ (1800) Collin's _Peerage of England_(1812), and of many rare Elizabethan authors. He was made a baronet in1814. He _d. _ at Geneva. 

BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506-1582). --Historian and scholar _b. _ at Killearn, Stirlingshire, of poor parents, was sent in 1519, with the help of anuncle, to the Univ. Of Paris, where he first came in contact with the twogreat influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation. Hisuncle having died, he had to leave Paris, and after seeing some militaryservice, returned to Scotland, and in 1524 went to St. Andrews, where hestudied under John Major (_q. V. _). Two years later he found means toreturn to Paris, where he graduated at the Scots Coll. In 1528, andtaught grammar in the Coll. Of St. Barbe. Returning to Scotland in 1536with a great reputation for learning he was made by James V. Tutor to oneof his illegitimate sons, and incited by him to satirise the vices of theclergy, which he did in two Latin poems, _Somnium_ and _Franciscanus_. This stirred the wrath of the ecclesiastical powers to such a heat that, the King withholding his protection, he was obliged in 1539 to savehimself by flight first to England and then to France, where he remaineduntil 1547 teaching Latin at Bordeaux and Paris. In the latter year hewas invited to become a prof. At Coimbra, where he was imprisoned by theInquisition as a heretic from 1549-51, and wrote the greater part of hismagnificent translation of the Psalms into Latin verse, which has neverbeen excelled by any modern. He returned to England in 1552, but soonre-crossed to France and taught in the Coll. Of Boncourt. In 1561 he cameback to his native country, where he remained for the rest of his life. Hitherto, though a supporter of the new learning and a merciless exposerof the vices of the clergy, he had remained in the ancient faith, but henow openly joined the ranks of the Reformers. He held the Principalshipof St. Leonard's Coll. , St. Andrews, was a supporter of the party of theRegent Moray, produced in 1571 his famous _Detectio Mariæ Reginæ_, ascathing exposure of the Queen's relations to Darnley and thecircumstances leading up to his death, was tutor, 1570-78, to James VI. , whom he brought up with great strictness, and to whom he imparted thelearning of which the King was afterwards so vain. His chief remainingworks were _De Jure Regni apud Scotos_ (1579), against absolutism, andhis _History of Scotland_, which was _pub. _ immediately before his death. Though he had borne so great a part in the affairs of his country, andwas the first scholar of his age, he _d. _ so poor that he left no fundsto meet the expenses of his interment. His literary masterpiece is his_History_, which is remarkable for the power and richness of its style. Its matter, however, gave so much offence that a proclamation was issuedcalling in all copies of it, as well as of the _De Jure Regni_, that theymight be purged of the "offensive and extraordinary matters" which theycontained. B. Holds his great and unique place in literature not so muchfor his own writings as for his strong and lasting influence onsubsequent writers. 

BUCHANAN, ROBERT (1841-1901). --Poet and novelist, _b. _ at Caverswall, Staffordshire, the _s. _ of a Scottish schoolmaster and socialist, and_ed. _ at Glasgow, was the friend of David Gray (_q. V. _), and with himwent to London in search of fame, but had a long period ofdiscouragement. His first work, a collection of poems, _Undertones_(1863), had, however, some success, and was followed by _Idylls ofInverburn_ (1865), _London Poems_ (1866), and others, which gave him agrowing reputation, and raised high hopes of his future. Thereafter hetook up prose fiction and the drama, not always with success, and gotinto trouble owing to some drastic criticism of his contemporaries, culminating in his famous article on the _Fleshly School of Poetry_, which appeared in the _Contemporary Review_ (Oct. 1871), and evokedreplies from Rossetti (_The Stealthy School of Criticism_), and Swinburne(_Under the Microscope_). Among his novels are _A Child of Nature_(1879), _God and the Man_ (1881), and among his dramas _A Nine Days'Queen_, _A Madcap Prince_, and _Alone in London_. His latest poems, _TheOutcast_ and _The Wandering Jew_, were directed against certain aspectsof Christianity. B. Was unfortunate in his latter years; a speculationturned out ruinously; he had to sell his copyrights, and he sustained aparalytic seizure, from the effects of which he _d. _ in a few months. Heultimately admitted that his criticism of Rossetti was unjustifiable. 

BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE of (1628-1687). --Dramatist, _s. _ ofthe 1st Duke, who was in 1628 assassinated by Felton. His life was fullof adventure and change of fortune. The Restoration gave him back hisalready twice lost estates, which he again squandered by a life of wildextravagance and profligacy at Court. He was a member of the "Cabal" andintrigued against Clarendon. He wrote pamphlets, lampoons, and plays, buthis chief contribution to literature was _The Rehearsal_, a comedy, inwhich he satirised the heroic drama of Dryden and others. It is believedthat S. Butler had a hand in it. Dryden had his revenge in his picture ofB. As _Zimri_ in _Absalom and Achitophel_. 

BUCKINGHAM AND NORMANBY, JOHN SHEFFIELD, 1ST DUKE of (1648-1721). --_S. _of the 2nd Earl of Mulgrave, served in his youth as a soldier underPrince Rupert and Turenne, and is also said to have made love to thePrincess, afterwards Queen, Anne. He was a Privy Councillor under JamesII. , William and Mary, and Anne, with the last of whom he remained afavourite. His magnificent mansion was purchased and pulled down to makeway for Buckingham Palace. He wrote _An Account of the Revolution_, _AnEssay on Satire_, and _An Essay on Poetry_. He also remodelledShakespeare's _Julius Cæsar_. 

BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855). --Journalist and traveller, wrote manybooks of travel, both on the Old and New World. He established, and for ayear or two ed. , _The Athenæum_, and produced many pamphlets on politicaland social subjects. 

BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826-80). --Naturalist, _b. _ and _ed. _ atOxf. , where his _f. _ was Dean of Christchurch. He studied medicine andwas assistant-surgeon in the Life Guards. An enthusiastic lover ofnatural history, he wrote largely upon it, among his works being_Curiosities of Natural History_ (4 vols. 1857-72), _Log Book of aFisherman and Zoologist_ (1876), _Natural History of British Fishes_(1881). He also founded and ed. _Land and Water_. He was for a timeInspector of Salmon Fisheries, and served on various commissions. Thoughobservant, he was not always strictly scientific in his methods and modesof expression, and he was a strong opponent of Darwin. 

BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821-1862). --Historical writer, _s. _ of a wealthyshipowner in London, was _b. _ at Lee in Kent. Though never at a univ. Andlittle at school, he received a high degree of education privately, andinheriting an ample fortune and a large library, he devoted himself totravel and study, with the view of preparing for a great work which hehad projected, _The History of Civilisation in England_. As anintroduction to this he entered upon the consideration of the state ofcivilisation in various other countries, but this he had scarcelycompleted when his death took place at Damascus in 1862. The first vol. Was _pub. _ in 1857, and the second in 1861. In these the results of avast amount of reading are shown; but they are not free from one-sidedviews and generalisations resting on insufficient data. He has, however, the credit of having contributed a new idea of history and the method ofwriting it. The completed work was to have extended to 14 vols. B. Wasone of the greatest chess-players in Europe. 

BUDGELL, EUSTACE (1686-1737). --Miscellaneous writer, _ed. _ at Oxf. , was acousin of Addison, who took him to Ireland and got him appointed to alucrative office, which, however, he was foolish enough to throw away bylampooning the Viceroy. He assisted A. In the _Spectator_, of which hewrote 37 numbers signed X. In these he imitates A. 's style with somesuccess. B. , who was vain and vindictive, fell on evil days, lost afortune in the South Sea Bubble, was accused of forging a will, andcommitted suicide by throwing himself out of a boat at London Bridge. 

BULL, GEORGE (1634-1710). --Theologian, _b. _ at Wells, _ed. _ at Tivertonand Oxf. , took orders, was ordained by an ejected bishop in 1658, andreceived the living of Suddington near Bristol. He was a strong Royalist, and was privy to a scheme for bringing back the Royal family. After theRestoration he obtained further preferment, and became in 1704 Bishop ofSt. David's at an age when his strength had become unequal to any veryactive discharge of the duties of his see. He has a high place amongAnglican theologians, and as a defender of the doctrine of the Trinitywas held in high esteem even by Continental Romanist controversialists. Among his works are _Harmonia Apostolica_ (1669-70) in which heendeavoured to reconcile alleged discrepancies between the teaching ofSt. Paul and St. James on the relation between faith and works, in whichhe assigned to the latter the higher authority, _Defensio Fidei Nicænæ_(1685) and _Corruptions of the Church of Rome_. 

BULWER, E. L. , (_see_ LYTTON. )

BUNYAN, JOHN (1628-1688). --_B. _ at Elstow, near Bedford, the _s. _ of apoor tinker, was _ed. _ at a free school, after which he worked at hisfather's trade. At 17 he was drafted as a soldier in the Civil War, andserved for two years at Newport Pagnell. At 19 he _m. _ a pious youngwoman, whose only dowry appears to have been two books, the _Plain Man'sPathway to Heaven_ and the _Practice of Piety_, by which he wasinfluenced towards a religious life. In his autobiographical book, _GraceAbounding_, B. Describes himself as having led an abandoned life in hisyouth; but there appears to be no evidence that he was, outwardly at anyrate, worse than the average of his neighbours: the only serious faultwhich he specifies is profanity, others being dancing and bell-ringing. The overwhelming power of his imagination led him to contemplate acts ofimpiety and profanity, and to a vivid realisation of the dangers theseinvolved. In particular he was harassed by a curiosity in regard to the"unpardonable sin, " and a prepossession that he had already committed it. He continually heard voices urging him to "sell Christ, " and was torturedby fearful visions. After severe spiritual conflicts he escaped from thiscondition, and became an enthusiastic and assured believer. In 1657 hejoined the Baptist Church, began to preach, and in 1660 was committed toBedford Jail, at first for three months, but on his refusing to conform, or to desist from preaching, his confinement was extended with littleinterval for a period of nearly 12 years, not always, however, veryrigorous. He supported his family (wife and four children, including ablind girl) by making tagged laces, and devoted all the time he couldspare from this to studying his few books and writing. During this periodhe wrote among other things, _The Holy City_ and _Grace Abounding_. Underthe Declaration of Indulgence he was released in 1672, and became alicensed preacher. In 1675 the Declaration was cancelled, and he was, under the Conventicle Act, again imprisoned for six months, during whichhe wrote the first part of _The Pilgrim's Progress_, which appeared in1678, and to which considerable additions were made in subsequenteditions. It was followed by the _Life and Death of Mr. Badman_ (1680), _The Holy War_ (1682), and the second part of _The Pilgrim's Progress_(1684). B. Was now widely known as a popular preacher and author, andexercised a wide influence. In 1688 he set out on a journey to mediatebetween a father and son, in which he was successful. On the returnjourney he was drenched with rain, caught a chill and _d. _ in London onAugust 31. He is buried in Bunhill Fields. B. Has the distinction ofhaving written, in _The Pilgrim's Progress_, probably the most widelyread book in the English language, and one which has been translated intomore tongues than any book except the Bible. The charm of the work, whichmakes it the joy of old and young, learned and ignorant, and of readersof all possible schools of thought and theology, lies in the interest ofa story in which the intense imagination of the writer makes characters, incidents, and scenes alike live in that of his readers as thingsactually known and remembered by themselves, in its touches of tendernessand quaint humour, its bursts of heart-moving eloquence, and its pure, nervous, idiomatic English, Macaulay has said, "Every reader knows thestraight and narrow path as well as he knows a road on which he has beenbackwards and forwards a hundred times, " and he adds that "In Englandduring the latter half of the seventeenth century there were only twominds which possessed the imaginative faculty in a very eminent degree. One of these minds produced the _Paradise Lost_, the other _The Pilgrim'sProgress_. " B. Wrote about 60 books and tracts, of which _The Holy War_ranks next to _The Pilgrim's Progress_ in popularity, while _GraceAbounding_ is one of the most interesting pieces of biography inexistence. 

There are numerous Lives, the most complete being that by Dr. John Brownof Bedford (1885 new 1888): others are Southey's (1830), on whichMacaulay's _Essay_ is based, Offor (1862), Froude (1880). On _ThePilgrim's Progress, The People of the Pilgrimage_, by J. Kerr Bain, D. D. 

BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS (1784-1817). --Traveller, _b. _ at Lausanne and_ed. _ in Germany, came to England in 1806 and wrote his books of travelin English. He travelled widely in Africa and in Syria, and the adjoiningcountries, became a great oriental scholar, and, disguising himself, madethe pilgrimage to Mecca, and obtained access to places not open toChristians. He wrote accounts of his travels, and a book on Arabicproverbs. He _d. _ of dysentery at Cairo when about to start on a newjourney into the interior of Africa. 

BURKE, EDMUND (1729-1797). --Statesman, orator, and political philosopher, was the _s. _ of an attorney in Dublin, where he was _b. _ His _f. _ was aProtestant, but his mother, whose maiden name was Nagle, was a RomanCatholic. He received his early _ed. _ at a Quaker school at Ballitore, and in 1743 proceeded to Trinity Coll. , Dublin, where he graduated in1748. His _f. _ wished him to study for the law, and with this object he, in 1750, went to London and entered the Middle Temple. He, however, disliked law and spent more time in literary pursuits than in legalstudy. In 1756 his first _pub. _ work appeared, _A Vindication of NaturalSociety_, a satire on the views of Bolingbroke, but so close was theimitation of that writer's style, and so grave the irony, that its pointas a satire was largely missed. In the same year he _pub. _ his famoustreatise _On the Sublime and Beautiful_, which attracted universalattention, and three years later (1759) he projected with Dodsley thepublisher _The Annual Register_, for which he continued to write theyearly Survey of Events until 1788. About the same time he was introducedto W. G. Hamilton (known as Single-speech H. ) then about to go to Irelandas Chief Sec. , and accompanied him in the capacity of private sec. , inwhich he remained for three years. In 1765 he became private sec. To theMarquis of Rockingham, the Whig statesman, then Prime Minister, whobecame his fast friend until his death. At the same time he enteredParliament as member for Wendover, and began his brilliant career as anorator and philosophic statesman. The first great subject in which heinterested himself was the controversy with the American colonies, whichsoon developed into war and ultimate separation, and in 1769 he _pub. _, in reply to G. Grenville, his pamphlet on _The Present State of theNation_. In the same year he purchased the small estate of Gregories nearBeaconsfield. His speeches and writings had now made him famous, andamong other effects had brought about the suggestion that he was theauthor of the _Letters of Junius_. It was also about this time that hebecame one of the circle which, including Goldsmith, Garrick, etc. , hadJohnson for its central luminary. In 1770 appeared _Thoughts on theCauses of the Present Discontent_, directed against the growth of theRoyal power on the one hand, and of faction on the other. In 1774 he waselected member for Bristol, and continued so until 1780, when differenceswith his constituency on the questions of Irish trade and Catholicemancipation led to his resignation, after which he sat for Malton untilhis final retirement from public life. Under the administration of LordNorth (1770-1782) the American war went on from bad to worse, and it wasin part owing to the splendid oratorical efforts of B. That it was atlast brought to an end. To this period belong two of his most brilliantperformances, his speech on _Conciliation with America_ (1775), and his_Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol_ (1777). The fall of North led toRockingham being recalled to power, which, however, he held for a fewmonths only, dying in the end of 1782, during which period B. Held theoffice of Paymaster of the Forces, and was made a Privy Councillor. Thereafter he committed the great error of his political life insupporting Fox in his coalition with North, one of the most flagitious, as it was to those concerned in it, one of the most fatal, political actsin our parliamentary history. Under this unhappy combination he continuedto hold during its brief existence the office of Paymaster, anddistinguished himself in connection with Fox's India Bill. The coalitionfell in 1783, and was succeeded by the long administration of Pitt, whichlasted until 1801. B. Was accordingly for the remainder of his politicallife in opposition. In 1785 he made his great speech on _The Nabob ofArcot's Debts_, and in the next year (1786) he moved for papers in regardto the Indian government of Warren Hastings, the consequence of which wasthe impeachment of that statesman, which, beginning in 1787, lasted until1794, and of which B. Was the leading promoter. Meanwhile, the events inFrance were in progress which led to the Revolution, and culminated inthe death of the King and Queen. By these B. Was profoundly moved, andhis _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1790) electrified England, and even Europe. Its success was enormous. The same events and thedifferences which arose regarding them in the Whig party led to its breakup, to the rupture of B's friendship with Fox, and to his _Appeal fromthe New to the Old Whigs_. In 1794 a terrible blow fell upon him in theloss of his son Richard, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom hesaw signs of promise, which were not patent to others, and which in factappear to have been non-existent. In the same year the Hastings trialcame to an end. B. Felt that his work was done and indeed that he wasworn out; and he took leave of Parliament. The King, whose favour he hadgained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to make him LordBeaconsfield, but the death of his son had deprived such an honour of allits attractions, and the only reward he would accept was a pension of£2500. Even this modest reward for services so transcendent was attackedby the Duke of Bedford, to whom B. Made a crushing reply in the _Letterto a Noble Lord_ (1796). His last _pub. _ was the _Letter on a RegicidePeace_ (1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France. Whenit appeared the author was dead. 

B. Was one of the greatest political thinkers whom England has produced, and all his writings, like his speeches, are characterised by the weldingtogether of knowledge, thought, and feeling. Unlike most orators he ismore successful as a writer than as a speaker. He rose too far above theheads of his audience, which the continued splendour of his declamation, his inordinate copiousness, and his excessive vehemence, often passinginto fury, at length wearied, and even disgusted: but in his writings arefound some of the grandest examples of a fervid and richly elaboratedeloquence. Though he was never admitted to the Cabinet, he guided andinfluenced largely the policy of his party, while by his efforts in thedirection of economy and order in administration at home, and on behalfof kindly and just government in India, as well as by his contributionsto political philosophy, he laid his country and indeed the world underlasting obligations. 

There are _Lives_ by Prior (1824 and 1854); J. Morley (1867), and varioused. Of his works have appeared. _Select Works_ by Payne (3 vols. 1874-78). 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1729, _ed. _ Trinity Coll. , Dublin, enters Middle Temple1750, _pub. _ treatise _On the Sublime and Beautiful_ 1756, became friendof Rockingham 1765, enters Parliament and engages in Americancontroversy, _pub. _ speech on _Conciliation with America_ 1775, Paymasterof Forces and P. C. 1782, joined coalition of Fox and North 1782, leads inprosecution of W. Hastings 1787-94, _pub. _ _Reflections on FrenchRevolution_ 1790 and breaks with Fox party, _pub. _ _Letter on a RegicidePeace_ 1796, _d. _ 1797. 

BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715). --Theologian and historian, s. Of a Royalistand Episcopalian lawyer, who became a judge, and of the sister ofJohnston of Warristoun, a leader of the Covenanters, was _b. _ in Edin. , and _ed. _ at Aberdeen and at Amsterdam, where he studied Hebrew under aRabbi. Returning to Scotland, he was successively Episcopal minister atSaltoun and Prof. Of Divinity in Glasgow (1669), and was then offered, but declined, a Scotch bishopric. His energetic and bustling characterled him to take an active part in the controversies of the time, and heendeavoured to bring about a reconciliation between Episcopacy andPresbytery. Going to London he was in some favour with Charles II. , fromwhom he received various preferments. His literary reputation was greatlyenhanced by the publication in 1679 of the first vol. Of his _History ofthe Reformation of the Church of England_, for which he received thethanks of Parliament, and which was completed by other two vols. , in 1682and 1714. On account of a letter of reproof which he ventured to write tothe King, he lost favour at Court, and the policy pursued by James II. Being very repugnant to him, he betook himself in 1687 to Holland, wherehe became one of the advisers of the Prince of Orange. Returning toEngland at the Revolution, he was made Bishop of Salisbury, which officehe adorned by liberal views and a zealous discharge of duty. The work bywhich his fame is chiefly sustained, his _History of my Own Times_, was, by his direction, not to be _pub. _ until 6 years after his death. Itappeared in 1723. It gives a sketch of the history of the Civil Wars andCommonwealth, and a detailed account of the immediately succeeding perioddown to 1713. While not free from egotism and some party feeling, it iswritten with a sincere desire for accuracy and fairness, and it haslargely the authority of an eye-witness. The style, if somewhat lackingin dignity, is lively and picturesque. Among his other writings are a_History of the Dukes of Hamilton_, and an _Exposition of the 39Articles_. 

His principal works have been repeatedly printed. Clarendon Press ed. Of_My Own Times_ by Routh (1823 and 1833). 

BURNET, THOMAS (1635?-1715). --Theologian and writer on cosmogony, was_b. _ at Croft near Darlington, and _ed. _ at Camb. , and became Master ofCharterhouse and Clerk of the Closet to William III. His literary famerests on his _Telluris Theoria Sacra, or Sacred Theory of the Earth_, _pub. _ about 1692, first in Latin and afterwards in English, a workwhich, in absence of all scientific knowledge of the earth's structure, was necessarily a mere speculative cosmogony. It is written, however, with much eloquence. Some of the views expressed in another work, _Archæolgiæ Philosophicæ_, were, however, so unacceptable to contemporarytheologians that he had to resign his post at Court. 

BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796). --Poet, was _b. _ near Ayr, the _s. _ of WilliamBurness or Burns, a small farmer, and a man of considerable force ofcharacter and self-culture. His youth was passed in poverty, hardship, and a degree of severe manual labour which left its traces in a prematurestoop and weakened constitution. He had little regular schooling, and gotmuch of what education he had from his father, who taught his childrenreading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history, and also wrote forthem "A Manual of Christian Belief. " With all his ability and character, however, the elder B. Was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with hislarge family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve hiscircumstances. In 1781 Robert went to Irvine to become a flax-dresser, but, as the result of a New Year carousal of the workmen, includinghimself, the shop took fire and was burned to the ground. This ventureaccordingly came to an end. In 1784 the _f. _ died, and B. With hisbrother Gilbert made an ineffectual struggle to keep on the farm; failingin which they removed to Mossgiel, where they maintained an uphill fightfor 4 years. Meanwhile, his love affair with Jean Armour had passedthrough its first stage, and the troubles in connection therewith, combined with the want of success in farming, led him to think of goingto Jamaica as bookkeeper on a plantation. From this he was dissuaded by aletter from Dr. Thomas Blacklock (_q. V. _), and at the suggestion of hisbrother _pub. _ his poems. This first ed. Was brought out at Kilmarnock inJune 1786, and contained much of his best work, including "The Twa Dogs, ""The Address to the Deil, " "Hallowe'en, " "The Cottar's Saturday Night, ""The Mouse, " "The Daisy, " etc. , many of which had been written atMossgiel. Copies of this ed. Are now extremely scarce, and as much as£550 has been paid for one. The success of the work was immediate, thepoet's name rang over all Scotland, and he was induced to go to Edin. Tosuperintend the issue of a new ed. There he was received as an equal bythe brilliant circle of men of letters which the city thenboasted--Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair, etc. , and was a guest ataristocratic tables, where he bore himself with unaffected dignity. Herealso Scott, then a boy of 15, saw him and describes him as of "mannersrustic, not clownish. His countenance ... More massive than it looks inany of the portraits ... A strong expression of shrewdness in hislineaments; the eye alone indicated the poetical character andtemperament. It was large, and of a dark cast, and literally glowed whenhe spoke with feeling or interest. " The results of this visit outside ofits immediate and practical object, included some life-long friendships, among which were those with Lord Glencairn and Mrs. Dunlop. The new ed. Brought him £400. About this time the episode of Highland Mary occurred. On his return to Ayrshire he renewed his relations with Jean Armour, whomhe ultimately married, took the farm of Ellisland near Dumfries, havingmeanwhile taken lessons in the duties of an exciseman, as a line to fallback upon should farming again prove unsuccessful. At Ellisland hissociety was cultivated by the local gentry. And this, together withliterature and his duties in the excise, to which he had been appointedin 1789, proved too much of a distraction to admit of success on thefarm, which in 1791 he gave up. Meanwhile he was writing at his best, andin 1790 had produced _Tam o' Shanter_. About this time he was offered anddeclined an appointment in London on the staff of the _Star_ newspaper, and refused to become a candidate for a newly-created Chair ofAgriculture in the Univ. Of Edin. , although influential friends offeredto support his claims. After giving up his farm he removed to Dumfries. It was at this time that, being requested to furnish words for _TheMelodies of Scotland_, he responded by contributing over 100 songs, onwhich perhaps his claim to immortality chiefly rests, and which placedhim in the front rank of lyric poets. His worldly prospects were nowperhaps better than they had ever been; but he was entering upon the lastand darkest period of his career. He had become soured, and moreover hadalienated many of his best friends by too freely expressing sympathywith the French Revolution, and the then unpopular advocates of reform athome. His health began to give way; he became prematurely old, and fellinto fits of despondency; and the habits of intemperance, to which he hadalways been more or less addicted, grew upon him. He _d. _ on July 21, 1797. 

The genius of B. Is marked by spontaneity, directness, and sincerity, andhis variety is marvellous, ranging from the tender intensity of some ofhis lyrics through the rollicking humour and blazing wit of _Tam o'Shanter_ to the blistering satire of _Holy Willie's Prayer_ and _The HolyFair_. His life is a tragedy, and his character full of flaws. But hefought at tremendous odds, and as Carlyle in his great Essay says, "Granted the ship comes into harbour with shrouds and tackle damaged, thepilot is blameworthy ... But to know _how_ blameworthy, tell us firstwhether his voyage has been round the Globe or only to Ramsgate and theIsle of Dogs. "

The books about Burns, his life and writings, are innumerable. Among theLives are those by Currie (1800); Allan Cunningham (1834); J. G. Lockhart(1828), on which is based Carlyle's memorable _Essay_ (which _see_). Among the famous ed. Of the _Poems_ may be mentioned the first(Kilmarnock 1786), Edin. (1787), and the _Centenary_ (1896), by W. E. Henley and T. F. Henderson. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1759, flax-dresser at Irvine 1781, farms at Mossgiel, haslove affair with Jean Armour, _pub. _ first ed. Of poems 1786, visitsEdin. 1786, goes to Ellisland, became exciseman 1789, _pub. _ songs, _c. _1791, _d. _ 1797. 

BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809-1881). --Historian, was _b. _ and _ed. _ atAberdeen, was in 1831 called to the Bar, but had little practice, and in1854 was appointed Sec. To the Prison Board of Scotland, and in 1877 aCommissioner of Prisons. He became at an early period of his life acontributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_ and other periodicals, and in 1846_pub. _ a life of Hume, which attracted considerable attention, and wasfollowed by Lives of Lord Lovat and Lord President Forbes. He began hiscareer as an historian by the publication in 1853 of _History of Scotlandfrom the Revolution to the Extinction of the last Jacobite Insurrection_, to which he added (1867-70) _History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasionto the Revolution_, in 7 vols. , thus completing a continuous narrative. Subsequently he _pub. _ a _History of the Reign of Queen Anne_ (1880). Other works of a lighter kind were _The Book-Hunter_ (1862), and _TheScot Abroad_ (1864). B. 's historical works display much research and aspirit of candour and honesty, and have picturesque and spiritedpassages, but the style is unequal, and frequently lacks dignity. On thewhole, however, his is regarded as the most generally trustworthy andvaluable history of Scotland at present existing. 

BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890). --Explorer and scholar, _s. _ ofan officer in the army, was _b. _ at Barham House, Herts, and after asomewhat desultory education abroad as well as at home, entered upon alife of travel, adventure, and military and civil service in almost everyquarter of the world, including India, Africa, the nearer East, and Northand South America, in the course of which he mastered 35 languages. As anofficial his masterful ways and spirit of adventure frequently broughthim into collision with superior powers, by whom he not seldom consideredhimself ill-used. He was the author of upwards of 50 books on a greatvariety of subjects, including travels, novels, and translations, amongwhich are _Personal Narrative of a Journey to Mecca_ (1855), _FirstFootprints in East Africa_ (1856), _Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa_(1860), _The Nile Basin_, a translation and life of Camoens, anabsolutely literal translation of the _Arabian Nights_, with notes andcommentaries, of which his accomplished wife _pub. _ an expurgatededition. Lady B. , who was the companion of his travels after 1861, alsowrote books on Syria, Arabia, and other eastern countries, as well as alife of her husband, a number of whose manuscripts she destroyed. 

BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at Lindley, Leicestershire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , took orders, and became Vicar of St. Thomas, Oxf. , 1616, and Rector of Segrave, Leicestershire, 1630. Subjectto depression of spirits, he wrote as an antidote the singular book whichhas given him fame. _The Anatomy of Melancholy_, in which he appearsunder the name of _Democritus Junior_, was _pub. _ in 1621, and had greatpopularity. In the words of Warton, "The author's variety of learning, his quotations from rare and curious books, his pedantry sparkling withrude wit and shapeless elegance ... Have rendered it a repertory ofamusement and information. " It has also proved a store-house from whichlater authors have not scrupled to draw without acknowledgment. It was afavourite book of Dr. Johnson. B. Was a mathematician and dabbled inastrology. When not under depression he was an amusing companion, "verymerry, facete, and juvenile, " and a person of "great honesty, plaindealing, and charity. "

The best ed. Is that of Rev. A. R. Shilleto, with introduction by A. H. Bullen (3 vols. 1893). 

BURY, LADY CHARLOTTE (1775-1861). --Novelist, _dau. _ of the 5th Duke ofArgyll, and _m. _ first to Col. J. Campbell, and second to Rev. E. J. Bury, wrote a number of novels--_Flirtation_, _Separation_, _The Divorced_, etc. , but is chiefly remembered in connection with a _Diary illustrativeof the Times of George IV. _ (1838), a somewhat scandalous work generally, and probably correctly, ascribed to her. She also wrote some poems andtwo devotional works. She held for some time an appointment in thehousehold of the Princess of Wales. 

BURY, RICHARD DE (1281-1345). --_S. _ of Sir Richard Aungerville, _b. _ atBury St. Edmunds, studied at Oxf. , and was a Benedictine monk, becametutor to Edward III. When Prince of Wales, and Bishop of Durham, and heldmany offices of State. He was a patron of learning, and one of the firstEnglish collectors of books, and he wrote his work, _Philobiblon_, inpraise of books, and founded a library at Durham. 

BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752). --Theologian, _b. _ at Wantage, _s. _ of aPresbyterian linen-draper, was destined for the ministry of that Church, but in 1714 he decided to enter the Church of England, and went to Oxf. After holding various other preferments he became rector of the richliving of Stanhope, Bishop of Bristol (1738), and Bishop of Durham(1750), and was said to have refused the Primacy. In 1726 he _pub. __Fifteen Sermons_, and in 1736 _The Analogy of Religion_. These two booksare among the most powerful and original contributions to ethics andtheology which have ever been made. They depend for their effect entirelyupon the force of their reasoning, for they have no graces of style. B. Was an excellent man, and a diligent and conscientious churchman. Thoughindifferent to general literature, he had some taste in the fine arts, especially architecture. B. 's works were ed. By W. E. Gladstone (2 vols. 1896), and there are Lives by Bishop W. Fitzgerald, Spooner (1902), andothers, _see_ also _History of English Thought in 18th Century_, byLeslie Stephen. 

BUTLER, SAMUEL (1612-1680). --Satirist, was the _s. _ of a Worcestershirefarmer. In early youth he was page to the Countess of Kent, andthereafter clerk to various Puritan justices, some of whom are believedto have suggested characters in _Hudibras_. After the Restoration hebecame Sec. To the Lord Pres. Of Wales, and about the same time _m. _ aMrs. Herbert, a widow with a jointure, which, however, was lost. In 1663the first part of _Hudibras_ was _pub. _, and the other two in 1664 and1668 respectively. This work, which is to a certain extent modelled on_Don Quixote_, stands at the head of the satirical literature of England, and for wit and compressed thought has few rivals in any language. It isdirected against the Puritans, and while it holds up to ridicule theextravagancies into which many of the party ran, it entirely fails to dojustice to their virtues and their services to liberty, civil andreligious. Many of its brilliant couplets have passed into the proverbialcommonplaces of the language, and few who use them have any idea of theirsource. Butler, notwithstanding the popularity of his work, was neglectedby the Court, and _d. _ in poverty. 

Ed. Of B. 's works have been issued by Bell (3 vols. , 1813), and Johnson(2 vols. , 1893). 

BUTLER, SAMUEL (1825-1902). --Miscellaneous writer, _ed. _ at Shrewsburyand Camb. , wrote two satirical books, _Erewhon_ (nowhere) (1872), and_Erewhon Revisited_ (1901). He translated the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ inprose, and mooted the theory that the latter was written by a woman. Other works were _The Fair Haven_, _Life and Habit_, _The Way of allFlesh_ (a novel) (1903), etc. , and some sonnets. He also wrote on theSonnets of Shakespeare. 

BYRON, GEORGE GORDON, 6TH LORD BYRON (1788-1824). --Poet, was _b. _ inLondon, the _s. _ of Captain John B. And of Catherine Gordon, heiress ofGight, Aberdeenshire, his second wife, whom he _m. _ for her money and, after squandering it, deserted. He was also the grand-nephew of the 5th, known as the "wicked" Lord B. From his birth he suffered from amalformation of the feet, causing a slight lameness, which was a cause oflifelong misery to him, aggravated by the knowledge that with proper careit might have been cured. After the departure of his _f. _ his mother wentto Aberdeen, where she lived on a small salvage from her fortune. She wasa capricious woman of violent temper, with no fitness for guiding hervolcanic son, and altogether the circumstances of his early life explain, if they do not excuse, the spirit of revolt which was his lifelongcharacteristic. In 1794, on the death of a cousin, he becameheir-presumptive to the title and embarrassed estates of the family, towhich, on the death of his great-uncle in 1798, he succeeded. In 1801 hewas sent to Harrow, where he remained until 1805, when he proceeded toTrinity Coll. , Camb. , where he read much history and fiction, livedextravagantly, and got into debt. Some early verses which he had _pub. _in 1806 were suppressed. They were followed in 1807 by _Hours ofIdleness_, which was savagely attacked in the _Edinburgh Review_. Inreply he sent forth _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1800), whichcreated considerable stir and shortly went through 5 ed. Meanwhile, hehad settled at Newstead Abbey, the family seat, where with some of hiscronies he was believed to have indulged in wild and extravagant orgies, the accounts of which, however, were probably greatly exaggerated. In1809 he left England, and passing through Spain, went to Greece. Duringhis absence, which extended over two years, he wrote the first two cantosof _Childe Harold_, which were _pub. _ after his return in 1812, and werereceived with acclamation. In his own words, "he awoke one morning andfound himself famous. " He followed up his success with some short poems, _The Corsair_, _Lara_, etc. About the same time began his intimacy withhis future biographer, Thomas Moore (_q. V. _), and about 1815 he marriedAnne Isabella Milbanke, who had refused him in the previous year, a unionwhich, owing to the total incompatibility of the parties, and seriousprovocations on the part of B. , proved unhappy, and was in 1816 dissolvedby a formal deed of separation. The only fruit of it was a _dau. _, Augusta Ada. After this break-up of his domestic life, followed as it wasby the severe censure of society, and by pressure on the part of hiscreditors, which led to the sale of his library, B. Again left England, as it turned out, for ever, and, passing through Belgium and up theRhine, went to Geneva, afterwards travelling with Shelley throughSwitzerland, when he wrote the third canto of _Childe Harold_. Hewintered in Venice, where he formed a connection with Jane Clairmont, the_dau. _ of W. Godwin's second wife (_q. V. _). In 1817 he was in Rome, whence returning to Venice he wrote the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_. In the same year he sold his ancestral seat of Newstead, and about thesame time _pub. _ _Manfred_, _Cain_, and _The Deformed Transformed_. Thefirst five cantos of _Don Juan_ were written between 1818 and 1820, during which period he made the acquaintance of the Countess Guiccioli, whom he persuaded to leave her husband. It was about this time that hereceived a visit from Moore, to whom he confided his MS. Autobiography, which Moore, in the exercise of the discretion left to him, burned in1824. His next move was to Ravenna, where he wrote much, chiefly dramas, including _Marino Faliero_. In 1821-22 he finished _Don Juan_ at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with Leigh Hunt in starting a short-livednewspaper, _The Liberal_, in the first number of which appeared _TheVision of Judgment_. His last Italian home was Genoa, where he was stillaccompanied by the Countess, and where he lived until 1823, when heoffered himself as an ally to the Greek insurgents. In July of that yearhe started for Greece, spent some months in Cephalonia waiting for theGreeks to form some definite plans. In January, 1824, he landed atMissolonghi, but caught a malarial fever, of which he _d. _ on April 19, 1824. 

The final position of B. In English literature is probably not yetsettled. It is at present undoubtedly lower than it was in his owngeneration. Yet his energy, passion, and power of vivid andrichly-coloured description, together with the interest attaching to hiswayward and unhappy career, must always make him loom large in theassembly of English writers. He exercised a marked influence onContinental literature, and his reputation as poet is higher in someforeign countries than in his own. 

Among ed. Of the works of B. May be mentioned Murray's (13 vols. 1898-1904). Moore's _Life_ (1830), Lady Blessington's _Conversations withLord Byron_ (1834, new, 1894). 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1788, spent childhood in Aberdeen, _ed. _ Harrow and Camb. , _pub. _ _English Bards etc. _, 1809, _Childe Harold_ first two cantos 1812, married 1815, separated 1816, owing to this and financial difficultiesleaves England, meets Shelley, _pub. _ third canto of _Childe Harold_1816, fourth canto 1817, writes _Don Juan_ cantos 1-4 1818-20, lives atvarious places in Italy 1816-24 with Countess Guiccioli, finished _DonJuan_ 1822, goes to Greece 1823 to assist insurgents, _d. _ 1824. 

BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884). --Dramatist, _b. _ at Manchester, enteredthe Middle Temple, but soon took to writing for the stage, and producedmany popular burlesques and extravaganzas. He also wrote for periodicals, and was the first editor of _Fun_. Among his best dramatic pieces are_Cyril's Success_ (1868), _Our Boys_ (1875), and _The Upper Crust_. 

CÆDMON (_d. _ 1680). --The first English poet of whom we have anyknowledge. Originally employed as cowherd at the Abbey of Whitby, hebecame a singer when somewhat advanced in life. The story of how the giftof song came to him is given by Bede, how having fallen asleep in thestable he dreamed that one came to him desiring a song, and on his asking"What shall I sing?" replied "Sing to me of the beginning of createdthings. " Therefore he began to sing and, on awaking, remembered his songand added to it. Thereafter he told what had befallen him to the bailiffwho was over him, who repeated the tale to the Abbess Hilda. She havingcalled together certain learned and pious persons, C. Was brought beforethem, told his story, and recited his verses. A part of Scripture wasread to him, which he was asked to turn into verse; and this being donehe was received into the Abbey where, for the rest of his life, he livedas a monk, and continued to make his holy songs. Much that was formerlyattributed to C. Is now held to be of later date. All that is known to behis is a Northumbrian version of Bede's Latin paraphrases of C. 's firstsong: although by some the authorship of "The Dream of the Holy Rood, "and of a fragment on "The Temptation and Fall of Man" is claimed for him. 

_English Literature from Beginning to Norman Conquest_, Stopford Brooke(1898), and _History of Early English Literature_, by the same (1892). 

CAIRD, EDWARD (1835-1908). --Philosopher, younger brother of John C. (_q. V. _), was _b. _ at Greenock, and _ed. _ at Glasgow and Oxf. , where hebecame Fellow and Tutor of Merton Coll. In 1866 he was appointed to theChair of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, which he held until 1893, when hebecame Master of Balliol Coll. , from which he retired in 1907. He haswritten _Critical Philosophy of Kant_ (1877), _Hegel_ (1883), _Evolutionof Religion_, _Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte_ (1885), _Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers_ (1904). 

CAIRD, JOHN (1820-1898). --Theologian, _b. _, at Greenock, and _ed. _ atGlasgow, entered the Church of Scotland, of which he became one of themost eloquent preachers. After being a minister in the country and inEdinburgh, he was translated to Glasgow, becoming in 1862 Prof. OfDivinity in the Univ. Of that city, and in 1873 Principal. A sermon on_Religion in Common Life_, preached before Queen Victoria, made him knownthroughout the Protestant world. He wrote an _Introduction to thePhilosophy of Religion_ (1880), and a vol. On _Spinoza_ (1888). 

CALAMY, EDMUND (1600-1666). --Puritan Divine, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ atCamb. , was one of the principal authors of a famous controversial workbearing the title _Smectymnuus_, made up of the initials of the variouswriters, and _pub. _ in 1641 in reply to Bishop Hall's _Divine Right ofEpiscopacy_. His other chief work is _The Godly Man's Ark_. APresbyterian, he was a supporter of monarchy, and favoured theRestoration, after which he was offered, but declined, the see ofCoventry and Lichfield. He was a member of the Savoy Conference. Thepassing of the Act of Uniformity led to his retiring from ministerialwork. He is said to have _d. _ of melancholy caused by the great fire ofLondon. 

CALDERWOOD, DAVID (1575-1650). --Scottish Church historian, belonged to agood family, and about 1604 became minister of Crailing, Roxburghshire. Opposing the designs of James VI. For setting up Episcopacy, he wasimprisoned 1617, and afterwards had to betake himself to Holland, wherehis controversial work, _Altare Damascenum_, against Episcopacy, was_pub. _ In 1625 he returned to Scotland, and began his great work, _TheHistorie of the Kirk of Scotland_, which was _pub. _ in an abridged form(1646). The complete work was printed (1841-49) for the Woodrow Society. C. Became minister of Pencaitland, East Lothian, about 1640, and was oneof those appointed to draw up _The Directory for Public Worship inScotland_. 

CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART (1831-1884). --Poet and translator, _s. _ of theRev. H. Blayds (who assumed the name of Calverley), was _ed. _ at Harrow, Oxf. , and Camb. He was called to the Bar in 1865, and appeared to have abrilliant career before him, when a fall on the ice in 1866 changed himfrom a distinguished athlete to a life-long invalid. Brilliant as ascholar, a musician, and a talker, he is perhaps best known as one of thegreatest of parodists. He _pub. _ _Verses and Translations_ (1862), and_Fly-leaves_ (1872). He also translated _Theocritus_ (1869). 

CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623). --Antiquary and historian, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Christ's Hospital, St. Paul's School, and Oxf. , was in 1575appointed Second Master in Westminster School, and Head Master in 1593, and spent his vacations in travelling over England collecting antiquarianinformation. His great work, _Britannia_, was _pub. _ in 1586, and at oncebrought him fame both at home and abroad. It is a work of vast labour anderudition, written in elegant Latin. In 1597 C. Was made ClarencieuxKing-at-Arms which, setting him free from his academic duties, enabledhim to devote more time to his antiquarian and historical labours. Hisother principal works are _Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth_ (printed1615-1623), _Monuments and Inscriptions in Westminster Abbey_ (1600), anda _coll. _ of _Ancient English Historians_. He was buried in WestminsterAbbey. The Camden Society for historical research, founded in 1838, isnamed after him. 

CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719-1796). --Theologian and philosopher, was a ministerof the Church of Scotland at Aberdeen, and Principal and Prof. OfDivinity in Marischal Coll. There. His _Dissertation on Miracles_ (1763), in answer to Hume, was in its day considered a masterly argument, and wasadmitted to be so by Hume himself. His other principal works were _ThePhilosophy of Rhetoric_ (1776), which is still a standard work, and _ATranslation of the Four Gospels with Notes_. 

CAMPBELL, JOHN, 1ST LORD CAMPBELL (1779-1861). --Lawyer and biographer, _s. _ of the minister of Cupar-Fife, had a highly successful career as alawyer, and held the offices successively of Solicitor andAttorney-General, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Lord Chief Justice, andLord Chancellor. His contributions to literature were _Lives of theChancellors_ and _Lives of the Chief Justices_. These works, thoughdeficient in research and accuracy, often unfair in judgments ofcharacter, and loose and diffuse in style, are interesting and full ofinformation. 

CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS (1822-1885). --Celtic scholar, _ed. _ at Eton andEdin. , was afterwards Sec. To the Lighthouse Commission. He was anauthority on Celtic folk-lore, and _pub. _ _Popular Tales of the WestHighlands_ (4 vols. , 1860-62), and various Gaelic texts. 

CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908). --Scholar, _s. _ of a naval officer, _ed. _ atEdin. , Glasgow, and Oxf. , took orders, and was Vicar of Milford, Hants, until 1863, when he was appointed Prof. Of Greek at St. Andrews. Hebrought out ed. Of Sophocles and other works on the Greek classics, andin conjunction with E. Abbott _The Life and Letters of Prof. Jowett_(_q. V. _), with whom he had collaborated in editing the _Republic ofPlato_. He also ed. The poems of Thomas Campbell, to whom he was related. 

CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777-1844). --Poet, was the youngest _s. _ of AlexanderC. , a merchant in Glasgow, where he was _b. _ After leaving the Univ. Ofthat city, where he gained some distinction by his translations from theGreek, and acting for some time as a tutor, he went to Edin. To studylaw, in which, however, he did not make much progress, but gained fame byproducing in 1799, at the age of 21, his principal poem, _The Pleasuresof Hope_. In spite of some of the faults of youth, the vigour of thoughtand description, and power of versification displayed in the poem, aswell as its noble feeling for liberty, made it a marvellous performancefor so young a man. His other larger poems are _Gertrude of Wyoming_(1809), _O'Connor's Child_, and _Theodric_ (1824). It is not, however, for these that he will be chiefly remembered, but for his patriotic andwar lyrics, _Ye Mariners of England_, _Hohenlinden_, and _The Battle ofthe Baltic_, which are imperishable. C. Was also distinguished as acritic, and his _Specimens of the British Poets_ (1819) is prefaced by anessay which is an important contribution to criticism. C. Resided inLondon from 1803 until the year of his death, which took place atBoulogne, whither he had repaired in search of health. In addition to theworks mentioned he wrote various compilations, including _Annals of GreatBritain_, covering part of the reign of George III. In 1805 he received aGovernment pension, and he was Lord Rector of Glasgow Univ. 1826-29. Heis buried in Westminster Abbey. 

_Life and Letters_, Beattie (1840); Poems, _Aldine_ ed. (1875, new, 1890). 

CAMPION, THOMAS (_c. _ 1575-1620). --Poet and musician, _b. _ at Witham, Essex, and _ed. _ at Camb. , and on the Continent, studied law at Gray'sInn, but discarding it, practised medicine in London. He wrote masques, and many fine lyrics remarkable for their metrical beauty, of which"Cherry Ripe" and "Lesbia" are well known. He also wrote _Epigrams_ inLatin, and _Observations on the Arte of Poesie_ (1602). He composed themusic for most of his songs. 

CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827). --Statesman, was _b. _ in London, the _s. _ ofa lawyer. He lost his _f. _ while still an infant, and was brought up byan uncle, who sent him to Eton and Oxf. In 1793 he entered Parliament asa supporter of Pitt, and soon became one of the most brilliant debatersin the House. After filling various offices, including that of ForeignSec. , with striking ability, he was in 1827 appointed Prime Minister, but_d. _, deeply mourned by the nation, a few months later. He has a place inliterature as the leading spirit in the _Anti-Jacobin_, a paper startedduring the French Revolution, in support of the English Constitution, andwhich, with Gifford for ed. , had many of the most eminent men of the dayas contributors. C. Wrote the _Needy Knife-grinder_, _The Loves of theTriangles_, parts II. And III. , a parody on E. Darwin's _Loves of thePlants_, _The Progress of Man_, etc. His _coll. _ _Poems_ were _pub. _1823. 

CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1393-1464). --Historian and theologian, _b. _ at Lynn, became an Augustinian Friar, and at length Provincial of the Order inEngland. He studied probably at Camb. , visited Rome, and was a client ofHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester, whose life he wrote. He was the author ofnumerous theological and historical works, some of which are ofconsiderable importance, including in Latin, _Nova Legenda Angliæ_, _DeIllustribus Henricis_: lives of German Emperors, English Kings, etc. , ofthe name of Henry, and in English, monotonous and dull, lives of St. Gilbert and St. Katharine, and a _Chronicle_ reaching to 1417. 

CAREW, RICHARD (1555-1620). --Translator and antiquary, a county gentlemanof Cornwall, _ed. _ at Oxf. , made a translation of the first five cantosof Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1594), more correct than that ofFairfax. Other works were _A Survey of Cornwall_ (1602), and an _Epistleconcerning the Excellencies of the English Tongue_ (1605). 

CAREW, THOMAS (1594?-1639). --Poet, _s. _ of Sir Matthew C. , was _ed. _ atOxf. , entered the Middle Temple, and was one of the first and best of thecourtly poets who wrote gracefully on light themes of Court life andgallantry. C. 's poems have often much beauty and even tenderness. Hischief work is _Coelum Britannicum_. He lived the easy and careless lifeof a courtier of the day, but is said to have _d. _ in a repentant frame. His poems, consisting chiefly of short lyrics, were _coll. _ and _pub. _after his death. One of the most beautiful and best known of his songs isthat beginning "He that loves a rosy cheek. "

CAREY, HENRY (_d. _ 1743). --Dramatist and song-writer, was believed to bean illegitimate _s. _ of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax. He wroteinnumerable burlesques, farces, songs, etc. , often with his own music, including _Chrononhotonthologos_ (1734), a burlesque on the mouthingplays of the day, and _The Dragon of Wantley_ (1744?). His poem, _NambyPamby_, in ridicule of Ambrose Phillips (_q. V. _), added a word to thelanguage, and his _Sally in our Alley_ is one of our best-known songs. _God Save the King_ was also claimed for him, but apparently withoutreason. 

CARLETON, WILLIAM (1794-1869). --Novelist, _s. _ of a poor Irish cottar, _b. _ and brought up among the Irish peasantry, acquired an insight intotheir ideas and feelings which has never been equalled. His finest workis in his short stories, collected under the title of _Traits and Storiesof the Irish Peasantry_, of which two series were _pub. _ in 1830 and 1832respectively. He also wrote several longer novels, of which the best is_Fardorougha the Miser_ (1837), a work of great power. Others are _TheMisfortunes of Barny Branagan_ (1841), _Valentine M'Clutchy_ (1845), _Rody the Rover_ (1847), _The Squanders of Castle Squander_ (1854), and_The Evil Eye_. C. Received a pension of £200 from Government. 

CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805). --Autobiographer, _s. _ of the Minister ofCummertrees, Dumfriesshire, was _ed. _ at Edin. And Leyden, and enteringthe Church became Minister of Inveresk, and was associated with PrincipalRobertson as an ecclesiastical leader. He was a man of great ability, shrewdness, and culture, and the friend of most of the eminent literarymen in Scotland of his day. He left an autobiography in MS. , which wased. By Hill Burton, and _pub. _ in 1860, and which is one of the mostinteresting contemporary accounts of his time. His stately appearancegained for him the name of "Jupiter" C. 

CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881). --Historian and essayist, was _b. _ atEcclefechan in Dumfriesshire. His _f. _, James C. , was a stonemason, aman of intellect and strong character, and his mother was, as he said, "of the fairest descent, that of the pious, the just, and the wise. " Hisearliest education was received at the parish school of Ecclefechan (theEntepfuhl of _Sartor Resartus_). Thence he went to the Grammar School ofAnnan, and in 1809 to the Univ. Of Edin. , the 90 miles to which hetravelled on foot. There he read voraciously, his chief study beingmathematics. After completing his "Arts" course, he went on to divinitywith the view of entering the Church, but about the middle of his coursefound that he could not proceed. He became a schoolmaster first at Annanand then at Kirkcaldy, where he formed a profound friendship with EdwardIrving (_q. V. _), and met Margaret Gordon, afterwards Lady Bannerman, believed by some to be the prototype of _Blumine_ in _Sartor_. Returningin 1819 to Edin. He for a time studied law and took pupils; but hishealth was bad, he suffered from insomnia and dyspepsia, and he tired oflaw. He was also sorely bestead by mental and spiritual conflicts, whichcame to a crisis in Leith Walk in June 1821 in a sudden uprising ofdefiance to the devil and all his works, upon which the clouds lifted. For the next two years, 1822-24, he acted as tutor to Charles Buller(whose promising political career was cut short by his premature death)and his brother. On the termination of this engagement he decided upon aliterary career, which he began by contributing articles to the_Edinburgh Encyclopædia_. In 1824 he translated Legendre's _Geometry_ (towhich he prefixed an essay on Proportion), and Goethe's _WilhelmMeister_; he also wrote for the _London Magazine_ a _Life of Schiller_. About this time he visited Paris and London, where he met Hazlitt, Campbell, Coleridge, and others. Thereafter he returned to Dumfriesshire. In the following year (1826) he _m. _ Jane Baillie Welsh, and settled inEdin. Here his first work was _Specimens of German Romance_ (4 vols. ) Amuch more important matter was his friendship with Jeffrey and hisconnection with the _Edinburgh Review_, in which appeared, among others, his essays on _Richter_, _Burns_, _Characteristics_, and _German Poetry_. In 1828 C. Applied unsuccessfully for the Chair of Moral Philosophy inSt. Andrews, and the same year he went to Craigenputtock, a smallproperty in Dumfriesshire belonging to Mrs. C. , where they remained forseveral years, and where many of his best essays and _Sartor Resartus_were written, and where his correspondence with Goethe began. In 1831 hewent to London to find a publisher for _Sartor_, but was unsuccessful, and it did not appear in book form until 1838, after having come out in_Fraser's Magazine_ in 1833-34. The year last mentioned found him finallyin London, settled in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, his abode for the rest of hislife. He immediately set to work on his _French Revolution_. While it wasin progress he in 1835 lent the MS. To J. S. Mill, by whose servant nearlythe whole of the first vol. Was burned, in spite of which misfortune thework was ready for publication in 1837. Its originality, brilliance, andvividness took the world by storm, and his reputation as one of theforemost men of letters in the country was at once and finallyestablished. In the same year he appeared as a public lecturer, anddelivered four courses on _German Literature_, _Periods of EuropeanCulture_, _Revolutions of Modern Europe_, and _Heroes and Hero-Worship_, the last of which was _pub. _ as a book in 1841. Although his writingsdid not yet produce a large income, his circumstances had becomecomfortable, owing to Mrs. C. Having succeeded to her patrimony in 1840. Books now followed each other rapidly, _Chartism_ had appeared in 1839, _Past and Present_ came out in 1843, and _Letters and Speeches of OliverCromwell_ in 1845, the last named being perhaps the most successful ofhis writings, inasmuch as it fully attained the object aimed at inclearing Cromwell from the ignorant or malevolent aspersions under whichhe had long lain, and giving him his just place among the greatest of thenation. In 1850 he _pub. _ his fiercest blast, _Latter Day Pamphlets_, which was followed next year by his biography of his friend John Sterling(_q. V. _). It was about this time, as is shown by the _Letters andMemoirs_ of Mrs. C. , that a temporary estrangement arose between his wifeand himself, based apparently on Mrs. C. 's part upon his friendship withLady Ashburton, a cause of which C. Seems to have been unconscious. In1851 he began his largest, if not his greatest work, _Frederick theGreat_, which occupied him from that year until 1865, and in connectionwith which he made two visits to Germany in 1852 and 1858. It is a workof astonishing research and abounds in brilliant passages, but lacks theconcentrated intensity of _The French Revolution_. It is, however, theone of his works which enjoys the highest reputation in Germany. In 1865he was elected Lord Rector of the Univ. Of Edin. , and delivered aremarkable address to the students by whom he was received withenthusiasm. Almost immediately afterwards a heavy blow fell upon him inthe death of Mrs. C. , and in the discovery, from her diary, of howgreatly she had suffered, unknown to him, from the neglect and want ofconsideration which, owing to absorption in his work and other causes, hehad perhaps unconsciously shown. Whatever his faults, of which the mostwas made in some quarters, there can be no doubt that C. And his wifewere sincerely attached to each other, and that he deeply mourned her. In1866 his _Reminiscences_ (_pub. _ 1881) were written. The Franco-GermanWar of 1870-71 profoundly interested him, and evoked a plea for Germany. From this time his health began to give way more and more. In 1872 hisright hand became paralysed. In 1874 he received the distinction of thePrussian Order of Merit, as the biographer of its founder, and in thesame year, Mr. Disraeli offered him the choice of the Grand Cross of theBath or a baronetcy and a pension, all of which he declined. Thecompletion of his 80th year in 1875 was made the occasion of manytributes of respect and veneration, including a gold medal from some ofhis Scottish admirers. He _d. _ on February 5, 1881. Burial in WestminsterAbbey was offered, but he had left instructions that he should lie withhis kindred. He bequeathed the property of Craigenputtock to the Univ. OfEdin. 

C. Exercised a very powerful influence upon the thought of his age, notonly by his own writings and personality, but through the many men ofdistinction both in literature and active life whom he imbued with hisdoctrines; and perhaps no better proof of this exists than the fact thatmuch that was new and original when first propounded by him has passedinto the texture of the national ideas. His style is perhaps the mostremarkable and individual in our literature, intensely strong, vivid, and picturesque, but utterly unconventional, and often whimsical orexplosive. He had in a high degree the poetic and imaginative faculty, and also irresistible humour, pungent sarcasm, insight, tenderness, andfierce indignation. 

All the works of C. Shed light on his personality, but _Sartor Resartus_especially may be regarded as autobiographical. Froude's _Thomas Carlyle... First 40 Years of his Life_ (1882), _Thomas Carlyle ... His Life inLondon_, by the same (1884), _Letters and Memories of Jane Welsh Carlyle_(1883), various _Lives_ and _Reminiscences_ by Prof. Masson and Nichol, etc. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1795, _ed. _ Edin. , studies for Church but gives it up, tries law, then tutor, takes to literature and writes for encyclopædiasand magazines, and translates, _m. _ 1826 Jane Welsh, settles in Edin. , writes essays in _Edinburgh Review_, goes to Craigenputtock 1828, writes_Sartor_ and corresponds with Goethe, _Sartor_ appears in _Fraser'sMagazine_ 1833-4, settles in London 1834, _pub. _ _French Revolution_1837, lectures, _pub. _ _Heroes_, and _Chartism_ and _Sartor_ as a book1839, _Past and Present_ 1843, _Oliver Cromwell_ 1845, _Latter DayPamphlets_ 1850, writes _Frederick the Great_ 1851-65, Lord Rector ofEdin. Univ. 1865, Mrs. C. _d. _ 1865, writes _Reminiscences_ 1866 (_pub. _1881), _d. _ 1881. 

CARRUTHERS, ROBERT (1799-1878). --Journalist and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ in Dumfriesshire, was for a time a teacher in Huntingdon, and wrotea _History of Huntingdon_ (1824). In 1828 he became ed. Of the _InvernessCourier_, which he conducted with great ability. He ed. Pope's works witha memoir (1853), and along with Robert Chambers (_q. V. _) ed. The firsted. Of _Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature_ (1842-44). Hereceived the degree of LL. D. From Edin. 

CARTE, THOMAS (1686-1754). --Historian, _b. _ near Rugby, and _ed. _ atOxf. , took orders, but resigned his benefice at Bath when required totake the oath of allegiance to George I. He was sec. To Francis Atterbury(_q. V. _), and was involved in the consequences of his conspiracy, butescaped to France, where he remained until 1728. After his return he_pub. _ a life of the Duke of Ormonde (1736), and a _History of England to1654_ in 4 vols. (1747-54), the latter a work of great research, thoughdry and unattractive in style. 

CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at Deal, _dau. _ of a clergyman. Originally backward, she applied herself to studywith such perseverance that she became perhaps the most learnedEnglishwoman of her time, being mistress of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, andArabic, besides several modern European languages. She was also well readin science. She translated Epictetus 1758, and wrote a small vol. Ofpoems. She was the friend of Dr. Johnson and many other eminent men. Shewas of agreeable and unassuming manners. 

CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM (1611-1643). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a gentleman ofGloucestershire, who had run through his fortune and kept an inn atCirencester, _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. , entered the Church, was a zealous Royalist, and an eloquent preacher, and lecturer inmetaphysics. He also wrote spirited lyrics and four plays. He was thefriend of Ben Jonson, H. Vaughan, and Izaak Walton. He _d. _ at Oxf. Ofcamp fever. Among his plays are _The Royal Slave_, _The Siege_, and _TheLady Errant_. His virtues, learning, and charming manners made him highlypopular in his day. 

CARY, ALICE (1820-1871), and PHOEBE (1824-1871). --Were the _dau. _ of afarmer near Cincinnati. The former wrote _Clovernook Papers_ and_Clovernook Children_, and other tales, and some poems. The latter wrotepoems and hymns. Both sisters attained considerable popularity. 

CARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844). --Translator, was _b. _ at Gibraltar, and_ed. _ at Oxf. , where he was distinguished for his classical attainments. His great work is his translation of the _Divina Commedia_ of Dante(1805-1814), which is not only faithful to the original, but full ofpoetic fire, and rendered into such fine English as to be itselfliterature apart from its merits as a translation. He also translatedfrom the Greek. C. , who was a clergyman, received a pension in 1841. 

CATLIN, GEORGE (1796-1872). --Painter and writer, _b. _ at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, practised for some time as a lawyer, but yielding to hisartistic instincts he took to painting. He spent the 7 years, 1832-39, among the Indians of North America, of whom he painted about 500portraits. He became thoroughly acquainted with their life, and _pub. _ aninteresting work, _Illustrations of the Manners, etc. , of the NorthAmerican Indians_ (1857). His later years were spent chiefly in Europe. 

CAVE, EDWARD (1691-1754). --Publisher, _b. _ near Rugby, started in 1731_The Gentleman's Magazine_, for which Dr. Johnson was parliamentaryreporter from 1740. He _pub. _ many of Johnson's works. 

CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1561). --Biographer, was Gentleman Usher toCardinal Wolsey, to whom he was so much attached that he followed him inhis disgrace, and continued to serve him until his death. He left in MS. A life of his patron, which is the first separate biography in English, and is the main original authority of the period. Admitting Wolsey'sfaults, it nevertheless presents him in an attractive light. The simpleyet eloquent style gives it a high place as a biography. 

CAXTON, WILLIAM (1422-1491). --Printer and translator, _b. _ in the Wealdof Kent, was apprenticed to a London mercer. On his master's death in1441 he went to Bruges, and lived there and in various other places inthe Low Countries for over 30 years, engaged apparently as head of anassociation of English merchants trading in foreign parts, and innegotiating commercial treaties between England and the Dukes ofBurgundy. His first literary labour was a translation of a Frenchromance, which he entitled _The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye_, andwhich he finished in 1471. About this time he learned the art ofprinting, and, after being in the service of Margaret Duchess ofBurgundy, an English princess, returned to his native country and set upat Westminster in 1476 his printing press, the first in England. His_Recuyell_ and _The Game and Playe of Chesse_ had already beenprinted--the first books in English--on the Continent. Here was producedthe first book printed in England, _The Dictes and Sayings of thePhilosophers_ (1477). C. Obtained Royal favour, printed from 80 to 100separate works--many of them translations of his own--and _d. _ almostwith pen in hand in 1491. His style is clear and idiomatic. 

CENTLIVRE, MRS. SUSANNA (1667-1723). --Dramatist and actress, was the_dau. _ of a gentleman of the name of either Rawkins or Freeman, whoappears to have belonged either to Lincolnshire or Ireland, or wasperhaps connected with both, and who suffered at the hands of theStuarts. She _m. _ at 16, lost her husband in a year, then _m. _ anofficer, who fell in a duel in 18 months, and finally, in 1706, _m. _Joseph C. , cook to Queen Anne, with whom she lived happily for the restof her days. She wrote 18 or 19 plays, well constructed and amusing, among which may be mentioned _The Perjured Husband_ (1700), _TheBusybody_ (1709), _The Warder_ (1714), and _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_(1717). She was a strong Whig, and sometimes made her plays the medium ofexpressing her political opinions. 

CHALKHILL, JOHN (_fl. _ 1600). --Poet, mentioned by Izaak Walton as havingwritten a pastoral poem, _Thealma and Clearchus_. As nothing else isknown of him it has been held by some that the name was a _nom-de-plume_of W. Himself. It has been shown, however, that a gentleman of the nameexisted during the reign of Elizabeth. W. Says he was a friend ofSpenser, and that his life was "useful, quiet, and virtuous. "

CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825). --Antiquary, _b. _ at Fochabers, Elginshire, emigrated to America and practised law in Baltimore; but on the outbreakof the Revolutionary War returned to Britain, and settled in London as aclerk in the Board of Trade. He _pub. _ in 1780 a _History of the UnitedColonies_, and wrote lives of Sir David Lyndsay, De Foe, and Mary Queenof Scots. His great work, however, is his _Caledonia_, of which 3 vols. Had been _pub. _ at his death. It was to have been a complete _coll. _ ofthe topography and antiquities of Scotland; and, as it stands, is amonument of industry and research, though not always trustworthy indisputed points. Besides those mentioned, C. Was the author of many otherworks on political, historical, and literary subjects, and had projectedseveral which he was unable to carry out. 

CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847). --Divine, economist, and philanthropist, _b. _ at Anstruther, Fife, _s. _ of a shipowner and merchant, studied atSt. Andrews and, entering the ministry of the Church of Scotland, wasfirst settled in the small parish of Kilmeny, Fife, but, his talents andeloquence becoming known, he was, in 1815, translated to Glasgow, wherehe was soon recognised as the most eloquent preacher in Scotland, andwhere also he initiated his schemes for the management of the poor. In1823, he became Prof. Of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrews, and in 1828 ofDivinity in Edin. In 1834 he began his great scheme of Church extension, the result of which was that in seven years £300, 000 had been raised, and220 churches built. In the same year, 1834, began the troubles andcontroversies in regard to patronage and the relations of Church andState, which in 1843 ended in the disruption of the Church, when 470ministers with C. At their head, resigned their benefices, and foundedthe Free Church of Scotland. C. Was chosen its first Moderator andPrincipal of its Theological Coll. In Edin. The remaining four years ofhis life were spent in organising the new Church, and in works ofphilanthropy. He was found dead in bed on the morning of May 30, 1847. His chief works, which were _coll. _ and _pub. _ in 34 vols. , relate tonatural theology, evidences of Christianity, political economy, andgeneral theology and science. Those which perhaps attracted mostattention were his _Astronomical Discourses_ and his _Lectures on ChurchEstablishments_, the latter delivered in London to audiences containingall that was most distinguished in rank and intellect in the country. Thestyle of C. Is cumbrous, and often turgid, but the moral earnestness, imagination, and force of intellect of the writer shine through it andirradiate his subjects. And yet the written is described bycontemporaries to have been immeasurably surpassed by the spoken word, which carried away the hearer as in a whirlwind. And the man was evengreater than his achievements. His character was one of singularsimplicity, nobility, and lovableness, and produced a profound impressionon all who came under his influence. The character of his intellect wasnotably practical, as is evidenced by the success of his parochialadministration and the "Sustentation Fund, " devised by him for thesupport of the ministry of the Free Church. He was D. D. , LL. D. , D. C. L. (Oxon. ), and a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. 

_Memoirs_ (Hanna, 4 vols. ). Smaller works by Prof. Blaikie (1897), Mrs. Oliphant (1893), and many others. 

CHAMBERLAYNE, WILLIAM (1619-1689). --Poet, practised medicine atShaftesbury. On the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the Royalists andfought at the second battle of Newbury. He wrote a play, _Loves Victory_(1658), and an epic _Pharonnida_ (1659). With occasional beauties he is, in the main, heavy and stiff, and is almost forgotten. He influencedKeats. 

CHAMBERS, ROBERT (1802-1871). --Historical and scientific writer, was _b. _at Peebles. Early dependent on his own exertions, he started business asa bookseller in Edin. At the age of 16, devoting all his spare time tostudy, to such purpose that in 1824 he _pub. _ _Traditions of Edinburgh_, a work in which he had the assistance of Sir W. Scott. Thereafter hepoured forth a continuous stream of books and essays on historical, social, antiquarian, and scientific subjects. He joined his brotherWilliam (_q. V. _) in establishing the publishing firm of W. And R. Chambers, and in starting _Chambers's Journal_, to which he was aconstant contributor. Later ventures were _The Cyclopedia of EnglishLiterature_ (1842-44), of which several ed. Have appeared (last 1903-6). And _Chambers's Cyclopædia_ (10 vols. 1859-68; new 1888-92). Among hisown works may be mentioned _Vestiges of Creation_, _pub. _ anonymously(1844), a precursor of Darwinism, _A Life of Burns_ (1851), _PopularRhymes of Scotland_ (1847), _History of the Rebellions in Scotland_, _Domestic Annals of Scotland_ (1859-61), _Ancient Sea Margins_ (1848), _Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen_ and _The Book of Days_ (1863). He wasLL. D. Of St. Andrews. 

CHAMBERS, WILLIAM (1800-1883). --Publisher and miscellaneous author, _b. _at Peebles, started in 1832 with his brother Robert (_q. V. _) _Chambers'sJournal_, and soon after joined him in the firm of W. And R. Chambers. Besides contributions to the _Journal_ he wrote several books, includinga _History of Peeblesshire_ (1864), and an autobiography of himself andhis brother. C. Was a man of great business capacity, and, though of lessliterary distinction than his brother, did much for the dissemination ofcheap and useful literature. He was Lord Provost of Edin. 1865-69, andwas an LL. D. Of the Univ. Of that city. He restored the ancient church ofSt. Giles there. 

CHAMIER, FREDERICK (1796-1870). --Novelist, was in the navy, in which herose to the rank of Captain. Retiring in 1827, he wrote several seanovels somewhat in the style of Marryat, including _Life of a Sailor_(1832), _Ben Brace_, _Jack Adams_, and _Tom Bowling_ (1841). He alsocontinued James's _Naval History_, and wrote books of travel. 

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY (1780-1842). --American Divine, _b. _ at Newport, Rhode Island, was for a time a minister in the Congregationalist Church, but became the leader of the Unitarians in New England. He had a powerfulinfluence on the thought and literature of his time in America, and wasthe author of books on Milton and Fénelon, and on social subjects. Theelevation and amiability of his character caused him to be held in highesteem. He did not class himself with Unitarians of the school ofPriestley, but claimed to "stand aloof from all but those who strive andpray for clearer light. "

CHAPMAN, GEORGE (1559-1634). --Dramatist and translator, was _b. _ nearHitchin, and probably _ed. _ at Oxf. And Camb. He wrote many plays, including _The Blind Beggar of Alexandria_ (1596), _All Fools_ (1599), _AHumerous Daye's Myrthe_ (1599), _Eastward Hoe_ (with Jonson), _TheGentleman Usher_, _Monsieur d'Olive_, etc. As a dramatist he has humour, and vigour, and occasional poetic fire, but is very unequal. His greatwork by which he lives in literature is his translation of Homer. The_Iliad_ was _pub. _ in 1611, the _Odyssey_ in 1616, and the _Hymns_, etc. , in 1624. The work is full of energy and spirit, and well maintains itsplace among the many later translations by men of such high poetic powersas Pope and Cowper, and others: and it had the merit of suggestingKeats's immortal Sonnet, in which its name and memory are embalmed formany who know it in no other way. C. Also translated from Petrarch, andcompleted Marlowe's unfinished _Hero and Leander_. 

CHAPONE, HESTER (MULSO) (1727-1801). --Miscellaneous writer, _dau. _ of agentleman of Northamptonshire, was _m. _ to a solicitor, who _d. _ a fewmonths afterwards. She was one of the learned ladies who gathered roundMrs. Montague (_q. V. _), and was the author of _Letters on the Improvementof the Mind_ and _Miscellanies_. 

CHARLETON, WALTER (1619-1707). --Miscellaneous writer, _ed. _ at Oxf. , wastitular physician to Charles I. He was a copious writer on theology, natural history, and antiquities, and _pub. _ _Chorea Gigantum_ (1663) toprove that Stonehenge was built by the Danes. He was also one of the"character" writers, and in this kind of literature wrote _A BriefDiscourse concerning the Different Wits of Men_ (1675). 

CHATTERTON, THOMAS (1752-1770). --Poet, _b. _ at Bristol, posthumous _s. _of a schoolmaster, who had been a man of some reading and antiquariantastes, after whose death his mother maintained herself and her boy andgirl by teaching and needlework. A black-letter Bible and an illuminatedmusic-book belonging to her were the first things to give his mind theimpulse which led to such mingled glory and disaster. Living under theshadow of the great church of St. Mary Redcliffe, his mind was impressedfrom infancy with the beauty of antiquity, he obtained access to thecharters deposited there, and he read every scrap of ancient literaturethat came in his way. At 14 he was apprenticed to a solicitor namedLambert, with whom he lived in sordid circumstances, eating in thekitchen and sleeping with the foot-boy, but continuing his favouritestudies in every spare moment. In 1768 a new bridge was opened, and C. Contributed to a local newspaper what purported to be a contemporaryaccount of the old one which it superseded. This attracted a good deal ofattention. Previously to this he had been writing verses and imitatingancient poems under the name of Thomas Rowley, whom he feigned to be amonk of the 15th century. Hearing of H. Walpole's collections for his_Anecdotes of Painting in England_, he sent him an "ancient manuscript"containing biographies of certain painters, not hitherto known, who hadflourished in England centuries before. W. Fell into the trap, and wroteasking for all the MS. He could furnish, and C. In response forwardedaccounts of more painters, adding some particulars as to himself on whichW. , becoming suspicious, submitted the whole to T. Gray and Mason(_q. V. _), who pronounced the MS. To be forgeries. Some correspondence, angry on C. 's part, ensued, and the whole budget of papers was returned. C. Thereafter, having been dismissed by Lambert, went to London, and fora short time his prospects seemed to be bright. He worked with feverishenergy, threw off poems, satires, and political papers, and meditated ahistory of England; but funds and spirits failed, he was starving, andthe failure to obtain an appointment as ship's surgeon, for which he hadapplied, drove him to desperation, and on the morning of August 25, 1770, he was found dead from a dose of arsenic, surrounded by his writings torninto small pieces. From childhood C. Had shown a morbid familiarity withthe idea of suicide, and had written a last will and testament, "executedin the presence of Omniscience, " and full of wild and profane wit. Themagnitude of his tragedy is only realised when it is considered not onlythat the poetry he left was of a high order of originality andimaginative power, but that it was produced at an age at which ourgreatest poets, had they died, would have remained unknown. Precociousnot only in genius but in dissipation, proud and morose as he was, anunsympathetic age confined itself mainly to awarding blame to hisliterary and moral delinquencies. Posterity has weighed him in a justerbalance, and laments the early quenching of so brilliant a light. His_coll. _ works appeared in 1803, and another ed. By Prof. Street in 1875. Among these are _Elinoure and Juga_, _Balade of Charitie_, _BristoweTragedie_, _Ælla_, and _Tragedy of Godwin_. 

The best account of his life is the Essay by Prof. Masson. 

CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (1340?-1400). --Poet, was _b. _ in London, the _s. _ ofJohn C. , a vintner of Thames Street, who had also a small estate atIpswich, and was occasionally employed on service for the King (EdwardIII. ), which doubtless was the means of his son's introduction to theCourt. The acquaintance which C. Displays with all branches of thelearning of his time shows that he must have received an ample education;but there is no evidence that he was at either of the Univ. In 1357 heappears as a page to the Lady Elizabeth, wife of Lionel Duke of Clarence, and in 1359 he first saw military service in France, when he was made aprisoner. He was, however, ransomed in 1360. About 1366 he was married toPhilippa, _dau. _ of Sir Payne Roet, one of the ladies of the Duchess ofLancaster, whose sister Katharine, widow of Sir Hugh Swynford, became thethird wife of John of Gaunt. Previous to this he had apparently beendeeply in love with another lady, whose rank probably placed her beyondhis reach; his disappointment finding expression in his _Compleynt toPité_. In 1367 he was one of the valets of the King's Chamber, a postalways held by gentlemen, and received a pension of 20 marks, and he wassoon afterwards one of the King's esquires. In 1369 Blanche, the wife ofJohn of Gaunt, died, which gave occasion for a poem by C. In honour ofher memory, _The Dethe of Blaunche the Duchesse_. In the same year heagain bore arms in France, and during the next ten years he wasfrequently employed on diplomatic missions. In 1370 he was sent to Genoato arrange a commercial treaty, on which occasion he may have metPetrarch, and was rewarded by a grant in 1374 of a pitcher of wine daily. In the same year he got from the corporation of London a lease for lifeof a house at Aldgate, on condition of keeping it in repair; and soonafter he was appointed Comptroller of the Customs and Subsidy of Wool, Skins, and Leather in the port of London; he also received from the Dukeof Lancaster a pension of £10. In 1375 he obtained the guardianship of arich ward, which he held for three years, and the next year he wasemployed on a secret service. In 1377 he was sent on a mission toFlanders to treat of peace with the French King. After the accession ofRichard II. In that year, he was sent to France to treat for the marriageof the King with the French Princess Mary, and thereafter to Lombardy, onwhich occasion he appointed John Gower (_q. V. _) to act for him in hisabsence in any legal proceedings which might arise. In 1382 he becameComptroller of the Petty Customs of the port of London, and in 1385 wasallowed to appoint a deputy, which, enabled him to devote more time towriting. He had in 1373 begun his _Canterbury Tales_, on which he wasoccupied at intervals for the rest of his life. In 1386 C. Was electedKnight of the Shire for Kent, a county with which he appears to have hadsome connection, and where he may have had property. His fortunes nowsuffered some eclipse. His patron, John of Gaunt, was abroad, and thegovernment was presided over by his brother Gloucester, who was at feudwith him. Owing probably to this cause, C. Was in December, 1386, dismissed from his employments, leaving him with no income beyond hispensions, on which he was obliged to raise money. His wife also died atthe same time. In 1389, however, Richard took the government into his ownhands, and prosperity returned to C. , whose friends were now in power, and he was appointed Clerk of the King's works. This office, however, heheld for two years only, and again fell into poverty, from which he wasrescued in 1394 by a pension from the King of £20. On the accession ofHenry IV. (1399) an additional pension of 40 marks was given him. In thesame year he took a lease of a house at Westminster, where he probably_d. _, October 25, 1400. He is buried in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, where a monument to him was erected by Nicholas Brigham, a minor poet ofthe 16th century. According to some authorities he left two sons, Thomas, who became a man of wealth and importance, and Lewis, who died young, thelittle ten-year-old boy to whom he addressed the treatise on the_Astrolabe_. Others see no evidence that Thomas was any relation of thepoet. An Elizabeth C. , placed in the Abbey of Barking by John of Gaunt, was probably his _dau. _ In person C. Was inclined to corpulence, "nopoppet to embrace, " of fair complexion with "a beard the colour of ripewheat, " an "elvish" expression, and an eye downcast and meditative. 

Of the works ascribed to C. Several are, for various reasons, of greateror less strength, considered doubtful. These include _The Romaunt of theRose_, _Chaucer's Dream_, and _The Flower and the Leaf_. After his returnfrom Italy about 1380 he entered upon his period of greatestproductiveness: _Troilus and Criseyde_ (1382?), _The Parlement of Foules_(1382?), _The House of Fame_ (1384?), and _The Legende of Goode Women_(1385), belong to this time. The first of them still remains one of thefinest poems of its kind in the language. But the glory of C. Is, ofcourse, the _Canterbury Tales_, a work which places him in the front rankof the narrative poets of the world. It contains about 18, 000 lines ofverse, besides some passages in prose, and was left incomplete. In it hispower of story-telling, his humour, sometimes broad, sometimes sly, hisvivid picture-drawing, his tenderness, and lightness of touch, reachtheir highest development. He is our first artist in poetry, and with himbegins modern English literature. His character--genial, sympathetic, andpleasure-loving, yet honest, diligent, and studious--is reflected in hiswritings. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1340, fought in France 1359, by his marriage in 1366became connected with John of Gaunt, employed on diplomatic missions1369-79, Controller of Customs, etc. , _c. _ 1374, began _Canterbury Tales_1373, elected to Parliament 1386, loses his appointments 1386, Clerk ofKing's Works 1389-91, pensioned by Richard II. And Henry IV. , _d. _ _c. _1400. 

The best ed. Of C. Is _The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer_ (6 vols. 1894), ed. By Prof. Skeat. Others are Thos. Wright's for the PercySociety (1842), and Richard Morris's in Bell's Aldine Classics (1866). 

CHERRY, ANDREW (1762-1812). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a bookseller at Limerick, was a successful actor, and managed theatres in the provinces. He alsowrote some plays, of which _The Soldier's Daughter_ is the best. Hischief claim to remembrance rests on his three songs, _The Bay of Biscay_, _The Green Little Shamrock_, and _Tom Moody_. 

CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL OF (1694-1773). --Statesmanand letter-writer, was the eldest _s. _ of the 3rd Earl. After being atTrinity Coll. , Camb. , he sat in the House of Commons until his accessionto the peerage in 1726. He filled many high offices, including those ofAmbassador to Holland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Sec. Of State. Hewas distinguished for his wit, conversational powers, and grace ofmanner. His place in literature is fixed by his well-known _Letters_addressed to his natural son, Philip Dormer Stanhope. Though brilliant, and full of shrewdness and knowledge of the world, they reflect the lowtone of morals prevalent in the age when they were written. He was therecipient of Johnson's famous letter as to his "patronage. "

CHETTLE, HENRY (1565-1607?). --Dramatist. Very little is known of him. Heed. R. Greene's _Groat's-worth of Wit_ (1592), is believed to havewritten 13 and collaborated in 35 plays. He also wrote two satires, _KindHarts Dreame_ (1593), and _Pierre Plainnes Prentship_ (1595). He wasimprisoned for debt 1599. 

Among his own plays, which have considerable merit, is _Hoffmann_, whichhas been reprinted, and he had a hand in _Patient Grissill_ (1603) (whichmay have influenced Shakespeare in the _Merry Wives of Windsor_), _TheBlind Beggar of Bethnal Green_, and _Jane Shore_. 

CHILD, FRANCIS J. (1825-1896). --English scholar, _b. _ at Boston, Mass. , was a prof. At Harvard, one of the foremost students of early English, and especially of ancient ballads in America. He ed. The American ed. OfEnglish Poets in 130 vols. , and English and Scottish Ballads. He was alsoa profound student of Chaucer, and _pub. _ _Observations on the Languageof Chaucer_, and _Observations on the Language of Gower's ConfessioAmantis_. 

CHILD, MRS. LYDIA MARIA (FRANCIS) (1802-1880). --Was the author of manyonce popular tales, _Hobomok_, _The Rebels_, _Philothes_, etc. 

CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM (1602-1644). --Theologian and controversialist, _b. _ and _ed. _ at Oxf. , was godson of Archbishop Laud. Falling intotheological doubts he subsequently became a convert to Roman Catholicism, and studied at the Jesuit Coll. At Douay, 1630. In the following year hereturned to Oxf. , and after further consideration of the points at issue, he rejoined the Church of England, 1634. This exposed him to violentattacks on the part of the Romanists, in reply to which he _pub. _ in 1637his famous polemic, _The Religion of the Protestants a Safe Way toSalvation_, characterised by clear style and logical reasoning. For atime he refused ecclesiastical preferment, but ultimately his scrupleswere overcome, and he became Prebendary and Chancellor of Salisbury. C. Is regarded as one of the ablest controversialists of the AnglicanChurch. 

CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815-1890). --Divine, historian, and biographer, was _b. _ at Lisbon, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he became a friend of J. H. Newman (_q. V. _). He took orders, and became Rector of Whatley, Somerset, and in 1871 Dean of St. Paul's. He was a leading member of the HighChurch party, but was held in reverence by many who did not sympathisewith his ecclesiastical views. Among his writings are _The Beginning ofthe Middle Ages_ (1877), and a memoir on _The Oxford Movement_ (1891), _pub. _ posthumously. He also wrote Lives of Anselm, Dante, Spenser, andBacon. 

CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764). --Satirist, _s. _ of a clergyman, was _ed. _at Westminster School, and while still a schoolboy made a clandestinemarriage. He entered the Church, and on the death of his _f. _ in 1758succeeded him in the curacy and lectureship of St. John's, Westminster. In 1761 he _pub. _ the _Rosciad_, in which he severely satirised theplayers and managers of the day. It at once brought him both fame andmoney; but he fell into dissipated habits, separated from his wife, andoutraged the proprieties of his profession to such an extent that he wascompelled to resign his preferments. He also incurred the enmity of thosewhom he had attacked, which led to the publication of two other satiricalpieces, _The Apology_ and _Night_. He also attacked Dr. Johnson and hiscircle in _The Ghost_, and the Scotch in _The Prophecy of Famine_. Heattached himself to John Wilkes, on a visit to whom, at Boulogne, he _d. _of fever. 

CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (1520?-1604). --Poet and miscellaneous writer, beganlife as a page to the Earl of Surrey, and subsequently passed throughmany vicissitudes as a soldier in Scotland, Ireland, France, and the LowCountries. He was latterly a hanger-on at Court, and had a pension ofeighteenpence a day from Queen Elizabeth, which was not, however, regularly paid. He wrote innumerable pamphlets and broadsides, and somepoems, of which the best are _Shore's Wife_ (1563), _The Worthiness ofWales_ (1587) _repub. _ by the Spenser Society (1871), and _Churchyard'sChips_ (1575), an autobiographical piece. 

CIBBER, COLLEY (1671-1757). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ in London, _s. _ ofa Danish sculptor, and _ed. _ at Grantham School. Soon after his return toLondon he took to the stage. Beginning with tragedy, in which he failed, he turned to comedy, and became popular in eccentric _rôles_. In 1696 hebrought out his first play, _Love's Last Shift_, and produced in allabout 30 plays, some of which were very successful. In 1730 he was madePoet Laureate, and wrote some forgotten odes of no merit, also anentertaining autobiography. Pope made him the hero of the _Dunciad_. 

Among other plays are _The Nonjuror_ (1717), _Woman's Wit_, _She Wouldand She Would Not_, _The Provoked Husband_ (1728) (with Vanbrugh). 

CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864). --Poet, _s. _ of a cripple pauper, was _b. _ atHelpstone near Peterborough. His youth is the record of a noble struggleagainst adverse circumstances. With great difficulty he managed to saveone pound, with which he was able to have a prospectus of his first bookof poems printed, which led to an acquaintance with Mr. Drury, abookseller in Stamford, by whose help the poems were _pub. _, and broughthim £20. The book, _Poems descriptive of Rural Life_ (1820), immediatelyattracted attention. Various noblemen befriended him and stocked a farmfor him. But unfortunately C. Had no turn for practical affairs, and gotinto difficulties. He, however, continued to produce poetry, and inaddition to _The Village Minstrel_, which had appeared in 1821, _pub. __The Shepherd's Calendar_ (1827), and _Rural Muse_ (1835). Things, however, went on from bad to worse; his mind gave way, and he _d. _ in anasylum. C. Excels in description of rural scenes and the feelings andideas of humble country life. 

CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, EARL of (1608-1674). --Lawyer, statesman, andhistorian, _s. _ of a country gentleman of good estate in Wiltshire, was_b. _ at Dinton in that county, and _ed. _ at Oxf. Destined originally forthe Church, circumstances led to his being sent to London to study law, which he did under his uncle, Sir Nicholas H. , Chief Justice of theKing's Bench. In early life he was the friend of all the leading men ofthe day. Entering Parliament in 1640 he at first supported popularmeasures, but, on the outbreak of the Civil War, attached himself to theKing, and was the author of many of his state papers. From 1648 until theRestoration C. Was engaged in various embassies and as a counsellor ofCharles II. , who made him in 1658 his Lord Chancellor, an office in whichhe was confirmed at the Restoration, when he also became Chancellor ofthe Univ. Of Oxf. , and was likewise raised to the peerage. His power andinfluence came to an end, however, in 1667, when he was dismissed fromall his offices, was impeached, and had to fly to France. The causes ofhis fall were partly the miscarriage of the war with Holland, and thesale of Dunkirk, and partly the jealousy of rivals and the intrigues ofplace hunters, whose claims he had withstood. In his enforced retirementhe engaged himself in completing his great historic work, _The History ofthe Rebellion and Civil Wars in England_, which he had begun in 1641, andwhich was not _pub. _ until 1702-4. C. 's style is easy, flowing, diffuse, and remarkably modern, with an occasional want of clearness owing to hislong and involved sentences. His great strength is in character-painting, in which he is almost unrivalled. The _History_ was followed by asupplementary _History of the Civil War in Ireland_ (1721). C. Also wrotean autobiography, _The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon_ (1759), a replyto the _Leviathan_ of Hobbes, and _An Essay on the Active andContemplative Life_, in which the superiority of the former ismaintained. C. _d. _ at Rouen. He was a man of high personal character, and great intellect and sagacity, but lacking in the firmness and energynecessary for the troublous times in which he lived. His _dau. _ Annemarried the Duke of York, afterwards James II. , a connection whichinvolved him in much trouble and humiliation. 

Agar Ellis's _Historical Enquiry respecting the Character of Clarendon_(1827), _Life_ by T. H. Lister (1838), _History_ (Macray, 6 vols. , 1888). 

CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877). --Writer on Shakespeare, was apublisher in London. He lectured on Shakespeare and on Europeanliterature. Latterly he lived in France and Italy. His wife, MARY C. -C. (1809-1898), _dau. _ of V. Novello, musician, compiled a complete_Concordance to Shakespeare_ (1844-45), and wrote _The Shakespeare Key_(1879) and, with her husband, _Recollections of Writers_ (1878). 

CLARKE, MARCUS (1846-1881). --Novelist, _b. _ in London, the _s. _ of abarrister. After a somewhat wild youth he went to Australia where, aftermore than one failure to achieve success in business, he took tojournalism on the staff of the _Melbourne Argus_, with brilliant results. He wrote two novels, _Long Odds_ and _For the Term of his Natural Life_(1874), the latter, which is generally considered his masterpiece, dealing in a powerful and realistic manner with transportation andconvict labour. He also wrote many short tales and dramatic pieces. Aftera turbulent and improvident life he _d. _ at 35. In addition to the worksabove mentioned, he wrote _Lower Bohemia in Melbourne_, _The HumbugPapers_, _The Future Australian Race_. As a writer he was keen, brilliant, and bitter. 

CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675-1729). --Divine and metaphysician, _b. _ at Norwich, was _ed. _ at Camb. , where he became the friend and disciple of Newton, whose System of the Universe he afterwards defended against Leibnitz. In1704-5 he delivered the Boyle lectures, taking for his subject, _TheBeing and Attributes of God_, and assuming an intermediate positionbetween orthodoxy and Deism. In 1712 he _pub. _ views on the doctrine ofthe Trinity which involved him in trouble, from which he escaped by asomewhat unsatisfactory explanation. He was, however, one of the mostpowerful opponents of the freethinkers of the time. In addition to histheological writings C. _pub. _ an ed. Of the _Iliad_, a Latin translationof the _Optics_ of Newton, on whose death he was offered the Mastershipof the Mint, an office worth £1500 a year, which, however, he declined. The talents, learning, and amiable disposition of C. Gave him a highplace in the esteem of his contemporaries. In the Church he held variouspreferments, the last being that of Rector of St. James's, Westminster. He was also Chaplain to Queen Anne. His style is cold, dry, and precise. 

CLEVELAND, JOHN (1613-1658). --Poet, _s. _ of an usher in a charity school, was _b. _ at Loughborough, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where he became coll. Tutorand lecturer on rhetoric at St. John's, and was much sought after. Astaunch Royalist, he opposed the election of Oliver Cromwell as memberfor Camb. In the Long Parliament, and was in consequence ejected from hiscoll. In 1645. Joining the King, by whom he was welcomed, he wasappointed to the office of Judge Advocate at Newark. In 1646, however, he was deprived of this, and wandered about the country dependent on thebounty of the Royalists. In 1655 he was imprisoned at Yarmouth, butreleased by Cromwell, to whom he appealed, and went to London, where helived in much consideration till his death. His best work is satirical, giving a faint adumbration of _Hudibras_; his other poems, withoccasional passages of great beauty, being affected and artificial. The_Poems_ were _pub. _ in 1656. 

CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852). --Chronologist, _b. _ at Gamston, Notts, _ed. _ at Southwell, Westminster, and Oxf. , where he devoted himselfchiefly to the study of Greek. Brought into Parliament by the Duke ofNewcastle in 1806, he took no active part in political life, and retiredin 1826. He bought in 1810 the estate of Welwyn, and there he enteredupon wide and profound studies bearing upon classical chronology, andwrote various important treatises on the subject, viz. , _Fasti Hellenici, Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece_, part i. (1824), part ii. (1827), part iii. (1830), part iv. (1841), _Fasti Romani, Civil andLiterary Chronology of Rome and Constantinople_, vol. I. (1850), vol. Ii. (1851), _An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece_(1851), the same for Rome (1853). He also wrote a tragedy, _Solyman_, which was a failure. 

CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861). --Poet, _s. _ of a cotton merchant inLiverpool, he spent his childhood in America, but was sent back toEngland for his education, which he received at Rugby and Oxf. While atthe Univ. , where he was tutor and Fellow of Oriel, he fell under theinfluence of Newman, but afterwards became a sceptic and resigned hisFellowship in 1848. In the same year he _pub. _ his poem, _The Bothie ofTober-na-Vuolich_, written in hexameters. After travelling on theContinent for a year, he was in 1849 appointed Warden of Univ. Hall, London. In 1849 appeared _Amours de Voyage_, a rhymed novelette, and themore serious work, _Dipsychus_. In 1854 he was appointed an examiner inthe Education Office, and married. His last appointment was as Sec. Of aCommission on Military Schools, in connection with which he visitedvarious countries, but was seized with illness, and _d. _ at Florence. C. Was a man of singularly sincere character, with a passion for truth. Hispoems, though full of fine and subtle thought, are, with the exception ofsome short lyrics, deficient in form, and the hexameters which heemployed in _The Bothie_ are often rough, though perhaps used aseffectively as by any English verse-writer. M. Arnold's _Thyrsis_ waswritten in memory of C. 

COBBE, FRANCES POWER (1822-1904). --Theological and social writer, was_b. _ near Dublin. Coming under the influence of Theodore Parker, shebecame a Unitarian. Her first work, _pub. _ anonymously, was on _TheIntuitive Theory of Morals_ (1855). She travelled in the East, and _pub. __Cities of the Past_ (1864). Later she became interested in socialquestions and philanthropic work, and wrote many books on these andkindred subjects, including _Criminals_, _Idiots_, _Women_ and _Minors_(1869), _Darwinism in Morals_ (1872), and _Scientific Spirit of the Age_(1888). She was a strong opponent of vivisection. 

COBBETT, WILLIAM (1762-1835). --Essayist and political writer, _b. _ atFarnham, Surrey, _s. _ of a small farmer, his youth was spent as a farmlabourer, a clerk, and in the army, in which his good conduct andintelligence led to his promotion to the rank of sergeant-major. Aftermoving about between England and America, and alternating betweenjournalism and agriculture, in the former of which his daring oppositionto men in power got him into frequent trouble and subjected him to heavyfines in both countries, he settled down in England in 1800, andcontinued his career as a political writer, first as a Tory and then as aRadical. His violent changes of opinion, and the force and severity withwhich he expressed himself naturally raised up enemies in both camps. In1817 he went back to America, where he remained for two years. Returninghe stood, in 1821, for a seat in Parliament, but was unsuccessful. In1832, however, he was returned for Oldham, but made no mark as a speaker. C. Was one of the best known men of his day. His intellect was narrow, but intensely clear, and he was master of a nervous and idiomatic Englishstyle which enabled him to project his ideas into the minds of hisreaders. His chief writings are _English Grammar_, _Rural Rides_, _Adviceto Young Men and Women_. His _Weekly Political Register_ was continuedfrom 1802 until his death. 

COCKBURN, HENRY (1779-1854). --Scottish judge and biographer, _b. _(probably) and _ed. _ in Edin. , became a distinguished member of theScottish Bar, and ultimately a judge. He was also one of the leaders ofthe Whig party in Scotland in its days of darkness prior to the ReformAct of 1832. The life-long friend of Francis Jeffrey, he wrote his life, _pub. _ in 1852. His chief literary work, however, is his _Memorials ofhis Time_ (1856), continued in his _Journal_ (1874). These constitute anautobiography of the writer interspersed with notices of manners, publicevents, and sketches of his contemporaries, of great interest and value. 

COCKTON, HENRY (1807-1852). --Novelist, _b. _ in London, is only rememberedas an author for his novel of _Valentine Vox_ (1840), the adventures of aventriloquist. 

COLENSO, JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1883). --Mathematician and Biblical critic, _b. _ at St. Austell, Cornwall, and _ed. _ at St. John's Coll. , Camb. , where he was a tutor, entered the Church, and _pub. _ various mathematicaltreatises and _Village Sermons_. In 1853 he was appointed first Bishop ofNatal. He mastered the Zulu language, introduced printing, wrote a Zulugrammar and dictionary, and many useful reading-books for the natives. His _Commentary on the Romans_ (1861) excited great opposition from theHigh Church party, and his _Critical Examination of the Pentateuch_(1862-1879), by its then extreme views, created great alarm andexcitement. He was in 1863 deposed and excommunicated by Bishop Gray ofCape Town, but confirmed in his see by the Courts of Law. His theologicalwritings are now largely superseded; but his mathematical text-books, forthe writing of which he was much better equipped, hold their place. 

COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849). --Poet, eldest _s. _ of Samuel T. C. (_q. V. _), _b. _ at Clevedon, spent his youth at Keswick among the "Lakepoets. " His early education was desultory, but he was sent by Southey toOxf. In 1815. His talents enabled him to win a Fellowship, but theweakness of his character led to his being deprived of it. He then wentto London and wrote for magazines. From 1823 to 1828 he tried keeping aschool at Ambleside, which failed, and he then led the life of a recluseat Grasmere until his death. Here he wrote _Essays_, _BiographiaBorealis_ (lives of worthies of the northern counties) (1832), and a_Life of Massinger_ (1839). He is remembered chiefly for his _Sonnets_. He also left unfinished a drama, _Prometheus_. 

COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834). --Poet, philosopher, and critic, _s. _ of the Rev. John C. , vicar and schoolmaster of Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, was _b. _ there in 1772, the youngest of 13 children. He wasat Christ's Hospital from 1782 to 1790, and had Charles Lamb for aschoolfellow, and the famous scholar and disciplinarian, James Boyer, forhis master. Thence he proceeded to Jesus Coll. , Camb. , in 1791, where heread much, but desultorily, and got into debt. The troubles arisingthence and also, apparently, a disappointment in love, led to his goingto London and enlisting in the 15th Dragoons under the name of SilasTomkyn Comberbacke. He could not, however, be taught to ride, and throughsome Latin lines written by him on a stable door, his real condition wasdiscovered, his friends communicated with, and his release accomplished, his brothers buying him off. After this escapade he returned (1794) toCamb. He had by this time imbibed extreme democratic or, as he termedthem, pantisocratic principles, and on leaving Camb. In the same year hevisited Oxf. , where he made the acquaintance of Southey, and discussedwith him a project of founding a "pantisocracy" on the banks of theSusquehanna, a scheme which speedily fell through, owing firstly to wantof funds, and secondly to the circumstance of the two projectors fallingin love simultaneously with two sisters, Sarah and Edith Fricker, of whomthe former became, in 1795, the wife of C. , and the latter of Southey. C. Had spent one more term at Camb. , and there in Sept. 1794 his first work, _The Fall of Robespierre_, a drama, to which Southey contributed twoacts, the second and third, was _pub. _ After his marriage he settledfirst at Clevedon, and thereafter at Nether Stowey, Somerset, where hehad Wordsworth for a neighbour, with whom he formed an intimateassociation. About 1796 he fell into the fatal habit of taking laudanum, which had such disastrous effects upon his character and powers of will. In the same year _Poems on various Subjects_ appeared, and a little later_Ode to the Departing Year_. While at Nether Stowey he was practicallysupported by Thomas Poole, a tanner, with whom he had formed afriendship. Here he wrote _The Ancient Mariner_, the first part of_Christabel_ and _Kubla Khan_, and here he joined with Wordsworth inproducing the _Lyrical Ballads_. Some time previously he had become aUnitarian, and was much engaged as a preacher in that body, and for ashort time acted as a minister at Shrewsbury. Influenced by Josiah andThomas Wedgwood, who each in 1798 gave him an annuity of £75 oncondition of his devoting himself to literature, he resigned thisposition, and soon afterwards went to Germany, where he remained for overa year, an experience which profoundly influenced the future developmentof his intellect. On his return he made excursions with Southey andWordsworth, and at the end of 1799 went to London, where he wrote andreported for the _Morning Post_. His great translation of Schiller's_Wallenstein_ appeared in 1800. In the same year he migrated to GretaHall, near Keswick, where he wrote the second part of _Christabel_. Soonafter this his health gave way, and he suffered much; and, whether as thecause or the consequence of this, he had become a slave to opium. In 1804he went to Malta in search of health, and there became the friend of thegovernor, Sir Alexander Ball, who appointed him his sec. , in whichposition he showed remarkable capacity for affairs. Resigning thisoccupation, of which he had become tired, he travelled in Italy, and inthe beginning of 1806 reached Rome, where he enjoyed the friendship ofTieck, Humboldt, and Bunsen. He returned to England in the end of 1806, and in 1808 delivered his first course of lectures on Shakespeare at theRoyal Institution, and thereafter (1809), leaving his family at Keswick, he went to live with Wordsworth at Grasmere. Here he started _TheFriend_, a philosophical and theological periodical, which lasted for 9months. That part of his annuity contributed by T. Wedgwood had beenconfirmed to him by will in 1805, and this he allowed to his wife, but in1811 the remaining half was stopped. He delivered a second course oflectures in London, and in 1813 his drama, _Remorse_, was acted at DruryLane with success. Leaving his family dependent upon Southey, he livedwith various friends, first, from 1816 to 1819, with John Morgan atCalne. While there he _pub. _ _Christabel_ and _Kubla Khan_ in 1816, andin 1817 _Biographia Literaria_, _Sybilline Leaves_, and an autobiography. In 1818 he appeared for the last time as a lecturer. He found in 1819 afinal resting-place in the household of James Gillman, a surgeon, atHighgate. His life thenceforth was a splendid wreck. His nervous systemwas shattered, and he was a constant sufferer. Yet these last years were, in some respects, his best. He maintained a struggle against opium whichlasted with his life, and though he ceased to write much, he became therevered centre of a group of disciples, including such men as Sterling, Maurice, and Hare, and thus indirectly continued and increased hisinfluence in the philosophic and theological thought of his time. Hereturned to Trinitarianism, and a singular and childlike humility becameone of his most marked characteristics. In 1824 he was elected anAssociate of the Royal Society of Literature, which brought him a pensionof 100 guineas. His latest publications were _Aids to Reflection_ (1825)and _The Constitution of Church and State_. After his death there were_pub. _, among other works, _Table Talk_ (1835), _Confessions of anEnquiring Spirit_ (1840), _Letters_ and _Anima Poetæ_ (1895). 

Endowed with an intellect of the first order, and an imagination at oncedelicate and splendid, C. , from a weakness of moral constitution, and thelamentable habit already referred to, fell far short of the performancewhich he had planned, and which included various epic poems, and acomplete system of philosophy, in which all knowledge was to beco-ordinated. He has, however, left enough poetry of such excellence asto place him in the first rank of English poets, and enough philosophic, critical, and theological matter to constitute him one of the principalintellectually formative forces of his time. His knowledge of philosophy, science, theology, and literature was alike wide and deep, and his powersof conversation, or rather monologue, were almost unique. A descriptionof him in later life tells of "the clerical-looking dress, the thick, waving, silver hair, the youthful coloured cheek, the indefinable mouthand lips, the quick, yet steady and penetrating greenish-grey eye, theslow and continuous enunciation, and the everlasting music of his tones. "

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1772, _ed. _ Christ's Hospital and Camb. , enlists 1794 butbought off, became intimate with Southey, and proposes to foundpantisocracy, settles at Clevedon and Nether Stowey 1795, and becamefriend of Wordsworth, began to take opium 1796, writes _Ancient Mariner_, and joins W. In _Lyrical Ballads_, became Unitarian preacher, visitsGermany 1798, _pub. _ translation of _Wallenstein_ 1800, settles at GretaHall and finishes _Christabel_, goes to Malta 1804, lectures onShakespeare 1808, leaves his family and lives with W. 1809, andthereafter with various friends, latterly with Gillman at Highgate, returned to Trinitarianism, _pub. _ various works 1808-1825, _d. _ 1834. 

_S. T. Coleridge, a Narrative_, J. D. Campbell (1893), also H. D. Traill(Men of Letters Series, 1884), also Pater's _Appreciations_, De Quincey'sWorks, Principal Shairp's _Studies in Poetry and Philosophy_ (1868). 

COLERIDGE, SARA (1802-1852). --Miscellaneous writer, the only _dau. _ ofthe above, _m. _ her cousin, Henry Nelson C. She translated Dobrizhöffer's_Account of the Abipones_, and _The Joyous and Pleasant History ... Ofthe Chevalier Bayard_. Her original works are _Pretty Lessons in Verse_, etc. (1834), which was very popular, and a fairy tale, _Phantasmion_. Shealso ed. Her father's works, to which she added an essay on Rationalism. 

COLET, JOHN (1467-1519). --Scholar and theologian, was _b. _ in London, the_s. _ of a wealthy citizen, who was twice Lord Mayor. The only survivor ofa family of 22, he went to Oxf. And Paris, and thence to Italy, where helearned Greek. He entered the Church, and held many preferments, including the Deanery of St. Paul's. He continued to follow out hisstudies, devoting himself chiefly to St. Paul's epistles. He wasoutspoken against the corruptions of the Church, and would have beencalled to account but for the protection of Archbishop Warham. He devotedhis great fortune to founding and endowing St. Paul's School. Among hisworks are a treatise on the Sacraments and various devotional writings. It is rather for his learning and his attitude to the advancement ofknowledge than for his own writings that he has a place in the history ofEnglish literature. 

COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726). --Church historian and controversialist, _b. _at Stow, Cambridgeshire, _ed. _ at Ipswich and Camb. , entered the Church, and became Rector of Ampton, Suffolk, lecturer of Gray's Inn, London, and ultimately a nonjuring bishop. He was a man of war from his youth, and was engaged in controversies almost until his death. His firstimportant one was with Gilbert Burnet, and led to his being imprisoned inNewgate. He was, however, a man of real learning. His chief writings arehis _Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain_ (1708-1714), and especiallyhis _Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage_(1699), on account of which he was attacked by Congreve and Farquhar, forwhom, however, he showed himself more than a match. The work materiallyhelped towards the subsequent purification of the stage. 

COLLINS, JOHN (_d. _ 1808). --Actor and writer, was a staymaker, but tookto the stage, on which he was fairly successful. He also gave humorousentertainments and _pub. _ _Scripscrapologia_, a book of verses. He isworthy of mention for the little piece, _To-morrow_, beginning "In thedownhill of life when I find I'm declining, " characterised by Palgrave as"a truly noble poem. "

COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908). --Writer on literature and critic, _b. _in Gloucestershire, and _ed. _ at King Edward's School, Birmingham, andOxf. , became in 1894 Prof. Of English Literature at Birmingham. He wrotebooks on _Sir J. Reynolds_ (1874), _Voltaire in England_ (1886), _Illustrations of Tennyson_ (1891), and also on Swift and Shakespeare, various collections of essays, _Essays and Studies_ (1895), and _Studiesin Poetry and Criticism_ (1905), etc. , and he issued ed. Of the works ofC. Tourneur, Greene, Dryden, Herbert of Cherbury, etc. 

COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876). --Novelist, _s. _ of a solicitor atPlymouth, was for a time a teacher of mathematics in Guernsey. Settlingin Berkshire he adopted a literary life, and was a prolific author, writing largely for periodicals. He also wrote a good deal of occasionaland humorous verse, and several novels, including _Sweet Anne Page_(1868), _Two Plunges for a Pearl_ (1872), _Mr. Carrington_ (1873), underthe name of "R. T. Cotton, " and _A Fight with Fortune_ (1876). 

COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759). --Poet, _s. _ of a respectable hatter atChichester, where he was _b. _ He was _ed. _ at Chichester, Winchester, andOxf. His is a melancholy career. Disappointed with the reception of hispoems, especially his Odes, he sank into despondency, fell into habits ofintemperance, and after fits of melancholy, deepening into insanity, _d. _a physical and mental wreck. Posterity has signally reversed the judgmentof his contemporaries, and has placed him at the head of the lyrists ofhis age. He did not write much, but all that he wrote is precious. Hisfirst publication was a small vol. Of poems, including the _Persian_(afterwards called _Oriental_) _Eclogues_ (1742); but his principal workwas his _Odes_ (1747), including those to _Evening_ and _The Passions_, which will live as long as the language. When Thomson died in 1748 C. , who had been his friend, commemorated him in a beautiful ode. Another--left unfinished--that on the _Superstitions of the ScottishHighlands_, was for many years lost sight of, but was discovered by Dr. Alex. Carlyle (_q. V. _). C. 's poetry is distinguished by its highimaginative quality, and by exquisitely felicitous descriptive phrases. 

_Memoirs_ prefixed to Dyce's ed. Of Poems (1827), Aldine ed. , Moy Thomas, 1892. 

COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824-1889). --Novelist, _s. _ of William C. , R. A. , entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar 1851, but soonrelinquished law for literature. His first novel was _Antonina_ (1850), ahistorical romance. He found his true field, however, in the novel ofmodern life, in which his power lies chiefly in the construction of askilful plot, which holds the attention of the reader and baffles hiscuriosity to the last. In Count Fosco, however, he has contributed anoriginal character to English fiction. Among his numerous novels two, _The Woman in White_ (1860), and _The Moonstone_ (1868), stand outpre-eminent. Others are _The Dead Secret_ (1857), _Armadale_ (1866), _NoName_ (1862), _After Dark, "I say No, "_ etc. He collaborated with Dickensin _No Thoroughfare_. 

COLMAN, GEORGE, THE ELDER (1732-1794). --Dramatist, _b. _ at Florence, where his _f. _ was British Envoy, he was a friend of Garrick, and took towriting for the stage with success. He wrote more than 30 dramaticpieces, of which the best known are _The Jealous Wife_ (1761), and _TheClandestine Marriage_ (1766). C. Was also manager and part proprietor ofvarious theatres. He was a scholar and translated Terence and the _DeArte Poetica_ of Horace, wrote essays, and ed. Beaumont and Fletcher andB. Jonson. 

COLMAN, GEORGE, THE YOUNGER (1762-1836). --Dramatist, _s. _ of thepreceding, wrote or adapted numerous plays, including _The Heir atLaw_ and _John Bull_. He was Examiner of Plays (1824-1836). Many of hisplays are highly amusing, and keep their place on the stage. His wit madehim popular in society, and he was a favourite with George IV. 

COLTON, CHARLES CALEB (1780-1832). --Miscellaneous writer, _ed. _ at Etonand Camb. , took orders and held various livings. He was an eccentric manof talent, with little or no principle, took to gaming, and had to leavethe country. He _d. _ by his own hand. His books, mainly collections ofepigrammatic aphorisms and short essays on conduct, etc. , though nowalmost forgotten, had a phenomenal popularity in their day. Among themare _Lacon, or Many Things in Few Words_, and a few poems. 

COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858). --Writer on phrenology and education, _b. _ inEdin. , where for some time he practised as a lawyer. Latterly, however, he devoted himself to the promotion of phrenology, and of his views oneducation, for which he in 1848 founded a school. His chief work was _TheConstitution of Man_ (1828). 

COMBE, WILLIAM (1741-1823). --Miscellaneous writer. His early life wasthat of an adventurer, his later was passed chiefly within the "rules" ofthe King's Bench prison. He is chiefly remembered as the author of _TheThree Tours of Dr. Syntax_, a comic poem (?). His cleverest piece of workwas a series of imaginary letters, supposed to have been written by thesecond, or "wicked" Lord Lyttelton. Of a similar kind were his lettersbetween Swift and Stella. He also wrote the letterpress for variousillustrated books, and was a general hack. 

CONGREVE, WILLIAM (1670-1729). --Dramatist, was _b. _ in Yorkshire. Inboyhood he was taken to Ireland, and _ed. _ at Kilkenny and at TrinityColl. , Dublin. In 1688 he returned to England and entered the MiddleTemple, but does not appear to have practised, and took to writing forthe stage. His first comedy, _The Old Bachelor_, was produced with greatapplause in 1693, and was followed by _The Double Dealer_ (1693), _Lovefor Love_ (1695), and _The Way of the World_ (1700), and by a tragedy, _The Mourning Bride_ (1697). His comedies are all remarkable for wit andsparkling dialogue, but their profanity and licentiousness have driventhem from the stage. These latter qualities brought them under the lashof Jeremy Collier (_q. V. _) in his _Short View of the English Stage_. Congreve rushed into controversy with his critic who, however, proved toostrong for him. C. Was a favourite at Court, and had various lucrativeoffices conferred upon him. In his latter years he was blind; otherwisehis life was prosperous, and he achieved his chief ambition of beingadmired as a fine gentleman and gallant. _Life_, Gosse (1888). _Works_, ed. By Henley (1895), also Mermaid Series (1888). 

CONINGTON, JOHN (1825-1869). --Translator, _s. _ of a clergyman at Boston, Lincolnshire, where he was _b. _, _ed. _, at Rugby and Magdalen and Univ. Coll. , Oxf. , and began the study of law, but soon relinquished it, anddevoting himself to scholarship, became Prof. Of Latin at Oxf. (1854-1869). His chief work is his translation of Virgil's _Æneid_ in theoctosyllabic metre of Scott (1861-68). He also translated the _Satires_and _Epistles_ of Horace in Pope's couplets, and completed Worsley's_Iliad_ in Spenserian stanza. He also brought out valuable ed. Of Virgiland Perseus. C. Was one of the greatest translators whom England hasproduced. 

CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613). --Poet, _s. _ of Sir Robert C. , _ed. _ atCamb. , but becoming a Roman Catholic, went to Paris, and acted as anagent for the Catholic powers. He _d. _ at Liège. In 1592 he _pub. __Diana_, a collection of sonnets, and contributed to _England's Helicon_four poems, including _Diaphenia_ and _Venus and Adonis_. His style ischaracterised by fervour and richness of colour. 

COOKE, JOHN ESTEN (1830-1886). --Novelist, _b. _ in Virginia, illustratedthe life and history of his native state in the novels, _The VirginiaComedians_ (1854), and _The Wearing of the Gray_, a tale of the CivilWar, and more formally in an excellent History of the State. His stylewas somewhat high-flown. 

COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851). --Novelist, _b. _ at Burlington, NewJersey, and _ed. _ at Yale Coll. , he in 1808 entered the U. S. Navy, inwhich he remained for 3 years, an experience which was of immense futurevalue to him as an author. It was not until 1821 that his first novel, _Precaution_, appeared. Its want of success did not discourage him, andin the next year (1822), he produced _The Spy_, which at once gained hima high place as a story-teller. He wrote over 30 novels, of which may bementioned _The Pioneers_ (1823), _The Pilot_ (1823), _The Last of theMohicans_ (1826), _The Prairie_ (1826), _The Red Rover_ (1831), _TheBravo_ (1840), _The Pathfinder_, _The Deerslayer_ (1841), _The TwoAdmirals_ (1842), and _Satanstoe_ (1845). He also wrote a _Naval Historyof the United States_ (1839). C. Was possessed of remarkable narrativeand descriptive powers, and could occasionally delineate character. Hehad the merit of opening up an entirely new field, and giving expressionto the spirit of the New World, but his true range was limited, and hesometimes showed a lack of judgment in choosing subjects with which hewas not fitted to deal. He was a proud and combative but honest andestimable man. 

COOPER, THOMAS (1805-1892). --Chartist poet, was _b. _ at Leicester, andapprenticed to a shoemaker. In spite of hardships and difficulties, he_ed. _ himself, and at 23 was a schoolmaster. He became a leader andlecturer among the Chartists, and in 1842 was imprisoned in Stafford gaolfor two years, where he wrote his _Purgatory of Suicides_, a politicalepic. At the same time he adopted sceptical views, which he continued tohold until 1855, when he became a Christian, joined the Baptists, and wasa preacher among them. In his latter years he settled down into anold-fashioned Radical. His friends in 1867 raised an annuity for him, andin the last year of his life he received a government pension. Inaddition to his poems he wrote several novels. Somewhat impulsive, he wasan honest and sincere man. 

CORBET, RICHARD (1582-1635). --Poet, _s. _ of a gardener, was _ed. _ atWestminster School and Oxf. , and entered the Church, in which he obtainedmany preferments, and rose to be Bishop successively of Oxf. And Norwich. He was celebrated for his wit, which not seldom passed into buffoonery. His poems, which are often mere doggerel, were not _pub. _ until after hisdeath. They include _Journey to France_, _Iter Boreale_, the account of atour from Oxf. To Newark, and the _Farewell to the Fairies_. 

CORNWALL, BARRY, _see_ PROCTER, B. W. 

CORY, WILLIAM JOHNSON (1823-1892). --Poet, _b. _ at Torrington, and _ed. _at Eton, where he was afterwards a master. He was a brilliant writer ofLatin verse. His chief poetical work is _Ionica_, containing poems inwhich he showed a true lyrical gift. 

CORYATE, or CORYATT, THOMAS (1577-1617). --Poet, _b. _ at Odcombe, Somerset, and _ed. _ at Westminster and Oxf. , entered the household ofPrince Henry. In 1608 he made a walking tour in France, Italy, andGermany, walking nearly 2000 miles in one pair of shoes, which were, until 1702, hung up in Odcombe Church, and known as "the thousand mileshoes. " He gave an amusing account of this in his _Coryate's Cruditieshastily gobbled up_ (1611), prefixed to which were commendatory verses bymany contemporary poets. A sequel, _Coryate's Crambé_, or _Colewort twiceSodden_ followed. Next year (1612) C. Bade farewell to hisfellow-townsmen, and set out on another journey to Greece, Egypt, andIndia, from which he never returned. He _d. _ at Surat. Though odd andconceited, C. Was a close observer, and took real pains in collectinginformation as to the places he visited. 

COSTELLO, LOUISA STUART (1799-1877). --Poet and novelist, _b. _ in Ireland, lived chiefly in Paris, where she was a miniature-painter. In 1815 she_pub. _ _The Maid of the Cyprus Isle_, etc. (poems). She also wrote booksof travel, which were very popular, as were her novels, chiefly foundedon French history. Another work, _pub. _ in 1835, is _Specimens of theEarly Poetry of France_. 

COTTON, CHARLES (1630-1687). --Poet and translator, succeeded to anembarrassed estate, which his happy-go-lucky methods did not improve, wrote burlesques on _Virgil_ and _Lucian_, and made an excellenttranslation of _Montaigne's Essays_, also a humorous _Journey toIreland_. C. Was the friend of Izaak Walton, and wrote a second part of_The Complete Angler_. He was apparently always in difficulties, alwayshappy, and always a favourite. 

COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE (1571-1631). --Antiquary, _b. _ at Denton, Hunts, and _ed. _ at Camb. , was a great collector of charters and recordsthrowing light upon English history, and co-operated with Camden(_q. V. _). Among his works are a history of the _Raigne of Henry III. _(1627). He was the collector of the Cottonian library, now in the BritishMuseum, and was the author of various political tracts. 

COUSIN, ANNE ROSS (CUNDELL) (1824-1906). --Poetess, only _dau. _ of D. R. Cundell, M. D. , Leith, _m. _ 1847 Rev. Wm. Cousin, minister of the FreeChurch of Scotland, latterly at Melrose. Some of her hymns, especially"The Sands of Time are sinking, " are known and sung over theEnglish-speaking world. A collection of her poems, _Immanuel's Land andOther Pieces_, was _pub. _ in 1876 under her initials A. R. C. , by which shewas most widely known. 

COVERDALE, MILES (1488-1568). --Translator of the Bible, _b. _ inYorkshire, and _ed. _ at Camb. Originally an Augustinian monk, he became asupporter of the Reformation. In 1535 his translation of the Bible was_pub. _, probably at Zurich. It bore the title, _Biblia, the Bible: thatis the Holy Scripture of the Olde and New Testament faithfully and newlytranslated out of the Doutche and Latyn into English_. C. Was made Bishopof Exeter in 1551, but, on the accession of Mary, he was imprisoned fortwo years, at the end of which he was released and went to Denmark andafterwards to Geneva. On the death of Mary he returned to England, butthe views he had imbibed in Geneva were adverse to his preferment. Heultimately, however, received a benefice in London, which he resignedbefore his death. Besides the Bible he translated many treatises of theContinental Reformers. 

COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667). --Poet, _s. _ of a grocer or stationer inLondon, where he was _b. _ In childhood he was greatly influenced byreading Spenser, a copy of whose poems was in the possession of hismother. This, he said, made him a poet. His first book, _PoeticBlossoms_ (1633), was _pub. _ when he was only 15. After being atWestminster School he went to Camb. , where he was distinguished for hisgraceful translations. On the outbreak of the Civil War he joined theRoyalists, was turned out of his college, and in 1646 followed the Queento Paris, where he remained for 10 or 12 years, during which he renderedunwearied service to the royal family. At the Restoration he wrote someloyal odes, but was disappointed by being refused the Mastership of theSavoy, and retired to the country. He received a lease of Crown lands, but his life in the country did not yield him the happiness he expected. He is said by Pope to have _d. _ of a fever brought on by lying in thefields after a drinking-bout. The drinking-bout, however, is perhaps anill-natured addition. C. 's fame among his contemporaries was much greaterthan that which posterity has accorded to him. His poems are marred byconceits and a forced and artificial brilliancy. In some of them, however, he sings pleasantly of gardens and country scenes. They comprise_Miscellanies_, _The Mistress, or Love Poems_ (1647), _Pindaric Odes_, and _The Davideis_, an epic on David (unfinished). He is at his best insuch imitations of Anacreon as _The Grasshopper_. His prose, especiallyin his Essays, though now almost unread, is better than his verse; simpleand manly, it sometimes rises to eloquence. C. Is buried in WestminsterAbbey near Spenser. 

Ed. , Grosart (1881), Waller (1903). 

COWPER, WILLIAM (1731-1800). --Poet, was the _s. _ of the Rev. John C. , Rector of Great Berkhampstead, Herts, and Chaplain to George II. Hisgrandfather was a judge, and he was the grand-nephew of the 1st Earl C. , the eminent Lord Chancellor. A shy and timid child, the death of hismother when he was 6 years old, and the sufferings inflicted upon him bya bullying schoolfellow at his first school, wounded his tender andshrinking spirit irrecoverably. He was sent to Westminster School, wherehe had for schoolfellows Churchill, the poet (_q. V. _), and WarrenHastings. The powerful legal influence of his family naturally suggestedhis being destined for the law, and at 18 he entered the chambers of asolicitor, where he had for a companion Thurlow, the future Chancellor, atruly incongruous conjunction; the pair, however, seem to have got onwell together, and employed their time chiefly in "giggling and makinggiggle. " He then entered the Middle Temple, and in 1754 was called to theBar. This was perhaps the happiest period of his life, being enlivened bythe society of two cousins, Theodora and Harriet C. With the former hefell in love; but his proposal of marriage was opposed by her _f. _, whohad observed symptoms of morbidity in him, and he never met her again. The latter, as Lady Hesketh, was in later days one of his most intimatefriends. In 1759 he received a small sinecure appointment as Commissionerof Bankrupts, which he held for 5 years, and in 1763, through theinfluence of a relative, he received the offer of the desirable office ofClerk of the Journals to the House of Lords. He accepted the appointment, but the dread of having to make a formal appearance before the House sopreyed upon his mind as to induce a temporary loss of reason, and he wassent to an asylum at St. Albans, where he remained for about a year. Hehad now no income beyond a small sum inherited from his _f. _, and no aimsin life; but friends supplemented his means sufficiently to enable him tolead with a quiet mind the life of retirement which he had resolved tofollow. He went to Huntingdon, and there made the acquaintance of theUnwins, with whom he went to live as a boarder. The acquaintance soonripened into a close friendship, and on the death, from an accident(1767), of Mr. U. , C. Accompanied his widow (the "Mary" of his poems) toOlney, where the Rev. John Newton (_q. V. _) was curate. N. And C. Becameintimate friends, and collaborated in producing the well-known _OlneyHymns_, of which 67 were composed by C. He became engaged to Mary Unwin, but a fresh attack of his mental malady in 1773 prevented their marriage. On his recovery he took to gardening, and amused himself by keeping pets, including the hares "Tiny" and "Puss, " and the spaniel "Beau, "immortalised in his works. The chief means, however, which he adopted forkeeping his mind occupied and free from distressing ideas was thecultivation of his poetic gift. At the suggestion of Mrs. U. , he wrote_The Progress of Error_; _Truth, Table Talk, Expostulation, Hope, Charity, Conversation_, and _Retirement_ were added, and the whole were _pub. _ inone vol. In 1782. Though not received with acclamation, its signal meritsof freshness, simplicity, graceful humour, and the pure idiomatic Englishin which it was written gradually obtained recognition, and the fame ofthe poet-recluse began to spread. His health had now become considerablyre-established, and he enjoyed an unwonted measure of cheerfulness, whichwas fostered by the friendship of Lady Austin, who had become hisneighbour. From her he received the story of John Gilpin, which heforthwith turned into his immortal ballad. Hers also was the suggestionthat he should write a poem in blank verse, which gave its origin to hismost famous poem, _The Task_. Before it was _pub. _, however, the intimacyhad, apparently owing to some little feminine jealousies, been brokenoff. _The Task_ was _pub. _ in 1785, and met with immediate anddistinguished success. Although not formally or professedly, it was, infact, the beginning of an uprising against the classical school ofpoetry, and the founding of a new school in which nature was the teacher. As Dr. Stopford Brooke points out, "Cowper is the first of the poets wholoves Nature entirely for her own sake, " and in him "the idea of Mankindas a whole is fully formed. " About this time he resumed his friendshipwith his cousin, Lady Hesketh, and, encouraged by her, he began histranslation of _Homer_, which appeared in 1791. Before this he hadremoved with Mrs. U. To the village of Weston Underwood. His health hadagain given way; and in 1791 Mrs. U. Became paralytic, and the object ofhis assiduous and affectionate care. A settled gloom with occasionalbrighter intervals was now falling upon him. He strove to fight it byengaging in various translations, and in revising his _Homer_, andundertaking a new ed. Of Milton, which last was, however, leftunfinished. In 1794 a pension of £300 was conferred upon him, and in 1795he removed with Mrs. U. , now a helpless invalid, to East Dereham. Mrs. U. _d. _ in the following year, and three years later his own death releasedhim from his heavy burden of trouble and sorrow. His last poem was _TheCastaway_, which, with its darkness almost of despair, shows no loss ofintellectual or poetic power. In addition to his reputation as a poet C. Has that of being among the very best of English letter-writers, and inthis he shows, in an even easier and more unstudied manner, the samecommand of pure idiomatic English, the same acute observation, and thesame mingling of gentle humour and melancholy. In literature C. Is theconnecting link between the classical school of Pope and the naturalschool of Burns, Crabbe, and Wordsworth, having, however, much more incommon with the latter. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1731, _ed. _ Westminster School, entered Middle Temple andcalled to the Bar, 1754, appointed Clerk of Journals of House of Lords, but mind gave way 1763, lives with the Unwins, became intimate with J. Newton and with him writes _Olney Hymns_, _pub. _ _Poems_ (_Progress ofError_, etc. ), 1782, _Task_ 1785, _Homer_ 1791, _d. _ 1731. 

The standard ed. Of C. 's works is Southey's, with memoir (15 vols. 1834-37). Others are the Aldine (1865), the Globe (1870). There are_Lives_ by Hayley (2 vols. , 1805), Goldwin Smith (Men of Letters Series), and T. Wright. 

COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828). --Historian, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ atEton and Camb. As tutor to various young men of family he travelled muchon the Continent, and _pub. _ accounts of his journeys. His chiefhistorical work is his _Memoirs of the House of Austria_ (1807), and healso wrote lives of Walpole, Marlborough, and others. He had access tovaluable original sources, and his books, though somewhat heavy, are onthe whole trustworthy, notwithstanding a decided Whig bias. He was aclergyman, and _d. _ Archdeacon of Wilts. 

CRABBE, GEORGE (1754-1832). --Poet, _b. _ at Aldborough, Suffolk, where his_f. _ was collector of salt dues, he was apprenticed to a surgeon, but, having no liking for the work, went to London to try his fortune inliterature. Unsuccessful at first, he as a last resource wrote a letterto Burke enclosing some of his writings, and was immediately befriendedby him, and taken into his own house, where he met Fox, Reynolds, andothers. His first important work, _The Library_, was _pub. _ in 1781, andreceived with favour. He took orders, and was appointed by the Duke ofRutland his domestic chaplain, residing with him at Belvoir Castle. Herein 1783 he _pub. _ _The Village_, which established his reputation, andabout the same time he was presented by Lord Thurlow to two smalllivings. He was now secured from want, made a happy marriage, and devotedhimself to literary and scientific pursuits. The _Newspaper_ appeared in1785, and was followed by a period of silence until 1807, when he cameforward again with _The Parish Register_, followed by _The Borough_(1810), _Tales in Verse_ (1812), and his last work, _Tales of the Hall_(1817-18). In 1819 Murray the publisher gave him £3000 for the last namedwork and the unexpired copyright of his other poems. In 1822 he visitedSir Walter Scott at Edinburgh. Soon afterwards his health began to giveway, and he _d. _ in 1832. C. Has been called "the poet of the poor. " Hedescribes in simple, but strong and vivid, verse their struggles, sorrows, weaknesses, crimes, and pleasures, sometimes with racy humour, oftener in sombre hues. His pathos, sparingly introduced, goes to theheart; his pictures of crime and despair not seldom rise to the terrific, and he has a marvellous power of painting natural scenery, and ofbringing out in detail the beauty and picturesqueness of scenes at firstsight uninteresting, or even uninviting. He is absolutely free fromaffectation or sentimentality, and may be regarded as one of the greatestmasters of the realistic in our literature. With these merits he hascertain faults, too great minuteness in his pictures, too frequentdwelling upon the sordid and depraved aspects of character, and somedegree of harshness both in matter and manner, and not unfrequently awant of taste. 

_Life_ prefixed to ed. Of works by his son (1834), Ainger (Men ofLetters, 1903). Works (Ward, 3 vols. , 1906-7). 

CRAIGIE, MRS. PEARL MARY TERESA (RICHARDS) (1867-1906). --_Dau. _ of JohnMorgan, R. _b. _ in Boston, Massachusetts. Most of her education wasreceived in London and Paris, and from childhood she was a great readerand observer. At 19 she _m. _ Mr. R. W. Craigie, but the union did notprove happy and was, on her petition, dissolved. In 1902 she became aRoman Catholic. She wrote, under the pseudonym of "John Oliver Hobbes, " anumber of novels and dramas, distinguished by originality of subject andtreatment, brightness of humour, and finish of style, among which may bementioned _Some Emotions and a Moral_, _The Gods, Some Mortals and LordWickenham_ (1895), _The Herb Moon_ and _The School for Saints_ (1897), and _Robert Orange_ (1900), _The Dream and The Business_ (1907). Herdramas include _The Ambassador_ and _The Bishop's Move_. 

CRAIK, GEORGE LILLIE (1798-1866). --Writer on English literature, etc. , _b. _ at Kennoway, Fife, and _ed. _ at St. Andrews, went to London in 1824, where he wrote largely for the "Society for the Promotion of UsefulKnowledge. " In 1849 he was appointed Prof. Of English Literature andHistory at Belfast. Among his books are _The Pursuit of Knowledge underDifficulties_ (1831), _History of British Commerce_ (1844), and _Historyof English Literature and the English Language_ (1861). He was also jointauthor of _The Pictorial History of England_, and wrote books on Spenserand Bacon. 

CRANMER, THOMAS (1489-1556). --Theologian and Churchman, _b. _ at Aslacton, Notts, _ed. _ at Camb. , and became an eminent classical and biblicalscholar. He supported Henry VIII. In his divorce proceedings againstQueen Catherine, gained the King's favour, and obtained rapid preferment, ending with the Primacy. He was one of the chief promoters of theReformation in England. On the accession of Mary, he was committed to theTower, and after a temporary failure of courage and constancy, sufferedmartyrdom at the stake. It is largely to C. That we owe the stately formsof the Book of Common Prayer. He also wrote over 40 works, and composedseveral hymns; but the influence of the Prayer-book in fixing thelanguage is his great, though indirect, service to our literature. 

Fox's _Book of Martyrs_, Strype's _Memorials of Cranmer_, Hook's _Livesof Archbishops of Canterbury_, etc. 

CRASHAW, RICHARD (1613?-1649). --Poet, _s. _ of William C. , a Puritandivine, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Charterhouse and Camb. , where hebecame a Fellow of Peterhouse, from which, however, he was, in 1643, ejected for refusing to take the Solemn League and Covenant. Thereafterhe went to France, and joined the Roman communion. He suffered greatstraits, being almost reduced to starvation, but was, through theinfluence of Queen Henrietta Maria, appointed Sec. To Cardinal Palotta. About 1649 he went to Italy, and in the following year became a canon ofthe Church of Loretto. He _d. _ the same year. C. Is said to have been aneloquent preacher, and was a scholar as well as a poet of a high order inthe ecstatic and transcendental style. His chief work is _Steps to theTemple_ (1646), consisting mainly of religious poems somewhat in thestyle of Herbert; his _Weeping of the Magdalen_ is full of the mostextravagant conceits, a fondness for which is, indeed, his besetting sinas a poet. His friend Cowley commemorated him in a beautiful ode. 

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854-1909). --Novelist and historian, _s. _ ofThomas C. , an American sculptor, _b. _ at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, and _ed. _in America, at Camb. , and in Germany, he went to India and ed. _TheIndian Herald_ (1879-80). Thereafter he settled in Italy, living chieflyat Sorrento, and becoming a Roman Catholic. His principal historicalworks are _Ave Roma Immortalis_ (1898), _The Rulers of the South_(reprinted as _Sicily, Calabria, and Malta_, 1904), and _VenetianGleanings_ (1905), but his reputation rests mainly on his novels, ofwhich he wrote between 30 and 40, the best known of which are perhaps_Mr. Isaacs_ (1882), _Dr. Claudius_ (1883), _A Roman Singer_ (1884), _Marzio's Crucifix_ (1887), _Saracinesca_ (1887), _A Cigarette-maker'sRomance_ (1890), generally considered his masterpiece, _Don Orsino_(1892), _Pietro Ghisleri_ (1893), and _The Heart of Rome_ (1903). His oneplay is _Francesca, da Rimini_. His novels are all interesting, andwritten in a style of decided distinction. His historical works, thoughfull of information, lack spirit. 

CREASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD (1812-1878). --Historian, _ed. _ at Eton andCamb. , and called to the Bar in 1837, he became in 1840 Prof. Of History, London Univ. , and in 1860 Chief Justice of Ceylon, when he was knighted. His best known contribution to literature is his _Fifteen DecisiveBattles of the World_ (1852). Other works are _Historical and CriticalAccount of the Several Invasions of England_ (1852), _History of theOttoman Turks_, and _Imperial and Colonial Institutions of the BritishEmpire_ (1872). 

CREECH, THOMAS (1659-1700). --Translator, _b. _ near Sherborne, _ed. _ atOxf. , became Head Master of Sherborne School. He translated _Lucretius_in verse (1682), for which he received a Fellowship at Oxf. , also Horace, Theocritus, and other classics. Owing to a disappointment in love andpecuniary difficulties he hanged himself. 

CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843-1901). --Churchman and historian, _b. _ atCarlisle, and _ed. _ at Durham Grammar School and Merton Coll. , Oxf. , hetook orders, and was presented to the living of Embleton, Northumberland, in 1875, where, in addition to zealous discharge of pastoral duties, hepursued the historical studies on the results of which his reputationchiefly rests. In 1882 the first two vols. Of his _History of the Papacy_appeared, followed by two more in 1887, and a fifth in 1894. In 1884 hewas appointed first Dixie Prof. Of Ecclesiastical History at Camb. He ed. The _English Historical Review_ (1886-91). In 1891, after having heldcanonries at Worcester and Windsor, he became Bishop of Peterborough, from which he was in 1897 translated to London. His duties as Bishop ofLondon made the completion of his great historical work an impossibility. He wrote in addition to it various text-books on history, a life of QueenElizabeth, a memoir of Sir George Grey, and many articles and reviews. Hewas recognised as a leading authority on the department of history towhich he had specially devoted himself, and he made his mark as aChurchman. 

CROKER, JOHN WILSON (1780-1857). --Politician and miscellaneous writer. _Ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, he entered Parliament as a Tory, and wasappointed to various offices, including the Secretaryship of theAdmiralty, which he held for 20 years. He was one of the founders of the_Quarterly Review_, and wrote some of its most violent political articlesand reviews. He _pub. _ in 1831 an ed. Of _Boswell's Life of Johnson_. Healso wrote some historical essays and satirical pieces. 

CROKER, THOMAS CROFTON (1798-1854). --Irish Antiquary, _b. _ at Cork, forsome years held a position in the Admiralty. He devoted himself largelyto the collection of ancient Irish poetry and folk-lore. Among hispublications are _Researches in the South of Ireland_ (1824), _FairyLegends and Traditions of the South of Ireland_ (1825-27), _Popular Songsof Ireland_ (1837), _Daniel O'Rourke_ (1829), and _Barney Mahoney_(1832). He assisted in founding the "Camden" and "Percy" Societies. 

CROLY, GEORGE (1780-1860). --Poet, novelist, historian, and divine, _b. _at Dublin, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. There, he took orders and becameRector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, and had a high reputation as apreacher. He wrote poems, dramas, satires, novels, history, andtheological works, and attained some measure of success in all. Perhapshis best known works are his novels, _Salathiel_ (1829), founded on thelegend of "the wandering Jew, " and _Mareton_ (1846). His chiefcontribution to theological literature is an exposition of theApocalypse. 

CROWE, CATHERINE (STEVENS) (1800-1876). --Wrote dramas, children's books, and one or two novels, including _Susan Hopley_ (1841), and _LillyDawson_ (1847), but is chiefly remembered for her _Night-side of Nature_(1848), a collection of stories of the supernatural. Though somewhatmorbid she had considerable talent. 

CROWE, EYRE EVANS (1799-1868). --Historian and novelist, _s. _ of anofficer in the army, _b. _ near Southampton, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin. He wrote several novels, including _Vittoria Colonna_, _To-day inIreland_ (1825), _The English in France_ (1828), and _Charles Dalmer_(1853). Among his historical works are a _History of France_ in_Lardner's Cabinet Encyclopædia_, afterwards enlarged and separately_pub. _, and a _History of Louis XVIII. And Charles X. _

CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER (1825-1896). --Writer on art, _s. _ of the above, was _b. _ in London. Most of his childhood was spent in France, and on hisreturn to England in 1843 he became a journalist. He was then for someyears engaged in educational work in India, and was afterwards warcorrespondent for the _Times_ on various occasions, and filled variousimportant consular posts, for which he was in 1890 made K. C. M. G. Incollaboration with G. B. Cavalcasselle, an Italian refugee, he was theauthor of several authoritative works on art, including _The EarlyFlemish Painters_ (1856), _A New History of Painting in Italy_ (1864-68), _A History of Painting in North Italy_ (1871), _Titian, His Life andTimes_ (1877), and _Raphael, His Life and Works_ (1883-85). The actualwriting of all these was the work of C. 

CROWE, WILLIAM (1745-1829). --Poet, _b. _ at Midgham, Berks, the _s. _ of acarpenter, was _ed. _ as a foundationer at Winchester, whence he proceededto Oxf. , where he became Public Orator. He wrote a smooth, but somewhatconventional poem, _Lewesdon Hill_ (1789), ed. Collins's Poems (1828), and lectured on poetry at the Royal Institution. His poems were _coll. _in 1827. C. Was a clergyman and Rector of Alton Barnes, Wilts. 

CROWNE, JOHN (1640?-1703). --Dramatist, returned from Nova Scotia, towhich his _f. _, a Nonconformist minister, had emigrated, and becamegentleman usher to a lady of quality. His first play, _Juliana_, appearedin 1671. He wrote in all about 17 dramatic pieces, of which the best is_Sir Courtly Nice_ (1685), adapted from the Spanish. It is amusing, andenjoyed a long continued vogue. In general, however, C. Is dull. 

CUDWORTH, RALPH (1617-1688). --Divine and philosopher, _b. _ at Aller, Somerset, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where, after being a tutor, he becameMaster of Clare Hall 1645, Prof. Of Hebrew (1645-88), and Master ofChrist's Coll. , 1654. His great work is _The True Intellectual System ofthe Universe_ (1678). A work of vast learning and acuteness, it isdirected against the infidelity of the age. C. 's candour in his statementof the opposing position was so remarkable that Dryden remarked "that heraised such strong objections against the being of a God and Providencethat many thought he had not answered them. " He also left in MS. A_Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality_, _pub. _ in 1731. 

CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811). --Novelist and dramatist, _ed. _ atWestminster and Camb. , entered the diplomatic service, and filled severalgovernment appointments. His best play is _The West Indian_. His novelsdo not rise much above mediocrity. Along with Sir J. B. Burges he wrote anepic entitled _The Exodiad_, and he also made some translations from theGreek. 

CUMMINS, MARIA SUSANNA (1827-1866). --_B. _ at Salem, Mass. , was well-knownas the authoress of _The Lamplighter_, a somewhat sentimental tale whichhad very wide popularity. She wrote others, including _Mabel Vaughan_, none of which had the same success. 

CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842). --Poet and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ nearDalswinton, Dumfriesshire, in his youth knew Burns, who was a friend ofhis father's. He was apprenticed to a stonemason, but gave his leisure toreading and writing imitations of old Scottish ballads, which hecontributed to Cromek's _Remains of Nithsdale and Galloway Song_, _pub. _in 1810, and which gained for him the friendship of Scott and Hogg. Thereafter he went to London, and became a parliamentary reporter, andsubsequently assistant to Chantrey, the sculptor, but continued hisliterary labours, writing three novels, a life of Sir D. Wilkie, and_Lives of Eminent British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects_, besidesmany songs, of which the best is _A wet sheet and a flowing Sea_. He alsobrought out an ed. Of Burns's Works. He had four sons, all of whom roseto important positions, and inherited in some degree his literary gifts. 

CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892). --American essayist, editor, andjournalist, contributed to _New York Tribune_, and to _Putnam's_ and_Harper's_ monthlies, in which most of his books first appeared. Amongthese are _Trumps_, a story of New York life, _Prue and I_, _Lotus-eating_, and the _Potiphar Papers_. C. Was also one of thefinest American orators of his day. 

CYNEWULF (_fl. _ 750). --Anglo-Saxon poet. He was probably a Northumbrian, though sometimes thought to have been a Mercian. His poems, and someothers, more or less doubtfully attributed to him, are contained in theExeter Book and the Vercelli Book. The poems which are considered to becertainly his are the _Riddles_, from hints and allusions in which isderived nearly all that is known of him, or at least of the earlier partof his life, which appears to have been that of a joyous and poeticalnature, rejoicing in the beauty of the world. His next poem, _Juliana_, the legend of a virgin-martyr, indicates a transition in his spirituallife; sorrow and repentance are its predominant notes, and in theserespects another poem, _St. Guthlac_, resembles it. In the _Crist_(Christ), C. Has passed through the clouds to an assured faith and peace. _The Phoenix_, and the second part of _Guthlac_, though not certainlyhis, are generally attributed to him. _The Fates of the Apostles_ and_Elene_ (the legend of St. Helena) are his; the _Andreas_ and _The Dreamof the Roode_ are still in some respects the subject of controversy. Inseveral of the poems the separate letters of C. 's name are introduced ina peculiar manner, and are regarded as an attesting signature. _Juliana_, _Crist_, _The Apostles_, and _Elene_ are thus said to be signed. TheExeter and Vercelli Books are collections of ancient English poems, andthey are named from the places where they were found. 

DALLING AND BULWER, WILLIAM HENRY LYTTON EARLE BULWER, 1ST LORD(1801-1872). --Elder brother of Lord Lytton (_q. V. _), and a distinguisheddiplomatist. He represented England at Madrid, Washington (where heconcluded the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty), Florence, Bucharest, andConstantinople, and was raised to the peerage in 1871. He was the authorof a number of books of travel and biography, including _An Autumn inGreece_ (1826), a _Life of Byron_ (1835), _Historical Characters_(1868-70), and an unfinished life of Lord Palmerston. 

DAMPIER, WILLIAM (1652-1715). --Discoverer and buccaneer, _b. _ nearYeovil. After various seafaring adventures, and leading a semi-piraticallife, he was in 1688 marooned on Nicobar Island, but escaped to Acheen, returned to England in 1691. He _pub. _ his _Voyage Round the World_(1697), and _A Discourse of Winds_ (1699). He was then employed bygovernment on a voyage of survey and discovery (1699-1700), in the courseof which he explored the north-west coast of Australia and the coasts ofNew Guinea and New Britain. In 1701 he was wrecked upon Ascension Island, from which he was rescued by an East Indiaman. He was afterwardscourt-martialled for cruelty, and wrote an angry but unconvincingvindication. His _Voyage_ is written in a style plain and homely, but isperspicuous and interesting. 

DANA, RICHARD HENRY (1787-1879). --Novelist and critic, _b. _ at Camb. , Mass. , was called to the Bar in 1817. Among his novels are _Tom Thornton_and _Paul Felton_, both somewhat violent and improbable tales, and hispoems, which are better, include _The Buccaneer_ (1827), and _The DyingRaven_. He is, however, stronger as a critic than as a writer. He wrotelargely in _The North American Review_, and for a time conducted a paper, _The Idle Man_, which contains some of his best work. 

DANA, RICHARD HENRY, JR. (1815-1882). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of theabove, _ed. _ at Harvard, but on his eyesight giving way shipped as acommon sailor, and gave his experiences in _Two Years before the Mast_(1840). Called to the Bar in 1840, he became an authority on maritimelaw. Other books by him are _The Seaman's Friend_ (1841), and _VacationVoyage to Cuba_ (1859). 

DANIEL, SAMUEL (1562-1619). --Poet, _s. _ of a music master, was _b. _ nearTaunton, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , but did not graduate. He attached himself tothe Court as a kind of voluntary laureate, and in the reign of James I. Was appointed "Inspector of the children of the Queen's revels, " and agroom of the Queen's chamber. He is said to have enjoyed the friendshipof Shakespeare and Marlowe, but was "at jealousies" with Ben Jonson. Inhis later years he retired to a farm which he owned in Somerset, where he_d. _ D. Bears the title of the "well-languaged, " his style is clear andflowing, with a remarkably modern note, but is lacking in energy andfire, and is thus apt to become tedious. His works include sonnets, epistles, masques, and dramas. The most important of them is _The Historyof the Civil Wars between York and Lancaster_ in 8 books, _pub. _ in 1604. His _Epistles_ are generally considered his best work, and his sonnetshave had some modern admirers. Among his poems may be mentioned the_Complaynt of Rosamund_, _Tethys Festival_ (1610), and _Hymen's Triumph_(1615), a masque, and _Musophilus_, a defence of learning, _Defence ofRhyme_ (1602). 

DARLEY, GEORGE (1795-1846). --Poet, novelist, and critic, _b. _ at Dublin, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. There, he early decided to follow a literarycareer, and went to London, where he brought out his first poem, _Errorsof Ecstasie_ (1822). He also wrote for the _London Magazine_, under thepseudonym of John Lacy. In it appeared his best story, _Lilian of theVale_. Various other books followed, including _Sylvia, or The MayQueen_, a poem (1827). Thereafter he joined the _Athenæum_, in which heshowed himself a severe critic. He was also a dramatist and a profoundstudent of old English plays, editing those of Beaumont and Fletcher in1840. So deeply was he imbued with the spirit of the 17th century thathis poem, "It is not beauty I desire, " was included by F. T. Palgrave inthe first ed. Of his _Golden Treasury_ as an anonymous lyric of that age. He was also a mathematician of considerable talent, and _pub. _ sometreatises on the subject. D. Fell into nervous depression and _d. _ in1846. 

DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882). --Naturalist, _s. _ of a physician, andgrandson of Dr. Erasmus D. (_q. V. _), and of Josiah Wedgwood, the famouspotter, was _b. _ and was at school at Shrewsbury. In 1825 he went toEdin. To study medicine, but was more taken up with marine zoology thanwith the regular curriculum. After two years he proceeded to Camb. , wherehe _grad. _ in 1831, continuing, however, his independent studies innatural history. In the same year came the opportunity of his life, hisappointment to accompany the _Beagle_ as naturalist on a survey of SouthAmerica. To this voyage, which extended over nearly five years, heattributed the first real training of his mind, and after his return_pub. _ an account of it, _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_ (1840). After spending a few years in London arranging his collections andwriting his _Journal_, he removed to Down, a retired village near theWeald of Kent, where, in a house surrounded by a large garden, his wholeremaining life was passed in the patient building up, from accurateobservations, of his theory of Evolution, which created a new epoch inscience and in thought generally. His industry was marvellous, especiallywhen it is remembered that he suffered from chronic bad health. Afterdevoting some time to geology, specially to coral reefs, and exhaustingthe subject of barnacles, he took up the development of his favouritequestion, the transformation of species. In these earlier years ofresidence at Down he _pub. _ _The Structure and Distribution of CoralReefs_ (1842), and two works on the geology of volcanic islands, and ofSouth America. After he had given much time and profound thought to thequestion of evolution by natural selection, and had written out his noteson the subject, he received in 1858 from Mr. A. R. Wallace (_q. V. _) amanuscript showing that he also had reached independently a theory of theorigin of species similar to his own. This circumstance created asituation of considerable delicacy and difficulty, which was ultimatelygot over by the two discoverers presenting a joint paper, _On theTendency of Species to form Varieties_, and _On the Perpetuation ofVarieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection_. The publication in1859 of _The Origin of Species_ gave D. An acknowledged place among thegreatest men of science, and the controversies which, along with other ofhis works, it raised, helped to carry his name all over the civilisedworld. Among his numerous subsequent writings may be mentioned _TheFertilisation of Orchids_ (1862), _Variation of Plants and Animals underDomestication_ (1868), _The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation toSex_ (1871), _The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_ (1872), _Insectivorous Plants_ (1875), _Climbing Plants_ (1875), _Different Formsof Flowers_ (1877), _The Power of Movement in Plants_ (1880), and _TheFormation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms_ (1881). D. , with a modesty which was one of his chief characteristics, disclaimed forhimself the possession of any remarkable talents except "an unusual powerof noticing things which easily escape attention, and of observing themcarefully. " In addition, however, to this peculiar insight, he had asingular reverence for truth and fact, enormous industry, and greatself-abnegation: and his kindliness, modesty, and magnanimity attractedthe affection of all who knew him. 

_Life and Letters_, by his son, F. Darwin, 3 vols. , 1887; _C. Darwin andthe Theory of Natural Selection_. E. B. Poulton, 1896; various short Livesby Grant Allen and others. 

DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802). --Poet, physician, and scientist, was _b. _ atElston, Notts, and _ed. _ at Camb. And at Edin. , where he took his degreeof M. D. He ultimately settled in Lichfield as a physician, and attained ahigh professional reputation, so much so that he was offered, butdeclined, the appointment of physician to George III. In 1778 he formed abotanical garden, and in 1789 _pub. _ his first poem, _The Loves of thePlants_, followed in 1792 by _The Economy of Vegetation_, which combinedform _The Botanic Garden_. Another poem, _The Temple of Nature_, was_pub. _ posthumously. He also wrote various scientific works in prose. Thepoems of D. , though popular in their day, are now little read. Written inpolished and sonorous verse, they glitter with startling similes andingenious, though often forced, analogies, but have little true poetry orhuman interest. 

DASENT, SIR GEORGE WEBBE (1817-1896). --Scandinavian scholar, _b. _ in theisland of St. Vincent, of which his _f. _ was Attorney-general, _ed. _ atWestminster School, King's Coll. , London, and Oxf. , he entered thediplomatic service, and was for several years Sec. To the British Embassyat Stockholm, where he became interested in Scandinavian literature andmythology. Returning to England he was appointed Assistant Ed. Of _TheTimes_ (1845-1870). In 1852 he was called to the Bar, and in thefollowing year was appointed Prof. Of English Literature and ModernHistory at King's Coll. , London, an office which he held for 13 years. Hewas knighted in 1876. His principal writings have to do with Scandinavianlanguage, mythology, and folk-lore, and include an _Icelandic Grammar_, _The Prose or Younger Edda_ (1842), _Popular Tales from the Norse_(1859), _The Saga of Burnt Njal_ (1861), and _The Story of Gisli theOutlaw_ (1866), mostly translated from the Norwegian of Asbjörnsen. Healso translated the Orkney and Hacon Sagas for the Rolls Series, andwrote four novels, _Annals of an Eventful Life_, _Three to One_, _Half aLife_, and _The Vikings of the Baltic_. His style is pointed and clear. 

DAVENANT, or D'AVENANT, SIR WILLIAM (1606-1668). --Poet and dramatist, was_b. _ at Oxf. , where his _f. _ kept an inn, which Shakespeare was in thehabit of visiting. This had some influence on the future poet, whoclaimed to be Shakespeare's natural son. D. , _ed. _ at Lincoln Coll. , wasafterwards in the service of Lord Brooke, became involved in the troublesof the Civil War, in which he took the Royalist side, and was imprisonedin the Tower, escaped to France, and after returning was, in 1643, knighted. Later D. Was employed on various missions by the King andQueen, was again in the Tower from 1650 to 1652, when he _pub. _ his poem_Gondibert_. He is said to have owed his release to the interposition ofMilton. In 1656 he practically founded the English Opera by his _Siege ofRhodes_ (1656). In 1659 he was again imprisoned, but after theRestoration he seems to have enjoyed prosperity and Royal favour, andestablished a theatre, where he was the first habitually to introducefemale players and movable scenery. D. Wrote 25 dramatic pieces, amongwhich are _Albovine, King of the Lombards_ (1629), _Platonick Lovers_(1636), _The Wits_ (1633), _Unfortunate Lovers_ (1643), _Love and Honour_(1649). None of them are now read; and the same may be said of_Gondibert_, considered a masterpiece by contemporaries. D. Succeeded BenJonson as Poet Laureate, and collaborated with Dryden in altering (anddebasing) _The Tempest_. He _coll. _ his miscellaneous verse under thetitle of _Madagascar_. He is said to have had the satisfaction ofrepaying in kind the good offices of Milton when the latter was in dangerin 1660. He joined with Waller and others in founding the classicalschool of English poetry. 

DAVIDSON, JOHN (1837-1909). --Poet and playwright, _b. _ at Barrhead, Renfrewshire, _s. _ of a Dissenting minister, entered the chemicaldepartment of a sugar refinery in Greenock in his 13th year, returningafter one year to school as a pupil teacher. He was afterwards engaged inteaching at various places, and having taken to literature went in 1890to London. He achieved a reputation as a writer of poems and plays ofmarked individuality and vivid realism. His poems include _In a MusicHall_ (1891), _Fleet Street Eclogues_ (1893), _Baptist Lake_ (1894), _NewBallads_ (1896), _The Last Ballad_ (1898), _The Triumph of Mammon_(1907), and among his plays are _Bruce_ (1886), _Smith: a Tragic Farce_(1888), _Godfrida_ (1898). D. Disappeared on March 27, 1909, undercircumstances which left little doubt that under the influence of mentaldepression he had committed suicide. Among his papers was found the MS. Of a new work, _Fleet Street Poems_, with a letter containing the words, "This will be my last book. " His body was discovered a few months later. 

DAVIES, JOHN (1565?-1618). --Called "the Welsh Poet, " was awriting-master, wrote very copiously and rather tediously on theologicaland philosophical themes. His works include _Mirum in Modum_, _Microcosmus_ (1602), and _The Picture of a Happy Man_ (1612). _Wit'sBedlam_ (1617), and many epigrams on his contemporaries which have somehistorical interest. 

DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626). --Lawyer and poet, _s. _ of a lawyer atWestbury, Wiltshire, was _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. , and became abarrister of the Middle Temple, 1595. He was a member successively of theEnglish and Irish Houses of Commons, and held various legal offices. Inliterature he is known as the writer of two poems, _Orchestra: a Poem ofDancing_ (1594), and _Nosce Teipsum_ (Know Thyself), in two elegies (1)Of Humane Knowledge (2) Of the Immortality of the Soul. The poem consistsof quatrains, each containing a complete and compactly expressed thought. It was _pub. _ in 1599. D. Was also the author of treatises on law andpolitics. 

DAVIS, or DAVYS, JOHN (1550?-1605). --Navigator, known as D. Of Sandridgeto distinguish him from another of the same name. He was one of the mostenterprising of the Elizabethan sailors, who devoted themselves to thediscovery of the North-west Passage. Davis Strait was discovered by, andnamed after, him. He made many voyages, in the last of which he met hisdeath at the hands of a Japanese pirate. He was the author of a book, nowvery scarce, _The World's Hydrographical Description_, and he also wrotea work on practical navigation, _The Seaman's Secrets_, which had greatrepute. 

DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814-1845). --Poet, _b. _ at Mallow, _ed. _ atTrinity Coll. , Dublin, and called to the Irish Bar 1838. He was one ofthe founders of _The Nation_ newspaper, and of the Young Ireland party. He wrote some stirring patriotic ballads, originally contributed to _TheNation_, and afterwards republished as _Spirit of the Nation_, also amemoir of Curran the great Irish lawyer and orator, prefixed to an ed. Ofhis speeches; and he had formed many literary plans which were brought tonaught by his untimely death. 

DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY (1778-1829). --Chemist and man of letters, _s. _ of awood-carver, was _b. _ at Penzance. He early showed an enthusiasm fornatural science, and continued to pursue his studies when apprenticed in1795 to a surgeon. He became specially interested in chemistry, to whichin 1797 he began more exclusively to devote himself. Thereafter heassisted Dr. Beddoes in his laboratory at Bristol, and entered upon hisbrilliant course of chemical discovery. His _Researches, Chemical, andPhilosophical_ (1799), led to his appointment as Director of the ChemicalLaboratory at the Royal Institution, where he also delivered courses ofscientific lectures with extraordinary popularity. Thereafter his lifewas a succession of scientific triumphs and honours. His great discoverywas that of the metallic bases of the earths and alkalis. He alsodiscovered various metals, including sodium, calcium, and magnesium. In1812 he was knighted, and _m. _ a wealthy widow. Thereafter heinvestigated volcanic action and fire-damp, and invented the safety lamp. In 1818 he was _cr. _ a baronet, and in 1820 became Pres. Of the RoyalSociety, to which he communicated his discoveries in electro-magnetism. In addition to his scientific writings, which include _Elements ofAgricultural Chemistry_ (1813), and _Chemical Agencies of Electricity_, he wrote _Salmonia, or Days of Fly Fishing_ (1828), somewhat modelledupon Walton, and _Consolations in Travel_ (1830), dialogues on ethicaland religious questions. D. Sustained an apoplectic seizure in 1826, after which his health was much impaired, and after twice wintering inItaly, he _d. _ at Geneva, where he received a public funeral. Though notattached to any Church, D. Was a sincerely religious man, stronglyopposed to materialism and scepticism. He holds a foremost place amongscientific discoverers. 

DAY, JOHN (_b. _ 1574). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a Norfolk yeoman, was atCamb. , 1592-3. It is only since 1881 that his works have been identified. He collaborated with Dekker and others in plays, and was the author of_The Isle of Gulls_ (1606), _Law Trickes_ (1608), and _Humour out ofBreath_ (1608), also of an allegorical masque, _The Parliament of Bees_. 

DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789). --Miscellaneous writer, was _b. _ in London, _ed. _at the Charterhouse and at Oxf. , and called to the Bar 1775, but havinginherited in infancy an independence, he did not practise. He became adisciple of Rousseau in his social views, and endeavoured to put them inpractice in combination with better morality. He was a benevolenteccentric, and used his income, which was increased by his marriage withan heiress, in schemes of social reform as he understood it. He ischiefly remembered as the author of the once universally-read _History ofSandford and Merton_. 

DEFOE, DANIEL (1661?-1731). --Journalist and novelist, _s. _ of a butcherin St. Giles, where he was _b. _ His _f. _ being a Dissenter, he was _ed. _at a Dissenting coll. At Newington with the view of becoming aPresbyterian minister. He joined the army of Monmouth, and on its defeatwas fortunate enough to escape punishment. In 1688 he joined William III. Before settling down to his career as a political writer, D. Had beenengaged in various enterprises as a hosier, a merchant-adventurer toSpain and Portugal, and a brickmaker, all of which proved so unsuccessfulthat he had to fly from his creditors. Having become known to thegovernment as an effective writer, and employed by them, he was appointedAccountant in the Glass-Duty Office, 1659-1699. Among his more importantpolitical writings are an _Essay on Projects_ (1698), and _The True-bornEnglishman_ (1701), which had a remarkable success. In 1702 appeared _TheShortest Way with the Dissenters_, written in a strain of grave ironywhich was, unfortunately for the author, misunderstood, and led to hisbeing fined, imprisoned, and put in the pillory, which suggested his_Hymns to the Pillory_ (1704). Notwithstanding the disfavour with thegovernment which these disasters implied, D. 's knowledge of commercialaffairs and practical ability were recognised by his being sent in 1706to Scotland to aid in the Union negotiations. In the same year _JureDivino_, a satire, followed by a _History of the Union_ (1709), and _TheWars of Charles XII. _ (1715). Further misunderstandings anddisappointments in connection with political matters led to his giving upthis line of activity, and, fortunately for posterity, taking to fiction. The first and greatest of his novels, _Robinson Crusoe_, appeared in1719, and its sequel (of greatly inferior interest) in 1720. These werefollowed by _Captain Singleton_ (1720), _Moll Flanders_, _ColonelJacque_, and _Journal of the Plague Year_ (1722), _Memoirs of a Cavalier_(1724), _A New Voyage Round the World_ (1725), and _Captain Carlton_(1728). Among his miscellaneous works are _Political History of theDevil_ (1726), _System of Magic_ (1727), _The Complete English Tradesman_(1727), and _The Review_, a paper which he ed. In all he _pub. _, including pamphlets, etc. , about 250 works. All D. 's writings aredistinguished by a clear, nervous style, and his works of fiction by aminute verisimilitude and naturalness of incident which has never beenequalled except perhaps by Swift, whose genius his, in some otherrespects, resembled. The only description of his personal appearance isgiven in an advertisement intended to lead to his apprehension, and runs, "A middle-sized, spare man about forty years old, of a brown complexion, and dark brown-coloured hair, but wears a wig; a hooked nose, a sharpchin, grey eyes, and a large mole near his mouth. " His mind was apeculiar amalgam of imagination and matter-of-fact, seeing strongly andclearly what he did see, but little conscious, apparently, of what layoutside his purview. 

_Lives_ by Chalmers (1786), H. Morley (1889), T. Wright (1894), andothers; shorter works by Lamb, Hazlitt, L. Stephens, and Prof. Minto, Bohn's _British Classics_, etc. 

DEKKER, THOMAS (1570?-1641?). --Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was_b. _ in London. Few details of D. 's life have come down to us, though hewas a well-known writer in his day, and is believed to have written orcontributed to over 20 dramas. He collaborated at various times withseveral of his fellow-dramatists, including Ben Jonson. Ultimately Jonsonquarrelled with Marston and D. , satirising them in _The Poetaster_(1601), to which D. Replied in _Satiromastix_ (1602). D. 's best play is_Old Fortunatus_ (1606), others are _The Shoemaker's Holiday_ (1600), _Honest Whore_ (1604), _Roaring Girl_ (1611), _The Virgin Martyr_ (1622)(with Massinger), and _The Witch of Edmonton_ (1658) (with Ford andRowley), _History of Sir Thomas Wyat_, _Westward Ho_, and _Northward Ho_, all with Webster. His prose writings include _The Gull's Hornbook_(1609), _The Seven Deadly Sins of London_, and _The Belman of London_(1608), satirical works which give interesting glimpses of the life ofhis time. His life appears to have been a somewhat chequered one, alternating between revelry and want. He is one of the most poetical ofthe older dramatists. Lamb said he "had poetry enough for anything. "

DE LOLME, JOHN LOUIS (1740?-1807). --Political writer, _b. _ at Geneva, hasa place in English literature for his well-known work, _The Constitutionof England_, written in French, and translated into English in 1775. Healso wrote a comparison of the English Government with that of Sweden, a_History of the Flagellants_ (1777), and _The British Empire in Europe_(1787). He came to England in 1769, lived in great poverty, and havinginherited a small fortune, returned to his native place in 1775. 

DELONEY, THOMAS (1543-1600). --Novelist and balladist, appears to haveworked as a silk-weaver in Norwich, but was in London by 1586, and in thecourse of the next 10 years is known to have written about 50 ballads, some of which involved him in trouble, and caused him to lie _perdue_ fora time. It is only recently that his more important work as a novelist, in which he ranks with Greene and Nash, has received attention. Heappears to have turned to this new field of effort when his original onewas closed to him for the time. Less under the influence of Lyly andother preceding writers than Greene, he is more natural, simple, anddirect, and writes of middle-class citizens and tradesmen with a lightand pleasant humour. Of his novels, _Thomas of Reading_ is in honour ofclothiers, _Jack of Newbury_ celebrates weaving, and _The Gentle Craft_is dedicated to the praise of shoemakers. He "dy'd poorely, " but was"honestly buried. "

DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS (1806-1871). --Mathematician, _b. _ in India, and _ed. _at Camb. , was one of the most brilliant of English mathematicians. He ismentioned here in virtue of his _Budget of Paradoxes_, a series of papersoriginally _pub. _ in _The Athenæum_, in which mathematical fallacies arediscussed with sparkling wit, and the keenest logic. 

DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615-1669). --Poet, _s. _ of the Chief Baron of Exchequerin Ireland, was _b. _ in Dublin, and _ed. _ at Oxf. He began his literarycareer with a tragedy, _The Sophy_ (1641), which seldom rises abovemediocrity. His poem, _Cooper's Hill_ (1642), is the work by which he isremembered. It is the first example in English of a poem devoted to localdescription. D. Received extravagant praise from Johnson; but the placenow assigned him is a much more humble one. His verse is smooth, clear, and agreeable, and occasionally a thought is expressed with remarkableterseness and force. In his earlier years D. Suffered for his Royalism;but after the Restoration enjoyed prosperity. He, however, made anunhappy marriage, and his last years were clouded by insanity. He was anarchitect by profession, coming between Inigo Jones and Wren as King'sSurveyor. 

DENNIS, JOHN (1657-1734). --Critic, etc. , _s. _ of a saddler, was _b. _ inLondon, and _ed. _ at Harrow and Caius Coll. , Camb. , from the latter ofwhich he was expelled for stabbing a fellow-student, and transferredhimself to Trinity Hall. He attached himself to the Whigs, in whoseinterest he wrote several bitter and vituperative pamphlets. His attemptsat play-writing were failures; and he then devoted himself chiefly tocriticising the works of his contemporaries. In this line, while showingsome acuteness, he aroused much enmity by his ill-temper and jealousy. Unfortunately for him, some of those whom he attacked, such as Pope andSwift, had the power of conferring upon him an unenviable immortality. Embalmed in _The Dunciad_, his name has attained a fame which no work ofhis own could have given it. Of Milton, however, he showed a trueappreciation. Among his works are _Rinaldo and Armida_ (1699), _Appiusand Virginia_ (1709), _Reflections Critical and Satirical_ (1711), and_Three Letters on Shakespeare_. He _d. _ in straitened circumstances. 

DE QUINCEY, THOMAS (1785-1859). --Essayist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _of a merchant in Manchester, was _b. _ there. The aristocratic "De" wasassumed by himself, his _f. _, whom he lost while he was still a child, having been known by the name of Quincey, and he claimed descent from aNorman family. His _Autobiographic Sketches_ give a vivid picture of hisearly years at the family residence of Greenheys, and show him as ahighly imaginative and over-sensitive child, suffering hard things at thehands of a tyrannical elder brother. He was _ed. _ first at home, then atBath Grammar School, next at a private school at Winkfield, Wilts, andin 1801 he was sent to the Manchester Grammar School, from which he ranaway, and for some time rambled in Wales on a small allowance made to himby his mother. Tiring of this, he went to London in the end of 1802, where he led the strange Bohemian life related in _The Confessions_. Hisfriends, thinking it high time to interfere, sent him in 1803 to Oxf. , which did not, however, preclude occasional brief interludes in London, on one of which he made his first acquaintance with opium, which was toplay so prominent and disastrous a part in his future life. In 1807 hebecame acquainted with Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey, and soonafterwards with C. Lamb. During the years 1807-9 he paid various visitsto the Lakes, and in the latter year he settled at Townend, Grasmere, where Wordsworth had previously lived. Here he pursued his studies, becoming gradually more and more enslaved by opium, until in 1813 he wastaking from 8000 to 12, 000 drops daily. John Wilson (Christopher North), who was then living at Elleray, had become his friend, and brought him toEdinburgh occasionally, which ended in his passing the latter part of hislife in that city. His marriage to Margaret Simpson, _dau. _ of a farmer, took place in 1816. Up to this time he had written nothing, but had beensteeping his mind in German metaphysics, and out-of-the-way learning ofvarious kinds; but in 1819 he sketched out _Prolegomena of all futureSystems of Political Economy_, which, however, was never finished. In thesame year he acted as ed. Of the _Westmoreland Gazette_. His trueliterary career began in 1821 with the publication in the _LondonMagazine_ of _The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater_. Thereafter heproduced a long series of articles, some of them almost on the scale ofbooks, in _Blackwood's_ and _Tait's_ magazines, the _Edinburgh LiteraryGazette_, and _Hogg's Instructor_. These included _Murder considered asone of the Fine Arts_ (1827), and in his later and more important period, _Suspiria De Profundis_ (1845), _The Spanish Military Nun_ (1847), _TheEnglish Mail-Coach_, and _Vision of Sudden Death_ (1849). In 1853 hebegan a _coll. _ ed. Of his works, which was the main occupation of hislater years. He had in 1830 brought his family to Edinburgh, which, except for two years, 1841-43, when he lived in Glasgow, was his hometill his death in 1859, and in 1837, on his wife's death, he placed themin the neighbouring village of Lasswade, while he lived in solitude, moving about from one dingy lodging to another. 

De Q. Stands among the great masters of style in the language. In hisgreatest passages, as in the _Vision of Sudden Death_ and the _DreamFugue_, the cadence of his elaborately piled-up sentences falls likecathedral music, or gives an abiding expression to the fleeting picturesof his most gorgeous dreams. His character unfortunately bore nocorrespondence to his intellectual endowments. His moral system had infact been shattered by indulgence in opium. His appearance and mannershave been thus described: "A short and fragile, but well-proportionedframe; a shapely and compact head; a face beaming with intellectuallight, with rare, almost feminine beauty of feature and complexion; afascinating courtesy of manner, and a fulness, swiftness, and elegance ofsilvery speech. " His own works give very detailed information regardinghimself. _See_ also Page's _Thomas De Quincey: his Life and Writings_(1879), Prof. Masson's _De Quincey_ (English Men of Letters). _CollectedWritings_ (14 vols. 1889-90). 

DERMODY, THOMAS (1775-1802). --Poet, _b. _ at Ennis, showed great capacityfor learning, but fell into idle and dissipated habits, and threw awayhis opportunities. He _pub. _ two books of poems, which after his deathwere _coll. _ as _The Harp of Erin_. 

DE VERE, AUBREY THOMAS (1814-1902). --Poet, _s. _ of Sir Aubrey de V. , himself a poet, was _b. _ in Co. Limerick, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin. In early life he became acquainted with Wordsworth, by whom hewas greatly influenced. On the religious and ecclesiastical side hepassed under the influence of Newman and Manning, and in 1851 wasreceived into the Church of Rome. He was the author of many vols. Ofpoetry, including _The Waldenses_ (1842), _The Search for Proserpine_(1843), etc. In 1861 he began a series of poems on Irish subjects, _Inisfail_, _The Infant Bridal_, _Irish Odes_, etc. His interest inIreland and its people led him to write prose works, including _EnglishMisrule and Irish Misdeeds_ (1848); and to criticism he contributed_Essays chiefly on Poetry_ (1887). His last work was his _Recollections_(1897). His poetry is characterised by lofty ethical tone, imaginativepower, and grave stateliness of expression. 

DIBDIN, CHARLES (1745-1814). --Dramatist and song writer, _b. _ atSouthampton, began his literary career at 16 with a drama, _TheShepherd's Artifice_. His fame, however, rests on his sea songs, whichare unrivalled, and include _Tom Bowling_, _Poor Jack_, and _Blow HighBlow Low_. He is said to have written over 1200 of these, besides manydramatic pieces and two novels, _Hannah Hewitt_ (1792), and _The YoungerBrother_ (1793), and a _History of the Stage_ (1795). 

DICKENS, CHARLES (1812-1870). --Novelist, _b. _ at Landport, nearPortsmouth, where his _f. _ was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office. Thehardships and mortifications of his early life, his want of regularschooling, and his miserable time in the blacking factory, which form thebasis of the early chapters of _David Copperfield_, are largely accountedfor by the fact that his _f. _ was to a considerable extent the prototypeof the immortal Mr. Micawber; but partly by his being a delicate andsensitive child, unusually susceptible to suffering both in body andmind. He had, however, much time for reading, and had access to the oldernovelists, Fielding, Smollett, and others. A kindly relation also tookhim frequently to the theatre, where he acquired his life-long interestin, and love of, the stage. After a few years' residence in Chatham, thefamily removed to London, and soon thereafter his _f. _ became an inmateof the Marshalsea, in which by-and-by the whole family joined him, apassage in his life which furnishes the material for parts of _LittleDorrit_. This period of family obscuration happily lasted but a shorttime: the elder D. Managed to satisfy his creditors, and soon afterretired from his official duties on a pension. About the same time D. Hadtwo years of continuous schooling, and shortly afterwards he entered alaw office. His leisure he devoted to reading and learning shorthand, inwhich he became very expert. He then acted as parliamentary reporter, first for _The True Sun_, and from 1835 for the _Morning Chronicle_. Meanwhile he had been contributing to the _Monthly Magazine_ and the_Evening Chronicle_ the papers which, in 1836, appeared in a _coll. _ formas _Sketches by Boz_; and he had also produced one or two comicburlettas. In the same year he _m. _ Miss Ann Hogarth; and in thefollowing year occurred the opportunity of his life. He was asked byChapman and Hall to write the letterpress for a series of sporting platesto be done by Robert Seymour who, however, _d. _ shortly after, and wassucceeded by Hablot Browne (Phiz), who became the illustrator of most ofD. 's novels. In the hands of D. The original plan was entirely altered, and became the _Pickwick Papers_ which, appearing in monthly parts during1837-39, took the country by storm. Simultaneously _Oliver Twist_ wascoming out in _Bentley's Miscellany_. Thenceforward D. 's literary careerwas a continued success, and the almost yearly publication of his worksconstituted the main events of his life. _Nicholas Nickleby_ appeared inserial form 1838-39. Next year he projected _Master Humphrey's Clock_, intended to be a series of miscellaneous stories and sketches. It was, however, soon abandoned, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ and _Barnaby Rudge_taking its place. The latter, dealing with the Gordon Riots, is, with thepartial exception of the _Tale of Two Cities_, the author's onlyexcursion into the historical novel. In 1841 D. Went to America, and wasreceived with great enthusiasm, which, however, the publication of_American Notes_ considerably damped, and the appearance of _MartinChuzzlewit_ in 1843, with its caustic criticisms of certain features ofAmerican life, converted into extreme, though temporary, unpopularity. The first of the Christmas books--the _Christmas Carol_--appeared in1843, and in the following year D. Went to Italy, where at Genoa he wrote_The Chimes_, followed by _The Cricket on the Hearth_, _The Battle ofLife_, and _The Haunted Man_. In January, 1846, he was appointed firsted. Of _The Daily News_, but resigned in a few weeks. The same year hewent to Switzerland, and while there wrote _Dombey and Son_, which was_pub. _ in 1848, and was immediately followed by his masterpiece, _DavidCopperfield_ (1849-50). Shortly before this he had become manager of atheatrical company, which performed in the provinces, and he had in 1849started his magazine, _Household Words_. _Bleak House_ appeared in1852-53, _Hard Times_ in 1854, and _Little Dorrit_ 1856-57. In 1856 hebought Gadshill Place, which, in 1860, became his permanent home. In 1858he began his public readings from his works, which, while eminentlysuccessful from a financial point of view, from the nervous strain whichthey entailed, gradually broke down his constitution, and hastened hisdeath. In the same year he separated from his wife, and consequent uponthe controversy which arose thereupon he brought _Household Words_ to anend, and started _All the Year Round_, in which appeared _A Tale of TwoCities_ (1859), and _Great Expectations_ (1860-61). _Our Mutual Friend_came out in numbers (1864-65). D. Was now in the full tide of hisreadings, and decided to give a course of them in America. Thitheraccordingly he went in the end of 1867, returning in the following May. He had a magnificent reception, and his profits amounted to £20, 000; butthe effect on his health was such that he was obliged, on medical advice, finally to abandon all appearances of the kind. In 1869 he began his lastwork, _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_, which was interrupted by his deathfrom an apoplectic seizure on June 8, 1870. 

One of D. 's most marked characteristics is the extraordinary wealth ofhis invention as exhibited in the number and variety of the charactersintroduced into his novels. Another, especially, of course, in his entireworks, is his boundless flow of animal spirits. Others are his marvellouskeenness of observation and his descriptive power. And the English racemay well, with Thackeray, be "grateful for the innocent laughter, and thesweet and unsullied pages which the author of _David Copperfield_ givesto [its] children. " On the other hand, his faults are obvious, a tendencyto caricature, a mannerism that often tires, and almost disgusts, funoften forced, and pathos not seldom degenerating into mawkishness. But athis best how rich and genial is the humour, how tender often the pathos. And when all deductions are made, he had the laughter and tears of theEnglish-speaking world at command for a full generation while he lived, and that his spell still works is proved by a continuous succession ofnew editions. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1812, parliamentary reporter _c. _ 1835, _pub. _ _Sketchesby Boz_ 1836, _Pickwick_ 1837-39, and his other novels almostcontinuously until his death, visited America 1841, started _HouseholdWords_ 1849, and _All the Year Round_ 1858, when also he began his publicreadings, visiting America again in 1867, _d. _ 1870. 

_Life_ by John Foster (1872), _Letters_ ed. By Miss Hogarth (1880-82). Numerous Lives and Monographs by Sala, F. T. Marzials (Great WritersSeries), A. W. Ward (Men of Letters Series), F. G. Kitton, G. K. Chesterton, etc. 

DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ near NewportPagnell, _s. _ of Sir Everard D. , one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, was _ed. _ at Oxf. , travelled much, and was engaged in sea-fighting. Brought up first as a Romanist, then as a Protestant, he in 1636 joinedthe Church of Rome. During the Civil War he was active on the side of theKing, and on the fall of his cause was for a time banished. He was theauthor of several books on religious and quasi-scientific subjects, including one on the _Choice of a Religion_, on the _Immortality of theSoul_, _Observations on Spenser's Faery Queen_, and a criticism on Sir T. Browne's _Religio Medici_. He also wrote a _Discourse on Vegetation_, andone _On the Cure of Wounds_ by means of a sympathetic powder which heimagined he had discovered. 

DILKE, CHARLES WENTWORTH (1789-1864). --Critic and writer on literature, served for many years in the Navy Pay-Office, on retiring from which hedevoted himself to literary pursuits. He had in 1814-16 made acontinuation of Dodsley's _Collection of English Plays_, and in 1829 hebecame part proprietor and ed. Of _The Athenæum_, the influence of whichhe greatly extended. In 1846 he resigned the editorship, and assumed thatof _The Daily News_, but contributed to _The Athenæum_ his famous paperson _Pope_, _Burke_, _Junius_, etc. , and shed much new light on hissubjects. His grandson, the present Sir C. W. Dilke, _pub. _ thesewritings in 1875 under the title, _Papers of a Critic_. 

DISRAELI, B. , (_see_ BEACONSFIELD). 

D'ISRAELI, ISAAC (1766-1848). --Miscellaneous writer, was descended from aJewish family which had been settled first in Spain, and afterwards atVenice. _Ed. _ at Amsterdam and Leyden, he devoted himself to literature, producing a number of interesting works of considerable value, including_Curiosities of Literature_, in 3 series (1791-1823), _Dissertation onAnecdotes_ (1793), _Calamities of Authors_ (1812), _Amenities ofLiterature_ (1841); also works dealing with the lives of James I. AndCharles I. D. Was latterly blind. He was the _f. _ of Benjamin D. , Earl ofBeaconsfield (_q. V. _). 

DIXON, RICHARD WATSON (1833-1900). --Historian and poet, _s. _ of Dr. JamesD. , a well-known Wesleyan minister and historian of Methodism, _ed. _ atKing Edward's School, Birmingham, and Oxf. , took Anglican orders, wasSecond Master at Carlisle School, Vicar of Hayton and Warkworth, andCanon of Carlisle. He _pub. _ 7 vols. Of poetry, but is best known for his_History of the Church of England from the Abolition of RomanJurisdiction_ (1877-1900). 

DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879). --Historian and traveller, _b. _ nearManchester, went to London in 1846, and became connected with _The DailyNews_, for which he wrote articles on social and prison reform. In 1850he _pub. _ _John Howard and the Prison World of Europe_, which had a widecirculation, and about the same time he wrote a _Life of Peace_ (1851), in answer to Macaulay's onslaught. Lives of _Admiral Blake_ and _LordBacon_ followed, which received somewhat severe criticisms at the handsof competent authorities. D. Was ed. Of _The Athenæum_, 1853-69, andwrote many books of travel, including _The Holy Land_ (1865), _NewAmerica_ (1867), and _Free Russia_ (1870). His later historical worksinclude _Her Majesty's Tower_, and _The History of Two Queens_ (Catherineof Arragon and Anne Boleyn). Though a diligent student of originalauthorities, and sometimes successful in throwing fresh light on hissubjects, D. Was not always accurate, and thus laid himself open tocriticism; and his book, _Spiritual Wives_, treating of Mormonism, was soadversely criticised as to lead to an action. He wrote, however, in afresh and interesting style. He was one of the founders of the PalestineExploration Fund, and was a member of the first School Board for London(1870). He was called to the Bar in 1854, but never practised. 

DOBELL, SYDNEY THOMPSON (1824-1874). --Poet, _b. _ at Cranbrook, Kent, _s. _of a wine-merchant, who removed to Cheltenham, where most of the poet'slife was passed. His youth was precocious (he was engaged at 15 and _m. _at 20). In 1850 his first work, _The Roman_, appeared, and had greatpopularity. _Balder, Part I. _ (1854), _Sonnets on the War_, jointly withAlexander Smith (_q. V. _) (1855), and _England in Time of War_ (1856)followed. His later years were passed in Scotland and abroad in search ofhealth, which, however, was damaged by a fall while exploring some ruinsat Pozzuoli. D. 's poems exhibit fancy and brilliancy of diction, butwant simplicity, and sometimes run into grandiloquence and other faultsof the so-called spasmodic school to which he belonged. 

DODD, WILLIAM (1729-1777). --Divine and forger, _ed. _ at Camb. , became apopular preacher in London, and a Royal Chaplain, but, acquiringexpensive habits, got involved in hopeless difficulties, from which heendeavoured to escape first by an attempted simoniacal transaction, forwhich he was disgraced, and then by forging a bond for £4200, for which, according to the then existing law, he was hanged. Great efforts weremade to obtain a commutation of the sentence, and Dr. Johnson wrote oneof the petitions, but on D. 's book, _Thoughts in Prison_, appearingposthumously, he remarked that "a man who has been canting all his daysmay cant to the last. " D. Was the author of a collection of _Beauties ofShakespeare_, _Reflections on Death_, and a translation of the _Hymns ofCallimachus_. 

DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751). --Nonconformist divine and writer ofreligious books and hymns, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ for the ministry ata theological institution at Kibworth, became minister first at MarketHarborough, and afterwards at Northampton, where he also acted as head ofa theological academy. D. , who was a man of amiable and joyous character, as well as an accomplished scholar, composed many standard books ofreligion, of which the best known is _The Rise and Progress of Religionin the Soul_ (1745). In 1736 he received the degree of D. D. FromAberdeen. He _d. _ at Lisbon, whither he had gone in search of health. Several of his hymns, _e. G. _, _Ye Servants of the Lord_, _O Happy Day_, and _O God of Bethel_, are universally used by English-speakingChristians, and have been translated into various languages. 

DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE ("LEWIS CARROLL") (1832-1898). --Mathematicianand writer of books for children, _s. _ of a clergyman at Daresbury, Cheshire, was _ed. _ at Rugby and Oxf. After taking orders he wasappointed lecturer on mathematics, on which subject he _pub. _ severalvaluable treatises. His fame rests, however, on his books for children, full of ingenuity and delightful humour, of which _Alice's Adventures inWonderland_, and its sequel, _Through the Looking-glass_, are the best. 

DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764). --Poet, dramatist, and bookseller, _b. _ nearMansfield, and apprenticed to a stocking-weaver, but not liking thisemployment, he ran away and became a footman. While thus engaged heproduced _The Muse in Livery_ (1732). This was followed by _The ToyShop_, a drama, which brought him under the notice of Pope, whobefriended him, and assisted him in starting business as a bookseller. Inthis he became eminently successful, and acted as publisher for Pope, Johnson, and Akenside. He projected and _pub. _ _The Annual Register_, andmade a collection of _Old English Plays_, also of _Poems by SeveralHands_ in 6 vols. In addition to the original works above mentioned hewrote various plays and poems, including _The Blind Beggar of BethnalGreen_ (1741), and _Cleone_ (1758). 

DONNE, JOHN (1573-1631). --Poet and divine, _s. _ of a wealthy ironmongerin London, where he was _b. _ Brought up as a Roman Catholic, he was sentto Oxf. And Camb. , and afterwards entered Lincoln's Inn with a view tothe law. Here he studied the points of controversy between Romanists andProtestants, with the result that he joined the Church of England. Thenext two years were somewhat changeful, including travels on theContinent, service as a private sec. , and a clandestine marriage with theniece of his patron, which led to dismissal and imprisonment, followed byreconciliation. On the suggestion of James I. , who approved of_Pseudo-Martyr_ (1610), a book against Rome which he had written, he tookorders, and after executing a mission to Bohemia, he was, in 1621, madeDean of St. Paul's. D. Had great popularity as a preacher. His worksconsist of elegies, satires, epigrams, and religious pieces, in which, amid many conceits and much that is artificial, frigid, and worse, thereis likewise much poetry and imagination of a high order. Perhaps the bestof his works is _An Anatomy of the World_ (1611), an elegy. Others are_Epithalamium_ (1613), _Progress of the Soul_ (1601), and _Divine Poems_. Collections of his poems appeared in 1633 and 1649. He exercised a stronginfluence on literature for over half a century after his death; to himwe owe the unnatural style of conceits and overstrained efforts afteroriginality of the succeeding age. 

DORAN, JOHN (1807-1878). --Miscellaneous writer, of Irish parentage, wrotea number of works dealing with the lighter phases of manners, antiquities, and social history, often bearing punning titles, _e. G. _, _Table Traits with Something on Them_ (1854), and _Knights and theirDays_. He also wrote _Lives of the Queens of England of the House ofHanover_ (1855), and _A History of Court Fools_ (1858), and ed. HoraceWalpole's _Journal of the Reign of George III. _ His books contain muchcurious and out-of-the-way information. D. Was for a short time ed. Of_The Athenæum_. 

DORSET, CHARLES SACKVILLE, 6TH EARL of (1638-1706). --Poet, was one of thedissolute and witty courtiers of Charles II. , and a friend of Sir C. Sedley (_q. V. _), in whose orgies he participated. He was, however, apatron of literature, and a benefactor of Dryden in his later and lessprosperous years. He wrote a few satires and songs, among the latterbeing the well-known, _To all you Ladies now on Land_. As might beexpected, his writings are characterised by the prevailing indelicacy ofthe time. 

DORSET, THOMAS SACKVILLE, 1ST EARL of, AND LORD BUCKHURST(1536-1608). --Poet and statesman, was _b. _ at Buckhurst, Sussex, the only_s. _ of Sir Richard S. , and _ed. _ at Oxf. And Camb. He studied law at theInner Temple, and while there wrote, in conjunction with Thomas Norton, _Ferren and Porrex_ or _Gerboduc_ (1561-2), the first regular Englishtragedy. A little later he planned _The Mirror for Magistrates_, whichwas to have been a series of narratives of distinguished Englishmen, somewhat on the model of Boccaccio's _Falls of Princes_. Finding the plantoo large, he handed it over to others--seven poets in all being engagedupon it--and himself contributed two poems only, one on _Buckingham_, theconfederate, and afterwards the victim, of Richard III. , and an_Induction_ or introduction, which constitute nearly the whole value ofthe work. In these poems S. Becomes the connecting link between Chaucerand Spenser. They are distinguished by strong invention and imaginativepower, and a stately and sombre grandeur of style. S. Played a prominentpart in the history of his time, and held many high offices, includingthose of Lord Steward and Lord Treasurer, the latter of which he heldfrom 1599 till his death. It fell to him to announce to Mary Queen ofScots the sentence of death. 

DOUCE, FRANCIS (1757-1834). --Antiquary, _b. _ in London, was for some timein the British Museum. He _pub. _ _Illustrations of Shakespeare_ (1807), and a dissertation on _The Dance of Death_ (1833). 

DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522). --Poet, 3rd _s. _ of the 5th Earl of Angus, was _b. _ about 1474, and _ed. _ at St. Andrews for the Church. Promotioncame early, and he was in 1501 made Provost of St. Giles, Edin. , and in1514 Abbot of Aberbrothock, and Archbishop of St. Andrews. But the timeswere troublous, and he had hardly received these latter preferments whenhe was deprived of them. He was, however, named Bishop of Dunkeld in 1514and, after some difficulty, and undergoing imprisonment, was confirmed inthe see. In 1520 he was again driven forth, and two years later _d. _ ofthe plague in London. His principal poems are _The Palace of Honour_(1501), and _King Hart_, both allegorical; but his great achievement washis translation of the _Æneid_ in ten-syllabled metre, the firsttranslation into English of a classical work. D. 's language is morearchaic than that of some of his predecessors, his rhythm is rough andunequal, but he had fire, and a power of vivid description, and hisallegories are ingenious and felicitous. 

_Coll. _ ed. Of works by John Small, LL. D. , 4 vols. , 1874. 

DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS (1810-1888). --Poet, belonged to a militaryfamily which produced several distinguished officers, including his _f. _, who bore the same name. He was _b. _ near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, and _ed. _at Eton and Oxf. Studying law he was called to the Bar in 1837, andafterwards held various high fiscal appointments, becoming in 1869Commissioner of Customs. In 1834 he _pub. _ _Miscellaneous Verses_, followed by _Two Destinies_ (1844), _Oedipus, King of Thebes_ (1849), and_Return of the Guards_ (1866). He was elected in 1867 Prof. Of Poetry atOxf. D. 's best work is his ballads, which include _The Red Thread ofHonour_, _The Private of the Buffs_, and _The Loss of the Birkenhead_. Inhis longer poems his genuine poetical feeling was not equalled by hispower of expression, and much of his poetry is commonplace. 

DRAKE, JOSEPH RODMAN (1795-1820). --Poet, _b. _ at New York, studiedmedicine, _d. _ of consumption. He collaborated with F. Halleck in the_Croaker Papers_, and wrote "The Culprit Fay" and "The American Flag. "

DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1882). --Historian, _b. _ at St. Helen's, Lancashire, emigrated to Virginia, and was a prof. In the Univ. Of NewYork. He wrote _History of the American Civil War_ (1867-70), _History ofthe Intellectual Development of Europe_ (1863), and _History of theConflict between Science and Religion_ (1874), besides treatises onvarious branches of science. 

DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631). --Poet, _b. _ in Warwickshire, was in earlylife page to a gentleman, and was possibly at Camb. Or Oxf. His earliestpoem, _The Harmonie of the Church_, was destroyed. His next was _TheShepherd's Garland_ (1593), afterwards reprinted as _Eclogues_. Threehistorical poems, _Gaveston_ (1593), _Matilda_ (1594), and _Robert, Dukeof Normandie_ (1596) followed, and he then appears to have collaboratedwith Dekker, Webster, and others in dramatic work. His _magnum opus_, however, was _Polyolbion_ (1613?), a topographical description of Englandin twelve-syllabled verse, full of antiquarian and historical details, soaccurate as to make the work an authority on such matters. The rushingverse is full of vigour and gusto. Other poems of D. Are _The Wars of theBarons_ (1603), _England's Heroical Epistles_ (1598) (being imaginaryletters between Royal lovers such as Henry II. And Rosamund), _Poems, Lyric and Heroic_ (1606) (including the fine ballad of "Agincourt"), _Nymphidia_, his most graceful work, _Muses Elizium_, and _Idea'sMirrour_, a collection of sonnets, Idea being the name of the lady towhom they were addressed. Though often heavy, D. Had the true poeticgift, had passages of grandeur, and sang the praises of England with theheart of a patriot. 

DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897). --Theological and scientific writer, _b. _ atStirling, and _ed. _ at Edin. , he studied for the ministry of the FreeChurch. Having a decided scientific bent he gave himself specially to thestudy of geology, and made a scientific tour in the Rocky Mountains withSir A. Geikie. Some years later he undertook a geological exploration ofLake Nyassa and the neighbouring country for the African LakesCorporation, and brought home a valuable Report. He also _pub. _ _TropicalAfrica_, a vivid account of his travels. He became much associated withthe American evangelist, D. L. Moody, and became an extremely effectivespeaker on religious subjects, devoting himself specially to young men. His chief contribution to literature was his _Natural Law in theSpiritual World_, which had extraordinary popularity. _The Ascent of Man_was less successful. D. Was a man of great personal fascination, andwrote in an interesting and suggestive manner, but his reasoning in hisscientific works was by no means unassailable. 

DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649). --Poet, was descended from a very ancientfamily, and through Annabella D. , Queen of Robert III. , related to theRoyal House. _Ed. _ at Edin. Univ. , he studied law on the Continent, butsucceeding in 1610 to his paternal estate of Hawthornden, he devotedhimself to poetry. _Tears on the Death of Meliades_ (Prince Henry)appeared in 1613, and in 1616 _Poems, Amorous, Funerall, Divine, etc. _His finest poem, _Forth Feasting_ (1617), is addressed to James VI. Onhis revisiting Scotland. D. Was also a prose-writer, and composed a_History of the Five Jameses, Kings of Scotland from 1423-1524_, and _TheCypress Grove_, a meditation on death. He was also a mechanical genius, and patented 16 inventions. D. , though a Scotsman, wrote in the classicalEnglish of the day, and was the friend of his principal literarycontemporaries, notably of Ben Jonson, who visited him at Hawthornden, onwhich occasion D. Preserved notes of his conversations, not alwaysflattering. For this he has received much blame, but it must beremembered that he did not _pub. _ them. As a poet he belonged to theschool of Spenser. His verse is sweet, flowing, and harmonious. Heexcelled as a writer of sonnets, one of which, on _John the Baptist_, hasa suggestion of Milton. 

_Life_ by Prof. Masson (1873), _Three Centuries of Scottish Literature_, Walker, 1893. _Maitland Club_ ed. Of _Poems_ (1832). 

DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700). --Poet, dramatist, and satirist, was _b. _ atAldwincle Rectory, Northamptonshire. His _f. _, from whom he inherited asmall estate, was Erasmus, 3rd _s. _ of Sir Erasmus Driden; his mother wasMary Pickering, also of good family; both families belonged to thePuritan side in politics and religion. He was _ed. _ at Westminster Schooland Trinity Coll. , Camb. , and thereafter, in 1657, came to London. Whileat coll. He had written some not very successful verse. His _HeroicStanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell_ (1658) was his firstconsiderable poem. It was followed, in 1660, by _Astræa Redux_, in honourof the Restoration. The interval of 18 months had been crowded withevents, and though much has been written against his apparent change ofopinion, it is fair to remember that the whole cast of his mind led himto be a supporter of _de facto_ authority. In 1663 he _m. _ Lady ElizabethHoward, _dau. _ of the Earl of Berkshire. The Restoration introduced arevival of the drama in its most debased form, and for many years D. Wasa prolific playwright, but though his vigorous powers enabled him to workeffectively in this department, as in every other in which he engaged, itwas not his natural line, and happily his fame does not rest upon hisplays, which are deeply stained with the immorality of the age. His firsteffort, _The Wild Gallant_ (1663), was a failure; his next, _The RivalLadies_, a tragi-comedy, established his reputation, and among his otherdramas may be mentioned _The Indian Queene_, _Amboyna_ (1673), _TyrannicLove_ (1669), _Almanzar and Almahide_ (ridiculed in Buckingham's_Rehearsal_) (1670), _Arungzebe_ (1675), _All for Love_ (an adaptation ofShakespeare's _Antony and Cleopatra_) (1678). During the great plague, 1665, D. Left London, and lived with his father-in-law at Charleton. Onhis return he _pub. _ his first poem of real power, _Annus Mirabilis_, ofwhich the subjects were the great fire, and the Dutch War. In 1668appeared his _Essay on Dramatic Poetry_ in the form of a dialogue, finealike as criticism and as prose. Two years later (1670) he became PoetLaureate and Historiographer Royal with a pension of £300 a year. D. Wasnow in prosperous circumstances, having received a portion with his wife, and besides the salaries of his appointments, and his profits fromliterature, holding a valuable share in the King's play-house. In 1671 G. Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, produced his _Rehearsal_, in ridicule ofthe overdone heroics of the prevailing drama, and satirising D. As Mr. Bayes. To this D. Made no immediate reply, but bided his time. The nextyears were devoted to the drama. But by this time public affairs wereassuming a critical aspect. A large section of the nation was becomingalarmed at the prospect of the succession of the Duke of York, and arestoration of popery, and Shaftesbury was supposed to be promoting theclaims of the Duke of Monmouth. And now D. Showed; his full powers. Thefirst part of _Absalom and Achitophel_ appeared in 1681, in which Charlesfigures as "David, " Shaftesbury as "Achitophel, " Monmouth as "Absalom, "Buckingham as "Zimri, " in the short but crushing delineation of whom theattack of the _Rehearsal_ was requited in the most ample measure. Theeffect; of the poem was tremendous. Nevertheless the indictment againstShaftesbury for high treason was ignored by the Grand Jury at the OldBailey, and in honour of the event a medal was struck, which gave a titleto D. 's next stroke. His _Medal_ was issued in 1682. The success of thesewonderful poems raised a storm round D. Replies were forthcoming inElkanah Settle's _Absalom and Achitophel Transposed_, and Pordage's_Azaria and Hushai_. These compositions, especially Pordage's, werecomparatively moderate. Far otherwise was Shadwell's _Medal of JohnBayes_, one of the most brutal and indecent pieces in the language. D. 'srevenge--and an ample one--was the publication of _MacFlecknoe_, a satirein which all his opponents, but especially Shadwell, were held up to theloathing and ridicule of succeeding ages, and others had conferred, uponthem an immortality which, however unenviable, no efforts of their owncould have secured for them. Its immediate effect was to crush andsilence all his assailants. The following year, 1683, saw the publicationof _Religio Laici_ (the religion of a layman). In 1686 D. Joined theChurch of Rome, for which he has by some been blamed for time-serving ofthe basest kind. On the other hand his consistency and conscientiousnesshave by others been as strongly maintained. The change, which wasannounced by the publication, in 1687 of _The Hind and the Panther, aDefence of the Roman Church_, at all events did not bring with it anyworldly advantages. It was parodied by C. Montague and Prior in the _Townand Country Mouse_. At the Revolution D. Was deprived of all his pensionsand appointments, including the Laureateship, in which he was succeededby his old enemy Shadwell. His latter years were passed in comparativepoverty, although the Earl of Dorset and other old friends contributed bytheir liberality to lighten his cares. In these circumstances he turnedagain to the drama, which, however, was no longer what it had been as asource of income. To this period belong _Don Sebastian_, and his lastplay, _Love Triumphant_. A new mine, however, was beginning to be openedup in the demand for translations which had arisen. This gave D. A newopportunity, and he produced, in addition to translations from Juvenaland Perseus, his famous "Virgil" (1697). About the same time appeared_The Ode for St. Cecilia's Day_, and _Alexander's Feast_, and in 1700, the year of his death, the _Fables_, largely adaptations from Chaucer andBoccaccio. In his own line, that of argument, satire, and declamation, D. Is without a rival in our literature: he had little creative imaginationand no pathos. His dramas, which in bulk are the greatest part of hiswork, add almost nothing to his fame; in them he was meeting a publicdemand, not following the native bent of his genius. In his satires, andin such poems as _Alexander's Feast_, he rises to the highest point ofhis powers in a verse swift and heart-stirring. In prose his style isclear, strong, and nervous. He seems to have been almost insensible tothe beauty of Nature. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1631, _ed. _ Westminster and Camb. , became prolificplaywright, _pub. _ _Annus Mirabilis_ _c. _ 1666, Poet Laureate 1667, _pub. _ _Absalom and Achitophel_ (part 1) 1681, _Medal_ 1682, _MacFlecknoe_ 1682, _Religio Laici_ 1683, joined Church of Rome 1686, _pub. _ _Hind and Panther_ 1687, deprived of offices and pensions atRevolution 1688, _pub. _ translations including "Virgil" 1697, _St. Cecilia's Day_ and _Alexander's Feast_ _c. _ 1697, and _Fables_ 1700, whenhe _d. _

Sir W. Scott's ed. With _Life_ 1808, re-edited in 18 vols. By Prof. Saintsbury (1883-93); Aldine ed. (5 vols. , 1892), Johnson's _Lives of thePoets_, etc. 

DUFF, SIR MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT (1829-1906). --Miscellaneous writer, wasM. P. For the Elgin Burghs, and Lieut. -Governor of Madras. He _pub. __Studies of European Politics_, books on Sir H. Maine, Lord de Tabley, and Renan, and a series of _Notes from a Diary_, perhaps his mostinteresting work. 

DUFFERIN, HELEN SELENA (SHERIDAN), COUNTESS OF (1807-1867). --Eldest_dau. _ of Tom S. , grand-daughter of Richard Brinsley S. (_q. V. _), andsister of Mrs. Norton (_q. V. _). She and her two sisters were known as"the three Graces, " the third being the Duchess of Somerset. She sharedin the family talent, and wrote a good deal of verse, her best knownpiece being perhaps _The Lament of the Irish Emigrant_, beginning "I'msittin' on the stile, Mary. " She also wrote _Lispings from Low Latitudes, or Extracts from the Journal of the Hon. Impulsia Gushington_, _Finesse, or a Busy Day at Messina_, etc. 

DUFFY, SIR CHARLES GAVAN (1816-1903). --Poet, _b. _ in Monaghan, early tookto journalism, and became one of the founders of the _Nature_ newspaper, and one of the leaders of the Young Ireland movement. Thereafter he wentto Australia, where he became a leading politician, and rose to bePremier of Victoria. His later years were spent chiefly on the Continent. He did much to stimulate in Ireland a taste for the national history andliterature, started _The Library of Ireland_, and made a collection, _TheBallad Poetry of Ireland_, which was a great success. He also _pub. _ anautobiography, _My Life in Two Hemispheres_. 

DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (1605-1686). --Herald and antiquary, was _b. _ atColeshill, Warwickshire, and _ed. _ at Coventry School. From early youthhe showed a strong bent towards heraldic and antiquarian studies, whichled to his appointment, in 1638, as a Pursuivant-extraordinary, fromwhich he rose to be Garter-King-at-Arms. In 1655, jointly with RogerDodsworth, he brought out the first vol. Of _Monasticon Anglicanum_ (thesecond following in 1661, and the third in 1673), containing the chartersof the ancient monasteries. In 1656 he _pub. _ the _Antiquities ofWarwickshire_, which maintains a high place among county histories, andin 1666 _Origines Judiciales_. His great work, _The Baronage of England_, appeared in 1675-6. Other works were a _History of Imbanking andDrayning_, and a _History of St. Paul's Cathedral_. All D. 's writings aremonuments of learning and patient investigation. 

DU MAURIER, GEORGE LOUIS PALMELLA BUSSON (1834-1896). --Artist andnovelist, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Paris, in 1864 succeeded John Leech on thestaff of _Punch_. His three novels, _Peter Ibbetson_ (1891), _Trilby_(1894), and _The Martian_ (1896), originally appeared in _Harper'sMagazine_. 

DUNBAR, WILLIAM (1465?-1530?). --Poet, is believed to have been _b. _ inLothian, and _ed. _ at St. Andrews, and in his earlier days he was aFranciscan friar. Thereafter he appears to have been employed by JamesIV. In some Court and political matters. His chief poems are _TheThrissil and the Rois (The Thistle and the Rose_) (1503), _The Dance ofthe Seven Deadly Sins_, a powerful satire, _The Golden Targe_, anallegory, and _The Lament for the Makaris_ (poets) (_c. _ 1507). In allthese there is a vein of true poetry. In his allegorical poems he followsChaucer in his setting, and is thus more or less imitative andconventional: in his satirical pieces, and in the _Lament_, he takes abolder flight and shows his native power. His comic poems are somewhatgross. The date and circumstances of his death are uncertain, someholding that he fell at Flodden, others that he was alive so late as1530. Other works are _The Merle_ and _The Nightingale_, and the_Flyting_ (scolding) of Dunbar and Kennedy. Mr. Gosse calls D. "thelargest figure in English literature between Chaucer and Spenser. " He hasbright strength, swiftness, humour, and pathos, and his descriptive touchis vivid and full of colour. 

DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN (_c. _ 1785-1842). --Historian, _s. _ of a Lord Provostof Glasgow, where and at Edin. He was _ed. _, was called to the Bar in1807, and became Sheriff of Renfrewshire. He wrote a _History of Fiction_(1814), a _History of Roman Literature to the Augustan Age_ (1823-28), and _Memoirs of Spain during the Reigns of Philip IV. And Charles II. _(1834). He also made translations from the Latin Anthology. 

DUNS, SCOTUS JOHANNES (1265?-1308?). --Schoolman. The dates of his birthand death and the place of his birth are alike doubtful. He may have beenat Oxf. , is said to have been a regent or prof. At Paris, and was aFranciscan. He was a man of extraordinary learning, and received thesobriquet of Doctor Subtilis. Among his many works on logic and theologyare a philosophic grammar, and a work on metaphysics, _De RerumPrincipio_ (of the beginning of things). His great opponent was ThomasAquinas, and schoolmen of the day were divided into Scotists andThomists, or realists and nominalists. 

D'URFEY, THOMAS (1653-1723). --Dramatist and song-writer, was a well-knownman-about-town, a companion of Charles II. , and lived on to the reign ofGeorge I. His plays are now forgotten, and he is best known in connectionwith a collection of songs entitled, _Pills to Purge Melancholy_. Addisondescribes him as a "diverting companion, " and "a cheerful, honest, good-natured man. " His writings are nevertheless extremely gross. Hisplays include _Siege of Memphis_ (1676), _Madame Fickle_ (1677), _Virtuous Wife_ (1680), and _The Campaigners_ (1698). 

DWIGHT, TIMOTHY (1752-1817). --Theologian and poet, _b. _ at Northampton, Mass. , was a grandson of Jonathan Edwards, became a Congregationalistminister, Prof. Of Divinity, and latterly Pres. Of Yale. His worksinclude, besides theological treatises and sermons, the following poems, _America_ (1772), _The Conquest of Canaan_ (1785), and _The Triumph ofInfidelity_, a satire, admired in their day, but now unreadable. 

DYCE, ALEXANDER (1798-1869). --Scholar and critic, _s. _ of Lieut. -GeneralAlexander D. , was _b. _ in Edin. , and _ed. _ there and at Oxf. He tookorders, and for a short time served in two country curacies. Then, leaving the Church and settling in London, he betook himself to hislife-work of ed. The English dramatists. His first work, _Specimens ofBritish Poetesses_, appeared in 1825; and thereafter at various intervalsed. Of Collins's _Poems_, and the dramatic works of _Peele, Middleton, Beaumont and Fletcher, Marlowe, Greene, Webster_, and others. His greated. Of _Shakespeare_ in 9 vols. Appeared in 1857. He also ed. Variousworks for the Camden Society, and _pub. _ _Table Talk of Samuel Rogers_. All D. 's work is marked by varied and accurate learning, minute research, and solid judgment. 

DYER, SIR EDWARD (1545?-1607). --Poet, _b. _ at Sharpham Park, Somerset, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , was introduced to the Court by the Earl of Leicester, and sent on a mission to Denmark, 1589. He was in 1596 made Chancellor ofthe Order of the Garter, and knighted. In his own day he had a reputationfor his elegies among such judges as Sidney and Puttenham. For a longtime there was doubt as to what poems were to be attributed to him, butabout a dozen pieces have now been apparently identified as his. The bestknown is that on contentment beginning, "My mind to me a kingdom is. "

DYER, JOHN (1700-1758). --Poet, was _b. _ in Caermarthenshire. In his earlyyears he studied painting, but finding that he was not likely to attain asatisfactory measure of success, entered the Church. He has a definite, if a modest, place in literature as the author of three poems, _GrongarHill_ (1727), _The Ruins of Rome_ (1740), and _The Fleece_ (1757). Thefirst of these is the best, and the best known, and contains much truenatural description; but all have passages of considerable poeticalmerit, delicacy and precision of phrase being their most noticeablecharacteristic. Wordsworth had a high opinion of D. As a poet, andaddressed a sonnet to him. 

EARLE, JOHN (1601-1665). --Divine and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at York, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he was a Fellow of Merton. He took orders, wastutor to Charles II. , a member of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, 1643, Chaplain and Clerk of the Closet to Charles when in exile. On theRestoration he was made Dean of Westminster, in 1662 Bishop of Worcester, and the next year Bishop of Salisbury. He was learned and eloquent, wittyand agreeable in society, and was opposed to the "Conventicle" and "FiveMile" Acts, and to all forms of persecution. He wrote _HortusMertonensis_ (the Garden of Merton) in Latin, but his chief work was_Microcosmographie, or a Piece of the World discovered in Essays andCharacters_ (1628), the best and most interesting of all the "character"books. 

EASTLAKE, ELIZABETH, LADY (RIGBY) (1809-1893). --_dau. _ of Dr. EdwardRigby of Norwich, a writer on medical and agricultural subjects, spenther earlier life on the Continent and in Edin. In 1849 she _m. _ SirCharles L. Eastlake, the famous painter, and Pres. Of the Royal Academy. Her first work was _Letters from the Shores of the Baltic_ (1841). From1842 she was a frequent contributor to the _Quarterly Review_, in whichshe wrote a very bitter criticism of _Jane Eyre_. She also wrote variousbooks on art, and Lives of her husband, of Mrs. Grote, and of Gibson thesculptor, and was a leader in society. 

ECHARD, LAURENCE (_c. _ 1670-1730). --Historian, _b. _ at Barsham, Suffolk, and _ed. _ at Camb. , took orders and became Archdeacon of Stow. Hetranslated Terence, part of Plautus, D'Orleans' _History of theRevolutions in England_, and made numerous compilations on history, geography, and the classics. His chief work, however, is his _History ofEngland_ (1707-1720). It covers the period from the Roman occupation tohis own times, and continued to be the standard work on the subject untilit was superseded by translations of Rapin's French _History of England_. 

EDGEWORTH, MARIA (1767-1849). --Novelist, only child of Richard E. , ofEdgeworthstown, Co. Longford, was _b. _ near Reading. Her _f. _, who washimself a writer on education and mechanics, bestowed much attention onher education. She showed early promise of distinction, and assisted her_f. _ in his literary labours, especially in _Practical Education_ and_Essay on Irish Bulls_ (1802). She soon discovered that her strength layin fiction, and from 1800, when her first novel, _Castle Rackrent_, appeared, until 1834, when her last, _Helen_, was _pub. _, she continuedto produce a series of novels and tales characterised by ingenuity ofinvention, humour, and acute delineation of character. Notwithstanding atendency to be didactic, and the presence of a "purpose" in most of herwritings, their genuine talent and interest secured for them a widepopularity. It was the success of Miss E. In delineating Irish characterthat suggested to Sir W. Scott the idea of rendering a similar service toScotland. Miss E. , who had great practical ability, was able to rendermuch aid during the Irish famine. In addition to the works abovementioned, she wrote _Moral Tales_ and _Belinda_ (1801), _Leonora_(1806), _Tales of Fashionable Life_ (1809 and 1812), and a Memoir of her_f. _

EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1702?-1758). --Theologian, _s. _ of a minister, was _b. _at East Windsor, Connecticut, _ed. _ at Yale Coll. , and licensed as apreacher in 1722. The following year he was appointed as tutor at Yale, aposition in which he showed exceptional capacity. In 1726 he went toNorthampton, Conn. , as minister of a church there, and remained for 24years, exercising his ministry with unusual earnestness and diligence. Atthe end of that time, however, he was in 1750 dismissed by hiscongregation, a disagreement having arisen on certain questions ofdiscipline. Thereafter he acted as a missionary to the Indians ofMassachusetts. While thus engaged he composed his famous treatises, _Onthe Freedom of the Will_ (1754), and _On Original Sin_ (1758). Previously, in 1746, he had produced his treatise, _On the ReligiousAffections_. In 1757 he was appointed Pres. Of Princeton Coll. , NewJersey, but was almost immediately thereafter stricken with small-pox, ofwhich he _d. _ on March 22, 1757. E. Possessed an intellect ofextraordinary strength and clearness, and was capable of sustaining verylengthened chains of profound argument. He is one of the ablest defendersof the Calvinistic system of theology, which he developed to its mostextreme positions. He was a man of fervent piety, and of the loftiest andmost disinterested character. 

EDWARDS, RICHARD (1523?-1566). --Poet, was at Oxf. , and went to Court, where he was made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and master of thesinging boys. He had a high reputation for his comedies and interludes. His _Palaman and Arcite_ was acted before Elizabeth at Oxf. In 1566, whenthe stage fell and three persons were killed and five hurt, the playnevertheless proceeding. _Damon and Pythias_ (1577), a comedy, is hisonly extant play. 

EGAN, PIERCE (1772-1849). --Humorist, _b. _ in London, he satirised thePrince Regent in _The Lives of Florizel and Perdita_ (1814), but is bestremembered by _Life in London: or the Day and Night Scenes of JerryHawthorn and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom_, a collection ofsketches which had great success at the time, and which gives a pictureof the sports and amusements of London in the days of the Regency. It wasillustrated by George Cruikshank. 

EGGLESTON, EDWARD (1837-1902). --Novelist, _b. _ at Vevay, Indiana, was aMethodist minister. He wrote a number of tales, some of which, speciallythe "Hoosier" series, attracted much attention, among which are _TheHoosier Schoolmaster_, _The Hoosier Schoolboy_, _The End of the World_, _The Faith Doctor_, _Queer Stories for Boys and Girls_, etc. 

"ELIOT, GEORGE, " _see_ EVANS. 

ELIZABETH, QUEEN (1533-1603). --Was one of the scholar-women of her time, being versed in Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. Her translation ofBoethius shows her exceptional art and skill. In the classics RogerAscham was her tutor. She wrote various short poems, some of which werecalled by her contemporaries "sonnets, " though not in the true sonnetform. Her original letters and despatches show an idiomatic force ofexpression beyond that of any other English monarch. 

ELLIOT, MISS JEAN (1727-1805). --Poetess, _dau. _ of Sir Gilbert Elliot ofMinto, has a small niche in literature as the authoress of the beautifulballad, _The Flowers of the Forest_, beginning, "I've heard the liltingat our yowe-milking. " Another ballad with the same title beginning, "I'veseen the smiling of fortune beguiling" was written by Alicia Rutherford, afterwards Mrs. Cockburn. 

ELLIOT, EBENEZER (1781-1849). --Poet, _b. _ at Masborough, Yorkshire, inhis youth worked in an iron-foundry, and in 1821 took up the samebusiness on his own account with success. He is best known by his poemson behalf of the poor and oppressed, and especially for his denunciationsof the Corn Laws, which gained for him the title of the Corn Law Rhymer. Though now little read, he had considerable poetic gift. His principalpoems are _Corn Law Rhymes_ (1831), _The Ranter_, and _The VillagePatriarch_ (1829). 

ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of a West Indianplanter, gained some fame by _Poetical Tales by Sir Gregory Gander_(1778). He also had a hand in the _Rolliad_, a series of Whig satireswhich appeared about 1785. Changing sides he afterwards contributed tothe _Anti-Jacobin_. He accompanied Sir J. Harris on his mission to theNetherlands, and there _coll. _ materials for his _History of the DutchRevolution_ (1789). He ed. _Specimens of the Early English Poets_ (1790), and _Specimens of the Early English Romances_, both works of scholarship. He was a friend of Scott, who dedicated the fifth canto of _Marmion_ tohim. 

ELLWOOD, THOMAS (1639-1713). --A young Quaker who was introduced to Miltonin 1662, and devoted much of his time to reading to him. It is to aquestion asked by him that we owe the writing of _Paradise Regained_. Hewas a simple, good man, ready to suffer for his religious opinions, andhas left an autobiography of singular interest alike for the details ofMilton's later life, which it gives, and for the light it casts on thetimes of the writer. He also wrote _Davideis_ (1712), a sacred poem, andsome controversial works. 

ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859). --Fourth _s. _ of the 11th Lord E. , was _ed. _ at Edin. , and entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1795. He hada very distinguished career as an Indian statesman, and did much toestablish the present system of government and to extend education. Hewas Governor of Bombay (1819-1827), and prepared a code of laws for thatPresidency. In 1829 he was offered, but declined, the position ofGovernor-General of India. He wrote a _History of India_ (1841), and _TheRise of the British Power in the East_, _pub. _ in 1887. 

ELWIN, WHITWELL (1816-1900). --Critic and editor, _s. _ of a countrygentleman of Norfolk, studied at Camb. , and took orders. He was animportant contributor to the _Quarterly Review_, of which he becameeditor in 1853. He undertook to complete Croker's ed. Of Pope, andbrought out 5 vols. , when he dropped it, leaving it to be finished by Mr. Courthope. As an ed. He was extremely autocratic, and on all subjects hadpronounced opinions, and often singular likes and dislikes. 

ELYOT, SIR THOMAS (1490-1546). --Diplomatist, physician, and writer, heldmany diplomatic appointments. He wrote _The Governor_ (1531), a treatiseon education, in which he advocated gentler treatment of schoolboys, _TheCastle of Health_ (1534), a medical work, and _A Defence of Good Women_(1545). He also in 1538 _pub. _ the first _Latin and English Dictionary_, and made various translations. 

EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882). --Philosopher, was _b. _ at Boston, Massachusetts. His _f. _ was a minister there, who had become a Unitarian, and who _d. _ in 1811, leaving a widow with six children, of whom Ralph, then aged 8, was the second. Mrs. E. Was, however, a woman of energy, andby means of taking boarders managed to give all her sons a goodeducation. E. Entered Harvard in 1817 and, after passing through theusual course there, studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained in1827, and settled over a congregation in his native city. There heremained until 1832, when he resigned, ostensibly on a difference ofopinion with his brethren on the permanent nature of the Lord's Supper asa rite, but really on a radical change of view in regard to religion ingeneral, expressed in the maxim that "the day of formal religion ispast. " About the same time he lost his young wife, and his health, whichhad never been robust, showed signs of failing. In search of recovery hevisited Europe, where he met many eminent men and formed a life-longfriendship with Carlyle. On his return in 1834 he settled at Concord, andtook up lecturing. In 1836 he _pub. _ _Nature_, a somewhat transcendentallittle book which, though containing much fine thought, did not appeal toa wide circle. _The American Scholar_ followed in 1837. Two yearspreviously he had entered into a second marriage. His influence as athinker rapidly extended, he was regarded as the leader of thetranscendentalists, and was one of the chief contributors to their organ, _The Dial_. The remainder of his life, though happy, busy, andinfluential, was singularly uneventful. In 1847 he paid a second visit toEngland, when he spent a week with Carlyle, and delivered a course oflectures in England and Scotland on "Representative Men, " which hesubsequently _pub. _ _English Traits_ appeared in 1856. In 1857 _TheAtlantic Monthly_ was started, and to it he became a frequentcontributor. In 1874 he was nominated for the Lord Rectorship of theUniv. Of Glasgow, but was defeated by Disraeli. He, however, regarded hisnomination as the greatest honour of his life. After 1867 he wrotelittle. He _d. _ on April 27, 1882. His works were _coll. _ in 11 vols. , and in addition to those above mentioned include _Essays_ (two series), _Conduct of Life_, _Society and Solitude_, _Natural History ofIntellect_, and _Poems_. The intellect of E. Was subtle rather thanrobust, and suggestive rather than systematic. He wrote down theintuitions and suggestions of the moment, and was entirely careless as towhether these harmonised with previous statements. He was an original andstimulating thinker and writer, and wielded a style of much beauty andfascination. His religious views approached more nearly to Pantheism thanto any other known system of belief. He was a man of singular elevationand purity of character. 

ERCILDOUN, THOMAS of, or "THOMAS THE RHYMER" (_fl. _ 1220-1297). --Aminstrel to whom is ascribed _Sir Tristrem_, a rhyme or story forrecitation. He had a reputation for prophecy, and is reported to haveforetold the death of Alexander III. , and various other events. 

ERIGENA, or SCOTUS, JOHN (_fl. _ 850). --Philosopher, _b. _ in Scotland orIreland, was employed at the Court of Charles the Bald, King of France. He was a pantheistic mystic, and made translations from the Alexandrianphilosophers. He was bold in the exposition of his principles, and hadboth strength and subtlety of intellect. His chief work is _De DivisioneNaturæ_, a dialogue in which he places reason above authority. 

ERSKINE, RALPH (1685-1752). --Scottish Divine and poet, was _b. _ nearCornhill, Northumberland, where his _f. _, a man of ancient Scottishfamily, was, for the time, a nonconforming minister. He became ministerof Dunfermline, and, with his brother Ebenezer, was involved in thecontroversies in the Church of Scotland, which led to the founding of theSecession Church in 1736. He has a place in literature as the writer ofdevotional works, especially for his _Gospel Sonnets_ (of which 25 ed. Had appeared by 1797), and _Scripture Songs_ (1754). 

ERSKINE, THOMAS (1788-1870). --Theologian, _s. _ of David E. , of Linlathen, to which property he succeeded, his elder brother having _d. _ He wascalled to the Bar in 1810, but never practised. Having come underunusually deep religious impressions he devoted himself largely to thestudy of theology, and _pub. _ various works, including _The InternalEvidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion_ (1820), _UnconditionalFreeness of the Gospel_, and _The Spiritual Order_. He was a man ofsingular charm of character, and wielded a great influence on thereligious thought of his day. He enjoyed the friendship of men of suchdifferent types as Carlyle, Chalmers, Dean Stanley, and Prévost Paradol. His _Letters_ were ed. By Dr. W. Hanna (1877-78). 

ETHEREGE, SIR GEORGE (1635?-1691). --Dramatist, was at Camb. , travelled, read a little law, became a man-about-town, the companion of Sedley, Rochester, and their set. He achieved some note as the writer of threelively comedies, _Love in a Tub_ (1664), _She would if she Could_ (1668), and _The Man of Mode_ (1676), all characterised by the grossness of theperiod. He was sent on a mission to Ratisbon, where he broke his neckwhen lighting his guests downstairs after a drinking bout. 

EVANS, MARY ANN or MARIAN ("GEORGE ELIOT") (1819-1880). --Novelist, was_b. _ near Nuneaton, Warwickshire, _dau. _ of Robert E. , land agent, a manof strong individuality. Her education was completed at a school inCoventry, and after the death of her mother in 1836, and the marriage ofher elder sister, she kept house for her _f. _ until his death in 1849. In1841 they gave up their house in the country, and went to live inCoventry. Here she made the acquaintance of Charles Bray, a writer onphrenology, and his brother-in-law Charles Hennell, a rationalisticwriter on the origin of Christianity, whose influence led her to renouncethe evangelical views in which she had been brought up. In 1846 sheengaged in her first literary work, the completion of a translation begunby Mrs. Hennell of Strauss's _Life of Jesus_. On her _f. 's_ death shewent abroad with the Brays, and, on her return in 1850, began to writefor the _Westminster Review_, of which from 1851-53 she wasassistant-editor. In this capacity she was much thrown into the societyof Herbert Spencer and George Henry Lewes (_q. V. _), with the latter ofwhom she in 1854 entered into an irregular connection which lasted untilhis death. In the same year she translated Feuerbach's _Essence ofChristianity_, the only one of her writings to which she attached herreal name. It was not until she was nearly 40 that she appears to havediscovered the true nature of her genius; for it was not until 1857 that_The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton_ appeared in _Blackwood'sMagazine_, and announced that a new writer of singular power had arisen. It was followed by _Mr. Gilfil's Love Story_ and _Janet's Repentance_, all three being reprinted as _Scenes from Clerical Life_ (1857); _AdamBede_ was _pub. _ in 1859, _The Mill on the Floss_, in its earlierchapters largely autobiographical, in 1860, _Silas Marner_, perhaps themost artistically constructed of her books, in 1861. In 1860 and 1861 shevisited Florence with the view of preparing herself for her next work, _Romola_, a tale of the times of Savonarola, which appeared in 1863 inthe _Cornhill Magazine_. _Felix Holt the Radical_ followed in 1866. MissE. Now for a time abandoned novel-writing and took to poetry, and between1868 and 1871 produced _The Spanish Gipsy_, _Agatha_, _The Legend ofJubal_, and _Armgart_. These poems, though containing much fine work, didnot add to her reputation, and in fact in writing them she had departedfrom her true vocation. Accordingly, she returned to fiction, and in_Middlemarch_, which appeared in parts in 1871-72, she was by manyconsidered to have produced her greatest work. _Daniel Deronda_, whichcame out in 1874-76, was greatly inferior, and it was her last novel. In1878 she _pub. _ _The Impressions of Theophrastus Such_, a collection ofmiscellaneous essays. In the same year Mr. Lewes _d. _, an event whichplunged her into melancholy, which was, however, alleviated by thekindness of Mr. John Cross, who had been the intimate friend of both L. And herself, and whom she _m. _ in March, 1880. The union was a short one, being terminated by her death on December 22 in the same year. 

George Eliot will probably always retain a high place among writers offiction. Her great power lies in the minute painting of character, chiefly among the lower middle classes, shopkeepers, tradesmen, andcountry folk of the Midlands, into whose thoughts and feelings she had aninsight almost like divination, and of whose modes of expression she wascomplete mistress. Her general view of life is pessimistic, relieved by apower of seizing the humorous elements in human stupidity and ill-doing. There is also, however, much seriousness in her treatment of the phasesof life upon which she touches, and few writers have brought out withgreater power the hardening and degrading effects of continuance in evilcourses, or the inevitable and irretrievable consequences of a wrong act. Her descriptions of rural scenes have a singular charm. 

_Life_, ed. By J. W. Cross (1885-6). Books on her by Oscar Browning, 1890, and Sir Leslie Stephen (Men of Letters), 1902. 

EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706). --Diarist, and miscellaneous writer, was of anold Surrey family, and was _ed. _ at a school at Lewes and at Oxf. Hetravelled much on the Continent, seeing all that was best worth seeing inthe way of galleries and collections, both public and private, of whichhe has given an interesting account in his _Diary_. He was all his lifea staunch Royalist, and joined the King as a volunteer in 1642, but soonafter repaired again to the Continent. After 1652 he was at home, settledat Sayes Court, near Deptford, where his gardens were famous. After theRestoration he was employed in various matters by the Government, but hislofty and pure character was constantly offended by the manners of theCourt. In addition to his _Diary_, kept up from 1624-1706, and which isfull of interesting details of public and private events, he wrote uponsuch subjects as plantations, _Sylva_ (1664), gardening, _ElysiumBritannicum_ (_unpub. _), architecture, prevention of smoke in London, engraving, _Sculptura_ (1662), and he was one of the founders of theRoyal Society, of which he was for a time sec. The dignity and purity ofE'. S character stand forth in strong relief against the laxity of histimes. 

EWING, MRS. JULIANA HORATIA (GATTY) (1842-1885). --Writer of children'sstories, _dau. _ of Mrs. Alfred Gatty (_q. V. _), also a writer forchildren. Among her tales, which have hardly been excelled in sympatheticinsight into child-life, and still enjoy undiminished popularity, are: _AFlat Iron for a Farthing_, _Jackanapes_, _Jan of the Windmill_, _Mrs. Overtheway's Remembrances_, and _The Story of a Short Life_. 

FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863). --Theologian and hymn-writer, was_b. _ at Calverley, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ at Harrow and Oxf. , where he cameunder the influence of Newman, whom he followed into the Church of Rome. He wrote various theological treatises, but has a place in literature forhis hymns, which include _The Pilgrims of the Night_, _My God howwonderful thou art_, and _Sweet Saviour, bless us ere we go_. 

FABYAN, ROBERT (_d. _ 1513). --Chronicler, was _b. _ in London, of which hebecame an Alderman and Sheriff. He kept a diary of notable events, whichhe expanded into a chronicle, which he entitled, _The Concordance ofHistories_. It covers the period from the arrival of Brutus in England tothe death of Henry VII. , and deals mainly with the affairs of London. Itwas not printed until 1515, when it appeared under the title of _The NewChronicles of England and France_. 

FAIRFAX, EDWARD (1580?-1635). --Translator, natural _s. _ of Sir Thomas F. , lived at Fuystone, near Knaresborough, in peace and prosperity. Histranslation of Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_, on which his fame isfounded, is a masterpiece, one of the comparatively few translationswhich in themselves are literature. It was highly praised by Dryden andWaller. The first ed. Appeared in 1600, and was dedicated to QueenElizabeth. F. Also wrote a treatise on _Demonology_, in which he was adevout believer. 

FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732-1769). --Poet, _s. _ of a barber in Edin. , where hewas _b. _, became a sailor, and was thus thoroughly competent to describethe management of the storm-tossed vessel, the career and fate of whichare described in his poem, _The Shipwreck_ (1762), a work of genuine, though unequal, talent. The efforts which F. Made to improve the poem inthe successive ed. Which followed the first were not entirelysuccessful. The work gained for him the patronage of the Duke of York, through whose influence he obtained the position of purser on variouswarships. Strangely enough, his own death occurred by shipwreck. F. Wroteother poems, now forgotten, besides a useful _Nautical Dictionary_. 

FANSHAWE, CATHERINE MARIA (1765-1834). --Poetess, _dau. _ of a Surreysquire, wrote clever occasional verse. Her best known production is thefamous _Riddle on the Letter H_, beginning "'Twas whispered in heaven, 'twas muttered in hell" often attributed to Lord Byron. 

FANSHAWE, SIR RICHARD (1608-1666). --Diplomatist, translator, and poet, _b. _ at Ware Park, Herts, and _ed. _ at Camb. , travelled on the Continent, and when the Civil War broke out sided with the King and was sent toSpain to obtain money for the cause. He acted as Latin Sec. To CharlesII. When in Holland. After the Restoration he held various appointments, and was Ambassador to Portugal and Spain successively. He translatedGuarini's _Pastor Fido_, _Selected Parts of Horace_, and _The Lusiad_ ofCamoens. His wife, _née_ Anne Harrison, wrote memoirs of her own life. 

FARADAY, MICHAEL (1791-1867). --Natural philosopher, _s. _ of a blacksmith, was _b. _ in London, and apprenticed to a book-binder. He early showed ataste for chemistry, and attended the lectures of Sir H. Davy (_q. V. _), by whom he was, in 1813, appointed his chemical assistant in the RoyalInstitution. He became one of the greatest of British discoverers andpopularisers of science, his discoveries being chiefly in the departmentof electro-magnetism. He had an unusual power of making difficultsubjects clearly understood. Among his writings are _History of theProgress of Electro-Magnetism_ (1821), _The Non-metallic Elements_, _TheChemical History of a Candle_, and _The Various Forces in Nature_. F. Wasa man of remarkable simplicity and benevolence of character, and deeplyreligious. 

FARMER, RICHARD (1735-1797). --Shakespearian scholar, _b. _ at Leicester, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where he ultimately became Master of Emanuel Coll. Hewrote an _Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare_ (1767), in which hemaintained that Shakespeare's knowledge of the classics was throughtranslations, the errors of which he reproduced. It is a production ofgreat ability. F. Was a clergyman, and held a prebend in St. Paul's. 

FARQUHAR, GEORGE (1678-1707). --Dramatist, _b. _ at Londonderry, _s. _ of aclergyman, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, on leaving which he tookto the stage, but had no great success as an actor. This, together withan accident in which he wounded a fellow-actor with a sword, led to hisrelinquishing it, and giving himself to writing plays instead of actingthem. Thereafter he joined the army. _Love and a Bottle_ (1698) was hisfirst venture, and others were _The Constant Couple_ (1700), _Sir HarryWildair_ (1701), _The Inconstant_ (1703), _The Recruiting Officer_(1706), and _The Beau's Stratagem_ (1707). F. 's plays are full of wit andsparkle and, though often coarse, have not the malignant pruriency ofsome of his predecessors. He made an unfortunate marriage, and _d. _ inpoverty. 

FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903). --Theological writer, _b. _ inBombay, and _ed. _ at London Univ. And Camb. , was for some years a masterat Harrow, and from 1871-76 Head Master of Marlborough School. He becamesuccessively Canon of Westminster and Rector of St. Margaret's, Archdeacon of Westminster and Dean of Canterbury. He was an eloquentpreacher and a voluminous author, his writings including stories ofschool life, such as _Eric_ and _St. Winifred's_, a _Life of Christ_, which had great popularity, a _Life of St. Paul_, and two historicalromances. 

FAWCETT, HENRY (1833-1884). --Statesman and economist, _b. _ at Salisbury, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where he became Fellow of Trinity Hall. In 1858 hewas blinded by a shooting accident, in spite of which he continued toprosecute his studies, especially in economics, and in 1863 _pub. _ his_Manual of Political Economy_, becoming in the same year Prof. OfPolitical Economy in Camb. Having strong political views he desired toenter upon a political career, and after repeated defeats was electedM. P. For Brighton. He soon attained a recognised position, devotinghimself specially to parliamentary reform and Indian questions, and wasin 1880 appointed Postmaster-General, in which office he approved himselfa capable administrator. His career was, however, cut short by hispremature death, but not before he had made himself a recognisedauthority on economics, his works on which include _The Economic Positionof the British Labourer_ (1871), _Labour and Wages_, etc. In 1867 he _m. _Miss Millicent Garrett, a lady highly qualified to share in all hisintellectual interests, and who collaborated with him in some of hispublications. There is a life of him by Sir L. Stephen. 

FAWKES, FRANCIS (1721-1777). --Poet and translator, _b. _ near Doncaster, and _ed. _ at Camb. , after which he took orders. He translated Anacreon, Sappho, and other classics, modernised parts of the poems of GavinDouglas, and was the author of the well-known song, _The Brown Jug_, andof two poems, _Bramham Park_ and _Partridge Shooting_. 

FELTHAM, OWEN (1602?-1668). --Religious writer, author of a book entitled_Resolves, Divine, Moral, and Political_ (_c. _ 1620), containing 146short essays. It had great popularity in its day. Though sometimes stiffand affected in style, it contains many sound, if not original orbrilliant, reflections, and occasional felicities of expression. F. Wasfor a time in the household of the Earl of Thomond as chaplain or sec. , and _pub. _ (1652), _Brief Character of the Low Countries_. 

FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730). --Poet and translator, _ed. _ at Camb. , for atime acted as sec. To the Earl of Orrery in Flanders, and was then Masterof Sevenoaks Grammar School. In 1707 he _pub. _ a book of poems. He isbest known, however, as the assistant of Pope in his translation of the_Odyssey_, of which he Englished the first, fourth, nineteenth, andtwentieth books, catching the manner of his master so completely that itis hardly possible to distinguish between their work; while thus engagedhe _pub. _ (1723) a successful tragedy, _Marianne_. His latestcontributions to literature were a _Life of Milton_, and an ed. Of_Waller's Poems_ (1729). 

FERGUSON, ADAM (1723-1816). --Philosopher and historian, _s. _ of theparish minister of Logierait, Perthshire, studied at St. Andrews andEdin. Univ. , in the latter of which he was successively Professor ofMathematics, and Moral Philosophy (1764-1785). As a young man he waschaplain to the 42nd Regiment, and was present at the Battle of Fontenoy. In 1757 he was made Keeper of the Advocates' Library. As a Prof. OfPhilosophy he was highly successful, his class being attended by manydistinguished men no longer students at the Univ. In 1778-9 he acted assec. To a commission sent out by Lord North to endeavour to reach anaccommodation with the American colonists. F. 's principal works are_Essay on the History of Civil Society_ (1765), _Institutes of MoralPhilosophy_ (1769), _History of the Progress and Termination of the RomanRepublic_ (1782), and _Principles of Moral and Political Science_ (1792), all of which have been translated into French and German. F. Spent hislater years at St. Andrews, where he _d. _ in 1816 at the age of 92. Hewas an intimate friend of Sir Walter Scott. The French philosopher Cousingave F. A place above all his predecessors in the Scottish school ofphilosophy. 

FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL (1810-1886). --Poet and antiquary, _b. _ at Belfast, the _s. _ of parents of Scottish extraction, he was _ed. _ at TrinityColl. , Dublin, from which he received in 1865 the honorary degree ofLL. D. He practised with success as a barrister, became Q. C. In 1859, andDeputy Keeper of the Irish Records 1867, an appointment in which herendered valuable service, and was knighted in 1878. He was a contributorto _Blackwood's Magazine_, in which appeared his best known poem, _TheForging of the Anchor_, and was one of the chief promoters of the Gaelicrevival in Irish literature. His _coll. _ poems appeared under the titleof _Lays of the Western Gael_ (1865), _Congal, an epic poem_ (1872), andhis prose tales posthumously (1887), as _Hibernian Nights'Entertainments_. His principal antiquarian work was _Ogham Inscriptionsin Ireland, Wales, and Scotland_. 

FERGUSSON, JAMES (1808-1886). --Writer on architecture, _b. _ at Ayr, wasengaged in commercial pursuits in India, where he became interested inthe architecture of the country, and _pub. _ his first work, _PicturesqueIllustrations of Ancient Architecture in Hindustan_ (1840), which wasfollowed by _An Historical Inquiry into the True Principles of Beauty inArt_ (1849), and _A History of Architecture in all Countries from theEarliest Times to the Present Day_ (1865-67). He also wrote _Fire andSerpent Worship_, etc. , and a book on the use of earthworks infortification. 

FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774). --Scottish poet, _s. _ of a bank clerk, was_ed. _ at the Univ. Of St. Andrews. His _f. _ dying, he became a copyingclerk in an Edin. Lawyer's office. Early displaying a talent for humorousdescriptive verse, he contributed to _Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine_, thenthe principal Scottish receptacle for fugitive poetry. His verses, however, attracted attention by their merit, and he _pub. _ some of themin a _coll. _ form. Unfortunately he fell into dissipated habits, underwhich his delicate constitution gave way, and he _d. _ insane in his 24thyear. His poems influenced Burns, who greatly admired them. 

FERRIER, JAMES FREDERICK (1808-1864). --Metaphysician, _b. _ in Edin. , and_ed. _ there and at Oxf. , he was called to the Scottish Bar in 1832, butdevoted himself to literature and philosophy. In 1842 he was appointedProf. Of History in Edin. , and in 1845 translated to the Chair of MoralPhilosophy and Political Economy at St. Andrews. He _pub. _ in 1854_Institutes of Metaphysics_, and ed. The _coll. _ works of hisfather-in-law, Prof. Wilson ("Christopher North. ")

FERRIER, SUSAN EDMONSTOUNE (1782-1854). --Novelist, _dau. _ of James F. , one of the principal clerks of the Court of Session, in which office hewas the colleague of Sir Walter Scott. Miss F. Wrote three excellentnovels, _Marriage_ (1818), _The Inheritance_ (1824), and _Destiny_(1831), all characterised by racy humour and acute character-painting. Her cheerful and tactful friendship helped to soothe the last days of SirW. Scott. 

FIELD, NATHANIEL (1587-1633). --Dramatist and actor, was one of "thechildren of the Queen's Revels, " who performed in Ben Jonson's _Cynthia'sRevels_ in 1600. He wrote _A Woman's a Weathercock_ (1612), _Amends forLadies_ (1618), and (with Massinger) _The Fatal Dowry_ (1632). 

FIELDING, HENRY (1707-1754). --Novelist, was _b. _ at Sharpham Park, nearGlastonbury. His father was General Edmund F. , descended from the Earlsof Denbigh and Desmond, and his mother was the _dau. _ of Sir Henry Gouldof Sharpham Park. His childhood was spent at East Stour, Dorset, and hiseducation was received at first from a tutor, after which he was sent toEton. Following a love affair with a young heiress at Lyme Regis he wassent to Leyden to study law, where he remained until his _f. _, who hadentered into a second marriage, and who was an extravagant man, ceased tosend his allowance. Thrown upon his own resources, he came to London andbegan to write light comedies and farces, of which during the next fewyears he threw off nearly a score. The drama, however, was not his truevein, and none of his pieces in this kind have survived, unless _TomThumb_, a burlesque upon his contemporary playwrights, be excepted. About1735 he _m. _ Miss Charlotte Cradock, a beautiful and amiable girl towhom, though he gave her sufficient cause for forbearance, he wasdevotedly attached. She is the prototype of his "Amelia" and "Sophia. "She brought him £1500, and the young couple retired to East Stour, wherehe had a small house inherited from his mother. The little fortune was, however, soon dissipated; and in a year he was back in London, where heformed a company of comedians, and managed a small theatre in theHaymarket. Here he produced successfully _Pasquin, a Dramatic Satire onthe Times_, and _The Historical Register for 1736_, in which Walpole wassatirised. This enterprise was brought to an end by the passing of theLicensing Act, 1737, making the _imprimatur_ of the Lord Chamberlainnecessary to the production of any play. F. Thereupon read law at theMiddle Temple, was called to the Bar in 1740, and went the WesternCircuit. The same year saw the publication of Richardson's _Pamela_, which inspired F. With the idea of a parody, thus giving rise to hisfirst novel, _Joseph Andrews_. As, however, the characters, especiallyParson Adams, developed in his hands, the original idea was laid aside, and the work assumed the form of a regular novel. It was _pub. _ in 1742, and though sharing largely in the same qualities as its great successor, _Tom Jones_, its reception, though encouraging, was not phenomenallycordial. Immediately after this a heavy blow fell on F. In the death ofhis wife. The next few years were occupied with writing his_Miscellanies_, which contained, along with some essays and poems, twoimportant works, _A Journey from this World to the Next_, and _TheHistory of Jonathan Wild the Great_, a grave satire; and he alsoconducted two papers in support of the Government, _The True Patriot_ and_The Jacobite Journal_, in consideration of which he was appointedJustice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster, and had a pensionconferred upon him. In 1746 he set convention at defiance by marryingMary MacDaniel, who had been his first wife's maid, and the nurse of hischildren, and who proved a faithful and affectionate companion. F. Showedhimself an upright, diligent, and efficient magistrate, and his _Inquiryinto the Increase of Robbers_ (1751), with suggested remedies, led tobeneficial results. By this time, however, the publication of his greatmasterpiece, _The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1749), had givenhim a place among the immortals. All critics are agreed that this bookcontains passages offensive to delicacy, and some say to morality. Thisis often excused on the plea of the coarser manners of the age; but amuch stronger defence is advanced on the ground that, while othernovelists of the time made immorality an incentive to merriment, F. 'streatment of such subjects, as Lowell has said, "shocks rather thancorrupts, " and that in his pages evil is evil. On the other hand, thereis universal agreement as to the permanent interest of the types ofcharacter presented, the profound knowledge of life and insight intohuman nature, the genial humour, the wide humanity, the wisdom, and thenoble and masculine English of the book. His only other novel, _Amelia_, which some, but these a small minority, have regarded as his best, was_pub. _ in 1751. His health was now thoroughly broken, and in 1753, as aforlorn hope, he went in search of restoration to Lisbon, where he _d. _on October 8, and was buried in the English cemetery. His last work was a_Journal_ of his voyage. Though with many weaknesses and serious faults, F. Was fundamentally a man of honest and masculine character, and thoughimprovident and reckless in his habits, especially in earlier life, hewas affectionate in his domestic relations, and faithful and efficient inthe performance of such public duties as he was called to discharge. Thackeray thus describes his appearance, "His figure was tall andstalwart, his face handsome, manly, and noble-looking; to the last daysof his life he retained a grandeur of air and, though worn down bydisease, his aspect and presence imposed respect upon people round abouthim. "

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1707, _ed. _ Eton, studied law at Leyden, came to Londonand wrote dramas, called to Bar 1740, _pub. _ _Joseph Andrews_ 1742, became journalist, appointed a magistrate for Middlesex, etc. , and _pub. __Inquiry into Increase of Robbers_ 1751, _pub. _ _Tom Jones_ 1749, _Amelia_ 1751, _d. _ at Lisbon 1754. 

His works are included in Ballantyne's Novelists' Library with abiography by Scott (1821). An ed. In 10 vols. With a study by L. Stephenwas _pub. _ by Smith, Elder and Co. (1882); another in 12 vols. By Prof. Saintsbury, Dent and Co. (1893), and various others. There are variousLives by Watson (1807). Lawrence (1855), and A. Dobson (Men of Letters, 1883). 

FIELDING, SARAH (1710-1768). --Novelist, was the sister of the above, whohad a high opinion of her talents. She wrote several novels, including_David Simple_ (1744), _The Governess_, and _The Countess_ of _Dellwyn_. She also translated Xenophon's _Memorabilia_ and _Apologia_ (1762). 

FILMER, SIR ROBERT (_d. _ 1653?). --Political writer, _s. _ of Sir EdwardF. , of East Sutton, Kent, was _ed. _ at Camb. He was an enthusiasticRoyalist, was knighted by Charles I. And, in 1671, was imprisoned inLeeds Castle, Kent. He is notable as the defender, in its most extremeform, of the doctrine of the divine right of kings, which he expounded ina succession of works, of which the latest and best known, _Patriarcha_, appeared in 1679. His theory is founded on the idea that the governmentof a family by the father is the original and method of all government. His doctrines were afterwards attacked by Locke in his _Treatise onGovernment_. He was opposed to the persecution of old women for supposedwitchcraft. 

FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875). --Historian, of Scottish descent, was _b. _ atFaversham, Kent, where his _f. _, an officer in the army, was inspector ofgovernment powder mills. Intended for the law, he was _ed. _ at Glasgow, Göttingen, and Edin. , but becoming an enthusiast in the cause of Greece, he joined Byron in the war of independence, and thereafter bought aproperty near Athens, where he settled and busied himself with schemesfor the improvement of the country, which had little success. His_History of Greece_, produced in sections between 1843 and 1861, did notat first receive the recognition which its merits deserved, but it hassince been given by students in all countries, and specially in Germany, a place among works of permanent value, alike for its literary style andthe depth and insight of its historical views. It was re-issued in 1877as _A History of Greece from the Roman Conquest to the Present Time_ (146B. C. _to_ 1864). 

FISHER, JOHN (_c. _ 1469-1535). --Controversialist and scholar, _b. _ atBeverley, and _ed. _ at Camb. , entered the Church, and became in 1504Bishop of Rochester. He wrote in Latin against the doctrines of theReformation, but was a supporter of the New Learning, and endeavoured toget Erasmus to teach Greek at Camb. Through his influence the LadyMargaret Professorship of Divinity were founded at both the Univ. ByMargaret Countess of Richmond, and in 1502 he became first prof. AtCamb. , where he was also (1505-8) Head of Queen's Coll. He was alsoinstrumental in founding Christ's and St. John's Coll. For opposing thedivorce proceedings of Henry VIII. He was burned. Made a cardinal in1535, he was beatified in 1886. 

FISKE, JOHN (1842-1901). --Miscellaneous writer, was _b. _ at Hartford, Connecticut. The family name was Green; but this he dropped, and adoptedthat of his mother's family. After being at Harvard he studied for, andwas admitted to, the Bar, but did not practise. He wrote on a variety ofsubjects, including mythology, history, and evolution. Among his books onthese subjects are, _Myths and Mythmakers_ (1872), _Cosmic Philosophy_, _Darwinism_, _The Idea of God_, _Origin of Evil_. He was also the authorof many works on America. These include _Old Virginia_, _New France andNew England_, _The American Revolution_, and _Discovery of America_(1892). 

FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809-1883). --Translator and letter-writer, was _b. _near Woodbridge, Suffolk, _s. _ of John Purcell, who took his wife'ssurname on the death of her _f. _. In 1818. He was _ed. _ at Bury St. Edmunds and Camb. Thereafter he lived in retirement and study with hisparents until 1838, when he took a neighbouring cottage. In 1856 he _m. _a _dau. _ of Bernard Barton, the poet, from whom, however, he soonseparated. Afterwards he lived at various places in the East of England, continuing his studies, with yachting for his chief recreation. By thistime, however, he had become an author, having written a life of hisfather-in-law prefixed to his _coll. _ poems (1849), _Euphranor_, adialogue on youth (1851), and _Polonius, a Collection of Wise Saws andModern Instances_ (1852). Becoming interested in Spanish literature, he_pub. _ translations of _Six Dramas of Calderon_. Thereafter turning hisattention to Persian, he produced (1859), anonymously, his famoustranslation of the _Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyám_. He also _pub. _translations of the _Agamemnon_ of Æschylus, and the _Oedipus Tyrannus_and _Oedipus Coloneus_ of Sophocles. In his translations F. Aimed not somuch at a mere literal reproduction of the sense of the original, as atreproducing its effect on the reader, and in this he was extraordinarilysuccessful. In the department of letter-writing also he attained anexcellence perhaps unequalled in his day. 

FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM (_d. _ 1190). --Was a servant of Thomas à Becket, witnessed his murder, and wrote his biography, which contains aninteresting account of London in the 12th century. 

FLAVEL, JOHN (1627-1691). --Divine, _b. _ at Bromsgrove, studied at Oxf. , was a Presbyterian, and was settled at Dartmouth, but ejected from hisliving in 1662, continuing, however, to preach there secretly. He was avoluminous and popular author. Among his works are _HusbandrySpiritualised_ and _Navigation Spiritualised_, titles which suggest someof his characteristics as an expositor. 

FLECKNOE, RICHARD (_d. _ 1678). --Poet, said to have been an Irish priest. He wrote several plays, now forgotten, also miscellaneous poems, some ofthem sacred, and a book of travels. His name has been preserved inDryden's satire, _MacFlecknoe_, as "throughout the realms of nonsenseabsolute;" but according to some authorities his slighter pieces were notwanting in grace and fancy. 

FLETCHER, ANDREW (1655-1716). --Scottish statesman and political writer, _s. _ of Sir Robert F. Of Saltoun, East Lothian, to which estate hesucceeded at an early age. He was _ed. _ under the care of Bishop Burnet, who was then minister of Saltoun. Being firmly opposed to the arbitrarymeasures of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. , he went to Holland, where he joined Monmouth, whom he accompanied on his ill-starredexpedition. Happening to kill, in a quarrel, one Dare, another of theDuke's followers, he fled to the Continent, travelled in Spain andHungary, and fought against the Turks. After the Revolution he returnedto Scotland, and took an active part in political affairs. He opposed theUnion, fearing the loss of Scottish independence, and advocatedfederation rather than incorporation. He introduced various improvementsin agriculture. His principal writings are _Discourse of Government_(1698), _Two Discourses concerning the Affairs of Scotland_ (1698), _Conversation concerning a right Regulation of Government for the CommonGood of Mankind_ (1703), in which occurs his well-known saying, "Give methe making of the songs of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws. "

FLETCHER, GILES, AND PHINEAS (1588?-1623) (1582-1650). --Poets, were thesons of Giles F. , himself a minor poet, and Envoy to Russia. Phineas, theelder, was _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , and entered the Church, becomingRector of Hilgay, Norfolk. He wrote _The Purple Island_ (1633), a poem in10 books, giving an elaborate allegorical description of the body andmind of man, which, though tedious and fanciful, contains some finepassages, recalling the harmonious sweetness of Spenser, whose disciplethe poet was. He was also the author of _Piscatory Dialogues_. GILES, theyounger, was also _ed. _ at Camb. , and, like his brother, became a countryparson, being Rector of Alderton. His poem, _Christ's Victory andTriumph_ (1610), which, though it contains passages rising to sublimity, is now almost unknown except to students of English literature, is saidto have influenced Milton. 

Both brothers, but especially Giles, had a genuine poetic gift, but alikein the allegorical treatment of their subjects and the metre theyadopted, they followed a style which was passing away, and thus missedpopularity. They were cousins of John F. , the dramatist. 

FLORENCE of WORCESTER (_d. _ 1118). --Chronicler, was a monk of Worcester. His work is founded upon that of Marianus, an Irish chronicler, supplemented by additions taken from the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, Bede's_Lives of the Saints_, and Asser's _Life of Alfred_. After his death itwas brought down to 1295. 

FLORIO, JOHN (1553?-1625). --Translator, _s. _ of an Italian preacher, exiled for his Protestantism, but who appears to have lost credit owingto misconduct, _b. _ in London, was, about 1576, a private tutor oflanguages at Oxf. In 1581 he was admitted a member of Magdalen Coll. , and teacher of French and Italian. Patronised by various noblemen, hebecame in 1603 reader in Italian to Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I. He_pub. _ _First Fruites_ (1578). _Second Fruites_ (1591), consisting ofItalian and English Dialogues, and his great Italian dictionary entitled_A World of Wonder_, in 1598. His chief contribution to pure literatureis his famous translation of _The Essays of Montaigne_, in stately ifsomewhat stiff Elizabethan English. 

FONBLANQUE, ALBANY WILLIAM (1793-1872). --Journalist and political writer, was of Huguenot descent, the _s. _ of a Commissioner in Bankruptcy. He wasbred to the law, but deserted it for journalism, in which he took a highplace. He wrote much for _The Times_, and _Westminster Review_, andsubsequently became ed. And proprietor of the _Examiner_. His bestarticles were republished as _England under Seven Administrations_(1837). He also wrote _How we are Governed_. In 1847 he was appointedStatistical Sec. To the Board of Trade. 

FOOTE, SAMUEL (1720-1777). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ at Truro of a goodfamily, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , succeeded by his extravagance and folly inrunning through two fortunes. To repair his finances he turned to thestage, and began with tragedy, in which he failed. He then took tocomedy, and the mimetic representation of living characters, for whichhis extraordinary comic powers highly qualified him. He also became aprolific author of dramatic pieces. He wrote 20 plays, and claimed tohave added 16 original characters to the stage. Several of his pieces, owing to the offence they gave to persons of importance, were suppressed, but were usually revived in a slightly modified form. His conversationwas agreeable and entertaining in the highest degree. Among his bestworks are _An Auction of Pictures_, _The Liar_, and _The Mayor ofGarratt_ (1763), _The Lame Lover_ (1770), _The Knights_ (1749), _Author_(suppressed) 1757, _Devil upon Two Sticks_ (1768), _The Nabob_ (1779), _The Capuchin_ (1776). 

FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809-1868). --Natural Philosopher, _s. _ of SirWilliam F. , of Pitsligo, was _b. _ and _ed. _ at Edin. He studied law, andwas called to the Bar, but devoted himself to science, in which he gaineda great reputation both as a discoverer and teacher. He was Prof. OfNatural Philosophy at Edin. , 1833-1859, when he succeeded Sir D. Brewster, as Principal of the United Coll. At St. Andrews. He was one ofthe founders of the British Association in 1831. His scientificinvestigations and discoveries embraced the subjects of heat, light, polarisation, and specially glaciers. In connection with the last ofthese he wrote _Travels through the Alps_ (1843), _Norway and itsGlaciers_ (1853), _Tour of Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa_ (1855), and _Paperson the Theory of Glaciers_. 

FORD, JOHN (_c. _ 1586?). --Dramatist, _b. _ probably at Ilsington, Devonshire, was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1602, and appears tohave practised as a lawyer. His chief plays are _The Lover's Melancholy_(1629), _'Tis Pity_, _The Broken Heart_, and _Love's Sacrifice_ (1633), _Perkin Warbeck_ (1634), _The Lady's Trial_ (1639), and _Fancies Chasteand Noble_ (1638). He also collaborated with Dekker and Rowley in _TheWitch of Edmonton_ (1624). F. Has a high position as a dramatist, thoughrather for general intellectual power and austere beauty of thought thanfor strictly dramatic qualities. C. Lamb says, "F. Was of the first orderof poets. " He had little humour; his plays, though the subjects arepainful, and sometimes horrible, are full of pensive tenderness expressedin gently flowing verse. The date of his death is uncertain. 

FORD, PAUL LEICESTER (1865-1902). --Novelist and biographer, was _b. _ inBrooklyn. He wrote Lives of Washington, Franklin, and others, ed. Theworks of Jefferson, and wrote a number of novels, which had considerablesuccess, including _Peter Sterling_ (1894), _Story of an Untold Love_, _Janice Meredith_, _Wanted a Matchmaker_, and _Wanted a Chaperone_. He_d. _ by his own hand. 

FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858). --Writer on art and travel, _ed. _ at Winchesterand Camb. , and travelled for several years in Spain, becoming intimatelyacquainted with the country and people. He wrote a _Handbook forTravellers in Spain_ (1845), which is much more than a mere guide-book, and _Gatherings from Spain_ (1846). An accomplished artist and artcritic, he was the first to make the great Spanish painter, Velasquez, generally known in England. 

FORDUN, JOHN (_d. _ 1384?). --Chronicler, said to have been a chantrypriest and Canon of Aberdeen. He began the _Scotichronicon_, for which heprepared himself, it is said, by travelling on foot through Britain andIreland in search of materials. He also compiled _Gesta Annalia_, acontinuation. He brought the history down to 1153, leaving, however, material to the time of his own death, which was subsequently worked upby Walter Bower (_q. V. _). 

FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876). --Historian and biographer, _b. _ at Newcastle, _ed. _ at the Grammar School there, and at Univ. Coll. , London, became abarrister of the Inner Temple, but soon relinquished law for literature. In 1834 he accepted the post of assistant ed. Of the _Examiner_, and wased. 1847-55. In this position F. Exercised a marked influence on publicopinion. He also ed. The _Foreign Quarterly Review_ 1842-3, the _DailyNews_ in 1846, and was Sec. To the Lunacy Commission and a Commissioner1861-72. His historical writings were chiefly biographies, among whichare _Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England_ (1836-9), _Life ofGoldsmith_ (1854), _Biographical and Historical Essays_ (1859), _Sir JohnEliot_ (1864), _Lives of Walter S. Landor_ (1868), and _Charles Dickens_(1871-4). He also left the first vol. Of a Life of Swift. F. , who was aman of great decision and force of character, concealed an unusuallytender heart under a somewhat overbearing manner. 

FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (1394?-1476?). --Political writer, was descended froma Devonshire family. He was an eminent lawyer, and held the office ofLord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1442). During the Wars of theRoses he was a staunch Lancastrian. On the triumph of Edward IV. AtTowton he was attainted, and followed the fortunes of the fallenLancastrians, accompanying Queen Margaret to Scotland and Flanders. Hefought at Tewkesbury, was captured, but pardoned on condition of writingin support of the Yorkish claims, which he did, considering that his ownparty appeared to be hopelessly ruined. He is said to have been at onetime Lord Chancellor; but it is probable that this was only a titularappointment given him by the exiled family. His works are variousdefences of the Lancastrian title to the crown, and two treatises, _DeLaudibus Legum Angliæ_ (1537) (in praise of the laws of England), and _Onthe Governance of the Kingdom of England_, not printed till 1714, theformer for the instruction of Edward, Prince of Wales. 

FORSTER, JOHN (1770-1843). --Essayist, was _b. _ at Halifax, and _ed. _ atBristol for the Baptist ministry. Though a man of powerful and originalmind he did not prove popular as a preacher, and devoted himself mainlyto literature, his chief contribution to which is his four Essays (1) _Ona Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself_, (2) _On Decision of Character_, (3)_On the Epithet "Romantic_, " (4) _On Evangelical Religion, etc. _, all ofwhich attracted much attention among the more thoughtful part of thecommunity, and still hold their place. These Essays were _pub. _ in 1805, and in 1819. F. Added another on the _Evils of Popular Ignorance_, inwhich he advocated a national system of education. 

FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864). --Song-writer, was _b. _ inPittsburgh. He wrote over 100 songs, many of which had extraordinarypopularity, among which may be mentioned _The Old Folks at Home_, _NellyBly_, _Old Dog Tray_, _Camp Town Races_, _Massa's in de cold, coldGround_, and _Come where my Love lies Dreaming_. He composed the music tohis songs. 

FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806). --Statesman and historian, _s. _ of HenryF. , 1st Lord Holland, was one of the greatest orators who have ever satin the House of Commons. His only serious literary work was a fragment ofa proposed _History of the Reign of James the Second_. An introductorychapter sketching the development of the constitution from the time ofHenry VII. , and a few chapters conducting the history up to the executionof Monmouth are all which he completed. 

FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691). --Religious enthusiast, and founder of theSociety of Friends, _b. _ at Drayton, Leicestershire, was in youth thesubject of peculiar religious impressions and trances, and adopted awandering life. The protests which he conceived himself bound to makeagainst the prevailing beliefs and manners, and which sometimes took theform of interrupting Divine service, and the use of uncomplimentary formsof address to the clergy, involved him in frequent trouble. The clergy, the magistrates, and the mob alike treated him with harshness amountingto persecution. None of these things, however, moved him, and friends, many of them influential, among them Oliver Cromwell, extended favourtowards him. From 1659 onwards he made various missionary journeys inScotland, Ireland, America, and Holland. Later he was repeatedlyimprisoned, again visited the Continent, and _d. _ in 1691. F. 's literaryworks are his _Journal_, _Epistles_, and _Doctrinal Pieces_. He was not aman of strong intellect, and the defence of his doctrines was undertakenby the far more competent hand of his follower, Barclay (_q. V. _). The_Journal_, however, is full of interest as a sincere transcript of thesingular experiences, religious and others, of a spiritual enthusiast andmystic. 

The best Life is that by Hodgkin, 1896. _Journal_ (reprint, 1885). 

FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587). --Martyrologist, was _b. _ at Boston, Lincolnshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he became a Fellow of Magdalen Coll. While therehe gave himself to the study of the theological questions then in debate, and ended by becoming a Protestant, in consequence of which he in 1545left his coll. He then became tutor in the family of Sir T. Lucy ofCharlecote, and afterwards to the children of the recently executed Earlof Surrey. During the reign of Mary he retired to the Continent, and_pub. _, at Strasburg, his _Commentarii_ (the first draft of the _Acts andMonuments_). Removing to Basel he was employed as a reader for the pressby the famous printer Oporinus, who _pub. _ some of his writings. On theaccession of Elizabeth, F. Returned to England, was received withkindness by the Duke of Norfolk, one of his former pupils, and soonafterwards (1563) _pub. _ the work on which his fame rests, the Englishversion of the _Acts and Monuments_, better known as _The Book Martyrs_. Received with great favour by the Protestants, it was, and has alwaysbeen, charged by the Roman Catholics with gross and wilful perversion offacts. The truth of the matter appears to be that while Foxe was not, asin the circumstances he could hardly have been, free from party spirit orfrom some degree of error as to facts, he did not intentionally try tomislead; and comparison of his citations from authorities with theoriginals has shown him to have been careful and accurate in that matter. F. , who had been ordained a priest in 1560, became Canon of Salisbury in1563. He wrote sundry other theological works, and _d. _ in 1587. There isa memoir of him attributed to his _s. _, but of doubtful authenticity. Some of his papers, used by Strype (_q. V. _), are now in the BritishMuseum. 

FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (1740-1818). --Reputed author of _The Letters ofJunius_, _s. _ of the Rev. Philip F. , a scholar of some note, was _b. _ inDublin. On the recommendation of Lord Holland he received an appointmentin the office of the Sec. Of State, and was thereafter private sec. ToLord Kinnoull in Portugal, and to Pitt in 1761-2. He was then transferredto the War Office, where he remained from 1762-72, during which period hecontributed to the press under various pseudonyms. His next appointmentwas that of a member of Council of Bengal, which he held from 1773-80. While in India he was in continual conflict with the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, by whom he was wounded in a duel in 1779. He returned toEngland in 1780 with a large fortune, and entered Parliament as a Whig. In 1787 he was associated with Burke in the impeachment of Hastings, against whom he showed extraordinary vindictiveness. Later he was asympathiser with the French Revolution, and a member of the associationof the Friends of the People. He retired from public life in 1807, and_d. _ in 1818. He was the author of about 20 political pamphlets, but thegreat interest attaching to him is his reputed authorship of the _Lettersof Junius_. These letters which, partly on account of the boldness andimplacability of their attacks and the brilliance of their literarystyle, and partly because of the mystery in which their author wrappedhimself, created an extraordinary impression, and have ever sinceretained their place as masterpieces of condensed sarcasm. They appearedin _The Public Advertiser_, a paper _pub. _ by Woodfall, the first onJanuary 21, 1769, and the last on the corresponding day of 1772, and werechiefly directed against the Dukes of Grafton and Bedford, and LordMansfield; but even the king himself did not escape. Not only were thepublic actions of those attacked held up to execration, but everycircumstance in their private lives which could excite odium was draggedinto the light. Their authorship was attributed to many distinguishedmen, _e. G. _ Burke, Lord Shelburne, J. Wilkes, Horne Tooke, and Barré, andrecently to Gibbon; but the evidence appears to point strongly to F. , and, in the opinion of Macaulay, would "support a verdict in a civil, nay, in a criminal trial. " It rests upon such circumstances as thesimilarity of the MS. To what is known to be the disguised writing of F. , the acquaintance of the writer with the working of the Sec. Of State'sOffice and the War Office, his denunciation of the promotion of a Mr. Chamier in the War Office, which was a well-known grievance of F. , hisacquaintance with Pitt, and the existence of a strong tie to LordHolland, the silence of Junius when F. Was absent, and resemblances inthe style and the moral character of the writer to those of F. 

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790). --American statesman, philosopher, andwriter, was one of a numerous family. His _f. _ was a soap-boiler atBoston, where F. Was _b. _ He was apprenticed at the age of 13 to hisbrother, a printer, who treated him harshly. After various changes, during which he lived in New York, London, and Philadelphia, he at lastsucceeded in founding a successful business as a printer. He also starteda newspaper, _The Gazette_, which was highly popular, _Poor Richard'sAlmanac_, and the _Busybody Papers_, in imitation of the _Spectator_. After holding various minor appointments, he was made deputyPostmaster-General for the American Colonies. In 1757 he went to Londonon some public business in which he was so successful that variouscolonies appointed him their English agent. In the midst of his variedavocations he found time for scientific investigation, especially withregard to electricity. For these he became known over the civilisedworld, and was loaded with honours. In 1762 he returned to America, andtook a prominent part in the controversies which led to the RevolutionaryWar and the independence of the Colonies. In 1776 he was U. S. Minister toFrance, and in 1782 was a signatory of the treaty which confirmed theindependence of the States. He returned home in 1785, and, after holdingvarious political offices, retired in 1788, and _d. _ in 1790. Hisautobiography is his chief contribution to literature, and is of thehighest interest. 

Works (10 vols. , Bigelow, 1887-9), Autobiography (1868), Lives byM'Master (1887), and Morse (1889). 

FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892). --Historian, _s. _ of John F. , was_b. _ at Harborne, Staffordshire. He lost both his parents in childhood, and was brought up by his paternal grandmother. He was _ed. _ at privateschools, and as a private pupil of the Rev. R. Gutch, whose _dau. _ heafterwards _m. _ In 1841 he was elected to a scholarship at Oxf. He hadinherited an income sufficient to make him independent of a profession, and a prepossession in favour of the celibacy of the clergy disinclinedhim to enter the Church, of which he had at one time thought. He settledultimately at Somerleaze, near Wells, where he occupied himself in study, writing for periodicals, and with the duties of a magistrate. He was astrong Liberal, and on one occasion stood unsuccessfully as a candidatefor Parliament. He was also twice unsuccessful as an applicant forprofessional chairs, but ultimately, in 1884, succeeded Stubbs as Prof. Of Modern History at Oxf. He had always been an enthusiastic traveller, and it was when on a tour in Spain that he took ill and _d. _ on May 16, 1892. F. Was a voluminous author, and a keen controversialist. His firstbook was a _History of Architecture_ (1849), and among the very numerouspublications which he issued the most important were _History of FederalGovernment_ (1863), _The History of the Norman Conquest_ (6 vols. , 1867-79), _The Historical Geography of Europe_ (1881-2), _The Reign ofWilliam Rufus_ (1882), and an unfinished _History of Sicily_. Besidesthese he wrote innumerable articles in periodicals, many of which wereseparately _pub. _ and contain much of his best work. He was laborious andhonest, but the controversial cast of his mind sometimes coloured hiswork. His short books, such as his _William I. _, and his _General Sketchof European History_, are marvels of condensation, and show him at hisbest. His knowledge of history was singularly wide, and he sometimesshowed a great power of vivid presentation. 

FRENEAU, PHILIP (1752-1832). --Poet, _b. _ in New York, produced two vols. Of verse (1786-8), the most considerable contribution to poetry made upto that date in America. He fought in the Revolutionary War, was takenprisoner, and confined in a British prison-ship, the arrangements ofwhich he bitterly satirised in _The British Prison Ship_ (1781). He alsowrote vigorous prose, of which _Advice to Authors_ is an example. Amidmuch commonplace and doggerel, F. Produced a small amount of genuinepoetry in his short pieces, such as _The Indian Burying Ground_, and _TheWild Honeysuckle_. 

FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846). --Diplomatist, translator, and author, eldest _s. _ of John F. , a distinguished antiquary, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. He became a clerk in the Foreign Office, andsubsequently entering Parliament was appointed Under Foreign Sec. In 1800he was Envoy to Portugal, and was Ambassador to Spain 1802-4, and again1808-9. In 1818 he retired to Malta, where he _d. _ He was a contributorto the _Anti-Jacobin_, to Ellis's _Specimens of the Early English Poets_(1801), and to Southey's _Chronicle of the Cid_. He also made somemasterly translations from _Aristophanes_; but his chief originalcontribution to literature was a burlesque poem on _Arthur and the RoundTable_, purporting to be by William and Robert Whistlecraft. All F. 'swritings are characterised no less by scholarship than by wit. 

FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY (1818-1894). --Historian and essayist, 3rd _s. _ ofthe Archdeacon of Totnes, Devonshire, near which he was _b. _, andbrother of Richard Hurrell. F. , one of the leaders of the Tractarianparty, was _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. , where for a short timehe came under the influence of Newman, and contributed to his _Lives ofthe English Saints_, and in 1844 he took Deacon's orders. The connectionwith Newman was, however, short-lived; and the publication in 1848 of_The Nemesis of Faith_ showed that in the severe mental and spiritualconflict through which he had passed, the writer had not only escapedfrom all Tractarian influences, but was in revolt against many of thefundamental doctrines of Christianity. One result of the book was hisresignation of his Fellowship at Oxf. : another was his loss of anappointment as Head Master of the Grammar School of Hobart Town, Tasmania. In the same year began his friendship with Carlyle, and aboutthe same time he became a contributor to the _Westminster Review_ and to_Fraser's Magazine_, of which he was ed. From 1860-74. These papers wereafterwards _coll. _ and _pub. _ in the 4 vols. Of _Short Studies on GreatSubjects_. In 1856 he _pub. _ the first 2 vols. Of the great work of hislife, _The History of England from the Fall of Cardinal Wolsey to theSpanish Armada_, which extended to 12 vols. , the last of which appearedin 1870. As literature this work has a place among the greatestproductions of the century; but in its treatment it is much moredramatic, ethical, and polemical than historical in the strict sense; andindeed the inaccuracy in matters of fact to which F. Was liable, combinedwith his tendency to idealise and to colour with his own prejudices thecharacters who figure in his narrative, are serious deductions from thevalue of his work considered as history. _The English in Ireland in theEighteenth Century_ appeared in 1872-4. On the death of Carlyle in 1881, F. Found himself in the position of his sole literary executor, and inthat capacity _pub. _ successively the _Reminiscences_ (1881), _History ofthe First Forty Years of Carlyle's Life_ (1882), _Letters and Memorialsof Jane Welsh Carlyle_ (1883), _History of Carlyle's Life in London_(1884). The opinion is held by many that in the discharge of the dutiesentrusted to him by his old friend and master he showed neitherdiscretion nor loyalty; and his indiscreet revelations and grossinaccuracies evoked a storm of controversy and protest. F. Did notconfine his labours to purely literary effort. In 1874-5 he travelled asa Government Commissioner in South Africa with the view of fostering amovement in favour of federating the various colonies there; in 1876 heserved on the Scottish Univ. Commission; in 1884-5 he visited Australia, and gave the fruit of his observations to the world in _Oceana_ (1886), and in 1886-7 he was in the West Indies, and _pub. _ _The English in theWest Indies_ (1888). The year 1892 saw his appointment as Prof. Of ModernHistory at Oxf. , and his lectures there were _pub. _ in his last books, _Life and Letters of Erasmus_ (1894), _English Seamen in the SixteenthCentury_ (1895), and _The Council of Trent_ (1896). F. Was elected in1869 Lord Rector of the Univ. Of St. Andrews, and received the degree ofLL. D. From Edinburgh in 1884. By his instructions no Biography was to bewritten. 

FULLER, SARAH MARGARET (1810-1850). --Was _b. _ in Massachusetts, _dau. _ ofa lawyer, who encouraged her in over-working herself in the acquisitionof knowledge with life-long evil results to her health. On his death shesupported a large family of brothers and sisters by teaching. Her earlystudies had made her familiar with the literature not only of England butof France, Spain, and Italy; she had become imbued with German philosophyand mysticism, and she co-operated with Theodore Parker in his revoltagainst the Puritan theology till then prevalent in New England, andbecame the conductor of the Transcendentalist organ, _The Dial_, from1840-2. She made various translations from the German, and _pub. _ _Summeron the Lakes_ (1844), and _Papers on Literature and Art_ (1846). In thesame year she went to Europe, and at Rome met the Marquis Ossoli, anItalian patriot, whom she _m. _ in 1847. She and her husband were in thethick of the Revolution of 1848-9, and in the latter year she was incharge of a hospital at Rome. After the suppression of the Revolution sheescaped with her husband from Italy, and took ship for America. Thevoyage proved most disastrous: small-pox broke out on the vessel, andtheir infant child _d. _, the ship was wrecked on Fire Island, near NewYork, and she and her husband were lost. Destitute of personalattractions, she was possessed of a singular power of conciliatingsympathy. She was the intimate friend of Emerson, Hawthorn, Channing, andother eminent men. 

FULLER, THOMAS (1608-1661). --Divine and antiquary, _s. _ of a clergyman ofthe same name, was _b. _ at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire. Possessed ofexceptional intelligence and a wonderful memory, he became a goodscholar, and distinguished himself at Camb. , where he was sent. Enteringthe Church, he obtained rapid preferment, including the lectureship atthe Savoy, and a chaplaincy to Charles II. He was a voluminous author, his works dealing with theology, morals, history, and antiquities. Amongthe chief are _History of the Holy War_, _i. E. _ the Crusades (1643), _TheHoly State and the Profane State_ (1642), _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_(1650), _Church History of Britain_, _History of Cambridge University_(1655), _Worthies of England_ (1662), and _Good Thoughts in Bad Times_. The outstanding characteristic of F. 's writings is shrewd observationconveyed in a style of quaint humour. Lamb says, "His conceits areoftentimes deeply steeped in human feeling and passion. " But in additionthere is much wisdom and a remarkable power of casting his observationsinto a compact, aphoristic form. The _Worthies_, though far from being asystematic work, is full of interesting biographical and antiquarianmatter which, but for the pains of the author, would have been lost. Coleridge says of him, "He was incomparably the most sensible, the leastprejudiced great man in an age that boasted a galaxy of great men. " F. , who was of a singularly amiable character, was a strong Royalist, andsuffered the loss of his preferments during the Commonwealth. They were, however, given back to him at the Restoration. 

Lives by Russell (1844), J. E. Bailey (1874), and M. Fuller (1886). 

FULLERTON, LADY GEORGIANA (LEVESON-GOWER) (1812-1885). --Novelist, _dau. _of the 1st Earl Granville, and sister of the eminent statesman. She wrotea number of novels, some of which had considerable success. They include_Ellen Middleton_ (1844), _Grantley Manor_ (1847), and _Too Strange notto be True_ (1864). She also _pub. _ two vols. Of verse. She joined theChurch of Rome in 1846. 

GAIMAR, GEOFFREY (_fl. _ 1140?). --Chronicler, translated the chronicle ofGeoffrey of Monmouth into French verse for the wife of his patron, RalphFitz-Gilbert, and added a continuation dealing with the Saxon Kings. Hiswork is entitled _L'Estoire des Engles_. 

GALT, JOHN (1779-1839). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of thecaptain of a West Indiaman, was _b. _ at Irvine, Ayrshire, but while stilla young man he went to London and formed a commercial partnership, whichproved unfortunate, and he then entered Lincoln's Inn to study law. Alittle before this he had produced his first book, a poem on the Battleof Largs, which, however, he soon suppressed. He then went to variousparts of the Continent in connection with certain commercial schemes, andmet Lord Byron, with whom he travelled for some time. Returning home he_pub. _ _Letters from the Levant_, which had a favourable reception, andsome dramas, which were less successful. He soon, however, found his truevocation in the novel of Scottish country life, and his fame rests uponthe _Ayrshire Legatees_ (1820), _The Annals of the Parish_ (1821), _SirAndrew Wylie_ (1822), _The Entail_ (1824), and _The Provost_. He was notso successful in the domain of historical romance, which he tried in_Ringan Gilbaize_, _The Spae-wife_, _The Omen_, etc. , although thesecontain many striking passages. In addition to his novels G. Producedmany historical and biographical works, including a _Life of Wolsey_(1812), _Life and Studies of Benjamin West_ (1816), _Tour of Asia_, _Lifeof Byron_ (1830), _Lives of the Players_, and an Autobiography (1834). Inaddition to this copious literary output, G. Was constantly forming andcarrying out commercial schemes, the most important of which was theCanada Company, which, like most of his other enterprises, thoughconducted with great energy and ability on his part, ended indisappointment and trouble for himself. In 1834 he returned from Canadato Greenock, broken in health and spirits, and _d. _ there in 1839 ofparalysis. G. Was a man of immense talent and energy, but would have helda higher place in literature had he concentrated these qualities uponfewer objects. Most of his 60 books are forgotten, but some of hisnovels, especially perhaps _The Annals of the Parish_, have deservedly asecure place. The town of Galt in Canada is named after him. 

GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829-1902). --Historian, _b. _ at Alresford, Hants, was _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. In 1855 he _m. _ Isabella, _dau. _of Edward Irving (_q. V. _), the founder of the Catholic Apostolic Church, which he joined, and in which he ultimately held high office. About thetime of his leaving Oxf. He had planned his great work, _The History ofEngland from the Accession of James I. To the Restoration_, and theaccomplishment of this task he made the great object of his life for morethan 40 years. The first two vols. Appeared in 1863 as _The History ofEngland from the Accession of James I. To the Disgrace of Chief JusticeCooke_, and subsequent instalments appeared under the following titles:_Prince Charles and The Spanish Marriage_ (1867), _England underBuckingham and Charles I. _ (1875), _Personal Government of Charles I. _(1877), _The Fall of the Government of Charles I. _ (1881); these were in1883-4 re-issued in a consolidated form entitled _History of England fromthe Accession of James I. To the Outbreak of the Civil War_. The secondsection of the work, _History of the Great Civil War_, followed in threevols. _pub. _ in 1886, 1889, and 1891 respectively, and three more vols. , _History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate_ in 1894, 1897, and 1901, brought the story down to 1656, when the health of the indefatigablewriter gave way, and he _d. _ in 1902. In addition to this monumental workG. Wrote many school and college historical text-books, and contributedto the Epochs of Modern History Series, _The Thirty Years' War_ (1874), and _The First Two Stuarts_ (1876); he also wrote _Outlines of EnglishHistory_, three parts (1881-3), and _Students' History of England_, threeparts (1891). From 1871-85 he was Prof. Of History at King's Coll. , London, and lecturer on history for the London Society for the Extensionof Univ. Teaching. He also ed. Many of the historical documents which heunearthed in his investigations, and many of those issued by the"Camden, " "Clarendon, " and other societies. He was ed. Of _The EnglishHistorical Review_, and contributed largely to the _Dictionary ofNational Biography_. The sober and unadorned style of G. 's works didlittle to commend them to the general reader, but their eminent learning, accuracy, impartiality, and the laborious pursuit of truth which theyexhibited earned for him, from the first, the respect and admiration ofscholars and serious students of history; and as his great work advancedit was recognised as a permanent contribution to historical literature. In 1882 he received a civil list pension, and was elected to ResearchFellowships, first by All Souls' Coll. , and subsequently by Merton. Heheld honorary degrees from the Univ. Of Oxford, Gottingen, and Edinburgh. 

GARNETT, RICHARD (1835-1906). --Biographer and writer on literature, _s. _of Richard G. , an assistant keeper of Printed Books in the BritishMuseum. _B. _ at Lichfield, and _ed. _ at a school in, Bloomsbury, heentered the British Museum in 1851 as an assistant librarian. There heremained for nearly 50 years, and rose to be Keeper of Printed Books. Heacquired a marvellous knowledge of books, and of everything connectedwith pure literature. He made numerous translations from the Greek, German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, and wrote books of gracefulverse, _The Twilight of the Gods and other Tales_ (1888), variousbiographical works on Carlyle, Milton, Blake, and others, _The Age ofDryden_, a _History of Italian Literature_, and contributed many articlesto encyclopædias, and to the _Dictionary of National Biography_. 

GARRICK, DAVID (1717-1779). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ at Hereford, butgot most of his education at Lichfield, to which his _f. _ belonged. Hewas also one of the three pupils who attended Johnson's School at Edial. With his great preceptor, whom he accompanied to London, he alwaysremained on friendly terms. He took to the stage, and became the greatestof English actors. He also wrote various plays, and adaptations, and didnot scruple to undertake "improved" versions of some of Shakespeare'sgreatest plays including _Cymbeline_, _The Taming of the Shrew_, and_The Winter s Tale_, performing the same service for Jonson andWycherley, in the last case with much more excuse. Of his original plays_The Lying Valet_ and _Miss in her Teens_ are perhaps the best. 

GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879). --Orator, was _b. _ at Newburyport, Mass. Though chiefly known for his eloquent advocacy of negroemancipation, he is also remembered for his _Sonnets and other Poems_(1847). 

GARTH, SIR SAMUEL (1661-1719). --Physician and poet, _b. _ at Bolam in thecounty of Durham, and _ed. _ at Camb. , he settled as a physician inLondon, where he soon acquired a large practice. He was a zealous Whig, the friend of Addison and, though of different political views, of Pope, and he ended his career as physician to George I. , by whom he wasknighted in 1714. He is remembered as the author of _The Dispensary_, asatire, which had great popularity in its day, and of _Claremont_, adescriptive poem. He also ed. A translation of Ovid's _Metamorphoses_, towhich Addison, Pope, and others contributed. Perhaps, however, thecircumstance most honourable to him is his intervention to procure anhonourable burial for Dryden, over whose remains he pronounced a eulogy. 

GASCOIGNE, GEORGE (1525 or 1535-1577). --Poet and dramatist, _s. _ of SirJohn G. , and descended from Sir William G. , the famous Chief Justice toHenry IV. , he was _ed. _ at Camb. , and entered Gray's Inn 1555. Whilethere he produced two plays, both translations, _The Supposes_ (1566)from Ariosto, and _Jocasta_ (1566) from Euripides. Disinherited onaccount of his prodigality, he _m. _ in order to rehabilitate hisfinances, a widow, the mother of Nicholas Breton (_q. V. _). He had, nevertheless, to go to Holland to escape from the importunities of hiscreditors. While there he saw service under the Prince of Orange, and wastaken prisoner by the Spaniards. Released after a few months, he returnedto England, and found that some of his poems had been surreptitiously_pub. _ He thereupon issued an authoritative ed. Under the title of _AnHundred Sundrie Floures bound up in one Poesie_ (1572). Other works are_Notes of Instruction_, for making English verse, _The Glasse ofGovernment_ (1575), and _The Steele Glasse_ (1576), a satire. He alsocontributed to the entertainments in honour of Queen Elizabeth atKenilworth and appears to have had a share of Court favour. G. Was a manof originality, and did much to popularise the use of blank verse inEngland. 

GASKELL, ELIZABETH CLEGHORN (STEVENSON) (1810-1865). --Novelist, _dau. _ ofWilliam Stevenson, a Unitarian minister, and for some time Keeper of theTreasury Records. She _m. _ William G. , a Unitarian minister, atManchester, and in 1848 _pub. _ anonymously her first book, _Mary Barton_, in which the life and feelings of the manufacturing working classes aredepicted with much power and sympathy. Other novels followed, _LizzieLeigh_ (1855), _Mr. Harrison's Confessions_ (1865), _Ruth_ (1853), _Cranford_ (1851-3), _North and South_ (1855), _Sylvia's Lovers_ (1863), etc. Her last work was _Wives and Daughters_ (1865), which appeared inthe _Cornhill Magazine_, and was left unfinished. Mrs. G. Had some ofthe characteristics of Miss Austen, and if her style and delineation ofcharacter are less minutely perfect, they are, on the other hand, imbuedwith a deeper vein of feeling. She was the friend of Charlotte Bronté(_q. V. _), to whom her sympathy brought much comfort, and whose _Life_ shewrote. Of _Cranford_ Lord Houghton wrote, "It is the finest piece ofhumoristic description that has been added to British literature sinceCharles Lamb. "

GATTY, MRS. ALFRED (MARGARET SCOTT) (1809-1873). --_Dau. _ of Rev. A. J. Scott, D. D. , a navy chaplain, who served under, and was the trustedfriend of, Nelson. She _m. _ the Rev. Alfred Gatty, D. D. , Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, and became a highly useful and popular writer of tales foryoung people. Among her books may be mentioned _Parables from Nature_, _Worlds not Realised_, _Proverbs Illustrated_, and _Aunt Judy's Tales_. She also conducted _Aunt Judy's Magazine_, and wrote a book on Britishsea-weeds. Juliana Ewing (_q. V. _) was her daughter. 

GAUDEN, JOHN (1605-1662). --Theologian, _b. _ at Mayfield in Essex, and_ed. _ at Camb. His claim to remembrance rests on his being the reputedauthor of _Eikon Basiliké_ (the Royal Image), a book purporting to bewritten by Charles I. During his imprisonment, and containing religiousmeditations and defences of his political acts. _Pub. _ immediately afterthe King's execution, it produced an extraordinary effect, so much sothat Charles II. Is reported to have said that, had it been _pub. _ a weekearlier, it would have saved his father's life. There seems now to belittle doubt that Gauden was the author. At all events he claimed to berecompensed for his services, and was made Bishop successively of Exeterand Worcester, apparently on the strength of these claims. The workpassed through 50 ed. Within a year, and was answered by Milton in his_Iconoclastes_ (the Image-breaker). 

GAY, JOHN (1685-1732). --Poet and dramatist, _b. _ near Barnstaple of agood but decayed family. His parents dying while he was a child he wasapprenticed to a silk-mercer in London, but not liking the trade, wasreleased by his master. In 1708 he _pub. _ a poem, _Wine_, and in 1713_Rural Sports_, which he dedicated to Pope, whose friendship he obtained. A little before this he had received an appointment as sec. In thehousehold of the Duchess of Monmouth. His next attempts were in thedrama, in which he was not at first successful; but about 1714 he madehis first decided hit in _The Shepherd's Week_, a set of six pastoralsdesigned to satirise Ambrose Philips, which, however, secured publicapproval on their own merits. These were followed by _Trivia_ (1716), inwhich he was aided by Swift, an account in mock heroic verse of thedangers of the London streets, and by _The Fan_. G. Had always beenambitious of public employment, and his aspirations were gratified by hisreceiving the appointment of sec. To an embassy to Hanover, which, however, he appears to have resigned in a few months. He then returned tothe drama in _What d'ye call It_, and _Three Hours after Marriage_, neither of which, however, took the public fancy. In 1720 he _pub. _ acollection of his poems, which brought him £1000, but soon after lostall his means in the collapse of the South Sea Company. After producinganother drama, _The Captive_, he _pub. _ his _Fables_ (1727), which addedto his reputation, and soon after, in 1728, achieved the great success ofhis life in _The Beggar's Opera_, a Newgate pastoral, suggested by Swift, in which the graces and fantasticalities of the Italian Opera weresatirised. A sequel, _Polly_, was suppressed by the Lord Chamberlain asreflecting upon the Court, but was _pub. _ and had an enormous sale. Thelast few years of his life were passed in the household of the Duke ofQueensberry, who had always been his friend and patron. He _d. _ afterthree days' illness, aged 47. G. Was an amiable, easy-going man, whoappears to have had the power of attracting the strong attachments of hisfriends, among whom were Pope and Swift. He seems to have been one of thevery few for whom the latter had a sincere affection. He is buried inWestminster Abbey. Of all he has written he is best remembered by one ortwo songs, of which the finest is _Black-eyed Susan_. 

GEDDES, ALEXANDER (1737-1802). --Theologian and scholar, of Roman Catholicparentage, was _b. _ at Ruthven, Banffshire, and _ed. _ for the priesthoodat the local seminary of Scalan, and at Paris, and became a priest in hisnative county. His translation of the _Satires_ of Horace made him knownas a scholar, but his liberality of view led to his suspension. He thenwent to London, where he became known to Lord Petre, who enabled him toproceed with a new translation of the Bible for English Roman Catholics, which he carried on as far as Ruth, with some of the Psalms, and whichwas _pub. _ in 3 vols. (1792-6). This was followed by _Critical Remarks onthe Hebrew Scriptures_, in which he largely anticipated the German schoolof criticism. The result of this publication was his suspension from allecclesiastical functions. G. Was also a poet, and wrote _Linton: aTweedside Pastoral_, _Carmen Seculare pro Gallica Gente_ (1790), inpraise of the French Revolution. He _d. _ without recanting, but receivedabsolution at the hands of a French priest, though public mass for hissoul was forbidden by the ecclesiastical powers. 

GEOFFREY of MONMOUTH (1100?-1154). --Chronicler, was probably aBenedictine monk, and became Bishop of St. Asaph. He wrote a Latin_History of British Kings_. _Merlin's Prophecies_, long attributed tohim, is now held to be not genuine. The history is rather a historicalromance than a sober history, and gave scandal to some of the moreprosaic chroniclers who followed him. It was subsequently translated intoAnglo-Norman by Gaimar and Wace, and into English by Layamon. 

GERARD, ALEXANDER (1728-1795). --Philosophical writer, _s. _ of Rev. Gilbert G. , was _ed. _ at Aberdeen, where he became Prof. , first ofNatural Philosophy, and afterwards of Divinity, and one of the ministersof the city. As a prof. He introduced various reforms. In 1756 he gainedthe prize for an _Essay on Taste_ which, together with an _Essay onGenius_, he subsequently _pub. _ These treatises, though now superseded, gained for him considerable reputation. 

GIBBON, EDWARD (1737-1794). --Historian, was _b. _ at Putney of an ancientKentish family. His _f. _ was Edward G. , and his mother Judith Porten. Hewas the only one of a family of seven who survived infancy, and washimself a delicate child with a precocious love of study. After receivinghis early education at home he was sent to Westminster School, and when15 was entered at Magdalen Coll. , Oxf. , where, according to his ownaccount, he spent 14 months idly and unprofitably. Oxf. Was then at itslowest ebb, and earnest study or effort of any kind had littleencouragement. G. , however, appears to have maintained his wide readingin some degree, and his study of Bossuet and other controversialists ledto his becoming in 1753 a Romanist. To counteract this his _f. _ placedhim under the charge of David Mallet (_q. V. _), the poet, deist, and ed. Of Bolingbroke's works, whose influence, not unnaturally, failed of thedesired effect, and G. Was next sent to Lausanne, and placed under thecare of a Protestant pastor, M. Pavilliard. Various circumstances appearto have made G. Not unwilling to be re-converted to Protestantism; at allevents he soon returned to the reformed doctrines. At Lausanne heremained for over four years, and devoted himself assiduously to study, especially of French literature and the Latin classics. At this time alsohe became engaged to Mademoiselle Suzanne Curchod; but on the match beingperemptorily opposed by his _f. _ it was broken off. With the lady, whoeventually became the wife of Necker, and the mother of Madame de Staël, he remained on terms of friendship. In 1758 G. Returned to England, andin 1761 _pub. _ _Essai sur l'Etude de la Littérature_, translated intoEnglish in 1764. About this time he made a tour on the Continent, visiting Paris, where he stayed for three months, and thence proceedingto Switzerland and Italy. There it was that, musing amid the ruins of theCapitol at Rome on October 15, 1764, he formed the plan of writing thehistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He returned toEngland in 1765, and in 1770 his _f. _ _d. _, leaving him the embarrassedestate of Buriton, which had been his usual home when in England. With aview to recovering his affairs, he left his estate and lived in Londonwhere, in 1772, he seriously set himself to realise the great plan which, since its conception, had never been out of his thoughts. The firstchapter was written three times, and the second twice before he couldsatisfy himself that he had found the style suited to his subject. Theprogress of the work was delayed by the fact that G. Had meanwhile (1774)entered the House of Commons, where, as member for Liskeard, he was asteady, though silent, supporter of Lord North in his American policy. Hesubsequently sat for Lymington, and held office as a Commissioner ofTrade and Plantations 1779-82. The first vol. Of the _Decline and Fall_appeared in 1776, and was received with acclamation, and it was not untilsome time had elapsed that the author's treatment of the rise ofChristianity excited the attention and alarm of the religious andecclesiastical world. When, however, the far-reaching nature of his viewswas at length realised, a fierce and prolonged controversy arose, intowhich G. Himself did not enter except in one case where his fidelity asan historian was impugned. The second and third vols. Appeared in 1781, and thereafter (1783) G. Returned to Lausanne, where he lived tranquillywith an early friend, M. Deyverdun, devoting his mornings to thecompletion of his history, and his evenings to society. At length, onthe night of June 27, 1787, in the summer-house of his garden, the lastwords were penned, and the great work of his life completed. Of thecircumstances, and of his feelings at the moment, he has himself given animpressive account. The last three vols. Were issued in 1788, G. Havinggone to London to see them through the press. This being done he returnedto Lausanne where, within a year, his beloved friend Deyverdun _d. _ Hislast years were clouded by ill-health, and by anxieties with regard tothe French Revolution. In 1793, though travelling was a serious matterfor him, he came to England to comfort his friend Lord Sheffield on thedeath of his wife, took ill, and _d. _ suddenly in London on January 16, 1794. 

The place of G. Among historians is in the first rank, and if the vastscale of his work and the enormous mass of detail involved in it areconsidered along with the learning and research employed in accumulatingthe material, and the breadth of view, lucidity of arrangement, and senseof proportion which have fused them into a distinct and splendid picture, his claims to the first place cannot be lightly dismissed. His style, though not pure, being tinged with Gallicisms, is one of the most noblein our literature, rich, harmonious, and stately; and though sources ofinformation not accessible to him have added to our knowledge, and haveshown some of his conclusions to be mistaken, his historical accuracy hasbeen comparatively little shaken, and his work is sure of permanence. Asa man G. Seems to have been somewhat calm and cool in his feelings, though capable of steady and affectionate friendships, such as those withDeyverdun and the Sheffields, which were warmly reciprocated, and heappears to have been liked in society, where his brilliant conversationalpowers made him shine. He was vain, and affected the manners of the finegentleman, which his unattractive countenance and awkward figure, andlatterly his extreme corpulence, rendered somewhat ridiculous. He left aninteresting _Autobiography_. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1737, _ed. _ Westminster and Oxf. , became Romanist and sentto Lausanne 1753, where he returned to Protestantism, _pub. _ _Essay onStudy of Literature_ 1761, visited Rome 1764 and resolved to write his_Decline and Fall of Roman Empire_, began to write it 1772, _pub. _1776-87, _d. _ 1794. 

_Decline and Fall_ (Sir W. Smith, 8 vols. , 1854-55), another (J. B. Bury, 7 vols. , 1896-1900). _Autobiography_ (Lord Sheffield, 1796), oftenreprinted. 

GIFFORD, RICHARD (1725-1807). --Poet, was _ed. _ at Oxford and took orders. He was the author of a poem, _Contemplation_. He also wrote theologicaland controversial works. 

GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826). --Critic and poet, was _b. _ of humbleparentage at Ashburton, Devonshire, and after being for a short time atsea, was apprenticed to a cobbler. Having, however, shown signs ofsuperior ability, and a desire for learning, he was befriended and _ed. _, ultimately at Oxf. , where he _grad. _ Becoming known to Lord Grosvenor, hewas patronised by him, and in course of time produced his first poem, _The Baviad_ (1794), a satire directed against the Delia Cruscans, aclique of very small and sentimental poets, which at once quenched theirlittle tapers. This was followed by another satire, _The Mæviad_, against some minor dramatists. His last effort in this line was his_Epistle to Peter Pindar_ (Dr. Walcot), inspired by personal enmity, which evoked a reply, _A Cut at a Cobbler_. These writings hadestablished the reputation of G. As a keen, and even ferocious critic, and he was appointed in 1797 ed. Of the _Anti-Jacobin_, which Canning andhis friends had just started, and of the _Quarterly Review_ (1809-24). Healso brought out ed. Of Massinger, Ben Jonson, and Ford. As a critic hehad acuteness; but he was one-sided, prejudiced, and savagely bitter, andmuch more influenced in his judgments by the political opinions than bythe literary merits of his victims. In his whole career, however, hedisplayed independence and spirit in overcoming the disadvantages of hisearly life, as well as gratitude to those who had served him. He heldvarious appointments which placed him above financial anxiety. 

GILDAS (516?-570?). --British historian, was a monk who is believed tohave gone to Brittany about 550, and founded a monastery. He wrote ahistory, _De Excidio Britanniæ_ (concerning the overthrow of Britain). Itconsists of two parts, the first from the Roman invasion until the end ofthe 4th century, and the second a continuation to the writer's own time. It is obscure and wordy, and not of much value. 

GILDER, RICHARD WATSON (1844-1909). --Poet, _b. _ at Borderstown, NewJersey, was successively a lawyer, a soldier, and a journalist, in whichlast capacity he ed. _Scribner's_ (afterwards the _Century_) _Magazine_. He holds a high place among American poets as the author of _The New Day_(1875), _The Celestial Passion_, _The Great Remembrance_, _Five Books ofSong_ (1894), _In Palestine_ (1898), _In the Heights_ (1905), _A Book ofMusic_ (collection) (1906), etc. 

GILDON, CHARLES (1665-1724). --Critic and dramatist, belonged to a RomanCatholic family, and was an unsuccessful playwright, a literary hack, anda critic of little acumen or discrimination. He attacked Pope as "SawnyDapper, " and was in return embalmed in _The Dunciad_. He also wrote aLife of Defoe. 

GILFILLAN, GEORGE (1813-1878). --Poet and critic, _s. _ of a dissentingminister at Comrie, Perthshire, studied at Glasgow Univ. , and wasordained minister of a church in Dundee. He was a voluminous author. Among his writings are _Gallery of Literary Portraits_, and a Series ofBritish Poets with introductions and notes in 48 vols. He also wroteLives of Burns, Scott, and others, and _Night_ (1867), a poem in ninebooks. His style was somewhat turgid, and his criticism rathersympathetic than profound. 

GILFILLAN, ROBERT (1798-1850). --Poet, _b. _ at Dunfermline, was latterlyCollector of Police Rates in Leith. He wrote a number of Scottish songs, and was favourably mentioned in _Noctes Ambrosianæ_ (see Wilson, J. ). Hewas the author of the beautiful song, _Oh, why left I my Hame?_

GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648). --Scottish Theologian, was _b. _ atKirkcaldy, and studied at St. Andrews. He became one of the ministers ofEdin. , and was a member of the Westminster Assembly, in which he took aprominent part. A man of notable intellectual power, he exercised aninfluence remarkable in view of the fact that he _d. _ in his 36th year. He was one of the most formidable controversialists of a highlycontroversial age. His best known work is _Aaron's Rod Blossoming_, adefence of the ecclesiastical claims of the high Presbyterian party. 

GILLIES, JOHN (1747-1836). --Historian, _b. _ at Brechin and _ed. _ thereand at Glasgow, wrote a _History of Greece_ (1786) from a stronglyanti-democratic standpoint, a _History of the World from Alexander toAugustus_ (1807), and a _View of the Reign of Frederick II. Of Prussia_. He also made various translations from the Greek. He succeeded PrincipalRobertson as Historiographer Royal for Scotland. 

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (literary name of GERALD DE BARRI)(1146?-1220?). --Geographer and historian, was _b. _ of a Norman familysettled in Wales, which intermarried with the Royal family of thatcountry. He was an eminent scholar and Churchman, whose object ofambition was the Bishopric of St. David's, to which he was twice electedby the chapter, but from which he was kept out by the opposition of theKing. When travelling in Ireland with Prince John (1185) he wrote_Topographia Hibernica_, a valuable descriptive account of the country, and in 1188 he wrote _Itinerarium Cambriæ_, a similar work on Wales. Heleft several other works, including an autobiography, _De Rebus a seGestis_ (concerning his own doings). 

GISSING, GEORGE (1857-1903). --Novelist, _b. _ at Wakefield. In his novelshe depicted the environment and struggles of the lower and lower middleclasses with a somewhat pessimistic and depressing realism, although hislast work, _The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft_, seemed to usher in thedawn of a somewhat brighter outlook. His other novels include _Demos_(1886), _Thyrza_ (1887), _The Nether World_ (1889), _New Grub Street_(1891), _Born in Exile_ (1892), _In the Year of Jubilee_ (1894), and _TheTown Traveller_ (1898). He _d. _ at St. Jean de Luz in the Pyrenees. 

GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809-1898). --Statesman, scholar, and man ofletters, fourth _s. _ of Sir John G. , a merchant in Liverpool, was ofScottish ancestry. He was _ed. _ at Eton and Christ Church, Oxf. From hisyouth he was deeply interested in religious and ecclesiastical questions, and at one time thought of entering the Church. In 1832 he enteredParliament as a Tory, and from the first gave evidence of the splendidtalents for debate and statesmanship, especially in the department offinance, which raised him to the position of power and influence which heafterwards attained. After holding the offices of Pres. Of the Board ofTrade, Colonial Sec. , and Chancellor of the Exchequer, he attained theposition of Prime Minister, which he held four times 1868-74, 1880-85, 1885-86, and 1892-93. His political career was one of intense energy andactivity in every department of government, especially after he becamePrime Minister, and while it gained him the enthusiastic applause anddevotion of a large portion of the nation, it exposed him to acorrespondingly intense opposition on the part of another. The questionswhich involved him in the greatest conflicts of his life and evoked hischief efforts of intellect were the disestablishment of the Irish Church, the foreign policy of his great rival Disraeli, and Home Rule forIreland, on the last of which the old Liberal party was finally brokenup. In the midst of political labours which might have been sufficient toabsorb even his tireless energy, he found time to follow out and writeupon various subjects which possessed a life-long interest for him. Hisfirst book was _The State in its Relations with the Church_ (1839), whichformed the subject of one of Macaulay's essays. _Studies on Homer and theHomeric Age_ (1858), _Juventus Mundi_ (1869), and _Homeric Synchronism_(1876), _The Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture_ (1890), _The VaticanDecrees and Vaticanism_ (1874-75), and _Gleanings of Past Years_ (1897), 8 vols. , were his other principal contributions to literature. G. 'sscholarship, though sound and even brilliant, was of an old-fashionedkind, and his conclusions on Homeric questions have not received muchsupport from contemporary scholars. In his controversies with Huxley andothers his want of scientific knowledge and of sympathy with modernscientific tendencies placed him at a disadvantage. His character was asingularly complex one, and his intellect possessed a plasticity whichmade it possible to say of him that he never _was_ anything, but wasalways _becoming_ something. His life was a singularly noble andstainless one, and he must probably ever remain one of the great figuresin the history of his country. 

_Life_ by J. Morley (3 vols. ), others by J. M'Carthy, Sir Wemyss Reid, and many others. 

GLANVILL, JOSEPH (1636-1680). --Controversialist and moral writer, _b. _ atPlymouth, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , took orders, and held various benefices, including the Rectory of Bath Abbey and a prebend at Worcester. He cameunder the influence of the Camb. Platonists, especially of Henry More(_q. V. _). His contendings were chiefly with the English Nonconformists, against whom (with the exception of Baxter whom he held in great esteem)he exhibited great bitterness. His chief work is the _Vanity ofDogmatizing_ (1661) which contains the story of "The Scholar Gipsy, " inlater days turned to such fine account by Matthew Arnold. G. Wrote a fineliterary style, at its best recalling that of Sir Thomas Browne. 

GLAPTHORNE, HENRY (_fl. _ 1640). --Dramatist, had a high reputation amonghis contemporaries, though now almost forgotten. He wrote two comedies, three tragedies, and a book of poems, which were all reprinted in twovols. In 1874. His best work, is _Argalus and Parthenia_ (1639), basedupon Sidney's _Arcadia_. Others were _The Hollander_, _Wit is aConstable_, and _The Ladies' Privilege_ (all 1640). 

GLASCOCK, WILLIAM NUGENT (1787-1847). --Novelist. He saw a good deal ofservice in the navy with credit, and from this drew the inspiration ofhis vigorous and breezy sea-stories, which include _Sailors and Saints_(1829), _Tales of a Tar_ (1836), and _Land Sharks and Sea Gulls_ (1838). 

GLEIG, GEORGE ROBERT (1796-1888). --_S. _ of George G. , Bishop of Brechin, entered the army, and served in the Peninsula and America. In 1820 hetook orders, and after serving various cures _bec. _, in 1834, Chaplain ofChelsea Hospital, and in 1844 Chaplain-General of the Forces, whichoffice he held until 1875. He was a frequent contributor to reviews andmagazines, especially _Blackwood's_, in which his best known novel, _TheSubaltern_, appeared, and he was also the author of Lives of WarrenHastings, Clive, and Wellington, _Military Commanders_, _ChelseaPensioners_, and other works. 

GLEN, WILLIAM (1789-1826). --Poet, _b. _ in Glasgow, was for some years inthe West Indies. He _d. _ in poverty. He wrote several poems, but the onlyone which has survived is his Jacobite ballad, _Wae's me for PrinceCharlie_. 

GLOVER, RICHARD (1712-1785). --Poet and dramatist, was a London merchant, and M. P. For Weymouth. A scholarly man with a taste for literature, hewrote two poems in blank verse, _Leonidas_ (1737), and _The Athenaid_(1787). Though not without a degree of dignity, they want energy andinterest, and are now forgotten. He also produced a few dramas, which hadlittle success. He is best remembered by his beautiful ballad, _Hosier'sGhost_, beginning "As near Portobello lying. " G. Had the reputation of auseful and public-spirited citizen. 

GODWIN, MRS. MARY (WOLLSTONECRAFT) (1759-1797). --Miscellaneous writer, was of Irish extraction. Her _f. _ was a spend-thrift of bad habits, andat 19 Mary left home to make her way in the world. Her next ten yearswere spent as companion to a lady, in teaching a school at NewingtonGreen, and as governess in the family of Lord Kingsborough. In 1784 sheassisted her sister to escape from a husband who ill-treated her. In 1788she took to translating, and became literary adviser to Johnson thepublisher, through whom she became known to many of the literary peopleof the day, as well as to certain Radicals, including Godwin, Paine, Priestly, and Fuseli, the painter. She then, 1792, went to Paris, whereshe met Captain Imlay, with whom she formed a connection, the fruit ofwhich was her daughter Fanny. Captain Imlay having deserted her, shetried to commit suicide at Putney Bridge, but was rescued. Thereafter sheresumed her literary labours, and lived with W. Godwin, who married herin 1797. Their _dau. _, Mary, whose birth she did not survive, became thesecond wife of Shelley. Her chief original writings are a _Reply_ toBurke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_ (1791), _Vindication ofthe Rights of Women_ (1792), and _Original Stories for Children_, illustrated by W. Blake. Her _Vindication_ received much adversecriticism on account of its extreme positions and over-plainness ofspeech. 

GODWIN, WILLIAM (1756-1836). --Philosopher and novelist, _b. _ at Wisbeach, and _ed. _ at a school in Norwich, to which city his _f. _, a Presbyterianminister, had removed, and subsequently at a Presbyterian coll. AtHoxton, with a view to the ministry. From 1778 to 1783 he acted asminister of various congregations near London; but his theological viewshaving undergone important changes, he resigned his pastorate, anddevoted himself to a literary career. His first work, a series ofhistorical sketches in the form of sermons, failed. He then foundemployment as one of the principal writers in the _New Annual Register_, and became otherwise prominent as an advocate of political and socialreform. Many of his views were peculiar and extreme, and even tended, iffully carried out in practice, to subvert morality; but they werepropounded and supported by their author with a whole-hearted belief intheir efficacy for the regeneration of society: and the singularcircumstances of his connection with and ultimate marriage to MaryWollstonecraft showed at least that he had the courage of his opinions. His _Enquiry concerning Political Justice_ (1793) made him famous. A yearlater he _pub. _ his masterpiece, _Caleb Williams_, a novel exhibiting asombre strength rarely equalled. The next few years were occupied inpolitical controversy, for which G. Was, by his sincerity and hismasculine style, well fitted; and it was in the midst of these--in1797--that his first marriage, already alluded to, and the death of hiswife, of whom he _pub. _ a singular but interesting Life, occurred. In1799 his second great novel, _St. Leon_, based upon the philosopher'sstone and the elixir of life, appeared. His other novels, _Fleetwood_(1804), _Mandeville_ (1817), and _Cloudesley_ (1830), are much inferior. In addition to these works G. Brought out an elaborate _Life of Chaucer_in 2 vols. (1803), _An Essay on Sepulchres_ (1808), containing much finethought finely expressed, _A History of the Commonwealth_, an Essayagainst the theories of Malthus (_q. V. _), and his last work, _Lives ofthe Necromancers_. For some time he engaged in the publishing business, in which, however, he ultimately proved unsuccessful. In his later yearshe had the office of Yeoman Usher of the Exchequer conferred upon him. G. Entered in 1801 into a second marriage with a widow, Mrs. Clairmont, bywhom he had a _dau. _ This lady had already a _s. _ and _dau. _, the latterof whom had an irregular connection with Byron. His _dau. _ by his firstmarriage--Mary Wollstonecraft G. , --became in 1816 the wife of Shelley. G. Was a man of simple manners and imperturbable temper. 

GOLDING, ARTHUR (1535?-1605?). --Translator, _s. _ of a gentleman of Essex, was perhaps at Camb. , and was diligent in the translation of theologicalworks by Calvin, Beza, and others, but is chiefly remembered for hisversions of Cæsar's _Commentaries_ (1565), and specially of Ovid's_Metamorphoses_ (1565-67), the latter in ballad metre. He also translatedJustin's _History_, and part of Seneca. 

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728-1774). --Poet, dramatist, and essayist, _s. _ of anIrish clergyman, was _b. _ at Pallasmore in Co. Longford. His earlyeducation was received at various schools at Elphin, Athlone, andEdgeworthstown. At the age of 8 he had a severe attack of smallpox whichdisfigured him for life. In 1744 he went to Trinity Coll. , Dublin, whence, having come into collision with one of the coll. Tutors, he ranaway in 1746. He was, however, induced to return, and _grad. _ in 1749. The Church was chosen for him as a profession--against his will be itsaid in justice to him. He presented himself before the Bishop of Elphinfor examination--perhaps as a type of deeper and more inwardincongruencies--in scarlet breeches, and was rejected. He next figured asa tutor; but had no sooner accumulated £30 than he quitted his employmentand forthwith dissipated his little savings. A long-suffering uncle namedContarine, who had already more than once interposed on his behalf, nowprovided means to send him to London to study law. He, however, got nofarther than Dublin, where he was fleeced to his last guinea, andreturned to the house of his mother, now a widow with a large family. After an interval spent in idleness, a medical career was perceived to bethe likeliest opening, and in 1752 he steered for Edin. , where heremained on the usual happy-go-lucky terms until 1754, when he proceededto Leyden. After a year there he started on a walking tour, which led himthrough France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. How he lived it is hardto say, for he left Leyden penniless. It is said that he disputed atUniv. , and played the flute, and thus kept himself in existence. All thistime, however, he was gaining the experiences and knowledge of foreigncountries which he was afterwards to turn to such excellent account. Atone of the Univ. Visited at this time, he is believed to have secured themedical degree, of which he subsequently made use. Louvain and Padua haveboth been named as the source of it. He reached London almost literallypenniless in 1756, and appears to have been occupied successively as anapothecary's journeyman, a doctor of the poor, and an usher in a schoolat Peckham. In 1757 he was writing for the _Monthly Review_. The nextyear he applied unsuccessfully for a medical appointment in India; andthe year following, 1759, saw his first important literary venture, _AnEnquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe_. It was _pub. _anonymously, but attracted some attention, and brought him other work. Atthe same time he became known to Bishop Percy, the collector of the_Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, and he had written _The Bee_, a collectionof essays, and was employed upon various periodicals. In 1761 began hisfriendship with Johnson, which led to that of the other great men of thatcircle. His _Chinese Letters_, afterwards republished as _The Citizen ofthe World_, appeared in _The Public Ledger_ in 1762. _The Traveller_, thefirst of his longer poems, came out in 1764, and was followed in 1766 by_The Vicar of Wakefield_. In 1768 he essayed the drama, with _TheGood-natured Man_, which had considerable success. The next few years sawhim busily occupied with work for the publishers, including _The Historyof Rome_ (1769), Lives of Parnell the poet, and Lord Bolingbroke (1770), and in the same year _The Deserted Village_ appeared; _The History ofEngland_ was _pub. _ in 1771. In 1773 he produced with great success hisother drama, _She Stoops to Conquer_. His last works were _TheRetaliation_, _The History of Greece_, and _Animated Nature_, all _pub. _in 1774. In that year, worn out with overwork and anxiety, he caught afever, of which he _d. _ April 4. With all his serious and very obviousfaults--his reckless improvidence, his vanity, and, in his earlier yearsat any rate, his dissipated habits--G. Is one of the most lovablecharacters in English literature, and one whose writings show most ofhimself--his humanity, his bright and spontaneous humour, and "thekindest heart in the world. " His friends included some of the best andgreatest men in England, among them Johnson, Burke, and Reynolds. Theyall, doubtless, laughed at and made a butt of him, but they all admiredand loved him. At the news of his death Burke burst into tears, Reynoldslaid down his brush and painted no more that day, and Johnson wrote animperishable epitaph on him. The poor, the old, and the outcast crowdedthe stair leading to his lodgings, and wept for the benefactor who hadnever refused to share what he had (often little enough) with them. Muchof his work--written at high pressure for the means of existence, or tosatisfy the urgency of duns--his histories, his _Animated Nature_, andsuch like, have, apart from a certain charm of style which no work of hiscould be without, little permanent value; but _The Traveller_ and _TheDeserted Village_, _She Stoops to Conquer_, and, above all, _The Vicar ofWakefield_, will keep his memory dear to all future readers of English. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1728, _ed. _ Trinity Coll. , Dublin, went to Edin. 1752, andto Leyden 1754, travelled on foot over large part of Continent, reachedLondon 1756, and wrote for magazines, etc. , and after publishing variousother works produced _The Citizen of the World_ in 1762, _pub. _ _Vicar ofWakefield_ 1766, _Deserted Village_ 1770, and _She Stoops to Conquer_1773, _d. _ 1774. 

There are many ed. Of G. 's works by Prior, 1837, Cunningham, 1854, Prof. Masson (Globe), 1869, Gibb (Bohn's Standard Library), 1885. Biographiesby Prior, 1837, Foster, 1848-71, Washington Irving, and others. _See_also Boswell's _Johnson_, and Thackeray's _English Humorists_. 

GOODALL, WALTER (1706?-1766). --Historical writer, _b. _ in Banffshire, and_ed. _ King's Coll. , Aberdeen, became assistant librarian to theAdvocates' Library in Edin. In 1754 he _pub. _ an _Examination of theLetters said to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots_, in which hecombats the genuineness of the "Casket Letters. " He also ed. , among otherworks, Fordun's _Scotichronicon_ (1759). 

GOODWIN, THOMAS (1600-1680). --Divine, was _b. _ in Norfolk, and _ed. _ atCamb. , where he was Vicar of Trinity Church. Becoming an Independent, heministered to a church in London, and thereafter at Arnheim in Holland. Returning to England he was made Chaplain to Cromwell's Council of State, and Pres. Of Magdalen Coll. , Oxf. At the Restoration he was deprived, butcontinued to preach in London. He was the author of various commentariesand controversial pamphlets, was a member of the Westminster Assembly, and assisted in drawing up the amended Confession, 1658. He attendedOliver Cromwell on his deathbed. 

GOOGE, BARNABE (1540-1594). --Poet and translator, _b. _ at Lincoln, studied at both Camb. And Oxf. He was a kinsman of Cecil, who gave himemployment in Ireland. He translated from the Latin of Manzolli _TheZodiac of Life_, a satire against the Papacy, and _The Popish Kingdome_by T. Kirchmayer, a similar work; also _The Foure Bookes of Husbandrie_of Conrad Heresbach. In 1563 he _pub. _ a vol. Of original poems, _Eglogs, Epytaphes_, and _Sonnettes_. 

GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833-1870). --Poet, was _b. _ in the Azores, the _s. _of an officer in the army. He went to Australia, where he had a variedcareer in connection with horses and riding, for which he had a passion. He betook himself to the Bush, got into financial trouble, and _d. _ byhis own hand. In the main he derives his inspiration (as in the _Rhyme ofJoyous Garde_, and _Britomarte_) from mediæval and English sources, notfrom his Australian surroundings. Among his books are _Sea-spray andSmoke-drift_ (1867), _Bush Ballads_ (containing _The Sick Stock-rider_)(1870), _Ashtaroth_ (1867). In many of his poems, _e. G. _ _An Exile'sFarewell_, and _Whispering in the Wattle Boughs_, there is a strong veinof sadness and pathos. 

GORE, MRS. CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (MOODY) (1799-1861). --Novelist, _dau. _of a wine merchant at Retford, where she was _b. _ She _m. _ a CaptainGore, with whom she resided mainly on the Continent, supporting herfamily by her voluminous writings. Between 1824 and 1862 she producedabout 70 works, the most successful of which were novels of fashionableEnglish life. Among these may be mentioned _Manners of the Day_ (1830), _Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb_ (1841), and _The Banker's Wife_(1843). She also wrote for the stage, and composed music for songs. 

GOSSON, STEPHEN (1554-1624). --Poet, actor, and satirist, _b. _ in Kent, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , he went to London, and wrote plays, which are nowlost, and pastorals; but, moved by a sermon preached at Paul's Cross in1577 during a plague, he deserted the theatre, and became one of itsseverest critics in his prose satire, _The School of Abrose_ (1579), directed against "poets, pipers, players, jesters, and such-likeCaterpillars of a Commonwealth. " Dedicated to Sir P. Sidney, it was notwell received by him, and is believed to have evoked his _Apologie forPoetrie_ (1595). G. Entered the Church, and _d. _ Rector of St. Botolph's, London. 

GOUGH, RICHARD (1735-1809). --Antiquary, was _b. _ in London, and studiedat Camb. For many years he made journeys over England in pursuit of hisantiquarian studies. He _pub. _ about 20 works, among which are _BritishTopography_ (1768), _Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain_ (1786-99), aned. Of Camden's _Britannia_, a translation of _The Arabian Nights_(1798), and various other treatises on archæology, topography, andnumismatics. 

GOWER, JOHN (1325?-1408). --Poet. Although few details of his life havecome down to us, he appears to have been a man of wealth and importance, connected with Kent, well known at Court, and in possession of more thanone estate. He was the friend of Chaucer, who gives him the title of "themoral Gower, " which has clung to him ever since. His first principal workwas _Speculum Meditantis_ (the Mirror of one meditating) written inFrench on the subject of married life. It was long believed to have beenlost. It was followed by _Vox Clamantis_ (the Voice of one crying)written in Latin, giving an account of the peasants' revolt of 1381, andattacking the misgovernment and social evils which had led to it. Histhird, and only English poem, was _Confessio Amantis_ (Lover'sConfession), a work of 30, 000 lines, consisting of tales and meditationson love, written at the request of Richard II. It is the earliest largecollection of tales in the English tongue. In his old age G. Becameblind. He had, when about 70, retired to the Priory of St. Mary Overies, the chapel of which is now the Church of St. Saviour, Southwark, where hespent his last years, and to which he was a liberal benefactor. G. Represented the serious and cultivated man of his time, in which he wasreckoned the equal of Chaucer, but as a poet he is heavy and prolix. 

GRAFTON, RICHARD (_d. _ 1572). --Printer and chronicler, printed varioused. Of the Bible and Prayer-book; also the Proclamation of the Accessionof Lady Jane Grey, for which he was cast into prison, where he compiledan _Abridgement of the Chronicles of England_ (1563). To this he added in1568 _A Chronicle at Large_. Neither holds a high place as authorities. 

GRAHAME, JAMES (1765-1811). --Poet, _s. _ of a lawyer, was _b. _ and _ed. _in Glasgow. After spending some time in a law office in Edin. , he wascalled to the Scottish Bar. His health being delicate, and hiscircumstances easy, he early retired from practice, and taking orders inthe Church of England in 1809, was appointed curate successively ofShipton, Gloucestershire, and Sedgefield, Durham. He wrote severalpleasing poems, of which the best is _The Sabbath_ (1804). He _d. _ on avisit to Glasgow in his 47th year. His poems are full of quietobservation of country sights expressed in graceful verse. 

GRAHAME, SIMON or SIMION (1570-1614). --_B. _ in Edin. , led a dissolutelife as a traveller, soldier, and courtier on the Continent. He appearsto have been a good scholar, and wrote the _Passionate Sparke of aRelenting Minde_, and _Anatomy of Humours_, the latter of which isbelieved to have suggested to Burton his _Anatomy of Melancholie_. Hebecame an austere Franciscan. 

GRAINGER, JAMES (1721-1766). --Poet, of a Cumberland family, studiedmedicine at Edin. , was an army surgeon, and on the peace settled inpractice in London, where he became the friend of Dr. Johnson, Shenstone, and other men of letters. His first poem, _Solitude_, appeared in 1755. He subsequently went to the West Indies (St. Kit's), where he made a richmarriage, and _pub. _ his chief poem, _The Sugar-Cane_ (1764). 

GRANGER, JAMES (1723-1776). --Biographer, was at Oxf. And, entering theChurch, became Vicar of Shiplake, Oxon. He _pub. _ a _Biographical Historyof England from Egbert the Great to the Revolution_ (1769). He insistedon the importance of collecting engravings of portraits and himselfgathered 14, 000, and gave a great impulse to the practice of making suchcollections. 

GRANT, MRS. ANNE (M'VICAR) (1755-1838). --Was _b. _ in Glasgow, and in 1779_m. _ the Rev. James Grant, minister of Laggan, Inverness-shire. She_pub. _ in 1802 a vol. Of poems. She also wrote _Letters from theMountains_, and _Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlands_. After1810 she lived in Edin. , where she was the friend of Sir W. Scott andother eminent men, through whose influence a pension of £100 was bestowedupon her. 

GRANT, JAMES (1822-1887). --Novelist, was the _s. _ of an officer in thearmy, in which he himself served for a short time. He wrote upwards of 50novels in a brisk, breezy style, of which the best known are perhaps _TheRomance of War_ (1845), _Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp_, _Frank Hilton_, _Bothwell_, _Harry Ogilvie_, and _The Yellow Frigate_. He also wrotebiographies of _Kirkcaldy of Grange_, _Montrose_, and others which, however, are not always trustworthy from an historical point of view. 

GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827-1892). --Traveller, was an officer in thearmy, and was sent by the Royal Geographical Society along with CaptainJOHN HANNING SPEKE (1827-1864), to search for the equatorial lakes ofAfrica. Grant wrote _A Walk across Africa_, _The Botany of the Speke andGrant Expedition_, and _Khartoum as I saw it in_ 1863. Speke wrote_Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1863), and _Whatled to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile_ (1864). 

GRATTAN, THOMAS COLLEY (1792-1864). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ inDublin, and _ed. _ for the law, but did not practise. He wrote a fewnovels, including _The Heiress of Bruges_ (4 vols. , 1830); but his bestwork was _Highways and Byways_, a description of his Continentalwanderings, of which he _pub. _ three series. He also wrote a history ofthe Netherlands and books on America. He was for some time British Consulat Boston, U. S. 

GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861). --Poet, _s. _ of a hand-loom weaver atKirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire. He gave early promise at school, wasdestined for the service of the Church, and was for 4 years at GlasgowUniv. While he maintained himself by teaching. His first poems appearedin the _Glasgow Citizen_. In 1860, however, he went with his friendRobert Buchanan to London, where he soon fell into consumption. He wasbefriended by Mr. Monckton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton, but after asojourn in the South of England, returned home to die. His chief poem, _The Luggie_ (the river of his birthplace) contains much beautifuldescription; but his genius reached its highest expression in a series of30 sonnets written in full view of an early death and blighted hopes, andbearing the title, _In the Shadow_. They breathe a spirit of the deepestmelancholy unrelieved by hope. 

GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771). --Poet, was _b. _ in London, the _s. _ of ascrivener, who, though described as "a respectable citizen, " was of socruel and violent a temper that his wife had to separate from him. To hismother and her sister, who carried on a business, G. Was indebted for hisliberal education at Eton (where he became a friend of Horace Walpole), and Camb. After completing his Univ. Course he accompanied Walpole toFrance and Italy, where he spent over two years, when a differencearising G. Returned to England, and went back to Camb. To take his degreein law without, however, any intention of practising. He remained atCamb. For the rest of his life, passing his time in the study of theclassics, natural science, and antiquities, and in visits to his friends, of whom Walpole was again one. It was in 1747 that his first poem, the_Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College_, appeared, and it wasfollowed between 1750 and 1757 by his _Pindaric Odes_, including _TheProgress of Poesy_, and _The Bard_, which were, however, somewhat coldlyreceived. Nevertheless he had, on the death of Colley Cibber, the offerof the laureateship, which he declined; but in 1768 he accepted theProfessorship of Modern History in his Univ. , worth £400 a year. Havingbeen drawn to the study of Icelandic and Celtic poetry he produced _TheFatal Sisters_, and _The Descent of Odin_, in which are apparent thefirst streaks of the dawn of the Romantic Revival. G. 's poems occupylittle space, but what he wrote he brought to the highest perfection ofwhich he was capable, and although there is a tendency on the part ofsome modern critics to depreciate him, it is probable that his place willalways remain high among all but the first order of poets. Probably nopoem has had a wider acceptance among all classes of readers than his_Elegy in a Country Churchyard_. In addition to his fame as a poet, heenjoys that of one of the greatest of English letter-writers, and of areally great scholar. He _d. _ at Camb. After a short illness followingupon a gradually declining state of health. 

_Life_ by Gosse (Men of Letters Series, 1882). 

GREELEY, HORACE (1811-1872). --Journalist and miscellaneous writer, wasthe _s. _ of a small farmer in New Hampshire. His early life was passedfirst as a printer, and thereafter in editorial work. He started in 1841, and conducted until his death, the _New York Tribune_. He was long aleader in American politics, and in 1872 was an unsuccessful candidatefor the Presidency. His writings, which are chiefly political andeconomical, include _Essays on Political Economy_ (1870), and_Recollections of a Busy Life_ (1868). 

GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837-1883). --Historian, was the _s. _ of a tradesmanin Oxf. , where he was _ed. _, first at Magdalen Coll. School, and then atJesus Coll. He entered the Church, and served various cures in London, under a constant strain caused by delicate health. Always an enthusiasticstudent of history, his scanty leisure was devoted to research. In 1869he finally gave up clerical work, and received the appointment oflibrarian at Lambeth. He had been laying plans for various historicalworks, including a History of the English Church as exhibited in a seriesof Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, and, what he proposed as his_magnum opus_, A History of England under the Angevin Kings. Thediscovery, however, that his lungs were affected, necessitated theabridgment of all his schemes, and he concentrated his energies on thepreparation of his _Short History of the English People_, which appearedin 1874, and at once gave him an assured place in the first rank ofhistorical writers. In 1877 he _m. _ Miss Alice Stopford, by whose talentsand devotion he was greatly assisted in carrying out and completing suchwork as his broken health enabled him to undertake during his fewremaining years. Abandoning his proposed history of the Angevins, heconfined himself to expanding his _Short History_ into _A History of theEnglish People_ in 4 vols. (1878-80), and writing _The Making ofEngland_, of which one vol. Only, coming down to 828, had appeared whenhe _d. _ at Mentone in March 1883. After his death appeared _The Conquestof England_. The _Short History_ may be said to have begun a new epochin the writing of history, making the social, industrial, and moralprogress of the people its main theme. To infinite care in the gatheringand sifting of his material G. Added a style of wonderful charm, and anhistorical imagination which has hardly been equalled. 

GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737). --Poet, is known as the author of _TheSpleen_, a lively and original poem in octosyllabic verse on the subjectof low spirits and the best means of prevention and cure. It haslife-like descriptions, sprightliness, and lightness of touch, and wasadmired by Pope and Gray. The poem owes its name to the use of the termin the author's day to denote depression. G. , who held an appointment inthe Customs, appears to have been a quiet, inoffensive person, anentertaining companion, and a Quaker. 

GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882). --Philosopher, was _b. _ at Birken Rectory, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ at Rugby and Balliol Coll. , Oxf. , where he becameWhyte Prof. Of Moral Philosophy and, by his character, ability, andenthusiasm on social questions, exercised a powerful influence. His chiefworks are an _Introduction to Hume's Treatise on Human Nature_ (ClarendonPress ed. ), in which he criticised H. 's philosophy severely from theidealist standpoint, and _Prolegomena to Ethics_, _pub. _ posthumously. 

GREENE, ROBERT (1560?-1592). --Poet, dramatist, and pamphleteer, was _b. _at Norwich, and studied at Camb. , where he _grad. _ A. B. He was alsoincorporated at Oxf. In 1588. After travelling in Spain and Italy, hereturned to Camb. And took A. M. Settling in London he was one of the wildand brilliant crew who passed their lives in fitful alternations ofliterary production and dissipation, and were the creators of the Englishdrama. He has left an account of his career in which he calls himself"the mirror of mischief. " During his short life about town, in the courseof which he ran through his wife's fortune, and deserted her soon afterthe birth of her first child, he poured forth tales, plays, and poems, which had great popularity. In the tales, or pamphlets as they were thencalled, he turns to account his wide knowledge of city vices. His plays, including _The Scottish History of James IV. _, and _Orlando Furioso_, which are now little read, contain some fine poetry among a good deal ofbombast; but his fame rests, perhaps, chiefly on the poems scatteredthrough his writings, which are full of grace and tenderness. G. _d. _from the effects of a surfeit of pickled herrings and Rheinish wine. Hisextant writings are much less gross than those of many of hiscontemporaries, and he seems to have given signs of repentance on hisdeathbed, as is evidenced by his last work, _A Groat's worth of Witbought with a Million of Repentance_. In this curious work occurs hisfamous reference to Shakespeare as "an upstart crow beautified with ourfeathers. " Among his other works may be mentioned _Euphues' censure toPhilautus_, _Pandosto, the Triumph of Time_ (1588), from whichShakespeare borrowed the plot of _The Winter's Tale_, _A NotableDiscovery of Coosnage_, _Arbasto, King of Denmark_, _Penelope's Web_, _Menaphon_ (1589), and _Coney Catching_. His plays, all _pub. _posthumously, include _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_, _Alphonsus, King ofAragon_, and _George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield_. His tales arewritten under the influence of Lyly, whence he received from GabrielHarvey the nickname of "Euphues' Ape. "

Plays ed. By Dyce (2 vols. , 1831, new ed. , 1861). His works are includedin Grosart's "Huth Library. "

GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE (1809-1881). --Essayist, _b. _ in Manchester, and_ed. _ at Bristol and Edin. , was for some years engaged in his father'sbusiness as a millowner at Bury. Becoming deeply interested in politicaland social questions he contributed to reviews and magazines many papersand essays on these subjects, which were _repub. _ in three collections, viz. , _Essays on Political and Social Science_ (1854), _Literary andSocial Judgments_ (1869), and _Miscellaneous Essays_ (1884). Other worksof his are _Enigmas of Life_ (1872), _Rocks Ahead_ (1874), and _MistakenAims, etc. _ (1876). In his writings he frequently manifested a distrustof democracy and a pessimistic view of the future of his country. He heldsuccessively the appointments of Commissioner of Customs and Controllerof H. M. Stationery Office. 

GREVILLE, CHARLES CAVENDISH FULKE (1794-1865). --Political annalist, _ed. _at Eton and Oxf. , was a page to George III. , sec. To Earl Bathurst, andafterwards held the sinecure office of Sec. Of Jamaica. In 1821 he becameClerk to the Privy Council, an office which brought him into closecontact with the leaders of both political parties, and gave him unusualopportunities of becoming acquainted with all that was passing behind thescenes. The information as to men and events thus acquired he fullyutilised in his _Journal of the Reigns of George IV. , William IV. , andQueen Victoria_, which, ed. By Henry Reeve, of the _Edinburgh Review_, was _pub. _ in three series between 1874 and 1887. The _Journal_ coversthe period, from 1820-60, and constitutes an invaluable contribution tothe history of the time. 

GRIFFIN, BARTHOLOMEW? (_fl. _ 1596). --Poet, of whom almost nothing isknown, _pub. _ in 1596 a collection of 62 sonnets under the title of_Fidessa_, of which some are excellent. 

GRIFFIN, GERALD (1803-1840). --Dramatist, novelist, and poet, _s. _ of atradesman, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Limerick, he went in 1823 to London, wheremost of his literary work was produced. In 1838 he returned to Irelandand, dividing his property among his brothers, devoted himself to areligious life by joining the Teaching Order of the Christian Brothers. Two years thereafter he _d. _, worn out by self-inflicted austerities. Hischief novel, _The Collegians_, was adapted by Boucicault as _The ColleenBawn_, and among his dramas is _Gisippus_. His novels depict southernIrish life. 

GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS (1519-1562). --Poet, was at Camb. And Oxf. , and waschaplain to Bishop Ridley. He contributed to Tottel's _Songs andSonnettes_ (1557), wrote two dramas in Latin, _Archi-propheta_ and_Christus Redivivus_, and made translations. 

GROOME, FRANCIS HINDES (1851-1902). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of aclergyman, wrote for various encyclopædias, etc. He was a student of thegipsies and their language, and _pub. _ _In Gypsy Tents_ (1880), _GypsyFolk Tales_ (1899), and an ed. Of Borrow's _Lavengro_ (1900). Other workswere _A Short Border History_ (1887), _Kriegspiel_ (1896), a novel, and_Two Suffolk Friends_ (his _f. _ and Edward Fitzgerald, _q. V. _). 

GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899). --Was a minister of the EnglishPresbyterian Church. He wrote Lives of various Puritan divines, ed. Theirworks, and also issued ed. , with Lives, of the poems of Michael Bruce(_q. V. _) and Robert Fergusson (_q. V. _). But his chief service toliterature was his reprints, with notes, of rare Elizabethan and Jacobeanliterature, including _Fuller's Worthies Library_, 39 vols. (1868-76), _Occasional Issues of Unique and Very Rare Books_, 38 vols. 1875-81, _Huth Library_, 33 vols. (1886), Spenser's _Works_, 10 vols. , _Daniel'sWorks_, etc. 

GROSE, FRANCIS (1731-1791). --Antiquary and lexicographer, of Swissextraction, was Richmond Herald 1755-63. He _pub. _ _Antiquities ofEngland and Wales_ (1773-87), which was well received, and thereafter, 1789, set out on an antiquarian tour through Scotland, the fruit of whichwas _Antiquity of Scotland_ (1789-91). He afterwards undertook a similarexpedition to Ireland, but _d. _ suddenly at Dublin. In addition to theworks above mentioned he wrote _A Classical Dictionary of the VulgarTongue_ (1785), _A Provincial Glossary_ (1787), a _Treatise on AncientArmour and Weapons_, etc. He was an accomplished draughtsman, andillustrated his works. 

GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (_d. _ 1253). --Theologian and scholar, was _b. _ ofpoor parents at Stradbrook, Suffolk, and studied at Oxf. And possiblyParis. His abilities and learning procured him many preferments; butafter an illness he refused to be longer a pluralist, and resigned allbut a prebend at Lincoln. Later he was a strenuous and courageousreformer, as is shown by his refusing in 1253 to induct a nephew of thePope to a canonry at Lincoln, of which he had been Bishop since 1235. Hewas equally bold in resisting the demand of Henry III. For a tenth of theChurch revenues. Amid his absorbing labours as a Churchman, he found timeto be a copious writer on a great variety of subjects, includinghusbandry, physical and moral philosophy, as also sermons, commentaries, and an allegory, the _Chateau d'Amour_. Roger Bacon was a pupil of his, and testifies to his amazing variety of knowledge. 

GROTE, GEORGE (1794-1871). --Historian, _s. _ of a wealthy banker inLondon, was _b. _ at Beckenham, and _ed. _ at Charterhouse School. In 1810he entered the bank, of which he became head in 1830. In 1832 he waselected one of the members of Parliament for the City of London. In 1841he retired from Parliament, and in 1843 from the bank, thenceforthdevoting his whole time to literature, which, along with politics, hadbeen his chief interest from his youth. He early came under the influenceof Bentham and the two Mills, and was one of the leaders of the group oftheorists known as "philosophical Radicals. " In 1820 he _m. _ Miss HarrietLewin who, from her intellectual powers, was fitted to be his helper inhis literary and political interests. In 1826 he contributed to the_Westminster Review_ a severe criticism of Mitford's _History of Greece_, and in 1845 _pub. _ the first 2 vols. Of his own, the remaining 6 vols. Appearing at intervals up to 1856. G. Belongs to the school ofphilosophical historians, and his _History_, which begins with thelegends, ends with the fall of the country under the successors ofAlexander the Great. It is one of the standard works on the subject, which his learning enabled him to treat in a full and thorough manner;the style is clear and strong. It has been repeatedly re-issued, and hasbeen translated into French and German. G. Also _pub. _, in 1865, _Platoand other Companions of Socrates_, and left unfinished a work on_Aristotle_. In political life G. Was, as might be expected, a consistentand somewhat rigid Radical, and he was a strong advocate of the ballot. He was one of the founders of the first London Univ. , a Trustee of theBritish Museum, D. C. L. Of Oxf. , LL. D. Of Camb. , and a Foreign Associateof the Académie des Sciences. He was offered, but declined, a peerage in1869, and is buried in Westminster Abbey. 

GRUB, GEORGE (1812-1892). --Historian, was _b. _ in Old Aberdeen, and _ed. _at King's Coll. There. He studied law, and was admitted in 1836 to theSociety of Advocates, Aberdeen, of which he was librarian from 1841 untilhis death. He was appointed Lecturer on Scots Law in Marischal Coll. , andwas Prof. Of Law in the Univ. (1881-91). He has a place in literature asthe author of an _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (1861), writtenfrom the standpoint of a Scottish Episcopalian, which, though dry, isconcise, clear, fair-minded, and trustworthy. G. Also ed. (along withJoseph Robertson) Gordon's _Scots Affairs_ for the Spalding Club, ofwhich he was one of the founders. 

GUEST, LADY CHARLOTTE (BERTIE) (1812-1895). --_Dau. _ of the 9th Earl ofLindsey, _m. _ in 1833 Sir Josiah J. Guest, a wealthy ironmaster, afterwhose death in 1852 she managed the works. She was an enthusiasticstudent of Welsh literature, and aided by native scholars translated withconsummate skill the _Mabinogion_, the manuscript of which in JesusColl. , Oxf. , is known as the _Red Book of Hergest_, and which is now arecognised classic of mediæval romance. She also prepared a 'Boys'_Mabinogion_ containing the earliest Welsh tales of Arthur. She was alsonoted as a collector of china, fans, and playing cards, on which subjectsshe wrote several volumes. She entered into a second marriage in 1855with Dr. C. Schreiber, but in literature she is always referred to underher first married name. 

GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873). --Divine and philanthropist, _b. _ at Brechin, studied for the Church, and became a minister in Edin. Possessed of acommanding presence and voice, and a remarkably effective and picturesquestyle of oratory, he became perhaps the most popular preacher of his dayin Scotland, and was associated with many forms of philanthropy, especially temperance and ragged schools, of the latter of which he wasthe founder. He was one of the leaders of the Free Church, and raisedover £100, 000 for manses for its ministers. Among his writings are _TheGospel in Ezekiel_, _Plea for Ragged Schools_, and _The City, its Sinsand Sorrows_. 

HABINGTON, WILLIAM (1605-1654). --Poet, _s. _ of a Worcestershire RomanCatholic gentleman, was _ed. _ at St. Omer's, but refused to become aJesuit. He _m. _ Lucia, _dau. _ of Lord Powis, whom he celebrated in hispoem _Castara_ (1634), in which he sang the praises of chaste love. Healso wrote a tragi-comedy, _The Queen of Arragon_ (1640), and a _Historieof Edward IV. _ His verse is graceful and tender. 

HAILES, DALRYMPLE DAVID, LORD (1726-1792). --Scottish judge and historicalwriter, was _b. _ at Edin. Belonging to a family famous as lawyers, he wascalled to the Bar in 1748, and raised to the Bench in 1766. An excellentjudge, he was also untiring in the pursuit of his favourite studies, andproduced several works of permanent value on Scottish history andantiquities, including _Annals of Scotland_ (1776), and _Canons of theChurch of Scotland_ (1769). He was a friend and correspondent of Dr. Johnson. 

HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895). --Poet, _b. _ at Leeds, _ed. _ at Christ'sHospital, was a physician, and practised at various places. His booksinclude _Madeline_ (1871), _Parables and Tales_ (1873), _The SerpentPlay_ (1883), _New Day Sonnets_ (1890), and _Memoirs of Eighty Years_(1893). 

HAKLUYT, RICHARD (1553?-1616). --Collector of voyages, belonged to a goodHerefordshire family of Dutch descent, was _b. _ either at Eyton in thatcounty or in London, and _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. The sightof a map of the world fired his imagination and implanted in his mind theinterest in geography and the lives and adventures of our greatnavigators and discoverers, which became the ruling passion of his life;and in order to increase his knowledge of these matters he studiedvarious foreign languages and the art of navigation. He took orders, andwas chaplain of the English Embassy in Paris, Rector of Witheringsett, Suffolk, 1590, Archdeacon of Westminster, 1602, and Rector of Gedney, Lincolnshire, 1612. After a first collection of voyages to America andthe West Indies he compiled, while at Paris, his great work, _ThePrincipal Navigations, Voyages ... And Discoveries of the English Nationmade by Sea or over Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters ofthe Earth ... Within the Compass of these 1500 Years_. It appeared in itsfinal form (three folio vols. ) in 1599. Besides it he _pub. _ _A Discourseof Western Planting_, and he left a vast mass of MS. Afterwards used (infar inferior style) by S. Purchas (_q. V. _). In all his work H. Wasactuated not only by the love of knowledge, but by a noble patriotism: hewished to see England the great sea-power of the world, and he lived tosee it so. His work, as has been said, is "our English epic. " In additionto his original writings he translated various works, among them being_The Discoveries of the World_, from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano. 

HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676). --Jurist and miscellaneous writer, has lefta great reputation as a lawyer and judge. Steering a neutral courseduring the political changes of his time, he served under theProtectorate and after the Restoration, and rose to be Chief Justice ofthe King's Bench. He is mentioned here as the author of several works onscience, divinity, and law. Among them are _The Primitive Origination ofMankind_, and _Contemplations, Moral and Divine_. His legal works arestill of great authority. Though somewhat dissipated in early youth, hehas handed down a high reputation for wisdom and piety. 

HALES, JOHN (1584-1656). --Theologian, _b. _ at Bath, and _ed. _ there andat Oxf. , became one of the best Greek scholars of his day, and lecturedon that language at Oxf. In 1616 he accompanied the English ambassador tothe Hague in the capacity of chaplain, and attended the Synod of Dort, where he was converted from Calvinism to Arminianism. A lover of quietand learned leisure, he declined all high and responsible ecclesiasticalpreferment, and chose and obtained scholarly retirement in a Fellowshipof Eton, of which his friends Sir Henry Savile and Sir Henry Wotton weresuccessively Provost. A treatise on _Schism and Schismatics_ (1636?) gaveoffence to Laud, but H. Defended himself so well that Laud made him aPrebendary of Windsor. Refusing to acknowledge the Commonwealth, he wasdeprived, fell into poverty, and had to sell his library. After his deathhis writings were _pub. _ in 1659 as _The Golden Remains of theEver-Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton College_. 

HALIBURTON, THOMAS CHANDLER (1796-1865). --_B. _ at Windsor, Nova Scotia, was a lawyer, and rose to be Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. Hewas the author of _The Clock-maker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slickof Slickville_, and a continuation, _The Attaché, or Sam Slick inEngland_. In these he made a distinctly original contribution to Englishfiction, full of shrewdness and humour. He may be regarded as the pioneerof the American school of humorists. He wrote various other works, including _The Old Judge_, _Nature and Human Nature_, _A Historical andStatistical Account of Nova Scotia_, etc. In 1856 he settled in England, and sat in the House of Commons for Launceston. 

HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGU, 1ST EARL of (1661-1715). --A famous wit, statesman, and patron of literature, was _ed. _ at Westminster School andTrinity Coll. , Camb. Entering Parliament he became Chancellor of theExchequer in 1694, and First Lord of the Treasury 1697. Vain andarrogant, he soon lost popularity and power. His chief literary effortwas his collaboration with Prior in _The Town and Country Mouse_ (1687), a parody of and reply to Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. H. Was the friendand patron of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and many other of the classicalwriters of his day. He became a peer in 1701. 

HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA (FIELDING) (1800-1881). --Novelist, was _b. _ inDublin, but left Ireland at the age of 15. Nevertheless, that countrygave her the motive of several of her most successful books, such as_Sketches of Irish Character_ (1829), _Lights and Shadows of IrishCharacter_ (1838), _Marian_ (1839), and _The White Boy_ (1845). Otherworks are _The Buccaneer_, and _Midsummer Eve_, a fairy tale, and manysketches in the _Art Journal_, of which her husband, SAMUEL CARTER HALL(1800-1889), was ed. With him she also collaborated in a work entitled_Ireland, its Scenery, Character, etc. _ Mrs. H. Was a very voluminouswriter; her descriptive talents were considerable, as also was her powerof depicting character. Her husband was likewise a writer of some note, chiefly on art. 

HALL, BASIL (1788-1844). --Traveller, _s. _ of Sir James H. , an eminent manof science, was in the navy, and rose to be captain. He was one of thefirst to visit Corea, and wrote _Voyage of Discovery to Corea_ (1818), also _Travels in North America in 1827-28_, a lively work which gave someoffence in the U. S. , _Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (1831-40), andsome tales and romances. He was latterly insane. 

HALL, or HALLE, EDWARD (1499?-1547). --Chronicler, _b. _ in London, studiedsuccessively at Camb. And Oxf. He was a lawyer, and sat in Parliament forBridgnorth, and served on various Commissions. He wrote a history of _TheUnion of the two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke_, commonly called _Hall's Chronicle_. It was _pub. _ after the author'sdeath by Richard Grafton, and was prohibited by Queen Mary. 

HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656). --Divine, _b. _ at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and _ed. _at Camb. , he entered the Church, and became in 1627 Bishop of Exeter, andin 1641 Bishop of Norwich. He had a chequered career. He accompaniedJames I. To Scotland in 1617, and was a Deputy to the Synod of Dort. Accused of Puritanism, and at enmity with Laud, he fell on troublousdays, and was, in 1641, imprisoned in the Tower for joining those bishopswho protested against the validity of laws passed during their exclusion(owing to tumult in the streets) from Parliament. Returning to Norwich hefound that his revenues had been sequestrated, and his private propertyseized. In 1647 he retired to a small farm near Norwich, where he passedthe remainder of his life. Among his works are _Contemplations_, _Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1614), and his _Virgidemiarum, orSatires_ (1597-8), the last written before he was in orders, andcondemned by Archbishop Whitgift to be burned. Pope, however, thoughtthem "the best poetry and truest satire in the English language. " H. 's_Divine Right of Episcopacy_ gave rise to much controversy, in whichArchbishop Ussher, Milton, and the writers who called themselves"Smectymnuus" (a combination of their initials) took part. 

HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831). --Divine, _b. _ at Arnsby, Leicestershire, the_s. _ of a Baptist minister of some note, was _ed. _ at a Baptist Academy, and at the Univ. Of Aberdeen, from which he received the degree of D. D. In 1817. He ministered to congregations at Bristol, Cambridge, Leicester, and again at Bristol, and became one of the greatest pulpit orators ofhis day. His most famous sermon was that on the _Death of the PrincessCharlotte_ (1817). Another which created a great impression was that on_Modern Infidelity_. H. Was a life-long sufferer, and was occasionallyinsane, yet his intellectual activity was unceasing. After his death acollection of 50 of his sermons was _pub. _ (1843), and _MiscellaneousWorks and Remains_ (1846). 

HALLAM, HENRY (1777-1859). --Historian, _s. _ of a Dean of Wells, was _b. _at Windsor, and _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. He was called to the Bar at theInner Temple, and appointed a Commissioner of Stamps. Among his earliestwritings were papers in the _Edinburgh Review_; but in 1818 he leapedinto a foremost place among historical writers by the publication of his_View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages_. This was followedin 1827 by _The Constitutional History of England from the Accession ofHenry VII. To the Death of George II. _, and his third great work, _Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17thCenturies_, in 4 vols. , appeared in 1837-39. All these, which have gonethrough several ed. , and have been translated into the principallanguages of Europe, are characterised by wide and profound learning, indefatigable research, and judicial impartiality. They opened a newfield of investigation in which their author has had few, if any, superiors. In politics H. Was a Whig; but he took no active share inparty warfare. He had two sons of great promise, both of whom predeceasedhim. Of these the elder, ARTHUR HENRY, is the subject of Tennyson's _InMemoriam_, and of him his _f. _ wrote a touching memoir prefixed to hisliterary remains. 

HALLECK, FITZGREENE (1790-1867). --Poet, _b. _ at Guilford, Conn. , wrote, with Rodman Drake, a young poet who _d. _ at 25, _The Croaker Papers_, aseries of satirical and humorous verses, and _Fanny_, also a satire. In1822 he visited Europe, and the traces of this are found in most of hissubsequent poetry, _e. G. _ his lines on Burns, and on Alnwick Castle. 

HALLIWELL-PHILLIPS, JAMES ORCHARD (1820-1889). --Archæologist andShakespearian scholar, _ed. _ at Camb. , was the author of a _Life ofShakespeare_ (1848), _New Boke about Shakespeare and Stratford upon Avon_(1850), _Folio Edition of Shakespeare_ (1853-65), and various other worksrelative to him, also _Dictionary of Old English Plays_ (1860). He alsoed. Works for the Camden and Percy Societies, and compiled a _Dictionaryof Archaic and Provincial Words_. In 1872 he added his wife's name ofPhillips to his own. 

HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT (1834-1894). --Artist and writer on æsthetics, _s. _ of a solicitor, was _b. _ near Oldham. Originally intended for theChurch, he decided for art and literature. After working as an artist inthe Highlands with his wife, who was a Frenchwoman, he settled in France, and devoted himself to writing on art. Among his works are _Etching andEtchers, etc. _ (1868), _Painting in France after the Decline ofClassicism_ (1869), _The Intellectual Life_ (1873), _Human Intercourse_(1884), _The Graphic Arts_ (1882), _Landscape_ (1885), some of which weremagnificently illustrated. He also left an autobiography. His writingshad a great influence upon artists, and also in stimulating and diffusingthe love of art among the public. 

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804). --Statesman and political writer, _b. _ inthe West Indies, was one of the framers of the Constitution of the UnitedStates, and was the first Sec. Of the national Treasury. He was one ofthe greatest of American statesmen, and has also a place in literature asthe principal writer in the _Federalist_, a periodical founded to expoundand defend the new Constitution, which was afterwards _pub. _ as apermanent work. He contributed 51 of its 85 articles. 

HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758-1816). --Wrote _The Cottagers of Glenburnie_, atale which had much popularity in its day, and perhaps had some effect inthe improvement of certain aspects of humble domestic life in Scotland. She also wrote _Letters on Education_, _Essays on the Human Mind_, and_The Hindoo Rajah_. 

HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842). --Novelist, brother of Sir William Hamilton(_q. V. _), wrote a novel, _Cyril Thornton_ (1827), which was received withgreat favour. He was an officer in the army, and, on his retirement, settled in Edin. , and became a contributor to _Blackwood_. He was alsothe author of _Annals of the Peninsular Campaign_ (1829), and _Men andManners in America_ (1833). 

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF BANGOUR) (1704-1754). --Poet, was _b. _ at the familyseat in Linlithgowshire. Cultivated and brilliant, he was a favourite ofsociety, and began his literary career by contributing verses to AllanRamsay's _Tea Table Miscellany_. He joined the Pretender in 1745, andcelebrated the Battle of Prestonpans in _Gladsmuir_. After Culloden hewandered in the Highlands, where he wrote his _Soliloquy_, and escaped toFrance. His friends, however, succeeded in obtaining his pardon, and hereturned to his native country. In 1750, on the death of his brother, hesucceeded to the family estate, which, however, he did not long live toenjoy. He is best remembered for his fine ballad of _The Braes ofYarrow_. He also wrote _The Episode of the Thistle_. He _d. _ at Lyons. 

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF GILBERTFIELD) (1665?-1751). --Poet, served in thearmy, from which he retired with the rank of Lieutenant. He wrotepoetical _Epistles_ to Allan Ramsay, and an abridgment in modern Scotchof Blind Harry's _Life of Sir William Wallace_. 

HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1788-1856). --Metaphysician, _b. _ in Glasgow, inthe Univ. Of which his _f. _ and grandfather successively filled the Chairof Anatomy and Botany, _ed. _ there and at Balliol Coll. , Oxf. , was calledto the Scottish Bar, at which he attained little practice, but wasappointed Solicitor of Teinds. In 1816 he established his claim to thebaronetcy of H. Of Preston. On the death of Dr. Thomas Brown in 1820, hewas an unsuccessful candidate for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin. , but in the following year he was appointed Prof. Of History. It was notuntil 1829 that he gave full proof of his remarkable powers andattainments as a philosopher in a famous article in the _EdinburghReview_, a critique of Victor Cousin's doctrine of the Infinite. Thispaper carried his name over Europe, and won for him the homage ofcontinental philosophers, including Cousin himself. After this H. Continued to contribute to the _Review_, many of his papers beingtranslated into French, German, and Italian. In 1852 they were _coll. _with notes and additions, and _pub. _ as _Discussions in Philosophy andLiterature_, _etc. _ In 1836 H. Was elected Professor of Logic andMetaphysics at Edinburgh, which office he held with great reputationuntil his death, after which the lectures he had delivered were editedand _pub. _ by Prof. Mansel and Veitch. His _magnum opus_ was his editionof the _Works of Dr. Thomas Reid_, left unfinished, and completed byMansel. H. Was the last, and certainly the most learned and accomplished, of the Scottish school of philosophy, which he considered it his missionto develop and correlate to the systems of other times and countries. Healso made various important contributions to the science of logic. Duringhis later years he suffered from paralysis of one side, which, though itleft his mind unaffected, impaired his powers of work. A Memoir of H. ByProf. Veitch appeared in 1869. 

HANNA, WILLIAM (1808-1882). --Divine and biographer, _s. _ of Samuel H. , Prof. Of Divinity in the Presbyterian Coll. , Belfast, was _b. _ there, became a distinguished minister of the Free Church of Scotland, andcolleague of Dr. T. Guthrie (_q. V. _). He wrote an admirable _Life of Dr. Chalmers_, whose son-in-law he was, and ed. His works. He also ed. The_Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen_ (_q. V. _), and wrote varioustheological works. 

HANNAY, JAMES (1827-1873). --Novelist and journalist, was _b. _ atDumfries, and after serving for some years in the navy took toliterature, and became ed. Of the _Edinburgh Courant_. He wrote twonovels, _Singleton Fontenoy_ (1850), and _Eustace Conyers_ (1855); also_Lectures on Satire and Satirists_, and _Studies on Thackeray_. For thelast five years of his life he was British Consul at Barcelona. 

HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT (1834-1903). --Youngest _s. _ of Francis H. , and nephew of Aug. And Julius H. (_q. V. _), _b. _ at Rome, practicallyadopted by his aunt, the widow of Aug. H. , and _ed. _ at Harrow. He wasthe author of a large number of books, which fall into two classes:biographies of members and connections of his family, and descriptive andhistorical accounts of various countries and cities. To the first belong_Memorials of a Quiet Life_ (his adoptive mother's), _Story of Two NobleLives_ (Lady Canning and Lady Waterford), _The Gurneys of Earlham_, andan inordinately extended autobiography; to the second, _Walks in Rome_, _Walks in London_, _Wanderings in Spain_, _Cities of Northern, Southern, and Central Italy_ (separate works), and many others. His writings areall interesting and informing, but in general suffer from his tendency todiffuseness. 

HARE, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM (1792-1834). --Was the _s. _ of Francis Hare-Naylor, who _m. _ a cousin of the famous Duchess of Devonshire, and was the authorof a history of Germany. He was sent by the widow of Sir W. Jones, whosegodson he was, to Winchester, and New Coll. , Oxf. , in the latter of whichhe was for some time a tutor. Entering the Church he became incumbent ofthe rural parish of Alton Barnes where, leading an absolutely unselfishlife, he was the father and friend of his parishioners. In addition towriting in conjunction with his brother Julius (_q. V. _), _Guesses atTruth_, a work containing short essays on multifarious subjects, whichattracted much attention, he left two vols. Of sermons. 

HARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855). --Essayist, etc. , younger brother of theabove, was _b. _ at Vicenza. When two years old his parents left him tothe care of Clotilda Tambroni, female Prof. Of Greek at Bologna. _Ed. _ atCharterhouse and Camb. , he took orders and, in 1832, was appointed to therich family living of Hurstmonceau, which Augustus had refused. Here hehad John Sterling (_q. V. _) for curate, and Bunsen for a neighbour. He wasalso Archdeacon of Lewes and a Chaplain to the Queen. His first work was_Guesses at Truth_ (1827), jointly with his brother, and he also _pub. _, jointly with Thirlwall (_q. V. _), a translation of Niebuhr's _History ofRome_, wrote _The Victory of Faith_ and other theological books andpamphlets on Church and other questions, _A Life of Sterling_, and a_Vindication of Luther_. H. , though a lovable, was an eccentric, man ofstrong antipathies, unmethodical, and unpunctual. 

HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (1561-1612). --Miscellaneous writer, and translator, _b. _ at Kelston Park near Bath, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , became acourtier of Queen Elizabeth, whose godson he was. In 1599 he served inIreland under Essex, by whom he was knighted on the field, a stretch ofauthority which was much resented by the Queen. While there he wrote _AShort View of the State of Ireland_, first _pub. _ 1880. He was in reputefor his epigrams, of which some have wit, but others are only indelicate. His translation of the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in the metre of theoriginal, is a somewhat free paraphrase, and is now superseded. It firstappeared in the form of extracts, which were handed in MS. About theCourt until they reached the Queen, who reprimanded the translator forcorrupting the morals of her ladies by translating the most unedifyingpassages, and banished him to his country seat until he should havetranslated the whole poem. His most valuable work is one which was _pub. _in 1769 by a descendant, under the title of _Nugæ Antiquæ_ (Old-timeTrifles), a miscellaneous collection from his writings and papers, containing many things of interest, _e. G. _, a minute account of theQueen's last illness, and letters and verses by her and other eminentpersons. 

HARLAND, HENRY (1861-1905). --Novelist, _b. _ of American parentage at St. Petersburg, and _ed. _ at Rome. Thereafter he went to Paris, and thence toAmerica, where he graduated at Harvard, and settled in New York. Hisliterary career falls into two distinctly marked sections, very diversein character. During the first of these he produced, under the pseudonymof "Sidney Luska, " a series of highly sensational novels, thrown off withlittle regard to literary quality, and which it was his wish should beforgotten; but about 1890 his aspirations underwent a complete change, and he became an enthusiast in regard to style and the _mot propre_. Thefirst novels of this new era, _Mademoiselle Miss_ (1893), _Grey Roses_(1895), and _Comedies and Errors_ (1898), though obtaining the approvalof the literary elect, had little general popularity; but the tide turnedwith the appearance of _The Cardinal's Snuff-box_ (1900), which waswidely admired. It was followed by _The Lady Paramount_ (1901), and _MyFriend Prospero_ (1903). H. _d. _ at San Remo after a prolonged illness. 

HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677). --Political theorist, _s. _ of Sir SapcotesH. , was _b. _ at Upton, Northamptonshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he wasa pupil of Chillingworth. After leaving the university he travelled onthe Continent, visiting, among other places, The Hague and Venice, wherehe imbibed republican principles. He was for some time a groom of thebedchamber to Charles I. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided withthe Parliament, but disapproved of the execution of the King, for whom heappears, notwithstanding his political theories, to have cherished apersonal attachment. Thereafter he withdrew from active life, and devotedhimself to composing his political romance (as it may be called) of_Oceana_, which he _pub. _ in 1656, and in which Oceana representsEngland, Marpesia Scotland, and Panopæa Ireland. In this work hepropounds the theory that the natural element of power in states isproperty, of which land is the most important. He further endeavoured topropagate his views by establishing a debating society called the Rota, and by his conversations with his friends. After the Restoration he wasconfined in the Tower, and subsequently at Plymouth. He issued severaldefences of _Oceana_, and made translations from Virgil. In his lateryears he laboured under mental delusions. Aubrey describes him as ofmiddle stature, strong, well-set, with quick, fiery hazel eyes, and thickcurly hair. 

HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780). --Grammarian, was a wealthy country gentlemanand member of Parliament, who held office in the Admiralty and theTreasury. He was the author of a singular and learned work entitled_Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar_. Forthe purpose which it had in view it is useless; but it contains muchcurious matter. His _s. _ was the eminent diplomatist, James H. , 1st Earlof Malmesbury. 

HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908). --Writer of tales, etc. , _b. _ atEatonton, Georgia, was successively printer, lawyer, and journalist. Hestruck out an original line in his stories of animal life as it presentsitself to the mind of the Southern negro, in whose dialect they arewritten. These not only achieved and retain an exceptional popularityamong children, to whom they were in the first instance addressed, butattracted the attention of students of folklore and anthology. Among hiswritings are _Uncle Remus_ (1880), _Nights with Uncle Remus_ (1884), _Mr. Rabbit at Home_ (1895), _Aaron in the Wild Woods_ (1897), _Chronicles ofAunt Minervy Ann_ (1899), etc. 

HARTE, FRANCIS BRET (1839-1902). --American humorist, _b. _ in Albany, N. Y. , but when still a boy went to California. He had a somewhat variedcareer as a teacher, miner, and journalist, and it is as a realisticchronicler of the gold-field and an original humorist that his chiefliterary triumphs were achieved. Among his best known writings are_Condensed Novels_, in which he showed great skill as a parodist, _TheLuck of Roaring Camp_, _The Idyll of Red Gulch_, and _The HeathenChinee_. In 1880 he came to Glasgow as U. S. Consul, and from 1885 helived in London. His writings often show the tenderness and fine feelingthat are allied to the higher forms of humour, and he may be said to havecreated a special form of short story in his Californian tales and proseidylls. 

HARTLEY, DAVID (1705-1757). --Philosopher, _b. _ at Luddenden, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ at Camb. , studied for the Church, but owing to theologicaldifficulties turned to medicine as a profession, and practised withsuccess at various places, including London and Bath. He also attainedeminence as a writer on philosophy, and indeed may be said to havefounded a school of thought based upon two theories, (1) the Doctrine ofVibrations, and (2) that of Association of Ideas. These he developed inan elaborate treatise, _Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and hisExpectations_. Though his system has long been discarded, its main ideashave continued to influence thought and investigation. 

HARVEY, GABRIEL (1545?-1630). --Poet, _s. _ of a ropemaker, was _b. _ atSaffron Walden, _ed. _ at Camb. , and became the friend of Spenser, beingthe Hobbinol of _The Shepheard's Calendar_. He wrote various satiricalpieces, sonnets, and pamphlets. Vain and ill-tempered, he was aremorseless critic of others, and was involved in perpetual controversy, specially with Greene and Nash, the latter of whom was able to silencehim. He wrote treatises on rhetoric, claimed to have introducedhexameters into English, was a foe to rhyme, and persuaded Spensertemporarily to abandon it. 

HAWES, STEPHEN (_d. _ 1523?). --Poet; very little concerning him is knownwith certainty. He is believed to have been _b. _ in Suffolk, and may havestudied at Oxf. Or Camb. He first comes clearly into view as a Groom ofthe Chamber in 1502, in which year he dedicated to Henry VII. His_Pastyme of Pleasure_, first printed in 1509 by Wynkyn de Worde. In thesame year appeared the _Convercyon of Swerers_ (1509), and _A JoyfulMeditacyon of all England_ (1509), on the coronation of Henry VIII. Healso wrote the _Exemple of Vertu_. H. Was a scholar, and was familiarwith French and Italian poetry. No great poet, he yet had a considerableshare in regularising the language. 

HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN (1804-1875). --Poet and antiquary, _ed. _ atCheltenham and Oxf. , became parson of Morwenstow, a smuggling andwrecking community on the Cornish coast, where he exercised a reformingand beneficent, though extremely unconventional, influence until hisdeath, shortly before which he was received into the Roman CatholicChurch. He wrote some poems of great originality and charm, _Records ofthe Western Shore_ (1832-36), and _The Quest of the Sangraal_ (1863)among them, besides short poems, of which perhaps the best known is_Shall Trelawny Die?_ which, based as it is on an old rhyme, deceivedboth Scott and Macaulay into thinking it an ancient fragment. He also_pub. _ a collection of papers, _Footprints of Former Men in Cornwall_(1870). 

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864). --Novelist, _b. _ at Salem, Massachusetts, _s. _. Of a sea captain, who _d. _ in 1808, after which hismother led the life of a recluse. An accident when at play conduced to anearly taste for reading, and from boyhood he cherished literaryaspirations. His education was completed at Bowdoin Coll. , where he hadLongfellow for a fellow-student. After graduating, he obtained a post inthe Custom-House, which, however, he did not find congenial, and soongave up, betaking himself to literature, his earliest efforts, besides anovel, _Fanshawe_, which had no success, being short tales and sketches, which, after appearing in periodicals, were _coll. _ and _pub. _ as_Twice-told Tales_ (1837), followed by a second series in 1842. In 1841he joined for a few months the socialistic community at Brook Farm, butsoon tired of it, and in the next year he _m. _ and set up house inConcord in an old manse, formerly tenanted by Emerson, whence proceeded_Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1846). It was followed by _The Snow Image_(1851), _The Scarlet Letter_ (1850), his most powerful work, _The Houseof Seven Gables_, and _The Blithedale Romance_ (1852), besides hischildren's books, _The Wonder Book_, and _The Tanglewood Tales_. Suchbusiness as he had occupied himself with had been in connection withCustom-House appointments at different places; but in 1853 he receivedfrom his friend Franklin Pierce, on his election to the Presidency, theappointment of United States Consul at Liverpool, which he retained forfour years, when, in consequence of a threatened failure of health, hewent to Italy and began his story of _The Marble Faun_, _pub. _ in Englandin 1860 under the title of _The Transformation_. The last of his books_pub. _ during his lifetime was _Our Old Home_ (1863), notes on Englandand the English. He had returned to America in 1860, where, with failinghealth and powers, he passed his remaining four years. After his deaththere were _pub. _ _The Ancestral Footstep_, _Septimus Felton_, _Dr. Grimshawe's Secret_, and _The Dolliver Romance_, all more or lessfragmentary. Most of H. 's work is pervaded by a strong element ofmysticism, and a tendency to dwell in the border-land between the seenand the unseen. His style is characterised by a distinctive grace andcharm, rich, varied, suggestive, and imaginative. On the whole he isundoubtedly the greatest imaginative writer yet produced by America. 

There are several ed. Of the _Works_, _e. G. _ Little Classics, 25 vols. ;Riverside, 15 vols. ; Standard Library, 15 vols. ; the two last havebiographies. _Lives_ by his son Julian, H. James (English Men of Letters, 1850), M. D. Conway (Great Writers, 1890), etc. 

HAY, JOHN (1838-1906). --Diplomatist and poet, _b. _ at Salem, Indiana, _ed. _ at Brown Univ. , and called to the Illinois Bar, served in the army, and was one of President Lincoln's secs. He then held diplomatic posts atParis, Madrid, and Vienna, was Ambassador to Great Britain, and was in1898 appointed Sec. Of State. He has a place in literature by virtue ofhis _Pike County Ballads_, and _Castilian Days_ (1871). 

HAYLEY, WILLIAM (1745-1820). --Poet and biographer, was _b. _ atChichester, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. Though overstrained and romantic, he had some literary ability, and was a good conversationalist. He wasthe friend of Cowper, whose Life he wrote; and it was to his influencewith Pitt that the granting of a pension to the poet was due. He was theauthor of numerous poems, including _The Triumph of Temper_, and of_Essays_ on _History_ and _Epic Poetry_, and, in addition to hisbiography of Cowper, wrote a _Life of Milton_. On the death of Thos. Warton in 1790 he was offered, but declined, the Laureateship. Of himSouthey said, "Everything about that man is good except his poetry. "

HAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON (1830-1886). --Poet, _b. _ at Charleston, S. Carolina, of an old family, contributed to various magazines, and _pub. _ _Poems_(1885), containing "Legends and Lyrics. " His graceful verses show theinfluence of Keats. His sonnets are some of his best work. 

HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1802-1884). --Miscellaneous writer, belonged to an oldWiltshire family and was _ed. _ at Tiverton School. He studied law at theInner Temple, and was called to the Bar 1832. He had a great reputationas a _raconteur_ and sayer of good things, and he was a copiouscontributor to periodicals, especially the _Quarterly Review_. Many ofhis articles were reprinted as _Biographical and Critical Essays_, and_Eminent Statesmen and Writers_; he also wrote Lives of George Selwyn andLord Chesterfield, and books on Whist, Junius, and _The Art of Dining_. His _Select Correspondence_ appeared posthumously. 

HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (1564?-1627). --Historian, _b. _ at Felixstowe, was theauthor of various historical works, the earliest of which, _The FirstPart of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV. _, was _pub. _ in 1599, andgave such offence to Queen Elizabeth that the author was imprisoned. He, however, managed to ingratiate himself with James I. By supporting hisviews of kingly prerogative. He also, at the request of Prince Henry, wrote a _History of the three Norman Kings of England_ (William I. , William II. , and Henry I. ) _The Life and Reign of Edward VI. _ was _pub. _posthumously in 1630. 

HAYWOOD, MRS. ELIZA (FOWLER) (1693-1756). --Dramatist and novelist, _b. _in London, was early _m. _ to a Mr. H. , but the union turning outunhappily, she took to the stage, upon which she appeared in Dublin about1715. She afterwards settled in London, and produced numerous plays andnovels, into which she introduced scandalous episodes regarding livingpersons whose identity was very thinly veiled, a practice which, alongwith her political satires, more than once involved her in trouble, andtogether with certain attacks upon Pope, made in concert with Curll thebookseller, procured for her a place in _The Dunciad_. Her enemies calledher reputation in question, but nothing very serious appears to have beenproved. She is repeatedly referred to by Steele, and has been doubtfullyidentified with his "Sappho. " Some of her works, such as _The History ofJemmy and Jenny Jessamy_ had great popularity. Others were _The FairCaptive_ (1721), _Idalia_ (1723), _Love in Excess_ (1724), _Memoirs of aCertain Island adjacent to Utopia_ (anonymously) (1725), _Secret Historyof Present Intrigues at the Court of Caramania_ (anonymously) (1727). Shealso conducted _The Female Spectator_, and other papers. 

HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830). --Essayist and critic, _b. _ at Maidstone, was the _s. _ of a Unitarian minister. At his father's request he studiedfor the ministry at a Unitarian Coll. At Hackney. His interests, however, were much more philosophical and political than theological. The turningpoint in his intellectual development was his meeting with Coleridge in1798. Soon after this he studied art with the view of becoming a painter, and devoted himself specially to portraiture, but though so good a judgeas his friend, J. Northcote, R. A. , believed he had the talent requisitefor success, he could not satisfy himself, and gave up the idea, thoughalways retaining his love of art. He then definitely turned toliterature, and in 1805 _pub. _ his first book, _Essay on the Principlesof Human Action_, which was followed by various other philosophical andpolitical essays. About 1812 he became parliamentary and dramaticreporter to the _Morning Chronicle_; in 1814 a contributor to the_Edinburgh Review_; and in 1817 he _pub. _ a vol. Of literary sketches, _The Round Table_. In the last named year appeared his _Characters ofShakespeare's Plays_, which was severely attacked in the _QuarterlyReview_ and _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which his democratic views madehim obnoxious. He defended himself in a cutting _Letter to WilliamGifford_, the ed. Of the former. The best of H. 's critical work--histhree courses of Lectures, _On the English Poets_, _On the English ComicWriters_, and _On the Dramatic Literature of the Age of QueenElizabeth_--appeared successively in 1818, 1819, and 1820. His next workswere _Table Talk_, in which he attacked Shelley (1821-22), and _TheSpirit of the Age_ (1825), in which he criticised some of hiscontemporaries. He then commenced what he intended to be his chiefliterary undertaking, a life of _Napoleon Buonaparte_, in 4 vols. (1828-30). Though written with great literary ability, its views andsympathies were unpopular, and it failed in attaining success. His lastwork was a _Life of Titian_, in which he collaborated with Northcote. H. Is one of the most subtle and acute of English critics, though, whencontemporaries came under review, he sometimes allowed himself to beunduly swayed by personal or political feeling, from which he had himselfoften suffered at the hands of others. His chief principle of criticismas avowed by himself was that "a genuine criticism should reflect thecolour, the light and shade, the soul and body of a work. " In his privatelife he was not happy. His first marriage, entered into in 1807, ended ina divorce in 1822, and was followed by an amour with his landlady's_dau. _, which he celebrated in _Liber Amoris_, a work which exposed himto severe censure. A second marriage with a Mrs. Bridgewater ended by thelady leaving him shortly after. The fact is that H. Was possessed of apeculiar temper, which led to his quarrelling with most of his friends. He was, however, a man of honest and sincere convictions. There is a_coll. _ ed. Of his works, the "Winterslow, " by A. R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols. , with introduction by W. E. Henley, etc. 

HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND (1793-1875). --Traveller, essayist, and biographer, served in the Engineers, went to South America as manager of a miningcompany, which failed, and then turned to literature, and madeconsiderable reputation by a book of travels, _Rapid Journeys across thePampas and among the Andes_ (1827), which was followed by _Bubbles fromthe Brunnens of Nassau_ (1834). He was Governor of Upper Canada 1835-37, but was not a great success. Thereafter he contributed to the _QuarterlyReview_, and _repub. _ his articles as _Stokers and Pokers--Highways andByways_, and wrote a _Life of Bruce_, the Abyssinian traveller. He wasmade a Baronet in 1836. 

HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1906). --Journalist and writer on Japan, _s. _ of anIrish Army surgeon and of a Greek lady, _b. _ in Leucadia, IonianIslands, lost his parents early, and was sent home to be taken charge ofby an aunt in Wales, a Roman Catholic. On her death, when he was still aboy, he was left penniless, delicate, and half blind, and afterexperiencing great hardships, in spite of which he _ed. _ himself, he tookto journalism. Going to New Orleans he attained a considerable reputationas a writer with a distinctly individual style. He came under theinfluence of Herbert Spencer, and devoted himself largely to the study ofsocial questions. After spending three years in the French West Indies, he was in 1890 sent by a publisher to Japan to write a book on thatcountry, and there he remained, becoming a naturalised subject, takingthe name of Yakomo Koizumi, and marrying a Japanese lady. He lectured onEnglish literature in the Imperial Univ. At Tokio. Though getting nearerthan, perhaps, any other Western to an understanding of the Japanese, hefelt himself to the end to be still an alien. Among his writings, whichare distinguished by acute observation, imagination, and descriptivepower of a high order, are _Stray Leaves from Strange Literature_ (1884), _Some Chinese Ghosts_ (1887), _Gleanings in Buddha Fields_ (1897), _Ghostly Japan_, _Kokoro_, _Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life_, etc. He was also an admirable letter-writer. 

HEARNE, THOMAS (1678-1735). --Antiquary, _b. _ at White Waltham. , Berkshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where in 1712 he became second keeper ofthe Bodleian Library. A strong Jacobite, he was deprived of his post in1716, and afterwards he refused, on political grounds, the chieflibrarianship. He _pub. _ a large number of antiquarian works, including_Reliquiæ Bodleianæ_ (1703), and ed. Of Leland's _Itinerary_ and_Collectanea_, Camden's _Annals_, and Fordun's _Scotochronicon_. Some ofhis own collections were _pub. _ posthumously. 

HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826). --Poet, _s. _ of the Rector of Malpas, a manof family and wealth, and half-brother of Richard H. , the famousbook-collector, was _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he gained the Newdigate prizefor his poem, _Palestine_, and was elected in 1805 Fellow of All Souls. After travelling in Germany and Russia, he took orders in 1807, andbecame Rector of the family living of Hodnet. In 1822, after tworefusals, he accepted the Bishopric of Calcutta, an office in which heshowed great zeal and capacity. He _d. _ of apoplexy in his bath atTrichinopoly in 1826. In addition to _Palestine_ he wrote _Europe_, apoem having reference specially to the Peninsular War, and left variousfragments, including an Oriental romance based on the story of Bluebeard. H. 's reputation now rests mainly on his hymns, of which several, _e. G. _, _From Greenland's Icy Mountains_, _Brightest and Best of the Sons of theMorning_, and _Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty_, are sung whereverthe English language is known. He also wrote a _Life of Jeremy Taylor_(1822). H. Was a scholar and wit as well as a devoted Christian andChurchman. 

HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875). --Essayist and historian, was _b. _ atStreatham, Surrey, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. After leaving the Univ. Hewas private sec. To various public men, and in 1841, his circumstancesrendering him independent of employment, he retired to Bishop's Waltham, and devoted himself for 20 years to study and writing. Appointed, in1860, Clerk to the Privy Council, he became known to, and a favourite of, Queen Victoria, who entrusted him with the task of editing the _Speechesand Addresses of the Prince Consort_ (1862), and her own book, _Leavesfrom the Journal of our Life in the Highlands_ (1868). Of his ownpublications the first was _Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd_(1835), a series of aphorisms, and there followed, among others, _Essayswritten in the Intervals of Business_ (1841), _Friends in Council_, 4series (1847-59), _Realmah_ (1869), and _Conversations on War and GeneralCulture_ (1871). In history H. Wrote _The Conquerors of the New World_(1848-52), and _The Spanish Conquests in America_, 4 vols. (1855-61). Healso wrote a _Life of Thos. Brassey_, and, as the demand for hishistorical works fell off, he _repub. _ parts of them as individualbiographies of Las Casas, Columbus, Pizarro, and Cortez. He also triedthe drama, but without success. His essays are his most successful work, containing as they do the thoughts and opinions of a shrewd, experienced, and highly cultivated man, written in what Ruskin called "beautiful quietEnglish. " They have not, however, any exceptional depth or originality. 

HEMANS, FELICIA DOROTHEA (BROWNE) (1793-1835). --Poetess, _dau. _ of aLiverpool merchant, who, owing to reverses, retired to North Wales. Whileyet little more than a child she _pub. _ her first poems, the reception ofwhich was not encouraging. In the same year, 1808, a further publicationappeared which drew a letter from Shelley. Her first important work, _TheDomestic Affections_, appeared in 1812, in which year she was _m. _ toCaptain Hemans, an Irish officer. The union, however, was not a happyone, and her husband practically deserted her and her five sons in 1818. Her literary activity was continued during the whole of her short life, and her works include, _The Vespers of Palermo_, a drama, which was notsuccessful, _The Forest Sanctuary_ (1826), her best poem, _Records ofWoman_, _Lays of Leisure Hours_, _Songs of the Affections_, _Hymns forChildhood_, and _Thoughts during Sickness_ (1834), her last effort. In1829 she visited Scotland, where she was the guest of Scott, who held herin affectionate regard. She also enjoyed the friendship of Wordsworth. Always somewhat delicate, her health latterly entirely gave way, and she_d. _ of a decline in 1835. Her shorter pieces enjoyed much popularity, and still, owing to their grace and tenderness, retain a certain place, but her long poems are lacking in energy and depth, and are forgotten. 

HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903). --Poet and critic, _b. _ at Gloucester, made the acquaintance of Robert Louis Stevenson (_q. V. _), andcollaborated with him in several dramas, including _Deacon Brodie_, and_Robert Macaire_. He engaged in journalism, and became ed. Of _TheMagazine of Art_, _The National Observer_, and _The New Review_, compiled_Lyra Heroica_, an anthology of English poetry for boys, and, with Mr. Farmer, ed. A _Dictionary of Slang_. His poems, which include _HospitalRhymes_, _London Voluntaries_, _The Song of the Sword_, _For England'sSake_, and _Hawthorn and Lavender_, are very unequal in quality, andrange from strains of the purest music to an uncouth and unmusicalrealism of no poetic worth. He wrote with T. F. Henderson a _Life ofBurns_, in which the poet is set forth as a "lewd peasant of genius. "

Complete works, 7 vols. , 1908. 

HENRY VIII. (1491-1547). --Besides writing songs including _The KingsBallad_, was a learned controversialist, and contended against Luther in_Assertio Septem Sacramentorum_ (Defence of the Seven Sacraments), atreatise which gained for him the title of Defender of the Faith. 

HENRY of HUNTINGDON (1084-1155). --Historian, was Archdeacon of Huntingdonfrom 1109. His _Historia Anglorum_ (History of the English) comes down to1154. He also wrote a treatise, _De Contemptu Mundi_ (on Contempt of theWorld). 

HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714). --Commentator, _s. _ of Philip H. , a learnedNonconformist divine, was _b. _ in Flintshire. He was originally destinedfor the law, and studied at Gray's Inn, but turned his mind to theology, and, in 1687, became minister of a Nonconformist church at Chester. Herehe remained until 1712, when he went to take the oversight of acongregation at Hackney, where he _d. _ two years later. He wrote manyreligious works, but is chiefly remembered by his _Exposition of the Oldand New Testaments_, which he did not live to complete beyond the Acts. The comment on the Epistles was, however, furnished after his death by 13Nonconformist divines. Though long superseded from a critical point ofview, the work still maintains its place as a book of practical religion, being distinguished by great freshness and ingenuity of thought, andpointed and vigorous expression. 

HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790). --Historian, _b. _ at St. Ninians, Stirlingshire, entered the Church of Scotland, becoming one of theministers of Edin. He wrote the _History of Great Britain on a New Plan_(1771-93), in 6 vols. , covering the period from the Roman invasion untilthe reign of Henry VIII. The novelty consisted in dividing the subjectsinto different heads, civil history, military, social, and so on, andfollowing out each of them separately. The work was mainly a compilation, having no critical qualities, and is now of little value. Notwithstandingthe persistent and ferocious attacks of Dr. Gilbert Stewart (_q. V. _), ithad a great success, and brought the author over £3000, and a governmentpension of £100. 

HENRY, THE MINSTREL, (_see_ BLIND HARRY). 

HENRYSON, ROBERT (1430?-1506?). --Scottish poet. Few details of his lifeare known, even the dates of his birth and death being uncertain. Heappears to have been a schoolmaster, perhaps in the Benedictine Convent, at Dunfermline, and was a member of the Univ. Of Glasgow in 1462. He alsopractised as a Notary Public, and may have been in orders. His principalpoems are _The Moral Fables of Esope the Phrygian_, _The Testament ofCresseide_, a sequel to the _Troilus and Cressida_ of Chaucer, to whom itwas, until 1721, attributed, _Robene and Makyne_, the first pastoral, notonly in Scottish vernacular, but in the English tongue, _The UplandisMous and The Burges Mous_ (Country and Town Mouse), and the _Garmond ofGude Ladeis_. H. , who was versed in the learning and general culture ofhis day, had a true poetic gift. His verse is strong and swift, full ofdescriptive power, and sparkling with wit. He is the first Scottishlyrist and the introducer of the pastoral to English literature. 

HENTY, GEORGE ALFRED (1832-1902). --Boys' novelist, wrote over 80 booksfor boys, which had great popularity. Among them are _By England's Aid_, _Dash for Khartoum_, _Facing Death_, _In Freedom's Cause_, _Out on thePampas_, etc. , all full of adventure and interest, and conveyinginformation as well as amusement. 

HERAUD, JOHN ABRAHAM (1799-1887). --Poet, _b. _ in London, of Huguenotdescent, he contributed to various periodicals, and _pub. _ two poems, which attracted some attention, _The Descent into Hell_ (1830), and _TheJudgment of the Flood_ (1834). He also produced a few plays, miscellaneous poems, books of travel, etc. 

HERBERT, of CHERBURY, EDWARD, 1ST LORD (1583-1648). --Philosopher andhistorian, was the eldest _s. _ of Richard H. , of Montgomery Castle, andwas _b. _ there or at Eyton, Shropshire. He was at Oxf. , and while there, at the age of 16, he _m. _ a kinswoman four years his senior, the _dau. _of Sir William H. Thereafter he returned to the Univ. And devoted himselfto study, and to the practice of manly sports and accomplishments. At hiscoronation in 1603 James I. Made him a Knight of the Bath, and in 1608 hewent to the Continent, where for some years he was engaged in militaryand diplomatic affairs, not without his share of troubles. In 1624 he was_cr. _ an Irish, and a few years later, an English, peer, as Baron H. , ofCherbury. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided, though somewhathalf-heartedly, with the Royalists, but in 1644 he surrendered to theParliament, received a pension, held various offices, and _d. _ in 1648. It was in 1624 that he wrote his treatise, _De Veritate_, "An empiricaltheory of knowledge, " in which truth is distinguished from (1)revelation, (2) the probable, (3) the possible, (4) the false. It is thefirst purely metaphysical work written by an Englishman, and gave rise tomuch controversy. It was reprinted in 1645, when the author added twotreatises, _De Causis Errorum_ (concerning the Causes of Errors), and _DeReligione Laici_ (concerning the Religion of a Layman). His other chiefphilosophical work was _De Religione Gentilium_ (1663), of which anEnglish translation appeared in 1705, under the title of _The AncientReligion of the Gentiles and Cause of their Errors considered_. It hasbeen called "the charter of the Deists, " and was intended to prove that"all religions recognise five main articles--(1) a Supreme God, (2) whoought to be worshipped, (3) that virtue and purity are the essence ofthat worship, (4) that sin should be repented of, and (5) rewards andpunishments in a future state. " Among his historical works are _ExpeditioBuckinghamii Ducis_ (1656), a vindication of the Rochelle expedition, a_Life of Henry VIII. _ (1649), extremely partial to the King, his_Autobiography_, which gives a brilliant picture of his contemporaries, and of the manners and events of his time, and a somewhat vaingloriousaccount of himself and his doings. He was also the author of some poemsof a metaphysical cast. On the whole his is one of the most shining andspirited figures of the time. 

Autobiography ed. By S. Lee (1886). Poems ed. By J. Churton Collins, etc. 

HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633). --Poet, brother of above, was _ed. _ atWestminster School and Trinity Coll. , Camb. , where he took his degree in1616, and was public orator 1619-27. He became the friend of Sir H. Wotton, Donne, and Bacon, the last of whom is said to have held him insuch high esteem as to submit his writings to him before publication. Heacquired the favour of James I. , who conferred upon him a sinecure worth£120 a year, and having powerful friends, he attached himself for sometime to the Court in the hope of preferment. The death of two of hispatrons, however, led him to change his views, and coming under theinfluence of Nicholas Ferrar, the quietist of Little Gidding, and ofLaud, he took orders in 1626 and, after serving for a few years asprebendary of Layton Ecclesia, or Leighton Broomswold, he became in 1630Rector of Bemerton, Wilts, where he passed the remainder of his life, discharging the duties of a parish priest with conscientious assiduity. His health, however, failed, and he _d. _ in his 40th year. His chiefworks are _The Temple, or Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations_ (1634), _The Country Parson_ (1652), and _Jacula Prudentium_, a collection ofpithy proverbial sayings, the two last in prose. Not _pub. _ until theyear after his death, _The Temple_ had immediate acceptance, 20, 000copies, according to I. Walton, who was H. 's biographer, having been soldin a few years. Among its admirers were Charles I. , Cowper, andColeridge. H. Wrote some of the most exquisite sacred poetry in thelanguage, although his style, influenced by Donne, is at timescharacterised by artificiality and conceits. He was an excellentclassical scholar, and an accomplished musician. 

Works with _Life_ by Izaak Walton, ed. By Coleridge, 1846, etc. 

HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682). --Traveller and historian, belonged to anold Yorkshire family, studied at Oxf. And Camb. , and went in connectionwith an embassy to Persia, of which, and of other Oriental countries, he_pub. _ a description. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was aParliamentarian, but was afterwards taken into the household of the King, to whom he became much attached, was latterly his only attendant, and waswith him on the scaffold. At the Restoration he was made a Baronet, andin 1678 _pub. _ _Threnodia Carolina_, an account of the last two years ofthe King's life. 

HERD, DAVID (1732-1810). --Scottish anthologist, _s. _ of a farmer inKincardineshire, was clerk to an accountant in Edin. , and devoted hisleisure to collecting old Scottish poems and songs, which he first _pub. _in 1769 as _Ancient Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads, etc. _ Other andenlarged ed. Appeared in 1776 and 1791. Sir W. Scott made use of his MS. Collections in his _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_. 

HERRICK, ROBERT (1591-1674). --Poet, _b. _ in London, was apprenticed as agoldsmith to his uncle, Sir William H. , with whom he remained for 10years. Thereafter he went to Camb. , took orders, and was in 1629presented by Charles I. To the living of Dean Prior, a remote parish inDevonshire, from which he was ejected in 1647, returning in 1662. In theinterval he appears to have lived in Westminster, probably supported, more or less, by the gifts of wealthy Royalists. His _Noble Numbers orPious Pieces_ was _pub. _ in 1647, his _Hesperides or Works both Human andDivine_ in 1648, and the two together in one vol. In the latter year. Over 60, however, of the lighter poems included in _Hesperides_ hadpreviously appeared anonymously in a collection entitled _Wit'sRecreations_. H. 's early life in London had been a free one, and hissecular poems, in which he appears much more at ease than in his sacred, show him to have been a thorough Epicurean, though he claims that hislife was not to be judged by his muse. As a lyric poet H. Stands in thefront rank for sweetness, grace, and true poetic fire, and some of hislove songs, _e. G. _ _Anthea_, and _Gather ye Rose-buds_, are unsurpassed intheir kind; while in such exquisite little poems as _Blossoms, Daffodils_, and others he finds a classic expression for his love ofnature and country life. In his epigrams, however, he falls much belowhimself. He has been described as "the most frankly pagan of Englishpoets. "

Poems ed. By Nutt (1810), Grosart (1876), Pollard (preface by Swinburne, 1891). 

HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM (1792-1871). --_S. _ of Sir WilliamH. , the eminent astronomer and discoverer of the planet Uranus, was _b. _at Slough, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where he was Senior Wrangler and firstSmith's prizeman. He became one of the greatest of English astronomers. Among his writings are treatises on Sound and Light, and his _Astronomy_(1831) was for long the leading manual on the subject. He also _pub. __Popular Lectures_ and _Collected Addresses_, and made translations fromSchiller, and from the _Iliad_. 

HERVEY, JAMES (1714-1758). --Religious writer, Rector of Weston Favell, Northants, was the author of _Meditations among the Tombs_ (1745-47), _Theron and Aspasio_, and other works, which had a great vogue in theirday. They are characterised by over-wrought sentiment, and overloadedwith florid ornament. H. Was a devout and unselfish man, who by hislabours broke down a delicate constitution. 

HERVEY, JOHN, LORD (1696-1743). --Writer of memoirs, was a younger _s. _ ofthe 1st Earl of Bristol. Entering Parliament he proved an able debater, and held various offices, including that of Lord Privy Seal. He was afavourite with Queen Caroline, and a dexterous and supple courtier. Hewrote _Memoirs of the Reign of George II. _, which gives a veryunfavourable view of the manners and morals of the Court. It is writtenin a lively, though often spiteful style, and contains many clever anddiscriminating character sketches. He was satirised by Pope under thename of "Sporus" and "Lord Fanny. "

HEYLIN, PETER (1600-1662). --Ecclesiastical writer, _b. _ at Burford, Oxon. , was one of the clerical followers of Charles I. , who suffered forhis fidelity, being deprived under the Commonwealth of his living ofAlresford, and other preferments. After the Restoration he was madesub-Dean of Westminster, but the failure of his health prevented furtheradvancement. He was a voluminous writer, and a keen and acrimoniouscontroversialist against the Puritans. Among his works are a _History ofthe Reformation_, and a Life of Laud (_Cyprianus Anglicanus_) (1668). 

HEYWOOD, JOHN (1497?-1580?). --Dramatist and epigrammatist, is believed tohave been _b. _ at North Mimms, Herts. He was a friend of Sir Thomas More, and through him gained the favour of Henry VIII. , and was at the Court ofEdward VI. And Mary, for whom, as a young Princess, he had a greatregard. Being a supporter of the old religion, he enjoyed her favour, buton the accession of Elizabeth, he left the country, and went to Mechlin, where he _d. _ He was famous as a writer of interludes, a species ofcomposition intermediate between the old "moralities" and the regulardrama, and displayed considerable constructive skill, and a racy, ifsomewhat broad and even coarse, humour. Among his interludes are _ThePlay of the Wether_ (1532), _The Play of Love_ (1533), and _The Pardonerand the Frere_. An allegorical poem is _The Spider and the Flie_ (1556), in which the Spider stands for the Protestants, and the Flie for theRoman Catholics. H. Was likewise the author of some 600 epigrams, whencehis title of "the old English epigrammatist. "

HEYWOOD, THOMAS (_d. _ 1650). --Dramatist. Few facts about him have comedown, and these are almost entirely derived from his own writings. Heappears to have been _b. _ in Lincolnshire, and was a Fellow ofPeterhouse, Camb. , and an ardent Protestant. His literary activityextends from about 1600 to 1641, and his production was unceasing; heclaims to have written or "had a main finger in" 220 plays, of which onlya small proportion (24) are known to be in existence, a fact partlyaccounted for by many of them having been written upon the backs oftavern bills, and by the circumstance that though a number of them werepopular, few were _pub. _ Among them may be mentioned _The Four Prenticesof London_ (1600) (ridiculed in Fletcher's _Knight of the BurningPestle_), _Edward IV. _ (2 parts) in 1600 and 1605, _The Royal King andthe Loyal Subject_ (1637), _A Woman Killed with Kindness_ (1603), _Rapeof Lucrece_ (1608), _Fair Maid of the Exchange_ (1607), _Love's Mistress_(1636), and _Wise Woman of Hogsdon_ (1638). H. Also wrote an _Apology forActors_ (1612), a poem, _Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels_ (1635), andmade various translations. He was thoroughly English in his subjects andtreatment, and had invention, liveliness, and truth to nature, but lackedthe higher poetic sense, and of course wrote far too much to writeuniformly well. 

HIGDEN, RANULF or RALPH (_d. _ 1364). --Chronicler, is believed to havebeen _b. _ in the West of England, took the monastic vow (Benedictine), atChester in 1299, and seems to have travelled over the North of England. His fame rests on his _Polychronicon_, a universal history reaching downto contemporary events. The work is divided into 7 books and, though ofno great value as an authority, has an interest as showing the state ofhistorical and geographical knowledge at the time. Written in Latin, itwas translated into English by John of Trevisa (_q. V. _) (1387), andprinted by Caxton (1482), and by others. Another translation of the 15thcentury was issued in the Rolls Series. For two centuries it was anapproved work. H. Wrote various other treatises on theology and history. 

HILL, AARON (1685-1750). --Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of acountry gentleman of Wiltshire, was _ed. _ at Westminster School, andthereafter made a tour in the East. He was the author of 17 dramaticpieces, some of them, such as his versions of Voltaire's _Zaire_ and_Merope_, being adaptations. He also wrote a quantity of poetry, which, notwithstanding some good passages, is as a general rule dull andpompous. Having written some satiric lines on Pope he received in returna niche in _The Dunciad_, which led to a controversy, in which H. Showedsome spirit. Afterwards a reconciliation took place. He was a friend andcorrespondent of Richardson, whose _Pamela_ he highly praised. Inaddition to his literary pursuits H. Was a great projector, but hisschemes were usually unsuccessful. He was a good and honourable man, butover-impressed with his own importance. 

HINTON, JAMES (1822-1875). --Writer on sociology and psychology, _s. _ of aBaptist minister, became a successful aurist, but his attention beingarrested by social questions, he gave more and more of his time to theconsideration and exposition of these. Open-minded and altruistic, hisbooks are full of thought and suggestion. Among his writings may bementioned _Man and his Dwelling-place_ (1859), _The Mystery of Pain_(1866), _The Law of Human Life_ (1874), _Chapters on the Art of Thinking_(1879), and _Philosophy and Religion_ (1881). 

HOADLEY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761). --Theologian and controversialist, _ed. _ atCamb. , entered the Church, and became Bishop successively of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester. He was a great supporter of theRevolution, and controvertor of the doctrines of divine right and passiveobedience. His works were generally either the causes of controversy orelicited by it. One of his sermons, _On the Nature of the Kingdom orChurch of Christ_ was the originating cause of what was known as theBangorian controversy, which raged for a long time with great bitterness. 

HOBBES, THOMAS (1588-1679). --Philosopher, was _b. _ at Malmesbury, the_s. _ of a clergyman, and _ed. _ at Oxf. Thereafter he travelled as tutorthrough France, Italy, and Germany, with William Lord Cavendish, afterwards 2nd Earl of Devonshire, with whom he remained as sec. Afterthe completion of the tour. While engaged in this capacity he becameacquainted with Bacon (whose amanuensis he is said to have been), Herbertof Cherbury, and Ben Jonson. In 1629 he _pub. _ a translation of_Thucydides_. After the death of his patron, which took place in 1626, hewent in 1628 to Paris, where he remained for 18 months, and in 1631 heassumed the position of tutor to his _s. _, afterwards the 3rd Earl, withwhom he went in 1634 to France, Italy, and Savoy. When in Italy he wasthe friend of Galileo, Gassendi, and other eminent men. Returning toEngland he remained in the Earl's service, and devoted himself to hisstudies on philosophy and politics. The commotions of the times, however, disturbed him; and his Royalist principles, expounded in his treatise, _De Corpore Politico_, led to his again, in 1641, leaving England andgoing to Paris, where he remained until 1652. While there, he enteredinto controversy on mathematical subjects with Descartes, _pub. _ some ofhis principal works, including _Leviathan_, and received, in 1647, theappointment of mathematical tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterwardsCharles II. , who was then in that city. The views expressed in his works, however, brought him into such unpopularity that the Prince found itexpedient to break the connection, and H. Returned to England. In 1653 heresumed his relations with the Devonshire family, living, however, inLondon in habits of intimacy with Selden, Cowley, and Dr. Harvey. On theRestoration the King conferred upon him a pension of £100, but like mostof the Royal benefactions of the day, it was but irregularly paid. Hislater years were spent in the family of his patron, chiefly atChatsworth, where he continued his literary activity until his death, which occurred in 1679, in his 91st year. H. Was one of the mostprominent Englishmen of his day, and has continued to influencephilosophical thought more or less ever since, generally, however, byevoking opposition. His fundamental proposition is that all human actionis ultimately based upon selfishness (more or less enlightened), allowingno place to the moral or social sentiments. Similarly in his politicalwritings man is viewed as a purely selfish being who must be held inrestraint by the strong hand of authority. His chief philosophical worksare _De Corpore Politico_, already mentioned, _pub. _ in 1640;_Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society_, originallyin Latin, translated into English in 1650; _Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil_ (1651);_Treatise on Human Nature_ (1650); and _Letters upon Liberty andNecessity_ (1654). Generally speaking, all his works led him intocontroversy, one of his principal opponents being Clarendon. The _Lettersupon Liberty and Necessity_, which is one of the ablest of them, andindeed one of the ablest ever written on the subject, brought him intocollision with Bramhall, Bishop of Londonderry, whom he completelyoverthrew. He was not, however, so successful in his mathematicalcontroversies, one of the chief of which was on the Quadrature of theCircle. Here his antagonist was the famous mathematician Wallis, who wasable easily to demonstrate his errors. In 1672, when 84, H. Wrote hisautobiography in Latin verse, and in the same year translated 4 books ofthe _Odyssey_, which were so well received that he completed theremaining books, and also translated the whole of the _Iliad_. Thoughaccurate as literal renderings of the sense, these works fail largely toconvey the beauties of the original, notwithstanding which three ed. Wereissued within 10 years, and they long retained their popularity. His lastwork was _Behemoth_, a history of the Civil War, completed just beforehis death, which occurred at Hardwick Hall, one of the seats of theDevonshire family. Although a clear and bold thinker, and a keencontroversialist, he was characterised by a certain constitutionaltimidity believed to have been caused by the alarm of his mother nearthe time of his birth at the threatened descent of the Spanish Armada. Though dogmatic and impatient of contradiction, faults which grew uponhim with age, H. Had the courage of his opinions, which he did not trimto suit the times. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1588, _ed. _ Oxf. , became acquainted with Bacon, went toParis 1628, in Italy 1634, _pub. _ _De Corpore Politico_ (1640), again inParis 1641-52, and while there was in controversy with Descartes, and_pub. _ _Leviathan_ (1651), appointed mathematical tutor to Charles II. 1647, returned to England 1652, pensioned at Restoration, later yearsspent at Chatsworth, _pub. _ _Human Nature_ 1650, _Liberty and Necessity_1654, controversy with Bramhall and Wallis, writes autobiography 1672, translates _Homer_, _pub. _ _Behemoth_ 1679, _d. _ 1679. 

_Works_ ed. By Sir W. Molesworth (16 vols. 1839-46), monograph by CroomRobertson. _Life_ by L. Stephen (English Men of Letters Series). 

HOBY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1566). --Translator, _b. _ at Leominster, and _ed. _at Camb. , translated Bucer's _Gratulation to the Church of England_, and_The Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio_, the latter of which had greatpopularity. H. _d. _ in Paris while Ambassador to France. 

HOCCLEVE, or OCCLEVE, THOMAS (1368?-1450?). --Poet, probably _b. _ inLondon, where he appears to have spent most of his life, living inChester's Inn in the Strand. Originally intended for the Church, hereceived an appointment in the Privy Seal Office, which he retained until1424, when quarters were assigned him in the Priory of Southwick, Hants. In 1399 a pension of £10, subsequently increased to £13, 6s. 8d. , hadbeen conferred upon him, which, however, was paid only intermittently, thus furnishing him with a perpetual grievance. His early life appears tohave been irregular, and to the end he was a weak, vain, discontentedman. His chief work is _De Regimine Principum_ or _Governail of Princes_, written 1411-12. The best part of this is an autobiographical prelude_Mal Regle de T. Hoccleve_, in which he holds up his youthful follies asa warning. It is also interesting as containing, in the MS. In theBritish Museum, a drawing of Chaucer, from which all subsequent portraitshave been taken. 

HOFFMAN, CHARLES FENNO (1806-1884). --Poet, etc. , _b. _ in New York, _s. _of a lawyer, was bred to the same profession, but early deserted it forliterature. He wrote a successful novel, _Greyslaer_, and much verse, some of which displayed more lyrical power than any which had preceded itin America. 

HOGG, JAMES (THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD) (1770-1835). --Poet, and writer oftales, belonged to a race of shepherds, and began life by herding cowsuntil he was old enough to be trusted with a flock of sheep. Hisimagination was fed by his mother, who was possessed of an inexhaustiblestock of ballads and folk-lore. He had little schooling, and had greatdifficulty in writing out his earlier poems, but was earnest in givinghimself such culture as he could. Entering the service of Mr. Laidlaw, the friend of Scott, he was by him introduced to the poet, and assistedhim in collecting material for his _Border Minstrelsy_. In 1796 he hadbegun to write his songs, and when on a visit to Edin. In 1801 he _coll. _his poems under the title of _Scottish Pastorals, etc. _, and in 1807there followed _The Mountain Bard_. A treatise on the diseases of sheepbrought him £300, on the strength of which he embarked upon asheep-farming enterprise in Dumfriesshire which, like a previous smallerventure in Harris, proved a failure, and he returned to Ettrick bankrupt. Thenceforward he relied almost entirely on literature for support. Withthis view he, in 1810, settled in Edin. , _pub. _ _The Forest Minstrel_, and started the _Spy_, a critical journal, which ran for a year. In 1813_The Queen's Wake_ showed his full powers, and finally settled his rightto an assured place among the poets of his country. He joined the staffof _Blackwood_, and became the friend of Wilson, Wordsworth, and Byron. Other poems followed, _The Pilgrims of the Sun_ (1815), _Madoc of theMoor_, _The Poetic Mirror_, and _Queen Hynde_ (1826); and in prose_Winter Evening Tales_ (1820), _The Three Perils of Man_ (1822), and _TheThree Perils of Woman_. In his later years his home was a cottage atAltrive on 70 acres of moorland presented to him by the Duchess ofBuccleuch, where he _d. _ greatly lamented. As might be expected from hisalmost total want of regular education, H. Was often greatly wanting intaste, but he had real imagination and poetic faculty. Some of his lyricslike _The Skylark_ are perfect in their spontaneity and sweetness, andhis _Kilmeny_ is one of the most exquisite fairy tales in the language. Hogg was vain and greedy of praise, but honest and, beyond his means, generous. He is a leading character, partly idealised, partlycaricatured, in Wilson's _Noctes Ambrosianæ_. 

HOGG, THOMAS JEFFERSON (1792-1862). --Biographer, _s. _ of John H. , acountry gentleman of Durham, _ed. _ at Durham Grammar School, and Univ. Coll. , Oxf. , where he made the acquaintance of Shelley, whose lifelongfriend and biographer he became. Associated with S. In the famouspamphlet on _The Necessity of Atheism_, he shared in the expulsion fromthe Univ. Which it entailed, and thereafter devoted himself to the law, being called to the Bar in 1817. In 1832 he contributed to Bulwer's _NewMonthly Magazine_ his _Reminiscences of Shelley_, which was much admired. Thereafter he was commissioned to write a biography of the poet, of whichhe completed 2 vols. , but in so singular a fashion that the material withwhich he had been entrusted was withdrawn. The work, which is probablyunique in the annals of biography, while giving a vivid and crediblepicture of S. Externally, shows no true appreciation of him as a poet, and reflects with at least equal prominence the humorously eccentricpersonality of the author, which renders it entertaining in no commondegree. Other works of H. Were _Memoirs of Prince Alexy Haimatoff_, and abook of travels, _Two Hundred and Nine Days_ (1827). He _m. _ the widow ofWilliams, Shelley's friend, who was drowned along with him. 

HOLCROFT, THOMAS (1745-1809). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a small shoemaker inLondon, passed his youth as a pedlar, and as a Newmarket stable boy. Acharitable person having given him some education he became aschoolmaster, but in 1770 went on the provincial stage. He then took towriting plays, and was the first to introduce the melodrama into England. Among his plays, _The Road to Ruin_ (1792) is the best, and is stillacted; others were _Duplicity_ (1781), and _A Tale of Mystery_. Among hisnovels are _Alwyn_ (1780), and _Hugh Trevor_, and he wrote the well-knownsong, _Gaffer Gray_. H. Was a man of stern and irascible temper, industrious and energetic, and a sympathiser with the French Revolution. 

HOLINSHED, or HOLLINGSHEAD, RAPHAEL or RALPH _d. _ (1580?). --Belonged to aCheshire family, and is said by Anthony Wood to have been at one of theUniv. , and to have been a priest. He came to London, and was in theemployment of Reginald Wolf, a German printer, making translations anddoing hack-work. His _Chronicles of Englande, Scotlande, and Irelande_, from which Shakespeare drew much of his history, was based to aconsiderable extent on the collections of Leland, and he had theassistance of W. Harrison, R. Stanyhurst, and others. The introductorydescription of England and the English was the work of Harrison, Stanyhurst did the part relating to Ireland, and H. Himself the historyof England and Scotland, the latter being mainly translated from theworks of Boece and Major. _Pub. _ in 1577 it had an eager welcome, and awide and lasting popularity. A later ed. In 1586 was ed. By J. Hooker andStow. It is a work of real value--a magazine of useful and interestinginformation, with the authorities cited. Its tone is strongly Protestant, its style clear. 

HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881). --Novelist and poet, _b. _ inMassachusetts, helped to found and ed. _Scribner's Monthly_ (afterwardsthe _Century Magazine_), in which appeared his novels, _ArthurBonnicastle_, _The Story of Sevenoaks_, _Nicholas Minturn_. In poetry hewrote _Bitter Sweet_ (1858), _Kathrina_, etc. 

HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637). --Translator, _b. _ at Chelmsford, and _ed. _at Camb. , was master of the free school at Coventry, where he alsopractised medicine. His chief translations, made in good ElizabethanEnglish, are of Pliny's _Natural History_, Plutarch's _Morals_, Suetonius, Xenophon's _Cyropædia_, and Camden's _Britannia_. There arepassages in the second of these which have hardly been excelled by anylater prose translator of the classics. His later years were passed inpoverty. 

HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (1809-1894). --Essayist, novelist, and poet, was_b. _ of good Dutch and English stock at Camb. , Massachusetts, the seat ofHarvard, where he graduated in 1829. He studied law, then medicine, firstat home, latterly in Paris, whence he returned in 1835, and practised inhis native town. In 1838 he was appointed Prof. Of Anatomy and Physiologyat Dartmouth Coll. , from which he was in 1847 transferred to a similarchair at Harvard. Up to 1857 he had done little in literature: his firstbook of poems, containing "The Last Leaf, " had been _pub. _ But in thatyear the _Atlantic Monthly_ was started with Lowell for ed. , and H. Wasengaged as a principal contributor. In it appeared the trilogy by whichhe is best known, _The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table_ (1857), _TheProfessor_, _The Poet_ (1872), all graceful, allusive, and pleasantlyegotistical. He also wrote _Elsie Venner_ (1861), which has been called"the snake story of literature, " and _The Guardian Angel_. By manyreaders he is valued most for the poems which lie imbedded in his books, such as "The Chambered Nautilus, " "The Last Leaf, " "Homesick in Heaven, ""The Voiceless, " and "The Boys. "

HOME, JOHN (1722-1808). --Dramatist, _s. _ of the Town-Clerk of Leith, where he was _b. _, _ed. _ there and at Edin. , and entered the Church. Before doing so, however, he had fought on the Royalist side in the '45, and had, after the Battle of Falkirk, been a prisoner in Doune Castle, whence he escaped. His ministerial life, which was passed atAthelstaneford, East Lothian, was brought to an end by the action of theChurch Courts on his producing the play of _Douglas_. This drama, whichhad been rejected by Garrick, but brought out in Edin. In 1756, createdan immense sensation, and made its appearance in London the followingyear. H. Then became private sec. To the Earl of Bute, who gave him thesinecure of Conservator of Scots Privileges at Campvere in Holland. Thereafter he was tutor to the Prince of Wales (George III. ), who on hisaccession conferred upon him a pension of £300. Other plays were _TheSiege of Aquileia_, _The Fatal Discovery_ (1769), _Alonzo_, and _Alfred_(1778), which was a total failure. He also wrote a _History of theRebellion_. In 1778 he settled in Edin. , where he was one of thebrilliant circle of literary men of which Robertson was the centre. Hesupported the claims of Macpherson to be the translator of Ossian. 

HONE, WILLIAM (1780-1842). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at Bath, in hisyouth became a convinced and active democrat. His zeal in the propagationof his views, political and philanthropic, was so absorbing as to lead toa uniform want of success in his business undertakings. He _pub. _ manysatirical writings, which had immense popularity, among which were _ThePolitical House that Jack Built_ (1819), _The Man in the Moon_ (1820), _The Political Showman_ (1821), and _The Apocryphal New Testament_. Forone of his earliest satires, _The Political Litany_, _pub. _ in 1817, hewas prosecuted, but acquitted. Later he brought out _Ancient Mysteries_(1823), _Every Day Book_ (1826-27), _Table Book_ (1827-28), and _YearBook_ (1828). These works, in which he had the assistance of otherwriters, are full of curious learning on miscellaneous subjects, such asceremonies, dress, sports, customs, etc. His last literary enterprise wasan ed. Of _Strutt's Sports and Pastimes_ (1830). Always aself-sacrificing and honest man, he was originally an unbeliever, but inhis latter years he became a sincere Christian. 

HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845). --Poet and comic writer, _s. _ of a bookseller inLondon, where he was _b. _, was put into a mercantile office, but theconfinement proving adverse to his health, he was sent to Dundee, wherethe family had connections, and where he obtained some literaryemployment. His health being restored, he returned to London, and enteredthe employment of an uncle as an engraver. Here he acquired anacquaintance with drawing, which he afterwards turned to account inillustrating his comic writings. After working for a short time on hisown account he became, at the age of 22, sub-editor of the _LondonMagazine_, and made the acquaintance of many literary men, including DeQuincey, Lamb, and Hazlitt. His first separate publication, _Odes andAddresses to Great People_, appeared in 1825, and had an immediatesuccess. Thus encouraged he produced in the next year _Whims andOddities_, and in 1829, he commenced _The Comic Annual_, which hecontinued for 9 years, and wrote in _The Gem_ his striking poem, _EugeneAram_. Meanwhile he had _m. _ in 1824, a step which, though productive ofthe main happiness and comfort of his future life, could not beconsidered altogether prudent, as his health had begun to give way, andhe had no means of support but his pen. Soon afterwards the failure ofhis publisher involved him in difficulties which, combined with hisdelicate health, made the remainder of his life a continual struggle. Theyears between 1834 and 1839 were the period of most acute difficulty, andfor a part of this time he was obliged to live abroad. In 1840 friendscame to his assistance, and he was able to return to England. His healthwas, however, quite broken down, but his industry never flagged. Duringthe five years which remained to him he acted as ed. First of the _NewMonthly Magazine_, and then of _Hood's Monthly Magazine_. In his lastyear a Government pension of £100 was granted to his wife. Among hisother writings may be mentioned _Tylney Hall_, a novel which had littlesuccess, and _Up the Rhine_, in which he satirised the English tourist. Considering the circumstances of pressure under which he wrote, it islittle wonder that much of his work was ephemeral and beneath his powers, but in his particular line of humour he is unique, while his seriouspoems are instinct with imagination and true pathos. A few of them, suchas _The Song of the Shirt_, and _The Bridge of Sighs_ are perfect intheir kind. 

_Life_ by his _s. _ and _dau. _ Ed. Of _Works_ by same (7 vols. 1862). Selections, with Biography, by Ainger, 1897. 

HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841). --Dramatist and novelist, _s. _ of JamesH. , music-hall composer, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Harrow. As aboy he wrote words for his father's comic dramas. In 1805 he produced acomic opera, _The Soldier's Return_, which was followed by _Catch Him whoCan_. Both of them were highly successful, and were followed by manyothers. His marvellous powers as a conversationalist and _improvisatore_made him a favourite in the highest circles. In 1812 he received theappointment of Accountant-General of Mauritius, which he held for 5years, when serious irregularities were discovered, and he was sent homein disgrace, prosecuted by Government for a claim of £12, 000, andimprisoned. It subsequently appeared that the actual peculation had beenthe work of a subordinate, and that H. Himself was only chargeable withgross neglect of duty, but though he was released the claims against himwere not departed from. He then became ed. Of _John Bull_, a journal ofhigh Tory and aristocratic proclivities, which he conducted with greatability; he also ed. The _New Monthly Magazine_, and wrote many novels, among which were _Sayings and Doings_ (3 series), _Gilbert Gurney_, and_Jack Brag_. Though making a large income, he was always in difficulties, and, after a long struggle with broken health and spirits, he _d. _ atFulham in 1841. 

HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875). --Biographer, _s. _ of James H. , Dean ofWorcester, _b. _ at Worcester, and _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. Enteringthe Church, he held various benefices, and became Vicar of Leeds (where, largely owing to his exertions, 20 new churches and many schools werebuilt), and afterwards Dean of Chichester. Besides his labours as achurchman he was a voluminous author, his works including _ChurchDictionary_ (1842), _Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1845-52), and _Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury_ (1860-75), on which he wasstill engaged at his death, and which he had brought down to Juxon, vol. Xi. His sermon _Hear the Church_ (1838), in which he affirmed theApostolical succession of the Anglican episcopate, attracted muchattention. 

HOOKER, RICHARD (1554?-1600). --Theologian, _b. _ near Exeter, of a familythe original name of which was Vowell. His ability and gentleness as aschoolboy recommended him to the notice of Bishop Jewel, who sent him toCorpus Christi Coll. , Oxf. , where he graduated and became a Fellow in1577. His proficiency in Hebrew led to his appointment in 1579 as DeputyProf. Two years later, 1581, he took orders, and soon thereafteradvantage was taken of his simplicity to entrap him into an unsuitablemarriage with a woman named Joan Churchman, whose mother had nursed himin an illness. As might have been expected, the connection turned outunhappily, his wife being a scold, and, according to Anthony Wood, "asilly, clownish woman. " His fate may, however, have been mitigated by thefact that his own temper was so sweet that he is said never to have beenseen angry. Some doubt, moreover, has been cast on some of the reporteddetails of his domestic life. In 1584 he received the living ofDrayton-Beauchamp, in Bucks, and in the following year was appointedMaster of the Temple. Here he had for a colleague as evening lecturerWalter Travers, a man of mark among the Puritans. Though both men were ofthe finest moral character, their views on ecclesiastical questions werewidely different, and as neither was disposed to conceal his opinions, itcame to be said that in the Temple "the pulpit spake pure Canterbury inthe morning and Geneva in the afternoon. " Things developed into ananimated controversy, in which H. Was considered to have triumphed, andthe Archbishop (Whitgift) suspended Travers. The position, however, hadbecome intolerable for H. Who respected his opponent in spite of theirdifferences, and he petitioned Whitgift that he might retire to thecountry and find time and quiet to complete his great work, the_Ecclesiastical Polity_, on which he was engaged. He was accordingly, in1591, presented to the living of Boscombe near Amesbury, and madesub-Dean and a minor Prebendary of Salisbury. Here he finished _The FourBooks of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity_, _pub. _ in 1594. Thefollowing year he was presented by Queen Elizabeth to the living ofBishopsbourne, Kent. Here the fifth book was _pub. _ (1597), and here he_d. _ in 1600. The sixth and eighth books were not _pub. _ until 1648, andthe seventh only appeared in 1662. The _Ecclesiastical Polity_ is one ofthe greatest achievements alike in English theology and Englishliterature, a masterpiece of reasoning and eloquence, in a style statelyand sonorous, though often laborious and involved. Hallam considered thatno English writer had better displayed the capacities of the language. The argument is directed against the Romanists on the one hand and thePuritans on the other, and the fundamental idea is "the unity and allembracing character of law as the manifestation of the divine order ofthe universe. " The distinguishing note of H. 's character was what Fullercalls his "dove-like simplicity. " Izaak Walton, his biographer, describeshim as "an obscure, harmless man, in poor clothes, of a mean stature andstooping ... His body worn out, not with age, but study, and holymortification, his face full of heat-pimples ... And tho' not purblind, yet short, or weak, sighted. " In his calling as a parish priest he wasfaithful and diligent. In preaching "his voice was low ... Gesture noneat all, standing stone-still in the pulpit. " The sixth book of the_Ecclesiastical Polity_ has been considered of doubtful authority, and tohave no claim to its place, and the seventh and eighth are believed tohave been put together from rough notes. Some of his MSS. Were destroyedafter his death by his wife's relatives. The epithet "judicious" attachedto his name first appears in the inscription on his monument atBishopsbourne. 

_Works_, ed. By Keble (1836); new ed. Revised by Church, etc. (1888). Itincludes the _Life_ by I. Walton. 

HOOLE, JOHN (1727-1803). --Translator, _s. _ of a watch-maker and inventor, was _b. _ in London, and was in the India House, of which he rose to beprincipal auditor (1744-83). He translated Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_(1763), and Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1773-83), as well as other worksfrom the Italian. He was also the author of three dramas, which failed. He is described by Scott as "a noble transmuter of gold into lead. "

HOPE, THOMAS (1770-1831). --Novelist and writer on art, was a wealthymerchant of Amsterdam, of Scotch descent, his family having emigrated toHolland in the 17th century. In early life he spent much time in travel, studying architecture, and collecting objects of art. Returning, hesettled in London, and occupied himself in arranging his vastcollections. In 1807 he _pub. _ a work on _Household Furniture andDecoration_, which had a great effect in improving the public taste insuch matters. This was followed by two magnificent works, _On the Costumeof the Ancients_ (1809), and _Designs of Modern Costumes_ (1812). Up tothis time his reputation had been somewhat that of a transcendentupholsterer, but in 1819 he astonished the literary world by his novel, _Anastasius; or, Memoirs of a Modern Greek_, a work full of imagination, descriptive power, and knowledge of the world. This book, which was_pub. _ anonymously, was attributed to Byron, and only credited to theauthor on his avowing it in _Blackwood's Magazine_. H. Also wrote atreatise on the _Origin and Prospects of Man_, and _Essays onArchitecture_. He was a munificent and discerning patron of risingartists. 

HORNE, RICHARD HENRY or HENGIST (1803-1884). --Eccentric poet, was _b. _ inLondon, and _ed. _ at Sandhurst for the East India Company Service, butfailed to get a nomination. After a youth of adventure, partly in theMexican Navy, he returned to England, and began in 1828 a highlycombative literary career with a poem, _Hecatompylos_, in the _Athenæum_. His next appearance, _The False Medium_ (1833), an exposition of theobstacles thrown in the way of "men of genius" by literary middlemen, raised a nest of hornets; and _Orion_, an "epic poem, " _pub. _ 1843 at theprice of one farthing, followed. His plays, which include _Cosmo deMedici_ (1837), _The Death of Marlowe_ (1837), and _Judas Iscariot_, didnot add greatly to his reputation. In _The New Spirit of the Age_ (1844), he had the assistance of Mrs. Browning. Though a writer of talent, he wasnot a poet. 

HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780-1862). --Theologian, _ed. _ at Christ'sHospital, was for a time in the law, but became a great biblical scholar, and in 1818 _pub. _ _Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge ofthe Holy Scriptures_ (1818), in consideration of which he was admitted toorders without the usual preliminaries, and in 1833 obtained a beneficein London and a prebend in St. Paul's, and was senior assistant in theprinted books department of the British Museum (1824-60). He wrote an_Introduction to the Study of Bibliography_ (1814), and various otherworks, but he is chiefly remembered in connection with that firstmentioned, which was frequently reprinted, and was very widely used as atext-book both at home and in America. 

HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, 1ST LORD (1809-1885). --Poet, _s. _ ofRobert (known as "single-speech") M. , _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ privatelyand at Camb. He sat in the House of Commons for Pontefract from 1837-63, when he was raised to the Peerage. His interests were, however, mainlyliterary and philanthropic, and it was said of him that he "kneweverybody worth knowing at home and abroad;" and his sympathies being ofthe widest, he was able to bring together the most opposite extremes oflife and opinion. He championed the cause of oppressed nationalities, andof the slave. He _pub. _ many vols. Of poetry, among which were _Poetryfor the People_ (1840), and _Palm Leaves_ (1848). He also wrote a Life ofKeats, and various books of travels. Though he had not the depth of mindor intensity of feeling to make a great poet, his verse is the work of aman of high culture, graceful and refined, and a few of his shorterpoems--such as _The Beating of my own Heart_, and _Strangers Yet_, strikea true note which gained for them wide acceptance. 

HOWARD, EDWARD (_d. _ 1841). --Novelist, a sea-comrade of Captain Marryat, and as sub ed. Assisted him in conducting the _Metropolitan Magazine_. Hewrote several sea novels, of which _Rattlin the Reefer_, sometimesattributed to Marryat, is the best known. Others were _Outward Bound_ and_Jack Ashore_. 

HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626-1698). --Dramatist, _s. _ of the Earl ofBerkshire, and brother-in-law of Dryden. On the outbreak of the Civil Warhe was of the King's party, and was imprisoned during the Commonwealth. After the Restoration, however, he was in favour with the Court, and heldmany important posts. He wrote some plays, of which the best was _TheCommittee_, and collaborated with Dryden in _The Indian Queen_. He was atodds with him, however, on the question of rhyme, the use of which hewrote against in very indifferent blank verse. 

HOWE, JOHN (1630-1705). --Puritan divine, _b. _ at Loughborough, of whichhis _f. _ was curate, studied at Camb. , and became, in 1652, minister ofGreat Torrington, Devonshire, where he was famous for the unusual lengthof his sermons and prayers. In 1657 Oliver Cromwell made him his residentchaplain at Whitehall, a position which he retained under Richard C. , solong as the latter held the office of Protector. On the Restoration H. Returned to Great Torrington, from which, however, he was ejected in1662. Thereafter he wandered from place to place, preaching in secretuntil 1671, when he went to Ireland as chaplain to Lord Massareene, andin 1675 he became minister of a dissenting congregation in London. In1685 he travelled with Lord Wharton on the Continent, but returned in1687 to London, where he _d. _ in 1705. H. Was the author of manyexcellent works of practical divinity, among which are _The LivingTemple_, _Inquiry into the Doctrine of the Trinity_, and _The DivinePresence_. The substance of his writings is better than their style, which is involved and extremely diffuse, and evinces much vigour of mind. H. Is described as of a fine presence and dignified manners. 

HOWELL, JAMES (1594?-1666). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of a clergyman atAbernant, Caermarthenshire, was at Oxf. And spent the greater part of hisearlier life travelling in various Continental countries, including theLow Countries, France, Spain, and Italy, on various matters of business, during which he became versed in many languages, and amassed stores ofinformation and observations on men and manners. He was a keen Royalist, and was on this account imprisoned in the Fleet, 1643-51. He wrote alarge number of books, including _Dodona's Grove_, a political allegory, _Instructions for Foreign Travel_ (1642), _England's Tears for thePresent Wars_, _A Trance, or News from Hell_, and above all, _EpistolæHo-Elianæ, Familiar Letters_, chiefly written in the Fleet to imaginarycorrespondents, but no doubt based upon notes of his own travels. It isone of the most interesting and entertaining books in the language. 

HOWIE, JOHN (1735-1793). --Biographer, a Renfrewshire farmer, who claimeddescent from an Albigensian refugee, wrote Lives of the martyrs ofScotland from Patrick Hamilton, the first, to James Renwick, the last, under the title of _Scots Worthies_. The work of an unlettered man, ithas considerable merit as regards both matter and style, and was long aclassic among the Scottish peasantry as well as higher orders of thepeople. 

HOWITT, WILLIAM (1792-1879), HOWITT, MARY (BOTHAM)(1799-1888). --Miscellaneous writers. William H. Was _b. _ at Heanor, Derbyshire, and was apprenticed to a builder; Mary was _b. _ at Coleford, Gloucestershire; they _m. _ in 1821, and settled at Hanley, where theycarried on business as chemists. Two years later they removed toNottingham, where they remained for 12 years, and where much of theirliterary work was accomplished. Thereafter they lived successively atEsher, London, Heidelberg, and Rome, at the last of which they both _d. _Their literary work, which was very voluminous, was done partly inconjunction, partly independently, and covered a considerable variety ofsubjects--poetry, fiction, history, translations, and social andeconomical subjects. Useful and pleasing in its day, little of it islikely to survive. William's works include _A History of Priestcraft_(1833), _Rural Life in England_ (1837), _Visits to Remarkable Places_, _Homes and Haunts of the Poets_, _Land, Labour, and Gold_ (1855), _RuralLife in Germany_, _History of the Supernatural_, and _History ofDiscovery in Australia_. Mary translated the Swedish novels of FredericaBremer, H. C. Andersen's _Improvisatore_, and wrote novels, including_Wood Leighton_ and _The Cost of Caergwyn_, many successful tales andpoems for children, and a _History of the United States_. Their jointproductions include _The Forest Minstrel_, _Book of the Seasons_, and_Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain_. Both brought up as Quakers, they left that communion in 1847, and became believers in spiritualism;and in 1882 Mary joined the Church of Rome. 

HUCHOWN, or SIR HUGH of EGLINTON (_fl. _ 14th cent. ). --Unless identifiedwith Sir Hugh, Huchown is shrouded in mystery. He was a writer ofalliterative verse, referred to by Andrew of Wyntoun. If he be identifiedwith Sir Hugh, he was an Ayrshire nobleman related to Robert II. , _b. C. _1300-20, Chamberlain of Cunningham, Justiciar of Lothian, andCommissioner for the Borders. He also held office under David II. In thatcase also he is believed by some scholars to have translated the poemsbearing the titles _The Destruction of Troy_ and _The Wars of Alexander_. 

HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720). --Essayist and dramatist, was a clerk in theOrdnance Office, then sec. For the Commission of the Peace. Hecontributed to the _Spectator_, _Tatler_, and _Guardian_, ed. Spenser, and wrote several dramas, of which the best is _The Siege of Damascus_. It was his last, he having _d. _ on the first night of its performance. Addison thought so well of his dramatic talent that he requested him towrite the conclusion of _Cato_. He, however, finished it himself. H. Wasa highly respectable person, and is affectionately commemorated by SirRichard Steele. 

HUGHES, THOMAS (1823?-1896). --Novelist and biographer, _s. _ of aBerkshire squire, was _ed. _ at Rugby and Oxf. , and called to the Bar in1848. Much the most successful of his books was _Tom Brown's School-days_(1856), which had an immense popularity, and perhaps remains the bestpicture of English public-school life in the language. Its sequel, _TomBrown at Oxford_ (1861), was a comparative failure, but his _Scouring ofthe White Horse_ deals in a charming way with his own countryside. Healso wrote Lives of Alfred the Great, Bishop Fraser, and D. Macmillan, the publisher. H. Devoted much attention to philanthropic work inconjunction with Kingsley and Maurice. In 1882 he was appointed a CountyCourt Judge. 

HUME, ALEXANDER (1560-1609). --Poet, _s. _ of Patrick, 5th Lord Polwarth, _ed. _ at St. Andrews, and on the Continent, was originally destined forthe law, but devoted himself to the service of the Church, and wasminister of Logie in Stirlingshire. He _pub. _ in 1599 _Hymns and SacredSongs_, including the beautiful "Day Estival, " descriptive of a summerday. 

HUME, DAVID, (1711-1776). --Philosopher and historian, second _s. _ ofJoseph H. , of Ninewells, Berwickshire, was _b. _ and _ed. _ in Edin. , andwas intended for the law. For this, however, he had no aptitude, andcommercial pursuits into which he was initiated in a counting-house inBristol proving equally uncongenial, he was permitted to follow out hisliterary bent, and in 1734 went to France, where he passed three years atRheims and La Flèche in study, living on a small allowance made him byhis _f. _ In 1739 he _pub. _ anonymously his _Treatise on Human Nature_, which attracted little attention. Having returned to Scotland, he wroteat Ninewells his _Essays, Moral and Philosophical_ (1741-42). He nowbecame desirous of finding some employment which would put him in aposition of independence, and having been unsuccessful in his candidaturefor the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin. , he became in 1745 governor tothe Marquis of Annandale, a nobleman whose state was little removed frominsanity. Two years later he accepted the more congenial appointment ofJudge-Advocate-General to General St. Clair on his expedition to PortL'Orient, and in 1748 accompanied him on a diplomatic mission to France, whence he passed on to Vienna and Turin. About the same time he producedhis _Philosophical Essays_ (1748), including the famous _Essay inMiracles_ which gave rise to so much controversy. These were followed in1751 by his _Enquiry into the Principles of Morals_, which he consideredhis best work; and in 1752 by his _Political Discourses_, which alone ofhis works had an immediate success. In the same year he appliedunsuccessfully for the Chair of Logic in Glasgow, but was appointedKeeper of the Advocates' Library in Edin. The access to books andoriginal authorities which this position gave him appears to havesuggested to his mind the idea of writing a history, and the first vol. Of his _History of England_, containing the reigns of James I. AndCharles I. , was _pub. _ in 1754. Its reception was not favourable, and thedisappointment of the author was so great that, had it not been for thestate of war between the two countries, he would have left his nativeland, changed his name, and settled permanently in France. The secondvol. , which appeared in 1757, dealing with the Commonwealth, and thereigns of Charles II. And James II. , had a better reception, and had theeffect of "buoying up its unfortunate brother. " Thereafter the tidecompletely turned, and the remaining four vols. , 1759 and 1762, in whichhe turned back and finished the history from the invasion of Julius Cæsarto the accession of Henry VII. , attained a vast popularity, whichextended to the whole work. During the progress of the history H. _pub. _in 1757 _Four Dissertations: the Natural History of Religion; of thePassions; of Tragedy; of the Standard of Taste_. Two others on _Suicide_and on _The Immortality of the Soul_ were cancelled, but _pub. _posthumously. In 1763 H. Accompanied Lord Hertford to Paris, and for afew months acted as _Chargé d'Affaires_. While there he was introduced tothe brilliant literary society for which the French capital was thenfamous. Among other acquaintances which he made was that of Rousseau, whom he persuaded to accompany him on his return home, and for whom heprocured a pension. The suspicious and fickle character of R. , however, soon brought the friendship to an end. Soon after his return H. Receiveda pension, and from 1767-68 he was under-sec. To General Conway, thenSec. Of State. In 1769 he retired, and returned to Edin. With an incomeof £1000 a year which, time and place considered, was an amplecompetence, and there he spent the remainder of his days, the recognisedhead of the intellectual and literary society of the city. 

The mind of H. Was one of the most original and operative of his age. Hisphilosophy was largely a questioning of the views of previousmetaphysicians, and he occupied towards mind, considered as aself-subsisting entity, a position analogous to that assumed by Berkeleytowards matter similarly considered. He profoundly influenced Europeanthought, and by indirectly calling into being the philosophy of Kant onthe one hand, and that of the Scottish School on the other, created a newera of thought. As a historian he showed the same originality. Heintroduced a new and higher method of writing history than had previouslybeen practised. Until his time chronicles and contemporary memoirs had, generally speaking, been all that had been produced; and though his greatwork cannot, from its frequent inaccuracies and the fact that it is notbased upon original documents, claim the character of an authority, itsclear, graceful, and spirited narrative style, and its reflection of theindividuality of the writer, constitute it a classic, and it must alwaysretain a place among the masterpieces of historical literature. Incharacter H. Was kindly, candid, and good-humoured, and he was beloved asa man even by many who held his views in what was little short ofabhorrence. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1711, _ed. _ at Edin. , tries law and commerce, but decidesfor literature, goes to France 1734-37, _pub. _ _Human Nature_ 1739, _Essays Moral and Philosophical_ 1741-2, governor to M. Of Annandale1745, accompanies expedition to L'Orient, engaged diplomatically 1748, _pub. _ _Philosophical Essays_, including _Miracles_ 1748, _Enquiry intoPrinciples of Morals_ 1751, _Political Discourses_ 1752, Keeper ofAdvocates' Library 1752, _pub. _ _History of England_ 1754-62, _FourDissertations_ 1757, _Chargé d'Affaires_ at Paris 1763, became acquaintedwith Rousseau, under-sec. Of State 1767-8, retires and settles in Edin. 1769. 

_Life_ by Hill Burton (2 vols. , 1846), shorter ones by Huxley, Knight, and Calderwood. _Works_ ed. By Green and Grose (4 vols. , 1874). _History_often reprinted with Smollett's continuations. 

HUNNIS, WILLIAM (_d. _ 1597). --Poet, was a gentleman of the Chapel Royalto Edward VI. , imprisoned during the reign of Mary, but after theaccession of Elizabeth was released, and in 1566 made "master of thechildren" of the Chapel Royal. He wrote metrical versions of the Psalms, and some vols. Of verse, _A Hiveful of Honey_, and _A Handful ofHoneysuckles_. 

HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859). --Essayist and poet, was _b. _ atSouthgate, and _ed. _ at Christ's Hospital. A selection of his earliestpoems was _pub. _ by his _f. _ in 1801 under the title of _Juvenilia_. In1805 he joined his brother John in conducting a paper, the _News_, whichthe latter had started. Thereafter the brothers embarked upon the_Examiner_, a paper of pronounced Radical views. The appearance in thisjournal of an article on the Prince Regent in which he was described inwords which have been condensed into "a fat Adonis of fifty, " led to H. Being fined £500 and imprisoned for two years. With his customary genialphilosophy, however, the prisoner made the best of things, turned hiscell into a study, with bookcases and a piano, and his yard into agarden. He had the sympathy of many, and received his friends, includingByron, Moore, and Lamb. On his release he _pub. _ his poem, _The Story ofRimini_. Two other vols. Of poetry followed, _The Feast of the Poets_ and_Foliage_, in 1814 and 1818 respectively. In the latter year he startedthe _Indicator_, a paper something in the style of the _Spectator_ or_Tatler_, and after this had run its course the _Companion_, conceived onsimilar lines, took its place in 1828. In 1822 H. Went to Italy withByron, and there established the _Liberal_, a paper which did not prove asuccess. Disillusioned with Byron, H. Returned home, and _pub. _ in 1828_Lord Byron and his Contemporaries_, a work which gave great offence toByron's friends, who accused the author of ingratitude. In 1834 H. Started the _London Journal_, which he ed. For two years. Among his laterworks are _Captain Sword and Captain Pen_ (1835), _The Palfrey_, a poem, _A Legend of Florence_ (drama), _Imagination and Fancy_ (1844), _Wit andHumour_ (1846), _A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla_ (1848), _The Old CourtSuburb_ (1855), _The Town_, _Sir Ralph Esher_, a novel, and hisAutobiography (1850). Although his poems have considerable descriptivepower and brightness, he had not the depth and intensity to make a poet, and his reputation rests rather upon his essays, which are full of agenial philosophy, and display a love of books, and everything pleasantand beautiful. He did much to popularise the love of poetry andliterature in general among his fellow-countrymen. 

HURD, RICHARD (1720-1808). --Divine, and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ atCongreve, Staffordshire, was _ed. _ at Camb. , and entering the Church, became Bishop successively of Lichfield and Worcester. He produced an ed. Of the _Ars Poetica_ of Horace, _Dissertations on Poetry_, _Dialogues onSincerity_, _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_, and _An Introduction tothe Prophecies_. He was in 1783 offered, but declined, the Primacy. 

HUTCHESON, FRANCIS (1694-1746). --Philosopher, _b. _ in Ireland, and _ed. _for the Presbyterian ministry at Glasgow Univ. After keeping an academyat Dublin for some years he _pub. _ his _Enquiry into Beauty and Virtue_, which won for him a great reputation. In 1729 he became Prof. Of MoralPhilosophy at Glasgow, where he exercised a great influence over hisstudents, and also upon the Scottish system of philosophy. In hisphilosophical views he was to some extent a disciple of Shaftesbury. Heintroduced the term, "moral sense, " which he defined as a power ofperceiving moral attributes in action. His _System of Moral Philosophy_appeared posthumously in two vols. 

HUTCHINSON, MRS. LUCY (_b. _ 1620). --Biographer, _dau. _ of Sir AllanApsley, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, _m. _ in 1638 John, afterwardsColonel, Hutchinson, one of those who signed the death-warrant of CharlesI. , but who afterwards protested against the assumption of supreme powerby Cromwell. She has a place in literature for her Life of her husband, one of the most interesting biographies in the language, not only onaccount of its immediate subject, but of the light which it throws uponthe characteristics and conditions of the life of Puritans of goodfamily. Originally intended for her family only, it was printed by adescendant in 1806, and did much to clear away the false impressions asto the narrowness and austerity of the educated Puritans which hadprevailed. Colonel H. And his wife were noble representatives of theirclass. 

HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897). --Essayist and miscellaneous writer, wasbrought up as a Unitarian, and for some time was a preacher of that body, but coming under the influence of F. D. Maurice and others of his school, joined the Church of England. He was a frequent contributor to variousmagazines and reviews, and assisted Walter Bagehot in ed. The _NationalReview_. In 1861 he became joint-proprietor and ed. Of the _Spectator_. Among his other writings may be mentioned _Essays, Theological andLiterary_ (1871), _Modern Guides of English Thought_ (1887), and_Contemporary Thought and Thinkers_ (1894), which were more or lessreprints or expansions of his work in periodicals, and a memoir ofBagehot prefixed to an ed. Of his works. 

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825-1895). --Scientific writer, _s. _ of anassistant master in a public school, was _b. _ at Ealing. From childhoodhe was an insatiable reader. In his 13th year he became a medicalapprentice, and in 1842 entered Charing Cross Hospital. Thereafter he wasfor a few months surgeon on board the _Victory_ at Haslar, and was thenappointed surgeon on H. M. S. _Rattlesnake_, which was sent to make surveysat Torres Strait. While in this position he made numerous observations, which he communicated to the Linnæan Society. In 1851 he became a Fellowof the Royal Society, and in 1854 Prof. Of Natural History at the Schoolof Mines. Henceforth his life was a very full one, divided betweenscientific investigation and public work. He was recognised as theforemost English biologist, and was elected Pres. Of the Royal Society1883. He served on the London School Board and on various RoyalCommissions. His writings are in the main distinguished by a clearness, force, and charm which entitle them to a place in literature; and besidesthe addition which they made to the stock of human knowledge, they didmuch to diffuse a love and study of science. H. Was a keencontroversialist, contending for the strictly scientific view of allsubjects as distinguished from the metaphysical or theological, andaccordingly encountered much opposition, and a good deal of abuse. Nevertheless, he was not a materialist, and was in sympathy with themoral and tender aspects of Christianity. He was a strong supporter ofthe theory of evolution. Among the more eminent of his opponents wereBishop Wilberforce and Mr. Gladstone. His _pub. _ works, includingscientific communications, are very numerous. Among the more importantare those on the _Medusæ_, _Zoological Evidences of Man's Place inNature_ (1863), _Elementary Lessons on Physiology_ (1866), _Evolution andEthics_ (1893), _Collected Essays_ (9 vols. 1893-4). He was also anadmirable letter-writer, as appears from the _Life and Letters_, ed. Byhis son, and to him we owe the word, and almost the idea, "Agnostic. "

INCHBALD, MRS. ELIZABETH (SIMPSON) (1753-1821). --Novelist and dramatist, _dau. _ of a Suffolk farmer. In a romantic fit she left her home at theage of 16, and went to London, where she became acquainted with Inchbaldthe actor, who _m. _ her in 1772. Seven years later her husband _d. _, andfor the next ten years she was on the stage, chiefly in Scotland andIreland. She produced many plays, including _Mogul Tale_ (1784), _I'llTell you What_ (1785), _Appearance is against Them_ (1785), _Such ThingsAre_, _The Married Man_, _The Wedding Day_, and two novels, _A SimpleStory_ (1791), and _Nature and Art_ (1796), which have been frequentlyreprinted. She also made a collection of plays, _The Modern Theatre_, in10 vols. Her life was remarkable for its simplicity and frugality, and alarge part of her earnings was applied in the maintenance of a delicatesister. Though of a somewhat sentimental and romantic nature, shepreserved an unblemished reputation. 

INGELOW, JEAN (1820-1897). --Poetess and novelist, _dau. _ of a banker atBoston, Lincolnshire, _pub. _ three vols. Of poems, of which perhaps thebest known individual piece is "The High Tide on the Coast ofLincolnshire, " and several successful novels, including _Off theSkelligs_ (1872), _Fated to be Free_ (1875), and _Sarah de Berenger_(1879). She also wrote excellent stories for children, _Mopsa the Fairy_, _Stories told to Children_, etc. Her poems show a considerable lyricgift. 

INNES, COSMO (1798-1874). --Historian and antiquary, was called to theScottish Bar in 1822, and was appointed Prof. Of Constitutional Law andHistory in the Univ. Of Edin. In 1846. He was the author of _Scotland inthe Middle Ages_ (1860), and _Sketches of Early Scottish History_ (1861). He also ed. Many historical MSS. For the Bannatyne and other antiquarianclubs. Much learning is displayed in his works. 

INNES, THOMAS (1662-1744). --Historian, was descended from an old RomanCatholic family in Aberdeenshire. He studied in Paris at the Scots Coll. , of which he became Principal. He was the author of two learned works, _Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of the Northern Parts ofBritain_ (1729), and _Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland, 80 to818_ (_pub. _ by the Spalding Club, 1853). 

IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835). --Forger of Shakespeare manuscripts, _s. _ of an antiquarian bookseller in London. He claimed to havediscovered the MSS. In the house of a gentleman of fortune. The forgeriesincluded various deeds, a Protestant confession of faith by Shakespeare, letters to Ann Hathaway, Southampton, and others, a new version of _KingLear_, and a complete drama, _Vortigern and Rowena_. He completelydeceived his _f. _ and various men of letters and experts, but wasdetected by Malone, and the representation of _Vortigern_ on the stagecompleted the exposure. I. Then tried novel-writing, in which he failed. He _pub. _ a confession in regard to the forgeries, in which he assertedthat his _f. _ had no part in the imposture, but had been completelydeceived by it. 

IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834). --Theologian and orator, _b. _ at Annan, Dumfriesshire, and _ed. _ at Edin. Univ. , for some years thereafter wasengaged in teaching at Kirkcaldy. Ordained to the ministry of the Churchof Scotland he became, in 1819, assistant to Dr. Chalmers in Glasgow, after which he went to the Scotch Church in Hatton Gardens, London, wherehe had an almost unprecedented popularity, his admirers including DeQuincey, Coleridge, Canning, Scott, and others. The effect of his spokenoratory is not preserved in his writings, and was no doubt in aconsiderable degree due to his striking appearance and fine voice. He isdescribed as "a tall, athletic man, with dark, sallow complexion andcommanding features; long, glossy black hair, and an obvious squint. "Soon after removing to a new church in Regent Square he began to develophis views relative to the near approach of the Second Advent; and his_Homilies on the Sacraments_ involved him in a charge of heretical viewson the person of Christ, which resulted in his ejection from his church, and ultimately in his deposition from the ministry. Thereafter his viewsas to the revival, as in the early Church, of the gifts of healing and oftongues, to which, however, he made no personal claim, underwent rapiddevelopment, and resulted in the founding of a new communion, theCatholic Apostolic Church, the adherents of which are commonly known as"Irvingites. " Whether right or mistaken in his views there can be nodoubt of the personal sincerity and nobility of the man. His _pub. _writings include _For the Oracles of God_, _For Judgment to Come_, and_The Last Days_, and contain many passages of majestic eloquence. 

IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-1859). --Essayist and historian, _b. _ in NewYork, _s. _ of William I. Who had emigrated from Scotland. He was in hisyouth delicate, and his education was somewhat desultory, but his _f. _had a fine library, of which he had the run, and he was an omnivorousreader. In 1799 he entered a law office, but a threatening of consumptionled to his going, in 1804, on a European tour in search of health. On hisreturn in 1806 he was admitted to the Bar. He did not, however, prosecutelaw, but joined his brothers in business as a sleeping partner, while hedevoted himself to literature. In 1807 he conducted _Salmagundi_, anamusing miscellany, and in 1809 appeared _A History of New York byDiedrich Knickerbocker_, a burlesque upon the old Dutch settlers, whichhas become a classic in America. He made in 1815 a second visit toEurope, from which he did not return for 17 years. In England he waswelcomed by Thomas Campbell, the poet, who introduced him to Scott, whomhe visited at Abbotsford in 1817. The following year the firm with whichhe was connected failed, and he had to look to literature for alivelihood. He produced _The Sketch-Book_ (1819), which was, through theinfluence of Scott, accepted by Murray, and had a great success on bothsides of the Atlantic. In 1822 he went to Paris, where he began_Bracebridge Hall_, followed in 1824 by _Tales of a Traveller_. In 1826Everett, the American minister at Madrid, invited him to come and assisthim by making translations relative to Columbus, which opened up to him anew field hitherto little cultivated. The result was a series offascinating historical and romantic works, beginning with _History of theLife and Voyages of Columbus_ (1828), and including _The Conquest ofGranada_ (1829), _Voyages of the Companions of Columbus_ (1831), _TheAlhambra_ (1832), _Legends of the Conquest of Spain_ (1835), and _Mahometand his Successors_ (1849). Meanwhile he had returned to England in 1829, and to America in 1832. In 1842 he was appointed Minister to Spain, andin 1846 he finally returned to America. In the same year he _pub. _ a_Life of Goldsmith_, and his great work, the _Life of Washington_, cameout 1855-59, _Wolfert's Roost_, a collection of tales and essays, appeared in 1855. I. Was never _m. _: in his youth he had been engaged toa girl who _d. _, and whose memory he faithfully cherished. His last yearswere spent at Sunnyside, an old Dutch house near his "sleepy hollow, " andthere he _d. _ suddenly on Nov. 28, 1859. Though not, perhaps, a writer ofcommanding power or originality, I. , especially in his earlier works, imparted by his style and treatment a singular charm to every subject hetouched, and holds a high place among American men of letters, among whomhe is the first who has produced what has, on its own merits, livinginterest in literature. He was a man of high character and amiabledisposition. 

JAMES I. , KING of SCOTLAND (1394-1437). --Poet, the third _s. _ of RobertIII. , was _b. _ at Dunfermline. In 1406 he was sent for safety andeducation to France, but on the voyage was taken prisoner by an Englishship, and conveyed to England, where until 1824 he remained confined invarious places, but chiefly in the Tower of London. He was then ransomedand, after his marriage to Lady Jane or Joan Beaufort, _dau. _ of the Dukeof Somerset, and the heroine of _The King's Quhair_ (or Book), crowned atScone. While in England he had been carefully _ed. _, and on his return tohis native country endeavoured to reduce its turbulent nobility to duesubjection, and to introduce various reforms. His efforts, however, whichdo not appear to have been always marked by prudence, ended disastrouslyin his assassination in the monastery of the Black Friars, Perth, inFebruary, 1437. J. Was a man of great natural capacity both intellectualand practical--an ardent student and a poet of no mean order. In additionto _The King's Quhair_, one of the finest love poems in existence, and _ABallad of Good Counsel_, which are very generally attributed to him, hehas been more doubtfully credited with _Peeblis to the Play_ and_Christis Kirke on the Greene_. 

JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD (1801-1860). --Novelist and historicalwriter, _s. _ of a physician in London, was for many years British Consulat various places in the United States and on the Continent. At an earlyage he began to write romances, and continued his production with suchindustry that his works reach to 100 vols. This excessive rapidity wasfatal to his permanent reputation; but his books had considerableimmediate popularity. Among them are _Richelieu_ (1829), _PhilipAugustus_ (1831), _The Man at Arms_ (1840), _The Huguenot_ (1838), _TheRobber_, _Henry of Guise_ (1839), _Agincourt_ (1844), _The King'sHighway_ (1840). In addition to his novels he wrote _Memoirs of GreatCommanders_, a _Life of the Black Prince_, and other historical andbiographical works. He held the honorary office of Historiographer Royal. 

JAMESON, MRS. ANNA BROWNELL (MURPHY) (1794-1860). --Writer on art, _dau. _of Denis B. M. , a distinguished miniature painter, _m. _ Robert Jameson, abarrister (afterwards Attorney-General of Ontario). The union, however, did not turn out happily: a separation took place, and Mrs. J. Turned herattention to literature, and specially to subjects connected with art. Among many other works she produced _Loves of the Poets_ (1829), _Celebrated Female Sovereigns_ (1831), _Beauties of the Court of CharlesII. _ (1833), _Rubens_ (translated from the German), _Hand Book to theGalleries of Art_, _Early Italian Painters_, _Sacred and Legendary Art_(1848), etc. Her works show knowledge and discrimination and, though nowin many respects superseded, still retain interest and value. 

JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE (1841-1905). --_B. _ at Dundee, and _ed. _ atSt. Columba's Coll. , Dublin, Charterhouse, and Camb. , at the last ofwhich he lectured on the classics, and was in 1869 elected Public Orator. After being Prof. Of Greek at Glasgow, he held from 1889 thecorresponding chair at Camb. , and for a time represented the Univ. InParliament. He was one of the founders of the British School ofArchæology at Athens. Among his works are _The Attic Orators_, _AnIntroduction to Homer_, _Lectures on Greek Poetry_, _Life of RichardBentley_ (English Men of Letters Series), and he ed. The works ofSophocles, and the Poems and Fragments of Bacchylides, discovered in1896. J. Was one of the most brilliant of modern scholars. 

JEFFERIES, RICHARD (1848-1887). --Naturalist and novelist, _s. _ of afarmer, was _b. _ at Swindon, Wilts. He began his literary career on thestaff of a local newspaper, and first attracted attention by a letter inthe _Times_ on the Wiltshire labourer. Thereafter he wrote for the _PallMall Gazette_, in which appeared his _Gamekeeper at Home_, and _Wild Lifein a Southern County_ (1879), both afterwards _repub. _ Both these worksare full of minute observation and vivid description of country life. They were followed by _The Amateur Poacher_ (1880), _Wood Magic_ (1881), _Round about a Great Estate_ (1881), _The Open Air_ (1885), and others onsimilar subjects. Among his novels are _Bevis_, in which he draws on hisown childish memories, and _After London, or Wild England_ (1885), aromance of the future, when London has ceased to exist. _The Story of MyHeart_ (1883) is an idealised picture of his inner life. J. _d. _ after apainful illness, which lasted for six years. In his own line, that ofdepicting with an intense sense for nature all the elements of countryand wild life, vegetable and animal, surviving in the face of moderncivilisation, he has had few equals. Life by E. Thomas. 

JEFFREY, FRANCIS (1773-1850). --Critic and political writer, _s. _ of alegal official, _b. _ in Edinburgh, _ed. _ at the High School there, and atGlasgow and Oxf. , where, however, he remained for a few months only. Returning to Edinburgh he studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1794. Brought up as a Tory, he early imbibed Whig principles, and this, in thethen political state of Scotland, together with his strong literarytendencies, long hindered his professional advancement. Gradually, however, his ability, acuteness, and eloquence carried him to the frontof his profession. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in1829 and, on the accession to power of the Whigs in 1830, became LordAdvocate, and had a large share in passing the Reform Bill, in so far asit related to Scotland. In 1832 he was elected M. P. For Edinburgh, andwas raised to the Bench as Lord Jeffrey in 1834. His literary fame restson his work in connection with the _Edinburgh Review_, which he editedfrom its commencement in 1802 until 1829, and to which he was a constantcontributor. The founding of this periodical by a group of young men ofbrilliant talents and liberal sympathies, among whom were Brougham, Sydney Smith, and F. Horner, constituted the opening of a new epoch inthe literary and political progress of the country. J. 's contributionsranged over literary criticism, biography, politics, and ethics and, especially in respect of the first, exercised a profound influence; hewas, in fact, regarded as the greatest literary critic of his age, andalthough his judgments have been far from universally supported either bythe event or by later critics, it remains true that he probably did morethan any of his contemporaries to diffuse a love of literature, and toraise the standard of public taste in such matters. A selection of hispapers, made by himself, was _pub. _ in 4 vols. In 1844 and 1853. J. Was aman of brilliant conversational powers, of vast information and sparklingwit, and was universally admired and beloved for the uprightness andamiability of his character. 

JERROLD, DOUGLAS WILLIAM (1803-1857). --Dramatist and miscellaneouswriter, _s. _ of an actor, himself appeared as a child upon the stage. From his 10th to his 12th year he was at sea. He then became apprenticeto a printer, devoting all his spare time to self-education. He earlybegan to contribute to periodicals, and in his 18th year he was engagedby the Coburg Theatre as a writer of short dramatic pieces. In 1829 hemade a great success by his drama of _Black-eyed Susan_, which hefollowed up by _The Rent Day_, _Bubbles of the Day_, _Time worksWonders_, etc. In 1840 he became ed. Of a publication, _Heads of thePeople_, to which Thackeray was a contributor, and in which some of thebest of his own work appeared. He was one of the leading contributors to_Punch_, in which _Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures_ came out, and from1852 he ed. _Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper_. Among his novels are _St. Gilesand St. James_, and _The Story of a Feather_. J. Had a great reputationas a wit, was a genial and kindly man, and a favourite with his fellow_littérateurs_, who raised a fund of £2000 for his family on his death. 

JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874). --Historical writer, _ed. _ at Eton, was aclerk in the Admiralty. He wrote _Memoirs_ of the Court of England, ofG. Selwyn and his contemporaries (1843), of the Pretender (1845), etc. , and _Celebrated Etonians_ (1875). 

JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY (1835-1882). --Logician and economist, _b. _ inLiverpool, _s. _ of an iron merchant, his mother was the _dau. _ of W. Roscoe (_q. V. _). He was _ed. _ at the Mechanics Institute High School, Liverpool, and at University Coll. , London. After studying chemistry forsome time he received in 1853 the appointment of assayer to the mint atSydney, where he remained until 1859, when he resigned his appointment, and came home to study mathematics and economics. While in Australia hehad been a contributor to the _Empire_ newspaper, and soon after hisreturn home he _pub. _ _Remarks on the Australian Goldfields_, wrote invarious scientific periodicals, and from time to time _pub. _ importantpapers on economical subjects. The position which he had attained as ascientific thinker and writer was recognised by his being appointed in1863 tutor, and in 1866, Prof. Of Logic, Political Economy, and Mentaland Moral Philosophy in Owen's Coll. , Manchester. In 1864 he _pub. _ _PureLogic_ and _The Coal Question_; other works were _Elementary Lessons inLogic_ (1870), _Principles of Science_ (1874), and _Investigations inCurrency and Finance_ (1884), posthumously. His valuable and promisinglife was brought to a premature close by his being drowned while bathing. His great object in his writings was to place logic and economics in theposition of exact sciences, and in all his work he showed great industryand care combined with unusual analytical power. 

JEWSBURY, GERALDINE ENDSOR (1812-1880). --Novelist, wrote several novels, of which _Zoe_, _The Half-Sisters_, and _Constance Herbert_ may bementioned. She also wrote stories for children, and was a contributor tovarious magazines. 

JOHN of SALISBURY (1120?-1180?). --_B. _ at Salisbury, studied at Paris. Hebecame sec. To Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury, and retained the officeunder Becket. In 1176 he was made Bishop of Chartres. He wrote in Latin, in 8 books, _Polycraticus, seu De Nugis Curialium et VestigiisPhilosophorum_ (on the Trifles of the Courtiers, and the Footsteps of thePhilosophers). In it he treats of pastimes, flatterers, tyrannicide, theduties of kings and knights, virtue and vice, glory, and the right of theChurch to remove kings if in its opinion they failed in their duty. Healso wrote a Life of Anselm. He was one of the greatest scholars of theMiddle Ages. 

JOHNSON, LIONEL (1867-1902). --Poet and critic. _Ireland and other Poems_(2 vols. ) (1897), _The Art of Thomas Hardy_, and miscellaneous criticalworks. 

JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1649-1703). --Political writer, sometimes called "theWhig" to distinguish him from his great namesake. Of humble extraction, he was _ed. _ at St. Paul's School and Camb. , and took orders. He attackedJames II. In _Julian the Apostate_ (1682), and was imprisoned. Hecontinued, however, his attacks on the Government by pamphlets, and didmuch to influence the public mind in favour of the Revolution. Drydengave him a place in _Absalom and Achitophel_ as "Benjochanan. " After theRevolution he received a pension, but considered himself insufficientlyrewarded by a Deanery, which he declined. 

JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784). --Moralist, essayist, and lexicographer, _s. _of a bookseller at Lichfield, received his early education at his nativetown, and went in 1728 to Oxf. , but had, owing to poverty, to leavewithout taking a degree. For a short time he was usher in a school atMarket Bosworth, but found the position so irksome that he threw it up, and gained a meagre livelihood by working for a publisher in Birmingham. In 1735, being then 26, he _m. _ Mrs. Porter, a widow of over 40, whobrought him £800, and to whom he was sincerely attached. He started anacademy at Ediol, near Lichfield, which, however, had no success, onlythree boys, one of whom was David Garrick (_q. V. _), attending it. Accordingly, this venture was given up, and J. In 1737 went to Londonaccompanied by Garrick. Here he had a hard struggle with poverty, humiliation, and every kind of evil, always, however, quitting himselflike the true man he was. He contributed to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, furnishing the parliamentary debates in very free and generally muchimproved form, under the title of "Debates of the Senate of Lilliput. " In1738 appeared _London_, a satire imitated from Juvenal which, _pub. _anonymously, attracted immediate attention, and the notice of Pope. Hisnext work was the life of his unfortunate friend Savage (_q. V. _) (1744);and in 1747 he began his great _English Dictionary_. Another satire, _TheVanity of Human Wishes_, appeared in 1749, and in the same year _Irene_, a tragedy. His next venture was the starting of the _Rambler_, a papersomewhat on the lines of the _Spectator_; but, sententious and grave, ithad none of the lightness and grace of its model, and likewise lacked itspopularity. It was almost solely the work of J. Himself, and was carriedon twice a week for two years. In 1752 his wife, "his dear Tetty" _d. _, and was sincerely mourned; and in 1755 his _Dictionary_ appeared. Thepatronage of Lord Chesterfield (_q. V. _), which he had vainly sought, wasthen offered, but proudly rejected in a letter which has become aclassic. The work made him famous, and Oxf. Conferred upon him the degreeof M. A. He had become the friend of Reynolds and Goldsmith; Burke andothers were soon added. The _Idler_, a somewhat less ponderous successorof the _Rambler_, appeared in 1758-60, and _Rasselas_, his most popularwork, was written in 1759 to meet the funeral expenses of his mother, whothen _d. _ at the age of 90. At last the tide of his fortunes turned. Apension of £300 was conferred upon him in 1762, and the rest of his dayswere spent in honour, and such comfort as the melancholy to which he wassubject permitted. In 1763 he made the acquaintance, so important forposterity, of James Boswell; and it was probably in the same year that hefounded his famous "literary club. " In 1764 he was introduced to Mr. Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and for many years spent much of his time, anhonoured guest, in his family. The kindness and attentions of Mrs. T. , described by Carlyle as "a bright papilionaceous creature, whom theelephant loved to play with, and wave to and fro upon his trunk, " were arefreshment and solace to him. In 1765 his ed. Of Shakespeare came out, and his last great work was the _Lives of the Poets_, in 10 vols. (1779-81). He had in 1775 _pub. _ his _Journey to the Western Isles ofScotland_, an account of a tour made in the company of Boswell. His lastyears were darkened by the loss of friends such as Goldsmith and Thrale, and by an estrangement from Mrs. T. , on her marriage with Piozzi, anItalian musician. Notwithstanding a lifelong and morbid fear of death, his last illness was borne with fortitude and calmness, soothed by thepious attentions of Reynolds and Burke, and he _d. _ peacefully onDecember 13, 1784. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and a monument inSt. Paul's was erected by the "club. " Statues of him were also erected inLichfield and Uttoxeter. He had received from Oxf. And Dublin the degreeof LL. D. 

Though of rough and domineering manners, J. Had the tenderest of hearts, and his house was for years the home of several persons, such as Mrs. Williams and Levett, the surgeon, who had no claim upon him but theirhelplessness and friendlessness. As Goldsmith aptly said, he "had nothingof the bear but his skin. " His outstanding qualities were honesty andcourage, and these characterise all his works. Though disfigured byprejudice and, as regards matters of fact, in many parts superseded, theyremain, as has been said, "some excellent, all worthy and genuine works;"and he will ever stand one of the greatest and most honourable figures inthe history of English literature. Boswell's marvellous _Life_ has madeJ. 's bodily appearance, dress, and manners more familiar to posteritythan those of any other man--the large, unwieldy form, the face seamedwith scrofula, the purblind eyes, the spasmodic movements, the sonorousvoice, even the brown suit, metal buttons, black worsted stockings, andbushy wig, the conversation so full of matter, strength, sense, wit, andprejudice, superior in force and sparkle to the sounding, but oftenwearisome periods of his written style. Of his works the two mostimportant are the _Dictionary_, which, long superseded from aphilological point of view, made an epoch in the history of the language, and the _Lives of the Poets_, many of them deformed by prejudice andsingularly inadequate criticism, others, almost perfect in their kind, and the whole written in a style less pompous and more natural and livelythan his earlier works. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1709, _ed. _ Oxf. , usher and hack writer, starts academy atEdiol, goes to London 1737, reports parliamentary debates, _pub. __London_ 1738, _Life of Savage_ 1744, began _Dictionary_ 1747, _pub. __Vanity of Human Wishes_ and _Irene_ 1749, conducts _Rambler_ 1750-52, _pub. _ _Dictionary_ 1755, _Idler_ appears 1758-60, _pub. _ _Rasselas_1759, receives pension 1762, became acquainted with Boswell 1763, _pub. _ed. Of _Shakespeare_ 1765, and _Lives of Poets_ 1779-81, _d. _ 1784. 

Recollections, etc. , by Mrs. Piozzi, Reynolds, and others, also_Johnsoniana_ (Mrs. Napier, 1884), Boswell's _Life_, various ed. , including that of Napier, 1884, and Birkbeck Hill, 1889. 

JOHNSTON, ARTHUR (_c. _ 1587-1641). --Poet in Latin, _b. _ near Aberdeen, studied medicine at Padua, where he graduated. After living for about 20years in France, he returned to England, became physician to Charles I. , and was afterwards Rector of King's Coll. , Aberdeen. He attained aEuropean reputation as a writer of Latin poetry. Among his works are_Musæ Aulicæ_ (1637), and a complete translation of the Psalms, and heed. _Deliciæ Poetarum Scotorum_, a collection of Latin poetry by Scottishauthors. 

JOHNSTONE, CHARLES (1719?-1800). --Novelist. Prevented by deafness frompractising at the Irish Bar, he went to India, where he was proprietor ofa newspaper. He wrote one successful book, _Chrysal, or the Adventures ofa Guinea_, a somewhat sombre satire, and some others now utterlyforgotten. 

JONES, EBENEZER (1820-1860). --Poet, wrote a good deal of poetry of veryunequal merit, but at his best shows a true poetic vein. He wasbefriended by Browning and Rossetti. His chief work was _Studies ofSensation and Event_ (1843). His most widely appreciated poems were "Tothe Snow, " "To Death, " and "When the World is Burning. " He made anunhappy marriage, which ended in a separation. 

JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869). --Poet, novelist, and Chartist, _s. _ ofMajor J. , equerry to the Duke of Cumberland, afterwards King of Hanover, was _b. _ at Berlin. He adopted the views of the Chartists in an extremeform, and was imprisoned for two years for seditious speeches, and on hisrelease conducted a Chartist newspaper. Afterwards, when the agitationhad died down, he returned to his practice as a barrister, which he haddeserted, and also wrote largely. He produced a number of novels, including _The Maid of Warsaw_, _Woman's Wrongs_, and _The Painter ofFlorence_, also some poems, _The Battle Day_ (1855), _The Revolt ofHindostan_ (1857), and _Corayda_ (1859). Some of his lyrics, such as _TheSong of the Poor_, _The Song of the Day Labourers_, and _The FactorySlave_, were well known. 

JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794). --Orientalist and jurist, was _b. _ inLondon, and _ed. _ at Harrow and Oxf. He lost his _f. _, an eminentmathematician, at 3 years of age. He early showed extraordinary aptitudefor acquiring languages, specially those of the East, and learned 28. Devoting himself to the study of law he became one of the most profoundjurists of his time. He was appointed one of the Judges in the SupremeCourt of Bengal, knighted in 1783, and started for India, whence he neverreturned. While there, in addition to his judicial duties, he pursued hisstudies in Oriental languages, from which he made various translations. Among his original works are _The Enchanted Fruit_, and _A Treatise onthe Gods of Greece, Italy, and India_. He founded the Bengal AsiaticSociety. He left various works unfinished which, with his other writings, were _coll. _ and ed. By Lord Teignmouth. He _d. _ universally beloved andhonoured at the early age of 48. His chief legal work was _The Institutesof Hindu Law or the Ordinances of Manu_. 

JONSON, BEN or BENJAMIN (1573-1637). --Poet and dramatist, was probably_b. _ in Westminster. His _f. _, who _d. _ before Ben was four, seems tohave come from Carlisle, and the family to have originally belonged toAnnandale. He was sent to Westminster School, for which he seems to havebeen indebted to the kindness of W. Camden (_q. V. _), who was one of themasters. His mother, meanwhile, had _m. _ a bricklayer, and he was for atime put to that trade, but disliking it, he ran away and joined thearmy, fighting against the Spaniards in the Low Countries. Returning toEngland about 1592 he took to the stage, both as an actor and as aplaywright. In the former capacity he was unsuccessful. In 1598, havingkilled a fellow-actor in a duel, he was tried for murder, but escaped bybenefit of clergy. About the same time he joined the Roman CatholicChurch, in which he remained for 12 years. It was in 1598 also that hisfirst successful play, _Every Man in his Humour_, was produced, withShakespeare as one of the players. _Every Man out of his Humour_ (1599), _Cynthia's Revels_ (1600), and _The Poetaster_ (1601), satirising thecitizens, the courtiers, and the poets respectively, followed. The lastcalled forth several replies, the most notable of which was the_Satiromastix_ (Whip for the Satirist) of Dekker (_q. V. _), a severe, though not altogether unfriendly, retort, which J. Took in good part, announcing his intention of leaving off satire and trying tragedy. Hisfirst work in this kind was _Sejanus_ (1603), which was not veryfavourably received. It was followed by _Eastward Ho_, in which hecollaborated with Marston and Chapman. Certain reflections on Scotlandgave offence to James I. , and the authors were imprisoned, but soonreleased. From the beginning of the new reign J. Devoted himself largelyto the writing of Court masques, in which he excelled all hiscontemporaries, and about the same time entered upon the production ofthe three great plays in which his full strength is shown. The first ofthese, _Volpone, or the Fox_, appeared in 1605; _Epicæne, or the SilentWoman_ in 1609, and _The Alchemist_ in 1610. His second and last tragedy, _Catiline_, was produced in 1611. Two years later he was in France ascompanion to the son of Sir W. Raleigh, and on his return he held uphypocritical Puritanism to scorn in _Bartholomew Fair_, which wasfollowed in 1616 by a comedy, _The Devil is an Ass_. In the same year he_coll. _ his writings--plays, poems, and epigrams--in a folio entitled his_Works_. In 1618 he journeyed on foot to Scotland, where he was receivedwith much honour, and paid his famous visit to Drummond (_q. V. _) atHawthornden. His last successful play, _The Staple of Newes_, wasproduced in 1625, and in the same year he had his first stroke of palsy, from which he never entirely recovered. His next play, _The New Inn_, wasdriven from the stage, for which in its rapid degeneracy he had becometoo learned and too moral. A quarrel with Inigo Jones, the architect, whofurnished the machinery for the Court masques, lost him Court favour, andhe was obliged, with failing powers, to turn again to the stage, forwhich his last plays, _The Magnetic Lady_ and _The Tale of a Tub_, werewritten in 1632 and 1633. Town and Court favour, however, turned again, and he received a pension of £100; that of the best poets and lovers ofliterature he had always kept. The older poets were his friends, theyounger were proud to call themselves, and be called by him, his sons. In1637, after some years of gradually failing health, he _d. _, and wasburied in Westminster Abbey. An admirer caused a mason to cut on the slabover his grave the well-known inscription, "O Rare Ben Jonson. " He left afragment, _The Sad Shepherd_. His works include a number of epigrams andtranslations, collections of poems (_Underwoods_ and _The Forest_); inprose a book of short essays and notes on various subjects, _Discoveries_. 

J. Was the founder of a new style of English comedy, original, powerful, and interesting, but lacking in spontaneity and nature. His characterstend to become mere impersonations of some one quality or "humour, " as hecalled it. Thus he is the herald, though a magnificent one, of decadence. He painted in general with a powerful, but heavy hand; in his masques, however, he often shows a singular gracefulness, especially in the lyricswhich he introduces. His character, as given by Drummond, is not aparticularly attractive one, "a great lover and praiser of himself, acontemner and scorner of others, given rather to lose a friend than ajest, jealous of every word and action of those about him, especiallyafter drink ... A dissembler of ill parts which reign in him, a braggerof some good that he wanteth ... Passionately kind and angry ... Oppressed with fantasy which hath ever mastered his reason. " There must, however, have been far other qualities in a man who could command, as J. Undoubtedly did, the goodwill and admiration of so many of the finestminds of his time. In person he was tall, swarthy, marked with small-pox, and in later years burly. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1573, _ed. _ Westminster School, serves in Low Countries, returns to England 1592, and takes to stage, kills actor in brawl 1598, aRomanist _c. _ 1598-_c. _ 1610, _Every Man in his Humour_ 1598, _Every Manout of his Humour_ 1599, and other plays till 1633, _coll. _ works _pub. _1616, visits Drummond 1618, loses and recovers Court favour, _d. _ 1637. 

Among the ed. Of J. 's works may be mentioned those of Gifford (9 vols. , 1816), re-issued (1875), selected plays Mermaid Series (3 vols. , 1893-5), Morley (1884), and Symonds (1886). Lives and studies by Symonds (EnglishWorthies), and Swinburne (1890). 

JORTIN, JOHN (1698-1770). --Ecclesiastical historian, _ed. _ at Camb. , andentering the Church held various benefices, becoming in 1764 Archdeaconof London. He _pub. _ _Remarks on Ecclesiastical History_ (1751-54), aLife of Erasmus, and various miscellaneous pamphlets and tracts; 7 vols. Of sermons appeared after his death. All his works show learning, and arewritten in a lively style. 

JOWETT, BENJAMIN (1817-1893). --Scholar, was _b. _ at Camberwell, and _ed. _at St. Paul's School and Balliol Coll. , where he had a distinguishedcareer, becoming Fellow 1838, Tutor 1840, and Master 1870. He held theRegius Professorship of Greek 1855-93, though for the first 10 years hewas, owing to the opposition of his theological opponents in the Univ. , deprived of a large part of the usual emoluments. He was a keen andformidable controversialist, and was usually found on what was, for thetime, the unpopular side. His contribution (an essay on _TheInterpretation of Scripture_) to the famous _Essays and Reviews_, whichappeared in 1860, brought him into strong collision with powerfulsections of theological opinion, to which he had already given offence byhis commentaries on the _Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, andRomans_. His views were, indeed, generally considered to be extremelylatitudinarian. Latterly he exercised an extraordinary influence in theUniv. , and was held in reverence by his pupils, many of whom have risento eminence. His chief works are translations, with learnedintroductions, of _The Dialogues_ of Plato, of Thucydides, and of the_Politics_ of Aristotle. He also, in conjunction with Prof. Campbell, brought out an ed. Of _The Republic_ of Plato. He held the degree ofLL. D. From the Univ. Of Edin. (1884), and Camb. (1890), and Doctor ofTheology of Leyden (1875). 

JUDD, SYLVESTER (1813-1853). --Novelist, _b. _ at Westhampton, Mass. , studied for the ministry at Yale, and became a Unitarian pastor. He_pub. _ _Philo_, a religious poem, followed by _Margaret, a Tale of theReal and the Ideal_ (1845), _Richard Edney, A Rus-Urban Tale_ (1850). Healso produced some theological works. His work is very unequal, butoften, as in _Margaret_, contains fine and true descriptive passages bothof nature and character. 

KAMES, HENRY HOME, LORD (1696-1782). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of Geo. H. , of Kames, Berwickshire, was admitted an advocate in 1723, and raisedto the Bench in 1752. In 1748 he _pub. _ a collection of Decisions of theCourt of Session. It is, however, on his philosophical and historicalwritings that his literary fame rests. His writings include _Essays onthe Principles of Morality and Natural Religion_ (1751), _The Elements ofCriticism_ (1762), in which he sought for principles based on theelements of human nature; _Sketches of the History of Man_ (1774), and_Loose Hints on Education_, in which many modern views are anticipated. In all these works, while the style is stiff and crabbed, there is muchoriginal thought. Lord K. Was also an eminent authority upon agriculture, on which he in 1777 _pub. _ a work entitled _The Gentleman Farmer_. 

KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824-1877). --Novelist, _dau. _ of Morgan K. , poet, andphilologist, wrote many novels, of which the scene is usually in France, among which are _Madeleine_ (1848), _Adèle_, and _Daisy Burns_; alsobiographical works, _Woman in France in the 18th Century_ (1850), etc. 

KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876). --Historian and biographer, _s. _ of aLondon solicitor, was _ed. _ at Eton and Addiscombe. After serving forsome time in the Bengal Artillery, he succeeded J. S. Mill as sec. To thepolitical and secret department in the East India Office. His firstliterary work was a novel _pub. _ in 1845, and he then began his valuableseries of histories and biographies illustrative of the Britishoccupation of India, including _The War in Afghanistan_ (1851), and _TheSepoy War in India_, which he did not live to finish, and which wascompleted by G. B. Malleson as _The History of the Indian Mutiny_ (6vols. , 1890); also histories of the East India Company and ofChristianity in India, and Lives of Sir John Malcolm and other Indiansoldiers and statesmen. All his writings are characterised by painstakingresearch, love of truth, and a style suited to the importance of hissubjects. He was made K. C. S. I. In 1871. 

KEARY, ANNIE (1825-1879). --Novelist, wrote some good novels, including_Castle Daly_, _A Doubting Heart_, and _Oldbury_, also books for childrenand educational works. 

KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821). --Poet, _s. _ of the chief servant at an inn inLondon, who _m. _ his master's _dau. _, and _d. _ a man of some substance. He was sent to a school at Enfield, and having meanwhile become anorphan, was in 1810 apprenticed to a surgeon at Edmonton. In 1815 he wentto London to walk the hospitals. He was not, however, at all enthusiasticin his profession, and having become acquainted with Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, Shelley, and others, he gave himself more and more to literature. Hisfirst work--some sonnets--appeared in Hunt's _Examiner_, and his firstbook, _Poems_, came out in 1817. This book, while containing much thatgave little promise of what was to come, was not without touches ofbeauty and music, but it fell quite flat, finding few readers beyond hisimmediate circle. _Endymion_, begun during a visit to the Isle of Wight, appeared in 1818, and was savagely attacked in _Blackwood_ and the_Quarterly Review_. These attacks, though naturally giving pain to thepoet, were not, as was alleged at the time, the cause of his healthbreaking down, as he was possessed of considerable confidence in his ownpowers, and his claim to immortality as a poet. Symptoms of hereditaryconsumption, however, began to show themselves and, in the hope ofrestored health, he made a tour in the Lakes and Scotland, from which hereturned to London none the better. The death soon after of his brotherThomas, whom he had helped to nurse, told upon his spirits, as did alsohis unrequited passion for Miss Fanny Brawne. In 1820 he _pub. _ _Lamiaand Other Poems_, containing _Isabella_, _Eve of St. Agnes_, _Hyperion_, and the odes to the _Nightingale_ and _The Grecian Urn_, all of which hadbeen produced within a period of about 18 months. This book was warmlypraised in the _Edinburgh Review_. His health had by this time completelygiven way, and he was likewise harassed by narrow means and hopelesslove. He had, however, the consolation of possessing many warm friends, by some of whom, the Hunts and the Brawnes, he was tenderly nursed. Atlast in 1821 he set out, accompanied by his friend Severn, on thatjourney to Italy from which he never returned. After much suffering he_d. _ at Rome, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery there. Thecharacter of K. Was much misunderstood until the publication by R. M. Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (_q. V. _), of his _Life and Letters_, which gives an attractive picture of him. This, together with theaccounts of other friends, represent him as "eager, enthusiastic, andsensitive, but humorous, reasonable, and free from vanity, affectionate, a good brother and friend, sweet-tempered, and helpful. " In his politicalviews he was liberal, in his religious, indefinite. Though in hislife-time subjected to much harsh and unappreciative criticism, his placeamong English poets is now assured. His chief characteristics areintense, sensuous imagination, and love of beauty, rich and picturesquedescriptive power, and exquisitely melodious versification. 

_Life, Letters, etc. _, by R. M. Milnes (1848), _Poems and Letters_(Forman, 5 vols. , 1900). Keats (Men of Letters Series, Colvin, 1887), etc. _Poems_ (1817), _Endymion_ (1818), _Lamia and Other Poems_ (1820). 

KEBLE, JOHN (1792-1866). --Poet and divine, _s. _ of the Rev. John K. , Vicar of Coln St. Aldwyn's, Gloucestershire, _b. _ at Fairford in the samecounty, _ed. _ by his _f. _ and at Oxf. , where he was elected a Fellow ofOriel Coll. , and was for some years tutor and examiner in the Univ. Hisideal life, however, was that of a country clergyman, and having takenorders in 1815, he became curate to his _f. _ Meantime he had been writing_The Christian Year_, which appeared in 1827, and met with an almostunparalleled acceptance. Though at first anonymous, its authorship soonbecame known, with the result that K. Was in 1831 appointed to the Chairof Poetry at Oxf. , which he held until 1841. In 1833 his famous sermon on"national apostasy" gave the first impulse to the Oxf. Movement, ofwhich, after the secession of Newman to the Church of Rome, he, alongwith Pusey, was regarded as the leader, and in connection with which hecontributed several of the more important "tracts" in which were enforced"deep submission to authority, implicit reverence for Catholic tradition, firm belief in the divine prerogatives of the priesthood, the real natureof the sacraments, and the danger of independent speculation. " His _f. _having _d. _, K. Became in 1836 Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, wherehe remained until his death. In 1846 he _pub. _ another book of poems, _Lyra Innocentium_. Other works were a Life of Wilson, Bishop of Sodorand Man, and an ed. Of the Works of Hooker. After his death appeared_Letters of Spiritual Counsel_, and 12 vols. Of _Parish Sermons_. Theliterary position of K. Must mainly rest upon _The Christian Year_, _Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays_, and _Holidays throughout the Year_, the object of which was, as described by the author, to bring thethoughts and feelings of the reader into unison with those exemplified inthe Prayer Book. The poems, while by no means of equal literary merit, are generally characterised by delicate and true poetic feeling, andrefined and often extremely felicitous language; and it is a proof of thefidelity to nature with which its themes are treated that the book hasbecome a religious classic with readers far removed from the author'secclesiastical standpoint and general school of thought. K. Was one ofthe most saintly and unselfish men who ever adorned the Church ofEngland, and, though personally shy and retiring, exercised a vastspiritual influence upon his generation. 

_Life_ by J. D. Coleridge (1869), another by Rev. W. Lock (1895). 

KEIGHTLEY, THOMAS (1789-1872). --Historian, _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, wrote works on mythology and folklore, and at the request of Dr. Arnold of Rugby, a series of text-books on English, Greek, and otherhistories. His _History of Greece_ was translated into modern Greek. Among his other books are _Fairy Mythology_ (1850), and _Mythology ofAncient Greece and Italy_, and a work on Popular Tales and theirtransmission from one country to another. 

KEITH, ROBERT (1681-1757). --Historian, _b. _ in Kincardineshire, belongedto the family of the Earls Marischal, and was Bishop of Fife in theScottish Episcopal Church. He was deeply versed in Scottish antiquities, and _pub. _ _History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland_during the Reformation. He also compiled _A Catalogue of the Bishops ofScotland_ (1755). 

KELLY, HUGH (1739-1777). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a Dublin publican, worked inLondon as a staymaker, 1760, and after ed. Various journals, wrote_Memoirs of a Magdalen_ (1767). His play, _False Delicacy_ (1768), had anextraordinary success, and was translated into French, German, andPortuguese. His other plays had no great success. He left off writing forthe stage in 1774, and endeavoured to practise as a barrister, butwithout success. He also wrote political pamphlets, for which he receiveda pension from Government. 

KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711). --Religious writer, _s. _ of an attorney, was _b. _at Little Berkhampstead, _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. , and entering theChurch received the living of Brightstone, Isle of Wight, where hecomposed his _Morning, Evening, and Midnight Hymns_, perhaps the mostwidely known of English hymns. These he was accustomed to sing daily tothe lute. After holding other benefices he became Bishop of Bath andWells, and a Chaplain to Charles II. He was one of the "Seven Bishops"sent to the Tower by James II. Refusing to take the oaths to William andMary, he was deprived, and spent his later years in comparative poverty, though he found an asylum at Longleat with Lord Weymouth. Izaak Waltonwas his brother-in-law. K. Wrote a manual of prayers for WinchesterSchool, and other devotional works. 

KENNEDY, JOHN PENDLETON (1795-1870). --Novelist, _b. _ in Baltimore, wasdistinguished as a lawyer and politician. He wrote three novels, _SwallowBarn_ (1832), _Horse Shoe Robinson_ (1835), and _Rob of the Bowl_ (1838), which give a vivid presentation of life in the Southern States. 

KENNEDY, WALTER (_fl. _ 1500). --_S. _ of Lord K. , was _ed. _ at Glasgow, andis perhaps best known as Dunbar's antagonist in the _Flyting of Dunbarand Kennedy_. Other poems are _Praise of Aige_ (Age), _Ane Ballat inPraise of Our Lady_, and _The Passion of Christ_. Most of his work isprobably lost. 

KILLIGREW, THOMAS (1612-1683). --Dramatist, _s. _ of Sir Robert K. , ofHanworth, was a witty, dissolute courtier of Charles II. , and wrote nineplays, each in a different city. Of them the best known is _The Parson'sWedding_. 

KING, HENRY (1592-1669). --Poet, _s. _ of a Bishop of London, was _ed. _ atWestminster School and Oxf. He entered the Church, and rose in 1642 to beBishop of Chichester. The following year he was deprived, but wasreinstated at the Restoration. He wrote many elegies on Royal persons andon his private friends, who included Donne and Ben Jonson. A selectionfrom his _Poems and Psalms_ was _pub. _ in 1843. 

KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1809-1891). --_B. _ near Taunton, _ed. _ atEton and Camb. , was called to the Bar in 1837, and acquired aconsiderable practice, which in 1856 he abandoned in order to devotehimself to literature and public life. His first literary venture hadbeen _Eothen_, a brilliant and original work of Eastern travel, _pub. _ in1844; but his _magnum opus_ was his _Invasion of the Crimea_, in 8 vols. (1863-87), which is one of the most effective works of its class. It has, however, been charged with being too favourable to Lord Raglan, andunduly hostile to Napoleon III. , for whom the author had an extremeaversion. Its great length is also against it. 

KINGSFORD, WILLIAM (1819-1898). --Historian, _b. _ in London, served in thearmy, and went to Canada, where he was engaged in surveying work. He hasa place in literature for his _History of Canada_ in 10 vols. , a work ofcareful research, though not distinguished for purely literary merits. 

KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875). --Novelist and historian, _s. _ of aclergyman, was _b. _ at Holne Vicarage near Dartmoor, but passed most ofhis childhood at Barnack in the Fen country, and Clovelly in Devonshire, _ed. _ at King's Coll. , London, and Camb. Intended for the law, he enteredthe Church, and became, in 1842, curate, and two years later rector, ofEversley, Hampshire. In the latter year he _pub. _ _The Saints' Tragedy_, a drama, of which the heroine is St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Two novelsfollowed, _Yeast_ (1848) and _Alton Locke_ (1850), in which he deals withsocial questions as affecting the agricultural labouring class, and thetown worker respectively. He had become deeply interested in suchquestions, and threw himself heart and soul, in conjunction with F. D. Maurice and others, into the schemes of social amelioration, which theysupported under the name of Christian socialism, contributing many tractsand articles under the signature of "Parson Lot. " In 1853 appeared_Hypatia_, in which the conflict of the early Christians with the Greekphilosophy of Alexandria is depicted; it was followed in 1855 by_Westward Ho_, perhaps his most popular work; in 1857 by _Two Years Ago_, and in 1866 by _Hereward the Wake_. _At Last_ (1870), gave hisimpressions of a visit to the West Indies. His taste for natural historyfound expression in _Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore_ (1855), andother works. _The Water Babies_ is a story for children written toinspire love and reverence of Nature. K. Was in 1860 appointed to theProfessorship of Modern History at Camb. , which he held until 1869. Theliterary fruit of this was _Roman and Teuton_ (1864). In the same year hewas involved in a controversy with J. H. Newman, which resulted in thepublication by the latter of his _Apologia_. K. , who had in 1869 beenmade a Canon of Chester, became Canon of Westminster in 1873. Always of ahighly nervous temperament, his over-exertion resulted in repeatedfailures of health, and he _d. _ in 1875. Though hot-tempered andcombative, he was a man of singularly noble character. His type ofreligion, cheerful and robust, was described as "muscular Christianity. "Strenuous, eager, and keen in feeling, he was not either a profoundlylearned, or perhaps very impartial, historian, but all his writings aremarked by a bracing and manly atmosphere, intense sympathy, and greatdescriptive power. 

KINGSLEY, HENRY (1830-1876). --Novelist, brother of the above, _ed. _ atKing's Coll. , London, and Oxf. , which he left without graduating, andbetook himself to the Australian gold-diggings, being afterwards in themounted police. On his return in 1858 he devoted himself industriously toliterature, and wrote a number of novels of much more than average merit, including _Geoffrey Hamlyn_ (1859), _The Hillyars and the Burtons_(1865), _Ravenshoe_ (1861), and _Austin Elliot_ (1863). Of these_Ravenshoe_ is generally regarded as the best. In 1869 he went toEdinburgh to ed. The _Daily Review_, but he soon gave this up, and becamewar correspondent for his paper during the Franco-German War. 

KINGSLEY, MARY HENRIETTA (1862-1900). --Traveller, _dau. _ of George HenryK. (himself a traveller, and author of _South Sea Bubbles_, a verysuccessful book), and niece of Charles K. (_q. V. _). She travelled in WestAfrica, where she made valuable observations and collections. Her_Travels in West Africa_ is one of the most original and stimulatingbooks of its class. Miss K. Had a singular power of viewing the religiousrites of savage peoples from their point of view. She was about toundertake another journey, but stopped to nurse Boer prisoners, and _d. _of fever. 

KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-1880). --Writer of tales for boys, _b. _ in London, but spent much of his youth in Oporto, where his _f. _ wasa merchant. His first book, _The Circassian Chief_, appeared in 1844. Hisfirst book for boys, _Peter the Whaler_, was _pub. _ in 1851, and had suchsuccess that he retired from business and devoted himself entirely to theproduction of this kind of literature, in which his popularity wasdeservedly great; and during 30 years he wrote upwards of 130 tales, including _The Three Midshipmen_ (1862), _The Three Lieutenants_ (1874), _The Three Commanders_ (1875), _The Three Admirals_ (1877), _DigbyHeathcote_, etc. He also conducted various papers, including _TheColonist_, and _Colonial Magazine and East India Review_. He was alsointerested in emigration, volunteering, and various philanthropicschemes. For services in negotiating a commercial treaty with Portugal hereceived a Portuguese knighthood, and for his literary labours aGovernment pension. 

KIRKLAND, JOSEPH (1830-1894). --Novelist, _b. _ in New York State, was alawyer in Chicago, then served in the war. He is remembered as the authorof two very vivid and life-like novels of pioneer life in the Far West, _Illinois Zury_ and _The McVeys_. Other works are _The Captain of CompanyK. _ and _The Story of Chicago_. 

KITTO, JOHN (1804-1854). --Biblical scholar, _s. _ of a Cornish stonemason, was _b. _ at Plymouth. At the age of 12 a fall led to his becoming totallydeaf. From poverty and hardship he was rescued by friends, to whom hismental powers had become known, and the means of education were placedwithin his reach. By these he profited so remarkably that he became avaluable contributor to Biblical scholarship. He travelled much in theEast in the pursuit of his favourite studies. Among his works are_Scripture Lands_, _Daily Bible Illustrations_, and _The Lost Senses_ in2 vols. , one dealing with Deafness and the other with Blindness. He alsoed. _The Pictorial Bible_, _The Journal of Sacred Literature_, _TheCyclopædia of Bible Literature_, and contributed to various periodicals. He received a pension of £100 from Government. In 1844 the Univ. OfGiessen conferred upon him the degree of D. D. 

KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873). --Publisher and writer, _b. _ at Windsor, where his _f. _. Was a bookseller. After serving his apprenticeship withhim he went to London, and in 1823 started business as a publisher, andco-operated effectively with Brougham and others in connection with TheSociety for Diffusing Useful Knowledge. He was publisher for the Society, and issued _The Penny Magazine_, _Penny Cyclopædia_, _Pictorial Historyof England_, etc. He ed. With success _The Pictorial Shakespeare_, andwas the author of a vol. Of essays, _Once upon a Time_, an autobiography, _Passages from a Working Life_ (1863), a _History of the Thirty Years'Peace_, which was completed by Miss Harriet Martineau, and various otherworks. 

KNIGHT, HENRY GALLY (1786-1846). --A country gentleman of Yorkshire, _ed. _at Eton and Camb. , was the author of several Oriental tales, _Ilderim, aSyrian Tale_ (1816), _Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale_, and _Alashtar, anArabian Tale_ (1817). He was also an authority on architecture, and wrotevarious works on the subject, including _The Ecclesiastical Architectureof Italy_, and _The Normans in Sicily_, which brought him more reputationthan his novels. 

KNOLLES, RICHARD (1550?-1610). --Historian, _b. _ at Coldashby, Northamptonshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , _pub. _ in 1603 _The History of theTurks_, which went through many ed. Its principal value now is as a pieceof fine English of its time, for which it is ranked high by Hallam. K. Was master of a school at Sandwich. The History was continued by Sir PaulRycaut (1628-1700). 

KNOWLES, HERBERT (1798-1817). --Poet, author of the well-known _Stanzaswritten in Richmond Churchyard_, which gave promise of future excellence. But he _d. _ a few weeks after he had been enabled, through the help ofSouthey to whom he had sent some of his poems, to go to Camb. 

KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862). --Dramatist, _s. _ of James K. , schoolmaster and lexicographer, was _b. _ at Cork. He was the author of aballad, _The Welsh Harper_, which had great popularity, and gained forhim the notice of Hazlitt and others. For some years he studied medicine, which, however, he abandoned for literature, and produced several plays, including _Caius Gracchus_ (1815), _Virginius_ (1820), _The Hunchback_(1832), and _The Love Chase_ (1837), in some of which he acted. He gaveup the stage in 1843, became a preacher in connection with the Baptistcommunion, and enjoyed great popularity. He _pub. _ two polemical works, _The Rock of Rome_, and _The Idol demolished by its own Priests_. 

KNOX, JOHN (1505?-1572). --Reformer and historian, was _b. _ nearHaddington, and _ed. _ at the Grammar School there and at Glasgow. He isbelieved to have had some connection with the family of K. Of Ranfurly inRenfrewshire. The year of his birth was long believed to be 1505, but oflate some writers have found reason to hold that he was really _b. _ someyears later, 1510 or even 1513. At Glasgow he was the pupil of John Major(_q. V. _), and became distinguished as a disputant. He is believed to havebeen ordained a priest about 1530, after which he went to St. Andrews andtaught. About this time, however, there is a gap of 12 years or more, during which almost nothing is known of his life. About 1545 he cameunder the influence of George Wishart, who was burned as a heretic atSt. Andrews in the following year, and embraced the Reformationprinciples, of which he became a champion on the Continent, in England, and finally and especially in Scotland. He joined the reforming party inSt. Andrews in 1547, and was, much against his will, elected theirminister. The next year he was made prisoner, sent to France, andcondemned to the galleys, where he remained for nearly two years. For thenext five years he was in England, chiefly at Newcastle and Berwick, where he was zealously engaged in propagating and defending the reformeddoctrines. On the accession of Mary in 1553 K. Escaped to the Continent, where he remained--at Dieppe, Frankfort on the Maine, and Geneva--until1559. During this period, in addition to his pastoral and ecclesiasticalactivities, he wrote copiously, the best known of his works of that timebeing his _First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment[government] of Women_. The first, it proved also the last, as he neverproduced the other two which he promised or threatened. He finallyreturned to Scotland in 1559, and was at once the chief actor and thechief narrator of the crowded and pregnant events which culminated in theabdication of Queen Mary and the establishment of Protestantism inScotland. As minister of the High Church of Edin. K. Was at the centre ofevents, which he probably did more to mould than any other man. AsCarlyle says, "He is the one Scotchman to whom, of all others, hiscountry and the world owe a debt. " Here, after his long battle withprincipalities and powers, and spiritual wickedness in high places, histriumphs, and disappointments, after growing weakness and becoming "wearyof the world, " he _d. _ on November 24, 1572. His place in literature hehas by virtue of his _Historie of the Reformation in Scotland_. Itextends from 1558-67. Its language is much more English than that spokenand written in Scotland at the time. It is of the highest historicalvalue, and in style terse, vigorous, with flashes of a quiet, somewhatsaturnine humour, and of vivid description--the writing of a great man ofaction dealing with the events in which he had been the leading actor. His own figure and that of the Queen are those round which the dramaturns. The leading features of his character were courage and intenseearnestness. "Here, " said the Regent Morton, "lies a man who never fearedthe face of man. " And with all his sternness there was in him a vein ofcordial friendliness and humour. He has been accused of intolerance, andof harshness in his dealings with the Queen. But as Carlyle has said, asregards the second accusation, "They are not so coarse, these speeches;they seem to me about as fine as the circumstances would permit. It wasunfortunately not possible to be polite with the Queen of Scotland unlessone proved untrue to the nation. "

_Lives_ by M'Crie (1812), and Prof. Hume Brown (1895). _Works_ ed. By D. Laing. 

KNOX, VICESIMUS (1752-1821). --Essayist, etc. , _ed. _ at Oxf. , took orders, and became Head Master of Tunbridge School. He _pub. _ _Essays Moral andLiterary_ (1778), and compiled the formerly well-known _ElegantExtracts_, often reprinted. 

KNOX, WILLIAM (1789-1825). --Poet, _s. _ of a farmer in Roxburghshire, wrote several books of poetry, _The Lonely Hearth_, _Songs of Israel_, _Harp of Zion_, etc. , which gained him the friendship of Scott. He fellinto dissipated habits, was latterly a journalist in Edin. , and _d. _ at36. 

KYD, THOMAS (1558-1595). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a London scrivener, _ed. _ atMerchant Taylor's School, appears to have led the life of hardship socommon with the dramatists of his time, was for a short time imprisonedfor "treasonable and Atheistic views, " and made translations from theFrench and Italian. His drama, _The Spanish Tragedy_ (1594), hadextraordinary popularity, and was translated into Dutch and German. Someof the scenes are believed to have been contributed by another hand, probably by Ben Jonson. He also produced a play on the story of Hamlet, not now in existence, and he may have written the first draft of _TitusAndronicus_. Other plays which have been attributed to him are _The FirstPart of Jeronimo_ (1605), _Cornelia_ (1594), _The Rare Triumphs of Loveand Fortune_, and _The Tragedye of Solyman and Perseda_ (1599). But, although one of the best known dramatists in his day, very little is nowcertain either as to his personal history or his works. 

LAIDLAW, WILLIAM (1780-1845). --Poet, _s. _ of a border farmer, becamesteward and amanuensis to Sir W. Scott, and was the author of thebeautiful and well-known ballad, _Lucy's Flittin'_. 

LAING, DAVID (1793-1878). --Antiquary, _s. _ of a bookseller in Edin. , withwhom he was in partnership until his appointment, in 1837, as librarianof the Signet Library. He ed. Many of the publications of the BannatyneClub, of which he was sec. (1823-61). He was also Honorary Prof. OfAntiquities to the Royal Scottish Academy. Among the more important workswhich he ed. Were _Baillie's Letters and Journals_ (1841-2), _John Knox'sWorks_ (1846-64), and the poems of Sir D. Lyndsay, Dunbar, and Henryson. 

LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818). --Was a country gentleman in Orkney. Hecompleted Henry's _History of Great Britain_, and wrote a _History ofScotland from the Union of the Crowns to the Union of the Kingdoms_(1802). He was an assailant of the authenticity of the Ossianic poems, and wrote a dissertation on the Participation of Mary Queen of Scots inthe Murder of Darnley. He did much to improve the agriculture of Orkney. 

LAMB, LADY CAROLINE (1785-1828). --Novelist, _dau. _ of 3rd Earl ofBessborough, _m. _ the Hon. William Lamb, afterwards Lord Melbourne andPrime Minister. She wrote three novels, which, though of little literaryvalue, attracted much attention. The first of these, _Glenarvon_ (1816), contained a caricature portrait of Lord Byron, with whom the authoresshad shortly before been infatuated. It was followed by _Graham Hamilton_(1822), and _Ada Reis_ (1823). Happening to meet the hearse conveying theremains of Byron, she became unconscious, and fell into mentalalienation, from which she never recovered. 

LAMB, CHARLES (1775-1834). --Essayist and poet, was _b. _ in London, his_f. _ being confidential clerk to Samuel Salt, one of the benchers of theInner Temple. After being at a school in the neighbourhood, he was sentby the influence of Mr. Salt to Christ's Hospital, where he remained from1782-89, and where he formed a lifelong friendship with Coleridge. He wasthen for a year or two in the South Sea House, where his elder brotherJohn was a clerk. Thence he was in 1792 transferred to the India House, where he remained until 1825, when he retired with a pension oftwo-thirds of his salary. Mr. Salt _d. _ in 1792, and the family, consisting of the _f. _, mother, Charles, and his sister Mary, ten yearshis senior, lived together in somewhat straitened circumstances. John, comparatively well off, leaving them pretty much to their own resources. In 1796 the tragedy of L. 's life occurred. His sister Mary, in a suddenfit of insanity, killed her mother with a table-knife. Thenceforward, giving up a marriage to which he was looking forward, he devoted himselfto the care of his unfortunate sister, who became, except when separatedfrom him by periods of aberration, his lifelong and affectionatecompanion--the "Cousin Bridget" of his essays. His first literaryappearance was a contribution of four sonnets to Coleridge's _Poems onVarious Subjects_ (1796). Two years later he _pub. _, along with hisfriend Charles Lloyd, _Blank Verse_, the little vol. Including _The OldFamiliar Faces_, and others of his best known poems, and his romance, _Rosamund Gray_, followed in the same year. He then turned to the drama, and produced _John Woodvil_, a tragedy, and _Mr. H. _, a farce, bothfailures, for although the first had some echo of the Elizabethan music, it had no dramatic force. Meantime the brother and sister were leading alife clouded by poverty and by the anxieties arising from the conditionof the latter, and they moved about from one lodging to another. L. 'sliterary ventures so far had not yielded much either in money or fame, but in 1807 he was asked by W. Godwin (_q. V. _) to assist him in his"Juvenile Library, " and to this he, with the assistance of his sister, contributed the now famous _Tales from Shakespeare_, Charles doing thetragedies and Mary the comedies. In 1808 they wrote, again for children, _The Adventures of Ulysses_, a version of the _Odyssey, Mrs. Leicester'sSchool_, and _Poetry for Children_ (1809). About the same time he wascommissioned by Longman to ed. Selections from the Elizabethandramatists. To the selections were added criticisms, which at oncebrought him the reputation of being one of the most subtle andpenetrating critics who had ever touched the subject. Three years laterhis extraordinary power in this department was farther exhibited in aseries of papers on Hogarth and Shakespeare, which appeared in Hunt's_Reflector_. In 1818 his scattered contributions in prose and verse were_coll. _ as _The Works of Charles Lamb_, and the favour with which theywere received led to his being asked to contribute to the _LondonMagazine_ the essays on which his fame chiefly rests. The name "Elia"under which they were written was that of a fellow-clerk in the IndiaHouse. They appeared from 1820-25. The first series was printed in 1823, the second, _The Last Essays of Elia_, in 1833. In 1823 the L. 's had leftLondon and taken a cottage at Islington, and had practically adopted EmmaIsola, a young orphan, whose presence brightened their lives until hermarriage in 1833 to E. Moxon, the publisher. In 1825 L. Retired, andlived at Enfield and Edmonton. But his health was impaired, and hissister's attacks of mental alienation were ever becoming more frequentand of longer duration. During one of his walks he fell, slightly hurtinghis face. The wound developed into erysipelas, and he _d. _ on December29, 1834. His sister survived until 1847. 

The place of L. As an essayist and critic is the very highest. His onlyrival in the former department is Addison, but in depth and tenderness offeeling, and richness of fancy L. Is the superior. In the realms ofcriticism there can be no comparison between the two. L. Is here at onceprofound and subtle, and his work led as much as any other influence tothe revival of interest in and appreciation of our older poetry. His ownwritings, which are self-revealing in a quite unusual and always charmingway, and the recollections of his friends, have made the personality ofLamb more familiar to us than any other in our literature, except that ofJohnson. His weaknesses, his oddities, his charm, his humour, hisstutter, are all as familiar to his readers as if they had known him, andthe tragedy and noble self-sacrifice of his life add a feeling ofreverence for a character we already love. 

Life and Letters and Final Memorials by Talfourd, also Memoir by B. W. Proctor and A. Ainger prefixed to ed. Of _Works_ (1883-88). Life, Works, and Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, in 9 vols. , E. V. Lucas, and 12vols. Ed. W. Macdonald. 

LANDON, LETITIA ELIZABETH (1802-1838). --Poetess, _dau. _ of an army agent, was _b. _ in London. She was a prolific and, in her day, remarkablypopular writer, but she wrote far too easily and far too much forpermanent fame. Many of her poems appeared in the _Literary Gazette_, andsimilar publications, but she _pub. _ separately _The Fate of Adelaide_(1821), _The Improvisatrice_ (1824), _The Troubadour_ (1825), _TheVenetian Bracelet_ (1829), etc. She also wrote a few novels, of which_Ethel Churchill_ was the best, and a tragedy _Castruccio Castracani_(1837). She _m. _ a Mr. Maclean, Governor of one of the West AfricanColonies, where, shortly after her arrival, she was found dead from theeffects of an overdose of poison, which it was supposed she had taken asa relief from spasms to which she was subject. She was best known by herinitials, L. E. L. , under which she was accustomed to write. 

LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE (1775-1864). --Poet and miscellaneous author, _s. _of a physician, was _b. _ at Ipsley Court, Warwick, the property of hismother, and _ed. _ at Rugby and Oxf. , where he earned the nickname of "themad Jacobin, " and whence he was rusticated. His whole long lifethereafter was a series of quarrels, extravagances, and escapades ofvarious kinds, the result of his violent prejudices, love of paradox, andungovernable temper. He quarrelled with his _f. _, his wife, most of hisrelations, and nearly all his friends, ran through a large fortune, andended his days in Italy supported by a pension granted by his brothers. Yet he was not devoid of strong affections and generosity. His earliestpublication was _Poems_ (1795); _Gebir_ (1798), an epic, had littlesuccess, but won for him the friendship of Southey. In 1808 he went toSpain to take part in the war against Napoleon, and saw some service. Hisfirst work to attract attention was his powerful tragedy of _Don Julian_(1811). About the same time he _m. _ Miss Julia Thuillier--mainly, aswould appear, on account of her "wonderful golden hair"--and purchasedthe estate of Llantony Abbey, Monmouthshire, whence, after variousquarrels with the local authorities, he went to France. After a residenceof a year there, he went in 1815 to Italy, where he lived until 1818 atComo, which, having insulted the authorities in a Latin poem, he had toleave. At Florence, which was his residence for some years, he commencedhis famous _Imaginary Conversations_, of which the first two vols. Appeared 1824, the third 1828, fourth and fifth 1829. Other works were_The Examination of W. Shakespeare touching Deer-stealing_ (1834), _Pericles and Aspasia_ (1836), _Pentameron_ (1837), _Hellenics_ (1847), and _Poemata et Inscriptiones_ (1847). He quarrelled finally with hiswife in 1835, and returned to England, which, however, he had to leave in1858 on account of an action for libel arising out of a book, _Dry SticksFagoted_. He went to Italy, where he remained, chiefly at Florence, untilhis death. L. Holds one of the highest places among the writers ofEnglish prose. His thoughts are striking and brilliant, and his stylerich and dignified. 

_Works_ ed. C. G. Crump, 10 vols. 

LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801-1876). --Arabic scholar, _s. _ of a prebendaryof Hereford, where he was _b. _, began life as an engraver, but going toEgypt in search of health, devoted himself to the study of Orientallanguages and manners, and adopted the dress and habits of the Egyptianman of learning. He _pub. _ _Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_(1836), which remains a standard authority, and a translation of _TheThousand and One Nights_ (1838-40) (Arabian Nights). What was intended tobe the great work of his life, his _Arabic Lexicon_, was left unfinishedat his death, but was completed by his nephew, Prof. S. L. Poole. L. Wasregarded as the chief European Orientalist of his day. 

LANGHORNE, JOHN (1735-1779). --Poet, _s. _ of a clergyman, was _b. _ atKirkby Stephen; having taken orders, he was for two years a curate inLondon, and from 1776 Rector of Blagdon, Somerset, and Prebendary ofWells. He is chiefly remembered as being the translator, jointly with hisbrother, Rev. William L. , of _Plutarch's Lives_, but in his day he hadsome reputation as a poet, his chief work in poetry being _Studley Park_and _Fables of Flora_. In his _Country Justice_ (1774-77) he dimlyforeshadows Crabbe, as in his descriptive poems he dimly foreshadowsWordsworth. He was twice married, and both of his wives _d. _ in givingbirth to a first child. 

LANGLAND, WILLIAM (OR WILLIAM of LANGLEY) (1330?-1400?). --Poet. Littlecan be gleaned as to his personal history, and of that little part iscontradictory. In a note of the 15th century written on one MS. He issaid to have been _b. _ in Oxfordshire, the _s. _ of a freeman named Stacyde Rokayle, while Bale, writing in the 16th century, makes his nameRobert (certainly an error), and says he was _b. _ at Cleobury Mortimerin Shropshire. From his great poem, _Piers the Plowman_, it is to begathered that he was bred to the Church, and was at one time an inmate ofthe monastery at Great Malvern. He _m. _, however, and had a _dau. _, which, of course, precluded him from going on to the priesthood. It hasfurther been inferred from his poem that his f. , with the help offriends, sent him to school, but that on the death of these friends theprocess of education came to an end, and he went to London, living in alittle house in Cornhill and, as he says, not only _in_ but _on_ London, supporting himself by singing _requiems_ for the dead. "The tools Ilabour with ... [are] _Paternoster_, and my primer _Placebo_, and_Dirige_, and my _Psalter_, and my seven Psalms. " References to legalterms suggest that he may have copied for lawyers. In later life heappears to have lived in Cornwall with his wife and _dau. _ Poor himself, he was ever a sympathiser with the poor and oppressed. His poem appearsto have been the great interest of his life, and almost to the end he wasaltering and adding to, without, however, improving it. The full title ofthe poem is _The Vision of Piers Plowman_. Three distinct versions of itexist, the first _c. _ 1362, the second _c. _ 1377, and the third 1393 or1398. It has been described as "a vision of Christ seen through theclouds of humanity. " It is divided into nine dreams, and is in theunrhymed, alliterative, first English manner. In the allegory appear suchpersonifications as Meed (worldly success), Falsehood, Repentance, Hope, etc. Piers Plowman, first introduced as the type of the poor and simple, becomes gradually transformed into the Christ. Further on appear Do-well, Do-bet, Do-best. In this poem, and its additions, L. Was able to expressall that he had to say of the abuses of the time, and their remedy. Hehimself stands out as a sad, earnest, and clear-sighted onlooker in atime of oppression and unrest. It is thought that he may have been theauthor of a poem, _Richard the Redeless_: if so he was, at the time ofwriting, living in Bristol, and making a last remonstrance to themisguided King, news of whose death may have reached him while at thework, as it stops in the middle of a paragraph. He is not much of anartist, being intent rather on delivering his message than that it shouldbe in a perfect dress. Prof. Manley, in the _Cambridge History of EnglishLiterature_, advances the theory that _The Vision_ is not the work ofone, but of several writers, W. L. Being therefore a dramatic, not apersonal name. It is supported on such grounds as differences in metre, diction, sentence structure, and the diversity of view on social andecclesiastic matters expressed in different parts of the poem. 

LANIER, SIDNEY (1842-1881). --Miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of a lawyer ofHuguenot descent, was _b. _ at Macon, Georgia. He had a varied career, having been successively soldier, shopman, teacher, lawyer, musician, andprof. His first literary venture was a novel, _Tiger Lilies_ (1867). Thereafter he wrote mainly on literature, his works including _TheScience of English Verse_ (1881), _The English Novel_ (1883), and_Shakespeare and his Forerunners_ (1902); also some poems which have beengreatly admired, including "Corn, " "The Marshes of Glynn, " and "The Songof the Chattahoochee"; ed. Of Froissart, and the Welsh _Mabinogion_ forchildren. He worked under the shadow of serious lung trouble, whicheventually brought about his death. 

LARDNER, DIONYSIUS (1793-1859). --Scientific writer, _s. _ of a solicitorin Dublin, and _b. _ there, was intended for the law, but having no tastefor it, he entered Trinity Coll. , Dublin, and took orders, but devotedhimself to literary and scientific pursuits, and became a contributor tothe _Edinburgh Review_, and various Encyclopædias. In 1827 he wasappointed Prof. Of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in the Univ. OfLondon (afterwards Univ. Coll. ), and in 1829 began his great work, _TheCabinet Cyclopædia_, which was finished in 133 vols. 20 years later. Inhis literary undertakings, which included various other schemes ofsomewhat similar character, he was eminently successful, financially andotherwise. He lived in Paris from 1845 until his death. 

LATIMER, HUGH (1485-1555). --Reformer and divine, _s. _ of a Leicestershireyeoman, went to Camb. In 1500, and became Fellow of Clare Hall. Takingorders, he was at first a defender of the ancient faith, but convinced bythe arguments of Bilney, embraced the reformed doctrines. He was calledto appear before Wolsey, but dismissed on subscribing certain articles. His opposition to the Pope, and his support of the King's supremacy, brought him under the notice of Henry, and he was appointed chaplain toAnne Boleyn, and in 1535 Bishop of Worcester. For preaching in favour ofthe reformed doctrines he was twice imprisoned in the Tower, 1539 and1546, and on the former occasion resigned his bishopric, which hedeclined to resume on the accession of Edward VI. On the accession ofMary he was with Ridley, Bishop of London, thrown into prison (1554), andon October 16, 1555, burned at Oxf. His words of encouragement to hisfellow-martyr are well known, "Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, andplay the man; we shall this day light such a candle by God's grace inEngland as I trust shall never be put out. " He holds his place in Englishliterature by virtue of his sermons--especially that on _ThePloughers_--which, like himself, are outspoken, homely, and popular, withfrequent touches of kindly humour. 

LAUDER, SIR THOMAS DICK (1784-1848). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of a Scottish baronet, wrote two novels, _Lochandhu_ (1825), and_The Wolf of Badenoch_ (1827), but is best known for his _Account of theGreat Floods in Morayshire in 1829_. He also wrote _Legendary Tales ofthe Highlands_, and contributed to scientific journals and magazines. 

LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761). --Divine, _s. _ of a grocer at Kingscliffe, Northamptonshire, was _ed. _ at Camb. , and in 1727 became tutor to the_f. _ of Edward Gibbon, the historian. About 1728 he _pub. _ his best knownbook, _A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life_, a work which has had aprofound influence upon the religious life of England, largely owing tothe impression which it produced upon such minds as those of Dr. Johnson, the Wesleys, and others. In 1737 he became a student of the works ofJacob Boehmen, the German mystic, and devoted himself largely to theexposition of his views. The theological position of L. Was acomplicated one, combining High Churchism, mysticism, and Puritanism: hiswritings are characterised by vigorous thought, keen logic, and a lucidand brilliant style, relieved by flashes of bright, and often sarcastic, humour. His work attacking Mandeville's _Fable of the Bees_ (1723) isperhaps that in which these qualities are best displayed in combination. He retired in 1740 to Kingscliffe, where he had founded a school for 14girls. 

LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827-1876). --Novelist, was a barrister. He wroteseveral novels, of which one--_Guy Livingstone_ (1857)--had greatpopularity. On the outbreak of the American Civil War he went to Americawith the intention of joining the Confederate Army, but was takenprisoner and only released on promising to return to England. 

LAYAMON (_fl. _ 1200). --Metrical historian, the _s. _ of Leovenath. Allthat is known of him is gathered from his own writings. He was a priestat Ernley (now Areley Regis), Worcestershire. In his day the works ofGeoffrey of Monmouth and Wace, in French, were the favourite reading ofthe educated, and "it came to him in mind" that he would tell the storyof _Brut_ in English verse. He set out in search of books and, foundinghis poem on the earlier writers, he added so much from his own knowledgeof Welsh and West of England tradition that while Wace's poem consists of15, 000 lines, his extends to 32, 000. Among the legends he gives are thoseof _Locrine_, _Arthur_, and _Lear_. The poem is in the old Englishunrhymed, alliterative verse, and "marks the revival of the English mindand spirit. "

LAYARD, SIR AUSTIN HENRY (1817-1894). --Explorer of Nineveh, _b. _ atParis, _s. _ of a Ceylon civilian. After spending some years in the officeof a London solicitor, he set out in search of employment in Ceylon, butpassing through Western Asia, became interested in the work of excavatingthe remains of ancient cities. Many of his finds--human-headed bulls, etc. --were sent to the British Museum. Two books--_Nineveh and itsRemains_ (1848-49), and _The Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon_(1853)--brought him fame, and on his return home he received manyhonours, including the freedom of the City of London, the degree ofD. C. L. From Oxf. , and the Lord Rectorship of Aberdeen Univ. He enteredParliament, where he sat as a Liberal. He held the offices ofUnder-Foreign Sec. (1861-66), and Chief Commissioner of Works (1868-69), and was Ambassador to Spain 1869, and Constantinople 1877; and on hisretirement in 1878 he was made G. C. B. He was a very successful excavator, and described his work brilliantly, but he was no great linguist, andmost of the deciphering of the inscriptions was done by Sir H. Rawlinson. His last work was _Early Adventures in Persia, etc. _, and he left anautobiography, _pub. _ in 1903. He also wrote on Italian art. 

LEAR, EDWARD (1812-1888). --Artist and miscellaneous author, _b. _ inLondon, and settled in Rome as a landscape painter. He was anindefatigable traveller, and wrote accounts, finely illustrated, of hisjourneys in Italy, Greece, and Corsica. His best known works are, however, his _Book of Nonsense_ (1840) (full of wit and _good_ sense), _More Nonsense Rhymes_ (1871), and _Laughable Lyrics_ (1876). L. Had alsoa remarkable faculty for depicting birds. 

LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1838-1903). --Historian, the _s. _ of alanded gentleman of Carlow, was _b. _ near Dublin, and _ed. _ at Cheltenhamand Trinity Coll. , Dublin. Originally intended for the Church, he devotedhimself to a literary career. His first work of importance was _Leadersof Public Opinion in Ireland_ (1861) (essays on Swift, Flood, Grattan, and O'Connell). The study of Buckle's _History of Civilisation_ to someextent determined the direction of his own writings, and resulted in theproduction of two important works, _History of the Rise and Influence ofthe Spirit of Rationalism in Europe_ (1865), and _History of EuropeanMorals from Augustus to Charlemagne_ (1869), both remarkable forlearning, clearness, and impartiality. Both, however, gave rise toconsiderable controversy and criticism. His principal work is _TheHistory of England in the Eighteenth Century_ (1878-90). Characterised bythe same sterling qualities as his preceding books, it deals with asubject more generally interesting, and has had a wide acceptance. Hisview of the American war, and the controversies which led to it, is morefavourable to the English position than that of some earlier historians. Other works are _Democracy and Liberty_ (1896), and _The Map of Life_(1899). Though of warm Irish sympathies, L. Was strongly opposed to HomeRule. He sat in Parliament for his Univ. From 1895 until his death. Hereceived many academical distinctions, and was a Corresponding Member ofthe Institute of France, and one of the original members of the Order ofMerit. 

LEE, NATHANIEL (1653?-1692). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a clergyman at Hatfield, was _ed. _ at Westminster School and Camb. After leaving the Univ. He wentto London, and joined the stage both as actor and author. He was taken upby Rochester and others of the same dissolute set, led a loose life, anddrank himself into Bedlam, where he spent four years. After his recoveryhe lived mainly upon charity, and met his death from a fall under theeffects of a carouse. His tragedies, which, with much bombast andfrequent untrained flights of imagination, have occasional fire andtenderness, are generally based on classical subjects. The principal are_The Rival Queens_, _Theodosius_, and _Mithridates_. He also wrote a fewcomedies, and collaborated with Dryden in an adaptation of _Oedipus_, andin _The Duke of Guise_. 

LEE, SOPHIA (1750-1824), LEE, HARRIET (1757-1851). --Novelists anddramatists, _dau. _ of John L. , an actor, were the authors of variousdramatic pieces and novels. By far their most memorable work was _TheCanterbury Tales_, 5 vols. (1797-1805) which, with the exception of two, _The Young Lady's_ and _The Clergyman's_, were all by Harriet. The mostpowerful of them, _Kruitzner_, fell into the hands of Byron in hisboyhood, and made so profound an impression upon him that, in 1821, hedramatised it under the title of _Werner, or the Inheritance_. Theauthoress also adapted it for the stage as _The Three Strangers_. Thetales are in general remarkable for the ingenuity of their plots. Harrietlived to the age of 94, preserving to the last her vigour of mind andpowers of conversation. Godwin made her an offer of marriage to which, however, his religious opinions presented an insuperable barrier. Sophia's chief work was _The Chapter of Accidents_, a comedy, which had agreat run, the profits of which enabled the sisters to start a school atBath, which proved very successful, and produced for them a competence onwhich they were able to retire in their later years. 

LE FANU, JOSEPH SHERIDAN (1814-1873). --Novelist, _s. _ of a Dean of theEpiscopal Church of Ireland, and grand-nephew of Richard BrinsleySheridan, was _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, and became a contributorand ultimately proprietor of the _Dublin University Magazine_, in whichmany of his novels made their first appearance. Called to the Bar in1839, he did not practise, and was first brought into notice by twoballads, _Phaudrig Croohoore_ and _Shamus O'Brien_, which hadextraordinary popularity. His novels, of which he wrote 12, include _TheCock and Anchor_ (1845), _Torlough O'Brien_ (1847), _The House by theChurchyard_ (1863), _Uncle Silas_ (perhaps the most popular) (1864), _TheTenants of Malory_ (1867), _In a Glass Darkly_ (1872), and _Willing toDie_ (posthumously). They are generally distinguished by ableconstruction, ingenuity of plot, and power in the presentation of themysterious and supernatural. Among Irish novelists he is generally rankednext to Lever. 

LEIGHTON, ROBERT (1611-1684). --Divine, was the _s. _ of Alexander L. , physician, and writer on theology, who, on account of his anti-prelaticbooks, was put in the pillory, fined, and had his nose slit and his earscut off. Robert was _ed. _ at Edin. , after which he resided for some timeat Douay. Returning to Scotland he received Presbyterian ordination, andwas admitted minister of Newbattle, near Edin. In 1653 he was appointedPrincipal and Prof. Of Divinity in the Univ. Of Edin. , which offices heheld until 1662 when, having separated himself from Presbyterianism, hewas appointed Bishop of Dunblane, under the new Episcopal establishment. He repeatedly but unsuccessfully endeavoured to bring about anecclesiastical union in Scotland on the basis of combining the bestelements in each system. Discouraged by his lack of success in hiswell-meant efforts, he offered in 1665 to resign his see, but waspersuaded by Charles II. To remain in it, and in 1669 was promoted to beArchbishop of Glasgow, from which position, wearied and disappointed, hefinally retired in 1674, and lived with his widowed sister, Mrs. Lightmaker, at Broadhurst Manor, Sussex. On a visit to London he wasseized with a fatal illness, and _d. _ in the arms of his friend, BishopBurnet, who says of him, "he had the greatest elevation of soul, thelargest compass of knowledge, the most mortified and heavenly dispositionthat I ever saw in mortal. " His sermons and commentaries, all _pub. _posthumously, maintain a high place among English religious classics, alike for thought and style. They consist of his _Commentary on St. Peter_, _Sermons_, and _Spiritual Exercises, Letters, etc. _ His _Lecturesand Addresses_ in Latin were also _pub. _

LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903). --American humorist, _b. _ atPhiladelphia, was _ed. _ at Princeton, and in Europe. In his travels hemade a study of the gipsies, on whom he wrote more than one book. Hisfame rests chiefly on his _Hans Breitmann Ballads_ (1871), written in the_patois_ known as Pennsylvania Dutch. Other books of his are _MeisterKarl's Sketch-book_ (1855), _Legends of Birds_ (1864), _AlgonquinLegends_ (1884), _Legends of Florence_ (1895), and _Flaxius, or Leavesfrom the Life of an Immortal_. 

LELAND or LEYLAND, JOHN (1506-1552). --Antiquary, _b. _ in London, and_ed. _ at St. Paul's School and at Camb. , Oxf. , and Paris. He was a goodlinguist, and one of the first Englishmen to acquire Greek, and he waslikewise acquainted with French, Italian, Spanish, Welsh, andAnglo-Saxon. He became chaplain and librarian to Henry VIII. , from whomhe received the Rectory of Poppeling, near Calais, and in 1533 theappointment of King's Antiquary. Soon afterwards he was permitted to dohis work in France by deputy, and was commissioned to go over England insearch of documents and antiquities; and on the strength of this made hisfamous tour, which lasted for about six years. He was able to dosomething to stem the destruction of manuscripts on the dissolution ofthe monasteries, and made vast collections of documents and informationregarding the monuments and general features of the country, which, however, he was unable fully to digest and set in order. They formed, nevertheless, an almost inexhaustible quarry in which succeeding workersin the same field, such as Stow, Camden, and Dugdale, wrought. In hislast years he was insane, and hence none of his collections appeared inhis lifetime. His _Itinerary_ was, however, at length _pub. _ by T. Hearnein 9 vols. (1710-12), and his _Collectanea_ in 6 vols. (1715). 

LEMON, MARK (1809-1870). --Journalist and humorist, _b. _ in London, wrotemany theatrical pieces, and a few novels, of which the best is _FalknerLyle_, others being _Leyton Hall_, and _Loved at Last_. He also wrotestories for children, lectured and gave public readings, and contributedto various periodicals. He is best known as one of the founders and, from1843 until his death, the ed. Of _Punch_. His _Jest Book_ appeared in1864. 

LENNOX, CHARLOTTE (RAMSAY) (1720-1804). --Was _b. _ in New York, of whichher _f. _, Colonel Ramsay, was Governor. She wrote a novel, _The FemaleQuixote_ (1752), which had considerable vogue in its day. Her otherwritings--novels, translations, and a play--are now forgotten. She wasbefriended by Dr. Johnson. Mrs. Thrale (_q. V. _) said that "everybodyadmired Mrs. L. , but nobody liked her. "

LESLIE, or LESLEY, JOHN (1527-1596). --Historian, studied at Aberdeen andParis, at the former of which he became, in 1562, Prof. Of Canon Law. Hewas a Privy Councillor 1565, and Bishop of Ross 1566, and was theconfidential friend of Queen Mary, who made him her ambassador to QueenElizabeth. He was thrown into the Tower for his share in promoting amarriage between Mary and the Duke of Norfolk, whence being released oncondition of leaving England, he went first to Paris and then to Rome, where he busied himself on behalf of his mistress. He becameVicar-General of the diocese of Rouen in 1579, and _d. _ at the monasteryof Guirtenburg near Brussels. While in England he wrote in Scotsvernacular his _History of Scotland_ from the death of James I. (whereBoece left off) to his own time. At Rouen he rewrote and expanded it inLatin (1575), from which it was re-translated into Scots by JamesDalrymple in 1596. 

L'ESTRANGE, SIR ROGER (1616-1704). --Journalist and pamphleteer, youngest_s. _ of a Norfolk baronet, was probably at Camb. , and in 1638 took armsfor the King. Six years later he was captured, imprisoned in Newgate, andcondemned to death. He, however, escaped, endeavoured to make a rising inKent, and had to flee to Holland, where he was employed in the service ofCharles II. On receiving a pardon from Cromwell he returned to England in1653. In view of the Restoration he was active in writing on behalf ofmonarchy, and in 1663 _pub. _ _Considerations and Proposals in order toRegulating of the Press_, for which he was appointed Surveyor ofPrinting-Presses and Licenser of the Press, and received a grant of thesole privilege of printing public news. His first newspaper, _TheIntelligencer_, appeared in the same year, and was followed by _The News_and the _City Mercury, or Advertisements concerning Trade_. Thereafterhis life was spent in ed. Newspapers and writing political pamphlets insupport of the Court and against the Whigs and Dissenters. In 1685 he wasknighted. His controversies repeatedly got him into trouble, and afterthe Revolution he lost his appointments, and was more than onceimprisoned. In addition to his political writings he translated _Æsop'sFables_, Seneca's _Morals_, and Cicero's _Offices_. His _Æsop_ containsmuch from other authors, including himself. In his writings he was livelyand vigorous but coarse and abusive. 

LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872). --Novelist, _b. _ at Dublin, and _ed. _ atTrinity Coll. There. He studied medicine at Göttingen, and practised atvarious places in Ireland. In 1837 he contributed to the _DublinUniversity Magazine_ his first novel, _Harry Lorrequer_, and theimmediate and wide acceptance which it found decided him to devotehimself to literature. He accordingly followed it with _Charles O'Malley_(1840), his most popular book. After this scarcely a year passed withoutan addition to the list of his light-hearted, breezy, rollicking stories, among which may be mentioned _Jack Hinton_ (1842), _Tom Burke of Ours_, _Arthur O'Leary_, and _The Dodd Family Abroad_. _The O'Donoghue_ and _TheKnight of Gwynne_ (1847) are more in the nature of historical romances. In 1864 he contributed to _Blackwood's Magazine_ a series ofmiscellaneous papers, _Cornelius O'Dowd on Men, Women, and Things inGeneral_. L. 's life was largely spent abroad. After practising hisprofession in Brussels 1840-42 he returned to Dublin to ed. The _DublinUniversity Magazine_, which he did until 1845, after which he went toItaly, settled at Florence, and thereafter was British Consulsuccessively at Spezzia and Trieste, at the latter of which he _d. _ Hecontinued to produce novels up to the end of his life. Among the laterones are _Sir Brooke Fosbrooke_, _The Bramleighs of Bishop's Folly_, and_Lord Kilgobbin_ (1872). 

LEWES, GEORGE HENRY (1817-1878). --Philosopher and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Greenwich, and in Jersey and Brittany. Hisearly life was varied; he tried law, commerce, and medicine successively, and was then for two years in Germany, on returning from which he triedthe London stage, and eventually settled down to journalism, writing forthe _Morning Chronicle_, for the _Penny Encyclopædia_, and variousperiodicals. Thereafter he ed. The _Leader_ (1851-54), and the_Fortnightly Review_ (which he founded) (1865-66). His articles deal withan extraordinary variety of subjects--criticism, the drama, biography, and science, both physical and mental. His chief works are _The Historyof Philosophy from Thales to Comte_, _Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences_(1853), _The Psychology of Common Life_ (1859), _Studies in Animal Life_(1862), _Problems of Life and Mind_ (1873-79). L. Was an exceptionallyable dramatic critic, and in this department he produced _Actors and theArt of Acting_ (1875), and a book on the Spanish Drama. By far hisgreatest work, however, is his _Life and Works of Goethe_ (1855), whichremains the standard English work on the subject, and which by the end ofthe century had, in its German translation, passed into 16 ed. He alsowrote two novels, _Ranthorpe_ (1847), and _Rose, Blanche, and Violet_(1848), neither of which attained any success. In his writings he isfrequently brilliant and original; but his education and training, whether in philosophy or biology, were not sufficiently thorough to givehim a place as a master in either. L. 's life was in its latter sectioninfluenced by his irregular connection with Miss Evans ("George Eliot"), with whom he lived for the last 24 years of it, in close intellectualsympathy. To his appreciation and encouragement were largely due hertaking up prose fiction. 

LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL (1806-1863). --Scholar and statesman, _s. _ ofSir Thomas F. L. , a Radnorshire baronet, was _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. Hestudied law, was called to the Bar in 1831, and entered Parliament in1847, where his intellect and character soon gained him great influence. After serving on various important commissions and holding minor offices, he became Chancellor of the Exchequer 1855-58, Home Sec. 1859-61, and WarSec. 1861-63. His official labours did not prevent his entering intoprofound and laborious studies, chiefly in regard to Roman history, andthe state of knowledge among the ancients. In his _Inquiry into theCredibility of Ancient Roman History_ (1855), he combated the methods andresults of Niebuhr. Other works are _On the Use and Abuse of PoliticalTerms_, _Authority in Matters of Opinion_, _The Astronomy of theAncients_, and a _Dialogue on the best Form of Government_. The somewhatsceptical turn of his mind led him to sift evidence minutely, and thelabour involved in his wide range of severe study and his public dutiesno doubt shortened his valuable life. 

LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818). --Novelist, _s. _ of Matthew L. , DeputySec. In the War Office, was _ed. _ at Westminster and Oxf. Thereafter hewent to Germany. From his childhood tales of witchcraft and thesupernatural had a powerful fascination for him, and in Germany he hadample opportunities for pursuing his favourite study, with the resultthat at the age of 20 he became the author of _The Monk_, a tale in whichthe supernatural and the horrible predominate to an unprecedentedextent, and from which he is known as "Monk L. " The same characteristicappears in all his works, among which may be mentioned _Tales of Terror_(1779), _Tales of Wonder_ (to which Sir W. Scott contributed), and_Romantic Tales_ (1808). Though affected and extravagant in his manners, L. Was not wanting in kindly and generous feelings, and in fact anillness contracted on a voyage to the West Indies to inquire into andremedy some grievances of the slaves on his estates there was the causeof his death. 

LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811). --Poet and Orientalist, _b. _ at Denholm, Roxburghshire, gave early evidence of superior ability, and his _f. _, whowas a shepherd, destined him for the Church. He accordingly entered theUniv. Of Edin. , where he had a brilliant career, showing a specialaptitude for languages and natural history. In 1800 he became alicentiate of the Church, but continued his scientific and linguisticstudies, and also began to write. In 1799 he had _pub. _ a sketch of the_Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and WesternAfrica_, and he contributed to Scott's _Minstrelsy of the ScottishBorder_, and to "Monk" Lewis's _Tales of Wonder_. His enthusiasm forOriental learning led to application being made on his behalf toGovernment for some situation which would make his acquirements availablefor the public service, but the only opening which could be obtained wasthat of a ship's surgeon. By extraordinary exertions L. Qualified himselffor this in a few months, and set sail for the East, after finishing hispoem, _Scenes of Infancy_. Soon after his arrival at Madras his healthgave way, and after some time passed in Prince of Wales Island he visitedthe Malay Peninsula, and some of the East Indian Islands, collecting vaststores of linguistic and ethnographical information, on which was foundedhis great _Dissertation on the Indo-Persian, Indo-Chinese, and DekkanLanguages_ (1807). Soon after this L. Was appointed a prof. In the BengalColl. , and a little later a judge in Calcutta. In 1811 he accompanied theGovernor-General, Lord Minto, to Java. His health, however, had beenundermined by his almost super-human exertions, and immediately afterlanding he contracted a fever, of which he _d. _ in three days at theearly age of 36. Two Oriental works translated by him, _Sejârah Malâyu_(Malay Annals) and _Commentaries of Baber_ were _pub. _ respectively in1821 and 1826. 

LIDDELL, HENRY GEORGE (1811-1898). --Historian, etc. _Ed. _ at Charterhouseand Christ Church, Oxf. , of which in 1855 he became Dean. He wrote a_History of Ancient Rome_ (1855), and, along with R. Scott, _pub. _ a_Greek-English Lexicon_ (1843). 

LIDDON, HENRY PARRY (1829-1890). --Divine, _s. _ of a captain in the navy, was _b. _ at North Stoneham, Hants, and _ed. _ at King's Coll. School, London, and Oxf. He took orders 1853, was Vice-Principal of CuddesdonTheological Coll. 1854-59, Prebendary of Salisbury 1864, and Canon of St. Paul's 1870. He was also Ireland Prof. Of Exegesis at Oxf. 1870-82. In1866 he delivered his Bampton Lectures on _The Divinity of Our Lord_, andcame to be recognised as one of the ablest and most eloquentrepresentatives of the High Church party. His sermons in St. Paul's wereamong the leading features of the religious life of London. L. Was anardent protagonist in the various controversies of his time bearing uponecclesiastical and moral questions. 

LIGHTFOOT, JOSEPH BARBER (1828-1889). --Theologian and scholar, _b. _ atLiverpool, and _ed. _ at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Camb. , entered the Church, and was successively Hulsean Prof. Of Divinity 1861, Chaplain to Queen Victoria 1862, member of the New Testament Company ofRevisers 1870-80, Margaret Prof. Of Divinity, Camb. , 1875, and Bishop ofDurham 1879. He was probably the greatest scholar of his day in England, especially as a grammarian and textual critic. Among his works are_Commentaries_ on several of the minor Pauline epistles, a fragmentarywork on the Apostolic Fathers, _Leaders in the Northern Church_ (1890), and _The Apostolic Age_ (1892). 

LILLO, GEORGE (1693-1739). --Dramatist, of Dutch descent, was _b. _ inLondon, succeeded his _f. _ in business as a jeweller, in which he hadgood speed, and devoted his leisure to the composition of plays in theline of what was known as the "domestic drama. " He wrote in all seven ofthese, among which are _The London Merchant, or the History of GeorgeBarnewell_, acted 1731, _The Christian Hero_ (1735), and _FatalCuriosity_ (1736). He was a friend of Fielding, who said of him that "hehad the spirit of an old Roman joined to the innocence of a primitiveChristian. "

LINDSAY, or LYNDSAY, SIR DAVID (1490-1555). --Scottish poet and satirist, _s. _ of David L. Of Garmylton, near Haddington, was _b. _ either there orat The Mount in Fife, and _ed. _ at St. Andrews. Early in life he was atthe Court of James IV. , and on the King's death was appointed to attendon the infant James V. , whose friend and counsellor he remained, thoughhis advice was, unhappily for his country, not always given heed to. In1529 he was knighted and made Lyon King at Arms. He was employed onvarious missions to the Emperor Charles V. , and to Denmark, France, andEngland. He was always in sympathy with the people as against the noblesand the clergy, and was their poet, with his words in their mouths. Hefavoured the Reformers, and was one of those who urged Knox to become apreacher. He did not, however, adhere to the reformed congregation, and_d. _ at least nominally in the Roman Church. Yet he lashed the vices ofthe clergy as they had never been lashed before, and only escaped theirvengeance by the protection of the King, who also condoned the severitiesdirected against himself. His latter days were spent at The Mount, wherehe _d. _ His chief writings are _The Dreme_, written 1528, _The Complayntto the King_ (1529), _The Testament and Complaynt of our Soverane Lord'sPapyngo_ (Parrot) (1530), _Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Three Estaitis_, _ADialogue betwixt Experience and a Courtier_ (1552), _The Monarchy_(1554), and _The History of Squyer Meldrum_. L. Was a true poet, giftedwith fancy, humour, and a powerful satiric touch and a love of truth andjustice. He had a strong influence in turning the minds of the commonpeople in favour of the Reformation. 

_Works_ ed. By Chalmers (3 vols. , 1806), and D. Laing (3 vols. , 1879). 

LINDSAY, or LINDESAY, ROBERT (1500?-1565?). --Historian, Laird or tenantof Pitscottie, Fife, wrote a history entitled _The Chronicles ofScotland_, intended as a continuation of that of Boece. It deals with theperiod 1436-1515, and though often inaccurate in detail, is often vividand quaint. 

LINGARD, JOHN (1771-1851). --Historian, _b. _ at Winchester of humble RomanCatholic parentage, was in 1782 sent to the English Coll. At Douay, whence he escaped from the revolutionaries in 1793, and returning toEngland, went to Crookhall Coll. , near Durham, and afterwards to Ushaw. Ordained a priest in 1795, he became Vice-Pres. And Prof. Of Philosophyat the latter coll. In 1806 he _pub. _ _The Antiquities of the Anglo-SaxonChurch_, and while a missioner at Hornby, Lancashire, began his _Historyof England to the Accession of William and Mary_ (8 vols. , 1819-30). Inthe preparation of this work L. Had access to material hitherto _unpub. _, and not available for Protestant historians, such as documents in theVatican and other Roman Catholic sources, and was consequently able tothrow new light on various parts of his subject. The work was attacked byvarious writers from the Protestant standpoint. L. Replied to his criticswith the result that it is now generally admitted that the history, whilein parts coloured by the theological and political point of view of theauthor, is generally an impartial and valuable work, and it remains aleading authority on the Reformation period viewed from the side of theenlightened Roman Catholic priesthood. This opinion is supported by thefact that the Ultramontane party among the Roman Catholics regarded thebook as a dangerous one in respect of the interests of their Church. 

LINTON, MRS. ELIZA LYNN (1822-1898). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _dau. _ of a clergyman, settled in London in 1845, and next year producedher first novel, _Azeth, the Egyptian; Amymone_ (1848), and _Realities_(1851), followed. None of these had any great success, and she thenjoined the staff of the _Morning Chronicle_, and _All the Year Round_. In1858 she _m. _ W. J. Linton, an eminent wood-engraver, who was also a poetof some note, a writer upon his craft, and a Republican. In 1867 theyseparated in a friendly way, the husband going to America, and the wifedevoting herself to novel-writing, in which she attained wide popularity. Her most successful works were _The True History of Joshua Davidson_(1872), _Patricia Kemball_ (1874), and _Christopher Kirkland_. She was asevere critic of the "new woman. "

LISTER, THOMAS HENRY (1800-1842). --Novelist, _ed. _ at Westminster andCamb. , was latterly the first Registrar-General for England and Wales. Hewrote several novels, among which are _Granby_ (1826), _Herbert Lacy_(1828), _Arlington_ (1832). He was also the author of a Life ofClarendon. 

LITHGOW, WILLIAM (1582-1645). --Traveller, _b. _ at Lanark, claimed at theend of his various peregrinations to have tramped 36, 000 miles on foot. Previous to 1610 he had visited Shetland, Switzerland, and Bohemia. Inthat year he set out for Palestine and Egypt. His next journey, 1614-16, was in Tunis and Fez; but his last, 1619-21, to Spain, endedunfortunately in his apprehension at Malaga and torture as a spy. Hegave an account of his travels in _Rare Adventures and PainefulPeregrinations_, and wrote _The Siege of Breda_, _The Siege ofNewcastle_, and _Poems_. 

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873). --Missionary explorer, _b. _ at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, spent the years between 10 and 24 as an operative in acotton mill there. Becoming interested in foreign missions he qualifiedhimself, and entering the service of the London Missionary Society, setout in 1846 to South Africa. He subsequently made journeys into theinterior, which ultimately developed into his great pioneering andexploration expeditions, in which he discovered Lake Ngami 1849, and theriver Zambesi 1851. In 1856 he visited England, _pub. _ his _MissionaryTravels_ (1857), and retired from the service of the London MissionarySociety. He was Consul at Quilimane 1858-64, and in 1858 commanded anexpedition for exploring Eastern and Central Africa, in the course ofwhich he discovered Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa 1859. Again visiting Englandhe _pub. _ his second book, _The Zambesi and its Tributaries_ (1865). Returning to Africa he organised an expedition to the Nile basin, discovered Lake Bangweolo, explored the cannibal country, enduringterrible sufferings and dangers, from which he was rescued just in timeby H. M. Stanley. His last journey was to discover the sources of theNile, but it proved fatal, as he _d. _ at a village in Ilala. His remainswere brought home and buried in Westminster Abbey. L. Was a man ofindomitable courage, and of a simple nobility of character. His writingsare plain, unadorned statements of his work and experiences. He ranksamong the greatest explorers and philanthropists. The diary which he keptwas _pub. _ as _Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa_(1874). His view of his duty in the circumstances in which he foundhimself was to be a pioneer opening up new ground, and leaving nativeagents to work it up. 

LLOYD, ROBERT (1733-1764). --Poet, _ed. _ at Westminster and Camb. , _pub. __The Actor_ (1760), a poem which had considerable popularity, somemiscellaneous verses, and a comic opera, _The Conscious Lovers_ (1764). He was a friend of Churchill, who showed him much kindness in hisfrequent misfortunes; and on hearing of C. 's death he took to bed, andsoon _d. _, apparently of a broken heart. 

LOCKE, DAVID Ross (PETROLEUM V. NASBY) (1833-1888). --Humorist, _b. _ inNew York State. His political satires really influenced opinion duringthe war. He was a printer and then a journalist, and his writings include_Swingin' round the Cirkle_, _Struggles of P. V. Nasby_, _Nasby in Exile_, and two novels, _A Paper City_ and _The Demagogue_. 

LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704). --Philosopher, _s. _ of a landsteward, was _b. _ atWrington, near Bristol, and _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. In 1660he became lecturer on Greek, in 1662 on Rhetoric, and in 1664 he went assec. To an Embassy to Brandenburg. While a student he had turned from thesubtleties of Aristotle and the schoolmen, had studied Descartes andBacon, and becoming attracted to experimental science, studied medicine, and practised a little in Oxf. At the same time his mind had been muchexercised by questions of morals and government, and in 1667 he wrotehis _Essay on Toleration_. In the same year he became known to LordAshley (afterwards 1st Earl of Shaftesbury), in whose house he went toreside. Here he made the acquaintance of Buckingham, Halifax, and otherleading men of the time, and was entrusted by Ashley with the educationof his _s. _, and afterwards of his grandson, the famous 3rd Earl ofShaftesbury (_q. V. _). He was also employed by him to draw up aconstitution for the new colony of Carolina, the provisions of which inregard to religion were regarded as too liberal and were, at the instanceof the Established Church, departed from. In 1672 when Ashley becameChancellor he bestowed upon L. The office of Sec. Of Presentations, andafterwards a post at the Board of Trade. In 1675 L. Graduated M. B. , andin the same year went for the benefit of his health, which had alwaysbeen delicate, to Montpelier, where there was then a celebrated medicalschool, and subsequently to Paris, where he became acquainted with mostof the eminent Frenchmen of the day. Recalled by Shaftesbury in 1679 hereturned to England but, his patron having in 1682 been obliged to takerefuge in Holland from a prosecution for high treason, he followed himthere. In consequence of this he became obnoxious to the Government, andwas in 1684 deprived of his studentship at Christ Church. Shaftesburyhaving _d. _ in Holland, L. Remained there until the Revolution, when hereturned to England in the fleet which carried the Princess of Orange. Hewas now in favour with Government, and had the offer of diplomaticemployment which, on account of his health, he declined, but wasappointed a Commissioner of Appeals. In 1698 he was an adviser of theGovernment on the question of the coinage, and was made a member of thenewly instituted Council on Trade, which position he resigned in 1700. During his last years he lived with Sir Francis and Lady Masham at Gatesin Essex, where Lady M. , who was a _dau. _ of Ralph Cudworth (_q. V. _), andan old friend, assiduously tended his last years. The services of L. Tohis country in civil and religious matters were various and great; but itis upon his philosophical writings, and chiefly on his _Essay on theHuman Understanding_ (1690) that his fame rests. It is divided into fourbooks, of which the first treats of innate ideas (the existence of whichhe denies), the second traces the origin of ideas, the third deals withlanguage, and the fourth lays down the limits of the understanding. Otherworks of his are _Thoughts concerning Education_ (1693), _On the Conductof the Understanding_ (_pub. _ posthumously), _The Reasonableness ofChristianity_ (1695), _Treatise on Government_, and _Letters onToleration_. If not a very profound or original philosopher L. Was acalm, sensible, and reasonable writer, and his books were veryinfluential on the English thought of his day, as well as on the Frenchphilosophy of the next century. His style is plain and clear, but lackingin brightness and variety. 

_Lives_ by Lord King (1829), and Bourne (1876). _Works_ ed. By Prof. A. C. Fraser (1894). _See_ also T. H. Green's Introduction to Hume (1874). 

LOCKER-LAMPSON, FREDERICK (1821-1895). --Poet, _s. _ of the sec. OfGreenwich Hospital, held appointments in Somerset House and theAdmiralty. He wrote a number of clever _vers de societé_, which were_coll. _ as _London Lyrics_ (1857). He also compiled _Lyra Elegantiarum_, an anthology of similar verse by former authors, and _Patchwork_, a bookof extracts, and wrote an autobiography, _My Confidences_ (1896). 

LOCKHART, JOHN GIBSON (1794-1854). --Novelist and biographer, _s. _ of aminister of the Church of Scotland of good family, was _b. _ atCambusnethan, Lanarkshire, and _ed. _ at Glasgow and Oxf. He studied lawat Edin. , and was called to the Scottish Bar in 1816, but had littletaste for the profession. Having, however, already tried literature (hehad translated Schlegel's _Lectures on the History of Literature_), hedevoted himself more and more to a literary life. He joined John Wilson, and became one of the leading contributors to _Blackwood's Magazine_. After bringing out _Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk_ (1819), sketchesmainly of Edinburgh society, he produced four novels, _Valerius_ (1821), _Adam Blair_ (1822), _Reginald Dalton_ (1824), and _Matthew Wald_ (1824). His _Life of Burns_ appeared in 1828. He was ed. Of the _QuarterlyReview_ 1824-53. In 1820 he had _m. _ Sophia, _dau. _ of Sir Walter Scott, which led to a close friendship with the latter, and to his writing hisfamous _Life of Scott_, undoubtedly one of the greatest biographies inthe language. His later years were overshadowed with deep depressioncaused by the death of his wife and children. A singularly reserved andcold manner led to his being regarded with dislike by many, but hisintimate friends were warmly attached to him. 

LODGE, THOMAS (1558?-1625). --Poet and dramatist, _s. _ of Sir Thomas L. , Lord Mayor of London, was _ed. _ at Merchant Taylor's School and Oxf. Hewas a student of Lincoln's Inn, but abandoned law for literature, ultimately studied medicine, and took M. D. At Oxf. 1603; having become aRoman Catholic, he had a large practice, chiefly among hisco-religionists. In 1580 he _pub. _ _A Defence of Plays_ in reply toGosson's _School of Abuse_; and he wrote poems, dramas, and romances. Hisprincipal dramatic works are _The Wounds of Civil War_, and (inconjunction with Greene, _q. V. _) _A Looking-glass for London and England_. Among his romances may be mentioned _Euphues' Shadow_, _Forboniusand Prisceria_ (1584), and _Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie_ (1590). His poems include _Glaucus and Scilia_ (1589), _Phillis honoured withPastoral Sonnets, Elegies, and Amorous Delights_ (1593). _Rosalynde_, hisbest known work, and the source from which Shakespeare is said to havedrawn _As you like It_, was written to beguile the tedium of a voyage tothe Canaries. _Robin the Divell_ and _William Longbeard_ are historicalromances. L. Was also a voluminous translator. He was one of the foundersof the regular English drama, but his own plays are heavy and tedious. His romances, popular in their day, are sentimental and over-refined inlanguage, but are enlivened by lyrical pieces in which he is far moresuccessful than in his dramatic work. 

LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788). --Poet, _s. _ of a small farmer at Soutra, Midlothian, was destined for the ministry of a small Dissenting sect towhich his _f. _ belonged, but attached himself to the Church of Scotland, and became minister of South Leith in 1773. He read lectures on thephilosophy of history in Edin. , and was the author of a vol. Of poems. He also ed. Those of his friend, Michael Bruce (_q. V. _), in such a way, however, as to lead to a controversy, still unsettled, as to theauthorship of certain of the pieces inserted. L. , in fact, suppressedsome of Bruce's poems and introduced others of his own. Unfortunately forthe reputation of both poets the disputed authorship extends to the gemof the collection, the exquisite _Ode to the Cuckoo_, beginning "Hail, beauteous stranger of the grove, " which Burke considered the mostbeautiful lyric in the language. L. Fell into dissipated habits, resignedhis ministerial charge, and went to London, where he took an active partin the controversy regarding the impeachment of Warren Hastings. 

LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879). --Classical scholar, _ed. _ at Camb. He was Prof. Of Ancient Languages in the Univ. Of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1824-28, of Greek at University Coll. , London, 1828-31, and of Latin there, 1842-46. He did much for the diffusion of education, was one of thefounders and sec. Of the Royal Geographical Society, and ed. Of the_Penny Cyclopædia_. He translated Marcus Aurelius (1862), and _TheDiscourses of Epictetus_ (1877), and wrote _Two Discourses on Roman Law_(1847), a subject on which he was the greatest English authority. 

LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH (1807-1882). --Poet, was _b. _ at Portland, Maine, the _s. _ of Stephen L. , a lawyer. From childhood he cared littlefor games, but was always devoted to reading. In 1822 he was sent toBowdoin Coll. , of which his _f. _ was a Trustee, and after graduating wasappointed to a new Chair of Modern Languages, which the coll. Had decidedto establish, and with the view of more completely qualifying him for hisduties, he was sent to Europe for a three years' course of study. Heaccordingly went to France, Spain, and Italy. Returning in 1829 hecommenced his professional duties, writing also in the _North AmericanReview_. In 1831 he entered into his first marriage, and in 1833 he_pub. _ his first books, a translation from the Spanish, followed by thefirst part of _Outre Mer_, an account of his travels. At the end of theyear L. Was invited to become Prof. Of Modern Languages at Harvard, anoffer which he gladly accepted. He paid a second visit to Europeaccompanied by his wife, who, however, _d. _ at Amsterdam. He returned tohis duties in 1836, and in 1838 appeared _Voices of the Night_, containing the "Psalm of Life" and "Excelsior, " which had extraordinarypopularity, and gave him a place in the affections of his countrymenwhich he held until his death. The same year saw the publication of_Hyperion_. His next work was _Ballads and other Poems_, containing "TheWreck of the Hesperus" and "The Village Blacksmith. " In 1843 he _m. _ hissecond wife, and in the same year appeared _The Spanish Student_, adrama. The _Belfry of Bruges_ and _Evangeline_ (1847), generallyconsidered his masterpiece, followed. In 1849 he _pub. _ _Kavanagh_, anovel which added nothing to his reputation, and in 1851 _Seaside andFireside_, and _The Golden Legend_. Having now a sufficient and secureincome from his writings, he resigned his professorship, and devotedhimself entirely to literature. _Hiawatha_ appeared in 1855, and _TheCourtship of Miles Standish_ in 1858. In 1861 he lost his wife undertragic circumstances, a blow which told heavily upon him. His latestworks were a translation of Dante's _Divina Commedia_, _Tales of aWayside Inn_, _The New England Tragedies_, and _The Divine Tragedy_, thelast two of which he combined with _The Golden Legend_ into a trilogy, which he named _Christus_. In 1868 he paid a last visit to England, wherehe was received with the highest honour. Later works were _Three Books ofSong_, _Aftermath_, and _Ultima Thule_. He _d. _ on March 14, 1882. L. Lacked the intensity of feeling and power of imagination to make him agreat poet; but few poets have appealed to a wider circle of readers. Ifhe never soars to the heights or sounds the deeps of feeling he touchesthe heart by appealing to universal and deep-seated affections. He was aman of noble and chivalrous character. 

_Lives_ by S. Longfellow in Riverside ed. Of works (11 vols. 1886-90), Robertson (Great Writers Series), and Higginson (American Men ofLetters). 

LOVELACE, RICHARD (1618-1658). --Poet, _b. _ at Woolwich, _s. _ of SirWilliam L. , was _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he is described by Anthony Wood as"the most amiable and beautiful person that eye ever beheld. " He was anenthusiastic Royalist, and spent his whole fortune in support of thatcause. For presenting "the Kentish petition" in favour of the King, hewas imprisoned in 1642, when he wrote his famous song, _When Love withunconfinéd wings_. After his release he served in the French army, andwas wounded at Dunkirk. Returning, he was again imprisoned, 1648, andproduced his _Lucasta: Epodes, Odes_, etc. He lives in literature by afew of his lyrics which, though often careless, are graceful and tender. He _d. _ in poverty. 

LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868). --Song-writer and novelist, was a painter ofportraits, chiefly miniatures. He produced a number of Irish songs, ofwhich several--including _The Angel's Whisper_, _Molly Bawn_, and _TheFour-leaved Shamrock_--attained great popularity. He also wrote somenovels, of which _Rory O'More_ (in its first form a ballad), and _HandyAndy_ are the best known, and short Irish sketches, which, with hissongs, he combined into a popular entertainment called _Irish Nights_. Hejoined with Dickens in founding _Bentley's Magazine_. 

LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891). --Poet and essayist, _b. _ at Camb. , Massachusetts, _s. _ of a Unitarian minister, was _ed. _ at Harvard. Hebegan active life as a lawyer, but soon abandoned business, and devotedhimself mainly to literature. In 1841 he _pub. _ a vol. Of poems, _AYear's Life_, and in 1843 a second book of verses appeared. He also wroteat this time political articles in the _Atlantic_ and _North AmericanReview_. In 1848 he _pub. _ a third vol. Of _Poems_, _A Fable forCritics_, _The Biglow Papers_, and _The Vision of Sir Launfal_; and hewas in 1855 appointed Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard insuccession to Longfellow. _Among my Books_ appeared in 2 series, in 1870and 1876. His later poems included various _Odes_ in celebration ofnational events, some of which were _coll. _ in _Under the Willows_, _TheCathedral_, and _Heartsease and Rue_. In 1877 he was appointed UnitedStates minister to Spain, and he held a similar appointment in England1880-85. He _d. _ at Elmwood, the house in which he was _b. _ L. Was a manof singularly varied gifts, wit, humour, scholarship, and considerablepoetic power, and he is the greatest critic America has yet produced. Hewas a strong advocate of the abolition of slavery. 

LOWTH, ROBERT (1710-1787). --Theologian and scholar, _s. _ of William L. , Prebendary of Winchester, and author of a _Commentary on the Prophets_, was _b. _ at Winchester, and _ed. _ there and at Oxf. Entering the Churchhe became Bishop successively of St. David's, Oxf. , and London. In 1753he _pub. _ _De Sacra Poesi Hebræorum_. He also wrote a _Life of William ofWykeham_, the founder of Winchester Coll. , and made a new translation ofIsaiah. 

LYDGATE, JOHN (1370?-1451?). --Poet, _b. _ in Suffolk, was ordained apriest in 1397. After studying at Oxf. , Paris, and Padua, he taughtliterature in his monastery at Bury St. Edmunds. He appears to have beena bright, clear-minded, earnest man, with a love of the beautiful, and afaculty of pleasant, flowing verse. He wrote copiously and with tiresomeprolixity whatever was required of him, moral tales, legends of thesaints, and histories, and his total output is enormous, reaching 130, 000lines. His chief works are _Troy Book_ (1412-20), written at the requestof Henry V. When Prince of Wales, _The Falls of Princes_ (1430-38), and_The Story of Thebes_ (_c. _ 1420). These books were first _printed_ in1513, 1494, and _c. _ 1500 respectively. L. Also wrote many miscellaneouspoems. He was for a time Court poet, and was patronised by Humphrey, Dukeof Gloucester; but the greater part of his life was spent in themonastery at Bury St. Edmunds. He was an avowed admirer of Chaucer, though he largely follows the French romancists previous to him. 

LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875). --Geologist and writer, _s. _ of CharlesL. , of Kinnordy, Forfarshire (a distinguished botanist and student ofDante), was brought up near the New Forest. After going to school atvarious places in England, he was sent to Oxf. , where under Buckland heimbibed a taste for science. He studied law, and was called to the Bar, but soon devoted himself to geology, and made various scientific tours onthe Continent, the results of his investigations being _pub. _ chiefly inthe Transactions of the Geological Society, of which he was afterwardsrepeatedly Pres. His two chief works are _The Principles of Geology_(1830-33), and _The Elements of Geology_ (1838). In these books hecombated the necessity of stupendous convulsions, and maintained that thegreatest geologic changes might be produced by remote causes still inoperation. He also _pub. _, among other works, _Geological Evidence of theAntiquity of Man_ (1863). He was Prof. Of Geology in King's Coll. , London, 1831-33, Pres. Of the British Association 1864, knighted in 1848, and _cr. _ a Baronet in 1864. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. In hislater years he was generally recognised as the greatest of livinggeologists. 

LYLY, JOHN (1554?-1606). --Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was _b. _ inthe Weald of Kent, and _ed. _ at both Oxf. And Camb. He wrote severaldramas, most of which are on classical and mythological subjects, including _Campaspe_ and _Sapho and Phao_ (1584), _Endymion_ (1591), and_Midas_ (1592). His chief fame, however, rests on his two didacticromances, _Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit_ (1579), and _Euphues and hisEngland_ (1580). These works, which were largely inspired by Ascham's_Toxophilus_, and had the same objects in view, viz. , the reform ofeducation and manners, exercised a powerful, though temporary, influenceon the language, both written and spoken, commemorated in our words"euphuism" and "euphuistic. " The characteristics of the style have beenset forth as "pedantic and far-fetched allusion, elaborate indirectness, a cloying smoothness and drowsy monotony of diction, alliteration, punning, and such-like puerilities, which do not, however, exclude a gooddeal of wit, fancy, and prettiness. " Many contemporary authors, includingShakespeare, made game of it, while others, _e. G. _ Greene, admired andpractised it. L. Also wrote light dramatic pieces for the children of theChapel Royal, and contributed a pamphlet, _Pappe with an Hatchet_ (1589)to the Mar-prelate controversy in which he supported the Bishops. He satin Parliament for some years. 

LYNDESAY, SIR D. , (_see_ LINDSAY. )

LYTE, HENRY FRANCIS (1793-1847). --Hymn-writer, _b. _ at Ednam, near Kelso, of an ancient Somersetshire family, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, took orders, and was incumbent of Lower Brixham, Devonshire. He _pub. __Poems: chiefly religious_ (1833). He is chiefly remembered for hishymns, one of which, _Abide with Me_, is universally known and loved. 

LYTTELTON, GEORGE, 1ST LORD LYTTELTON (1709-1773). --Poet, _s. _ of SirThomas L. , of Hagley, Worcestershire, _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. , was thepatron of many literary men, including Thomson and Mallet, and washimself a somewhat voluminous author. Among his works are _Letters from aPersian in England to his friend in Ispahan_ (1735), a treatise _On theConversion of St. Paul_ (1746), _Dialogues of the Dead_ (1760), which hadgreat popularity, and a _History of the Reign of Henry II. _, well-informed, careful, and impartial, but tedious. He is chieflyremembered by his _Monody_ on the death of his wife. The stanza in _TheCastle of Indolence_ in which Thomson is playfully described (canto 1, st. Lxviii. ), is by L. , who is himself referred to in lxv. He took somepart in public affairs, and was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1756. 

LYTTON, EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON-BULWER, 1ST LORD(1803-1873). --Novelist and statesman, third son of General Earle Bulwerof Heydon and Dalling, Norfolk, and of Elizabeth Lytton, heiress ofKnebworth, Herts, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ privately and at Camb. Hebegan to write when still a boy, and _pub. _, in 1820, _Ismael and otherPoems_. His marriage in 1825 to Rosina Wheeler, an Irish beauty, caused aquarrel with his mother, and the loss of his income, and thusincidentally gave the impulse to his marvellous literary activity. Themarriage proved an unhappy one, and was terminated by a separation in1836. During its continuance, however, his life was a busy and productiveone, its literary results including _Falkland_ (1827), _Pelham_ (1828), _Paul Clifford_ (1830), _Eugene Aram_ (1832), _The Pilgrims of theRhine_, _Last Days of Pompeii_, _Rienzi_ (1835), besides _England and theEnglish_, _Athens its Rise and Fall_, and innumerable tales, essays, andarticles in various reviews and magazines, including the _New Monthly_, of which he became ed. In 1831. In the same year he entered Parliament asa Liberal, but gradually gravitated towards Conservatism, and held officein the second government of Lord Derby as Colonial Sec. 1858-59. As apolitician he devoted himself largely to questions affecting authors, such as copyright and the removal of taxes upon literature. He continuedhis literary labours with almost unabated energy until the end of hislife, his works later than those already mentioned including the _Last ofthe Barons_ (1843), _Harold_ (1848), the famous triad of _The Caxtons_(1850), _My Novel_ (1853), and _What will he do with it?_ (1859); and hisstudies in the supernatural, _Zanoni_ (1842), and _A Strange Story_(1862). Later still were _The Coming Race_ (1870) and _Kenelm Chillingly_(1873). To the drama he contributed three plays which still enjoypopularity, _The Lady of Lyons_, _Richelieu_, both (1838), and _Money_(1840). In poetry he was less successful. _The New Timon_, a satire, isthe best remembered, largely, however, owing to the reply by Tennysonwhich it brought down upon the author, who had attacked him. In hisworks, numbering over 60, L. Showed an amazing versatility, both insubject and treatment, but they have not, with perhaps the exception ofthe Caxton series, kept their original popularity. Their faults areartificiality, and forced brilliancy, and as a rule they rather dazzle bytheir cleverness than touch by their truth to nature. L. Was raised tothe peerage in 1866. 

_Life, Letters, etc. _, of Lord Lytton by his son, 2 vols. , comes down to1832 only. Political Memoir prefaced to _Speeches_ (2 vols. , 1874). 

LYTTON, EDWARD ROBERT BULWER, 1ST EARL OF LYTTON (1831-1891). --Poet andstatesman, _s. _ of the above, was _ed. _ at Harrow and Bonn, andthereafter was private sec. To his uncle, Sir H. Bulwer, afterwards LordDalling and Bulwer (_q. V. _), at Washington and Florence. Subsequently heheld various diplomatic appointments at other European capitals. In 1873he succeeded his _f. _ in the title, and in 1876 became Viceroy of India. He was _cr. _ an Earl on his retirement in 1880, and was in 1887 appointedAmbassador at Paris, where he _d. _ in 1891. He valued himself much moreas a poet than as a man of affairs; but, though he had in a considerabledegree some of the qualities of a poet, he never quite succeeded incommanding the recognition of either the public or the critics. Hiswritings, usually appearing under the pseudonym of "Owen Meredith, "include _Clytemnestra_ (1855), _The Wanderer_ (1857), _Lucile_ (1860), _Chronicles and Characters_ (1868), _Orval, or the Fool of Time_ (1869), _Fables in Song_ (1874), and _King Poppy_ (1892). As Viceroy of India heintroduced important reforms, and his dispatches were remarkable fortheir fine literary form. 

MACAULAY, MRS. CATHERINE (SAWBRIDGE) (1731-1791). --_Dau. _ of a landedproprietor of Kent, was an advocate of republicanism, and a sympathiserwith the French Revolution. She wrote a _History of England from theAccession of James I. To the Elevation of the House of Hanover_ (8 vols. , 1763-83), which had great popularity in its day, some critics, _e. G. _Horace Walpole, placing it above Hume. Though a work of no real researchor authority, it is in the main well written. 

MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, LORD (1800-1859). --Historian, essayist, andstatesman, _s. _ of Zachary M. , a wealthy merchant, and one of the leadersof the anti-slavery party, was _b. _ at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, and _ed. _ at a private school and at Trinity Coll. , Camb. , of which hebecame a Fellow in 1824, and where, though he gained distinction as aclassical scholar and debater, he did not take a high degree, owing tohis weakness in mathematics. About the time of his leaving the Univ. Hisprospects were entirely changed by the failure of his father's firm. Heaccordingly read law, and in 1826 was called to the Bar, which led to hisappointment two years later as a Commissioner in Bankruptcy. He had bythis time made his first appearance in print, in _Knight's QuarterlyMagazine_, and in 1825 he formed the connection with the _EdinburghReview_ which redounded so greatly to the fame of both. His firstcontribution was the famous essay on Milton, which, although heafterwards said of it that "it contained scarcely a paragraph which hismatured judgment approved, " took the reading public by storm, and at oncegave him access to the first society in London, in which hisextraordinary conversational powers enabled him to take a leading place. He now began to turn his mind towards public life, and by favour of LordLansdowne sat in the House of Commons for his family borough of Calne. Entering the House in 1830 in the thick of the Reform struggle, M. Atonce leaped into a foremost place as a debater, and after the passage ofthe Reform Bill sat as one of the two members for the new borough ofLeeds, and held office as Sec. To the Board of Control. The acquaintancewith Indian affairs which he thus gained led to his appointment as amember of the Supreme Council of India, whither he went in 1834. Here hischief work was the codification of the criminal law, which he carried outwith great ability, and by which he wrote his name on the history of theempire. By the regard for the rights of the natives which he showed, heincurred much ill-will in interested quarters. For this he consoledhimself with the pleasures of literature, which gradually assumed thepreponderance in his mind over political ambitions. In 1838 he returnedto England. The next year he began _The History of England_, but for sometime to come his energies were still divided between this task, thedemands of the _Edinburgh Review_, and politics. He was elected forEdin. , for which he sat until 1847, when he was thrown out on theMaynooth question, and from 1839-41 was Sec. For War. The _Lays ofAncient Rome_ were _pub. _ in 1842, and a collection of his essays in _TheEdinburgh_ the following year. In 1846 he joined the government of LordJohn Russell as Paymaster-General, an office with light duties, hisretirement from which, however, followed the loss of his seat in the nextyear. He was now finally set free for his great work, which becamethenceforth the leading interest of his life. The first and second vols. Appeared in 1848, and were received with extraordinary applause. In 1852he was offered, but declined, a seat in the coalition government of LordAberdeen, accepting, however, the seat in Parliament which Edin. , nowrepentant, gave him unsolicited. His health began about this time toshow symptoms of failure, and he spoke in the House only once or twice. In 1855 the third and fourth vols. Of the _History_ came out, and meetingwith a success both at home and in America unprecedented in the case ofan historical work, were translated into various foreign languages. In1857 M. Was raised to the Peerage, a distinction which he appreciated andenjoyed. His last years were spent at Holly Lodge, Kensington, incomparative retirement, and there he _d. _ on December 28, 1859. Thoughnever _m. _, M. Was a man of the warmest family affections. Outside of hisfamily he was a steady friend and a generous opponent, disinterested andhonourable in his public life. Possessed of an astonishing memory, knowledge of vast extent, and an unfailing flow of ready and effectivespeech, he shone alike as a parliamentary orator and a conversationalist. In his writings he spared no pains in the collection and arrangement ofhis materials, and he was incapable of deliberate unfairness. Nevertheless, his mind was strongly cast in the mould of the orator andthe pleader: and the vivid contrasts, antitheses, and even paradoxeswhich were his natural forms of expression do not always tend to secure ajudicial view of the matter in hand. Consequently he has been accused bysome critics of party-spirit, inaccuracy, and prejudice. He has notoften, however, been found mistaken on any important matter of fact, andin what he avowedly set himself to do, namely, to give a living pictureof the period which he dealt with, he has been triumphantly successful. Unfortunately, strength and life failed before his great design wascompleted. He is probably most widely known by his _Essays_, which retainan extraordinary popularity. 

_Life_ by his nephew, Sir G. O. Trevelyan. _See_ also J. C. Monson's _Life_(English Men of Letters). 

MACCARTHY, DENIS FLORENCE (1817-1882). --Poet, _b. _ at Dublin, and _ed. _at Maynooth with a view to the priesthood, devoted himself, however, toliterature, and contributed verses to _The Nation_. Among his otherwritings are _Ballads, Poems, and Lyrics_ (1850), _The Bell Founder_(1857), and _Under-Glimpses_. He also ed. A collection of Irish lyrics, translated Calderon, and wrote _Shelley's Early Life_ (1872). 

M'COSH, JAMES (1811-1894). --Philosophical writer, _s. _ of an Ayrshirefarmer, was a minister first of the Church of Scotland, and afterwards ofthe Free Church. From 1851-68 he was Prof. Of Logic at Queen's Coll. , Belfast, and thereafter Pres. Of Princeton Coll. , New Jersey. He wroteseveral works on philosophy, including _Method of the Divine Government_(1850), _Intuitions of the Mind inductively investigated_ (1860), _Lawsof Discursive Thought_ (1870), _Scottish Philosophy_ (1874), and_Psychology_ (1886). 

M'CRIE, THOMAS (1772-1835). --Biographer and ecclesiastical historian, _b. _ at Duns, and _ed. _ at the Univ. Of Edin. , became the leadingminister of one of the Dissenting churches of Scotland. His _Life ofKnox_ (1813) ranks high among biographies for the ability and learningwhich it displays, and was the means of vindicating the great Reformerfrom a cloud of prejudice and misunderstanding in which he had beenenveloped. It was followed by a _Life of Andrew Melville_ (1819), Knox'ssuccessor as the leader of the Reformers in Scotland, also a work ofgreat merit. M'C. Also _pub. _ histories of the Reformation in Italy andSpain. He received the degree of D. D. In 1813. 

MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905). --Poet and novelist, _s. _ of a farmer, was_b. _ at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and _ed. _ at the Univ. Of Aberdeen, and atthe Independent Coll. , Highbury. He became minister of a congregation atArundel, but after a few years retired, on account partly of theologicalconsiderations, partly of a threatened, breakdown of health. He then tookto literature, and _pub. _ his first book, _Within and Without_ (1856), adramatic poem, _Poems_ followed in 1857, and _Phantasies, a FaerieRomance_, in 1858. He then turned to fiction, and produced numerousnovels, of which _David Elginbrod_ (1862), _Alec Forbes_ (1865), _RobertFalconer_ (1868), _The Marquis of Lossie_ (1877), and _Sir Gibbie_(1879), are perhaps the best. He also wrote stories for children of greatcharm and originality, including _The Princess and the Goblin_, _At theBack of the North Wind_, and _Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood_. As a novelisthe had considerable narrative and dramatic power, humour, tenderness, agenial view of life and character, tinged with mysticism, and within hislimits was a true poet. On retiring from the ministry he attached himselfto the Church of England, but frequently preached as a layman, neveraccepting any remuneration for his sermons. 

MACKAY, CHARLES (1814-1889). --Poet and journalist, _s. _ of a navalofficer, was _b. _ at Perth, and _ed. _ at the Royal Caledonian Asylum, London, and at Brussels, but much of his early life was spent in France. Coming to London in 1834, he engaged in journalism, _pub. _ _Songs andPoems_ (1834), wrote a _History of London_, _Popular Delusions_, and aromance, _Longbeard_. His fame, however, chiefly rests upon his songs, some of which, including _Cheer, Boys, Cheer_, were in 1846 set to musicby Henry Russell, and had an astonishing popularity. In 1852 he becameed. Of the _Illustrated London News_, in the musical supplement to whichother songs by him were set to old English music by Sir H. R. Bishop. M. Acted as _Times_ correspondent during the American Civil War, and in thatcapacity discovered and disclosed the Fenian conspiracy. He had thedegree of LL. D. From Glasgow in 1846. 

MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691). --Lawyer and miscellaneous writer, _s. _of Sir Simon M. , of Lochslin, a brother of the Earl of Seaforth, was_ed. _ at St. Andrews, Aberdeen, and Bourges, called to the Bar in 1659, in 1677 became Lord Advocate, in which capacity he was the subservientminister of the persecuting policy of Charles II. In Scotland, and theinhumanity and relentlessness of his persecution of the Covenantersgained for him the name of "Bloody Mackenzie. " In private life, however, he was a cultivated and learned gentleman with literary tendencies, andis remembered as the author of various graceful essays, of which the bestknown is _A Moral Essay preferring Solitude to Public Employment_ (1665). He also wrote legal, political, and antiquarian works of value, including_Institutions of the Law of Scotland_ (1684), _Antiquity of the RoyalLine of Scotland_ (1686), _Heraldry_, and _Memoirs of the Affairs ofScotland from the Restoration of Charles II. _, a valuable work which wasnot _pub. _ until 1821. M. Was the founder of the Advocates' Library inEdin. He retired at the Revolution to Oxf. , where he _d. _

MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ ofa physician in Edin. , where he was _b. _ and _ed. _ He studied for the law, and became Controller of Taxes for Scotland. He was the author of threenovels, _The Man of Feeling_ (1771), _The Man of the World_ (1773), and_Julia de Roubigné_ (1777), all written in a strain of ratherhigh-wrought sentimentalism, in which the influence of Sterne is to beseen. He was also a leading contributor to _The Mirror_ and _TheLounger_, two periodicals somewhat in the style of the _Spectator_. Inhis later days he was one of the leading members of the literary societyof Edinburgh. 

MACKINTOSH, SIR JAMES (1765-1832). --Philosopher and historian, was _b. _at Aldowrie, Inverness-shire, _s. _ of an officer in the army andlandowner, _ed. _ at Aberdeen, whence he proceeded to Edinburgh to studymedicine, in which he _grad. _ in 1787. In the following year he went toLondon, where he wrote for the press and studied law, and in 1791 he_pub. _ _Vindiciæ Gallicæ_ in answer to Burke's _Reflections on the FrenchRevolution_, which was well received by those who, in its earlier stages, sympathised with the Revolution, and procured for him the friendship ofFox, Sheridan, and other Whigs. Called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in1795, he delivered before that society in 1799 a brilliant course oflectures on _The Law of Nature and Nations_, which greatly increased hisreputation. In 1804 he went out to India as Recorder of Bombay, and twoyears later was appointed a Judge of the Admiralty Court. He remained inIndia until 1811, discharging his official duties with great efficiency. After his return he entered Parliament in 1813 as member for Nairnshire, and attained a considerable reputation as a forcible and informingspeaker on questions of criminal law and general politics. On theaccession of the Whigs in 1830 he was made a member of the Board ofControl for India. He also held from 1818-24 the Professorship of Law andGeneral Politics at Haileybury. His true vocation, however, was toliterature, and it is to be regretted that so much of his time andstrength was withdrawn from it, his writings being confined to a_Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy_ in the _EncyclopædiaBritannica_, a sketch of the History of England for Lardner's _CabinetCyclopædia_, a Life of Sir Thomas More for the same, a fragment of aprojected _History of the Revolution of 1688_, and some articles in the_Edinburgh Review_. 

MACKLIN, CHARLES (1697?-1797). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ in the north ofIreland, was one of the most distinguished actors of his day, shiningequally in tragedy and comedy. Having killed another actor in a quarrelhe was tried for murder, but acquitted, and _d. _ a centenarian. He wrote, among other comedies, _Love à la Mode_ (1759) and _The Man of the World_(1781), which were the only ones printed. He was the creator of SirPertinax Macsycophant, a famous burlesque character. 

M'LENNAN, JOHN FERGUSON (1827-1881). --Sociologist, _b. _ at Inverness, and_ed. _ at Aberdeen and Camb. , was in 1857 called to the Scottish Bar, andwas subsequently Parliamentary Draftsman for Scotland. His maincontribution to literature is his original and learned book, _PrimitiveMarriage_ (1865). Another work, _The Patriarchal Theory_, leftunfinished, was completed by his brother (1884). These works and otherpapers by M. Gave a great impulse to the study of the problems with whichthey deal, and cognate questions. M. Received the degree of LL. D. FromAberdeen in 1874. 

"MACLEOD, FIONA, " (_see_ SHARP, WILLIAM). 

MACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872). --Scottish divine and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of the Rev. Norman M. , D. D. , a distinguished minister of theScottish Church, studied at Edin. , and was ordained in 1838. He becameone of the most distinguished ministers, and most popular preachers ofhis Church, was made one of the Royal Chaplains in Scotland in 1857, andbecame a trusted friend of Queen Victoria. He was the first ed. Of _GoodWords_, to which he contributed many articles and stories, including _WeeDavie_, _The Starling_, and _The Old Lieutenant and his Son_. 

MACNEILL, HECTOR (1746-1818). --Poet, was in the West Indies 1780-86, andclerk on a flagship. He wrote various political pamphlets, two novels, and several poems, _The Harp_ (1789), _The Carse of Forth_, and_Scotland's Skaith_, the last against drunkenness, but is best known forhis songs, such as _My Boy Tammy_, _I lo'ed ne'er a Laddie but ane_, and_Come under my Plaidie_. 

MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736?-1796). --Alleged translator of the Ossianicpoems, _s. _ of a small farmer at Ruthven, Inverness-shire, studied forthe Church at Aberdeen and Edin. , became teacher of the school in hisnative parish, and afterwards tutor in a gentleman's family. In 1758 he_pub. _ _The Highlander_, an ambitious poem in 6 cantos, which, however, attracted no attention. But in the following year he submitted to JohnHome (_q. V. _), the author of _Douglas_, certain writings which herepresented to be translations from ancient Gaelic poems. By the help ofHome and some of his friends M. Was enabled to _pub. _ a considerablenumber of his _Fragments of Poetry translated from the Gaelic and ErseLanguages_. These were received with profound and widely-spread interest, and gave rise to a controversy which can hardly yet be said to besettled. While some authorities received them with enthusiasticadmiration, others immediately called their genuineness in question. Inthe first instance, however, a subscription was raised to enable M. Tomake a journey in search of further poetic remains, the result of whichwas the production in 1761 of _Fingal_, an epic in 6 books, and in 1763of _Temora_, also an epic, in 8 books. The fame which these brought totheir discoverer was great, and the sales enormous. In 1764 M. Went assec. To the Governor of Pensacola in Florida. Returning in 1766 hesettled in London, became an energetic pamphleteer in support of theGovernment, and in 1780 entered Parliament, and was next year appointedto the lucrative post of Agent for the Nabob of Arcot. He retired in1789, and bought an estate in his native parish, where he _d. _ in 1796. Great doubt still rests upon the subject of the Ossianic poems: it is, however, generally admitted that M. Took great liberties with theoriginals, even if they ever really existed in anything at all resemblingthe form given in the alleged translations. No manuscripts in theoriginal have ever been forthcoming. Few, however, will deny that M. Either discovered, or composed, a body of poetry unlike anything that haspreceded it, of unequal merit, indeed, but containing many striking andbeautiful passages, and which unquestionably contributed to break up thetyranny of the classical school and thus prepare the way for the romanticrevival. 

MAGINN, WILLIAM (1793-1842). --Journalist and miscellaneous writer, _b. _at Cork, became a contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_, and afterwardsforeign correspondent to _The Representative_, a paper started by J. Murray, the publisher, and when its short career was run, one of theleading supporters of _Fraser's Magazine_. One of the most brilliantperiodical writers of his time, he has left no permanent work behind him. In his later years he fell into intemperate habits, and _d. _ in poverty. 

MAHONY, FRANCIS SYLVESTER (FATHER PROUT) (1804-1866). --Humorist, _b. _ atCork, and _ed. _ at the Jesuit Coll. At Clongoweswood, Co. Kildare, atAmiens, and at Rome, becoming a member of the society, was Prof. OfRhetoric at Clongoweswood, but was soon after expelled from the order. Hethen came to London, and became a leading contributor to _Fraser'sMagazine_, under the signature of "Father Prout. " He was witty andlearned in many languages. One form which his humour took was theprofessed discovery of the originals in Latin, Greek, or mediæval Frenchof popular modern poems and songs. Many of these _jeux d'esprit_ were_coll. _ as _Reliques of Father Prout_. He wittily described himself as"an Irish potato seasoned with Attic salt. " Latterly he acted as foreigncorrespondent to various newspapers, and _d. _ at Paris reconciled to theChurch. 

MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822-1888). --Jurist, _ed. _ at Christ'sHospital and at Camb. , where he became Regius Prof. Of Civil Law 1847-54. Called to the Bar in 1850, he went in 1862 to India as legal member ofthe Government. On his return he was in 1870 appointed Prof. OfComparative Jurisprudence at Oxf. , which office he held until hiselection in 1878 as Master of Trinity Hall. He became Whewell Prof. OfInternational Law at Camb. In 1887, and was the author of many valuableworks on law and the history of political institutions, and profoundlyinfluenced the study of jurisprudence. Among his writings are _AncientLaw_ (1861), _Village Communities_ (1871), _Early History ofInstitutions_ (1875), and _Dissertations on Early Law and Customs_(1883). 

MAIR, or MAJOR, JOHN (1469?-1550). --Historian, studied at Camb. AndParis, was the teacher of John Knox and George Buchanan. In 1506 he was aDoctor of the Sorbonne, and in 1519 became Prof. Of Divinity at St. Andrews. He wrote, in Latin, treatises on divinity and morals, and a_History of Greater Britain_, in which the separate histories of Englandand Scotland were brought together, _pub. _ at Paris (1521). In hiswritings, while upholding the doctrinal teaching of Rome, he wasoutspoken in condemning the corruptions of the clergy. 

MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (1496-1586). --Poet, _f. _ of M. Of Lethington, Sec. Of State to Mary Queen of Scots. In his later years he was blind, andoccupied himself in composing a _History of the House of Seaton_, and bywriting poems, _e. G. _ _On the New Year_, _On the Queene's Maryage_, etc. He held various offices, chiefly legal, but appears to have kept as faras possible out of the fierce political struggles of his time, and tohave been a genially satirical humorist. 

MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833). --Indian soldier, statesman, and historian, _b. _ at Burnfoot, Dumfriesshire, went to India in 1782, studied Persian, was employed in many important negotiations and held variousdistinguished posts, being Ambassador to Persia and Governor of Bombay1826-30. He was the author of several valuable works regarded asauthorities, viz. , _A History of Persia_ (1815), _Memoir of CentralIndia_ (1823), _Political History of India from 1784 to 1823_ (1826), and_Life of Lord Clive_ (1836). 

MALLET, originally MALLOCH, DAVID (1705-1765). --Poet and miscellaneouswriter, _ed. _ at Crieff parish school and the Univ. Of Edin. , where hebecame acquainted with James Thomson, and in 1723 went to London as tutorin the family of the Duke of Montrose. In the following year appeared hisballad of _William and Margaret_, by which he is chiefly remembered, andwhich made him known to Pope, Young, and others. In 1726 he changed hisname to Mallet to make it more pronounceable by Southern tongues. His_Excursion_, an imitation of Thomson, was _pub. _ in 1728. At the requestof the Prince of Wales, whose sec. He had become, he wrote with Thomson amasque, _Alfred_ (1740), in which _Rule Britannia_ first appeared, which, although he claimed the authorship, is now generally attributed toThomson. He also wrote a _Life of Bacon_; and on Bolingbroke bequeathingto him his manuscripts and library, he _pub. _ an ed. Of his works (1754). On the accession of George III. , M. Became a zealous supporter of LordBute, and was rewarded with a sinecure. In addition to the works abovenamed M. Wrote some indifferent dramas, including _Eurydice_, _Mustapha_, and _Elvira_. Dr. Johnson said of him that he was "the only Scotsman whomScotsmen did not commend. "

MALONE, EDMUND (1741-1812). --Critic, _s. _ of an Irish judge, _b. _ inDublin, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. There, studied for the law, but cominginto a fortune, decided to follow a literary career. Acute, careful, andsensible, he was a useful contributor to the study of Shakespeare, ofwhose works he _pub. _ a valuable ed. In 1790. He also aided in thedetection of the Rowley forgeries of Chatterton, and the much lessrespectable Shakespeare ones of Ireland. At his death he was engaged uponanother ed. Of Shakespeare, which was brought out under the editorship ofJames Boswell (_q. V. _). M. Also wrote Lives of Dryden and others, and wasthe friend of Johnson, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and Burke. 

MALORY, SIR THOMAS (_fl. _ 1470). --Translator of _Morte d'Arthur_. Verylittle is known of him. An endeavour has been made to identify him with aSir Thomas Malory of Warwickshire, who fought successively on both sidesin the Wars of the Roses, sat in Parliament 1444-45, and _d. _ 1471. Inhis book he strove to make a continuous story of the Arthurian legends, and showed judgment alike in what he included and omitted. 

MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT (1766-1834). --Economist, _s. _ of a landedproprietor, was _b. _ near Dorking, and _ed. _. At Jesus Coll. , Camb. , ofwhich he became a Fellow. Taking orders he became incumbent of Albury, Essex. He travelled much on the continent, collecting information as tothe means of livelihood and mode of life of various peoples. In 1798 thefirst ed. Of his famous _Essay on Population_ appeared, and in 1803 asecond greatly enlarged. Its leading proposition, supported by muchlearning, is that while population increases approximately in ageometrical ratio, the means of subsistence do so in an arithmeticalratio only, which, of course, opened up an appalling prospect for therace. It necessarily failed to take into account the then undreamed-ofdevelopments whereby the produce of the whole world has been madeavailable for all nations. The work gave rise to a great deal ofcontroversy, much of it based on misunderstanding. M. Was Prof. OfPolitical Economy at Haileybury. 

MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733). --Satirist, a native of Dort inHolland, who having studied medicine at Leyden, came over to England topractise his profession. In 1705 he _pub. _ a short poem, _The GrumblingHive_, which in 1714 reappeared with a prose commentary, and variousdissertations on the origin of moral virtue, etc. , as _The Fable of theBees, or Private Vices Public Benefits_, and in 1729 was made the subjectof a persecution for its immoral tendency. It was also vigorouslycombated by, among others, Bishop Berkeley and William Law, author of_The Serious Call_. While the author probably had no intention ofsubverting morality, his views of human nature were assuredly cynical anddegrading in a high degree. Another of his works, _A Search into theNature of Society_ (1723), appended to the later versions of the _Fable_, also startled the public mind, which his last works, _Free Thoughts onReligion_ and _An Enquiry into the Origin of Honour and the Usefulness ofChristianity_ did little to reassure. 

MANDEVILLE, SIR JOHN. --Was the ostensible author only of a book oftravels bearing his name, written about the middle of the 14th century, giving an account of journeys in the East, including India and the HolyLand. It appears to have been compiled from the writings of William ofBoldensele, Oderic of Pordenone, and Vincent de Beauvais. The name ofMandeville was probably fictitious. 

MANGAN, JAMES CLARENCE (1803-1849). --Poet, _b. _ at Dublin, _s. _ of asmall grocer, was brought up in poverty, and received most of hiseducation from a priest who instructed him in several modern languages. He then became a lawyer's clerk, and was later an assistant in thelibrary of Trinity College, Dublin. He contributed verses of veryvarious merit to a number of Irish newspapers, and translations from theGerman to _The Dublin University Magazine_. By some critics his poeticalpowers were considered to be such as to have gained for him the firstplace among Irish poets; but his irregular and intemperate habitsprevented him from attaining any sure excellence. His best work, generally inspired by the miseries of his country, often rises to a highlevel of tragic power, and had his strength of character been equal tohis poetic gift it is difficult to say to what heights he might haveattained. He _d. _ of cholera. 

MANLEY, MRS. MARY DE LA RIVIERE (1663 or 1672-1724). --Novelist, dramatist, and political writer, _dau. _ of Sir Roger Manley, was decoyedinto a bigamous connection with her cousin, John M. Her subsequent careerwas one of highly dubious morality, but considerable literary success. Her principal works are _The New Atalantis_ (_sic_) (1709), a satire inwhich great liberties were taken with Whig notabilities, _Memoirs ofEurope_ (1710), and _Court Intrigues_ (1711). She also wrote three plays, _The Royal Mischief_, _The Lost Lover_, and _Lucius_, and conducted the_Examiner_. In her writings she makes great havoc with classical namesand even with spelling. She was a vivacious and effective politicalwriter. 

MANNING, ANNE (1807-1879). --Miscellaneous writer. Her best known worksare _Mistress Mary Powell_, which first appeared in _Sharpe's Magazine_in 1849, and _The Household of Sir Thomas More_, a delightful picture ofMore's home life told in the form of a diary written by his daughterMargaret. Her writings have much literary charm, and show a delicatehistorical imagination. 

MANNING, HENRY EDWARD (1808-1892). --Cardinal and theologian. _B. _ atTotteridge, Herts, and _ed. _ at Harrow and Oxf. , where he became notableas an eloquent preacher, and as one of the ablest of the Tractarianparty. He was rector of Woollavington-cum-Graffham 1833, and Archdeaconof Chichester 1840. In 1851 he entered the Church of Rome, in which heattached himself to the Ultramontane party. More even than Newman he wasthe leading spirit of the Roman Church in England. His writings consistof sermons, of which he _pub. _ several vols. Before his secession fromthe Church of England, and controversial works, including _PetriPrivilegium_ (1871), _The Vatican Decrees_ (1875), in answer toGladstone's _Vaticanism_, and _The Eternal Priesthood_ (1883). He becameRoman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster 1865, and Cardinal 1875. 

MANNYNG, ROBERT, or ROBERT DE BRUNNE (_fl. _ 1288-1338). --Was a Canon ofthe Gilbertine Order. His work, _Handlynge Sinne_ (_c. _ 1300), translatedwith original additions from the _Manuel des Péchés_, a book written inFrench verse by William of Waddington, is practically a collection oftales and short stories on the Commandments, Seven Deadly Sins, Sacraments, etc. , and is of value as giving a contemporary picture of thetime. He also made (_c. _ 1335) a translation in verse of the French_Chronicle_ of Peter Langtoft, the second and more interesting part ofwhich covers the period from the death of Cadwallader to the end of thereign of Edward I. 

MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871). --Metaphysician, _s. _ of aclergyman, was _b. _ at Cosgrave, Northamptonshire, and _ed. _ at MerchantTaylors' School and Oxf. He took orders, was Reader in Theology atMagdalen Coll. 1855, Bampton Lecturer 1858, Prof. Of EcclesiasticalHistory 1867, and Dean of St. Paul's 1869. Among his writings are_Prolegomena Logica_ (1851), _The Limits of Demonstrative Science_(1853), _Man's Conception of Eternity_ (1854), _Limits of ReligiousThought_ (1858), _Philosophy of the Conditioned_ (1866). He was alsojoint ed. Of Sir. W. Hamilton's _Lectures_. 

MAP, or MAPES, WALTER DE (_fl. _ 1200). --Ecclesiastical statesman andromancist. Most of the facts about him are gleaned from his _De NugisCurialium_ (Of the Trifles of the Courtiers), a miscellany ofcontemporary notes and anecdotes, throwing much light on the manners andopinions of the Court of Henry II. He was _b. _ probably in Herefordshire, and had Celtic blood in his veins, his _f. _ had rendered service to theKing, and he had studied at Paris, and on his return attended the Court, where he found favour, and obtained preferment both in Church and State, and in 1173 was a travelling justice. Thereafter he attended the King, probably as chaplain, on his foreign wars, represented him at the FrenchCourt, and went to Rome to the Lateran Council of 1179. After the deathof Henry II. He seems to have continued in favour under Richard I. AndJohn, and was Archdeacon of Oxf. In 1196. M. Is the reputed author ofsome at least of the _Golias_ poems, rough satires on the vices of theclergy, but his great work, which has influenced the future of Englishliterature, was his systematising and spiritualising the Arthurianlegends with additions of his own, including the legends of _Launcelot_, of the _Quest of the Holy Grail_, and of the _Morte d' Arthur_. 

MARKHAM, GERVASE (1568?-1637). --Translator and miscellaneous writer, served as a soldier in the Low Countries and Ireland. Retiring into civillife about 1593 he displayed extraordinary industry as a translator, compiler, and original writer. Among his original writings are a poem onthe _Revenge_ (1595) (Sir R. Grenville's ship), a continuation ofSidney's _Arcadia_, _The Discourse of Horsemanshippe_ (1593), _The YoungSportsman's Instructor_, _Country Contentments_ (1611), and various bookson agriculture; also plays and poems, some of the latter of which arereligious. 

MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER (1564-1593). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a shoemaker atCanterbury, where he was _b. _, was _ed. _ at the King's School there, andin 1581 went to Benet's (now Corpus Christi) Coll. , Camb. , where hegraduated B. A. 1583, and M. A. In 1587. Of his life after he left theUniv. Almost nothing is known. It has, however, been conjectured, partlyon account of his familiarity with military matters, that he saw service, probably in the Low Countries. His first play, _Tamburlaine_, was actedin 1587 or 1588. The story is drawn from the Spanish Life of Timur byPedro Mexia. Its resounding splendour, not seldom passing into bombast, won for it immediate popularity, and it long held the stage. It wasfollowed in 1604 by _Faustus_, a great advance upon _Tamburlaine_ in adramatic sense. The absence of "material horror" in the treatment, sodifferent in this respect from the original legend, has often beenremarked upon. M. 's handling of the subject was greatly admired byGoethe, who, however, in his own version, makes the motive knowledge, while M. Has power, and the mediæval legend pleasure. In his next play, _The Jew of Malta_, M. Continues to show an advance in technical skill, but the work is unequal, and the Jew Barabas is to Shylock as a monsterto a man. In _Edward II. _, M. Rises to his highest display of power. Therhodomontade of _Tamburlaine_ and the piled-up horror of _The Jew_ arereplaced by a mature self-restraint, and in the whole workmanship heapproaches more nearly to Shakespeare than any one else has ever done. Speaking of it Lamb says, "The death scene of Marlowe's King moves pityand terror beyond any scene, ancient or modern, with which I amacquainted. " M. Is now almost certainly believed to have had a largeshare in the three parts of _Henry VI. _, and perhaps also he may havecollaborated in _Titus Andronicus_. His next plays, _The Massacre ofParis_ and _The Tragedy of Dido_ (written with Nash, _q. V. _), both show amarked falling off; and it seems likely that in his last years, perhaps, breaking down under the effects of a wild life, he became careless offame as of all else. Greene, in his _Groat's Worth of Wit_, written onhis deathbed, reproaches him with his evil life and atheistic opinions, and a few days before his hapless death an information was laid againsthim for blasphemy. The informer was next year hanged for an outrageousoffence, and his witness alone might not be conclusive, but M. 's life andopinions, which he made no secret of, were notorious. On the other hand, his friends, Shakespeare, Nash, Drayton, and Chapman, all make kindlyreference to him. To escape the plague which was raging in London in1593, he was living at Deptford, then a country village, and there in atavern brawl he received a wound in the head, his own knife being turnedagainst him by a serving man, upon whom he had drawn it. The quarrel wasabout a girl of the town. The parish record bears the entry, "ChristopherMarlowe, slain by ffrancis Archer, the 1 of June 1593. " M. Is the fatherof the modern English drama, and the introducer of the modern form ofblank verse. In imagination, richness of expression, originality, andgeneral poetic and dramatic power he is inferior to Shakespeare aloneamong the Elizabethans. In addition to his plays he wrote some shortpoems (of which the best known is _Come live with me and be my love_), translations from Ovid's _Amores_ and Lucan's _Pharsalia_, and a glowingparaphrase of Musaeus' _Hero and Leander_, a poem completed by Chapman. 

Ed. Of _Works_ by Dyce, Cunningham, and Bullen; Ingram's _C. Marlowe andhis Associates_, etc. 

MARMION, SHACKERLEY (1603-1639). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a country gentlemanof Northamptonshire, was _ed. _ at Oxford. After a youth of extravagance, he fought in the Low Countries. His writings consist of an epic, _Cupidand Psyche_, and three comedies, _Holland's Leaguer_, _A Fair Companion_, and _The Antiquary_. His plays show some power of satire, and werepopular, but he had little of the dramatist. 

MARRYAT, FREDERICK (1792-1848). --Novelist, _s. _ of a West India merchant, was _b. _ in London. In 1806 he entered the navy as a midshipman underLord Cochrane (afterwards Earl of Dundonald), and saw much service in theMediterranean, at Walcheren, and in the Burmese War of 1824. He returnedin 1830 as a Captain and C. B. The scenes and experiences through whichhe had passed were the preparation for and the foundation of his numerousnovels, of which the first, _Frank Mildmay_, was _pub. _ in 1829. It wasfollowed by over 30 others, of which perhaps the best are _Peter Simple_, _Jacob Faithful_ (1834), _Mr. Midshipman Easy_ (1836), _The Dog Fiend_(1837), and _The Phantom Ship_ (1839). M. Is the prince of seastory-tellers; his knowledge of the sea, vigorous definition ofcharacter, and hearty and honest, if somewhat broad, humour never failingto please. 

MARSH, HERBERT (1757-1839). --Theologian and controversialist, _s. _ of aclergyman, _ed. _ at Canterbury, Cambridge, and Leipsic, was the first tointroduce the German methods of Biblical criticism into England, and gavelectures on the subject at Camb. , which excited great interest andcontroversy. In 1816 he was made Bishop of Llandaff, and was translatedto Peterborough in 1819. His critical views and his opposition to theevangelical party in the Church, to the Bible Society, to hymns in Divineservice, and to Catholic emancipation, involved him in controversy withhigh, low, and broad churchmen alike. He was the author of a _History ofthe Politics of Great Britain and France_ (1799), _Comparative View ofthe Churches of England and Rome_, and _Horæ Pelasgicæ_. 

MARSTON, JOHN (1575?-1634). --Dramatist and satirist, _b. _ at Coventry, was _ed. _ at Oxf. In later life he gave up writing for the stage, tookorders, and was incumbent of Christchurch, Hants, 1616-31. He began hisliterary career in 1598 with satire, _The Scourge of Villanie_ and _TheMetamorphosis of Pygmalion's Image_ (1598), the latter of which wasburned by order of Archbishop Whitgift. In 1602 appeared _The History ofAntonio and Mellida_, and its sequel, _Antonio's Revenge_, ridiculed byBen Jonson. In repayment of this M. Co-operated with Dekker in attackingJonson in _Satiromastix_ (a Whip for the Satirist). A reconciliation, however, took place, and his comedy, _The Malcontent_ (1604), wasdedicated to J. , another, _Eastward Ho_ (1605), was written incollaboration with him and Chapman. Other plays of his are _Sophonisba_, _What You Will_ (1607), and possibly _The Insatiate Countess_ (1613). Amid much bombast and verbiage there are many fine passages in M. 'sdramas, especially where scorn and indignation are the motives. Sombreand caustic, he has been called "a screech-owl among the singing birds. "

MARSTON, PHILIP BOURKE (1850-1887). --Poet, was _b. _ in London, and losthis sight at the age of 3. His poems, _Song-tide_, _All in All_, and_Wind Voices_ bear, in their sadness, the impress of this affliction, andof a long series of bereavements. He was the friend of Rossetti and ofSwinburne, the latter of whom has written a sonnet to his memory. 

MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909). --Poet, biographer, and translator, _s. _of James M. , solicitor in Edin. , where he was _b. _ and _ed. _ at the HighSchool and Univ. He practised as a solicitor in Edin. 1840-45, afterwhich he went to London and became head of the firm of Martin and Leslie, parliamentary agents. His first contribution to literature was _The BonGaultier Ballads_, written along with W. E. Aytoun (_q. V. _), full of witand humour, which still retain their popularity; originally contributedto a magazine, they appeared in book form in 1855. His translationsinclude _Dante's Vila Nuova_, Oehlenschläger's _Correggio_ and _Aladdin_, Heine's _Poems and Ballads_, Schiller's _Song of the Bell_, and Hertz's_King René's Daughter_. He also _pub. _ a complete translation of Horacewith a Life, and one of Catullus. He is, however, perhaps best known forhis _Life of the Prince Consort_ (1874-80), the writing of which wascommitted to him by Queen Victoria, a work which he executed with suchability and tact as to win for him her lifelong friendship. He also wroteLives of Prof. Aytoun and Lord Lyndhurst. He _m. _ in 1851 Miss HelenFaucit (_d. _ 1898), the well-known actress, and authoress of studies on_Shakespeare's Female Characters_, whose Life he _pub. _ in 1901. M. Keptup his intellectual activity into old age, _pub. _ in 1905 a translationof Leopardi's poems, and _Monographs_ (1906). He was Lord Rector of St. Andrews 1881, LL. D. Of Edin. 1875, and K. C. B. 1880. 

MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876). --Novelist and economist, _b. _ at Norwich, where her _f. _, descended from a French family, was a manufacturer. Fromher earliest years she was delicate and very deaf, and took to literarypursuits as an amusement. Afterwards, when her _f. _ had fallen intodifficulties, they became her means of support. Her first publication was_Devotional Exercises for Young Persons_ (1823). Becoming interested inpolitical economy, she endeavoured to illustrate the subject by tales, ofwhich two were _The Rioters_ and _The Turn-out_. Later she _pub. _ a moreserious treatment of it in _Illustrations of Political Economy_ (1832-4), _Poor Law and Paupers_ (1833), and _Illustrations of Taxation_ (1834). About this time she went to London, and was regarded as an authority oneconomic questions, being occasionally consulted by Cabinet Ministers. Among her books of travel are _Society in America_ (1837), and _EasternLife, Present and Past_ (1848), which she considered her best book: in itshe declared herself no longer a believer in revelation. She also wrotetwo novels, _Deerbrook_ (1839), and _The Hour and the Man_ (1840), also anumber of books for children. Perhaps her most important work is her_History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace_, 1816-46, whichappeared in 1849. She translated Comte's _Philosophy_ (1853), and _pub. _a collection of letters between herself and Mr. H. G. Atkinson _On theLaws of Man's Nature and Development_, which encountered severecriticism. In addition to her separate publications she wrote innumerablearticles for newspapers, specially the _Daily News_, and for periodicals. In 1845 she settled in the Lake District, where she died. 

MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900). --Unitarian theologian, younger brother ofthe above, was _b. _ at Norwich. Possessed of considerable inventive andmathematical talents, he was originally intended for engineering, butstudied for the Unitarian ministry, to which he was ordained in 1828. After serving as pastor in various places he became in 1840 Prof. OfMental and Moral Philosophy in the Manchester New Coll. (subsequentlyremoved to London), and Principal 1869-85. Among his writings, which werevery influential, are _Rationale of Religious Inquiry_ (1836), _IdealSubstitutes for God_ (1879), _Study of Spinoza_ (1882), _Types of EthicalTheory_ (1885), _Study of Religion_ (1888), _Seat of Authority inReligion_ (1890), and religious poems and hymns. M. Was a man of veryelevated character and powerful intellect; of great acuteness, candour, and openness to new ideas. He was D. D. Of Edin. 1884, and D. C. L. Of Oxf. 1888. 

MARVELL, ANDREW (1621-1678). --Poet and satirist, _s. _ of the Rector ofWinestead, Yorkshire, where he was _b. _, _ed. _ Camb. , and thereaftertravelled in various Continental countries. He sat in Parliament forHull, proving himself an assiduous and incorruptible member, with strongrepublican leanings. In spite of this he was a favourite of Charles II. , who took pleasure in his society, and offered him a place at Court, and apresent of £1000, which were both declined. In his own day he was bestknown as a powerful and fearless political writer, and for some time from1657 was assistant to Milton as Latin Sec. After the Restoration he wroteagainst the Government, his chief work in this kind being on the _Growthof Popery and Arbitrary Government in England_ (1677). He was also theauthor of an _Historical Essay regarding General Councils_. Hiscontroversial style was lively and vigorous, but sometimes coarse andvituperative. His fame now rests on his poems which, though few, havemany of the highest poetical qualities. Among the best known are _TheEmigrants in the Bermudas_, _The Nymph complaining for the Death of herFawn_, and _Thoughts in a Garden_. Of the last Palgrave says that "it maybe regarded as a test of any reader's insight into the most poeticalaspects of poetry, " and his _Horatian Ode on Cromwell's Return fromIreland_. The town of Hull voted him a monument, which was, however, forbidden by the Court. His appearance is thus described, "He was ofmiddling stature, pretty strong-set, roundish-faced, cherry-cheeked, hazel-eyed, brown-haired. "

_Life and Works_ by Cooke, 1726, reprinted 1772; Thomson, 1726; Dove, 1832; and specially Grosart (4 vols. , 1872-74). 

MASON, WILLIAM (1724-1797). --Poet, _s. _ of a clergyman, was _b. _ at Hull, and _ed. _ at Camb. He took orders and rose to be a Canon of York. Hisfirst poem was _Musæus_, a monody on the death of Pope, and his otherworks include _Elfrida_ (1752), and _Caractacus_ (1759), dramas--an_Heroic Epistle_ to Sir William Chambers, the architect, in which hesatirised some modern fashions in gardening, _The English Garden_, hislargest work, and some odes. He was a close friend of Gray, whose Life hewrote. His language was too magnificent for his powers of thought, but hehas passages where the rich diction has a pleasing effect. 

MASSEY, GERALD (1828-1907). --Poet, _b. _ near Tring, Herts. As a boy heworked in a silk-factory, and as a straw-plaiter and errand boy. When hewas 15 he came to London, where he was taken up by Maurice and Kingsley. His first book was _pub. _ in 1851, but he first attracted attention by_Babe Christabel_ (1854). This was followed by _War Waits_, _CraigcrookCastle_, and _Havelock's March_. A selection from these was _pub. _ 1889, under the title of _My Lyrical Life_. Later he wrote and lectured onspiritualism, and produced prose works on the origin of myths andmysteries in _The Book of Beginnings_ (1881), _The Natural Genesis_(1883), and _Ancient Egypt: the Light of the World_ (1907). He also wrotea book on the sonnets of Shakespeare. M. Had a true lyrical vein, butthough often musical, he was at times harsh and rugged, and did not givesufficient attention to form and finish. 

MASSINGER, PHILIP (1583-1640). --Dramatist, was probably _b. _ atSalisbury. His _f. _ appears to have been a retainer of the Earl ofPembroke, by whom and by Queen Elizabeth he was employed in aconfidential capacity. M. Was at Oxf. , but quitted the Univ. Suddenlywithout graduating. He is next found in London writing for the stage, frequently in collaboration with others. Few details of his life havecome down, but it seems that he was on the whole unfortunate. He wasfound dead in bed on March 16, 1640, and was buried in St. Saviour's, Southwark, by some of the actors. The burial register has the entry, "buried Philip Massinger, a stranger. " Of the many plays which he wroteor had a hand in, 15 believed to be entirely his are extant, other 8 wereburned by a servant in the 18th century. He, however, collaborated somuch with others--Fletcher, Dekker, etc. , that much fine work probablyhis can only be identified by internal evidence. Among his plays may bementioned _The Unnatural Combat_ (_pr. _ 1639), _The Virgin Martyr_ (1622)(partly by Dekker), which contains perhaps his finest writing. His bestplays on the whole, however, are _The City Madam_ (1632), and _A New Wayto pay Old Debts_ (_pr. _ 1633), which latter kept the stage until the19th century. He is believed to have joined with Fletcher and Shakespearein _Henry VIII. _ and _The Two Noble Kinsmen_. Other plays which he wroteor had a hand in are _The Duke of Milan_, _The Bondman_, _The Renegado_, _The Roman Actor_, _The Great Duke of Florence_, _The Maid of Honour_, _The Picture_, and _The Fatal Dowry_. His verse is fluent and sweet, andin his grave and reflective passages he rises to a rich and statelymusic. He often repeats himself, has little humour, and is not seldomcoarse. He has, however, much skill in the construction and working outof a story. 

MASSON, DAVID (1822-1907). --Biographer and historian, _b. _ at Aberdeen, and _ed. _ at Marischal Coll. There and at Edin. , where he studiedtheology under Chalmers. He did not, however, enter the Church, but begana literary career by ed. A newspaper in Aberdeen. He then returned toEdin. , where he worked for the brothers Chambers, the eminent publishers, and where he became acquainted with Wilson, Sir William Hamilton, andChalmers, for the last of whom he cherished an extraordinary veneration. Going to London in 1847 he wrote extensively in reviews, magazines, andencyclopædias. In 1852 he became Prof. Of English Literature in Univ. Coll. , and in 1858 ed. Of _Macmillan's Magazine_. He was appointed in1865 Prof. Of English Literature in Edin. , where he exercised a profoundinfluence on his students, many of whom have risen to high positions inliterature. Though a most laborious student and man of letters, M. Took awarm interest in various public questions, including Italianemancipation, and the higher education of women. He was the author ofmany important works, including _Essays Biographical and Critical_(1856), _British Novelists_ (1859), and _Recent British Philosophy_(1865). His _magnum opus_ is his monumental _Life of John Milton_ (6vols. , 1859-80) the most complete biography of any Englishman, dealing asit does not only with the personal life of the poet, but with thehistory, political, social, and religious of his time. Other books are_Drummond of Hawthornden_ (1873), _De Quincey_ (in English Men of LettersSeries) (1878), _Edinburgh Sketches and Memories_ (1892), and _CarlylePersonally and in his Writings_. He also ed. The standard ed. Of DeQuincey's works, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, hisintroductions in connection with which are of great historical value. Hewas appointed Historiographer for Scotland in 1893. M. Was full oflearning guided by sagacity, genial, broad-minded, and sane in hisjudgments of men and things, and thoroughly honest and sincere. 

MATHER, COTTON (1663-1728). --Divine, _s. _ of Increase M. , a leadingAmerican divine, was _ed. _ at Harvard, became a minister, and wascolleague to his _f. _ He was laborious, able, and learned, but extremelybigoted and self-sufficient. He carried on a persecution of so-called"witches, " which led to the shedding of much innocent blood; on the otherhand he was so much of a reformer as to advocate inoculation forsmall-pox. He was a copious author, his chief work being _MagnaliaChristi Americana_ (1702), an ecclesiastical history of New England. Others were _Late Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft andPossession_ (1689), and _The Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1693). Inhis later years he admitted that "he had gone too far" in his crusadeagainst witches. 

MATHIAS, THOMAS JAMES (1754?-1835). --Satirist, _ed. _ at Camb. , and heldsome minor appointments in the Royal household. He was an accomplishedItalian scholar, and made various translations from the English intoItalian, and _vice versâ_. He also produced a fine ed. Of Gray, on whichhe lost heavily. His chief work, however, was _The Pursuits ofLiterature_ (1794), an undiscriminating satire on his literarycontemporaries which went through 16 ed. , but is now almost forgotten. 

MATURIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1782-1824). --Novelist, _b. _ in Dublin ofHuguenot ancestry, was _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. There, and taking ordersheld various benefices. He was the author of a few dramas, one of which, _Bertram_, had some success. He is, perhaps, better known for hisromances in the style of Mrs. Radcliffe and "Monk" Lewis. The first ofthese, _The Fatal Revenge_ appeared in 1807, and was followed by, amongothers, _The Milesian Chief_ (1812), _Women_, which was the mostsuccessful, and lastly by _Melmoth_, in which he outdoes his models inthe mysterious, the horrible, and indeed the revolting, without, exceptvery occasionally, reaching their power. His last work, _The Albigenses_, in a somewhat different style, was _pub. _ in the year of his death. 

MAURICE, FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872). --Divine, _s. _ of a Unitarianminister, was _b. _ at Normanston, near Lowestoft, and studied at Camb. , but being then a Dissenter, could not graduate. He went to London, andengaged in literary work, writing for the _Westminster Review_ and otherperiodicals, and for a short time ed. The _Athenæum_. His theologicalviews having changed, he joined the Church of England, went to Oxf. , graduated, and was ordained 1834. He became Chaplain to Guy's Hospital, and held other clerical positions in London. In 1840 he was appointedProf. Of English Literature and History at King's Coll. , andsubsequently Prof. Of Theology. He became a leader among the Christiansocialists, and for a short time ed. Their paper. On the publication ofhis _Theological Essays_ in 1853 he was asked to resign his professorshipat King's Coll. In 1854 he was one of the founders of the Working Men'sColl. , of which he became Principal, and in 1866 he was made Prof. OfMoral Philosophy at Camb. Among his writings are _The Religions of theWorld and their Relation to Christianity_, _Moral and MetaphysicalPhilosophy_, _The Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament_ (1853), _TheDoctrine of Sacrifice_, and _Theological Essays_. M. 's style was copious, and was often blamed as obscure; nevertheless, he exercised anextraordinary influence over some of the best minds of his time by theoriginality of his views, and the purity and elevation of his character. 

MAXWELL, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1792-1850). --Novelist, a Scoto-Irishman, _b. _at Newry, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, entered the army, and sawservice in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo. Afterwards he took orders, butwas deprived of his living for non-residence. His novels, _O'Hara_, and_Stories from Waterloo_, started the school of rollicking militaryfiction, which culminated in the novels of Lever. M. Also wrote a Life ofthe Duke of Wellington, and a _History of the Irish Rebellion_. 

MAX-MÜLLER, FRIEDRICH (1823-1900). --Philologist, _s. _ of the German poet, Wilhelm M. , was _b. _ at Dessau, and _ed. _ at Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris. In 1846 he was requested by the East India Company to ed. The _Rig Veda_. He settled at Oxf. In 1848, and in 1850 was appointed deputy TaylorianProf. Of Modern European languages, becoming Prof. 4 years later, andCurator of the Bodleian Library in 1856. In 1868 he was elected firstProf. Of Comparative Philology. He ed. _Sacred Books of the East_, andwrote in English _Chips from a German Workshop_ (1867-75). He did much tostimulate the study of comparative religion and philology. He was made aPrivy Councillor in 1896. 

MAY, THOMAS (1595-1650). --Poet and historian, _b. _ in Sussex, _s. _ of SirThomas M. , of Mayfield, went to Camb. , and thence to Gray's Inn, butdiscarded law for literature. In 1622 he produced his first comedy, _TheHeir_, and also a translation of Virgil's _Georgics_. Six years later, 1627, appeared his translation of _Lucan_, which gained him the favour ofCharles I. At whose command he wrote two poems, _The Reigne of King HenryII. _, and _The Victorious Reigne of King Edward III. _, each in 7 books. When the Civil War broke out M. , to the disappointment of his friends, took the side of the Parliament, and was made Sec. To the LongParliament, the historian of which he became, _pub. _ 1647, _The Historyof the Parliament of England, which began Nov. 3, 1640_. This work heprefaced with a short review of the preceding reigns from that ofElizabeth. The narrative closes with the Battle of Newbury, 1643, and ischaracterised by fulness of information and candour. M. Was also theauthor of several tragedies, including _Antigone_, of no great merit. 

MAY, SIR THOMAS ERSKINE, 1ST BARON FARNBOROUGH (1815-1886). --Jurist andhistorian, _ed. _ at Bedford School, and after holding various minoroffices became in 1871 clerk to the House of Commons, retiring in 1886, when he was raised to the peerage. He had previously, 1866, been madeK. C. B. He was the author of a treatise on the laws, privileges, etc. , ofParliament, which, first _pub. _ in 1844, reached in 1901 its tenth ed. , and was translated into various languages. His _Constitutional History ofEngland_, 1760-1860 is practically a continuation of Hallam's great work. He also wrote _Democracy in Europe_. As an historical writer M. Waslearned, painstaking, and impartial. 

MAYNE, JASPER (1604-1672). --Dramatist, was at Oxf. , entered the Church, and became Archdeacon of Chichester. He wrote two dramas, _The CityMatch_ (1639), and _The Amorous War_ (1648), in neither of which did hesustain the clerical character. He had, however, some humour. 

MAYNE, JOHN (1759-1836). --Poet, was _b. _ in Dumfries. In 1780 he _pub. _the _Siller Gun_ in its original form in _Ruddiman's Magazine_. It is ahumorous poem descriptive of an ancient custom in Dumfries of shootingfor the "Siller Gun. " He was continually adding to it, until it grew to 5cantos. He also wrote a poem on _Hallowe'en_, and a version of theballad, _Helen of Kirkconnel_. His verses were admired by Scott. 

MELVILLE, HERMAN (1819-1891). --Novelist, _b. _ in New York, and took tothe sea, which led to strange adventures, including an imprisonment ofsome months in the hands of cannibals in the Marquesas Islands. His firstnovel, _Typee_ (1846), is based upon this experience. _Omoo_ followed in1847, _Moby Dick, or the White Whale_, a powerful sea story, in 1852, and_Israel Potter_ in 1855. He was a very unequal writer, but occasionallyshowed considerable power and originality. 

MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614). --Scottish divine and reformer, _s. _ of thelaird of Baldovie, in Forfarshire, and nephew of the great reformer andscholar, Andrew M. , by whom, when Principal of the Univ. Of Glasgow, hewas chosen to assist him as a regent or professor. When, in 1580, Andrewbecame Principal of St. Mary's Coll. , St. Andrews, James accompanied him, and acted as Prof. Of Hebrew and Oriental Languages. He wrote many poems, but his chief work was his _Diary_, an original authority for the period, written with much naïveté, and revealing a singularly attractivepersonality. M. , who for his part in Church matters, had been banished toEngland, _d. _ at Berwick on his way back to Scotland. 

MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617). --Historian, _s. _ of Sir John M. , ofHallhill, was a page to Mary Queen of Scots at the French Court, andafterwards one of her Privy Council. He also acted as her envoy to QueenElizabeth and the Elector Palatine. He was the author of an autobiographywhich is one of the original authorities for the period. The MS. , whichlay for long hidden in Edin. Castle, was discovered in 1660, and _pub. _1683. A later ed. Was brought out in 1827 by the Bannatyne Club. The workis written in a lively style, but is not always to be implicitly reliedupon in regard either to facts or the characters attributed toindividuals. 

MEREDITH, GEORGE (1828-1909). --Novelist and poet, _b. _ at Portsmouth, _s. _ of Augustus M. , a naval outfitter, who afterwards went to Cape Town, and _ed. _ at Portsmouth and Neuwied in Germany. Owing to the neglect of atrustee, what means he had inherited were lost, and he was in his earlydays very poor. Articled to a lawyer in London, he had no taste for law, which he soon exchanged for journalism, and at 21 he was writing poetryfor magazines, his first printed work, a poem on the Battle ofChillianwallah, appearing in _Chambers's Journal_. Two years later he_pub. _ _Poems_ (1851), containing _Love in the Valley_. Meantime he hadbeen ed. A small provincial newspaper, and in 1866 he was warcorrespondent in Italy for the _Morning Post_, and he also acted for manyyears as literary adviser to Chapman and Hall. By this time, however, hehad produced several of his novels. _The Shaving of Shagpat_ had appearedin 1856, _Farina_ in 1857, _The Ordeal of Richard Feverel_ in 1859, _EvanHarrington_ in 1861, _Emilia in England_ (also known as _Sandra Belloni_)in 1864, its sequel, _Vittoria_, in 1866, and _Rhoda Fleming_ in 1865. Inpoetry he had produced _Modern Love and Poems of the English Roadside_(1862), generally regarded as his best poetical work. These were followedby _The Adventures of Harry Richmond_ (1871), _Beauchamp's Career_(1875), said to be the author's favourite, _The Egoist_ (1879), whichmarks the beginning of a change in style characterised by an even greaterfastidiousness in the choice of words, phrases, and condensation ofthought than its predecessors, _The Tragic Comedians_ (1880), and _Dianaof the Crossways_, the first of the author's novels to attain anythingapproaching general popularity. The same period yielded in poetry, _Poemsand Lyrics of the Joy of Earth_ (1883), _Ballads and Poems of TragicLife_ (1887), and _A Reading of Earth_ (1888). His later novels, _One ofour Conquerors_ (1891), _Lord Ormont and his Aminta_ (1894), and _TheAmazing Marriage_ (1895), exhibit a tendency to accentuate thosequalities of style which denied general popularity to all of M. 's works, and they did little to add to his reputation. The contemporary poemsinclude _The Empty Purse_ and _Jump to Glory Jane_ (1892). In 1905 hereceived the Order of Merit, and he _d. _ on May 19, 1909. He was twice_m. _, his first wife, who _d. _ 1860, being a _dau. _ of Thomas LovePeacock (_q. V. _). This union did not prove in all respects happy. Hissecond wife was Miss Vulliamy, who _d. _ 1885. In his earlier life he wasvigorous and athletic, and a great walker; latterly he lost all power oflocomotion. 

Though the writings of M. Never were and probably never will be generallypopular, his genius was, from the very first, recognised by the bestjudges. All through he wrote for the reader who brought something ofmind, thought, and attention, not for him who read merely to be amusedwithout trouble; and it is therefore futile to attribute failure to himbecause he did not achieve what he did not aim at. Nevertheless, the longdelay in receiving even the kind of recognition which he sought was adisappointment to him. Few writers have striven to charge sentences andeven words so heavily with meaning, or to attain so great a degree ofcondensation, with the result that links in the chain of thought are notseldom omitted and left for the careful reader to supply. There is also atendency to adopt unusual words and forms of expression where plainnessand simplicity would have served as well, and these features takentogether give reason for the charges of obscurity and affectation sooften made. Moreover, the discussion of motive and feeling is often outof proportion to the narrative of the events and circumstances to whichthey stand related. But to compensate us for these defects he offershumour, often, indeed, whimsical, but keen and sparkling, closeobservation of and exquisite feeling for nature, a marvellous power ofword-painting, the most delicate and penetrating analysis of character, and an invincible optimism which, while not blind to the darker aspectsof life, triumphs over the depression which they might induce in a weakernature. In matters of faith and dogma his standpoint was distinctlynegative. 

MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647). --Miscellaneous author, was of a Lincolnshirefamily, studied at Camb. And Oxf. , and became Rector of Wing in Rutland. He _pub. _ in 1598 _Palladis Tamia: Wit's Treasury_, containing acomparison of English poets with Greek, Latin, and Italian. 

MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893). --Historian, _s. _ of John Herman M. , atranslator and minor poet, _b. _ in London, _ed. _ at Harrow, Haileybury, and Camb. , he took orders, and among other preferments held those ofchaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, 1863-69, and Dean ofEly. From his college days he was a keen student of Roman history, andbetween 1850 and 1864 he _pub. _ his _History of the Romans under theEmpire_, an able and scholarly work, though considered by some critics tobe too favourable to the Emperors, and the imperial idea. An earlier workwas _The Fall of the Roman Republic_ (1853). 

MERRIMAN, H. SETON, (_see_ SCOTT, H. S. ). 

MESTON, WILLIAM (1688?-1745). --_S. _ of a blacksmith, was _ed. _ atMarischal Coll. , Aberdeen, took part in the '15, and had to go intohiding. His _Knight of the Kirk_ (1723) is an imitation of _Hudibras_. Ithas little merit. 

MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS (1735-1788). --Poet, _s. _ of the minister ofLangholm, Dumfriesshire, was for some time a brewer in Edin. , but failed. He went to Oxf. , where he was corrector for the Clarendon Press. Aftervarious literary failures and minor successes he produced his translationof the _Lusiad_, from the Portuguese of Camoens, which brought him bothfame and money. In 1777 he went to Portugal, where he was received withdistinction. In 1784 he _pub. _ the ballad of _Cumnor Hall_, whichsuggested to Scott the writing of _Kenilworth_. He is perhaps bestremembered, however, by the beautiful lyric, _There's nae luck aboot theHoose_, which, although claimed by others, is almost certainly his. 

MIDDLETON, CONYERS (1683-1750). --Divine and scholar, _b. _ at Richmond, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ at Camb. He was the author of several latitudinariantreatises on miracles, etc. , which brought him into controversy withWaterland (_q. V. _) and others, and of a _Life of Cicero_ (1741), largelyplagiarised from William Bellenden, a Scottish writer of the 17thcentury. Another of his controversies was with Bentley on collegeadministration. He was master of a very fine literary style. 

MIDDLETON, THOMAS (1570-1627). --Dramatist, was a Londoner and citychronologer, in which capacity he composed a chronicle of the city, nowlost. He wrote over 20 plays, chiefly comedies, besides masques andpageants, and collaborated with Dekker, Webster, and other playwrights. His best plays are _The Changeling_, _The Spanish Gipsy_ (both withRowley), and _Women beware Women_. Another, _The Game of Chess_ (1624), got the author and the players alike into trouble on account of itshaving brought the King of Spain and other public characters upon thestage. They, however, got off with a severe reprimand. M. Was a keenobserver of London life, and shone most in scenes of strong passion. Heis, however, unequal and repeats himself. Other plays are: _The Phoenix_, _Michaelmas Term_ (1607), _A Trick to Catch the old One_ (1608), _TheFamilie of Love_ (1608), _A Mad World, My Masters_ (1608), _The RoaringGirl_ (1611) (with Dekker), _The Old Law_ (1656) (with Massinger andRowley), _A Faire Quarrel_ (1617); and among his pageants and masques are_The Triumphs of Truth_ (1613), _The Triumphs of Honour and Industry_(1617), _The Inner Temple Masque_ (1619), etc. 

MILL, JAMES (1773-1836). --Philosopher and historian, _s. _ of a shoemaker, was _b. _ at Montrose, and showing signs of superior ability, was sent tothe Univ. Of Edin. With a view to the ministry. He was licensed as apreacher in 1798, but gave up the idea of the Church, and going to Londonin 1802 engaged in literary work, ed. The _St. James's Chronicle_, andwrote for the _Edinburgh Review_. In 1806 he began his _History ofBritish India_ (1817-18), and in 1819 received the appointment ofAssistant Examiner to the India Office, and in 1834 became head of thedepartment. M. Had meanwhile become the intimate friend of JeremyBentham, was perhaps the chief exponent of the utilitarian philosophy, and was also one of the founders of the London Univ. His philosophicalwritings include _Elements of Political Economy_ (1821), and _Analysis ofthe Human Mind_ (1824). M. 's intellect was powerful, though rigid andsomewhat narrow; his style was clear and precise, and his conversationalpowers very remarkable, and influential in moulding the opinions of thosewho came into contact with him, especially his distinguished son, JohnStuart (_q. V. _). 

MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873). --Philosopher, _s. _ of the above, _b. _ inLondon, was _ed. _ by his _f. _ with the view of making him the successorof Bentham and himself, as the exponent of the Utilitarian philosophy. Inall respects he proved an apt pupil, and by his 15th year had studiedclassical literature, logic, political economy, and mathematics. In thatyear he went to France, where he was under the charge of Sir S. Bentham, a brother of Jeremy. His studies had led him to the adoption of theutilitarian philosophy, and after his return he became acquainted withGrote, the Austins, and other Benthamites. In 1823 he entered the IndiaHouse as a clerk, and, like his _f. _, rose to be examiner of Indiancorrespondence; and, on the dissolution of the Company, retired on aliberal pension. In 1825 he ed. Bentham's _Rationale of JudicialEvidence_. During the following years he was a frequent contributor toRadical journals, and ed. The _London Review_. His _Logic_ appeared in1843, and produced a profound impression; and in 1848 he _pub. __Principles of Political Economy_. The years between 1858 and 1865 werevery productive, his treatises on _Liberty_, _Utilitarianism_, _Representative Government_, and his _Examination of Sir W. Hamilton'sPhilosophy_ being _pub. _ during this period. In 1865 he entered the Houseof Commons as one of the members for Westminster, where, though highlyrespected, he made no great mark. After this political parenthesis hereturned to his literary pursuits, and wrote _The Subjection of Women_(1869), _The Irish Land Question_ (1870), and an _Autobiography_. M. Had_m. _ in 1851 Mrs. Taylor, for whom he showed an extraordinary devotion, and whom he survived for 15 years. He _d. _ at Avignon. His_Autobiography_ gives a singular, and in some respects painful account ofthe methods and views of his _f. _ in his education. Though remaining allhis life an adherent of the utilitarian philosophy, M. Did not transmitit to his disciples altogether unmodified, but, finding it too narrow andrigid for his own intellectual and moral requirements, devoted himself towidening it, and infusing into it a certain element of idealism. 

Bain's _Criticism with Personal Recollections_ (1882), L. Courtney's_John Stuart Mill_ (1889), _Autobiography_, Stephens's _Utilitarians_, J. Grote's _Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy of Mill_, etc. 

MILLER, HUGH (1802-1856). --Geologist, and man of letters, _b. _ atCromarty, had the ordinary parish school education, and early showed aremarkable love of reading and power of story-telling. At 17 he wasapprenticed to a stonemason, and his work in quarries, together withrambles among the rocks of his native shore, led him to the study ofgeology. In 1829 he _pub. _ a vol. Of poems, and soon afterwards threwhimself as an ardent and effective combatant into the controversies, first of the Reform Bill, and thereafter of the Scottish Church question. In 1834 he became accountant in one of the local banks, and in the nextyear brought out his _Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland_. In1840 the popular party in the Church, with which he had been associated, started a newspaper, _The Witness_, and M. Was called to be ed. , aposition which he retained till the end of his life, and in which heshowed conspicuous ability. Among his geological works are _The Old RedSandstone_ (1841), _Footprints of the Creator_ (1850), _The Testimony ofthe Rocks_ (1856), and _Sketch-book of Popular Geology_. Other books are:_My Schools and Schoolmasters_, an autobiography of remarkable interest, _First Impressions of England and its People_ (1847), and _The Cruise ofthe Betsy_. Of the geological books, perhaps that on the old redsandstone, a department in which M. Was a discoverer, is the best: butall his writings are distinguished by great literary excellence, andespecially by a marvellous power of vivid description. The end of hislife was most tragic. He had for long been overworking his brain, whichat last gave way, and in a temporary loss of reason, he shot himselfduring the night. 

_Life and Letters_, P. Bayne (1871), etc. 

MILLER, THOMAS (1807-1874). --Poet and novelist, of humble parentage, worked in early life as a basket-maker. He _pub. _ _Songs of the SeaNymphs_ (1832). Going to London he was befriended by Lady Blessington(_q. V. _) and S. Rogers (_q. V. _), and for a time engaged in business as abookseller, but was unsuccessful and devoted himself exclusively toliterature, producing over 40 vols. , including several novels, _e. G. _, _Royston Gower_ (1838), _Gideon Giles the Roper_, and _Rural Sketches_. In his stories he successfully delineated rural characters and scenes. 

MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791-1868). --Poet and historian, _s. _ of Sir FrancisM. , a distinguished physician, _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. Taking orders hebecame in 1835 Rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and in 1849 Dean ofSt. Paul's. He also held the professorship of Poetry at Oxf. 1821-31. Among his poetical works may be mentioned _Fazio_ (drama) (1815), _Samor_(epic) (1818), _The Fall of Jerusalem_ (1820), _The Martyr of Antioch_(1822), and _Anne Boleyn_ (1826). It is, however, on his work as anhistorian that his literary fame chiefly rests, his chief works in thisdepartment being his _History of the Jews_ (1830), _History ofChristianity_ (1840), and especially _The History of Latin Christianity_(6 vols. 1854-56), which is one of the most important historical works ofthe century, characterised alike by literary distinction and by learningand research. M. Also brought out a valuable ed. Of Gibbon's _Decline andFall_, and wrote a _History of St. Paul's Cathedral_. 

MILNES, R. MONCKTON, (_see_ HOUGHTON). 

MILTON, JOHN (1608-1674). --Poet, was _b. _ 9th December 1608 in BreadStreet, London. His _f. _, also John, was the _s. _ of a yeoman ofOxfordshire, who cast him off on his becoming a Protestant. He had thenbecome a scrivener in London, and grew to be a man of good estate. Fromhim his illustrious _s. _ inherited his lofty integrity, and his love of, and proficiency in, music. M. Received his first education from a Scotchfriend of his father's, Thomas Young, a Puritan of some note, one of thewriters of _Smectymnuus_. Thereafter he was at St. Paul's School, and in1625 went to Christ's Coll. , Camb. , where for his beauty and his delicacyof mind he was nicknamed "the lady. " His sister Anne had _m. _ EdwardPhillips, and the death of her first child in infancy gave to him thesubject of his earliest poem, _On the death of a Fair Infant_ (1626). Itwas followed during his 7 years' life at the Univ. , along with others, bythe poems, _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity_ (1629), _On theCircumcision_, _The Passion_, _Time_, _At a Solemn Music_, _On MayMorning_, and _On Shakespeare_, all in 1630; and two sonnets, _To theNightingale_ and _On arriving at the Age of Twenty-three_, in 1631. In1632, having given up the idea of entering the Church, for which his _f. _had intended him, he lived for 6 years at Horton, near Windsor, to whichthe latter had retired, devoted to further study. Here he wrote_L'Allegro_ and _Il Penseroso_ in 1632, _Arcades_ (1633), _Comus_ in1634, and _Lycidas_ in 1637. The first celebrates the pleasures of a lifeof cheerful innocence, and the second of contemplative, though notgloomy, retirement, and the last is a lament for a lost friend, EdwardKing, who perished at sea. _Arcades_ and _Comus_ are masques set to musicby Henry Lawes, having for their motives respectively family affectionand maiden purity. Had he written nothing else these would have given hima place among the immortals. In 1638 he completed his education by aperiod of travel in France and Italy, where he visited Grotius at Paris, and Galileo at Florence. The news of impending troubles in Church andState brought him home the following year, and with his return may besaid to close the first of three well-marked divisions into which hislife falls. These may be called (1) the period of preparation and of theearly poems; (2) the period of controversy, and of the prose writings;and (3) the period of retirement and of the later poems. Soon after hisreturn M. Settled in London, and employed himself in teaching hisnephews, Edward and John Phillips, turning over in his mind at the sametime various subjects as the possible theme for the great poem which, asthe chief object of his life, he looked forward to writing. But he wassoon to be called away to far other matters, and to be plunged into thecontroversies and practical business which were to absorb his energiesfor the next 20 years. The works of this period fall into threeclasses--(1) those directed against Episcopacy, including _Reformation ofChurch Discipline in England_ (1641), and his answers to the writings ofBishop Hall (_q. V. _), and in defence of _Smectymnuus_ (_see_ underCalamy); (2) those relating to divorce, including _The Doctrine andDiscipline of Divorce_ (1643), and _The Four Chief Places of Scripturewhich treat of Marriage_ (1645); and (3) those on political andmiscellaneous questions, including the _Tractate on Education_ (1644), _Areopagitica_ (1644), _A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing_(his greatest prose work), _Eikonoklastes_, an answer to the _EikonBasiliké_ of Dr. Gauden (_q. V. _), _The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates_(1649), in defence of the execution of Charles I. , which led to thefurious controversy with Salmasius, the writing of _Pro Populo AnglicanoDefensio_ (1650), the second _Defensio_ (1654), which carried his nameover Europe, and _The Ready and Easy Way to establish a FreeCommonwealth_, written on the eve of the Restoration. In 1643 M. Had _m. _Mary Powell, the _dau. _ of an Oxfordshire cavalier, a girl of 17, whosoon found her new life as the companion of an austere poet, absorbed insevere study, too abrupt a change from the gay society to which she hadbeen accustomed, and in a month returned to her father's house on avisit. When the time fixed for rejoining her husband arrived, she showedno disposition to do so, upon which he began to aim at a divorce, and toadvocate in the works above mentioned "unfitness and contrariety of mind"as a valid ground for it, views which incurred for him much notoriety andunpopularity. A reconciliation, however, followed in 1645, and three_dau. _ were born of the marriage. In 1649 the reputation of M. As aLatinist led to his appointment as Latin or Foreign Sec. To the Councilof State, in the duties of which he was, after his sight began to fail, assisted by A. Marvell (_q. V. _) and others, and which he retained untilthe Restoration. In 1652 his wife _d. _, and four years later he enteredinto a second marriage with Katharine Woodcock, who _d. _ in child-birthin the following year. To her memory he dedicated one of the mosttouching of his sonnets. At the Restoration he was, of course, deprivedof his office, and had to go into hiding; but on the intercession ofMarvell (_q. V. _), and perhaps Davenant (_q. V. _), his name was included inthe amnesty. In 1663, being now totally blind and somewhat helpless, heasked his friend Dr. Paget to recommend a wife for him. The lady chosenwas Elizabeth Minshull, aged 25, who appears to have given him domestichappiness in his last years. She survived him for 53 years. TheRestoration closed his second, and introduced his third, and for hisfame, most productive period. He was now free to devote his whole powersto the great work which he had so long contemplated. For some time he hadbeen in doubt as to the subject, had considered the Arthurian legends, but had decided upon the Fall of Man. The result was _Paradise Lost_, which was begun in 1658, finished in 1664, and _pub. _ in 1667. A remarkof his friend, Thomas Ellwood (_q. V. _), suggested to him the writing of_Paradise Regained_, which, along with _Samson Agonistes_, was _pub. _ in1671. Two years before he had printed a _History of Britain_, writtenlong before, which, however, is of little value. The work of M. Was nowdone. In addition to his blindness he suffered from gout, to which it waspartly attributable, and, his strength gradually failing, but with mindunimpaired and serene, he _d. _ peacefully on November 8, 1674. In M. Theinfluences of the Renaissance and of Puritanism met. To the former heowed his wide culture and his profound love of everything noble andbeautiful, to the latter his lofty and austere character, and both theseelements meet in his writings. Leaving Shakespeare out of account, heholds an indisputable place at the head of English poets. For strength ofimagination, delicate accuracy and suggestiveness of language, andharmony of versification, he is unrivalled, and almost unapproached; andwhen the difficulties inherent in the subject of his great masterpieceare considered, the power he shows in dealing with them appears almostmiraculous, and we feel that in those parts where he has failed, successwas impossible for a mortal. In his use of blank verse he has, formajesty, variety, and music, never been approached by any of hissuccessors. He had no dramatic power and no humour. In everything hewrote, a proud and commanding genius manifests itself, and he is one ofthose writers who inspire reverence rather than affection. His personalappearance in early life has been thus described, "He was a little undermiddle height, slender, but erect, vigorous, and agile, with light brownhair clustering about his fair and oval face, with dark grey eyes. "

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1608, _ed. _ at St. Paul's School and Camb. , and while atthe latter wrote earlier poems including _The Nativity_ and Sonnets, lived for 6 years at Horton and wrote _L'Allegro_, _Il Penseroso_, _Arcades_, _Comus_, and _Lycidas_, travelled in France and Italy 1638, settled in London, entered on his political and controversial labours, and wrote _inter alia_ on _Reform of Discipline_ 1641, _Divorce_ 1643-45, _Education_ 1644, _Areopagitica_ 1644, and the two _Defences_ 1650 and1654, appointed Latin Sec. 1649, this period closed by Restoration 1660, _Paradise Lost_ written 1658-64, _pub. _ 1667, _Paradise Regained_ and_Samson Agonistes_ 1671, _d. _ 1674, _m. _ first 1643 Mary Powell, second1652 Katharine Woodcock, third 1663 Eliz. Minshull, who survived till1727. 

_Life_ by Prof. Masson (_6_ vols. 1859-80), also short Lives by M. Patteson (1880), Garnett (1889). Ed. Of _Works_ by Boydell, Sir E. Brydges, and Prof. Masson. 

MINOT, LAURENCE (1300?-1352?). --Poet. Nothing is certainly known of him. He may have been a soldier. He celebrates in northern English and with asomewhat ferocious patriotism the victories of Edward III. Over the Scotsand the French. 

MINTO, WILLIAM (1845-1893). --Critic and biographer, _b. _ at Alford, Aberdeenshire, and _ed. _ at Aberdeen and Oxf. , went to London, and becameed. Of the _Examiner_, and also wrote for the _Daily News_ and the _PallMall Gazette_. In 1880 he was appointed Prof. Of Logic and Literature atAberdeen. He wrote a _Manual of English Prose Literature_ (1873), _Characteristics of the English Poets_ (1874), and a _Life of Defoe_ forthe Men of Letters Series. 

MITCHELL, JOHN (1815-1875). --Journalist and political writer, _s. _ of aPresbyterian minister, was _b. _ in Ulster. For some time he practised asa solicitor, but becoming acquainted with Thomas Davis (_q. V. _), heassociated himself with the Young Ireland party, and was a leadingcontributor to the _Nation_ newspaper. His political sympathies and actswere carried so far as to bring about in 1848 his trial fortreason-felony, and his transportation for 14 years. After his release heresided chiefly at New York, and ed. Various papers, and opposed theabolition of slavery; but in 1874 he was elected M. P. For Tipperary, forwhich, however, he was declared incapable of sitting. On a new electionhe was again returned, but _d. _ before the resulting petition could beheard. He wrote a _Jail Journal_, a work of great power, _The LastConquest of Ireland_ (_perhaps_) (1860), and a _History of Ireland_ oflittle value. 

MITFORD, MARY RUSSELL (1787-1855). --Poetess and novelist, _b. _ atAlresford, Hants, _dau. _ of a physician, without practice, selfish andextravagant, who ran through three fortunes, his own, his wife's, and hisdaughter's, and then lived on the industry of the last. After a vol. Ofpoems which attracted little notice, she produced her powerful tragedy, _Julian_. In 1812, what ultimately became the first vol. Of _Our Village_appeared in the _Lady's Magazine_. To this four additional vols. Wereadded, the last in 1832. In this work Miss M. May be said to have createda new branch of literature. Her novel, _Belford Regis_ (1835), issomewhat on the same lines. She added two dramas, _Rienzi_ (1828), and_Foscari_, _Atherton and other Tales_ (1852), and _Recollections of aLiterary Life_, and _d. _ at her cottage at Swallowfield, much beloved forher benevolent and simple character, as well as valued for herintellectual powers. 

MITFORD, WILLIAM (1744-1827). --Historian, _e. S. _ of John M. Of Exbury, Hants, descended from an old Northumbrian family, was _b. _ in London, and_ed. _ at Cheam School and Oxf. He studied law, but on succeeding to thefamily estates devoted himself to study and literature, and to his dutiesas an officer of the militia. His first _pub. _ was an _Essay on theHarmony of Language_ (1774). His great work, _The History of Greece_, issaid to have been undertaken at the suggestion of Gibbon, who was afellow-officer in the South Hants Militia. This work, the successivevols. Of which appeared at considerable intervals between 1784 and 1810, was long a standard one, though it is now largely superseded by thehistories of Thirwall and Grote. M. Wrote with strong prejudices againstdemocracy, and in defence of tyrants, but his style is forcible andagreeable, and he brought learning and research to bear on his subject. He sat for many years in Parliament. 

MOIR, DAVID MACBETH (1798-1851). --Poet and miscellaneous writer, was adoctor at Musselburgh, near Edin. , and a frequent contributor, under thesignature of [Greek: D], to _Blackwood's Magazine_ in which appeared_Mansie Waugh_, a humorous Scottish tale. He also wrote _The Legend ofGenevieve_ (1824), _Domestic Verses_ (1843), and sketches of the poetryof the earlier half of the 19th century. His poetry was generally graveand tender, but occasionally humorous. 

MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, LORD (1714-1799). --Philosopher and philologist, _b. _ at the family seat in Kincardineshire, was _ed. _ at the Univ. OfAberdeen, Edin. , and Groningen, and called to the Scottish Bar in 1737. Thirty years later he became a judge with the title of Lord Monboddo. Hewas a man of great learning and acuteness, but eccentric and fond ofparadox. He was the author of two large works alike learned andwhimsical, _An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Language_ (6 vols. 1773-92), and _Ancient Metaphysics_ (6 vols. 1779-99). He mooted andsupported the theory that men were originally monkeys, and graduallyattained to reason, language, and civilisation by the pressure ofnecessity. His doctrines do not sound so absurd now as they did in hisown day. He was visited by Dr. Johnson at Monboddo. 

MONTAGU, ELIZABETH (ROBINSON) (1720-1800). --Critic, _dau. _ of a gentlemanof Yorkshire, _m. _ a grandson of Lord Sandwich. She was one of theoriginal "blue-stockings, " and her house was a literary centre. She wrotean _Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare_ (1769), in which shecompared him with the classical and French dramatists, and defended himagainst the strictures of Voltaire. It had great fame in its day, but haslong been superseded. 

MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (PIERREPONT) (1690-1762). --Letter-writer, wasthe eldest _dau. _ of the 1st Duke of Kingston. In her youth she combinedthe attractions of a reigning beauty and a wit. Her early studies wereencouraged and assisted by Bishop Burnet, and she was the friend of Pope, Addison, and Swift. In 1712 she _m. _, against the wishes of her family, Edward Wortley-Montagu, a cousin of the celebrated Charles Montagu, afterwards Earl of Halifax. Her husband having been appointed Ambassadorto the Porte, she accompanied him, and wrote the sparkling _Letters fromthe East_ which have given her a place high among the greatletter-writers of the world. While in Turkey she became acquainted withthe practice of inoculation against smallpox, which she did much tointroduce into western countries. After her return to England she settledat Twickenham, and renewed her friendship with Pope, which, however, ended in a violent quarrel, arising out of her publication of _TownEclogues_. She was furiously attacked by both Pope and Swift, and was notslow to defend herself. In 1737, for reasons which have never beenexplained, she left her husband and country, and settled in Italy. Mr. M. Having _d. _ 1761, she returned at the request of her _dau. _, theCountess of Bute, but _d. _ the following year. 

MONTGOMERIE, ALEXANDER (1545?-1610?). --Poet, probably _b. _ in Ayrshire, was in the service of the Regent Morton and James VI. , by whom he waspensioned. He is sometimes styled "Captain, " and was laureate of theCourt. He appears to have fallen on evil days, was imprisoned on theContinent, and lost his pension. His chief work is _The Cherrie and theSlae_ (1597), a somewhat poor allegory of Virtue and Vice, but with somevivid description in it, and with a comparatively modern air. He alsowrote _Flyting_ (scolding) _betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart_, _pub. _1621, and other pieces. 

MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854). --Poet, _s. _ of a pastor and missionary ofthe Moravian Brethren, was _b. _ at Irvine, Ayrshire, and _ed. _ at theMoravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds. After various changes ofoccupation and abode, he settled in Sheffield in 1792 as clerk to anewspaper. In 1796 he had become ed. Of the _Sheffield Iris_, and wastwice imprisoned for political articles for which he was heldresponsible. In 1797 he _pub. _ _Prison Amusements_; but his first work toattract notice was _The Wanderer of Switzerland_ (1806). It was followedby _The West Indies_ (1809), _The World before the Flood_ (1812), _Greenland_ (1819), and _The Pelican Island_ (1828), all of which containpassages of considerable imaginative and descriptive power, but arelacking in strength and fire. He himself expected that his name wouldlive, if at all, in his hymns, and in this his judgment has proved true. Some of these, such as _For ever with the Lord_, _Hail to the Lord'sAnointed_, and _Prayer is the Soul's sincere Desire_, are sung whereverthe English language is spoken. M. Was a good and philanthropic man, theopponent of every form of injustice and oppression, and the friend ofevery movement for the welfare of the race. His virtues attained widerecognition. 

MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855). --Poet, a minister of the ScottishEpiscopal Church, wrote some ambitious religious poems, including _TheOmnipresence of the Deity_ and _Satan_, which were at first outrageouslypuffed, and had a wide circulation. Macaulay devoted an essay to thedemolition of the author's reputation, in which he completely succeeded. 

MOORE, EDWARD (1712-1757). --Fabulist and dramatist, _s. _ of a dissentingminister, was _b. _ at Abingdon. After being in business as alinen-draper, in which he was unsuccessful, he took to literature, andwrote a few plays, of which _The Gamester_ (1753) had a great vogue, andwas translated into various languages. He is best known by his _Fablesfor the Female Sex_ (1744), which rank next to those of Gay (_q. V. _). 

MOORE, JOHN (1729 or 1730-1802). --Physician and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ of an Episcopal minister, was _b. _ in Stirling. After studyingmedicine at Glasgow, he acted as a surgeon in the navy and the army, andultimately settled in Glasgow as a physician. In 1779 he _pub. _ _View ofManners and Society in France, Switzerland, and Germany_, which was wellreceived. A similar work, relating to Italy, followed in 1781. He is, however, chiefly remembered by his romance _Zeluco_ (1786?). One or twoother novels followed, and his last works are a _Journal during aResidence in France_ (1792), and _Causes and Progress of the FrenchRevolution_ (1795), the latter of which was used both by Scott andCarlyle. M. Was one of the friends of Burns, and was the _f. _ of Sir JohnM. , the hero of Corunna. 

MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852). --Poet, _b. _ in Dublin, _s. _ of a grocer andwine-merchant in a small way, was _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , after which hewent to London, and studied law at the Middle Temple, 1799. He took withhim a translation of _Anacreon_, which appeared, dedicated to the PrinceRegent, in 1800, was well received, and made a position for him. In thefollowing year appeared _Poems by Thomas Little_. In 1803 he received theappointment of Admiralty Registrar at Bermuda, and after visiting theisland and travelling in America, he committed his official duties to adeputy (an unfortunate step as it proved), and returned to England. Theliterary fruit of this journey was _Epistles, Odes, and other Poems_(1806). In 1807 M. Found his true poetic vocation in his_Irish-Melodies_--the music being furnished by Sir John Stevenson, whoadapted the national airs. The reception they met with was enthusiastic, and M. Was carried at once to the height of his reputation. Theycontinued to appear over a period of 25 years, and for each of the 130songs he received 100 guineas. His charming singing of these airs, andhis fascinating conversational and social powers made him sought after inthe highest circles. In 1815 there appeared _National Airs_ which, however, cannot be considered equal to the _Melodies_. After makingvarious unsuccessful attempts at serious satire, he hit upon a vein forwhich his light and brilliant wit eminently qualified him--the satiricaland pungent verses on men and topics of the day, afterwards _coll. _ in_The Twopenny Post Bag_, in which the Prince Regent especially wasmercilessly ridiculed, and about the same time appeared _Fables for theHoly Alliance_. In 1818 he produced the _Fudge Family in Paris_, writtenin that city, which then swarmed with "groups of ridiculous English. "_Lalla Rookh_, with its gorgeous descriptions of Eastern scenes andmanners, had appeared in the previous year with great applause. In 1818the great misfortune of his life occurred through the dishonesty of hisdeputy in Bermuda, which involved him in a loss of £6000, andnecessitated his going abroad. He travelled in Italy with Lord JohnRussell, and visited Byron. Thereafter he settled for a year or two inParis, where he wrote _The Loves of the Angels_ (1823). On the death ofByron his memoirs came into the hands of Moore, who, in the exercise of adiscretion committed to him, destroyed them. He afterwards wrote a _Lifeof Byron_ (1830), which gave rise to much criticism and controversy, andhe also ed. His works. His last imaginative work was _The Epicurean_(1827). Thereafter he confined himself almost entirely to prose, and_pub. _ Lives of Sheridan (1827), and Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831). Hislast work, written in failing health, was a _History of Ireland_ forLardner's _Cabinet Cyclopædia_, which had little merit. Few poets haveever enjoyed greater popularity with the public, or the friendship ofmore men distinguished in all departments of life. This latter waslargely owing to his brilliant social qualities, but his genuine andindependent character had also a large share in it. He left behind him amass of correspondence and autobiographical matter which he committed tohis friend Lord John (afterwards Earl) Russell for publication. Theyappeared in 8 vols. (1852-56). 

_Memoir, Journal, and Correspondence_, by Lord John Russell (1856). 

MORE, HANNAH (1745-1833). --Miscellaneous and religious writer, was one ofthe five daughters of a schoolmaster at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. Thefamily removed to Bristol, where Hannah began her literary efforts. Someearly dramas, including _The Search after Happiness_ and the _InflexibleCaptive_ brought her before the public, and she went to London in 1774, where, through her friend, Garrick, she was introduced to Johnson, Burke, and the rest of that circle, by whom she was highly esteemed. Afterpublishing some poems, now forgotten, and some dramas, she resolved todevote herself to efforts on behalf of social and religious amelioration, in which she was eminently successful, and exercised a wide and salutaryinfluence. Her works written in pursuance of these objects are toonumerous to mention. They included _Hints towards forming the Characterof a young Princess_ (1805), written at the request of the Queen for thebenefit of the Princess Charlotte, _Coelebs in search of a Wife_ (1809), and a series of short tales, the _Cheap Repository_, among which was thewell-known _Shepherd of Salisbury Plain_. This enterprise, which hadgreat success, led to the formation of the Religious Tract Society. Thesuccess of Miss M. 's literary labours enabled her to pass her later yearsin ease, and her sisters having also retired on a competency made byconducting a boarding-school in Bristol, the whole family resided on aproperty called Barley Grove, which they had purchased, where theycarried on with much success philanthropic and educational work among thepeople of the neighbouring district of Cheddar. Few persons have devotedtheir talents more assiduously to the well-being of theirfellow-creatures, or with a greater measure of success. 

MORE, HENRY (1614-1687). --Philosopher, _b. _ at Grantham, and _ed. _ atCamb. , took orders, but declined all preferment, including two deaneriesand a bishopric; and also various appointments in his Univ. , choosingrather a quiet life devoted to scholarship and philosophy, especially thestudy of writings of Plato and his followers. He led a life of singularpurity and religious devotion, tinged with mysticism, and his writingshad much popularity and influence in their day. Among them may bementioned _Psychozoia Platonica_ (1642), _repub. _ (1647) as_Philosophicall Poems_, _Divine Dialogues_ (prose) (1668), _The Mysteryof Godliness_, and _The Mystery of Iniquity_. His life was written by hisfriend Richard Ward. 

MORE, SIR THOMAS (1478-1535). --Historical and political writer, _s. _ ofSir John M. , a Justice of the King's Bench, was _b. _ in London. In his16th year he was placed in the household of Morton, Archbishop ofCanterbury, who was wont to say, "This child here waiting at the table... Will prove a marvellous man. " In 1497 he went to Oxf. , where hebecame the friend of Erasmus and others, and came in contact with the newlearning. He studied law at New Inn and Lincoln's Inn, and for some timethought of entering the Church. He was, however, in 1504 sent up toParliament, where his powerful speaking gained for him a high place. Meanwhile, he had brilliant success in the Law Courts, and was introducedby Wolsey to Henry VIII. , with whom he soon rose into high favour. Hebecame Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Speaker of the House ofCommons, 1523, and was sent on missions to Charles V. And Francis I. Atlength, on the fall of Wolsey, M. Was, much against his will, appointedLord Chancellor, an office which he filled with singular purity andsuccess, though he was harsh in his dealings with persons accused ofheresy. But differences with the King soon arose. M. Disapproved ofHenry's ecclesiastical policy, as well as of his proceedings in regard tothe Queen, and in 1532 he resigned his office. In 1534 he refused theoath which pledged him to approval of the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn, and for this he was imprisoned in the Tower, and on July 7, 1535, beheaded. His body was buried in St. Peter's in the Tower, and his headexhibited on London Bridge, whence it was taken down and preserved by his_dau. _, the noble Margaret Roper. All Catholic Europe was shocked at thenews of what was truly a judicial murder. Among his works are a Life of_Picus, Earl of Mirandula_ (1510), and a _History of Richard III. _, written about 1513. His great work, _Utopia_, was written in Latin in twobooks--the second 1515, and the first 1516. It had immediate popularity, and was translated into French 1530, English 1551, German 1524, Italian1548, and Spanish 1790. It gives an account of an imaginary island andpeople, under cover of which it describes the social and politicalcondition of England, with suggested remedies for abuses. The opinions onreligion and politics expressed in it are not, however, always those bywhich he was himself guided. M. Wrote many works of controversy, amongwhich are _Dyaloge concerning Heresies_, also epigrams and dialogues inLatin. His pure and religious character, his sweet temper, his wit, hisconstancy and fortitude under misfortune combine to render him one of themost attractive and admirable figures in English history. 

_Life_ by W. Roper (son-in-law), Lord Campbell, _Lives of Chancellors, Utopia_ was translated by Robinson (1551, etc. ), Bishop Burnet (1684, etc. ), and ed. By Lupton (1895), and Michelis (1896). 

MORGAN, LADY (SYDNEY OWENSON) (1780?-1859). --Novelist, _dau. _ of RobertOwenson, an actor, was the author of several vivacious Irish tales, including _The Wild Irish Girl_ (1806), _O'Donnel_ (1814), and _TheO'Briens and the O'Flaherties_ (1827); also two books on society inFrance and in Italy characterised by "more vivacity and point thandelicacy, " and a Life of Salvator Rosa. 

MORIER, JAMES JUSTINIAN (1780?-1849). --Traveller and novelist, _s. _ ofIsaac M. , descended from a Huguenot family resident at Smyrna, where hewas _b. _, was _ed. _ at Harrow. Returning to the East he became in 1809Sec. Of Legation in Persia. He wrote accounts of travels in Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor; also novels, in which he exhibits a marvellousfamiliarity with Oriental manners and modes of thought. The chief ofthese are _The Adventures of Hajji Baba_ (1824), and _Hajji Baba inEngland_ (1828), _Zohrab the Hostage_ (1832), _Ayesha_ (1834), and _TheMirza_ (1841). All these works are full of brilliant description, character-painting, and delicate satire. 

MORISON, JAMES COTTER (1832-1888). --Was _ed. _ at Oxf. He wrote _Lives ofGibbon_ (1878), and _Macaulay_ (1882); but his best work was his _Life ofSt. Bernard_ (1863). _The Service of Man_ (1887) is written from aPositivist point of view. 

MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894). --Writer on English literature, _s. _ of anapothecary, was _b. _ in London, _ed. _ at a Moravian school in Germany, and at King's Coll. , London, and after practising medicine and keepingschools at various places, went in 1850 to London, and adopted literatureas his profession. He wrote in periodicals, and from 1859-64 ed. The_Examiner_. From 1865-89 he was Prof. Of English Literature at Univ. Coll. He was the author of various biographies, including Lives of_Palissy_, _Cornelius Agrippa_, and _Clement Marot_. His principal work, however, was _English Writers_ (10 vols. 1864-94), coming down toShakespeare. His _First Sketch of English Literature_--the study for thelarger work--had reached at his death a circulation of 34, 000 copies. 

MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833-1907). --Poet, _b. _ at Penrhyn, Carnarvonshire, and _ed. _ at Sherborne and Oxf. , was called to the Bar, and practised asa conveyancer until 1880, after which he devoted himself to the promotionof higher education in Wales, and became honorary sec. And treasurer ofthe New Welsh Univ. In 1871 he _pub. _ _Songs of Two Worlds_, which showedthe influence of Tennyson, and was well received, though rather by thewider public than by more critical circles. It was followed in 1876-77 by_The Epic of Hades_, which had extraordinary popularity, and which, though exhibiting undeniable talent both in versification and narrativepower, lacked the qualities of the higher kinds of poetry. It deals in amodern spirit with the Greek myths and legends. Other works are _A Visionof Saints_, _Gwen_, _The Ode of Life_, and _Gycia_, a tragedy. 

MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896). --Poet, artist, and socialist, _b. _ atWalthamstow, and _ed. _ at Marlborough School and Oxf. After beingarticled as an architect he was for some years a painter, and then joinedin founding the manufacturing and decorating firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. , in which Rossetti, Burne-Jones, and other artists werepartners. By this and other means he did much to influence the publictaste in furnishing and decoration. He was one of the originators of the_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, to which he contributed poems, tales, and essays, and in 1858 he _pub. _ _Defence of Guenevere and other Poems_. _The Life and Death of Jason_ followed in 1867, _The Earthly Paradise_ in1868-70, and _Love is Enough_ in 1875. In the last mentioned year he madea translation in verse of Virgil's _Æneid_. Travels in Iceland led to thewriting of _Three Northern Love Stories_, and the epic of _Sigurd theVolsung_ (1876). His translation of the _Odyssey_ in verse appeared 1887. A series of prose romances began with _The House of the Wolfings_ (1889), and included _The Roots of the Mountains_, _Story of the GlitteringPlain_, _The Wood beyond the World_, _The Well at the World's End_(1896), and posthumously _The Water of the Wondrous Isles_, and _Story ofthe Sundering Flood_. In addition to poems and tales M. Produced variousilluminated manuscripts, including two of Fitzgerald's _Omar Khayyam_, and many controversial writings, among which are tales and tracts inadvocacy of Socialism. To this class belong the _Dream of John Ball_(1888), and _News from Nowhere_ (1891). In 1890 M. Started the KelmscottPress, for which he designed type and decorations. For his subjects as awriter he drew upon classic and Gothic models alike. He may perhaps beregarded as the chief of the modern romantic school, inspired by the loveof beauty for its own sake; his poetry is rich and musical, and he has apower of description which makes his pictures live and glow, but hisnarratives sometimes suffer from length and slowness of movement. 

_Life_ by J. W. Mackail (2 vols. , 1899), _The Books of W. Morris_, Forman, etc. 

MORTON, THOMAS (1764-1838). --Dramatist, _b. _ in Durham, came to London tostudy law, which he discarded in favour of play-writing. He wrote about25 plays, of which several had great popularity. In one of them, _Speedthe Plough_, he introduced Mrs. Grundy to the British public. 

MOTHERWELL, WILLIAM (1797-1835). --Poet, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Glasgow, heheld the office of depute sheriff-clerk at Paisley, at the same timecontributing poetry to various periodicals. He had also antiquariantastes, and a deep knowledge of the early history of Scottish balladliterature, which he turned to account in _Minstrelsy, Ancient andModern_ (1827), a collection of Scottish ballads with an historicalintroduction. In 1830 he became ed. Of the _Glasgow Courier_, and in 1832he _coll. _ and _pub. _ his poems. He also joined Hogg in ed. The Works ofBurns. 

MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814-1877). --Historian, _b. _ at Dorchester, asuburb of Boston, Massachusetts, was _ed. _ at Harvard, where O. W. Holmes(_q. V. _), afterwards his biographer, was a fellow-student. Aftergraduating he went to Europe, studied at Göttingen and Berlin, andvisited Italy. On his return he studied law, and was admitted to the Barin 1837. He did not, however, practise, and was in 1840 sent to St. Petersburg as Sec. Of Legation. Meanwhile, having _pub. _ two novels, _Morton's Hope_ and _Merry Mount_, which had little success, he turned tohistory, and attracted attention by some essays in various reviews. Having decided to write an historical work on Holland, he proceeded in1851 to Europe to collect materials, and in 1856 _pub. _ _The Rise of theDutch Republic_. It was received with the highest approval by suchcritics as Froude and Prescott, and at once took its place as a standardwork. It was followed in 1860 by the first two vols. Of _The UnitedNetherlands_. The following year M. Was appointed Minister at Vienna, andin 1869 at London. His latest works were a _Life of Barneveldt_, theDutch statesman, and _A View of ... The Thirty Years' War_. M. Holds ahigh place among historical writers both on account of his research andaccuracy, and his vivid and dramatic style, which shows the influence ofCarlyle. 

MOULTRIE, JOHN (1799-1874). --Poet, _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , took ordersand was Rector of Rugby. He wrote several books of poetry, his best knownpieces are _My Brother's Grave_, and _Godiva_. 

MULOCK, DINAH MARIA (MRS. CRAIK) (1826-1887). --Novelist, _dau. _ of aNonconformist minister of Irish descent. Beginning with stories forchildren, she developed into a prolific and popular novelist. Her bestand most widely known book is _John Halifax, Gentleman_ (1857), which hada wide popularity, and was translated into several languages. Others are_The Head of the Family_, _Agatha's Husband_, _A Life for a Life_, and_Mistress and Maid_. She also wrote one or two vols. Of essays. 

MUNDAY, ANTHONY (1553-1633). --Dramatist, poet, and pamphleteer, _s. _ of adraper in London, appears to have had a somewhat chequered career. Hewent to Rome in 1578, and _pub. _ _The Englyshe Romayne Life_, in which hegives descriptions of rites and other matters fitted to excite Protestantfeeling; and he appears to have acted practically as a spy upon RomanCatholics. He had a hand in 18 plays, of which four only are extant, including two on _Robert, Earl of Huntingdon_ (_Robin Hood_) (1598), andone on the _Life of Sir John Oldcastle_. He was ridiculed by Ben Jonsonin _The Case is Altered_. He was also a ballad-writer, but nothing of hisin this kind survives, unless _Beauty sat bathing in a Spring_ becorrectly attributed to him. He also wrote city pageants, and translatedpopular romances, including _Palladino of England_, and _Amadis ofGaule_. He was made by Stow the antiquary (_q. V. _) his literary executor, and _pub. _ his _Survey of London_ (1618). 

MURE, WILLIAM (1799-1860). --Scholar, laird of Caldwell, Ayrshire, _ed. _at Westminster, Edin. , and Bonn, sat in Parliament for Renfrewshire1846-55. He was a sound classical scholar, and _pub. _ _A Critical Historyof the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece_ (5 vols. , 1850-57). Heheld the view that the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ are now substantially asthey were originally composed. M. Was Lord Rector of Glasgow Univ. 1847-48. 

MURPHY, ARTHUR (1727-1805). --Actor and dramatist, _b. _ in Ireland, and_ed. _ at St. Omer, went on the stage, then studied for the Bar, to whichhe was ultimately admitted after some demur on account of his connectionwith the stage. His plays were nearly all adaptations. They include _TheApprentice_ (1756), _The Spouter_, and _The Upholsterer_. He also wrotean essay on Dr. Johnson, and a Life of Garrick. 

MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745-1826). --Grammarian, was _b. _ in Pennsylvania, andpractised as a lawyer. From 1785 he lived in England, near York, and wasfor his last 16 years confined to the house. His _English Grammar_ (1795)was long a standard work, and his main claim to a place in literature. His other writings were chiefly religious. 

MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901). --Poet and essayist, _s. _ of aclergyman, was _b. _ at Keswick, and _ed. _ at Cheltenham and Camb. Hebecame an inspector of schools, and was the author of several vols. Ofpoetry, including _St. Paul_ (1867). He also wrote _Essays Classical andModern_, and Lives of Wordsworth and Shelley. Becoming interested inmesmerism and spiritualism he aided in founding the Society for PsychicalResearch, and was joint author of _Phantasms of the Living_. His lastwork was _Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death_ (1903). 

NABBES, THOMAS (_fl. _ 1638). --Dramatist, was at Oxf. In 1621. He lived inLondon, and wrote comedies, satirising bourgeois society. He was mostsuccessful in writing masques, among which are _Spring's Glory_ and_Microcosmus_. He also wrote a continuation of Richard Knolles' _Historyof the Turks_. 

NAIRNE, CAROLINA (OLIPHANT), BARONESS (1766-1845). --_B. _ at the House ofGask ("the auld house"), _m. _ in 1806 her second cousin, Major Nairne, who on reversal of attainder became 5th Lord Nairne. On his death, afterresiding in various places in England, Ireland, and on the Continent, shesettled at the new house of Gask (the old one having been pulled down in1801). Of her songs--87 in number--many first appeared anonymously in_The Scottish Minstrel_ (1821-24); a collected ed. With her name, underthe title of _Lays' from Strathearn_, was _pub. _ after her death. Although the songs, some of which were founded on older compositions, hadfrom the first an extraordinary popularity, the authoress maintained astrict anonymity during her life. For direct simplicity and poeticfeeling Lady N. Perhaps comes nearer than any other Scottish song-writerto Burns, and many of her lyrics are enshrined in the hearts of herfellow-countrymen. Among the best of them are _The Land of the Leal_(1798), _Caller Herrin'_, _The Laird o' Cockpen_, _The Auld House_, _TheRowan Tree_, _The Hundred Pipers_, and _Will ye no come back Again?_ TheJacobitism of some of these and many others was, of course, purelysentimental and poetical, like that of Scott. She was a truly religiousand benevolent character, and the same modesty which concealed herauthorship withdrew from public knowledge her many deeds of charity. 

NAPIER, MARK (1798-1879). --Historian, _s. _ of a lawyer in Edinburgh, wascalled to the Bar, practised as an advocate, and was made Sheriff ofDumfries and Galloway. He _pub. _ Memoirs of the Napiers, of Montrose, andof Graham of Claverhouse, the last of which gave rise to muchcontroversy. N. Wrote from a strongly Cavalier and Jacobite standpoint, and had remarkably little of the judicial spirit in his methods. Hiswritings, however, have some historical value. 

NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860). --was one of the sons ofCol. The Hon. George N. And Lady Sarah Lennox, _dau. _ of the 2nd Duke ofRichmond, and the object of a romantic attachment on the part of GeorgeIII. One of his brothers was Sir Charles N. , the conqueror of Scinde. Entering the army at 15, he served with great distinction in thePeninsula under Moore and Wellington. His experiences as a witness andparticipator in the stupendous events of the war combined with thepossession of remarkable acumen and a brilliant style to qualify him forthe great work of his life as its historian. _The History of the War inthe Peninsula and in the South of France from 1807-14_ (1828-40) at oncetook rank as a classic, and superseded all existing works on the subject. Though not free from prejudice and consequent bias, it remains amasterpiece of historical writing, especially in the description ofmilitary operations. It was translated into French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Persian. N. Also _pub. _ _The Conquest of Scinde_ (1844-46), mainly a defence of his brother Charles, whose life he subsequentlywrote. He became K. C. B. In 1848, and General 1859. 

NASH, THOMAS (1567-1601). --Satirist, etc. , _b. _ at Lowestoft, _ed. _ atCamb. A reckless life kept him in perpetual poverty, and a bitter andsarcastic tongue lost him friends and patrons. He cherished an undyinghatred for the Puritans, and specially for Gabriel Hervey, with whom hemaintained a lifelong controversy, and against whose attacks he defendedRobert Greene (_q. V. _). Among his writings are _Anatomy of Absurdities_(1589), _Have with you to Saffron Walden_, and _Pierce Pennilesse, hisSupplication to the Divell_ (1592), all against the Puritans. In_Summer's_ (a jester of Henry VIII. ) _Last Will and Testament_ occurs thewell-known song, "Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant King. "_Christ's Tears over Jerusalem_ (1593) may have indicated some movementtowards repentance. Another work in a totally different style, _TheUnfortunate Traveller, or the Life of Jack Wilton_ (1594), a wild tale, may be regarded as the pioneer of the novel of adventure. It had, however, so little success that the author never returned to this kind offiction. A comedy, _The Isle of Dogs_ (now lost), adverted so pointedlyto abuses in the state that it led to his imprisonment. His last work was_Lenten Stuffe_ (1599), a burlesque panegyric on Yarmouth and its redherrings. N. 's verse is usually hard and monotonous, but he was a man ofvaried culture and great ability. 

NAYLER, JAMES (1617?-1660). --Quaker theologian, _s. _ of a Yorkshireyeoman, who, after serving in the Parliamentary army, joined the Quakersin 1651, became one of Foxe's most trusted helpers, and exercised apowerful influence. By some of the more enthusiastic devotees of the secthe was honoured with such blasphemous titles as "the Lamb of God, " which, however, he did not arrogate to himself, but asserted that they wereascribed to "Christ in him. " He was found guilty of blasphemy, pilloried, whipped, and branded, and cast into prison, from which he was notreleased until after the death of Cromwell, when he made publicconfession and resumed preaching. He was the author of a number of shortworks both devotional and controversial. He ranks high among the Quakersfor eloquence, insight, and depth of thought. 

NEAL, JOHN (1793-1876). --Novelist and poet, _b. _ at Portland, Maine, wasself-educated, kept a dry goods store, and was afterwards a lawyer. Hewrote several novels, which show considerable native power, but littleart, and are now almost forgotten. Among those which show the influenceof Byron and Godwin are _Keep Cool_ (1818), _Logan_ (1822), and_Seventy-six_ (1823). His poems have the same features of vigour and wantof finish. In 1823 he visited England, and became known to JeremyBentham. He contributed some articles on American subjects to_Blackwood's Magazine_. 

NEAVES, CHARLES, LORD (1800-1876). --Miscellaneous author, _b. _ and _ed. _in Edinburgh, was called to the Bar, and became a judge. He was afrequent contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_. His verses, witty andsatirical, were _coll. _ as _Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific_. Hewrote also on philology, and _pub. _ a book on the Greek Anthology. 

NECKHAM, ALEXANDER (1157-1217). --Scholar, _b. _ at St. Albans, wasfoster-brother to Richard Coeur de Lion. He went to Paris in 1180, wherehe became a distinguished teacher. Returning, to England in 1186 hebecame an Augustinian Canon, and in 1213 Abbot of Cirencester. He is oneof our earliest men of learning, and wrote a scientific work in Latinverse. _De Naturis Rerum_ (_c. _ 1180-94) in 10 books. Other works are _DeLaudibus Divinæ Sapientiæ_ (in Praise of the Divine Wisdom), and _DeContemptu Mundi_ (on Despising the World), and some grammaticaltreatises. 

NEWCASTLE, MARGARET, DUCHESS of (1624?-1674). --_Dau. _ of Sir ThomasLucas, and a maid of honour to Queen Henrietta. Maria, _m. _ in 1645 the1st Duke of Newcastle (then Marquis), whom she regarded in adversity andprosperity with a singular and almost fantastic devotion, which was fullyreciprocated. The noble pair collaborated (the Duchess contributing byfar the larger share) in their literary ventures, which filled 12 vols. , and consisted chiefly of dramas (now almost unreadable), andphilosophical exercitations which, amid prevailing rubbish, contain someweighty sayings. One of her poems, _The Pastimes and Recreations of theQueen of Fairies in Fairyland_ has some good lines. Her Life of herhusband, in which she rates him above Julius Cæsar, was said by Lamb tobe "a jewel for which no casket was good enough. "

NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-1897). --Scholar and theological writer, brother of Cardinal N. , _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Oxf. After spendingthree years in the East, he became successively classical tutor inBristol Coll. , Professor of Classical Literature in Manchester New Coll. (1840), and of Latin in Univ. Coll. , London, 1846-63. Both brought upunder evangelical influences, the two brothers moved from that standpointin diametrically opposite directions, Francis through eclecticism towardsscepticism. His writings include a _History of the Hebrew Monarchy_(1847), _The Soul_ (1849), and his most famous book, _Phases of Faith_(1850), a theological autobiography corresponding to his brother's_Apologia_, the publication of which led to much controversy, and to theappearance of Henry Rogers' _Eclipse of Faith_. He also _pub. __Miscellanea_ in 4 vols. , a Dictionary of modern Arabic, and somemathematical treatises. He was a vegetarian, a total abstainer, and enemyof tobacco, vaccination, and vivisection. Memoir by I. G. Sieveking, 1909. 

NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-1890). --Theologian, _s. _ of a London banker, andbrother of the above, was _ed. _ at Ealing and Trinity Coll. , Oxf. , wherehe was the intimate friend of Pusey and Hurrell Froude. Taking orders hewas successively curate of St. Clement's 1824, and Vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford, 1828. He was also Vice-principal of Alban Hall, where he assistedWhately, the Principal, in his _Logic_. In 1830 he definitely broke withthe evangelicalism in which he had been brought up; and in 1832, accompanied by H. Froude, went to the South of Europe, and visited Rome. During this lengthened tour he wrote most of his short poems, including"Lead Kindly Light, " which were _pub. _ 1834 as _Lyra Apostolica_. On hisreturn he joined with Pusey, Keble, and others in initiating theTractarian movement, and contributed some of the more important tracts, including the fateful No. Xc. , the publication of which brought about acrisis in the movement which, after two years of hesitation and mentaland spiritual conflict, led to the resignation by N. Of his benefice. In1842 he retired to Littlemore, and after a period of prayer, fasting, andseclusion, was in 1845 received into the Roman Catholic Church. In thefollowing year he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest and madeD. D. , and returning to England he established the oratory in Birminghamin 1847, and that in London in 1850. A controversy with C. Kingsley, whohad written that N. "did not consider truth a necessary virtue, " led tothe publication of his _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864), one of the mostremarkable books of religious autobiography ever written. N. 's lateryears were passed at the oratory at Birmingham. In 1879 he was summonedto Rome and _cr. _ Cardinal of St. George in Velabro. Besides the worksabove mentioned he wrote, among others, _The Arians of the FourthCentury_ (1833), _Twelve Lectures_ (1850), _Lectures on the PresentPosition of Catholics_ (1851), _Idea of a University_, _Romanism andPopular Protestantism_, _Disquisition on the Canon of Scripture_, and hispoem, _The Dream of Gerontius_. Possessed of one of the most keen andsubtle intellects of his age, N. Was also master of a style of marvellousbeauty and power. To many minds, however, his subtlety not seldomappeared to pass into sophistry; and his attitude to schools of thoughtwidely differing from his own was sometimes harsh and unsympathetic. Onthe other hand he was able to exercise a remarkable influence over menecclesiastically, and in some respects religiously, most strongly opposedto him. His sermons place him in the first rank of English preachers. 

_Lives_ or books about him by R. H. Hutton, E. A. Abbott. _Works_ (36vols. , 1868-81), _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864), etc. 

NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727). --Natural philosopher, _b. _ at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, the _s. _ of a small landed proprietor, and _ed. _ at theGrammar School of Grantham and at Trinity Coll. , Camb. By propounding thebinomial theorem, the differential calculus, and the integral calculus, he began in 1665 the wonderful series of discoveries in pure mathematics, optics, and physics, which place him in the first rank of thephilosophers of all time. He was elected Lucasian Prof. Of Mathematics atCamb. In 1669, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1672, over which bodyhe presided for 25 years from 1703. In the same year his new theory offlight was _pub. _ in a paper before the society. His epoch-makingdiscovery of the law of universal gravitation was not promulgated until1687, though the first glimpse of it had come to him so early as 1665. The discovery of fluxions, which he claimed, was contested by Leibnitz, and led to a long and bitter controversy between the two philosophers. Hetwice sat in Parliament for his Univ. , and was Master of the Mint from1699, in which capacity he presented reports on the coinage. He wasknighted in 1705, and _d. _ at Kensington in 1727. For a short time, afteran unfortunate accident by which a number of invaluable manuscripts wereburned, he suffered from some mental aberration. His writings fall intotwo classes, scientific and theological. In the first are included hisfamous treatises, _Light and Colours_ (1672), _Optics_ (1704), the_Principia_ (1687), in Latin, its full title being _Philosophiæ NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica_. In the second are his _Observations upon theProphecies of Holy Writ_ and _An Historical Account of Two NotableCorruptions of Scripture_. In character N. Was remarkable for simplicity, humility, and gentleness, with a great distaste for controversy, inwhich, nevertheless, he was repeatedly involved. _Life_ by Sir D. Brewster, second ed. , 1855, etc. 

NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807). --Divine and hymn-writer, _s. _ of a shipmaster, was _b. _ in London, and for many years led a varied and adventurous lifeat sea, part of the time on board a man-of-war and part as captain of aslaver. In 1748 he came under strong religious convictions, and afteracting as a tide-waiter at Liverpool for a few years, he applied fororders in 1758, and was ordained curate of Olney in 1764. Here he becamethe intimate and sympathetic friend of Cowper, in conjunction with whomhe produced the _Olney Hymns_. In 1779 he was translated to the Rectoryof St. Mary, Woolnoth, London, where he had great popularity andinfluence, and wrote many religious works, including _Cardiphonia_, and_Remarkable Passages in his Own Life_. He lives, however, in his hymns, among which are some of the best and most widely known in the language, such as _In evil long I took delight_, _Glorious things of Thee areSpoken_, _How Sweet the Name of Jesus sounds_, and many others. In hislatter years N. Was blind. 

NICHOL, JOHN (1833-1894). --Poet and biographer, _s. _ of John P. N. , Prof. Of Astronomy in Glasgow, _ed. _ at Glasgow and Oxf. , and held the chair ofEnglish Literature in Glasgow, 1862-1889. Among his writings are_Hannibal_ (1873), a drama, _Death of Themistocles and other Poems_(1881), _Fragments of Criticism_, and _American Literature_; also Livesof Bacon, Burns, Carlyle, and Byron. 

NOEL, HON. RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894). --Poet, _s. _, of the1st Earl of Gainsborough, was _ed. _ at Camb. He wrote _Behind the Veil_(1863), _The Red Flag_ (1872), _Songs of the Heights and Deeps_ (1885), and _Essays_ on various poets, also a Life of Byron. 

NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711). --Philosopher and poet, _ed. _ at Oxf. , tookorders, and lived a quiet and placid life as a country parson andthinker. In philosophy he was a Platonist and mystic, and was an earlyopponent of Locke. His poetry, with occasional fine thoughts, is full offar-fetched metaphors and conceits, and is not seldom dull and prosaic. From 1692 he held G. Herbert's benefice of Bemerton. Among his 23 worksare _An Idea of Happiness_ (1683), _Miscellanies_ (1687), _Theory andRegulation of Love_ (1688), _Theory of the Ideal and Intelligible World_(1701-4), and a _Discourse concerning the Immortality of the Soul_(1708). 

NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-1601?). --Translator, 2nd _s. _ of the 1st LordN. , may have studied at Camb. He entered Lincoln's Inn 1557, but gavemore attention to literature than to law. He is best known by histranslation of _Plutarch_, from the French of Amyot, in fine, forcible, idiomatic English, which was the repertory from which Shakespeare drewhis knowledge of ancient history: in _Antony and Cleopatra_ and_Coriolanus_ North's language is often closely followed. Anothertranslation was from an Italian version of an Arabic book of fables, andbore the title of _The Morale Philosophie of Doni_. 

NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (SHERIDAN) (1808-1877). --Grand-daughterof Richard Brinsley S. (_q. V. _), _m. _ in 1827 the Hon. G. C. Norton, aunion which turned out most unhappy, and ended in a separation. Her firstbook, _The Sorrows of Rosalie_ (1829), was well received. _The UndyingOne_ (1830), a romance founded upon the legend of the Wandering Jew, followed, and other novels were _Stuart of Dunleath_ (1851), _Lost andSaved_ (1863), and _Old Sir Douglas_ (1867). The unhappiness of hermarried life led her to interest herself in the amelioration of the lawsregarding the social condition and the separate property of women and thewrongs of children, and her poems, _A Voice from the Factories_ (1836), and _The Child of the Islands_ (1845), had as an object the furtheranceof her views on these subjects. Her efforts were largely successful inbringing about the needed legislation. In 1877 Mrs. N. _m. _ Sir W. Stirling Maxwell (_q. V. _). 

NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT, LL. D. , D. C. L. , etc. (1827-1909). --Americanbiographer and critic. _Church Building in the Middle Ages_ (1876), translation of the _New Life_ (1867), and _The Divine Comedy_ of Dante(1891); has ed. _Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson_ (1883), _Carlyle's Letters and Reminiscences_ (1887), etc. 

OCCAM or OCKHAM, WILLIAM (1270?-1349?). --Schoolman, _b. _ at Ockham, Surrey, studied at Oxf. And Paris, and became a Franciscan. As aschoolman he was a Nominalist and received the title of the InvincibleDoctor. He attacked the abuses of the Church, and was imprisoned atAvignon, but escaped and spent the latter part of his life at Munich, maintaining to the last his controversies with the Church, and with theRealists. He was a man of solid understanding and sense, and a masterlylogician. His writings, which are of course all in Latin, deal with theAristotelean philosophy, theology, and specially under the latter withthe errors of Pope John XXII. , who was his _bête-noir_. 

OCCLEVE, (_see_ HOCCLEVE). 

OCKLEY, SIMON (1678-1720). --Orientalist, _b. _ at Exeter, and _ed. _ atCamb. , became the greatest Orientalist of his day, and was made in 1711Prof. Of Arabic in his Univ. His chief work is the _Conquest of Syria, Persia, and Egypt by the Saracens_ (3 vols. , 1708-57), which was largelyused by Gibbon. The original documents upon which it is founded are nowregarded as of doubtful authority. O. Was a clergyman of the Church ofEngland. 

O'KEEFFE, JOHN (1747-1833). --Dramatist, wrote a number of farces andamusing dramatic pieces, many of which had great success. Among these are_Tony Lumpkin in Town_ (1778), _Wild Oats_, and _Love in a Camp_. Some ofhis songs set to music by Arnold and Shield, such as _I am a Friar ofOrders Grey_, and _The Thorn_, are still popular. He was blind in hislater years. 

OLDHAM, JOHN (1653-1683). --Satirist and translator, _s. _ of aNonconformist minister, was at Oxf. , and was the friend of most of theliterary men of his time, by whom his early death from smallpox wasbewailed. He made clever adaptations of the classical satirists, wrote anironical _Satire against Virtue_, and four severe satires against theJesuits. He is cynical to the verge of misanthropy, but independent andmanly. 

OLDMIXON, JOHN (1673-1742). --Historical and miscellaneous writer, belonged to an old Somersetshire family, wrote some, now forgotten, dramas and poems which, along with an essay on criticism, in which heattacked Addison, Swift, and Pope, earned for him a place in _TheDunciad_. He was also the author of _The British Empire in America_(1708), _Secret History of Europe_ (against the Stuarts), and in his_Critical History_ (1724-26) attacked Clarendon's _History of theRebellion_. All these works are partisan in their tone. O. Was one of themost prolific pamphleteers of his day. 

OLDYS, WILLIAM (1696-1761). --Antiquary, wrote a Life of Sir W. Raleighprefixed to an ed. Of his works (1736), a _Dissertation on Pamphlets_(1731), and was joint ed. With Dr. Johnson of the _Harleian Miscellany_. He amassed many interesting facts in literary history, the fruits ofdiligent, though obscure, industry. The only poem of his that still livesis the beautiful little anacreontic beginning "Busy, curious, thirstyFly. " O. Held the office of Norroy-King-at-Arms. He produced in 1737 _TheBritish Librarian_, a valuable work left unfinished. 

OLIPHANT, LAURENCE (1829-1888). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _of Sir Anthony O. , Chief Justice of Ceylon. The first 38 years of hislife were spent in desultory study, travel, and adventure, varied byoccasional diplomatic employment. His travels included, besidesContinental countries, the shores of the Black Sea, Circassia, where hewas _Times_ correspondent, America, China, and Japan. He was in theCrimean War, Indian Mutiny, Chinese War, the military operations ofGaribaldi, and the Polish insurrection, and served as private sec. ToLord Elgin in Washington, Canada, and China, and as Sec. Of Legation inJapan. In 1865 he entered Parliament, and gave promise of politicaleminence, when in 1867 he came under the influence of Thomas L. Harris, an American mystic of questionable character, went with him to America, and joined the Brotherhood of the New Life. In 1870-71 he wascorrespondent for the _Times_ in the Franco-German War. Ultimately hebroke away from the influence of Harris and went to Palestine, where hefounded a community of Jewish immigrants at Haifa. After revisitingAmerica he returned to England, but immediately fell ill and _d. _ atTwickenham. O. Was a voluminous and versatile author, publishing booksof travel, novels, and works on mysticism. The most important are asfollows: _The Russian Shores of the Black Sea_ (1853), _Minnesota and theFar West_ (1855), _The Transcaucasian Campaign_ (1856), _Patriots andFillibusters_ (adventures in Southern States) (1860), _Narrative of aMission to China and Japan_ (1857-59), _The Land of Gilead_ (1880), _Piccadilly_ (1870), and _Altiora Peto_ (1883) (novels), and _ScientificReligion_. 

OLIPHANT, MRS. MARGARET OLIPHANT (WILSON) (1828-1897). --Novelist andmiscellaneous writer, was _b. _ near Musselburgh. Her literary outputbegan when she was little more than a girl, and was continued almost upto the end of her life. Her first novel, _Mrs. Margaret Maitland_, appeared in 1849, and its humour, pathos, and insight into character gavethe author an immediate position in literature. It was followed by anendless succession, of which the best were the series of _The Chroniclesof Carlingford_ (1861-65), including _Salem Chapel_, _The PerpetualCurate_, and _Miss Marjoribanks_, all of which, as well as much of herother work, appeared in _Blackwood's Magazine_, with which she had alifelong connection. Others of some note were _The Primrose Path_, _Madonna Mary_ (1866), _The Wizard's Son_, and _A Beleaguered City_. Shedid not, however, confine herself to fiction, but wrote many books ofhistory and biography, including _Sketches of the Reign of George II. _(1869), _The Makers of Florence_ (1876), _Literary History of England_1790-1825, _Royal Edinburgh_ (1890), and Lives of _St. Francis ofAssisi_, _Edward Irving_, and _Principal Tulloch_. Her generosity insupporting and educating the family of a brother as well as her own twosons rendered necessary a rate of production which was fatal to thepermanence of her work. She was negligent as to style, and often wrote onsubjects to which her intellectual equipment and knowledge did not enableher to do proper justice. She had, however, considerable power ofpainting character, and a vein of humour, and showed untiring industry ingetting up her subjects. 

OPIE, MRS. AMELIA (ALDERSON) (1769-1853). --Novelist, _dau. _ of a medicalman, was _b. _ at Norwich. In 1798 she _m. _ John Opie, the painter. Herfirst acknowledged work was _Father and Daughter_ (1801), which had afavourable reception, and was followed by _Adeline Mowbray_ (1804), _Temper_ (1812), _Tales from Real Life_ (1813), and others, all havingthe same aim of developing the virtuous affections, the same merit ofnatural and vivid painting of character and passions, and the same faultof a too great preponderance of the pathetic. They were soon supersededby the more powerful genius of Scott and Miss Edgeworth. In 1825 shebecame a Quaker. After this she wrote _Illustrations of Lying_ (1825), and _Detraction Displayed_ (1828). Her later years, which were singularlycheerful, were largely devoted to philanthropic interests. 

ORDERICUS VITALIS (1075-1143?). --Chronicler, _b. _ near Shrewsbury, was inchildhood put into the monastery of St. Evroult, in Normandy, where therest of his life was passed. He is the author of a chronicle, _Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy_ (_c. _ 1142) in 13 books. Those from the seventh to the thirteenth are invaluable as giving atrustworthy, though not very clear, record of contemporary events inEngland and Normandy. It was translated into English in 1853-55. 

ORM, or ORMIN (_fl. _ 1200). --Was an Augustinian canon of Mercia, whowrote the _Ormulum_ in transition English. It is a kind of mediæval_Christian Year_, containing a metrical portion of the Gospel for eachday, followed by a metrical homily, largely borrowed from Ælfric andBede. Its title is thus accounted for, "This boc iss nemmed the_Ormulum_, forthi that Orm it wrohhte. "

ORME, ROBERT (1728-1801). --Historian, _s. _ of an Indian army doctor, _b. _at Travancore, and after being at Harrow, entered the service of the EastIndia Company. Owing to failure of health he had to return home in 1760, and then wrote his _History of the Military Transactions of the BritishNation in Indostan from 1745_ (1763-78), a well-written and accuratework, showing great research. He also _pub. _ _Historical Fragments of theMogul Empire, the Morattoes and English Concerns in Indostan from 1659_(1782). His collections relating to India are preserved at the IndiaOffice. 

ORRERY, ROGER BOYLE, 1ST EARL of (1621-1679). --Statesman and dramatist, third _s. _ of the Earl of Cork, was _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin. Afterhaving fought on the Royalist side he was, on the death of the King, induced by Cromwell to support him in his Irish wars and otherwise. Afterthe death of the Protector he secured Ireland for Charles II. , and at theRestoration was raised to the peerage. He wrote a romance in 6 vols. , entitled _Parthenissa_, some plays, and a treatise on the _Art of War_. He has the distinction of being the first to introduce rhymed tragedies. 

O'SHAUGHNESSY, ARTHUR WILLIAM EDGAR (1844-1881). --Poet, _b. _ in London, entered the library of the British Museum, afterwards being transferredto the natural history department, where he became an authority on fishesand reptiles. He _pub. _ various books of poetry, including _Epic ofWomen_ (1870), _Lays of France_ (1872), and _Music and Moonlight_ (1874). Jointly with his wife he wrote _Toyland_, a book for children. He wasassociated with D. G. Rossetti and the other pre-Raphaelites. There is acertain remoteness in his poetry which will probably always prevent itsbeing widely popular. He has a wonderful mastery of metre, and a"haunting music" all his own. 

OTWAY, CÆSAR (1780-1842). --Writer of Irish tales. His writings, whichdisplay humour and sympathy with the poorer classes in Ireland, include_Sketches in Ireland_ (1827), and _A Tour in Connaught_ (1839). He wasconcerned in the establishment of various journals. 

OTWAY, THOMAS (1651 or 1652-1685). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a clergyman, was_b. _ near Midhurst, Sussex, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , which he left withoutgraduating. His short life, like those of many of his fellows, was markedby poverty and misery, and he appears to have _d. _ practically ofstarvation. Having failed as an actor, he took to writing for the stage, and produced various plays, among which _Don Carlos, Prince of Spain_(1676), was a great success, and brought him some money. Those by whichhe is best remembered, however, are _The Orphan_ (1680), and _VenicePreserved_ (1682), both of which have been frequently revived. O. Mademany adaptations from the French, and in his tragedy of _Caius Marius_incorporated large parts of _Romeo and Juliet_. He has been called "themost pathetic and tear-drawing of all our dramatists, " and he excelled indelineating the stronger passions. The grossness of his comedies hasbanished them from the stage. Other plays are _The Cheats of Scapin_, _Friendship in Fashion_, _Soldier's Fortune_ (1681), and _The Atheist_. 

OUIDA, (_see_ RAMÉE). 

OUTRAM, GEORGE (1805-1856). --Humorous poet, was a Scottish advocate, afriend of Prof. Wilson, and for some time ed. Of the _Glasgow Herald_. Heprinted privately in 1851 _Lyrics, Legal and Miscellaneous_, which were_pub. _ with a memoir in 1874. Many of his pieces are highly amusing, the_Annuity_ being the best. 

OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS (1581-1613). --Poet and miscellaneous writer, _ed. _at Oxf. , became the friend of Carr, afterwards Earl of Rochester andSomerset, and fell a victim to a Court intrigue connected with theproposed marriage of Rochester and Lady Essex, being poisoned in theTower with the connivance of the latter. He wrote a poem, _A Wife, now aWidowe_, and _Characters_ (1614), short, witty descriptions of types ofmen. Some of those _pub. _ along with his are by other hands. 

OWEN, JOHN (1560-1622). --Epigrammatist, _b. _ at Plas Dhu, Carnarvonshire, _ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. , and became head master of King Henry VIII. School at Warwick. His Latin epigrams, which have both sense and wit in ahigh degree, gained him much applause, and were translated into English, French, German, and Spanish. 

OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683). --Puritan divine, _b. _ at Stadhampton, Oxfordshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , from which he was driven by Laud'sstatutes. Originally a Presbyterian, he passed over to Independency. In1649 he accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, and in 1650 to Edinburgh. He wasDean of Christ Church, Oxf. (1651-60), and one of the "triers" ofministers appointed by Cromwell. After the Restoration he was ejectedfrom his deanery, but was favoured by Clarendon, who endeavoured toinduce him to conform to the Anglican Church by offers of highpreferment. Strange to say Charles II. Also held him in regard, and gavehim money for the Nonconformists; and he was allowed to preach to acongregation of Independents in London. His great learning and abilityrendered him a formidable controversialist, specially against Arminianismand Romanism. His works fill 28 vols; among the best known being _TheDivine Original, etc. , of the Scriptures_, _Indwelling Sin_, _Christologia_, or ... The Person of Christ_, and a commentaryon Hebrews. 

OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858). --Socialist and philanthropist, _b. _ at Newton, Montgomeryshire, had for his object the regeneration of the world on theprinciples of socialism. His sincerity was shown by the fact that hespent most of the fortune, which his great capacity for business enabledhim to make, in endeavours to put his theories into practice at variousplaces both in Britain and America. He was sincerely philanthropic, andincidentally did good on a considerable scale in the course of his moreor less impracticable schemes. He propounded his ideas in _New Views ofSociety, or Essays on the Formation of the Human Character_ (1816). 

OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, EARL of (1550-1604). --Was a courtier of QueenElizabeth, who lost his friends by his insolence and pride, and hisfortune by his extravagance. He _m. _ a _dau. _ of Lord Burghley, who hadto support his family after his death. He had some reputation as a writerof short pieces, many of which are in the _Paradise of Dainty Devices_. 

PAINE, THOMAS (1737-1809). --Political and anti-Christian writer, _s. _ ofa stay-maker and small farmer of Quaker principles at Thetford, becamewith large classes perhaps the most unpopular man in England. Aftertrying various occupations, including those of schoolmaster andexciseman, and having separated from his wife, he went in 1774 to Americawhere, in 1776, he _pub. _ his famous pamphlet, _Common Sense_, in favourof American independence. He served in the American army, and also heldsome political posts, including that of sec. To a mission to France in1781. Returning to England in 1787 he _pub. _ his _Rights of Man_(1790-92), in reply to Burke's _Reflections on the French Revolution_. Ithad an enormous circulation, 1, 500, 000 copies having been sold in Englandalone; but it made it necessary for him to escape to France to avoidprosecution. Arrived in that country he was elected to the NationalConvention. He opposed the execution of Louis XVI. , and was, in 1794, imprisoned by Robespierre, whose fall saved his life. He had then justcompleted the first part of his _Age of Reason_, of which the other twoappeared respectively in 1795 and 1807. It is directed alike againstChristianity and Atheism, and supports Deism. Becoming disgusted with thecourse of French politics, he returned to America in 1802, but foundhimself largely ostracised by society there, became embroiled in variouscontroversies, and is said to have become intemperate. He _d. _ at NewYork in 1809. Though apparently sincere in his views, and courageous inthe expression of them, P. Was vain and prejudiced. The extraordinarylucidity and force of his style did much to gain currency for hiswritings. 

PAINTER, WILLIAM (1540?-1594). --Translator, etc. , _ed. _ at Camb. , wasthen successively schoolmaster at Sevenoaks, and Clerk of the Ordnance, in which position his intromissions appear to have been of more advantageto himself than to the public service. He was the author of _The Palaceof Pleasure_ (1566), largely consisting of translations from Boccaccio, Bandello, and other Italian writers, and also from the classics. Itformed a quarry in which many dramatists, including Shakespeare, foundthe plots for their plays. 

PALEY, WILLIAM (1743-1805). --Theologian, _s. _ of a minor canon ofPeterborough, where he was _b. _, went at 15 as a sizar to Christ's Coll. , Camb. , where he was Senior Wrangler, and became a Fellow and Tutor ofhis coll. Taking orders in 1767 he held many benefices, and rose to beArchdeacon of Carlisle, and Sub-Dean of Lincoln. P. , who holds one of thehighest places among English theologians, was the author of fourimportant works--_Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy_ (1785), _Horæ Paulinæ_, his most original, but least popular, book (1790), _Viewof the Evidences of Christianity_ (1794), and _Natural Theology_ (1802). Though now to a large extent superseded, these works had an immensepopularity and influence in their day, and are characterised by singularclearness of expression and power of apt illustration. The system ofmorals inculcated by P. Is Utilitarian, modified by theological ideas. His view of the "divine right of Kings" as on a level with "the divineright of constables" was unpleasing to George III. , notwithstanding whichhis ecclesiastical career was eminently successful. His manners wereplain and kindly. 

PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788-1861). --Historian, _s. _ of Meyer Cohen, aJewish stockbroker, but at his marriage in 1823, having previously becomea Christian, assumed his mother-in-law's name of Palgrave. He studiedlaw, and was called to the Bar in 1827. From 1838 until his death in 1861he was Deputy Keeper of the Records, and in that capacity arranged a vastmass of hitherto inaccessible documents, and ed. Many of them for theRecord Commission. His historical works include a _History of England inAnglo-Saxon Times_ (1831), _Rise and Progress of the EnglishCommonwealth_ (1832), and _History of Normandy and England_ (4 vols. , 1851-64), _pub. _ posthumously. He was knighted in 1832. His works are ofgreat value in throwing light upon the history and condition of mediævalEngland. 

PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER (1824-1897). --Poet and critic, _s. _ of theabove, _ed. _ at Oxf. , was for many years connected with the EducationDepartment, of which he rose to be Assistant Sec. ; and from 1886-95 hewas Prof. Of Poetry at Oxf. He wrote several vols. Of poetry, including_Visions of England_ (1881), and _Amenophis_ (1892), which, thoughgraceful and exhibiting much poetic feeling, were the work rather of aman of culture than of a poet. His great contribution to literature washis anthology, _The Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics_ (1864), selectedwith marvellous insight and judgment. A second series showed thesequalities in a less degree. He also _pub. _ an anthology of sacred poetry. 

PALTOCK, ROBERT (1697-1767). --Novelist, was an attorney, and wrote _TheLife and Adventures of Peter Wilkins, a Cornish Man_ (1751), admired byScott, Coleridge, and Lamb. It is somewhat on the same plan as _RobinsonCrusoe_, the special feature being the _gawry_, or flying woman, whom thehero discovered on his island, and married. The description ofNosmnbdsgrutt, the country of the flying people, is a dull imitation ofSwift, and much else in the book is tedious. 

PARDOE, JULIA (1806-1862). --Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ atBeverley, showed an early bias towards literature, and became avoluminous and versatile writer, producing in addition to her lively andwell-written novels many books of travel, and others dealing withhistorical subjects. She was a keen observer, and her Oriental travelshad given her an accurate and deep knowledge of the peoples and mannersof the East. Among her books are _The City of the Sultan_ (1836), _Romance of the Harem_, _Thousand and One Days_, _Louis XIV. And theCourt of France_, _Court of Francis I. _, etc. 

PARIS, MATTHEW (_c. _ 1195-1259). --Chronicler, entered in 1217 theBenedictine Monastery of St. Albans, and continued the work of Roger deWendover (_q. V. _) as chronicler of the monastery. In 1248 he went on theinvitation of Hacon King of Norway to reform the Abbey of St. Benet Holm. In this he was successful, and on his return to England enjoyed thefavour of Henry III. , who conversed familiarly with him, and impartedinformation as to matters of state, which constitutes a valuable elementin his histories. He had a high reputation for piety and learning, was apatriotic Englishman, and resisted the encroachments of Rome. His chiefwork is _Historia Major_, from the Conquest until 1259. In it he embodiedthe _Flores Historiarum_ of his predecessor Roger, and the original partis a bold and vigorous narrative of the period (1235-59). He also wrote_Historia Minor_ and _Historia Anglorum_, a summary of the events(1200-1250). 

PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806). --Traveller, _b. _ near Selkirk, studied medicineat Edin. As a surgeon in the mercantile marine he visited Sumatra, and onhis return attracted the attention of various scientific men by hisbotanical and zoological investigations. In 1795 he entered the serviceof the African Association, and made a voyage of discovery on the Niger. His adventures were _pub. _ in _Travels in the Interior of Africa_ (1799), which had great success. He _m. _ and set up in practice in Peebles; butin 1805 accepted an invitation by Government to undertake another journeyin Africa. From this he never returned, having perished in a conflictwith natives. His narratives, written in a straightforward and pleasingstyle, are among the classics of travel. 

PARKER, THEODORE (1810-1860). --Theologian, _b. _ at Lexington, Massachusetts, _ed. _ at Harvard, was an indefatigable student, and madehimself master of many languages. In 1837 he was settled at West Roxburyas a Unitarian minister, but the development of his views in arationalistic direction gradually separated him from the moreconservative portion of his co-religionists. He lectured on theologicalsubjects in Boston in 1841, travelled in Europe, and in 1845 settled inBoston, where he lectured to large audiences, and exercised a wideinfluence. He took a leading part in the anti-slavery crusade, andspecially in resisting the Fugitive Slave Act. In 1859 his health, whichhad never been robust, gave way; he went to Italy in search ofrestoration, but _d. _ at Florence. Although he was a powerful theologicaland social influence, his writings are not of corresponding importance:it was rather as a speaker that he influenced his countrymen, and he leftno contribution to literature of much permanent account, though his_coll. _ works fill 14 vols. Among the most outstanding of his writingsare _A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion_, and _Sermons for theTimes_. 

PARKMAN, FRANCIS (1823-1893). --Historian, _s. _ of a Unitarian minister inBoston, Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard, and qualified as a lawyer, but never practised, and though hampered by a state of health whichforbade continuous application, and by partial blindness, devoted himselfto the writing of the history of the conflict between France and Englandin North America. This he did in a succession of works--_The Conspiracyof Pontiac_ (1851), _The Pioneers of France in the New World_ (1865), _The Jesuits in North America_ (1867), _La Salle and the Discovery of theGreat West_ (1869), _The Old Regime in Canada_ (1874), _Count Frontenacand New France_ (1877), _Montcalm and Wolfe_ (1884), and _A Half Centuryof Conflict_ (1892). In these the style, at first somewhat turgid, gradually improved, and became clear and forcible, while retaining itsoriginal vividness. P. Spared no labour in collecting and sifting hismaterial, much of which was gathered in the course of visits to theplaces which were the scenes of his narrative, and his books are the mostvaluable contribution in existence to the history of the struggle forCanada and the other French settlements in North America. He also wrotetwo novels, which had little success, and a book upon rose-culture. 

PARNELL, THOMAS (1679-1718). --Poet, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Dublin, took ordersin 1700, and was Vicar of Finglas and Archdeacon of Clogher. The death ofhis young wife in 1706 drove him into intemperate habits. He was a friendof Swift and Pope, a contributor to the _Spectator_, and aided Pope inhis translation of the _Iliad_. He wrote various isolated poems showing afine descriptive touch, of which the most important are _The Hermit_, _The Night Piece_, and _The Hymn to Contentment_. P. Was a scholar, andhad considerable social gifts. His Life was written by Goldsmith. 

PARR, DR. SAMUEL (1747-1825). --Scholar, _s. _ of an apothecary at Harrow, where and at Camb. He was _ed. _ He was successively an assistant-masterat Harrow and headmaster of schools at Colchester and Norwich, and havingtaken orders, finally settled down at Hatton, Warwickshire, where he tookprivate pupils. He was undoubtedly a great Latinist, but he has left nowork to account for the immense reputation for ability which he enjoyedduring his life. His chief power appears to have been in conversation, inwhich he was bold, arrogant, and epigrammatic. He was nicknamed "the WhigJohnson, " but fell very far short of his model. His writings, includingcorrespondence, were _pub. _ in 8 vols. 

PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894). --Essayist and critic, _s. _ of RichardG. P. , of American birth and Dutch extraction, a benevolent physician, _b. _ at Shadwell, and _ed. _ at the King's School, Canterbury, and atQueen's Coll. , Oxf. , after leaving which he made various tours in Germanyand Italy where, especially in the latter, his nature, keenly sensitiveto every form of beauty, received indelible impressions. In 1864 he waselected a Fellow of Brasenose, and in its ancient and austere precinctsfound his principal home. As a tutor, though conscientious, he was noteminently successful; nevertheless his lectures, on which he bestowedmuch pains, had a fit audience, and powerfully influenced a few selectsouls. He resigned his tutorship in 1880, partly because he found himselfnot entirely in his element, and partly because literature was becomingthe predominant interest in his life. In 1885 he went to London, where heremained for 8 years, continuing, however, to reside at Brasenose duringterm. The reputation as a writer which he had gained made him welcome inwhatever intellectual circles he found himself. Leaving London in 1893 hesettled in a house in St. Giles, Oxf. In the spring of 1894 he went toGlasgow to receive the honorary degree of LL. D. , a distinction which hevalued. In the summer he had an attack of rheumatic fever, followed bypleurisy. From these he had apparently recovered, but he succumbed to anattack of heart-failure which immediately supervened. Thus endedprematurely in its 55th year a life as bare of outward events as it wasrich in literary fruit and influence. 

P. Is one of the greatest modern masters of style, and one of thesubtlest and most penetrating of critics. Though not a philosopher in thetechnical sense, he deeply pondered the subjects with which philosophysets itself to deal; but art was the dominating influence in hisintellectual life, and it was said of him that "he was a philosopher whohad gone to Italy by mistake instead of to Germany. " He may also becalled the prophet of the modern æsthetic school. His attitude toChristianity, though deeply sceptical, was not unsympathetic. As a boy hecame under the influence of Keble, and at one time thought of takingorders, but his gradual change of view led him to relinquish the idea. Among his works may be mentioned an article on Coleridge, and others onWinckelmann, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, etc. , whichwere _coll. _ and _pub. _ as _Studies in the History of the Renaissance_(1873); _Appreciations_ (1889) contained his great essays on _ÆstheticPoetry_ and _Style_, various Shakespearian studies and papers on Lamb andSir T. Browne; _Imaginary Portraits_, and _Greek Studies_ (1894); _Platoand Platonism_ (1893). His masterpiece, however, is _Marius theEpicurean_ (1885), a philosophical romance of the time of MarcusAurelius. The style of P. Is characterised by a subdued richness, andcomplicated, but perfect structure of sentences. In character he wasgentle, refined, and retiring, with a remarkable suavity of manner anddislike of controversy. 

PATMORE, COVENTRY KERSEY DIGHTON (1823-1896). --Poet, _s. _ of Peter GeorgeP. , also an author, _b. _ at Woodford, Essex, was in the printed bookdepartment of the British Museum. He _pub. _ _Tamerton Church Tower_(1853), and between 1854 and 1862 the four poems which, combined, formhis masterpiece, _The Angel in the House_, a poetic celebration ofmarried love. In 1864 he entered the Church of Rome. Thereafter he _pub. __The Unknown Eros_ (1877), _Amelia_ (1878), and _Rod, Root, and Flower_(1895), meditations chiefly on religious subjects. His works are full ofgraceful and suggestive thought, but occasionally suffer from length anddiscursiveness. He was successful in business matters, and in characterwas energetic, masterful, and combative. He numbered Tennyson and Ruskinamong his friends, was associated with the pre-Raphaelites, and was acontributor to their organ, the _Germ_. 

PATTISON, MARK (1813-1884). --Scholar and biographer, _b. _ at Hornby, Yorkshire, _s. _ of a clergyman, _ed. _ privately and at Oxf. , where in1839 he became Fellow of Lincoln Coll. , and acquired a high reputation asa tutor and examiner. At first strongly influenced by Newman and theTractarian movement, he ultimately abandoned that school. In 1851, failing to be elected head of his coll. , he threw up his tutorship, anddevoted himself to severe study, occasionally writing on educationalsubjects in various reviews. In 1861, however, he attained the object ofhis ambition, being elected Rector of Lincoln Coll. In 1883 he dictated aremarkable autobiography, coming down to 1860. In 1875 he had _pub. _ a_Life of Isaac Casaubon_, and he left materials for a Life of Scaliger, which he had intended to be his _magnum opus_. He also wrote _Milton_ forthe English Men of Letters Series, and produced an ed. Of his sonnets. 

PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE (1779-1860). --Novelist, etc. , _b. _ in the state ofNew York, was chiefly self-educated. He became a friend of W. Irving, andwas part author with him of _Salmagundi_--a continuation of which byhimself proved a failure. Among his other writings are _John Bull andBrother Jonathan_ (1812), a satire, _The Dutchman's Fireside_ (1831), aromance which attained popularity, a _Life of Washington_ (1835), andsome poems. 

PAYN, JAMES (1830-1898). --Novelist, _s. _ of an official in the ThamesCommission, _ed. _ at Eton, Woolwich, and Camb. He was a regularcontributor to _Household Words_ and to _Chambers's Journal_, of which hewas ed. 1859-74, and in which several of his works first appeared; healso ed. The _Cornhill Magazine_ 1883-96. Among his novels--upwards of 60in number--may be mentioned _Lost Sir Massingberd_, _The Best ofHusbands_, _Walter's Word_, _By Proxy_ (1878), _A Woman's Vengeance_, _Carlyon's Year_, _Thicker than Water_, _A Trying Patient_, etc. He alsowrote a book of poems and a volume of literary reminiscences. 

PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866). --Novelist, _b. _ at Weymouth, the onlychild of a London merchant, was in boyhood at various schools, but fromthe age of 13 self-educated. Nevertheless, he became a really learnedscholar. He was for long in the India Office, where he rose to be ChiefExaminer, coming between James Mill and John Stuart Mill. He was theauthor of several somewhat whimsical, but quite unique novels, full ofparadox, prejudice, and curious learning, with witty dialogue andoccasional poems interspersed. Among them are _Headlong Hall_ (1816), _Nightmare Abbey_ (1818), _Maid Marian_ (1822), _Misfortunes of Elphin_(1829), _Crotchet Castle_ (1831), and _Gryll Grange_ (1860). He was theintimate friend of Shelley, memoirs of whom he contributed to _Fraser'sMagazine_. 

PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894). --_B. _ at Islington, _ed. _ at Rugbyand King's Coll. , London, at the latter he became Prof. Of ModernHistory. Owing to a threatened failure of sight he went to Australia, where he remained for 20 years, and was for a time Minister of Educationof Victoria. Returning to England in 1892 he wrote his _National Lifeand Character: a Forecast_, in which he gave utterance to verypessimistic views as to the future of the race. He also wrote a _Historyof England during the Early and Middle Ages_ (1867). 

PEARSON, JOHN (1613-1686). --Theologian, _s. _ of an archdeacon of Suffolk, _b. _ at Great Snoring, Norfolk, _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , took orders, andafter holding various preferments, including the archdeaconry of Surrey, the mastership of Jesus Coll. , and of Trinity Coll. , Camb. , was made, in1673, Bishop of Chester. His _Exposition of the Creed_ (1659) has alwaysbeen regarded as one of the most finished productions of Englishtheology, remarkable alike for logical argument and arrangement, andlucid style. He was also the author of other learned works, including adefence of the authenticity of the epistles of Ignatius. In his youth P. Was a Royalist, and acted in 1645 as a chaplain in the Royal army. He wasone of the commissioners in the Savoy Conference. 

PECOCK, REGINALD (1395?-1460?). --Theologian, _b. _ in Wales, entered theChurch, and rose to be successively Bishop of St. Asaph 1444, and ofChichester 1450. He was a strenuous controversialist, chiefly against theLollards; but his free style of argument, and especially his denial ofthe infallibility of the Church, led him into trouble, and on beingoffered the choice of abjuration or death at the stake, he chose theformer, but nevertheless was deprived of his bishopric, had his booksburned, and spent his latter days in the Abbey of Thorney, Cambridgeshire. His chief work is _The Repressor of overmuch blaming ofthe Clergy_ (1455), which, from its clear, pointed style, remains amonument of 15th century English. _The Book of Faith_ (1456) is anotherof his writings. 

PEELE, GEORGE (1558?-1597?). --Dramatist and poet, _s. _ of a salter inLondon, _ed. _ at Christ's Hospital and Oxf. , where he had a reputation asa poet. Coming back to London about 1581 he led a dissipated life. Heappears to have been a player as well as a playwright, and to have comeinto possession of some land through his wife. His works are numerous andconsist of plays, pageants, and miscellaneous verse. His best plays are_The Arraignment of Paris_ (1584), and _The Battle of Alcazar_ (1594), and among his poems _Polyhymnia_ (1590), and _The Honour of the Garter_(1593). Other works are _Old Wives' Tale_ (1595), and _David and FairBethsabe_ (1599). P. Wrote in melodious and flowing blank verse, withabundance of fancy and brilliant imagery, but his dramas are weak inconstruction, and he is often bombastic and extravagant. 

PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718). --Quaker apologist, _s. _ of Sir William P. , acelebrated Admiral, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , where hebecame a Quaker, and was in consequence expelled from the Univ. Hischange of views and his practice of the extremest social peculiaritiesimposed by his principles led to a quarrel with his _f. _, who is said tohave turned him out of doors. Thereafter he began to write, and one ofhis books, _The Sandy Foundation Shaken_ (_c. _ 1668), in which heattacked the doctrines of the Trinity, the atonement, and justificationby faith, led to his being, in 1668, imprisoned in the Tower, where hewrote his most popular work, _No Cross, No Crown_ (1668), and a defenceof his own conduct, _Innocency with her Open Face_ (1668), which resultedin his liberation. Shortly after this, in 1670, on the death of his _f. _, who had been reconciled to him, P. Succeeded to a fortune, including aclaim against the Government amounting to £15, 000, which was ultimatelyin 1681 settled by a grant of the territory now forming the state ofPennsylvania. Meanwhile, however, he had again suffered imprisonment forpreaching, and employed his enforced leisure in writing four treatises, of which one, _The Great Cause of Liberty of Conscience_ (_c. _ 1671), isan able defence of religious toleration. In 1682, having obtained thegrant above referred to, he set sail for America, with the view offounding a community based upon the principles of toleration. Havingestablished a Constitution and set matters in working order there, P. Returned to England in 1684 and busied himself in efforts for the reliefof those Quakers who had remained at home. The peculiar position ofaffairs when James II. Was endeavouring to use the Dissenters as a meansof gaining concessions to the Roman Catholics favoured his views, and hewas to some extent successful in his efforts. His connection with theCourt at that time has, however, led to his conduct being severelyanimadverted upon by Macaulay and others. In 1690 and for some timethereafter he was charged with conspiring against the RevolutionGovernment, but after full investigation was completely acquitted. Hislater years were embittered by troubles in Pennsylvania, and by thedishonesty and ingratitude of an agent by whose defalcations he wasnearly ruined, as a consequence of which he was imprisoned for debt. He_d. _ soon after his release in 1718. 

PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798). --Naturalist and traveller, _b. _ inFlintshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , was one of the most distinguishednaturalists of the 18th century, and _pub. _, among other works on naturalhistory, _British Zoology_ (1768), and _History of Quadrupeds_ (1781). Inliterature he is, however, best remembered by his _Tours in Scotland_(1771-75), which did much to make known the beauties of the country toEngland. He also travelled in Ireland and Wales, and on the Continent, and _pub. _ accounts of his journeys. Dr. Johnson said of him, "heobserves more things than any one else does. "

PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703). --Diarist, _s. _ of John P. , a London tailor, but of good family and connected with Sir E. Montague, afterwards Earl ofSandwich, was _ed. _ at St. Paul's School and at Camb. After leaving theUniv. He entered the household of Montagu, who became his life longpatron. He held various Government posts, including that ofSurveyor-General of the Victualling Office, in which he displayed greatadministrative ability and reforming zeal, and in 1672 he became Sec. Ofthe Admiralty. After being imprisoned in the Tower on a charge inconnection with the Popish plot, and deprived of his office, he was in1686 again appointed Sec. Of the Admiralty, from which, however, he wasdismissed at the Revolution. Thereafter he lived in retirement chiefly atClapham. P. Was a man of many interests, combining the characters of theman of business, man of pleasure, and _virtuoso_, being skilled in musicand a collector of books, manuscripts, and pictures, and he was Pres. Ofthe Royal Society for two years. He wrote _Memoirs of the Royal Navy_(1690), but his great legacy to literature is his unique and inimitable_Diary_, begun January 1, 1660, and coming down to May 31, 1669, when thefailure of his sight prevented its further continuance. As an account byan eye-witness of the manners of the Court and of society it isinvaluable, but it is still more interesting as, perhaps, the mostsingular example extant of unreserved self-revelation--all the foibles, peccadilloes, and more serious offences against decorum of the authorbeing set forth with the most relentless _naïveté_ and minuteness, it waswritten in a cypher or shorthand, which was translated into long-hand byJohn Smith in 1825, and ed. By Lord Braybrooke, with considerableexcisions. Later and fuller ed. Have followed. P. Left his books, MSS. , and collections to Magdalene Coll. , Camb. , where they are preserved in aseparate library. 

PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES (1795-1854). --Poet, _b. _ at Berlin, Conn. , was aprecocious child, and a morbid and impractical, though versatile man, with a fatal facility in writing verse on all manner of subjects and innearly every known metre. His sentimentalism appealed to a wide circle, but his was one of the tapers which were extinguished by Lowell. He hadalso a reputation as a geologist. His poetic works include _Prometheus_and _The Dream of a Day_ (1843). 

PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811). --Antiquary and poet, _s. _ of a grocer atBridgnorth, where he was _b. _, _ed. _ at Oxf. , entered the Church, andbecame in 1778 Dean of Carlisle, and in 1782 Bishop of Dromore. He _pub. _various antiquarian works, chiefly with reference to the North ofEngland; but is best remembered for his great service to literature incollecting and ed. Many ancient ballads, _pub. _ in 1765 as _Reliques ofAncient Poetry_, which did much to bring back interest in the ancientnative literature, and to usher in the revival of romanticism. 

PHILIPS, AMBROSE (1675?-1749). --Poet, _b. _ in Shropshire and _ed. _ atCamb. , wrote pastorals and dramas, was one of the Addison circle, andstarted a paper, the _Freethinker_, in imitation of the _Spectator_. Healso made translations from Pindar and Anacreon, and a series of shortcomplimentary verses, which gained for him the nickname of "Namby Pamby. "His _Pastorals_, though poor enough, excited the jealousy of Pope, whopursued the unfortunate author with life-long enmity. P. Held variousGovernment appointments in Ireland. 

PHILIPS, JOHN (1676-1709). --Poet, _s. _ of an archdeacon of Salop, and_ed. _ at Oxf. His _Splendid Shilling_, a burlesque in Miltonic blankverse, still lives, and _Cyder_, his chief work, an imitation of Virgil's_Georgics_, has some fine descriptive passages. P. Was also employed byHarley to write verses on Blenheim as a counterblast to Addison's_Campaign_. He _d. _ at 33 of consumption. 

PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814-1854). --Novelist, of Jewish descent, studied forthe Church at Göttingen and Camb. , but his _f. _ dying, he was obliged togive up his intention and take to business, in which, however, he wasunsuccessful, and fell into great straits. He then tried writing, andproduced some novels, of which the best known was _Caleb Stukely_, whichappeared in _Blackwood_ in 1842. He was latterly a leader-writer for the_Times_. 

PICKEN, ANDREW (1788-1833). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ in Paisley, wasin business in the West Indies, and in Glasgow and Liverpool, but notbeing successful, went to London to try his fortunes in literature. Hisearlier writings, _Tales and Sketches of the West of Scotland_ and _TheSectarian_ (1829), gave offence in dissenting circles: his next, _TheDominie's Legacy_ (1830), had considerable success, and a book on_Travels and Researches of Eminent Missionaries_ (1830) did something torehabilitate him with those whom he had offended. His last work, _TheBlack Watch_ (1833), had just appeared when he _d. _ of an apoplecticseizure. His best work is somewhat like that of Galt (_q. V. _). 

PIERPONT, JOHN (1785-1860). --Poet, _b. _ at Litchfield, Conn. , was first alawyer, then a merchant, and lastly a Unitarian minister. His chief poemis _The Airs of Palestine_. 

PIKE, ALBERT (1809-1891). --Poet, _b. _ at Boston, Mass. , was in his earlydays a teacher, and afterwards a successful lawyer. His nowlittle-remembered poems were chiefly written under the inspiration ofColeridge and Keats. His chief work, _Hymns to the Gods_, which appearedin _Blackwood's Magazine_, closely imitates the latter. He also wroteprose sketches. 

PINDAR, PETER, (_see_ WOLCOT, J. ). 

PINKERTON, JOHN (1758-1826). --Historian and Antiquary, _b. _ in Edin. , wasapprenticed to a lawyer, but took to literature, and produced a number ofworks distinguished by painstaking research, but disfigured by acontroversial and prejudiced spirit. His first publication was _SelectScottish Ballads_ (1783), some of which, however, were composed byhimself. A valuable _Essay on Medals_ (1784) introduced him to Gibbon andHorace Walpole. Among his other works are _Ancient Scottish Poems_(1786), _Dissertation on the Goths_ (1787), _Medallic History of England_(1790), _History of Scotland_ (1797), and his best work, _Treatise onRocks_ (1811). One of his most inveterate prejudices was against Celts ofall tribes and times. He _d. _ in obscurity in Paris. 

PINKNEY, EDWARD COATE (1802-1828). --_B. _ in London, where his _f. _ wasU. S. Ambassador. He wrote a number of light, graceful short poems, butfell a victim to ill-health and a morbid melancholy at 25. His longestpoem is _Rudolph_ (1825). 

PIOZZI, HESTER LYNCH (SALUSBURY) (1741-1821). --Miscellaneous writer, _m. _Henry Thrale, a wealthy brewer, and, after his death, Gabriel Piozzi, anItalian musician. Her chief distinction is her friendship with Dr. Johnson, who was for a time almost domesticated with the Thrales. Hersecond marriage in the year of Johnson's death, 1784, broke up thefriendship. She wrote _Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson_, a work which had afavourable reception, and gives a lifelike picture of its subject, andleft an _Autobiography_. Her poem, _The Three Warnings_, is supposed tohave been touched up by Johnson. Many details of her friendship with J. Are given in the _Diary_ of Madame D'Arblay (_q. V. _). 

PLANCHÉ, JAMES ROBINSON (1796-1880). --Dramatist and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ in London of Huguenot descent, was in the Herald Office, and rose tobe Somerset Herald, in which capacity he was repeatedly sent on missionsto invest foreign princes with the Order of the Garter. He producedupwards of 90 adaptations, and about 70 original pieces for the stage. Healso wrote a _History of British Costumes_, _The Pursuivant of Arms_(1852), and _The Conqueror and his Companions_ (1874), besidesautobiographical _Recollections_ (1872). 

POE, EDGAR ALLAN (1809-1849). --Poet and writer of tales, was _b. _ atBoston, where his parents, who were both actors, were temporarily living. He was left an orphan in early childhood in destitute circumstances, butwas adopted by a Mr. Allan of Richmond, Virginia. By him and his wife hewas treated with great indulgence, and in 1815 accompanied them toEngland, where they remained for five years, and where he received a goodeducation, which was continued on their return to America, at the Univ. Of Virginia. He distinguished himself as a student, but got deeply intodebt with gaming, which led to his being removed. In 1829 he _pub. _ asmall vol. Of poems containing _Al Araaf_ and _Tamerlane_. About the sametime he proposed to enter the army, and was placed at the MilitaryAcademy at West Point. Here, however, he grossly neglected his duties, and fell into the habits of intemperance which proved the ruin of hislife, and was in 1831 dismissed. He then returned to the house of hisbenefactor, but his conduct was so objectionable as to lead to a rupture. In the same year P. _pub. _ an enlarged ed. Of his poems, and in 1833 wassuccessful in a competition for a prize tale and a prize poem, the talebeing the _MS. Found in a Bottle_, and the poem _The Coliseum_. In thefollowing year Mr. Allan _d. _ without making any provision for P. , andthe latter, being now thrown on his own resources, took to literature asa profession, and became a contributor to various periodicals. In 1836 heentered into a marriage with his cousin Virginia Clemm, a very younggirl, who continued devotedly attached to him notwithstanding his manyaberrations, until her death in 1847. _The Narrative of Arthur GordonPym_ appeared in 1838, and in 1839 P. Became ed. Of the _Gentleman'sMagazine_, in which appeared as _Tales of the Arabesque and Grotesque_many of his best stories. In 1845 his famous poem, _The Raven_, came out, and in 1848 _Eureka, a Prose Poem_, a pseudo-scientific lucubration. Thedeath of his wife gave a severe shock to his constitution, and a violentdrinking bout on a visit to Baltimore led to his death from brain feverin the hospital there. The literary output of P. , though not great involume, limited in range, and very unequal in merit, bears the stamp ofan original genius. In his poetry he sometimes aims at a musical effectto which the sense is sacrificed, but at times he has a charm and a magicmelody all his own. His better tales are remarkable for their originalityand ingenuity of construction, and in the best of them he rises to a highlevel of imagination, as in _The House of Usher_, while _The GoldBeetle_ or _Golden Bug_ is one of the first examples of the cryptogramstory; and in _The Purloined Letters_, _The Mystery of Marie Roget_, and_The Murders in the Rue Morgue_ he is the pioneer of the modern detectivestory. 

_Life_, Woodberry (American Men of Letters). _Works_ ed. By Woodberry andStedman (10 vols. ), etc. 

POLLOK, ROBERT (1789-1827). --Poet, _b. _ in Refrewshire, studied for theministry of one of the Scottish Dissenting communions. After leaving theUniv. Of Glasgow he _pub. _ anonymously _Tales of the Covenanters_, and in1827, the year of his untimely death from consumption, appeared his poem, _The Course of Time_, which contains some fine passages, and occasionallyfaintly recalls Milton and Young. The poem went through many ed. InBritain and America. He _d. _ at Shirley, near Southampton, whither he hadgone in search of health. 

POMFRET, JOHN (1667-1702). --Poet, _s. _ of a clergyman, entered theChurch. He wrote several rather dull poems, of which the only oneremembered, though now never read, is _The Choice_, which celebrates acountry life free from care, and was highly popular in its day. 

POPE, ALEXANDER (1688-1744). --Poet, was _b. _ in London, of Roman Catholicparentage. His _f. _ was a linen-merchant, who _m. _ as his second wifeEdith Turner, a lady of respectable Yorkshire family, and of somefortune, made a competence, and retired to a small property at Binfield, near Windsor. P. Received a somewhat desultory education at various RomanCatholic schools, but after the age of 12, when he had a severe illnessbrought on by over-application, he was practically self-educated. Thoughnever a profound or accurate scholar, he had a good knowledge of Latin, and a working acquaintance with Greek. By 1704 he had written a good dealof verse, which attracted the attention of Wycherley (_q. V. _), whointroduced him to town life and to other men of letters. In 1709 his_Pastorals_ were _pub. _ in Tonson's _Miscellany_, and two years later_The Essay on Criticism_ appeared, and was praised by Addison. The _Rapeof the Lock_, which came out in 1714, placed his reputation on a surefoundation, and thereafter his life was an uninterrupted and brilliantsuccess. His industry was untiring, and his literary output almostcontinuous until his death. In 1713 _Windsor Forest_ (which won him thefriendship of Swift) and _The Temple of Fame_ appeared, and in 1715 thetranslation of the _Iliad_ was begun, and the work _pub. _ at intervalsbetween that year and 1720. It had enormous popularity, and brought thepoet £5000. It was followed by the _Odyssey_ (1725-26), in which he hadthe assistance of Broome and Fenton (_q. V. _), who, especially the former, caught his style so exactly as almost to defy identification. It also washighly popular, and increased his gains to about £8000, which placed himin a position of independence. While engaged upon these he removed toChiswick, where he lived 1716-18, and where he issued in 1717 a _coll. _ed. Of his works, including the _Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady_ and the_Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard_. In 1718, his _f. _ having _d. _, he againremoved with his mother to his famous villa at Twickenham, the adornmentof the grounds of which became one of his chief interests, and where, nowthe acknowledged chief of his art, he received the visits of his friends, who included the most distinguished men of letters, wits, statesmen, andbeauties of the day. His next task was his ed. Of Shakespeare (1725), awork for which he was not well qualified, though the preface is a finepiece of prose. The _Miscellanies_, the joint work of Pope and Swift, were _pub. _ in 1727-28, and drew down upon the authors a storm of angrycomment, which in turn led to the production of _The Dunciad_, first_pub. _ in 1728, and again with new matter in 1729, an additionalbook--the fourth--being added in 1742. In it he satirised with a wit, always keen and biting, often savage and unfair, the small wits andpoetasters, and some of a quite different quality, who had, or whom hesupposed to have, injured him. Between 1731 and 1735 he produced his_Epistles_, the last of which, addressed to Arbuthnot, is also known asthe _Prologue to the Satires_, and contains his ungrateful character ofAddison under the name of "Atticus;" and also, 1733, the _Essay on Man_, written under the influence of Bolingbroke. His last, and in somerespects best, works were his _Imitations of Horace_, _pub. _ between 1733and 1739, and the fourth book of _The Dunciad_ (1742), already mentioned. A naturally delicate constitution, a deformed body, extremesensitiveness, over-excitement, and overwork did not promise a long life, and P. _d. _ on May 30, 1744, aged 56. 

His position as a poet has been the subject of much contention amongcritics, and on the whole is lower than that assigned him by hiscontemporaries and immediate successors. Of the higher poetic qualities, imagination, sympathy, insight, and pathos, he had no great share; butfor the work which in his original writings, as distinguished fromtranslations, he set himself to do, his equipment was supreme, and themedium which he used--the heroic couplet--he brought to the highesttechnical perfection of which it is capable. He wrote for his own age, and in temper and intellectual and spiritual outlook, such as it was, heexactly reflected and interpreted it. In the forging of condensed, pointed, and sparkling maxims of life and criticism he has no equal, andin painting a portrait Dryden alone is his rival; while in the _Rape ofthe Lock_ he has produced the best mock-heroic poem in existence. Almostno author except Shakespeare is so often quoted. His extreme vanity andsensitiveness to criticism made him often vindictive, unjust, andvenomous. They led him also into frequent quarrels, and lost him manyfriends, including Lady M. Wortley Montagu, and along with a strongtendency to finesse and stratagem, of which the circumstances attendingthe publication of his literary correspondence is the chief instance, make his character on the whole an unamiable one. On the other hand, hewas often generous; he retained the friendship of such men as Swift andArbuthnot, and he was a most dutiful and affectionate son. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1688, _ed. _ at various Romanist schools, introduced toWycherley 1704, _pub. _ _Pastorals_ 1709, _Essay on Criticism_ 1711, _Rapeof the Lock_ 1714, _Windsor Forest_ and _Temple of Fame_ 1713, translation of _Iliad_ 1715-20, _Odyssey_ 1725-26, _coll. _ _Works_ 1717, buys villa at Twickenham 1718, _pub. _ ed. Of _Shakespeare_ 1725, _Miscellanies_ 1727-28, _Dunciad_ 1728 (fourth book 1742), _Epistles_1731-35, _Essay on Man_ 1733, _Imitations of Horace_ 1733-39, _d. _ 1744. 

The best ed. Of the _Works_ is that of Elwin and Courthope, with _Life_by Courthope (10 vols. , 1871-89). 

PORDAGE, SAMUEL (1633-1691?). --Poet, _s. _ of a clergyman in Berks, _ed. _at Merchant Taylor's School, studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and madevarious translations, wrote some poems, two tragedies, _Herod andMariamne_ (1673), and _The Siege of Babylon_ (1678), and a romance, _Eliana_. He is best known by his _Azaria and Hushai_ (1682), in reply toDryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, distinguished from the other repliesby its moderation and freedom from scurrility. 

PORSON, RICHARD (1759-1808). --Scholar, _s. _ of the parish clerk of E. Ruston, Norfolk, was distinguished from childhood by a marvelloustenacity of memory which attracted the attention of the curate of theparish, who _ed. _ him, after which he was sent by a gentleman to Eton. Subsequently a fund was collected for the purpose of maintaining him atCamb. , where he had a brilliant career, and became a Fellow of TrinityColl. This position he lost by refusing to take orders. In 1792 he wasappointed Prof. Of Greek in the Univ. , but resided for the most part inLondon, where he was much courted by literary men, but unfortunately fellinto extremely intemperate habits. P. Was one of the very greatest ofGreek scholars and critics; but he has left little permanent work of hisown. He ed. Four plays of Euripides, viz. , _Hecuba_, _Orestes_, _Phoenissæ_, and _Medea_. His most widely read work was his _Letters_to Archdeacon Travis on the disputed passage, 1 John v. 7, which isconsidered a masterpiece of acute reasoning. He is buried in the chapelof Trinity Coll. 

PORTER, ANNA MARIA (1780-1832), PORTER, JANE (1776-1850). --Novelists, were the _dau. _ of an Irish army surgeon, and sisters of Sir Robert KerP. , the painter and traveller. After the death of the _f. _ the familysettled in Edin. , where they enjoyed the friendship of Scott. ANNA at theage of 12 _pub. _ _Artless Tales_, the precursor of a series of tales andnovels numbering about 50, the best being _Don Sebastian_ (1809). JANE, though the elder by four years, did not _pub. _ until 1803, when her firstnovel, _Thaddeus of Warsaw_, appeared. _The Scottish Chiefs_ followed in1810. Both of these works, especially the latter, had remarkablepopularity, the _Chiefs_ being translated into German and Russian. Shehad greater talent than her sister, but like her, while possessed ofconsiderable animation and imagination, failed in grasping character, andimparting local verisimilitude. Both were amiable and excellent women. Aromance, _Sir Edward Seaward's Diary_ (1831), purporting to be a recordof actual circumstances, and ed. By Jane, is generally believed to havebeen written by a brother, Dr. William Ogilvie P. 

POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904). --Historian, _ed. _ at Rugby and Oxf. , called to the Bar at the Middle Temple 1874, became an ardent student ofhistory, and succeeded Froude as Prof. Of Modern History at Oxf. In 1894. Absorbed in study, he wrote less than his wide and deep learningqualified him for. Among his works are _A History of England to_ 1509, and he also wrote on Early England up to the Conquest, and on Alfred andWilliam the Conqueror. 

PRAED, WINTHROP MACKWORTH (1802-1839). --Poet, _s. _ of a sergeant-at-law, was _b. _ in London, _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , and called to the Bar 1829. He sat in Parliament for various places, and was Sec. To the Board ofControl 1834-35. He appeared to have a brilliant career before him, whenhis health gave way, and he _d. _ of consumption in 1839. His poems, chiefly bright and witty skits and satirical pieces, were _pub. _ first inAmerica 1844, and appeared in England with a memoir by Derwent Coleridgein 1864. His essays appeared in 1887. 

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING (1796-1859). --Historian, _b. _ at Salem, Massachusetts, the _s. _ of an eminent lawyer, was _ed. _ at Harvard, wherehe graduated in 1814. While there he met with an accident to one of hiseyes which seriously affected his sight for the remainder of his life. Hemade an extended tour in Europe, and on his return to America he _m. _, and abandoning the idea of a legal career, resolved to devote himself toliterature. After ten years of study, he _pub. _ in 1837 his _History ofFerdinand and Isabella_, which at once gained for him a high place amonghistorians. It was followed in 1843 by the _History of the Conquest ofMexico_, and in 1847 by the _Conquest of Peru_. His last work was the_History of Philip II. _, of which the third vol. Appeared in 1858, andwhich was left unfinished. In that year he had an apoplectic shock, andanother in 1859 was the cause of his death, which took place on January28 in the last-named year. In all his works he displayed great research, impartiality, and an admirable narrative power. The great disadvantage atwhich, owing to his very imperfect vision, he worked, makes the first ofthese qualities specially remarkable, for his authorities in a foreigntongue were read to him, while he had to write on a frame for the blind. P. Was a man of amiable and benevolent character, and enjoyed thefriendship of many of the most distinguished men in Europe as well as inAmerica. 

PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791). --Writer on morals, politics, and economics, _s. _ of a dissenting minister, was _b. _ at Tynton in Wales, _ed. _ at adissenting coll. In London, and was then for some years chaplain to a Mr. Streatfield, who left him some property. Thereafter he officiated asminister to various congregations near London. In 1758 his _Review of thePrincipal Questions and Difficulties in Morals_, a work of considerablemetaphysical power, appeared; and it was followed in 1766 by a treatiseon _The Importance of Christianity_. In 1769 his work on _ReversionaryPayments_ was _pub. _, and his Northampton Mortality Table was about thesame time constructed. These, though long superseded, were in their daymost valuable contributions to economical science. His most popular work, _Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War withAmerica_, appeared in 1776, had an enormous sale, and led to his beinginvited to go to America and assist in establishing the financial systemof the new Government. This he declined chiefly on the score of age. Simplicity, uprightness, and toleration of opinions opposed to his ownappear to have been marked traits in his character. 

PRIDEAUX, HUMPHREY (1648-1724). --Divine and scholar, belonged to anancient Cornish family, was _b. _ at Padstow, and _ed. _ at WestminsterSchool and at Oxf. He first attracted notice by his description of theArundel Marbles (1676), which gained for him powerful patrons, and herose to be Dean of Norwich. Among his other works are a _Life of Mahomet_(1697), and _The Old and New Testament connected in the History of theJews and Neighbouring Nations_ (1715-17), long an important work, ofwhich many ed. Were brought out. 

PRIESTLY, JOSEPH (1733-1804). --Chemist, theologian, and political writer, _s. _ of a draper at Fieldhead, Yorkshire, where he was _b. _ Brought up asa Calvinist, he gradually became a modified Unitarian, and afterattending a dissenting academy at Daventry, he became minister to variouscongregations. About 1756 he _pub. _ _The Scripture Doctrine ofRemission_, denying the doctrine of atonement, and in 1761 succeeded Dr. Aiken as teacher of languages and _belles-lettres_ in the dissentingacademy at Warrington. About the same time he became acquainted withFranklin and Dr. Price (_q. V. _), and began to devote himself to science, the fruits of which were his _History and Present State of Electricity_(1767), and _Vision, Light, and Colours_. He also became a distinguishedchemist, and made important discoveries, including that of oxygen. In1773 he travelled on the Continent as companion to Lord Shelburne, wherehe was introduced to many men of scientific and literary eminence, bysome of whom he was rallied upon his belief in Christianity. In reply tothis he wrote _Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever_ (1774), and inanswer to the accusations of Atheism brought against him at home, he_pub. _ (1777) _Disquisition relating to Matter and Spirit_. In 1780 hesettled in Birmingham, in 1782 _pub. _ his _Corruptions of Christianity_, and in 1786 his _History of Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ_. Hewas one of those who wrote replies to Burke's _Reflections on the FrenchRevolution_, one consequence of which was his election as a Frenchcitizen, and another the destruction of his chapel, house, papers, andinstruments by a mob. Some years later he went to America, where he _d. _P. Has been called the father of modern chemistry. He received manyscientific and academic honours, being a member of the Royal Society, ofthe Academies of France, and of St. Petersburg, and an LL. D. Of Edin. Hewas a man of powerful and original mind, of high character, and ofundaunted courage in maintaining his opinions, which were usuallyunpopular. 

PRINGLE, THOMAS (1789-1834). --Poet, _b. _ in Roxburghshire, studied atEdin. , and became known to Scott, by whose influence he obtained a grantof land in South Africa, to which he, with his _f. _ and brothers, emigrated. He took to literary work in Cape Town, and conducted twopapers, which were suppressed for their free criticisms of the ColonialGovernment. Thereupon he returned and settled in London, where he _pub. __African Sketches_. He also produced a book of poems, _Ephemerides_. 

PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721). --Poet, _b. _ near Wimborne Minster, Dorset, _s. _ of a joiner who, having _d. _, he was _ed. _ by an uncle, and sent toWestminster School. Befriended by the Earl of Dorset he proceeded toCamb. , and while there wrote, jointly with Charles Montague, _The Townand Country Mouse_, a burlesque of Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. Afterholding various diplomatic posts, in which he showed ability anddiscretion, he entered Parliament in 1700, and, deserting the Whigs, joined the Tories, by whom he was employed in various capacities, including that of Ambassador at Paris. On the death of Queen Anne he wasrecalled, and in 1715 imprisoned, but after two years released. In 1719 afolio ed. Of his works was brought out, by which he realised £4000, andLord Harley having presented him with an equal sum, he looked forward tothe peace and comfort which were his chief ambition. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity, dying two years later. Among his poems may bementioned _Solomon_, which he considered his best work, _Alma, or theProgress of the Mind_, _The Female Phaeton_, _To a Child of Quality_, andsome prose tales. His chief characteristic is a certain elegance and easygrace, in which he is perhaps unrivalled. His character appears to havebeen by no means unimpeachable, but he was amiable and free from anytrace of vindictiveness. 

PROCTER, ADELAIDE ANN (1825-1864). --Poetess, eldest _dau. _ of Bryan W. P. (_q. V. _). Many of her poems were first _pub. _ in _Household Words_ and_All the Year Round_, and afterwards _coll. _ under the title of _Legendsand Lyrics_ (1858), of which many ed. Appeared. In 1851 Miss P. Became aRoman Catholic. She took much interest in social questions affectingwomen. She wrote the well-known songs, _Cleansing Fires_ and _The LostChord_, and among her many hymns are, _I do not ask, O Lord, that Lifemay be_, and _My God, I thank Thee who hast made_. 

PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER ("BARRY CORNWALL") (1787-1874). --Poet, _b. _ atLeeds, and _ed. _ at Harrow, went to London and practised successfully asa solicitor. Thereafter he became a barrister, and was, 1832-61, aCommissioner of Lunacy. By 1823 he had produced four vols. Of poetry anda tragedy, _Mirandola_ (1821). His works include _Dramatic Scenes_(1819), _A Sicilian Story_, _Marcian Colonna_ (1820), _The Flood ofThessaly_ (1823), and _English Songs_ (1832), which last will perhapssurvive his other writings. P. Was the friend of most of his literarycontemporaries, and was universally beloved. 

PROUT, FATHER, (_see_ MAHONY, F. S. ). 

PRYNNE, WILLIAM (1600-1669). --Controversial writer, _b. _ near Bath, _ed. _at Oxf. , studied law at Lincoln's Inn, of which he became a bencher, butsoon became immersed in the writing of controversial pamphlets. After the_Unloveliness of Lovelocks_ and _Health's Sicknesse_ (1627-30) appearedhis best known controversial work, _Histrio-Mastix_, or a _Scourge forStage Players_ (1633), a bitter attack on most of the popular amusementsof the day. It was punished with inhuman severity. P. Was brought beforethe Star Chamber, fined £5000, pilloried, and had both his ears cut off. Undeterred by this he issued from his prison a fierce attack upon Laudand the hierarchy, for which he was again fined, pilloried, and brandedon both cheeks with the letters S. L. (seditious libeller). Removed toCarnarvon Castle he remained there until liberated in 1641 by the LongParliament. He soon after became a member of the House, and joined withextreme, but not inexcusable, rancour in the prosecution of Laud. Afterthis he turned his attention to the Independents, whom he hated scarcelyless than the Prelatists, and was among those expelled from the House ofCommons by Cromwell, whom he had opposed in regard to the execution ofthe King with such asperity that he again suffered imprisonment, fromwhich he was released in 1652. He supported the Restoration, and was byCharles II. Appointed Keeper of the Records in the Tower. Here he didgood service by compiling the _Calendar of Parliamentary Writs_ and_Records_. He _pub. _ in all about 200 books and pamphlets. 

PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE (1679?-1763). --Literary impostor. His real name isunknown. He is believed to have been a native of France or Switzerland, but represented himself as a native of the island of Formosa, and palmedoff a Formosan language of his own construction, to which he afterwardsadded a description of the island. For a time he was in the militaryservice of the Duke of Mecklenburg, and formed a connection with WilliamInnes, chaplain of a Scottish regiment, who collaborated with him in hisfrauds, and introduced various refinements into his methods. Innes, however, was appointed chaplain to the forces in Portugal, and P. Wasunable to maintain his impositions, and was exposed. After a seriousillness in 1728 he turned over a new leaf and became a respectable andefficient literary hack; his works in his latter days included a _GeneralHistory of Printing_, contributions to the _Universal History_, and an_Autobiography_ containing an account of his impostures. 

PURCHAS, SAMUEL (1575?-1626). --Compiler of travels, _b. _ at Thaxton, and_ed. _ at Camb. , took orders, and held various benefices, including therectory of St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill. The papers of R. Hakluyt (_q. V. _)came into his hands, and he made several compilations relating to man, his nature, doings, and surroundings. His three works are (1) _Purchashis Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed inall Ages and Places, etc. _; (2) _Purchas his Pilgrim, Microcosmus, or theHistory of Man, etc. _; and (3) _Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas hisPilgrimes, containing a History of the World in Sea Voyages and LandTravels, etc. _ Although credulous, diffuse, and confused, these workshave preserved many interesting and curious matters which would otherwisehave been lost. 

PUSEY, EDWARD BOUVERIE (1800-1882). --Scholar and theologian, _b. _ atPusey, Berks, _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. , belonged to the family of LordFolkstone, whose name was Bouverie, his _f. _ assuming that of P. Oninheriting certain estates. After studying in Germany, he became in 1828Regius Prof. Of Hebrew at Oxf. His first important work was an _Essay onthe Causes of Rationalism in German Theology_, and the arrest of similartendencies in England became one of the leading objects of his life. Hewas one of the chief leaders of the Tractarian movement, and contributedtracts on _Baptism_ and on _Fasting_. In consequence of a sermon on theEucharist, he was in 1843 suspended from the office of Univ. Preacherwhich he then held. Later writings related to _Confession_ and _TheDoctrine of the Real Presence_, and in 1865 he issued an _Eirenicon_ insupport of union with the Church of Rome. He was prominent in allmovements and controversies affecting the Univ. , and was foremost amongthe prosecutors of Jowett (_q. V. _). Among his other literary labours arecommentaries on Daniel and the minor Prophets, a treatise on EverlastingPunishment, and a Catalogue of the Arabic MS. In the Bodleian Library. 

PUTTENHAM, GEORGE (1530?-1590). --Was one of the _s. _ of Robert P. , acountry gentleman. There has been attributed to him the authorship of_The Arte of Poesie_, a treatise of some length divided into three parts, (1) of poets and poesy, (2) of proportion, (3) of ornament. It is nowthought rather more likely that it was written by his brother RICHARD(1520?-1601). George was the author of an _Apologie_ for QueenElizabeth's treatment of Mary Queen of Scots. 

PYE, HENRY JAMES (1745-1813). --A country gentleman of Berkshire, who_pub. _ _Poems on Various Subjects_ and _Alfred, an Epic_, translated the_Poetics_ of Aristotle, and was Poet Laureate from 1790. In the lastcapacity he wrote official poems of ludicrous dulness, and was generallya jest and a byword in literary circles. 

QUARLES, FRANCIS (1592-1644). --Poet, _b. _ at the manor-house of Stewardsnear Romford, was at Camb. , and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. Thereafterhe went to the Continent, and at Heidelberg acted as cup-bearer toElizabeth of Bohemia, _dau. _ of James I. He next appears as sec. ToArchbishop Ussher in Ireland, and was in 1639 Chronologer to the City ofLondon. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided with the Royalists, andwas plundered by the Parliamentarians of his books and rare manuscripts, which is said to have so grieved him as to bring about his death. Hisfirst book of poems was _A Feast for Worms_ (1620); others were _Hadassa_(Esther) (1621), _Sion's Elegies_ (1625), and _Divine Emblems_ (1635), byfar his most popular book. His style was that fashionable in his day, affected, artificial, and full of "conceits, " but he had both realpoetical fire and genuine wit, mixed with much that was false in taste, and though quaint and crabbed, is seldom feeble or dull. He was twice_m. _, and had by his first wife 18 children. 

RADCLIFFE, MRS. ANN (WARD) (1764-1823). --Novelist, only _dau. _ of parentsin a respectable position, in 1787 _m. _ Mr. William Radcliffe, ed. Andproprietor of a weekly newspaper, the _English Chronicle_. In 1789 she_pub. _ her first novel, _The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne_, of whichthe scene is laid in Scotland. It, however, gave little promise of thefuture power of the author. In the following year appeared _The SicilianRomance_, which attracted attention by its vivid descriptions andstartling incidents. Next came _The Romance of the Forest_ (1791), followed by _The Mysteries of Udolpho_ (1794), and _The Italian_ (1797), a story of the Inquisition, the last of her works _pub. _ during herlife-time. _Gaston de Blondeville_, ed. By Sergeant Talfourd, was broughtout posthumously. Mrs. R. Has been called the Salvator Rosa of Britishnovelists. She excels in the description of scenes of mystery and terrorwhether of natural scenery or incident: in the former displaying a highdegree of imaginative power, and in the latter great ingenuity andfertility of invention. She had, however, little power of delineatingcharacter. Though her works belong to a type now out of fashion, theywill always possess an historical interest as marking a stage in thedevelopment of English fiction. 

"RAINE, ALLEN" (MRS. BEYNON PUDDICOMBE). --Novelist. _A Welsh Singer_(1897), _Tom Sails_ (1898), _A Welsh Witch_ (1901), _Queen of the Rushes_(1906), etc. 

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (1552?-1618). --Explorer, statesman, admiral, historian, and poet, _s. _ of Walter R. , of Fardel, Devonshire, was _b. _at Hayes Barton in that county. In 1568 he was sent to Oxf. , where hegreatly distinguished himself. In the next year he began his career ofadventure by going to France as a volunteer in aid of the Huguenots, serving thereafter in the Low Countries. The year 1579 saw him engaged inhis first voyage of adventure in conjunction with his half-brother, SirHumphrey Gilbert. Their object was to discover and settle lands in NorthAmerica; but the expedition failed, chiefly owing to opposition by theSpaniards. The next year he was fighting against the rebels in Ireland;and shortly thereafter attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, in whosefavour he rapidly rose. In 1584 he fitted out a new colonising expeditionto North America, and succeeded in discovering and occupying Virginia, named after the Queen. On his return he was knighted. In the dark andanxious days of the Armada, 1587-88, R. Was employed in organisingresistance, and rendered distinguished service in action. His favour withthe Queen, and his haughty bearing, had, however, been raising up enemiesand rivals, and his intrigue and private marriage with ElizabethThrockmorton, one of the maids of honour, in 1593, lost him for a timethe favour of the Queen. Driven from the Court he returned to the schemesof adventure which had so great a charm for him, and fired by the Spanishaccounts of the fabulous wealth of Guiana, he and some of his friendsfitted out an expedition which, however, though attended with variousbrilliant episodes, proved unsuccessful. Restored to the favour of theQueen, he was appointed an Admiral in the expeditions to Cadiz, 1596, andin the following year was engaged in an attack on the Azores, in both ofwhich he added greatly to his reputation. The death of Elizabeth in 1603was the turning point in R. 's fortunes. Thenceforward disaster cloudedhis days. The new sovereign and his old enemies combined to compass hisruin. Accused of conspiring against the former he was, against allevidence, sentenced to death, and though this was not at the time carriedout, he was imprisoned in the Tower and his estates confiscated. Duringthis confinement he composed his _History of the World_, which he broughtdown to 130 B. C. It is one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan prose, reflective in matter and dignified and grave in style. Released in 1615he set out on his last voyage, again to Guiana, which, like the former, proved a failure, and in which he lost his eldest _s. _ He returned abroken and dying man, but met with no pity from his ungenerous King who, urged, it is believed, by the King of Spain, had him beheaded on TowerHill, October 29, 1618. R. Is one of the most striking and brilliantfigures in an age crowded with great men. Of a noble presence, he waspossessed of a commanding intellect and a versatility which enabled himto shine in every enterprise to which he set himself. In addition to hisgreat fragment the _History of the World_, he wrote _A Report of theTruth of the Fight about the Azores_, and _The Discoverie of the Empireof Guiana_, besides various poems chiefly of a philosophic cast, of whichperhaps the best known are _The Pilgrimage_, and that beginning "Go, Soul, the Body's Guest. "

The most recent _Lives_ are by Stebbing (1892), and Hume (1898). _Works_(1829), with _Lives_ by Oldys and Birch. 

RAMÉE, LOUISE DE LA ("OUIDA") (1840?-1908). --Novelist, _b. _ at Bury St. Edmunds, _dau. _ of an English _f. _ and a French mother. For many yearsshe lived in London, but about 1874 she went to Italy, where she _d. _ Shewrote over 40 novels, which had considerable popularity. Among the bestknown of them are _Under Two Flags_, _Puck_, _Two Little Wooden Shoes_, _Ina Winter City_, _In Maremma_. She also wrote a book of stories forchildren, _Bimbi_. Occasionally she shows considerable power, but on thewhole her writings have an unhealthy tone, want reality, and are notlikely to have any permanent place in literature. 

RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758). --Poet, _s. _ of a mine-manager at Leadhills, Dumfriesshire, who claimed kin with the Ramsays of Dalhousie. In hisinfancy he lost his _f. _, and his mother _m. _ a small "laird, " who gavehim the ordinary parish school education. In 1701 he came to Edinburgh asapprentice to a wig-maker, took to writing poetry, became a member of the"Easy Club, " of which Pitcairn and Ruddiman, the grammarian, weremembers, and of which he was made "laureate. " The club _pub. _ his poemsas they were thrown off, and their appearance soon began to be awaitedwith interest. In 1716 he _pub. _ an additional canto to _Christ's Kirk onthe Green_, a humorous poem sometimes attributed to James I. , and in 1719he became a bookseller, his shop being a meeting-place of the _literati_of the city. A _coll. _ ed. Of his poems appeared in 1720, among thesubscribers to which were Pope, Steele, Arbuthnot, and Gay. It wasfollowed by _Fables and Tales_, and other poems. In 1724 he began the_Tea Table Miscellany_, a collection of new Scots songs set to oldmelodies, and the _Evergreen_, a collection of old Scots poems with whichR. As ed. Took great liberties. This was a kind of work for which he wasnot qualified, and in which he was far from successful. _The GentleShepherd_, by far his best known and most meritorious work, appeared in1725, and had an immediate popularity which, to a certain extent, itretains. It is a pastoral drama, and abounds in character, unaffectedsentiment, and vivid description. After this success R. , satisfied withhis reputation, produced nothing, more of importance. He was the first tointroduce the circulating library into Scotland, and among his otherenterprises was an unsuccessful attempt to establish a theatre in Edin. On the whole his life was a happy and successful one, and he had theadvantage of a cheerful, sanguine, and contented spirit. His foible wasan innocent and good-natured vanity. 

RAMSAY, EDWARD BANNERMAN (1793-1872). --A clergyman of the ScottishEpiscopal Church, and Dean of Edinburgh in that communion from 1841, hasa place in literature by his _Reminiscences of Scottish Life andCharacter_, which had gone through 22 ed. At his death. It is a bookfull of the engaging personality of the author, and preserves manyinteresting and entertaining traits and anecdotes which must otherwise, in all probability, have perished. The Dean was deservedly one of themost popular men in Scotland. 

RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635). --Poet and dramatist, _ed. _ at WestminsterSchool and Camb. , was a friend of Ben Jonson, and led a wild life inLondon. He wrote six plays, including _The Jealous Lovers_, _Amyntas_, and _The Muses' Looking-glass_, and some poems. He was a scholar as wellas a wit, and his plays are full of learning and condensed thought in astyle somewhat cold and hard. 

RAPIN DE THOYRAS, PAUL (1661-1725). --Historian, _b. _ at Castres, Languedoc, belonged to a Protestant Savoyard family, and came to Englandon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1686. He afterwards servedwith William III. In Holland, and accompanied him to England in 1688. His_History of England_, written in French, was translated into English, andcontinued by various writers, and was the standard history until theappearance of Hume's. 

RASPE, RUDOLF ERIC- (1737-1794). --_B. _ in Hanover, was a prof. In Cassel, and keeper of the Landgrave of Hesse's antique gems and medals, in thepurloining of some of which he was detected, and fled to England. Here hewon for himself a certain place in English literature by the publicationin 1785 of _Baron Munchausen's Narrative_. Only a small portion of thework in its present form is by R. , the rest having been added later byanother hand. He appears to have maintained more or less during life hischaracter of a rogue, and is the prototype of Douster-swivel in Scott's_Antiquary_. 

RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902). --Historian, _b. _ at Chadlington. Oxfordshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , took orders, and was Canon of Canterburyfrom 1872. He held the Camden Professorship of Ancient History at Oxf. From 1861. Among his works are a translation of Herodotus (1858-62) (withhis brother, Sir Henry R. , _q. V. _), _Historical Evidences of the Truth ofthe Scripture Records_, _The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient EasternWorld_ (1862-67), _Manual of Ancient History_ (1869), _The Sixth andSeventh Great Oriental Monarchies_ (1873-77), _History of Ancient Egypt_(1881), _Histories of the Phoenicians and Parthians_, _Memoirs of SirH. C. Rawlinson_ (1898). 

RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESSWICKE (1810-1895). --Brother of the above, entered the service of the East India Company, and held many importantdiplomatic posts. He studied the cuneiform inscriptions, and _pub. _ _TheCuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_ (1861-80), _Outlines of theHistory of Assyria_ (1852). He deciphered most of the inscriptionsdiscovered by Sir A. H. Layard (_q. V. _). 

RAY, JOHN (1627-1705). --Naturalist, _s. _ of a blacksmith at Black Notley, Essex, was at Camb. , where he became a Fellow of Trinity, andsuccessively lecturer on Greek and mathematics. His first publicationwas a Latin catalogue of plants growing near Cambridge, which appeared in1660. Thereafter he made a tour of Great Britain, and _pub. _ in 1670 his_Catalogue of the Plants of England and the adjacent Isles_. In 1663 hehad travelled on the Continent for three years with his pupil-friend, F. Willughby, and in 1673 appeared _Observations_ on his journeys, whichextended over the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, with acatalogue of plants not native to England. On the death of Willughby, R. _ed. _ his sons, and in 1679 retired to his native village, where hecontinued his scientific labours until his death. These included the ed. Of W. 's _History of Birds and Fishes_, a collection of English proverbs, _Historia Plantarum Generalis_ (1686-1704), and _Synopsis MethodicaAnimalium_. He was for long popularly known by his treatise, _The Wisdomof God manifested in the works of the Creation_ (1691), a precursor ofPaley's _Natural Theology_. R. Is the father of English botany, andappears to have grasped the idea of the natural classification of plants, afterwards developed by Jussieu and other later naturalists. His greatestsuccessors, including Cuvier, highly commended his methods andacquirements. 

READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN (1822-1872). --American poet, was aportrait-painter, and lived much abroad. He wrote a prose romance, _ThePilgrims of the Great St. Bernard_, and several books of poetry, including _The New Pastoral_, _The House by the Sea_, _Sylvia_, and _ASummer Story_. Some of the shorter pieces included in these, _e. G. _, "Sheridan's Ride, " "Drifting, " and "The Closing Scene, " have great merit. 

READE, CHARLES (1814-1884). --Novelist, _s. _ of a country gentleman ofOxfordshire, _ed. _ at Oxf. , and called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn 1843. He did not, however, practise, but began his literary career with somedramas, of which the most remarkable were _Masks and Faces_, _Gold_, and_Drink_. He afterwards rewrote the first of these as a novel, _PegWoffington_ (1852), which attained great popularity. _It is never toolate to Mend_ appeared in 1856, his historical novel, _The Cloister andthe Hearth_, generally regarded as his masterpiece (1861), _Hard Cash_(1863), _Griffith Gaunt_ (1867), _Foul Play_ (1869), _Put Yourself in hisPlace_ (1870), and _A Terrible Temptation_ (1871). Critics have differedvery widely as to the merits of R. As a novelist, and have attributed to, and denied him the same qualities; but it will be generally admittedthat, while very unequal, he was at his best a writer of unusual powerand vividness. Nearly all are agreed as to the great excellence of _TheCloister and the Hearth_, Mr. Swinburne placing it "among the verygreatest masterpieces of narrative. " Many of his novels were written witha view to the reformation of some abuse. Thus _Hard Cash_ exposes certainprivate asylums, and _Foul Play_, written in collaboration with DionBoucicault, is levelled against ship-knackers. 

REED, HENRY (1808-1854). --Critic, was Prof. Of English Literature in theUniv. Of Pennsylvania. He _d. _ in a shipwreck. He was a sympathetic anddelicate critic, and was among the first of American men of letters toappreciate the genius of Wordsworth, of whose works he brought out an ed. In 1837. His lectures on English Literature, English History, and EnglishPoets were _pub. _

REEVE, CLARA (1729-1807). --Novelist, was the author of several novels, ofwhich only one is remembered--_The Old English Baron_ (1777), written inimitation of, or rivalry with, H. Walpole's _Castle of Otranto_, withwhich it has often been printed. 

REEVE, HENRY (1813-1895). --Editor, etc. , _s. _ of a physician, was on thestaff of the _Times_, the foreign policy of which he influenced for manyyears. He was ed. Of the _Edinburgh Review_ 1855-95, and of the GrevilleMemoirs 1865. He held a leading place in society, and had an unusuallywide acquaintance with men of letters all over the continent. 

REID, MAYNE (1818-1883). --Novelist, _b. _ in the north of Ireland, he setoff at the age of 20 for Mexico to push his fortunes, and went throughmany adventures, including service in the Mexican War. He also was for ashort time settled in Philadelphia engaged in literary work. Returning tothis country he began a long series of novels of adventure with _TheRifle Rangers_ (1849). The others include _The Scalp Hunters_, _BoyHunters_, and _Young Voyagers_, and had great popularity, especially withboys. 

REID, THOMAS (1710-1796). --Philosopher, was the _s. _ of the minister ofStrachan, Kincardineshire, where he was _b. _ His mother was one of thegifted family of the Gregorys. At the age of 12 he was sent to MarischalColl. , Aberdeen, where he graduated, and thereafter resided for some timeas librarian, devoting himself to study, especially of mathematics andthe Newtonian philosophy. He was in 1737 ordained minister of New Machar, Aberdeen, and in 1748 he communicated to the Royal Society an _Essay onQuantity_. Four years later he became one of the Prof. Of Philosophy(including mathematics and natural philosophy) in King's Coll. , Aberdeen, and in 1763 he was chosen to succeed Adam Smith as Prof. Of MoralPhilosophy in Glasgow. In the following year he _pub. _ his great work, _Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense_, directedagainst Hume's _Essay on Human Nature_. Up to the appearance of thelatter work in 1739 R. Had been a follower of Berkeley, but theconclusions drawn therein from the idealistic philosophy led him torevise his theories, and to propound what is usually known as the "commonsense" philosophy, by which term is meant the beliefs common to rationalbeings as such. In 1785 he _pub. _ his _Essay on the Intellectual Powers_, which was followed in 1788 by that _On the Active Powers_. R. , who, though below the middle size, was strong and fond of exercise, maintainedhis bodily and mental vigour until his death at 86. His writings, distinguished by logical rigour of method and clearness of style, exercised a profound influence in France as well as at home; but hisattempted refutation of Berkeley is now generally considered to havefailed. 

_Works_ ed. By Sir W. Hamilton and H. L. Mansel. Sketch by Prof. A. C. Fraser (1898). 

REID, SIR THOMAS WEMYSS (1842-1905). --Novelist and biographer, _b. _ atNewcastle, and after being connected with various provincial newspaperscame to London in 1887 as manager for Cassell and Co. Thereafter he was, 1890-99, ed. Of _The Speaker_. Among his more permanent writings are _TheLand of the Bey_ (1882), _Gladys Fane_ (1883), and Lives of W. E. Forster(1888), and Lords Houghton (1891), and Playfair (1899), and William Black(1902). He was knighted in 1894. 

REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792). --Painter and writer on art, _s. _ of aclergyman and schoolmaster at Plympton, Devonshire. After studying art inItaly, he settled in London, where he attained extraordinary fame as aportrait-painter. He is regarded as the greatest English representativeof that art, and was first Pres. Of the Royal Academy. He was theintimate friend of Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, and indeed of most of thecelebrated men of his time. He has also a place in literature for his_Fifteen Discourses_ on painting, delivered to the Academy. He alsocontributed to the _Idler_, and translated Du Fresney's _Art ofPainting_. He suffered from deafness, and in his latter years fromfailure of sight. He was a man of great worth and amiability. He wasknighted in 1769. 

RHODES, WILLIAM BARNES (1772-1826). --Dramatist, was in the Bank ofEngland, of which he became Chief Teller. He wrote a burlesque, _Bombastes Furioso_, which achieved great popularity. 

RHYMER, THOMAS THE, (_see_ ERCILDOUN). 

RICARDO, DAVID (1772-1823). --Political economist, _s. _ of a Jewishstockbroker, himself followed the same business, in which he acquired alarge fortune. On his marriage he conformed to Christianity. He was anoriginal and powerful writer on economic subjects, his chief work being_The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation_ (1817). After retiringfrom business he entered the House of Commons, where, owing to hisremarkable power of lucid exposition, combined with his reputation as ahighly successful man of business, he acquired great influence. Thewritings of R. Are among the classics of his subject. 

RICE, JAMES (1844-1882). --Novelist, was _ed. _ at Camb. , and studied law, from which he drifted into literature. He wrote a number of successfulnovels in collaboration with W. Besant (_q. V. _). 

RICH, BARNABE (1540?-1620?). --Writer of romances, _b. _ in Essex, sawmilitary service in the Low Countries. He began to write in 1574, andtook Lyly's _Euphues_ as his model. Among his numerous romances is _TheStrange and Wonderful Adventures of Simonides, a Gentleman Spaniard_ and_Riche, his Farewell to the Military Profession_ (1581), which furnishedShakespeare with the plot for _Twelfth Night_. 

RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761). --Novelist, _s. _ of a joiner, was _b. _ atDerby. His _f. _ had intended him for the Church, but means failed, and atthe age of 17 he went to London, and was apprenticed to a printer. Careful and diligent, he prospered in business, became printer of theJournals of the House of Commons, and in the year before his deathpurchased the moiety of the patent of King's Printer. He was twice _m. _, and each of his wives brought him six children, of whom, however, onlyfour daughters were living at his death. R. , who was the originator ofthe modern novel, did not take seriously to literature until he was past50 when, in 1740, _Pamela_ appeared. It originated in a proposal by twoprinters that R. Should write a collection of model letters for the useof persons unaccustomed to correspondence, but it soon developed in hishands into a novel in which the story is carried on in the form of acorrespondence. With faults and absurdities, it struck a true note ofsentiment, and exploded the prevalent idea that dukes and princesses werethe only suitable heroes and heroines (Pamela was a maid-servant), and itwon immediate and phenomenal popularity. In 1748 _Clarissa Harlow_, hismasterpiece, was _pub. _, and in 1753 _Sir Charles Grandison_, in whichthe author embodies his ideal of a Christian gentleman. All these surferfrom an elaboration of detail which often becomes tedious; but in deepacquaintance with the motives of conduct, and especially of the workingsof the female heart, they are almost unrivalled; their pathos also isgenuine and deep. R. Had an unusual faculty as the platonic friend andcounsellor of women, and was the centre of an admiring circle of the sex, who ministered to a vanity which became somewhat excessive. R. Has alsothe distinction of evoking the genius of Fielding, whose first novel, _Joseph Andrews_, was begun as a skit or parody upon _Pamela_. R. Isdescribed as "a stout, rosy, vain, prosy little man. " _Life_ by Sir W. Scott in Ballantyne's _Novelists Library_. _Works_ with preface by L. Stephen (12 vols. , 1883), etc. 

RITCHIE, LEITCH (1800?-1865). --Novelist, _b. _ at Greenock and in businessas a clerk in Glasgow, but about 1820 adopted literature as hisprofession. He wrote several novels of which the best known is _WearyfootCommon_; others were _The Robber of the Rhine_ and _The Magician_. In hislater years he ed. _Chambers's Journal_. 

RITSON, JOSEPH (1752-1803). --Antiquary and critic, _b. _ atStockton-on-Tees, settled in London as a conveyancer, at the same timedevoting himself to the study of ancient English poetry. By his diligenceas a collector and acuteness as a critic he rendered essential service tothe preservation and appreciation of our ancient poetry. His chief worksare _A Collection of English Songs_ (1783), _Ancient Songs from HenryIII. To the Revolution_ (1790), _A Collection of Scottish Songs_ (1794), and _A Collection of all the Ancient Poems, etc. , relating to Robin Hood_(1795). Of a jealous and quarrelsome temper, R. Was continually incontroversy with his fellow-collectors and critics, including Johnson, Warton, and Percy. His acuteness enabled him to detect the Irelandforgeries. He _d. _ insane. 

ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853). --Divine, _s. _ of CaptainFrederick R. , of the Royal Artillery, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ atEdin. And Oxf. After holding various curacies he became in 1847 incumbentof Trinity Chapel, Brighton, where his preaching, though it brought himunder the suspicion both of the High and Evangelical parties in theChurch, had an extraordinary influence. Always of delicate andhighly-strung constitution, his health gave way after his ministry inBrighton had extended to six years, and he _d. _ in 1853. The beauty ofhis life and character had almost conquered the suspicion and dislikewith which his views had inspired many. His sermons, of which five serieswere _pub. _ posthumously, have had a very wide popularity. 

ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871). --Dramatist, belonged to a familyfamous for producing actors. Never a successful actor himself, heproduced a number of plays, which had unusual popularity. Among these are_David Garrick_, _Society_, _Caste_, and _School_. 

ROBERTSON, WILLIAM (1721-1793). --Historian, _s. _ of the parish ministerof Borthwick, Midlothian, where he was _b. _, received his earlier _ed. _at Dalkeith, which then had a school of some repute; but his _f. _ beingtranslated to Edin. , he attended school, and afterwards the Univ. There, studying for the Church. In 1743 he became minister of Gladsmuir, nearPrestonpans. In the '45 he showed his loyalty by offering himself to SirJ. Cope as a volunteer, a service which was, however, declined. He soonbegan to take a prominent part in the debates of the General Assembly, ofwhich he rose to be the undisputed leader. In 1758 he became one of thecity ministers of Edin. , and in the following year _pub. _ his _History ofScotland_, which had an extraordinary success, and at once raised him toa foremost place among British historians. Preferment immediatelyfollowed: he was made Chaplain of Stirling Castle 1759, King's Chaplainfor Scotland 1760, Principal of the Univ. Of Edin. 1761, andHistoriographer for Scotland 1763. In 1769 appeared the _History of theReign of the Emperor Charles V. _, in 1777 _The History of America_, andin 1791 _Historical Disquisition on Ancient India_. In 1780 R. Retiredfrom the management of Church affairs, in which he had shown conspicuousability, and gave himself to study, and the society of his friends, amongwhom were most of his distinguished contemporaries. As a writer hepossessed a finished style, clear, measured, and stately, which carriedhis well-arranged narrative as on a full and steady stream; he was alsocool and sagacious but, like Hume, he was apt to take his facts at secondhand, and the vast additional material which has been in course ofaccumulation since his day has rendered the value of his work more andmore literary, and less and less historical. 

_Lives_ by Dugald Stewart (1801), Bishop Gleig (1812), and Lord Broughamin _Men of Letters_. 

ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1775-1867). --Diarist, _b. _ at Bury St. Edmunds, was articled to an attorney in Colchester. Between 1800 and 1805 hestudied at various places in Germany, and became acquainted with nearlyall the great men of letters there, including Goethe, Schiller, Herder, Wieland, etc. Thereafter he became war correspondent to the _Times_ inthe Peninsula. On his return to London he studied for the Bar, to whichhe was called in 1813, and became leader of the Eastern Circuit. Fifteenyears later he retired, and by virtue of his great conversational powersand other qualities, became a leader in society, going everywhere andknowing everybody worth knowing. He _d. _ unmarried, aged 91, and his_Diary, Reminiscences and Correspondence_, which stands in the forefrontof its class, was _pub. _ in 1869. 

ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT (2ND EARL OF) (1647-1680). --Poet, _s. _ of the 1stEarl, _b. _ at Ditchley in Oxfordshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , saw some navalservice when he showed conspicuous bravery. He became one of the mostdissolute of the courtiers of Charles II. , and wore himself out at 33 byhis wild life. He was handsome, and witty, and possessed a singular charmof manner. He wrote a number of light, graceful poems, many of themextremely gross. Bishop Burnet, who attended him on his deathbed, believed him to have been sincerely repentant. In addition to his shortpieces he wrote a _Satyr against Mankind_, and a tragedy, _Valentinian_, adapted from Beaumont and Fletcher. 

ROGERS, HENRY (1806-1877). --Critic and theologian, was a minister of theCongregationalist Church, and ultimately Prof. Of English Literature inUniv. Coll. , London. He was a contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_, andis best known by his _Eclipse of Faith_ (1852), a reply to F. W. Newman's_Phases of Faith_. This work, which displays remarkable acuteness andlogical power, had great popularity. 

ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855). --Poet, _s. _ of a banker in London, received acareful private education, and entered the bank, of which, on hisfather's death, he became the principal partner. From his early youth heshowed a marked taste for literature and the fine arts, which his wealthenabled him to gratify; and in his later years he was a well-known leaderin society and a munificent patron of artists and men of letters, hisbreakfasts, at which he delighted to assemble celebrities in alldepartments, being famous. He was the author of the following poems: _ThePleasures of Memory_ (1792), _Columbus_ (1810), _Jacqueline_ (1814), _Human Life_ (1819), and _Italy_ (1822). R. Was emphatically the poet oftaste, and his writings, while full of allusion and finished description, rarely show passion or intensity of feeling; but are rather thereflections and memory-pictures of a man of high culture and refinementexpressed in polished verse. He had considerable powers of conversationand sarcasm. He was offered, but declined, the laureateship. 

ROLLE, RICHARD (1290?-1349). --Hermit and poet, _b. _ at Thornton, Yorkshire, was at Oxf. Impressed by the uncertainty and the snares oflife he decided to become a hermit, a resolution which he carried outwith somewhat romantic circumstances. He wrote various religioustreatises in Latin and English, turned the Psalms into English verse, andcomposed a poem--_The Pricke of Conscience_--in 7 books, in which isshown the attitude of protest which was rising against certain Papalpretensions and doctrines. 

ROLLOCK, ROBERT (1555?-1599). --Theologian and scholar, _b. _ inStirlingshire, was first a Prof. In St. Andrews, and then the firstPrincipal of the Univ. Of Edin. He also held office as Prof. Of Theology, and was one of the ministers of the High Church. He was one of theearliest of Protestant commentators. He wrote chiefly in Latin, but someof his sermons and commentaries are in vernacular Scotch. 

ROPER, WILLIAM (1496-1578). --Biographer, _s. _ of a Kentish gentleman, _m. _ Margaret, _dau. _ of Sir Thomas More. He has a place in literaturefor his excellent and appreciative biography of his father-in-law. He wasa member of various Parliaments between 1529 and 1558. Although heremained a Roman Catholic, he was permitted to retain his office ofprothonotary of the Court of King's Bench after the accession ofElizabeth. 

ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753-1831). --Historian, _s. _ of a market-gardener nearLiverpool, for a time assisted his _f. _, devoting all his spare time tomental improvement. Subsequently he entered the office of an attorney, and in due time went into business on his own account, continuing, however, his literary studies. In 1799 he joined a local bank as partnerand manager, which proved an unfortunate step, as the bank was obliged, in 1816, to suspend payment. In 1795 he rose into fame at a bound by his_Life of Lorenzo de' Medici_. It was followed in 1805 by the _Life andPontificate of Leo the Tenth_, which, though also a work of greatability, had not the same success--his treatment of the Reformationoffending Protestants and Roman Catholics alike. Both works weretranslated into various languages. He also wrote some poems, including_The Butterfly's Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast_, and several pamphletson political questions, including the slave-trade, of which he was adetermined opponent. He also took a leading part in the public life ofLiverpool, which he represented in Parliament for a few years. He was anaccomplished botanist. 

ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DILLON, 4TH EARL of (1633?-1685). --Poet, nephew ofthe famous Earl of Strafford, was _b. _ in Ireland. He studied andtravelled on the Continent, and enjoyed a considerable literaryreputation in his own day on the strength of a poetical _Essay onTranslated Verse_, and translations from Horace's _Art of Poetry_. 

ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843). --Poet and translator, _s. _ of GeorgeR. , who held various Government offices, including that of Treasurer ofthe Navy. After being _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , he was appointed ReadingClerk to the House of Lords. He translated the romance of _Amadis deGaul_ (1803), _Partenopex de Blois_ (1807), etc. , and from 1823-31 wasoccupied with the principal work of his life, his translations from theItalian, including the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in which he wasencouraged by Sir W. Scott, whose friend he was. He also produced a vol. Of poems, _The Crusade of St. Louis_ (1810). 

ROSSETTI, CHRISTINA GEORGINA (1830-1894). --Poetess, sister of DanteGabriel R. (_q. V. _), was _b. _ in London, where she lived all her life. She began to write poetry in early girlhood, some of her earliest verseappearing in 1850 in the _Germ_, the magazine of the pre-Raphaelites, ofwhich her brother was one of the founders. Her subsequent publicationswere _Goblin Market and other Poems_ (1862), _The Prince's Progress_(1866), _A Pageant and other Poems_ (1881), and _Verses_ (1893). _NewPoems_ (1896) appeared after her death. _Sing-Song_ was a book of versesfor children. Her life was a very retired one, passed largely inattending on her mother, who lived until 1886, and in religious duties. She twice rejected proposals of marriage. Her poetry is characterised byimaginative power, exquisite expression, and simplicity and depth ofthought. She rarely imitated any forerunner, and drew her inspirationfrom her own experiences of thought and feeling. Many of her poems aredefinitely religious in form; more are deeply imbued with religiousfeeling and motive. In addition to her poems she wrote _Commonplace andother Stories_, and _The Face of the Deep_, a striking and suggestivecommentary on the Apocalypse. 

ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL (1828-1882). --Poet and painter, was _b. _ inLondon. His _f. _ was Gabriele Rossetti, an Italian scholar, who came toEngland in 1824, and was Prof. Of Italian in King's Coll. , London. Hismother was Frances Polidori, English on her mother's side, so that thepoet was three-fourths Italian, and one-fourth English. He was _ed. _ atKing's Coll. School, and began the systematic study of painting in 1842, and in 1848, with Holman Hunt, Millais, and others, founded thepre-Raphaelite school of painting. In 1849 he exhibited the "Girlhood ofMary Virgin, " and among his other pictures are "Beata Beatrix, " "MonnaVanna, " and "Dante's Dream. " Simultaneously with art he worked hard atpoetry, and by 1847 he had written _The Blessed Damozel_ and _Hand andSoul_ (both of which appeared in the _Germ_, the magazine of thepre-Raphaelites), _Retro me Sathanas_, _The Portrait_, and _The Choice_, and in 1861 he brought out a vol. Of translations from the early Italianpoets under the title of _Dante and his Circle_. The death of his wife in1862, after a married life of less than two years, told heavily upon him, as did various attacks upon his poetry, including that of Robert Buchanan(_q. V. _)--_The Fleshly School of Poetry_--to which he replied with _TheStealthy School of Criticism_. His _Poems_ which, in the vehemence of hisgrief, he had buried in the coffin of his wife, and which were afterwardsexhumed, appeared in 1870; and his last literary effort, _Ballads andSonnets_, containing the sonnets forming _The House of Life_, in 1881. Inhis later years he suffered acutely from neuralgia, which led to thehabit of taking chloral. Rossetti was fastidious in composition; hispoems are as remarkable for condensation, finish, and exact expression ofthe poet's thought as for their sumptuous colouring and rich concreteimagery. In later years he was subject to depression, and became somewhatembittered, and much of a recluse. 

_Life_ by A. C. Benson (English Men of Letters). _Family Letters andMemoir_ by W. M. Rossetti. Poetical Works with preface by the same, etc. 

ROUS, FRANCIS (1579-1659). --Versifier of the Psalms, a Cornishman, and aprominent Puritan, took a leading part in Parliament, was Provost ofEton, and wrote several theological and devotional works. His memory has, however, been chiefly kept green by his translation of the Psalms intoverse, which with some modifications was adopted by the Church andParliament of Scotland for use in public worship, a position which itheld almost exclusively until the middle of the 19th century. It is stillin universal use in the Presbyterian churches of that country, though nowaccompanied by hymns. Though rough, and sometimes, through the endeavourto maintain literalness, grotesque, it is strong and simple, and notseldom rises to a certain severe beauty; and association has endeared itto many generations of Scottish Christians. 

ROW, JOHN (1568-1646). --Scottish ecclesiastical historian, _b. _ at Perth, _s. _ of John R. , one of the Scottish Reformers, was minister of Carnockin Fife, and a leading opponent of Episcopacy. His _Historie of the Kirkof Scotland_, 1558-1637, left by him in manuscript, was printed in 1842for the Wodrow Society. It is an original authority for the period. 

ROWE, NICHOLAS (1674-1718). --Dramatist and poet, _b. _ of a good family atLittle Barford, Bedfordshire, was bred to the law, but inheriting anincome of £300 a year, he devoted himself to literature, and producedseveral dramas, including _The Ambitious Stepmother_, _The FairPenitent_, and _Jane Shore_. The last, which is his best, contains somescenes of true pathos, and holds its place. He also wrote some poems, andtranslated Lucan. R. , who was a man of very engaging manners, was thefriend of Pope, Swift, and Addison, and received many lucrativeappointments, including that of Under-Sec. Of State. He has thedistinction of being the first ed. And biographer of Shakespeare (1709). He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1715, and was buried in WestminsterAbbey, with an epitaph by Pope. 

ROWLEY, WILLIAM (1585?-1642?). --Dramatist, was an actor in the Queen'sCompany 1610. He collaborated with Middleton in _A Fair Quarrel_ and _TheChangeling_, and in others with Dekker, Webster, etc. , and wroteunassisted _A New Wonder_, _A Match at Midnight_, _A Shoemaker, aGentleman_, and several others; also a picture of life in London called_A Search for Money_. R. Was vigorous and humorous, but his verse lackedsweetness and smoothness. 

RUDDIMAN, THOMAS (1674-1757). --Grammarian, _b. _ in Banffshire, and _ed. _at King's Coll. , Aberdeen, obtained a position in the Advocates' Libraryin Edin. , of which in 1730 he became Librarian. In 1714 he _pub. _ his_Rudiments of the Latin Tongue_, which was for long the recognised Latingrammar in the schools of Scotland. He was made printer to the Univ. In1728. R. , who was one of the greatest of Scottish Latinists, produced aned. Of the works of George Buchanan, and an ed. Of _Livy_ said to be"immaculate. " He also reprinted, with notes, Gavin Douglas's version ofthe _Æneid_. 

RUSKIN, JOHN (1819-1900). --Writer on art, economics, and sociology, was_b. _ in London, the _s. _ of a wealthy wine merchant, a Scotsman. Broughtup under intellectually and morally bracing Puritan influences, hiseducation was mainly private until he went to Oxf. In 1836; he remaineduntil 1840, when a serious illness interrupted his studies, and led to asix months' visit to Italy. On his return in 1842 he took his degree. In1840 he had made the acquaintance of Turner, and this, together with avisit to Venice, constituted a turning point in his life. In 1843appeared the first vol. Of _Modern Painters_, the object of which was toinsist upon the superiority in landscape of the moderns, and especiallyof Turner, to all the ancient masters. The earnestness and originalityof the author and the splendour of the style at once called attention tothe work which, however, awakened a chorus of protest from the adherentsof the ancients. A second vol. Appeared in 1846, the third and fourth in1856, and the fifth in 1860. Meanwhile he had _pub. _ _The Seven Lamps ofArchitecture_ (1849), _The Stones of Venice_ (1851-53), perhaps hisgreatest work, _Lectures on Architecture and Painting_ (1854), _Elementsof Drawing_ (1856), and _Elements of Perspective_ (1859). During the 17years between the publication of the first and the last vols. Of _ModernPainters_ his views alike on religion and art had become profoundlymodified, and the necessity of a radical change in the moral andintellectual attitude of the age towards religion, art, and economics intheir bearing upon life and social conditions had become his ruling idea. He now assumed the _rôle_ of the prophet as Carlyle, by whose teaching hewas profoundly influenced, had done, and the rest of his life was spentin the endeavour to turn the mind of the nation in the direction hedesired. _The Political Economy of Art_ (1857) showed the line in whichhis mind was moving; but it was in _Unto this Last_, _pub. _ in the_Cornhill Magazine_ in 1860, that he began fully to develop his views. Itbrought down upon him a storm of opposition and obloquy which continuedfor years, and which, while it acted injuriously upon his highlysensitive nervous system, had no effect in silencing him or modifying hisviews. There followed _Munera Pulveris_ (Gifts of the Dust), _The Crownof Wild Olive_, _Sesame and Lilies_ (1865), _Time and Tide by Wear andTyne_, and innumerable fugitive articles. In 1869 R. Was appointed firstSlade Prof. Of the Fine Arts at Oxf. , and endowed a school of drawing inthe Univ. His successive courses of lectures were _pub. _ as _AratraPentelici_ (Ploughs of Pentelicus) (1870), _The Eagle's Nest_ (1872), _Ariadne Florentina_ (1872), and _Love's Meinie_ (1873). Contemporaneously with these he issued with more or less regularity, ashealth permitted, _Fors Clavigera_ (Chance the Club-bearer), a series ofmiscellaneous notes and essays, sold by the author himself direct to thepurchasers, the first of a series of experiments--of which the Guild ofSt. George, a tea room, and a road-making enterprise were otherexamples--in practical economics. After the death of his mother in 1871he purchased a small property, Brantwood, in the Lake district, where helived for the remainder of his life, and here he brought out in monthlyparts his last work, _Præterita_, an autobiography, 24 parts of whichappeared, bringing down the story to 1864. Here he _d. _ on January 20, 1900. R. Was a man of noble character and generous impulses, but highlystrung, irritable, and somewhat intolerant. He is one of our greateststylists, copious, eloquent, picturesque, and highly coloured. Hisinfluence on his time was very great, at first in the department of art, in which he was for a time regarded as the supreme authority, later andincreasingly in the realms of economics and morals, in which he was atfirst looked upon as an unpractical dreamer. He _m. _ in 1848, but theunion proved unhappy, and was dissolved in 1855. 

For his Life _see_ his own works, especially _Præterita_. _Life andWorks_ by Collingwood (2 vols. , 1893). _Bibliography_, T. J. Wise(1889-93). Shorter works by Mrs. Meynell, J. A. Hobson, F. Harrison, etc. 

RUSSELL, LORD JOHN, 1ST EARL RUSSELL (1792-1878). --Statesman, biographer, and historical writer, third _s. _ of the 6th Duke of Bedford, was _ed. _at Westminster School and the Univ. Of Edin. He entered Parliament in1813, and became one of the most eminent English statesmen of the 19thcentury. He uniformly acted with the Whig and afterwards with the Liberalparty, advocated all measures of progress, especially the removal oftests, the extension of education, and Parliamentary reform. He was theleader of his party in the House of Commons from 1834-55, represented theCity of London from 1841 until his elevation to the peerage in 1861, andheld the offices of Paymaster of the Forces, Home Sec. , Colonial Sec. , Foreign Sec. , and Prime Minister, which last he held twice, 1846-52, and1865-66. His contributions to literature were considerable, both innumber and importance, and include _Essay on the English Constitution_(1821), _Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe from the Peace of Utrecht_(1824), _Correspondence of the 4th Duke of Bedford_, _Life, Diary, andLetters of Thomas Moore_, _Correspondence of Charles James Fox_, and a_Life_ of the same statesman, _Essays on the Rise and Progress of theChristian Religion in the West of Europe_ (1873), and _Recollections andSuggestions_ (1875). 

RUSSELL, WILLIAM (1741-1793). --Historian, _b. _ in Selkirkshire, andapprenticed to a bookseller in Edin. , he was patronised by Lord Elibank, and went to London, where he followed literature as a profession. Hewrote poems and fables, a _History of America_ (1779), and a _History ofModern Europe_, which he left unfinished. 

RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD (1821-1907). --War correspondent, _b. _ in Co. Dublin, was called to the Bar in 1850. Having joined the staff of the_Times_, he was sent as war correspondent to the Crimea, his letters fromwhich caused a profound sensation, and led to an improved condition ofthings in regard to the army. He was also correspondent in India duringthe Mutiny, in America during the Civil War, and during theAustro-Prussian War of 1866, and the Franco-German War of 1870-71, inSouth Africa in 1879, and in Egypt in 1883. Among his books are _TheAdventures of Dr. Brady_ (1868), _Hesperothen_ (1882), _A Visit to Chili_(1890), and _The Great War with Russia_ (1895). He was knighted in 1895, and also received various foreign decorations. 

RUTHERFORD, SAMUEL (1600?-1661). --Theologian and controversialist, _b. _at Nisbet, Roxburghshire, _ed. _ at Edin. Univ. , where he became in 1623Regent of Humanity (Prof. Of Latin). In 1627 he was settled as ministerof Anwoth in Galloway, whence he was banished to Aberdeen fornonconformity. On the re-establishment of Presbytery in 1638 he was madeProf. Of Divinity at St. Andrews, and in 1651 Principal of St. Mary'sColl. There, and he was one of the Scottish Commissioners to theWestminster Assembly. At the Restoration he was deprived of all hisoffices. He was a formidable controversialist, and a strenuous upholderof the divine right of Presbytery. Among his polemical works are _DueRight of Presbyteries_ (1644), _Lex Rex_ (1644), and _Free Disputationagainst Pretended Liberty of Conscience_. _Lex Rex_ was, after theRestoration, burned by the common hangman, and led to the citation of theauthor for high treason, which his death prevented from taking effect. His chief fame, however, rests upon his spiritual and devotional works, such as _Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself_, but especiallyupon his _Letters_, which display a fervour of feeling and a rich imagerywhich, while highly relished by some, repel others. 

RYCAUT, or RICAUT, SIR PAUL (1628-1700). --Historian, was at Camb. , andheld various diplomatic positions. He wrote _Present State of the OttomanEmpire_ (1668), and a continuation of _Knolles's General Historie of theTurks_, and translated Platina's _Latin History of the Popes_. 

RYMER, THOMAS (1641-1713). --Archæologist and critic, _ed. _ at Camb. , became a barrister at Gray's Inn. He _pub. _ in 1678 _Tragedies of thelast Age Considered_, in which he passed judgments, very unfavourable, upon their authors, including Shakespeare. He was of much more use as thecollector of English treaties, which he _pub. _ under the title of_Fædera_, in 20 vols. , the last 5 of which were ed. After his death by R. Sanderson (_q. V. _). R. Also _pub. _ poems and a play, _Edgar_. He held theoffice of historiographer to William III. His learning and industry havereceived the recognition of many subsequent historians. 

ST. JOHN, H. , (_see_ BOLINGBROKE). 

SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895). --Journalist and novelist, _b. _in London of Italian ancestry, began life as an illustrator of books andscene-painter, afterwards taking to literature. He contributed to manyperiodicals, including _Household Words_, and the _Illustrated LondonNews_, and was the founder and first ed. Of _Temple Bar_. Among hisnovels were _The Buddington Peerage_ and _Quite Alone_. He also wrotebooks of travel, and an autobiographical work, his _Life and Adventures_(1895). 

SALE, GEORGE (1697?-1736). --Orientalist, a Kentish man, and practisingsolicitor. In 1734 he _pub. _ a translation of the _Koran_. He alsoassisted in the _Universal History_, and was one of the correctors of theArabic New Testament issued by the S. P. C. K. 

SANDERSON, ROBERT (1587-1663). --Theologian and casuist, _b. _ of goodfamily at Rotherham in Yorkshire, was at Oxf. Entering the Church he roseto be Bishop of Lincoln. His work on logic, _Logicæ Artis Compendium_(1615), was long a standard treatise on the subject. His sermons alsowere admired; but he is perhaps best remembered by his _Nine Cases ofConscience Resolved_ (1678), in consideration of which he has been placedat the head of English casuists. He left large collections of historicaland heraldic matter in MS. 

SANDS, ROBERT CHARLES (1799-1832). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at NewYork, was a scholarly and versatile writer, but without much originality. His best work is in his short stories. His chief poem was _Yamoyden_, anIndian story written in collaboration with a friend. 

SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644). --Traveller and translator, _s. _ of anArchbishop of York, _b. _ at Bishopsthorpe, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , is one ofthe best of the earlier travellers, learned, observant, and truth-loving. He _pub. _ in 1615 an account of his journeys in the East which was highlypopular. He also translated when in America the _Metamorphoses_ of Ovid, produced a metrical _Paraphrase on the Psalms_, with music by HenryLawes, and another on the Canticles, and wrote _Christ's Passion_, atragedy. He held various public offices, chiefly in connection with thecolony of Virginia. 

SAVAGE, RICHARD (1697?-1743). --Poet, was probably of humble birth, butclaimed to be the illegitimate _s. _ of the Countess of Macclesfield. Hewas the friend of Johnson in the early and miserable days of the latterin London; and in _The Lives of the Poets_ J. Has given his story as setforth by himself, which is, if true, a singular record of maternalcruelty. There are strong reasons, however, for doubting whether it wasanything but a tissue of falsehoods mingled with gross exaggerations offact. He led a wildly irregular life, killed a gentleman in a tavernbrawl, for which he was sentenced to death, but pardoned; and by hiswaywardness alienated nearly all who wished to befriend him. For a timehe had a pension of £50 from Queen Caroline on condition of his writingan ode yearly on her birthday. He wrote _Love in a Veil_ (1718) (comedy)and _Sir Thomas Overbury_ (1723) (tragedy), and two poems, _The Bastard_(1728) and _The Wanderer_ (1729). He _d. _ in prison at Bristol. 

SAVILE, SIR HENRY (1549-1622). --Scholar, _ed. _ at Oxf. , where he lecturedon mathematics. He was afterwards Warden of Merton Coll. And Provost ofEton, and made a translation from Tacitus entitled, _The Ende of Nero andBeginning of Galba, etc. _ (1581), and in the same year _pub. _ _RerumAnglicarum Scriptores post Bedam Præcipui_, a collection of some of thechronicles subsequent to Bede, William of Malmesbury, Roger of Hoveden, etc. He founded the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy and Geometry atOxf. 

SAXBY, EDWARD (_d. _ 1658). --_B. _ in Suffolk, and was in Cromwell's Horse. His extreme republican views, however, led him into the bitterestantagonism when C. Assumed the Protectorship. This received expression inhis extraordinary pamphlet, _Killing no Murder_, in which theassassination of C. Is advocated, and which displays in a remarkabledegree perverted ingenuity of argument combined with considerableliterary power. S. _d. _ demented in the Tower in 1658. 

SCOTT, ALEXANDER (1525?-1584?). --Scottish poet. Almost nothing is knownof his life, but he is believed to have spent most of his time in or nearEdin. Thirty-six short poems are attributed to him, including _Ane NewYeir Gift to Quene Mary_, _The Rondel of Love_, and a satire, _Justing atthe Drum_. He has great variety of metre, and is graceful and musical, but his satirical pieces are often extremely coarse. 

SCOTT, HUGH STOWELL (1863?-1903). --Novelist (under the name of HenrySeton Merriman). He was an underwriter in Lloyd's, but having a strongliterary bent, latterly devoted himself to writing novels, many of whichhad great popularity. They include _The Slave of the Lamp_ (1892), _TheSowers_ (generally considered his best) (1896), _In Kedar's Tents_(1897), _Roden's Corner_ (1898), _Isle of Unrest_ (1900), _The VelvetGlove_ (1901), _The Vultures_ (1902), and _Barlasch of the Guard_ (1903). He worked with great care, and his best books hold a high place in modernfiction. He was unusually modest and retiring in character. 

SCOTT, JOHN (1730-1783). --Poet, _s. _ of a Quaker draper who in his lateryears lived at Amwell, a village in Herts, which the poet celebrates inhis descriptive poem, _Amwell_. He wrote much other verse now forgotten. 

SCOTT, LADY JOHN (ALICIA ANN SPOTTISWOODE) (1801-1900). --_M. _ Lord JohnScott. She was the writer of a number of Scottish songs characterised bytrue poetic feeling. Among them may be mentioned _Annie Laurie_, _Douglas_, and _Durrisdeer_. She also composed the music for them. 

SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835). --Novelist, _b. _ near and _ed. _ at Glasgow, and settled in business at Kingston, Jamaica, which led to his makingfrequent sea voyages, and thus yielded him experiences which he turned toaccount in two vivacious novels, _Tom Cringle's Log_ and _The Cruise ofthe Midge_, both of which first appeared in _Blackwood's Magazine_, wherethey attained deserved popularity. They have frequently been reprinted. The author, however, maintained a strict _incognito_ during his life. 

SCOTT, SIR WALTER (1771-1832). --Poet, novelist, and biographer, _s. _ ofWalter S. , a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, and Margaret Rutherford, _dau. _ of one of the Prof. Of Medicine in the Univ. There. Through bothparents he was connected with several old Border families; his _f. _ was ascion of the Scotts of Harden, well known in Border history. In earlychildhood he suffered from a severe fever, one of the effects of whichwas a permanent lameness, and for some time he was delicate. The nativevigour of his constitution, however, soon asserted itself, and he becamea man of exceptional strength. Much of his childhood was spent at hisgrandfather's farm at Sandyknowe, Roxburghshire, and almost from the dawnof intelligence he began to show an interest in the traditionary lorewhich was to have so powerful an influence on his future life, aninterest which was nourished and stimulated by several of the oldermembers of his family, especially one of his aunts. At this stage he wasa quick-witted, excitable child, who required rather to be restrainedthan pressed forward. At the age of 7 he was strong enough to be sent tothe High School of Edinburgh, where he was more remarkable formiscellaneous and out-of-the-way knowledge and his powers ofstory-telling than for proficiency in the ordinary course of study; andnotwithstanding his lameness, he was to be found in the forefrontwherever adventure or fighting were to be had. Thereafter he was forthree sessions at the Univ. , where he bore much the same character as atschool. He was, however, far from idle, and was all the time followingthe irresistible bent, which ultimately led to such brilliant results, ina course of insatiable reading of ballads and romances, to enlarge whichhe had by the time he was 15 acquired a working knowledge of French andItalian, and had made the acquaintance of Dante and Ariosto in theoriginal. Percy's _Reliques of Ancient Poetry_, _pub. _ in 1765, came intohis hands in 1784, and proved one of the most formative influences ofthis period. At 15 he was apprenticed to his _f. _, but preferring thehigher branch of the profession, he studied for the Bar, to which he wascalled in 1792. He did not, however, forego his favourite studies, butransacked the Advocates' Library for old manuscripts, in the decipheringof which he became so expert that his assistance soon came to be invokedby antiquarians of much longer standing. Although he worked hard at lawhis ideal was not the attainment of an extensive practice, but rather ofa fairly paid post which should leave him leisure for his favouritepursuits, and this he succeeded in reaching, being appointed first in1799 Sheriff of Selkirk, and next in 1812 one of the Principal Clerks tothe Court of Session, which together brought him an income of £1600. Meanwhile in 1795 he had translated Bürger's ballad of _Lenore_, and inthe following year he made his first appearance in print by publishing italong with a translation of _The Wild Huntsman_ by the same author. Aboutthe same time he made the acquaintance of "Monk" Lewis, to whosecollection of _Tales of Wonder_ he contributed the ballads of_Glenfinlas_, _The Eve of St. John_, and _The Grey Brother_; and he _pub. _in 1799 a translation of Goethe's _Goetz von Berlichingen_. In 1797 hewas _m. _ to Miss Charlotte Margaret Charpentier, the _dau. _ of a Frenchgentleman of good position. The year 1802 saw the publication of Scott'sfirst work of real importance, _The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_, of which 2 vols. Appeared, the third following in the next year. In 1804he went to reside at Ashestiel on the Tweed, where he ed. The oldromance, _Sir Tristrem_, and in 1805 he produced his first great originalwork, _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_, which was received with greatfavour, and decided that literature was thenceforth to be the main workof his life. In the same year the first few chapters of _Waverley_ werewritten; but the unfavourable opinion of a friend led to the MS. Beinglaid aside for nearly 10 years. In 1806 S. Began, by a secretpartnership, that association with the Ballantynes which resulted sounfortunately for him 20 years later. _Marmion_ was _pub. _ in 1808: itwas even more popular than the _Lay_, and raised his reputationproportionately. The same year saw the publication of his elaborate ed. Of Dryden with a Life, and was also marked by a rupture with Jeffrey, with whom he had been associated as a contributor to the _EdinburghReview_, and by the establishment of the new firm of J. Ballantyne andCo. , of which the first important publication was _The Lady of the Lake_, which appeared in 1810, _The Vision of Don Roderick_ following in 1811. In 1812 S. Purchased land on the Tweed near Melrose, and built his famoushouse, Abbotsford, the adornment of which became one of the chiefpleasures of his life, and which he made the scene of a noble and kindlyhospitality. In the same year he _pub. _ _Rokeby_, and in 1813 _The Bridalof Triermain_, while 1814 saw _The Life and Works of Swift_ in 19 vols. , and was made illustrious by the appearance of _Waverley_, the two comingout in the same week, the latter, of course, like its successors, anonymously. The next year, _The Lord of the Isles_, _Guy Mannering_, and_The Field of Waterloo_ appeared, and the next again, 1816, _Paul'sLetters to his Kinsfolk_, _The Antiquary_, _The Black Dwarf_, and _OldMortality_, while 1817 saw _Harold the Dauntless_ and _Rob Roy_. Theenormous strain which S. Had been undergoing as official, man of letters, and man of business, began at length to tell upon him, and in this sameyear, 1817, he had the first of a series of severe seizures of cramp inthe stomach, to which, however, his indomitable spirit refused to yield, and several of his next works, _The Heart of Midlothian_ (1818), by manyconsidered his masterpiece, _The Bride of Lammermoor_, _The Legend ofMontrose_, and _Ivanhoe_, all of 1819, were dictated to amanuenses, whilehe was too ill to hold a pen. In 1820 _The Monastery_, in which thepublic began to detect a falling off in the powers of the still generallyunknown author, appeared. The immediately following _Abbot_, however, showed a recovery. _Kenilworth_ and _The Pirate_ followed in 1821, _TheFortunes of Nigel_ in 1822; _Peveril of the Peak_, _Quentin Durward_, and_St. Ronan's Well_ in 1823; _Redgauntlet_ in 1824, and _Tales of theCrusaders_ (_The Betrothed_ and _The Talisman_) in 1825. By this time S. Had long reached a pinnacle of fame such as perhaps no British man ofletters has ever attained during his lifetime. He had for a time been themost admired poet of his day, and though latterly somewhat eclipsed byByron, he still retained great fame as a poet. He also possessed a greatreputation as an antiquary, one of the chief revivers of interest in ourancient literature, and as the biographer and ed. Of several of our greatwriters; while the incognito which he maintained in regard to his novelswas to many a very partial veil. The unprecedented profits of hiswritings had made him, as he believed, a man of wealth; his socialprestige was immense; he had in 1820 been made a baronet, when that wasstill a real distinction, and he had been the acknowledged representativeof his country when the King visited it in 1822. All this was now tochange, and the fabric of prosperity which he had raised by his geniusand labour, and which had never spoiled the simplicity and generosity ofhis character, was suddenly to crumble into ruin with, however, theresult of revealing him as the possessor of qualities even greater andnobler than any he had shown in his happier days. The publishing andprinting firms with which he had been connected fell in the commercialcrisis of 1826, and S. Found himself at 55, and with failing health, involved in liabilities amounting to £130, 000. Never was adversity moremanfully and gallantly met. Notwithstanding the crushing magnitude of thedisaster and the concurrent sorrow of his wife's illness, which soonissued in her death, he deliberately set himself to the herculean task ofworking off his debts, asking only that time might be given him. Thesecret of his authorship was now, of course, revealed, and his effortswere crowned with a marvellous measure of success. _Woodstock_, his firstpublication after the crash, appeared in the same year and brought £8000;by 1828 he had earned £40, 000. In 1827 _The Two Drovers_, _The HighlandWidow_, and _The Surgeon's Daughter_, forming the first series of_Chronicles of the Canongate_, appeared together with _The Life ofNapoleon_ in 9 vols. , and the first series of _Tales of a Grandfather_;in 1828 _The Fair Maid of Perth_ and the second series of _Tales of aGrandfather_, _Anne of Geierstein_, a third series of the _Tales_, andthe commencement of a complete ed. Of the novels in 1829; a fourth andlast series of _Tales_, _History of Scotland_, and other work in 1830. Then at last the overworked brain gave way, and during this year he hadmore than one paralytic seizure. He was sent abroad for change and rest, and a Government frigate was placed at his disposal. But all was in vain;he never recovered, and though in temporary rallies he produced two morenovels, _Count Robert of Paris_ and _Castle Dangerous_, both in 1831, which only showed that the spell was broken, he gradually sank, and _d. _at Abbotsford on September 21, 1832. 

The work which S. Accomplished, whether looked at as regards its mass orits quality, is alike marvellous. In mere amount his output in each ofthe four departments of poetry, prose fiction, history and biography, andmiscellaneous literature is sufficient to fill an ordinary literary life. Indeed the quantity of his acknowledged work in other departments washeld to be the strongest argument against the possibility of his beingthe author of the novels. The achievement of such a result demanded apower of steady, methodical, and rapid work almost unparalleled in thehistory of literature. When we turn to its quality we are struck by therange of subject and the variableness of the treatment. In general thereis the same fulness of mind directed by strong practical sense andjudgment, but the style is often heavy, loose, and even slipshod, and inmost of his works there are "patches" in which he falls far below hisbest. His poetry, though as a whole belonging to the second class, isfull of broad and bold effects, picturesqueness, and an irresistible rushand freshness. As a lyrist, however, he stands much higher, and in suchgems as "Proud Maisie" and "A weary lot is thine, Fair Maid, " he takeshis place among our greatest singers. His chief fame rests, of course, upon the novels. Here also, however, there is the same inequality andirregularity, but there is a singular command over his genius in virtueof which the fusing, creating imagination responds to his call, and is atits greatest just where it is most needed. For the variety, truth, andaliveness of his characters he has probably no equal since Shakespeare, and though, of course, coming far behind, he resembles him alike in hisrange and in his insight. The most remarkable feature in his character isthe union of an imagination of the first order with practical sagacityand manly sanity, in this also resembling his great predecessor. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1771, _ed. _ Edin. , called to Bar 1792, Sheriff of Selkirk1799, Principal Clerk of Session 1812, first _pub. _ translation of_Lenore_, etc. , wrote ballads and made translation from German, _pub. Minstrelsy of Scottish Border_ 1802-3, _Lay of Last Minstrel_ 1805, began_Waverley_ 1805, partner with Ballantynes 1806, _pub. _ _Marmion_ 1808, _Lady of Lake_ 1810, began to build Abbotsford 1812, Waverley novelsbegan and continued 1814-31, health began to fail 1817, made Baronet1820, ruined by failure of Ballantynes 1826, devotes rest of his life toclearing off debt by novels and historical works, _Tales of aGrandfather_, _Life of Napoleon_, etc. , health finally gave way 1830, _d. _ 1832. 

The great authority is the _Life_ by Lockhart, but it has beensupplemented by the _Journal_ (1890) and _Letters_ (1893). Short _Lives_by C. Gilfillan, R. H. Hutton, etc. , etc. 

SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890). --Poet and painter, _s. _ of Robert S. , anengraver, and brother of David S. , painter, _b. _ in Edin. , settled inLondon, and painted chiefly historical subjects. He _pub. _ five vols. Ofpoetry, including _Hades_ and _The Year of the World_, and many finesonnets, a form of poetry in which he excelled, and in prose _Half-hourLectures on Art_ and _The Little Masters_ in the Great Artists Series. Healso ed. A series of "English Poets, " and wrote a Life of his brother andone of Albrecht Dürer, etc. 

SEDLEY, SIR CHARLES (1639?-1701). --Poet, _s. _ and heir of a Kentishbaronet, was at Oxf. And, coming to the Court of Charles II. , became oneof the most popular and brilliant members of its dissipated circles. Hewas the author of two tragedies and three comedies, now forgotten, thoughextravagantly lauded in their day, and of some poems and songs, of whichthe best known are _Phyllis_ and _Chloris_. His only child was the wittyand profligate Catherine S. , mistress of James II. , who created herCountess of Dorset. _Bellamira_ and _The Mulberry Garden_, foundedrespectively on Terence and Molière, are his best plays. His prose inpamphlets and essays is better than his verse. 

SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT (1834-1895). --Historian and essayist, _s. _ of apublisher in London, _ed. _ at City of London School and Camb. In 1863 hebecame Prof. Of Latin at Univ. Coll. , London, and was Prof. Of ModernHistory at Camb. From 1869 until his death. In 1865 appeared anonymously_Ecce Homo_, a work which created intense excitement and keen controversyin the theological and religious world. Other works were _The Life andTimes of Stein_, the Prussian statesman (1879), _Natural Religion_(1882), _The Expansion of England_ (1883), _Life of Napoleon_ (1885), anda work on Goethe. _The Growth of British Policy_ (1895) was left finishedbut unrevised at his death. In recognition of his services to the empirein his political writings he was, in 1894, made K. C. M. G. 

SELDEN, JOHN (1584-1654). --Jurist and scholar, _b. _ near Worthing, Sussex, the _s. _ of a farmer who was also a musician, _ed. _ at Chichesterand Oxf. , and studied law at Clifford's Inn and the Inner Temple. Hislearning soon attracted attention and, though practising little, he wasconsulted on points involving legal erudition. His first work, _AnalectonAnglo-Britannicon_, a chronological collection of English records down tothe Norman invasion, was written in 1606, though not _pub. _ till 1615. In1610 appeared a treatise on the _Duello, or Single Combat_; and in 1614his largest English work on _Titles of Honour_, full of profoundlearning, and still a high authority. Three years later, 1617, he wrotein Latin his treatise, _De Deis Syris_ (on the Gods of Syria), an inquiryinto polytheism, specially with reference to the false deities mentionedin Scripture. His reputation as a scholar had now become European. In1618 he incurred the indignation of the King and the clergy by his_History of Tithes_, in which he denied their claim to be a divineinstitution. Called before the High Commission he made a statementregretting the publication of the book though not withdrawing any of itsstatements. In 1621 he suffered a brief imprisonment for withstandingsome of James's doctrines as to the privileges of Parliament. Two yearslater he was elected member for Lancaster. As a politician his views weremoderate, and all along he endeavoured to repress the zeal of theextremists on both sides. He was imprisoned in the Tower for four years, 1630-34. During the final struggle of King and Parliament he was muchemployed; but like most men of moderate views, was frequently undersuspicion, and after the execution of the King, to which he was stronglyopposed, he took little to do with public matters. He was a lay member ofthe Westminster Assembly, 1643, where his profound knowledge of theoriginal tongues made him somewhat of a terror to certain extremistsamong the divines. He had at an early age been appointed steward to theEarl of Kent, and at the house of his widow, with whom he had long livedin such close friendship as to give rise to the belief that they were_m. _, he _d. _ Among other works may be mentioned a description of theArundel Marbles (1629), a treatise concerning the Jewish calendar (1646), and, specially, his _Table Talk_, _pub. _ 1689, of which Coleridge said"there is more weighty bullion sense in this book than I can find in thesame number of pages of any uninspired writer. " He was likewise theauthor of various treatises on constitutional matters and the law ofnations, including _Mare Clausum_ (a Closed Sea), in defence of theproperty of England in its circumfluent seas. Most of these were writtenin Latin. 

_Coll. Works_ with _Life_, Dr. Wilkins (3 vols. , folio, 1726), Aikin's_Lives_ of Selden and Ussher. 

SELLAR, WILLIAM YOUNG (1825-1890). --Scholar, _b. _ in Sutherlandshire, his_f. _ being factor to the Duke of Sutherland, _ed. _ at Glasgow Univ. AndOxf. , became in 1859 Prof. Of Greek at St. Andrews and, in 1863, of Latinat Edin. He _pub. _ a work on the _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (1863), followed by _The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age_. Both of these hold ahigh place among modern works of scholarship. 

SEMPILL, ROBERT (1530?-1595), SEMPILL, ROBERT (1595?-1659?), SEMPILL, FRANCIS (1616?-1682). --Scottish poets, all belonging to the same family, the last two being _f. _ and _s. _ The first was mainly a satirist, was inParis at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and belonged to the extremistdivision of the Reforming party, _The Regente's Tragedy_ laments thedeath of Murray, _Ane Complaint upon Fortoun_, the fall of Morton. Thesecond Robert wrote _The Life and Death of Habbie Simson, the Piper_, ahumorous description of old Scottish life. Francis wrote occasionalpieces. The song _She Rose and let me in_, formerly attributed to him, isnow known to be by Tom D'Urfey (_q. V. _). 

SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864). --Economist and essayist, _s. _ of aclergyman, was _b. _ at Compton Beauchamp, Berks, _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. , studied law, and was called to the Bar in 1819. He twice held theProfessorship of Political Economy at Oxf. , 1825-30 and 1847-52, renderedimportant service as a member of the Poor Law Commission of 1833, andwrote its Report. S. Holds a high position among English economists, andmade many contributions to the literature of the science, including_Outline of the Science of Political Economy_ (1836). He was, moreover, awriter of considerable versatility, his works in general literatureincluding _Essays on Fiction_ (1864), _Historical and PhilosophicalEssays_ (1865), and specially his notes of conversations with manyeminent persons, chiefly political, _e. G. _, De Tocqueville, Thiers, andGuizot, which combine fulness of information with discretion; he also_pub. _ journals of his travels in Turkey, Greece, Egypt, etc. 

SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648-1724). --Poet and dramatist, _ed. _ at Oxf. , was theauthor of a number of turgid dramas, now unreadable and unread, but whichin their day were held to rival Dryden, who pilloried S. As Doeg in thesecond part of _Absalom and Achitophel_. S. Essayed a reply in _AbsalomSenior_. He wrote against the Papists, but recanted, and made amends by a_Narrative of the Popish Plot_, in which he exposed the perjuries ofTitus Oates. He was appointed City Poet. Latterly he had a booth inBartholomew Fair. He _d. _ in the Charterhouse. His plays include_Cambyses_ (1666), _Empress of Morocco_ (1671), _Love and Revenge_(1675), _The Female Prelate_, _Distressed Innocence_ (1691), and the_Ladies' Triumph_ (1718). 

SHADWELL, THOMAS (1640 or 1642-1692). --Dramatist and poet, belonged to agood Staffordshire family, was _b. _ in Norfolk, _ed. _ at Camb. , and afterstudying law travelled, and on his return became a popular dramatist. Among his comedies, in which he displayed considerable comic power andtruth to nature, may be mentioned _The Sullen Lovers_ (1668), _RoyalShepherdess_ (1668), _The Humourists_ (1671), and _The Miser_ (1672). Heattached himself to the Whigs, and when Dryden attacked them in _Absalomand Achitophel_ and _The Medal_, had the temerity to assail himscurrilously in _The Medal of John Bayes_ (1682). The castigation whichthis evoked in _MacFlecknoe_ and in the second part of _Absalom andAchitophel_, in which S. Figures as "Og, " has conferred upon him anunenviable immortality. He may have found some consolation in hissuccession to Dryden as Poet Laureate when, at the Revolution, the latterwas deprived of the office. 

Other plays are _Epsom Wells_ (1673), _The Virtuoso_ (1676), _LancashireWitches_ (1681), _The Volunteers_ (1693), etc. 

SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF(1671-1713). --Philosopher, _b. _ in London, grandson of the 1st Earl, theeminent statesman, the "Achitophel" of Dryden. After a private educationunder the supervision of Locke, and a short experience of WinchesterSchool, he travelled much on the Continent. On succeeding to the earldomin 1699 he took a prominent part in the debates of the House of Lords, but devoted himself mainly to philosophical and literary pursuits. His_coll. _ writings were _pub. _ in 1711 under the title of _Characteristicsof Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times_. In his philosophy he maintains, asagainst Hobbes, the existence of a moral sense, a view subsequentlydeveloped by the Scottish school of philosophy. The style of S. Isstately and sonorous but laboured. He _d. _ at Naples, whither he had gonein search of health, at the early age of 42. Though his writings aredirected strongly against Atheism, they have been held to be hostile to abelief in revelation. 

SHAIRP, JOHN CAMPBELL (1819-1885). --Poet and critic, _ed. _ at Glasgow andOxf. , became Prof. Of Latin at St. Andrews 1861. Principal of the UnitedColl. There 1868, and Prof. Of Poetry at Oxf. 1877-87. Among hiswritings are _Kilmahoe and other Poems_ (1864), _Studies in Poetry andPhilosophy_ (1868), _Culture and Religion_ (1870), and a Life of Burns inthe English Men of Letters Series. He also collaborated with Prof. Taitin writing the Life of Principal Forbes (_q. V. _), and ed. The Journal ofDorothy Wordsworth. 

SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616). --Dramatist and poet, _b. _ atStratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, on 22nd or 23rd, and baptised on 26thApril, 1564. On his father's side he belonged to a good yeoman stock, though his descent cannot be certainly traced beyond his grandfather, aRichard S. , settled at Snitterfield, near Stratford. His _f. _, John S. , appears to have been a man of intelligence and energy, who set up inStratford as a dealer in all kinds of agricultural produce, to which headded the trade of a glover. He became prosperous, and gained the respectof his neighbours, as is evidenced by his election in succession to allthe municipal honours of his community, including those of chief aldermanand high bailiff. He _m. _ Mary, youngest _dau. _ of Robert Arden, awealthy farmer at Wilmcote, and a younger branch of a family ofconsiderable distinction, and whose tenant Richard S. Had been. On herfather's death Mary inherited Asbies, a house with 50 acres of landattached to it. The first children of the marriage were two _dau. _, who_d. _ in infancy. William was the third, and others followed, of whomthree sons, Gilbert, Richard, and Edmund, and a _dau. _ Joan, reachedmaturity. He was _ed. _ with his brother Gilbert at Stratford GrammarSchool, where he learned Latin from Lilly's Grammar, English, writing, and arithmetic. He probably read some of the Latin classics and may havegot a little Greek, and though his learned friend Ben Jonson credits himwith "little Latin and less Greek, " Aubrey says he "knew Latin prettywell. " This happy state of matters continued until he was about 13, whenhis _f. _ fell into misfortune, which appears to have gone on deepeninguntil the success and prosperity of the poet in later years enabled himto reinstate the family in its former position. Meanwhile, however, hewas taken from school, and appears to have been made to assist his _f. _in his business. The next certain fact in his history is his marriage inNovember, 1582, when he was 18, to Ann Hathaway, _dau. _ of a yeoman atthe neighbouring hamlet of Shottery, and 8 years his senior. Variouscircumstances point to the marriage having been against the wishes of hisown family, and pressed on by that of his wife, and that it was so urgedin defence of the reputation of the lady, and as perhaps might beexpected, they indicate, though not conclusively, that it did not provealtogether happy. The birth, in May, 1583, of his eldest child Susannah(who is said to have inherited something of his wit and practicalability, and who _m. _ a Dr. John Hall), followed in the next year by thatof twins, Hamnet and Judith, and the necessity of increased means, led tohis departure from Stratford, whence he travelled on foot to London, where the next 23 years of his life were mainly spent. The tradition thathis departure was also caused by trouble into which he had got by killingthe deer of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlcote, is credible. Leaving Stratfordin 1585 or the beginning of 1586, he seems at once to have turned to thetheatres, where he soon found work, although, as Rowe, his firstbiographer, says, "in a very mean rank. " It was not long, however, before he had opportunities of showing his capacities as an actor, withthe result that he shortly became a member of one of the chief actingcompanies of the day, which was then under the patronage of the Earl ofLeicester, and after being associated with the names of various othernoblemen, at last on the accession of James I. Became known as the King'sCompany. It played originally in "The Theatre" in Shoreditch, the firstplayhouse to be erected in England, and afterwards in the "Rose" on theBankside, Southwark, the scene of the earliest successes of S. As anactor and playwright. Subsequently to 1594, he acted occasionally in aplayhouse in Newington Butts, and between 1595 and 1599 in the "Curtain. "In the latter year the "Globe" was built on the Bankside, and 10 yearslater the "Blackfriars:" and with these two, but especially with theformer, the remainder of his professional life was associated. It is notunlikely that he visited various provincial towns; but that he was everin Scotland or on the Continent is improbable. Among the plays in whichhe appeared were Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_ and _Sejanus_, and in_Hamlet_ he played "The Ghost;" and it is said that his brother Gilbertas an old man remembered his appearing as "Adam" in _As You Like It_. By1595 S. Was famous and prosperous; his earlier plays had been written andacted, and his poems _Venus and Adonis_, and _Lucrece_, and probably mostof the sonnets, had been _pub. _ and received with extraordinary favour. He had also powerful friends and patrons, including the Earl ofSouthampton, and was known at Court. By the end of the century he ismentioned by Francis Meres (_q. V. _) as the greatest man of letters of theday, and his name had become so valuable that it was affixed byunscrupulous publishers to works, _e. G. _ _Locrine_, _Oldcastle_, and _TheYorkshire Tragedy_, by other and often very inferior hands. He had alsoresumed a close connection with Stratford, and was making the restorationof the family position there the object of his ambition. In accordancewith this he induced his _f. _ to apply for a grant of arms, which wasgiven, and he purchased New Place, the largest house in the village. Withthe income derived from his profession as an actor and dramatist, and hisshare of the profits of the Globe and Blackfriars theatres, and in viewof the business capacity with which he managed his affairs, he may beregarded as almost a wealthy man, and he went on adding to his influencein Stratford by buying land. He had enjoyed the favour of Elizabeth, andher death in 1603 did nothing to disturb his fortunes, as he stood quiteas well with her successor. His company received the title of the "King'sServants, " and his plays were frequently performed before the Court. Butnotwithstanding this, the clouds had gathered over his life. Theconspiracy of Essex in 1601 had involved several of his friends andpatrons in disaster; he had himself been entangled in the unhappy loveaffair which is supposed to be referred to in some of his sonnets, and hehad suffered unkindness at the hands of a friend. For a few years hisdramas breathe the darkness and bitterness of a heart which has beensounding the depths of sad experience. He soon, however, emerged fromthis and, passing through the period of the great tragedies, reached theserene triumph and peace of his later dramas. In 1611 S. Severed his longconnection with the stage, and retired to Stratford, where the remainingfive years of his life were spent in honour and prosperity. Early in 1616his health began to give way, and he made his will. In the spring hereceived a visit from his friends, Jonson and Drayton, and the festivitywith which it was celebrated seems to have brought on a fever, of whichhe _d. _ on April 23. He was survived by his wife and his two _dau. _, bothof whom were married. His descendants _d. _ out with his grand-daughter, Elizabeth Hall. 

Immense research has been spent upon the writings of S. , with the resultof substantial agreement as to the order of their production and thesources from which their subjects were drawn; for S. Rarely troubledhimself with the construction of a story, but adopting one alreadyexisting reared upon it as a foundation one of those marvelloussuperstructures which make him the greatest painter and interpreter ofhuman character the world has ever seen. His period of literaryproduction extends from about 1588 to 1613, and falls naturally into fourdivisions, which Prof. Dowden has named, "In the Workshop" ending in1596; "In the World" 1596-1601; "Out of the Depths" 1601-1608; and "Onthe Heights" 1608-1613. Of the 37 plays usually attributed to him, 16only were _pub. _ during his lifetime, so that the exact order in whichthey were produced cannot always be determined with certainty. Recentauthorities are agreed to the extent that while they do not invariablyplace the individual plays in the same order, they are almost entirely atone as to which belong to the four periods respectively. The followinglist shows in a condensed form the order according to Mr. Sidney Lee(_Dictionary of National Biography_) with the most probable dates and theoriginal sources on which the plays are founded. 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS

 FIRST PERIOD--1588?-1596LOVE'S LABOUR LOST (1591)--Plot probably original. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA (1591)--_The Shepherdess Felismena_ in George of Montmayor's _Diana_. COMEDY OF ERRORS (1591)--_Menæchmi_ of Plautus and earlier play. ROMEO AND JULIET (1591)--Italian romance in Painter's _Palace of Pleasure_ and Broke's _Romeus and Juliet_. HENRY VI. 1, 2, and 3 (1592)--Retouched old plays, probably with Marlowe. RICHARD III. (1592-3)--Holinshed's _Chronicle_. RICHARD II. (1593-4?)-- do. TITUS ANDRONICUS (1594)--Probably chiefly by Kyd, retouched. KING JOHN (1594)--Old play retouched. 

 SECOND PERIOD--1596-1601-2MERCHANT OF VENICE (1594)--Italian novels, _Gesta Romanorum_, and earlier plays. MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM (1595)--North's _Plutarch_, Chaucer, Ovid. ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL (1595)--Painter's _Palace of Pleasure_. TAMING OF THE SHREW (1596?)--Old play retouched, and _Supposes_ of G. Gascoigne, Shakespeare's in part only. HENRY IV. 1 and 2 (1597?)--Holinshed and earlier play. MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR (1597-8)--Italian novels (?). HENRY V. (1599). MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING (1599)--Partly from Italian. AS YOU LIKE IT (1599)--Lodge's _Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie_. TWELFTH NIGHT (1599)--B. Riche's _Apolonius and Silla_. 

 THIRD PERIOD--1602-1608JULIUS CÆSAR (1601)--North's _Plutarch_. HAMLET (1601-2)--Belleforest's _Histoires Tragiques_. TROILUS AND CRESSIDA (1603?)--Probably Chaucer's _Troilus and Cresseide_ and Chapman's _Homer_. OTHELLO (1604)--Cinthio's _Hecatommithi_. MEASURE FOR MEASURE (1604?)--Cinthio's _Epithia_. MACBETH (1605-6?)--Holinshed. LEAR (1606)-- do. TIMON OF ATHENS (1607?)--_Palace of Pleasure_ and Plutarch written with G. Wilkins (?) and W. Rowley (?). PERICLES (1607-8)--Gower's _Confessio Amantis_, with G. Wilkins (?). ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA (1608)--North's _Plutarch_. CORIOLANUS (1608)-- do. 

 FOURTH PERIOD--1608-1613CYMBELINE (1610-11?)--Holinshed and _Ginevra_ in Boccaccio's _Decamerone_. WINTER'S TALE (1610-11)--Green's _Dorastus and Fawnia_. TEMPEST (1611?)--S. Jourdain's _Discovery of the Bermudas_. HENRY VIII. (1612-13)--Draft by S. Completed by Fletcher and perhaps Massinger. 

 POEMS VENUS AND ADONIS (1593). RAPE OF LUCRECE (1594). SONNETS (1591-94?). 

The evidence as to chronology is three-fold--(1) External, such asentries in registers of Stationers' Company, contemporary references, ordetails as to the companies of actors; (2) External and internalcombined, such as references in the plays to events or books, etc. ; (3)Internal, content and treatment, progressive changes in versification, presence of frequency of rhyme, etc. The genius of S. Was so intenselydramatic that it is impossible to say confidently when he speaks in hisown character. The sonnets, written probably 1591-94 have, however, beenthought to be of a more personal nature, and to contain indications as tohis character and history, and much labour and ingenuity have beenexpended to make them yield their secrets. It is generally agreed thatthey fall into two sections, the first consisting of sonnets 1 to 126addressed to a young man, probably Henry Wriothesley, Earl ofSouthampton, the friend and patron of S. , and 9 years his junior; and thesecond from 127 to 154 addressed or referring to a woman in whose snaresthe writer had become entangled, and by whom he was betrayed. Some, however, have held that they are allegorical, or partly written on behalfof others, or that the emotion they express is dramatic and not personal. 

There are contemporary references to S. Which show him to have beengenerally held in high regard. Thus Ben Jonson says, "I loved the man, and do honour to his memory, on this side idolatry, as much as any, " andChettle refers to "His demeanour no lesse civil than exelent in thequalities he professes. " The only exception is a reference to him inGreene's _Groat's-worth of Wit_, as "an upstart crow beautified with ourfeathers, that with his tyger's heart wrapt in a player's hide supposeshe is as well able to bumbast out a blanke verse as the best of you ... And is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a countrie. " He is saidto have written rapidly and with facility, rarely requiring to alter whathe had set down. In addition to his generally received works, others havebeen attributed to him, some of which have been already mentioned: theonly two which appear to have serious claims to consideration are _TheTwo Noble Kinsmen_, partly by Fletcher, and _Edward III. _, of which partof Act I. And the whole of Act II. Have been thought to be Shakespeare's. On the other hand a theory has been propounded that none of the playsbearing his name were really his, but that they were written by Bacon(_q. V. _). This extraordinary view has been widely supported, chiefly inAmerica, and has been sometimes maintained; with considerable ability andmisplaced ingenuity. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1564, _ed. _ at Stratford School, _f. _ falls intodifficulties _c. _ 1577, _m. _ Ann Hathaway 1582, goes to London end of1585, finds employment in theatres and acts in chief companies of thetime, first in "The Theatre" afterwards the "Rose, " the "Curtain, " the"Globe" and "Blackfriars, " appearing in Jonson's _Every Man in hisHumour_ and _Sejanus_. _Venus and Adonis_, _Lucrece_, earlier plays, andperhaps most of sonnets _pub. _ by 1595, when he was friend of Southamptonand known at Court, purchases New Place at Stratford, falls into trouble_c. _ 1600, having lost friends in Essex's conspiracy, and has unfortunatelove affair; emerges from this into honour and peace, retires toStratford and _d. _ 1616. Productive period _c. _ 1588-1613, 4 divisions, first (1588-96), second (1596-1601), third (1601-1608), fourth(1608-1613). Of 37 plays usually attributed, only 16 _pub. _ in his life. 

As might have been expected, there is a copious literature devoted toShakespeare and his works. Among those dealing with biography may bementioned Halliwell Phillipps's _Outline of the Life of Shakespeare_ (7thed. , 1887), Fleay's _Shakespeare Manual_ (1876), and _Life ofShakespeare_ (1886). _Life_ by S. Lee (1898), Dowden's _Shakespeare, hisMind and Art_ (1875), Drake's _Shakespeare and his Times_ (1817), Thornberry's _Shakespeare's England_ (1856), Knight's _Shakespeare_(1843). _See_ also Works by Guizot, De Quincey, Fullom, Elze, and others. Criticisms by Coleridge, Hazlitt, Swinburne, T. S. Baynes, and others. Concordance by Mrs. Cowden Clarke. Ed. , Rowe (1709), Pope (1725), Theobald (1733), Johnson (1765), Capell (1768), Steevens's improvedre-issue of Johnson (1773), Malone (1790), Reed's _1st Variorum_ (1803), _2nd Variorum_ (1813), _3rd Variorum_ by Jas. Boswell the younger (1821), Dyce (1857), Staunton (1868-70), Camb. By W. G. Clark and Dr. Aldis Wright(1863-66), Temple (ed. I. Gollancz, 1894-96), _Eversley Shakespeare_ (ed. Herford, 1899). 

SHARP, WILLIAM ("FIONA MACLEOD") (1856-1905). --Wrote under this pseudonyma remarkable series of Celtic tales, novels, and poems, including_Pharais, a Romance of the Isles_, _The Mountain Lovers_, _The Sin-Eater_(1895), _The Washer of the Ford_, and _Green Fire_ (1896), _The Laughterof Peterkin_ (1897), _The Dominion of Dreams_ (1899), _The DivineAdventure_ (1900), _Drostan and Iseult_ (1902). He was one of theearliest and most gifted promoters of the Celtic revival. In verse are_From the Hills of Dream_, _Through the Ivory Gate_, and _The ImmortalHour_ (drama). Under his own name he wrote _Earth's Voices_, _Sospiri diRoma_, _Sospiri d'Italia_, poems, and books on Rossetti, Shelley, Browning, and Heine; also a few novels. 

SHAW, HENRY WHEELER ("JOSH BILLINGS") (1818-1885). --Humorist, _b. _ inMassachusetts. After working on steam-boats and farming, he became anauctioneer, and settled at Poughkeepsie. Stripped of the fantasticspelling by which he first succeeded in catching the public attention, the shrewd and droll maxims of his _Farmers' Allminax_ have something incommon with Franklin's _Poor Richard_. Other books with the same featuresare _Josh Billings' Sayings_, _Everybody's Friend_, _Josh Billings' TrumpKards_, etc. 

SHELLEY, MRS. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (GODWIN) (1797-1851). --Novelist, _b. _in London, the only child of William Godwin (_q. V. _) and MaryWollstonecraft, his wife (_q. V. _). In 1814 she went to the Continent withP. B. Shelley (_q. V. _), and _m. _ him two years later. When abroad she sawmuch of Byron, and it was at his villa on the Lake of Geneva that sheconceived the idea of her famous novel of _Frankenstein_ (1818), aghastly but powerful work. None of her other novels, including _The LastMan_ and _Lodore_, had the same success. She contributed biographies offoreign artists and authors to Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopædia_, and ed. Her husband's poems. 

SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822). --Poet, _s. _ of Sir Timothy S. , was_b. _ at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, and _ed. _ at Brentford, Eton, and Univ. Coll. , Oxf. , whence for writing and circulating a pamphlet, _The Necessity of Atheism_, he was expelled. One immediate result of thiswas a difference with his _f. _, which was deepened into a permanentbreach by his marriage in the following year to Harriet Westbrook, thepretty and lively _dau. _ of a retired innkeeper. The next three yearswere passed in wandering about from place to place in Ireland, Wales, theLake District, and other parts of the kingdom, and in the composition of_Queen Mab_ (1813), the poet's first serious work. Before the end of thatperiod he had separated from his wife, for which various reasons havebeen assigned, one being her previous desertion of him, and the discoveryon his part of imperfect sympathy between them; the principal one, however, being that he had conceived a violent passion for MaryWollstonecraft Godwin (_see_ Shelley, Mrs. M. W. ), _dau. _ of WilliamGodwin (_q. V. _), with whom he eloped to Italy in 1814, and whom he _m. _in 1816, his first wife having drowned herself. The custody of his twochildren, whom he had left with their mother, was refused him by theCourt of Chancery. In Switzerland he had made the acquaintance of Byron, with whom he afterwards lived in intimacy in Italy. Returning to Englandin 1815 he wrote his first really great poem, _Alastor_ (1816), followedby the _Hymn to Intellectual Beauty_, _Prince Athanase_, _Rosalind andHelen_, and _Laon and Cythna_, afterwards called the _Revolt of Islam_(1817). In 1818 he left England never to return, and went to Italy, andin the next two years--while at Rome--produced his two greatest works, the tragedy of _The Cenci_ (1819) and _Prometheus Unbound_ (1820). Heremoved to Venice in 1820 in the company of Byron, and there wrote_Julian and Maddalo_, a poetic record of discussions between them. _Epipsychidion_, _Hellas_, and _Adonais_, a lament for Keats, were allproduced in 1821. After a short residence at Pisa he went to Lerici onthe Gulf of Spezzia, where he indulged in his favourite recreation ofboating, and here on July 8, 1823, he went, in company with a friend, Mr. Williams, on that fatal expedition which cost him his life. His body wascast ashore about a fortnight later, and burnt, in accordance with thequarantine law of the country, on a pyre in the presence of Byron, LeighHunt, and Trelawny. His ashes were carefully preserved and buried in theProtestant cemetery at Rome near those of Keats. The character of S. Is asingularly compounded one. By the unanimous testimony of his friends, itwas remarkable for gentleness, purity, generosity, and strong affection:on the other hand he appears to have had very inadequate conceptions ofduty and responsibility, and from his childhood seems to have been inrevolt against authority of every kind. The charge of Atheism restschiefly on _Mab_, the work of a boy, printed by him for privatecirculation, and to some extent repudiated as personal opinion. As a poethe stands in the front rank: in lyrical gift, shown in _Prometheus_, _Hellas_, and some of his shorter poems, such as "The Skylark, " he isprobably unsurpassed, and in his _Cenci_ he exhibits dramatic power of ahigh order. Among his shorter poems are some which reach perfection, suchas the sonnet on "Ozymandias, " "Music when soft voices die, " "I arisefrom dreams of thee, " "When the lamp is shattered, " the "Ode to the WestWind, " and "O world! O life! O time!" During his short life of 30 yearshe was, not unnaturally, the object of much severe judgment, and hispoetic power even was recognised by only a few. Posterity has taken amore lenient view of his serious errors of conduct, while according tohis genius a shining place among the immortals. 

The best ed. Of the _Works_ is that of Buxton Forman (4 vols. ). There areed. Of the Poems by W. M. Rossetti (1894), Dowden (1891), etc. _Lives_ byMedwin (1847), J. A. Symonds (1887), W. M. Rossetti, Prof. Dowden, T. Jefferson Hogg, and others. 

SHENSTONE, WILLIAM (1714-1763). --Poet, _s. _ of Thomas S. , owner of asmall estate at Hales Owen, Shropshire. At this place, called theLeasowes, the poet was _b. _ In 1732 he went to Oxf. On his father's deathhe retired to the Leasowes where he passed his time, and ran through hismeans in transforming it into a marvel of landscape gardening, visited bystrangers from all parts of the kingdom. The works of S. Consist of poemsand prose essays. Of the former two, _The Schoolmistress_, a humorousimitation of Spenser, with many quaint and tender touches, and the_Pastoral Ballad_ in four parts, perhaps the best of its kind in thelanguage, survive. The essays also display good sense and a pointed andgraceful style. The last years of S. Were clouded by financialembarrassments and perhaps also by disappointed affections. After hisdeath his works, were _coll. _ and _pub. _ by Dodsley. 

SHERIDAN, RICHARD BRINSLEY (1751-1816). --Dramatist and orator, _b. _ inDublin, the _s. _ of an actor, was _ed. _ at Harrow. In 1772 he eloped withMiss Linley, a famous singer, went with her to France, fought two duels, and _m. _ her in 1773. S. Has a reputation of the highest in two distinctwalks, those of the dramatist and the Parliamentary orator. By his threegreat comedies, _The Rivals_ (1775), _The School for Scandal_ (1777), and_The Critic_ (1779), he raised himself to the first place among thewriters of the comedy of manners; and by his speeches, specially those insupport of the impeachment of Warren Hastings, he has a position amongthe greatest of Parliamentary orators. Unfortunately he had little turnfor business, and too great a love of pleasure and conviviality, whichled to lifelong pecuniary embarrassment, completed by the destruction byfire of Drury Lane Theatre, of which he had become proprietor. As apolitician S. Supported the Whig party, and held the offices ofUnder-Sec. For Foreign Affairs, Sec. To the Treasury, and Treasurer ofthe Navy. He was also confidential adviser to George IV. When Prince ofWales, but like everybody else who had to do with him suffered from theingratitude of "the first gentleman in Europe. " The accounts longprevalent of the poverty and misery of his last years have been shown tobe greatly exaggerated, though he was in reduced circumstances. As adramatist S. Shines in the construction of amusing situations, and in asparkling flow of witty dialogue which never flags. His only other playwas _Pizarro_ (1799), a patriotic melodrama. 

_Lives_ by Walkins (1817), T. Moore (1825), and Mrs. Oliphant (1883). 

SHERLOCK, WILLIAM (1641?-1707). --Divine and controversialist, _b. _ atSouthwark, _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , took orders, and became in 1684Master of the Temple, and in 1691 Dean of St. Paul's. He exercised apowerful influence in the Church. His most popular work was his_Discourse concerning Death_, and his principal controversial effort washis _Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity_. Other works were on_Future Judgment_ and on _The Divine Providence_. His son, THOMASSHERLOCK (1678-1761), who was also Master of the Temple, became Bishopsuccessively of Bangor, Salisbury, and London, and was, like his _f. _, anoted controversialist. His best known work is his _Tryal of theWitnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus_ (1729). 

SHERWOOD, MRS. MARY MARTHA (BUTT) (1775-1851). --Writer of children'sbooks, _m. _ in 1803 Captain H. Sherwood, and went to India, where shetook much interest in soldiers' children. Among her books, many of whichattained great popularity, are _Susan Gray_, _Little Henry and hisBearer_, and _The Fairchild Family_. 

SHIRLEY, JAMES (1596-1666). --Dramatist, _b. _ in London, _ed. _ at MerchantTaylor's School, London, and at Oxf. And Camb. , became a master of St. Alban's Grammar School, and afterwards joined the Roman Catholic Church, and going to London wrote for the stage, producing 39 plays. His talentsand his religion recommended him to Queen Henrietta Maria, and he appearsto have led a fairly prosperous life until the interdict of plays byParliament in 1642. In the Civil War he bore arms on the Royalist side, and during the Commonwealth he returned to his occupation ofschoolmaster. The Restoration does not appear to have improved hisfortunes much; he was burnt out in the great fire of 1666, and very soonafterwards he and his wife _d. _ on the same day. The plays of S. Include_The Traitor_ (1631), _The Cardinal_ (1641), _The Gamester_ (1633), _HydePark_ (1632), and _The Lady of Pleasure_ (1635). He also wrote poems, including the well-known lines beginning "The Glories of our mortalState. " S. Has fancy, liveliness, and the style of a gentleman, but helacks depth and interest. He is less gross than most of hiscontemporaries. 

Other plays are _The Ball_ (1632), _The Maid's Revenge_ (1626), _TheGrateful Servant_ (1629), _Bird in a Cage_ (1633), _The Example_ (1634). _The Constant Maid_ (_c. _ 1640), _Doubtful Heir, or Rosania_ (1640), _Court Secret_ (1653), _Contention of Ajax and Ulysses_ (1659), etc. 

SHORTHOUSE, JOSEPH HENRY (1834-1903). --Novelist, _b. _ at Birmingham, where he was a chemical manufacturer. Originally a Quaker, he joined theChurch of England. His first, and by far his best book, _John Inglesant_, appeared in 1881, and at once made him famous. Though deficient in itsstructure as a story, and not appealing to the populace, it fascinates bythe charm of its style and the "dim religious light" by which it issuffused, as well as by the striking scenes occasionally depicted. Hisother novels, _The Little Schoolmaster Mark_, _Sir Percival_, _TheCountess Eve_, and _A Teacher of the Violin_, though with some of thesame characteristics, had no success comparable to his first. S. Alsowrote an essay, _The Platonism of Wordsworth_. 

SIBBES, RICHARD (1577-1635). --Divine, was at Camb. , where he held variousacademic posts, of which he was deprived by the High Commission onaccount of his Puritanism. He was the author of several devotional worksexpressing intense religious feeling--_The Saint's Cordial_ (1629), _TheBruised Reed and Smoking Flax_, etc. He was a man of great learning. 

SIDNEY, or SYDNEY, ALGERNON (1622-1683). --Political writer, _s. _ of the2nd Earl of Leicester, and grand-nephew of Sir Philip S. , in his youthtravelled on the Continent, served against the Irish Rebels, and on theoutbreak of the Civil War, on the side of the Parliament. He was one ofthe judges on the trial of Charles I. , and though he did not attend, hethoroughly approved of the sentence. He opposed the assumption of thesupreme power by Cromwell. After the Restoration he lived on theContinent, but receiving a pardon, returned in 1677 to England. He, however, retained the republican principles which he had all his lifeadvocated, fell under the suspicion of the Court, and was in 1683, on thediscovery of the Rye House Plot, condemned to death on entirelyinsufficient evidence, and beheaded on Tower Hill, December 7, 1683. Though no charge of personal venality has been substantiated, yet itappears to be certain that he received money from the French King forusing his influence against war between the two countries, his objectbeing to prevent Charles II. From obtaining command of the war supplies. S. Was deeply versed in political theory, and wrote _Discoursesconcerning Government_, _pub. _ in 1698. 

SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586). --Poet and romancist, _s. _ of Sir HenryS. , Deputy of Ireland, and Pres. Of Wales, _b. _ at the family seat ofPenshurst, and _ed. _ at Shrewsbury School and Oxf. He was at the FrenchCourt on the fateful August 24, 1572--the massacre of St. Bartholomew--but left Paris soon thereafter and went to Germany andItaly. In 1576 he was with his _f. _ in Ireland, and the next year went onmissions to the Elector Palatine and the Emperor Rudolf II. When hisfather's Irish policy was called in question, he wrote an able defence ofit. He became the friend of Spenser, who dedicated to him his _Shepherd'sCalendar_. In 1580 he lost the favour of the Queen by remonstratingagainst her proposed marriage with the Duke of Anjou. His own marriagewith a _dau. _ of Sir Francis Walsingham took place in 1583. In 1585 hewas engaged in the war in the Low Countries, and met his death at Zutphenfrom a wound in the thigh. His death was commemorated by Spenser in his_Astrophel_. S. Has always been considered as the type of Englishchivalry; and his extraordinary contemporary reputation rested on hispersonal qualities of nobility and generosity. His writings consist ofhis famous pastoral romance of _Arcadia_, his sonnets _Astrophel andStella_, and his _Apologie for Poetrie_, afterwards called _Defence ofPoesie_. The _Arcadia_ was originally written for the amusement of hissister, afterwards Countess of Pembroke, the "Sidney's sister, Pembroke'smother, " of Ben Jonson. Though its interest now is chiefly historical, itenjoyed an extraordinary popularity for a century after its appearance, and had a marked influence on the immediately succeeding literature. Itwas written in 1580-81 but not _pub. _ until 1590, and is a medley ofpoetical prose, full of conceits, with occasional verse interspersed. His_Defence of Poesie_, written in reply to Gosson (_q. V. _), is in simpleand vigorous English. S. Also made a translation of the Psalms. 

_Poems_ ed. By Grosart, _Apologie_ by Arber and others, _Astrophel_ byGray, Arber, and others. _Life_ by Fulke Greville (1652), ed. By Sir E. Brydges (1816). _Arcadia_ (_facsimile_), by Somner. Lives by J. A. Symonds, Fox Bourne, and others. 

SIGOURNEY, MRS. LYDIA (HUNTLEY) (1791-1865). --American verse writer, wasan extraordinarily copious writer of smooth, sentimental verse, which hadgreat popularity in its day. Her most ambitious effort was a blank versepoem, _Traits of the Aborigines of America_ (1822). Other books were_Connecticut Forty Years Since_, _Pocahontas_, etc. 

SIMMS, WILLIAM GILMORE (1806-1870). --Novelist, etc. , _b. _ at Charleston, South Carolina, began his literary life with journalism. He then for sometime tried poetry, but without any distinct success except occasionallyin _Southern Passages and Pictures_ (1839). But in fiction, which hebegan in 1833 with _Martin Faber_, he was more successful, though ratheran imitator of Cooper. _The Yemassee_ (1835) is generally considered hisbest novel. He was less happy in his attempts at historical romance, suchas _Count Julian_ and _The Damsel of Darien_. During the war, in which hewas naturally a strong partisan of the South, he was ruined, and hislibrary was burned; and from these disasters he never recovered. He hada high repute as a journalist, orator, and lecturer. He was the firstSoutherner to achieve any name in literature. 

SKELTON, JOHN (1460?-1529). --Poet, _b. _ in Norfolk, and _ed. _ at Oxf. AndCamb. , of both of which he was _cr. _ Poet Laureate, and perhaps held thesame office under the King. He was appointed tutor to Henry VIII. , andnotwithstanding his sharp tongue, enjoyed some favour at Court. In 1498he entered the Church, and became Rector of Diss in his native county. Hitherto he seems to have produced some translations only, but about thistime he appears to have struck upon the vein which he was to work withsuch vigour and popularity. He turned his attention to abuses in Churchand State, which he lashed with caustic satire, conveyed in shortdoggerel rhyming lines peculiar to himself, in which jokes, slang, invectives, and Latin quotations rush out pell-mell. His best works inthis line are _Why come ye not to Court?_ and _Colin Clout_, bothdirected against the clergy, and the former against Wolsey in particular. Piqued at his inconstancy (for S. Had previously courted him) theCardinal would have imprisoned him, had he not taken sanctuary inWestminster, where he remained until his death. Other works of his are_The Tunning_ (brewing) _of Elynor Rummynge_, a coarsely humorous pictureof low life, and the tender and fanciful _Death of Philip Sparrow_, thelament of a young lady over her pet bird killed by a cat. 

SKELTON, SIR JOHN (1831-1897). --Miscellaneous writer. _B. _ in Edinburgh, _ed. _ at the Univ. There, and called to the Scottish Bar 1854, he wasSec. And ultimately Chairman of the Local Government Board for Scotland. He wrote _Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary Stuart_ (1887), _The Crookit Meg_ (1880), and _The Table Talk of Shirley_. He contributedto _Fraser's_ and _Blackwood's Magazines_. He received the degree ofLL. D. From Edin. 1878, and was made K. C. B. 1897. 

SKENE, WILLIAM FORBES (1807-1892). --Historian, 2nd _s. _ of James S. OfRubislaw, friend of Sir Walter Scott, was a Writer to the Signet inEdinburgh, and Clerk of the Bills in the Court of Session. He wrote anded. Historical works of considerable authority, _The Highlanders ofScotland_ (1837), and his most important work, _Celtic Scotland_(1876-80), and ed. Of _The Four Ancient Books of Wales_ (1868), and otherCeltic writings. 

SKINNER, JOHN (1721-1807). --Historian and song-writer, _s. _ of aschoolmaster at Birse, Aberdeenshire, was _ed. _ at Marischal Coll. Brought up as a Presbyterian, he became an Episcopalian and ministered toa congregation at Longside, near Peterhead, for 65 years. He wrote _TheEcclesiastical History of Scotland_ from the Episcopalian point of view, and several songs of which _The Reel of Tullochgorum_ and _The Ewie wi'the Crookit Horn_ are the best known, and he also rendered some of thePsalms into Latin. He kept up a rhyming correspondence with Burns. 

SKIPSEY, JOSEPH (1832-1903). --Poet, _b. _ near North Shields, and fromchildhood worked in the mines. He _pub. _ a few pieces of poetry in 1859, and soon after left working underground and became caretaker ofShakespeare's house at Stratford-on-Avon. During the last 30 years of hislife he _pub. _ several vols. Of poetry, including _The Collier Lad_ and_Carols from the Coal Fields_; and he ed. Some vols. For the "CanterburyPoets. " _Memoir_ by R. S. Watson (1908). 

SMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771). --Poet, _s. _ of the steward to Lord Vane, was _b. _ at Shipbourne, Kent, and by the bounty of the Duchess ofCleveland sent to Camb. Here his ill-balanced mind showed itself in wildfolly. Leaving the Univ. He came to London and maintained himself byconducting and writing for periodicals. His _Poems on Several Occasions_, which contained "The Hop Garden, " was issued in 1752, and _The Hilliad_in 1753 against "Sir" John Hill, a notoriety of the day who had attackedhim. His mind ultimately gave way, and it was in confinement that heproduced by far his most remarkable work, the _Song to David_, a mostoriginal and powerful poem. Unfortunate to the last, he _d. _ in theKing's Bench prison, to which he had been committed for debt. He alsotranslated Horace. 

SMEDLEY, FRANK (1818-1864). --Novelist, was the author of several novelswhich had considerable popularity, including _Frank Fairleigh_ (1850), _Lewis Arundel_ (1852), and _Harry Coverdale's Courtship_ (1855). S. Wasa life-long cripple. 

SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904). --Biographer and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ atHaddington, _ed. _ at the Grammar School there, studied medicine at Edin. , and settled in practice in his native town. Subsequently he betookhimself to journalism, and ed. A paper in Leeds. Afterwards he was sec. To various railways. His leisure was devoted to reading and writing, andhis first publication was _The Life of George Stephenson_ (1857). _Self-Help_, his most popular work, followed in 1859; it had an immensecirculation, and was translated into 17 languages. It was followed up by_Character_ (1871), _Thrift_ (1875), and _Duty_ (1880). _The Lives of theEngineers_ and _Industrial Biography_ appeared in 1863, _The Huguenots, their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland_(1867), and _The Huguenots in France_ a little later. He also wrotebiographies of Telford and James Watt, and of the Scottish naturalists, Edwards the shoemaker and Dick the baker. He received the degree of LL. D. From Edin. In 1878. 

SMITH, ADAM (1723-1790). --Philosopher and economist, _b. _ at Kirkcaldy, Fife, the _s. _ of the Controller of Customs there. His _f. _ _d. _ shortlybefore his birth. The first and only adventure in his tranquil life washis being kidnapped by gipsies. After being at the Grammar School ofKirkcaldy, he went to the Univ. Of Glasgow, whence he proceeded to Oxf. On the conclusion of his Univ. Course he returned to Kirkcaldy, goingsubsequently to Edinburgh, where he was soon recognised as a man ofunusual intellect. In 1751 he was appointed to the Chair of Logic atGlasgow, which he next year exchanged for that of Moral Philosophy, andin 1759 he _pub. _ his _Theory of the Moral Sentiments_. He received in1762 the degree of LL. D. From his Univ. , and two years later resigned hischair and became travelling tutor to the young Duke of Buccleuch, accompanying him to the Continent. He remained for nearly a year inParis, and made the acquaintance of the brilliant circle of _savans_ inthat city. Returning to Kirkcaldy in 1766 he lived there with his motherfor nearly ten years in retirement and close study, the results of whichwere given to the world in 1776 in the publication of his epoch-makingwork, _Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations_(1776). This book may be said to have founded the science of politicaleconomy, and to have created a new department of literature; and very fewworks have, to the same extent, influenced the practical history of theworld. In 1778 S. Was made a Commissioner of Customs, and settled inEdinburgh; and in 1787 he was elected Lord Rector of the Univ. OfGlasgow. In addition to the works above mentioned, he wrote variousessays on philosophical subjects, and an account of the last days ofDavid Hume. The style of his works was plain and lucid, and he had aremarkable faculty of apt illustration. 

SMITH, ALBERT (1816-1860). --Humorous writer, studied medicine, and for ashort time assisted his _f. _ in practice. He was one of the originalcontributors to _Punch_, and among his books are _The Adventures of Mr. Ledbury_ and _The Scattergood Family_. He also lectured and gaveentertainments, including _The Ascent of Mont Blanc_, which were highlypopular. 

SMITH, ALEXANDER (1830-1867). --Poet and essayist, _s. _ of a Paisleypattern-designer, at first followed the same occupation in Glasgow, buthaving become known as a poet of promise was, in 1854, appointed Sec. OfEdin. Univ. After contributing to the _Glasgow Citizen_ he _pub. _ _A LifeDrama_ (1853), which received much admiration. Thereafter appeared _WarSonnets_ (in conjunction, with S. Dobell, _q. V. _), _City Poems_ (1857), and _Edwin of Deira_ (1861). In prose he wrote _Dreamthorpe_ (essays), _ASummer in Skye_, and two novels, _Alfred Hagart's Household_ and _MissDona M'Quarrie_. His poems were in a rich and glowing style, but by somegood judges were held to show fancy rather than imagination. He belongedto what was called the "spasmodic" school of poetry. 

SMITH, MRS. CHARLOTTE (TURNER) (1749-1806). --Was _m. _ at 15 to a WestIndian merchant, who by a series of misfortunes and imprudences wasreduced from affluence to poverty. She had in her youth shownconsiderable promise as a poetess, and in her misfortunes she was able tomaintain herself and her family by her pen. In addition to a poem, _Beachy Head_, and sonnets, she wrote several novels of more than usualmerit, including _Emmeline_ (1788), and, her best work, _The Old EnglishManor House_. 

SMITH, HORACE (1779-1849), SMITH, JAMES (1775-1839). --Humorists, _s. _ ofa London lawyer who was solicitor to the Board of Ordnance. Jamessucceeded his _f. _; Horace became a successful stockbroker. Both brotherswere distinguished for brilliant wit and humour. Their first great hitwas _Rejected Addresses_ (1812), extremely clever parodies on leadingcontemporary poets. To this _jeu d'esprit_ James contributed among othersimitations of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Crabbe, while Horace's shareincluded Scott and Moore. James _pub. _ little more, but anonymously gaveCharles Matthews assistance in his entertainments. Horace _pub. _ severalnovels which, with perhaps the exception of _Brambletye House_, are nowforgotten. He also wrote _The Address to a Mummy_, a remarkable poem inwhich wit and true sentiment are admirably combined. Both brothers werehighly esteemed not only for their social qualities, but for theirbenevolence and goodness of heart. 

SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ at Woodford, Essex, the _s. _ of a gentleman of independent means, and _ed. _ atWinchester and Oxf. , took orders 1794, becoming curate of Amesbury. Hecame to Edinburgh as tutor to a gentleman's _s. _, was introduced to thecircle of brilliant young Whigs there, and assisted in founding the_Edinburgh Review_. He then went to London, where he was for a timepreacher at the Foundling Hospital, and lectured on moral philosophy atthe Royal Institution. His brilliant wit and general ability made him afavourite in society, while by his power of clear and cogent argument heexercised a strong influence on the course of politics. His _PlymleyLetters_ did much to advance the cause of Catholic emancipation. Hereceived various preferments, and became a canon of St. Paul's. Inpolitics he was a Whig, in his Church views an Erastian; and in thedefence of his principles he was honest and courageous. Though notremarkable for religious devotion he was a hard-working and, according tohis lights, useful country parson. By the death of a younger brother hein his later years came into a considerable fortune. 

SMITH, WALTER CHALMERS (1824-1908). --_B. _ in Aberdeen and _ed. _ there andat Edin. , was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Orwell, Glasgow, and Edinburgh successively, a distinguished preacher and a manof kindly nature and catholic sympathies. He attained considerablereputation as a poet. Among his works are _The Bishop's Walk_ (1861), _Olrig Grange_ (1872), _Hilda among the Broken Gods_ (1878), _Raban_(1880), _Kildrostan_ (1884), and _A Heretic_ (1890). Some of these werewritten under the names of "Orwell" and Hermann Kunst. He received thedegrees of D. D. And LL. D. 

SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893). --Lexicographer, _ed. _ at Univ. Coll. , London, was a contributor to the _Penny Magazine_ and compiled or ed. Many useful works of reference, including _Dictionary of Greek and RomanAntiquities_ (1842), and dictionaries of the Bible, of ChristianAntiquities, and Christian Biography, etc. , also various school seriesand educational handbooks, including _The Classical Dictionary_. He heldvarious academical degrees, including Ph. D. Of Leipsic, and was knightedin 1892. 

SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-1894). --Theologian and Semitic scholar, _s. _ of the Free Church minister of Keig, Aberdeenshire, studied for theministry of that Church. In 1870 he was appointed Prof. Of Hebrew, etc. , in its coll. At Aberdeen, a position which he had to resign on account ofhis advanced critical views. He became joint ed. Of _The EncyclopædiaBritannica_, and in 1883 Prof. Of Arabic at Camb. S. Was a man ofbrilliant and versatile talents, a mathematician as well as a scholar, somewhat uncompromising and aggressive in the exposition and defence ofhis views. His works include _The Old Testament in the Jewish Church_(1881), and _The Religion of the Semites_ (1889). 

SMOLLETT, TOBIAS GEORGE (1721-1771). --Novelist, 2nd _s. _ of Archibald S. , of Dalquhurn, Dumbartonshire, and _ed. _ at Glasgow, proceeded to Londonin 1739 with the view of having a tragedy, _The Regicide_, put on thestage, in which, however, he failed. In this disappointment he tookservice as surgeon's mate on one of the vessels of the Carthagenaexpedition, 1741, an experience which he turned to account in his novels. On his return he settled in London, and endeavoured to acquire practiceas a physician, but was not very successful, and having discovered wherehis talent lay, he thenceforth devoted himself to literature. _RoderickRandom_ appeared in 1748, _The History of an Atom_ (1749), _PeregrinePickle_ in 1751, _Ferdinand, Count Fathom_ in 1753, _Sir LancelotGreaves_ in 1766, and _Humphrey Clinker_, generally considered his bestnovel, in 1770. Besides these works, however, he translated Voltaire, wrote a _History of England_ in continuation of Hume's, an _Ode toIndependence_, travels and satires, and contributed to variousperiodicals. He was repeatedly involved in acrimonious controversy, andon one occasion fined and imprisoned for a libel, which, with variousprivate misfortunes, embittered his life, and he _d. _ disappointed andworn out near Leghorn. Had he lived four years longer he would havesucceeded to his grandfather's estate of Bonhill. The novels of S. Display great narrative power, and he has a remarkable comic vein of abroad type, which enables him to present ludicrous scenes andcircumstances with great effect. There is, however, a strong infusion ofcoarseness in his treatment of his subjects. 

SOMERVILLE, MRS. MARY (FAIRFAX) (1780-1872). --Mathematician and writer onscience, _dau. _ of Admiral Sir William G. Fairfax, _b. _ at Jedburgh, wastwice _m. _, first to Mr. Greig, an officer in the Russian Navy, andsecond to her cousin Dr. William S. Although she had early manifested ataste for study, and specially for science, she had, until after thedeath of her first husband, little opportunity of following out herfavourite subjects. With Dr. S. , who was in full sympathy with herscientific tastes, she went to reside in London, and there her talentsmade her known in scientific circles. In 1823 she was requested by LordBrougham to popularise the _Mechanique Celeste_ of La Place. This she didwith great success, publishing her work as _The Celestial Mechanism ofthe Heavens_ (1830). She also _pub. _ _The Connection of the PhysicalSciences_ (1834), and other works. She received a pension fromGovernment, and _d. _ aged 92 at Naples, where she had resided for thelast ten or twelve years of her life. 

SOMERVILLE, WILLIAM (1675-1742). --Poet, a Warwickshire squire of literarytastes, wrote among others a poem, _The Chase_, in 4 books, which hassome passages of considerable descriptive power. 

SOTHEBY, WILLIAM (1757-1833). --Poet and translator, belonged to a goodfamily, and was _ed. _ at Harrow. In early life he was in the army. He_pub. _ a few dramas and books of poems, which had no great popularity, and are now forgotten; his reputation rests upon his admirabletranslations of the _Oberon_ of Wieland, the _Georgics_ of Virgil, andthe _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_. The last two were begun when he was upwards of70, but he lived to complete them. His _Georgics_ is considered one ofthe best translations from the classics in the language. 

SOUTH, ROBERT (1634-1716). --Divine, _s. _ of a London merchant, was _b. _at Hackney, and _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. , where in 1660 hewas appointed Univ. Orator. He became domestic chaplain to the LordChancellor Clarendon, and in 1663 the degree of D. D. Was conferred uponhim. After accompanying an embassy to Poland he became Rector of Islip, and a chaplain to Charles II. Thereafter he steadily declined higherpreferment, including the bishopric of Rochester. He was opposed to theRomanising measures of James II. , but owing to his views as to the dutyof passive obedience he declined to associate himself in any way with theRevolution, to which nevertheless he submitted. He was an expertcontroversialist, but it is chiefly by his sermons, which are among theclassics of English divinity, that he is remembered. He has thereputation of being the wittiest of English preachers, and thischaracteristic is sometimes present to a degree not quite suitable to thesubjects treated. 

SOUTHERNE, THOMAS (1660-1746). --Dramatist, _b. _ in Dublin, and _ed. _ atTrinity Coll. There, came to London and studied law at the Middle Temple. Afterwards he entered the army and saw service. He wrote ten plays, ofwhich two were long acted and are still remembered, _The Fatal Marriage_(1694) and _Oroonoko_ (1696), in the latter of which he appealspassionately against the slave-trade. Unlike most preceding dramatists hewas a practical man, succeeded in his theatrical management, and retiredon a fortune. Other plays are _The Loyal Brother_ (1682), _TheDisappointment_ (1684), _The Wives' Excuse_ (1692), _The Spartan Dame_(1719), etc. 

SOUTHEY, MRS. CAROLINE ANNE (BOWLES) (1786-1854). --Poetess, _dau. _ of acaptain in the navy, submitted a poem, _Ellen Fitzarthur_ to Southey(_q. V. _), which led to a friendship, and to a proposed joint poem onRobin Hood, not, however, carried out, and eventually to her becoming thepoet's second wife. She wrote various other works, including _Chapters onChurchyards_ and _Tales of the Factories_. 

SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843). --Poet, biographer, etc. , _s. _ of anunsuccessful linen-draper in Bristol, where he was _b. _, was sent toWestminster School, and in 1792 went to Oxf. His friendship withColeridge began in 1794, and with him he joined in the scheme of a"pantisocracy" (_see_ Coleridge). In 1795 he _m. _ his first wife, EdithFricker, and thus became the brother-in-law of Coleridge. Shortlyafterwards he visited Spain, and in 1800 Portugal, and laid thefoundations of his thorough knowledge of the history and literature ofthe Peninsula. Between these two periods of foreign travel he hadattempted the study of law, which proved entirely uncongenial; and in1803 he settled at Greta Hall, Keswick, to which neighbourhood theColeridges had also come. Here he set himself to a course ofindefatigable literary toil which only ended with his life. _Thalaba_had appeared in 1801, and there followed _Madoc_ (1805), _The Curse ofKehama_ (1810), _Roderic, the Last of the Goths_ (1814), and _A Vision ofJudgment_ (1821); and in prose a _History of Brazil_, Lives of Nelson(1813), Wesley (1820), and Bunyan (1830), _The Book of the Church_(1824), _History of the Peninsular War_ (1823-32), _Naval History_, and_The Doctor_ (1834-37). In addition to this vast amount of work he hadbeen from 1808 a constant contributor to the _Quarterly Review_. In 1839when he was failing both in body and mind he _m. _, as his second wife, Miss Caroline Ann Bowles, who had for 20 years been his intimate friend, and by whom his few remaining years were soothed. Though the name of S. Still bulks somewhat largely in the history of our literature, his works, with a few exceptions, are now little read, and those of them (his longerpoems, _Thalaba_ and _Kehama_) on which he himself based his hopes oflasting fame, least of all. To this result their length, remoteness fromliving interests, and the impression that their often splendid diction israther eloquence than true poetry, have contributed. Some of his shorterpoems, _e. G. _, "The Holly Tree, " and "The Battle of Blenheim" still live, but his fame now rests on his vigorous prose and especially on hisclassic _Life of Nelson_. Like Wordsworth and Coleridge, S. Began life asa democratic visionary, and was strongly influenced by the FrenchRevolution, but gradually cooled down into a pronounced Tory. He washimself greater and better than any of his works, his life being a noblerecord of devotion to duty and unselfish benevolence. He held the officeof Poet Laureate from 1813, and had a pension from Government. Hedeclined a baronetcy. 

_Life and Correspondence_ (6 vols. , 1849-50) by his younger son, Rev. C. Southey. _Life_ by Dowden in Men of Letters (1880). 

SOUTHWELL, ROBERT (1561?-1595). --Poet, _b. _ at Horsham St. Faith's, Norfolk, of good Roman Catholic family, and _ed. _ at Douay, Paris, andRome, he became a Jesuit, and showed such learning and ability as to beappointed Prefect of the English Coll. In 1586 he came to England withGarnett, the superior of the English province, and became chaplain to theCountess of Arundel. His being in England for more than 40 days thenrendered him liable to the punishment of death and disembowelment, and in1592 he was apprehended and imprisoned in the Tower for three years, during which he was tortured 13 times. He was then put on trial andexecuted, February 22, 1595. He was the author of _St. Peter's Complaint_and _The Burning Babe_, a short poem of great imaginative power, and ofseveral prose religious works, including _St. Mary Magdalene's Teares_, _A Short Rule of Good Life_, _The Triumphs over Death_, etc. 

SPEDDING, JAMES (1808-1881). --Editor of Bacon's works, _s. _ of aCumberland squire, and _ed. _ at Bury St. Edmunds and Camb. , was for someyears in the Colonial Office. He devoted himself to the ed. Of Bacon'sworks, and the endeavour to clear his character against the aspersions ofMacaulay and others. The former was done in conjunction with Ellis andHeath, his own being much the largest share in their great ed. (1861-74);and the latter, so far as possible, in _The Life and Letters_, entirelyhis own. In 1878 he brought out an abridged _Life and Times of FrancisBacon_. He strongly combated the theory that B. Was the author ofShakespeare's plays. His death was caused by his being run over by a cab. He enjoyed the friendship of many of his greatest contemporaries, including Carlyle, Tennyson, and Fitzgerald. 

SPEED, JOHN (1552?-1629). --Historian, _b. _ at Farington, Cheshire, andbrought up to the trade of a tailor, had a strong taste for history andantiquities, and wrote a _History of Great Britain_ (1611), which waslong the best in existence, in collecting material for which he hadassistance from Cotton, Spelman, and other investigators. He also _pub. _useful maps of Great Britain and Ireland, and of various counties, etc. In 1616 appeared his _Cloud of Witnesses confirming ... The truth ofGod's most holie Word_. His maps were _coll. _ and with descriptions_pub. _ in 1611 as _Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain_. 

SPEKE, J. H. , (_see under_ GRANT, J. A. )

SPELMAN, SIR HENRY (1564?-1641). --Historian and antiquary, _b. _ atCongham, Norfolk, studied at Camb. , and entered Lincoln's Inn. He wrotevaluable works on legal and ecclesiastical antiquities, including_History of Sacrilege_ (_pub. _ 1698), _Glossarium Archæologicum_ (1626and 1664), a glossary of obsolete law-terms, _A History of the EnglishCouncils_ (1639), and _Tenures by Knight-service_ (1641). His writingshave furnished valuable material for subsequent historians. He sat inParliament and on various commissions, and in recompense of his labourswas voted a grant of £300. 

SPENCE, JOSEPH (1699-1768). --Anecdotist, _b. _ at Kingsclere, Hants, and_ed. _ at Winchester and Oxf. , he entered the Church, and held variouspreferments, including a prebend at Durham, and was Prof. Of Poetry atOxf. He wrote an _Essay on Pope's Odyssey_, which gained for him thefriendship of the poet, of whose conversation he made notes, collectinglikewise anecdotes of him and of other celebrities which were _pub. _ in1820, and are of great value, inasmuch as they preserve much matterillustrative of the literary history of the 18th century which wouldotherwise have been lost. 

SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903). --Philosopher, _b. _ at Derby, the _s. _ of ateacher, from whom, and from his uncle, mentioned below, he received mostof his education. His immediate family circle was strongly Dissenting inits theological atmosphere, his _f. _, originally a Methodist, havingbecome a Quaker, while his mother remained a Wesleyan. At 13 he was sentto the care of his uncle, Thomas S. , a clergyman, near Bath, but aRadical and anti-corn-law agitator. Declining a Univ. Career he became aschool assistant, but shortly after accepted a situation under theengineer of the London and Birmingham railway, in which he remained untilthe great railway crisis of 1846 threw him out of employment. Previous tothis he had begun to write political articles in the _Nonconformist_; henow resolved to devote himself to journalism, and in 1848 was appointedsub-ed. Of the _Economist_. Thereafter he became more and more absorbedin the consideration of the problems of sociology and the development ofthe doctrine of evolution as applied thereto, gradually leading up tothe completion of a system of philosophy which was the work of his life. His fundamental proposition is that society, like the individual, is anorganism subject to evolution, and the scope of this idea is graduallyexpanded so as to embrace in its sweep the whole range of cognisiblephenomena. Among the books which he _pub. _ in exposition of his views maybe mentioned _Social Statics_ (1850), _Principles of Psychology_ (1855), _First Principles_ (1862), _Principles of Biology_ (1867), _Data ofEthics_ (1879), _Principles of Sociology_ (1877), _PoliticalInstitutions_ (1882), and _Man versus the State_ (1884). His works havebeen translated into most European languages--some of them into Chineseand Japanese. The most characteristic qualities of S. As a thinker arehis powers of generalisation and analysis. He left an autobiography, inwhich he subjects his own personality to analysis with singulardetachment of mind. 

_Life_ by David Duncan, LL. D. , _Life_ by A. J. Thompson. _See_ also_Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, Fishe (1874), and books on S. And hisphilosophy by Hudson (1894), White (1897), and Macpherson (1890). 

SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834). --Poet, _ed. _ at Harrow and Oxf. , belonged to the Whig set of Fox and Sheridan. He wrote graceful _vers desocieté_, made translations from Bürger, and is best remembered by hiswell-known ballad of _Gelert_. After a life of extravagance he _d. _ inpoverty in Paris. 

SPENSER, EDMUND (1552?-1599). --Poet, was _b. _ in East Smithfield, London, the _s. _ of John S. , described as gentleman and journeyman in the art ofcloth-making, who had come to London from Lancashire. In 1561 the poetwas sent to Merchant Taylor's School, then newly opened, and in 1569 heproceeded to Pembroke Hall, Camb. , as a sizar, taking his degree in 1576. Among his friends there were Edward Kirke, who ed. The _Shepheard'sCalendar_, and Gabriel Harvey, the critic. While still at school he hadcontributed 14 sonnet-visions to Van de Noot's _Theatre for Worldlings_(1569). On leaving the Univ. S. Went to the north, probably to visit hisrelations in Lancashire, and in 1578, through his friend Harvey, hebecame known to Leicester and his brother-in-law, Philip Sidney. The nextyear, 1579, saw the publication of _The Shepheard's Calendar_ in 12eclogues. It was dedicated to Sidney, who had become his friend andpatron, and was received with acclamation, all who had ears for poetryperceiving that a new and great singer had arisen. The following year S. Was appointed sec. To Lord Grey of Wilton, Deputy for Ireland, a strictPuritan, and accompanied him to Ireland. At the same time he appears tohave begun the _Faerie Queen_. In 1581 he was appointed Registrar ofChancery, and received a grant of the Abbey and Castle of Enniscorthy, which was followed in 1586 by a grant of the Castle of Kilcolman inCounty Cork, a former possession of the Earls of Desmond with 3000 acresattached. Simultaneously, however, a heavy blow fell upon him in thedeath of Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen. The loss of this dear friend hecommemorated in his lament of _Astrophel_. In 1590 he was visited by SirWalter Raleigh, who persuaded him to come to England, and presented himto the Queen, from whom he received a pension of £50, which does not, however, appear to have been regularly paid, and on the whole hisexperiences of the Court did not yield him much satisfaction. In the sameyear his reputation as a poet was vastly augmented by the publication ofthe first three books of the _Faerie Queen_, dedicated to Elizabeth. Theenthusiasm with which they were received led the publisher to bring out acollection of other writings of S. Under the general title of_Complaints_, and including _Mother Hubbard's Tale_ (a satire on theCourt and on the conflict then being waged between the old faith and thenew), _Teares of the Muses_, and _The Ruins of Time_. Having seen theseventures launched, S. Returned to Kilcolman and wrote _Colin Clout's comeHome Again_, one of the brightest and most vigorous of his poems, not, however, _pub. _ until 1595. In the following year appeared his _FourHymns_, two on _Love and Beauty_ and two on _Heavenly Love and Beauty_, and the _Prothalamion_ on the marriage of two daughters of the Earl ofWorcester. He also _pub. _ in prose his _View of Ireland_, a work full ofshrewd observation and practical statesmanship. In 1594 he was _m. _ toElizabeth Boyle, whom he had courted in _Amoretti_, and his union withwhom he now celebrated in the magnificent _Epithalamion_, by manyregarded as his most perfect poem. In 1595 he returned to England, takingwith him the second part of the _Faerie Queen_, _pub. _ in 1596. In 1598he was made Sheriff of Cork, and in the same year his fortunes suffered afinal eclipse. The rebellion of Tyrone broke out, his castle was burned, and in the conflagration his youngest child, an infant, perished, hehimself with his wife and remaining children escaping with difficulty. Hejoined the President, Sir T. Norris, who sent him with despatches toLondon, where he suddenly _d. _ on January 16, 1599, as was long believedin extreme destitution. This, however, happily appears to be at leastdoubtful. He was buried in Westminster Abbey near Chaucer, and a monumentwas erected to his memory in 1620 by the Countess of Dorset. 

The position of S. In English poetry is below Chaucer, Shakespeare, andMilton only. The first far excels him in narrative and constructive powerand in humour, and the last in austere grandeur of conception; but forrichness and beauty of imagination and exquisite sweetness of music he isunsurpassed except by Shakespeare. He has been called the poets' poet, atitle which he well merits, not only by virtue of the homage which allthe more imaginative poets have yielded him, but because of the almostunequalled influence he has exercised upon the whole subsequent courseand expression of English poetry, which he enriched with the stanza whichbears his name, and which none since him have used with more perfectmastery. His faults are prolixity, indirectness, and want of constructivepower, and consequently the sustained sweetness and sumptuousness of hisverse are apt to cloy. His great work, the _Faerie Queen_, is but agorgeous fragment, six books out of a projected twelve; but probably fewor none of its readers have regretted its incompleteness. In itProtestantism and Puritanism receive their most poetic and imaginativepresentation and vindication. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1552, _ed. _ Merchant Taylor's School and Camb. , becameknown to Leicester and Sir P. Sidney 1578, _pub. _ _Shepheard's Calendar_1579, appointed sec. To Lord Deputy of Ireland 1580, and began _FaerieQueen_, receives various appointments and grants 1581-6, _pub. __Astrophel_ in memory of Sidney 1586, visited by Raleigh and by himpresented to Queen Elizabeth, who pensioned him 1590, and in same year_pub. _ first three books of _Faerie Queen_, _Teares of Muses_, etc. , writes_Colin Clout_, _pub. _ 1595, and in 1596 _pub. _ _Four Hymns_ and_Prothalamion_, _m. _ E. Boyle 1594, whom he had courted in _Amoretti_, and now celebrated in the _Epithalamion_, returned to England 1595, Sheriff of Cork 1598, in which year the rebellion broke out and ruinedhis fortunes, returned to London and _d. _ 1599. 

There have been very numerous ed. Of the works, among which may bementioned the Globe (1899), and Dr. Grosart's (10 vols. , 1882-84). Thereis an excellent biography by Dean Church (1879). 

SPOTTISWOOD, JOHN (1565-1639). --Historian, _s. _ of John S. , minister ofMidcalder and Superintendent of Lothian. Entering the Church he gainedthe favour of James VI. , and was his chief instrument in his endeavoursto restore Episcopal church-government in Scotland. He became Archbishopsuccessively of Glasgow and St. Andrews, and in 1635 Lord Chancellor ofScotland. On the rising caused by the introduction of the service-book, he had to flee from Scotland, and was excommunicated by the GeneralAssembly (1638). He wrote a _History of the Church and State ofScotland_, _pub. _ 1655. It is, of course, written from the Episcopalianstandpoint, as Calderwood's is from the Presbyterian. 

SPRAGUE, CHARLES (1791-1875). --Poet, _b. _ at Boston, Mass. , had somereputation as a writer of prize poems, odes, and domestic poems. To thefirst class belong _Curiosity_ and _Shakespeare Ode_, and to the latter, _The Family Meeting_ and _I see Thee Still_, an elegy on his sister. 

SPRAT, THOMAS (1635-1713). --Divine and writer of memoirs, _b. _ atBeaminster, Dorset, _ed. _ at Oxf. , was a mathematician, and one of thegroup of scientific men among whom the Royal Society, of which he was oneof the first members and the historian, had its origin. He wrote a Lifeof his friend Cowley the poet, and an account of Young's plot for therestoration of James II. His _History of the Royal Society_ is hisprincipal work, but he also wrote poems, and had a high reputation as apreacher. His literary style gives him a distinguished place amongEnglish writers. He held various, high preferments, and _d. _ Bishop ofRochester. 

SPURGEON, CHARLES HADDON (1834-1892). --_B. _ at Kelvedon, Essex, left theIndependents and joined the Baptist communion and became, at the age of20, pastor of New Park Street Chapel, London, where he attained anunprecedented popularity. In 1859 the Metropolitan Tabernacle was erectedfor him. He was a decided Calvinist in his theological views, and wasstrongly opposed to modern critical movements. He possessed in an eminentdegree two of the great requisites of effective oratory, a magnificentvoice and a command of pure idiomatic Saxon English. His sermons, composed and _pub. _ weekly, had an enormous circulation, and wereregularly translated into several languages. In addition to his pastorallabours he superintended an almshouse, a pastor's coll. , and anorphanage; and he was likewise a voluminous author, publishing, inaddition to his sermons, numerous works, including _The Treasury ofDavid_ (a commentary on the Psalms). 

STANHOPE, PHILIP HENRY, 5TH EARL STANHOPE (1805-1875). --Historian, was_b. _ at Walmer, and _ed. _ at Oxf. He sat in the House of Commons forWootton Bassett and Hertford, held some minor official appointments underPeel, and identified himself with many useful measures, specially inregard to literature and art. His writings, which are all remarkable forindustrious collection of facts, careful and impartial sifting andweighing of evidence, and a clear, sober, and agreeable style, include_History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles_(1836-63), and histories of the _War of the Spanish Succession_ (1832), and of the _Reign of Queen Anne_ (1870), besides Lives of the youngerPitt (1861) and of Lord 'Chesterfield. As an author he is best known asViscount Mahon. 

STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (1815-1881). --Historian, biographer, andtheologian, _s. _ of Edward S. , Bishop of Norwich, _b. _ at Alderley, Cheshire, of which his _f. _ was then rector, _ed. _ at Rugby and Oxf. , became a Fellow of Univ. Coll. Taking orders in 1839 he became Canon ofCanterbury 1851, and of Christ Church 1858, and Dean of Westminster 1864. He was also Prof. Of Ecclesiastical History at Oxf. 1856. Hisecclesiastical position was Erastian and latitudinarian, and hispractical aim in Church politics comprehension. He gave great offence tothe High Church party by his championing of Colenso, W. G. Ward, Jowett, and others, by his preaching in the pulpits of the Church of Scotland andin other ways, and his latitudinarianism made him equally obnoxious tomany others. On the other hand, his singular personal charm and thefascination of his literary style secured for him a very wide popularity. He was a prolific author, his works including _Life of Dr. Arnold_ (ofRugby) (1844), whose favourite pupil he was, and _Memorials ofCanterbury_ (1854), _Sinai and Palestine_ (1855), _Lectures on theEastern Church_ (1861), _History of the Jewish Church_ (1863, etc. ), _Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey_ (1867), _Lectures on theHistory of the Church of Scotland_ (1872), besides various commentaries. In his historical writings he aimed rather at conveying a vivid andpicturesque general effect than at minute accuracy of detail orphilosophical views. His masterpiece is his _Life of Dr. Arnold_, whichis one of the great biographies in the language. His wife was LadyAugusta Bruce, to whom he was _m. _ in 1868. 

STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (1841-1904). --Traveller in Africa, _b. _ inAmerica, went to find, and found, Livingstone, and wrote an account ofhis adventures in the quest, _How I found Livingstone_. Other works were_In Darkest Africa_ and _Through the Dark Continent_. 

STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678). --Philosopher and scholar, connected with theDerby family, _ed. _ at Camb. , was the author of some poems and of abiographical _History of Philosophy_ (4 vols. , 1655-62). He was learnedin the classics, and translated from the Latin and late Greek as well asfrom the Italian and Portuguese, and ed. Æschylus. His poetry isthoughtful and gracefully expressed. 

STANYHURST, RICHARD (1547-1618). --Translator, was at Oxf. , and studiedlaw at Furnivall's Inn and Lincoln's Inn. He collaborated with Holinshed(_q. V. _). His principal literary achievement was a grotesquely stiff, clumsy, and prosaic translation of the first four books of the _Æneid_into English hexameters. He also translated some of the Psalms. 

STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE, L. H. D. , LL. D. , (1833-1908). --American poet andcritic. _Poems Lyric and Idyllic_ (1860), _Alice of Monmouth_ (1864), _The Blameless Prince_ (1869), _Victorian Poets_ (1875-87), _Lyrics andIdylls_ (1879), _Poets of America_ (1885), _Victorian Anthology_ (1896), _American Anthology_ (1896), etc. 

STEELE, SIR RICHARD (1672-1729). --Essayist and dramatist, _s. _ of aDublin attorney, who _d. _ when his _s. _ was 5 years old, was on thenomination of the Duke of Ormond, sent to the Charterhouse School, wherehis friendship with Addison began, and thence went to Oxf. , but leftwithout taking a degree, and enlisted in the Horse Guards, for which hewas disinherited by a rich relation. He, however, gained the favour ofhis colonel, Lord Cutts, himself a poet, and rose to the rank of captain. With the view of setting before himself a high ideal of conduct (to whichunhappily he was never able to attain), he at this time wrote a treatiseon morals entitled _The Christian Hero_ (1701). Abandoning this vein, henext produced three comedies, _The Funeral, or Grief à la Mode_ (1702), _The Tender Husband_ (1703), and _The Lying Lover_ (1704). Two yearslater he was appointed Gentleman Waiter to Prince George of Denmark, andin 1707 he was made Gazetteer; and in the same year he _m. _ as his secondwife Mary Scurlock, his "dear Prue, " who seems, however, to have beensomething of a termagant. She had considerable means, but theincorrigible extravagance of S. Soon brought on embarrassment. In 1709 helaid the foundations of his fame by starting the _Tatler_, the first ofthose periodicals which are so characteristic a literary feature of thatage. In this he had the invaluable assistance of Addison, who contributed42 papers out of a total of 271, and helped with others. The _Tatler_ wasfollowed by the _Spectator_, in which Addison co-operated to a stillgreater extent. It was even a greater success, and ran to 555 numbers, exclusive of a brief revival by Addison in which S. Had no part, and inits turn was followed by the _Guardian_. It is on his essays in thesethat the literary fame of S. Rests. With less refinement and delicacy ofwit than Addison, he had perhaps more knowledge of life, and a widersympathy, and like him he had a sincere desire for the reformation ofmorals and manners. In the keen political strife of the times he foughtstoutly and honestly on the Whig side, one result of which was that helost his office of Gazetteer, and was in 1714 expelled from the House ofCommons to which he had just been elected. The next year gave afavourable turn to his fortunes. The accession of George I. Brought backthe Whigs, and S. Was appointed to various offices, including acommissionership on forfeited estates in Scotland, which took him toEdinburgh, where he was welcomed by all the _literati_ there. Nothing, however, could keep him out of financial embarrassments, and othertroubles followed: his wife _d. _; differences, arose with Addison, who_d. _ before a reconciliation could be effected. The remaining years wereclouded by financial troubles and ill-health. His last work was a play, _The Conscious Lovers_ (1722). He left London and lived at Hereford andat Carmarthen, where he _d. _ after a partial loss of his faculties fromparalysis. 

_Lives_ by Austin Dobson (1886) and G. A. Aitken (1889). Ed. , _Plays_ byAitken (1893), Essays (selected) Clarendon Press (1885), _Tatler_, Aitken(1898), _Spectator_, H. Morley (1868), Gregory Smith (1897-8), Aitken(1898). 

STEEVENS, GEORGE (1736-1800). --Shakespearian commentator, _ed. _ at Etonand Camb. He issued various reprints of quarto ed. Of Shakespeare, andassisted Dr. Johnson in his ed. , and also in his _Lives of the Poets_. In1793 he himself brought out a new ed. Of Shakespeare, in which he dealtsomewhat freely with the text. He was in constant controversy with Ritsonand other literary antiquaries, and was also an acute detector ofliterary forgeries, including those of Chatterton and Ireland. 

STEEVENS, GEORGE WARRINGTON (1869-1900). --Journalist and miscellaneouswriter, _b. _ at Sydenham, and _ed. _ at City of London School and Oxf. , took to journalism, in which he distinguished himself by his clearness ofvision and vivid style. Connected successively with the _NationalObserver_, the _Pall Mall Gazette_, and the _Daily Mail_, he utilised thearticles which appeared in these and other publications in various books, such as _The Land of the Dollar_ (America) (1897), _With Kitchener toKartoum_, and _The Tragedy of Dreyfus_. His most striking work, however, was _Monologues of the Dead_ (1895). He went as war correspondent toSouth Africa in 1900, and _d. _ of enteric fever at Ladysmith. 

STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859). --Statesman and historical writer, _s. _ ofJames S. , Master in Chancery, _ed. _ at Camb. , and called to the Bar atLincoln's Inn 1811. After practising with success, accepted appointmentof permanent counsel to Colonial Office and Board of Trade 1825, and wassubsequently, 1826-47, permanent Under-Sec. For the Colonies, in whichcapacity he exercised an immense influence on the colonial policy of theempire, and did much to bring about the abolition of the slave trade. Impaired health led to his resignation, when he was made K. C. B. And aPrivy Councillor. He was afterwards Prof. Of Modern History at Camb. 1849-59, and of the same subject at the East India Coll. At Haileybury1855-57. He wrote _Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1849) and_Lectures on the History of France_ (1852). 

STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904). --Biographer and critic, _s. _ of theabove, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Eton, King's Coll. , London, andCamb. , where he obtained a tutorial Fellowship, and took orders. He cameunder the influence of Mill, Darwin, and H. Spencer, and devoted himselflargely to the study of economics. His religious views having undergone achange, he gave up the clerical character and his Fellowship, and becamea pronounced Agnostic. In 1865 he definitely adopted a literary career, and contributed to the _Saturday Review_, _Fraser's Magazine_, and otherperiodicals. In 1873 he _pub. _ a collection of his essays as _FreeThinking and Plain Speaking_, which he followed up with _An Agnostic'sApology_ (1893). He became ed. In 1871 of the _Cornhill Magazine_, inwhich appeared the essays afterwards _coll. _ as _Hours in a Library_ (3series, 1874-79). His chief work was _The History of English Thought inthe Eighteenth Century_ (1876-81). He also wrote _Science of Ethics_(1882), and biographies of _Dr. Johnson_ (1878), _Pope_ (1880). _Swift_(1882), and _George Eliot_ (English Men of Letters Series). In 1882 hebecame ed. Of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, to which he devotedmuch labour, besides contributing many of the principal articles. _TheEnglish Utilitarians_ appeared in 1900. As a biographical and criticalwriter he holds a very high place. His first wife was a _dau. _ ofThackeray. In recognition of his literary eminence he was made a K. C. B. 

_Life and Letters_ by F. W. Maitland (1906). 

STEPHENS, THOMAS (1821-1875). --Welsh historian and critic, _b. _ at PontNedd Fechan, Glamorganshire, _s. _ of a shoemaker. His works include _TheLiterature of the Kymry_ (1849), _The History of Trial by Jury in Wales_, and an essay in which he demolished the claim of the Welsh under Madoc tothe discovery of America. He also wrote on the life and works of the bardAneurin. The critical methods which he adopted in his works often madehim unpopular with the less discriminating enthusiasts for the glory ofWales, but he earned the respect of serious scholars. 

STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844). --Essayist and miscellaneous writer, _s. _ ofEdward S. , a well-known writer in the _Times_, was _b. _ in Bute, and_ed. _ at Glasgow and Camb. At the latter he became acquainted with agroup of brilliant men, including F. D. Maurice, Trench, and MoncktonMilnes. He took orders and became curate to Julius Hare (_q. V. _); butintellectual difficulties and indifferent health led to his resignationwithin a year, and the rest of his life was passed in alternating betweenEngland and warmer climes. He wrote for _Blackwood's Magazine_, the_London and Westminster_, and _Quarterly Reviews_, and _pub. _ _Essays andTales_, _The Election_, a humorous poem, _Strafford_, a tragedy, and_Richard Coeur de Lion_, a serio-comic poem of which three books out ofeight were _pub. _ His memory, perpetuated in a remarkable memoir byCarlyle, lives rather by what he was than by anything he did. Hischaracter and intellect appear to have exercised a singular influence onthe eminent men he numbered among his friends. 

STERNE, LAURENCE (1713-1768). --Novelist, _s. _ of an officer in the army, and the great-grandson of an Archbishop of York, was _b. _ at Clonmel, where his father's regiment happened to be stationed, and passed part ofhis boyhood in Ireland. At the age of 10 he was handed over to arelation, Mr. Sterne of Elvington in Yorkshire, who put him to school atHalifax, and thereafter sent him to Camb. He entered the Church, aprofession for which he was very indifferently fitted, and through familyinfluence procured the living of Sutton, Yorkshire. In 1741 he _m. _ alady--Miss Lumley--whose influence obtained for him in addition anadjacent benefice, and he also became a prebendary of York. It was notuntil 1760 that the first two vols. Of his famous novel, _TristramShandy_, appeared. Its peculiar and original style of humour, itswhimsicality, and perhaps also its defiance of conventionality, and evenits frequent lapses into indecorum, achieved for it an immediate andimmense popularity. S. Went up to London and became the lion of the day. The third and fourth vols. Appeared in 1761, the fifth and sixth in 1762, the seventh and eighth in 1765, and the last in 1767. Meanwhile he had_pub. _ the _Sermons of Mr. Yorick_ (1760), and his remaining work, _TheSentimental Journey_ appeared in 1768. From the time of his findinghimself a celebrity his parishioners saw but little of him, his timebeing passed either in the gaieties of London or in travelling on theContinent. Latterly he was practically separated from his wife and only_dau. _, to the former of whom his behaviour had been anything butexemplary. His health, which had begun to give way soon after hisliterary career had commenced, finally broke down, and he fell into aconsumption, of which he _d. _ in London on March 18, 1768, utterly aloneand unattended. His body was followed to the grave by one coachcontaining his publisher and another gentleman; and it was exhumed andappeared in a few days upon the table of the anatomical professor atCamb. He _d. _ in debt, but a subscription was raised for his wife and_dau. _, the latter of whom _m. _ a Frenchman, and is said to have perishedunder the guillotine. Worthless as a man, S. Possessed undoubted genius. He had wit, originality, and pathos, though the last not seldom runs intomawkishness, and an exquisitely delicate and glancing style. He hascontributed some immortal characters to English fiction, including UncleToby and Corporal Trim. His great faults as a writer are affectation anda peculiarly deliberate kind of indecency, which his profession rendersall the more offensive; and he was by no means scrupulous in adopting, without acknowledgment, the good things of previous writers. 

_Works_ ed. By Prof. Saintsbury (6 vols. , 1894). _See_ also Macmillan'sLibrary of English classics. _Lives_ by P. Fitzgerald (1896); and H. D. Traill in English Men of Letters Series. 

STERNHOLD, THOMAS (1500-1549), HOPKINS JOHN (_d. _ 1570). --Were associatedin making the metrical version of the Psalms, which was attached to thePrayer-book, and was for 200 years the chief hymn-book of the Church ofEngland. It is a commonplace and tame rendering. The collection was notcompleted until 1562. It was gradually superseded by the version of Tateand Brady. 

STEVENSON, ROBERT LOUIS (1850-1894). --Novelist and essayist, was _b. _ atEdin. , the _s. _ of Thomas S. , a distinguished civil engineer. His healthwas extremely delicate. He was destined for the engineering profession, in which his family had for two generations been eminent, but havingneither inclination nor physical strength for it, he in 1871 exchanged itfor law, and was called to the Bar in 1875, but never practised. Fromchildhood his interests had been literary, and in 1871 he began tocontribute to the _Edinburgh University Magazine_ and the _Portfolio_. Atour in a canoe in 1876 led to the publication in 1878 of his first book, _An Inland Voyage_. In the same year, _The New Arabian Nights_, afterwards separately _pub. _ appeared in magazines, and in 1879 hebrought out _Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes_. In that year he wentto California and _m. _ Mrs. Osbourne. Returning to Europe in 1880 heentered upon a period of productiveness which, in view of his wretchedhealth, was, both as regards quantity and worth, highly remarkable. Theyear 1881 was marked by his unsuccessful candidature for the Chair ofConstitutional Law and History at Edin. , and by the publication of_Virginibus Puerisque_. Other works followed in rapid succession. _Treasure Island_ (1882), _Prince Otto_ and _The Child's Garden of Verse_(1885), _Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_ and _Kidnapped_ (1886), _Underwoods_(poetry), _Memories and Portraits_ (essays), and _The Merry Men_, acollection of short stories (1887), and in 1888 _The Black Arrow_. In1887 he went to America, and in the following year visited the South SeaIslands where, in Samoa, he settled in 1890, and where he _d. _ and isburied. In 1889 _The Master of Ballantrae_ appeared, in 1892 _Across thePlains_ and _The Wrecker_, in 1893 _Island Nights Entertainments_ and_Catriona_, and in 1894 _The Ebb Tide_ in collaboration with hisstep-son, Mr. Lloyd Osbourne. By this time his health was completelybroken, but to the last he continued the struggle, and left the fragments_St. Ives_ and _Weir of Hermiston_, the latter containing some of hisbest work. They were _pub. _ in 1897. Though the originality and power ofS. 's writings was recognised from the first by a select few, it was onlyslowly that he caught the ear of the general public. The tide may be saidto have turned with the publication of _Treasure Island_ in 1882, whichat once gave him an assured place among the foremost imaginative writersof the day. His greatest power is, however, shown in those works whichdeal with Scotland in the 18th century, such as _Kidnapped_, _Catriona_, and _Weir of Hermiston_, and in those, _e. G. _, _The Child's Garden ofVerse_, which exhibit his extraordinary insight into the psychology ofchild-life; _Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_ is a marvellously powerful andsubtle psychological story, and some of his short tales also aremasterpieces. Of these _Thrawn Janet_ and _Will of the Mill_ may bementioned as examples in widely different kinds. His excursions into thedrama in collaboration with W. E. Henley--_Deacon Brodie_, _Macaire_, _Admiral Guinea_, _Beau Austin_, --added nothing to his reputation. Hisstyle is singularly fascinating, graceful, various, subtle, and with acharm all its own. 

_Works_, Edinburgh ed. (28 vols. , 1894-98). _Life_ by Grahame Balfour(1901), _Letters_, S. Colvin (1899). 

STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828). --Philosopher, _s. _ of Matthew S. , Prof. OfMathematics at Edin. , was _b. _ in the Coll. Buildings, and at the age of19 began to assist his _f. _ in his classes, receiving the appointment ofregular assistant two years later. In 1785 he became Prof. Of MoralPhilosophy, and rendered the chair illustrious by his learning andeloquence, his pupils including Lords Palmerston, Russell, and Lansdowne. S. Was, however, rather a brilliant expositor than an original thinker, and in the main followed Reid (_q. V. _). His works include _Philosophy ofthe Human Mind_, in three vols. , _pub. _ respectively in 1792, 1813, and1827, _Outlines of Moral Philosophy_ (1793), _Philosophical Essays_(1810), _Dissertation on the Progress of Metaphysical and EthicalPhilosophy_ (1815, part II. 1821), and _View of the Active and MoralPowers of Man_. He also wrote memoirs of Robertson the historian, AdamSmith, and Reid. The Whig party, which he had always supported, on theiraccession to power, created for him the office of Gazette-writer forScotland, in recognition of his services to philosophy. His later yearswere passed in retirement at Kinneil House on the Forth. His works wereed. By Sir William Hamilton. 

STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD (1635-1699). --Theologian, _b. _ at Cranbourne, Dorsetshire, _ed. _ at Camb. , entered the Church, and held manypreferments, including a Royal Chaplaincy, the Deanery of St. Paul's(1678), and the Bishopric of Worcester (1689). He was a frequent speakerin the House of Lords, and had considerable influence as a Churchman. Akeen controversialist, he wrote many treatises, including _The Irenicum_(advocating compromise with the Presbyterians), _Antiquities of theBritish Churches_, and _The Unreasonableness of Separation_. S. Was agood and honest man and had the respect of his strongest opponents. 

STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (1820-1909). --Philosopher, _b. _ in Glasgow, and_ed. _ there and at Edin. , where he studied medicine, which he practiseduntil the death of his _f. _ in 1851, after which he devoted himself tophilosophy. His _Secret of Hegel_ (1865) gave a great impulse to thestudy and understanding of the Hegelian philosophy both at home and inAmerica, and was also accepted as a work of authority in Germany andItaly. Other works, all characterised: by keen philosophical insight andmasterly power of exposition are _Complete Text-book to Kant_ (1881), _Philosophy and Theology_ (1890), _What is Thought? or the Problem ofPhilosophy_ (1900), and _The Categories_ (1903). Less abstruse are_Jerrold, Tennyson, and Macaulay_ (1868), _Burns in Drama_ (1878), and_Philosophy in the Poets_ (1885). 

STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL of (1567-1640). --Poet, _s. _ of A. OfMenstrie, and _cr. _ Earl of S. By Charles I. , 1633, was a courtier, andheld many offices of state. He studied at Glasgow and Leyden, and wroteamong other poems, partly in Latin, sonnets and four _MonarchickeTragedies_, _Darius_, _Croesus_, _The Alexandræan Tragedy_, and _JuliusCæsar_ (1603-7), the motive of which is the fall of ambition, and which, though dignified, have little inspiration. He also assisted James I. Inhis metrical version of the Psalms. He _d. _ insolvent in London. Thegrant of Nova Scotia which he had received became valueless owing to theFrench conquests in that region. 

STIRLING-MAXWELL, SIR WILLIAM (1818-1878). --Historian and writer on art, _s. _ of Archibald Stirling of Keir, succeeded to the estates and title ofhis uncle, Sir John Maxwell of Pollok, as well as to Keir, _ed. _ atCamb. , afterwards travelled much. He sat in the House of Commons forPerthshire, which he twice represented, 1852-68 and 1874-80, served onvarious commissions and public bodies, and was Lord Rector successivelyof the Univ. Of St. Andrews and Edin. And Chancellor of that of Glasgow. His works include _Annals of the Artists of Spain_ (1848), _The CloisterLife of the Emperor Charles V. _ (1852), and _Don John of Austria_, _pub. _posthumously in 1885. They were all distinguished by research and fullinformation, and the last two are standard authorities He _m. _ as hissecond wife the Hon. Mrs. Norton (_q. V. _). 

STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834-1902). --_B. _ at Philadelphia, was anengraver and journalist. He became well known as a writer of stories forchildren, and of amusing books of which _Rudder Grange_ (1879) is thebest known. _The Lady and the Tiger_ was also highly popular. Others are_Adventures of Captain Horne_, _Mrs. Null_, _Casting Away of Mrs. Leeksand Mrs. Aleshine_, _The Hundredth Man_, _Great Stone of Sardis_, _Captain's Toll-gate_, etc. His work was very unequal in interest. 

STODDARD, RICHARD HENRY (1825-1903). --Poet, _b. _ at Hingham, Mass. , worked in a foundry, and afterwards in New York Custom House, wrote aLife of Washington, but is chiefly known as a poet, his poetical worksincluding _Songs in Summer_ (1857), _The King's Bell_, _The Lions Cub_, etc. 

STORER, THOMAS (1571-1604). --Poet, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Oxf. , wrote a long poem, _The Life and Death of Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal_. 

STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819-1895). --Sculptor, poet, etc. , _b. _ at Salem, Mass. , was intended for the law, but became a sculptor and an eminent manof letters. His writings include _Roba di Roma_ (1862), _The Tragedy ofNero_ (1875), _The Castle of St. Angelo_ (1877), _He and She_ (1883), _Conversations in a Studio_, _A Poet's Portfolio_ (1894), etc. 

STOW, JOHN (1525-1605). --Historian and antiquary, _b. _ in London, _s. _ ofa tailor, and brought up to the same trade. He had, however, anirresistible taste for transcribing and collecting ancient documents, andpursuing antiquarian and historical researches, to which he ultimatelyentirely devoted himself. This he was enabled to do partly through themunificence of Archbishop Parker. He made large collections of old booksand manuscripts, and wrote and ed. Several works of importance andauthority, including _The Woorkes of Geoffrey Chaucer_, _Summarie ofEnglyshe Chronicles_ (1561), afterwards called _Annales of England_, ed. Of the chronicles of Matthew Paris and others, of Holinshed's_Chronicle_, and _A Survey of London_ (1598). It is sad to think that theonly reward of his sacrifices and labours in the public interest was apatent from James I. To collect "among our loving subjects theirvoluntary contributions and kind gratuities. "

STOWE, MRS. HARRIET BEECHER (1811?-1896). --Novelist and miscellaneouswriter, _dau. _ of Dr. Lyman Beecher, a well-known American clergyman, andsister of Henry Ward B. , one of the most popular preachers whom Americahas produced, was _b. _ at Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1811 or 1812. Afterspending some years as a teacher, she _m. _ the Rev. Calvin E. Stowe. Uptill 1852 all she had written was a little vol. Of stories which failedto attract attention. In that year, at the suggestion of a sister-in-law, she decided to write something against slavery, and produced _Uncle Tom'sCabin_, which originally appeared in serial form in a magazine, _TheNational Era_. It did not at the time receive much attention, but on itsappearance in a separate form it took the world by storm. Its sale soonreached 400, 000 copies, and the reprints have probably reached a fargreater number. It was translated into numerous foreign languages, andhad a powerful effect in hurrying on the events which ultimately resultedin emancipation. Her later works include _Dred_, _The Minister's Wooing_, _Agnes of Sorrento_, _The Pearl of Orr's Island_, and _Old Town Folks_. Some of these, especially the last, are in a literary sense much superiorto _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, but none of them had more than an ordinarysuccess. In 1869 an article on Lord Byron involved her in a somewhatunfortunate controversy. 

STRICKLAND, AGNES (1796 or 1806-1874). --Historical writer, _dau. _ ofThomas S. , of Royden Hall, Suffolk, was _ed. _ by her _f. _, and began herliterary career with a poem, _Worcester Field_, followed by _The SevenAges of Woman_ and _Demetrius_. Abandoning poetry she next produced amongothers _Historical Tales of Illustrious British Children_ (1833), _ThePilgrims of Walsingham_ (1835), _Tales and Stories from History_ (1836). Her chief works, however, are _Lives of the Queens of England from theNorman Conquest_, and _Lives of the Queens of Scotland_, and _EnglishPrincesses, etc. _ (8 vols. , 1850-59), _Lives of the Bachelor Kings ofEngland_ (1861), and _Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, in some of whichshe was assisted by her sister Elizabeth. Though laborious andconscientious she lacked the judicial faculty, and her style does notrise above mediocrity. 

STRODE, WILLIAM (1600-1645). --Poet, only _s. _ of Philip S. , who belongedto an old Devonshire family, he was _b. _ at Plympton, Devonshire, andshowing studious tendencies, was sent to Westminster School and Oxf. While at the Univ. He began to manifest his poetic talents, and generallydistinguished himself, being elected in 1629 Public Orator. He tookorders and, on Richard Corbet (_q. V. _) becoming Bishop of Oxf. , becamehis chaplain. Later he was Rector of E. Bredenham, Norfolk, and ofBadley, Northants, and Canon of Christ Church. On the outbreak of theCivil War he attached himself warmly to the cause of the King. He was aHigh Churchman, and had a reputation as "a witty and sententiouspreacher, an exquisite orator, and an eminent poet. " It is thereforesingular that, until the recovery of his poems by Mr. B. Dobell, he hadfallen into absolute oblivion. As a poet he shines most in lyrics andelegies. With much of the artificiality of his age he shows gracefulness, a feeling for the country, and occasional gleams of tenderness. His play, _The Floating Island_, a political allegory, was produced in 1633 andplayed before the Court then on a visit to Oxf. , where it was a subjectof complaint that it had more moralising than amusement. Mr. Dobell, whoed. His poems in 1907, claims for S. The poem on "Melancholy" ("Hence allyou vain delights"), hitherto attributed to Fletcher. 

STRYPE, JOHN (1643-1737). --Ecclesiastical historian, _b. _ at Hackney, and_ed. _ at St. Paul's School and Camb. , took orders and, among otherlivings, held the Rectory of Low Leyton, Essex, for upwards of 60 years. He made a large collection of original documents, chiefly relating to theTudor period, and was a voluminous author. Among his works are _Memorialsof Archbishop Cranmer_ (1694), _Life of Sir Thomas Smith_, _Secretary ofState to Edward VI. And Elizabeth_ (1698), _Annals of the Reformation_(1709-31), and _Ecclesiastical Memorials_ (1721); besides Lives of BishopAylmer and Archbishops Grindal, Parker, and Whitgift. S. , who was apainstaking and honest, but dull and unmethodical, writer, remains anauthority. 

STUART, GILBERT (1742-1786). --Historical writer, _s. _ of George S. , Prof. Of Humanity (Latin) at Edin. Among his publications were _An HistoricalDissertation on the English Constitution_ (1768), _Discourse on theGovernment and Laws of England_ (1772), _A View of Society in Europe_(1778), and a _History of Scotland_ (1782). He was a man of extremelyjealous and implacable temper, and made venomous attacks on thehistorical works of Robertson and Henry. His own writings, thoughwell-written, are inaccurate. 

STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901). --Historian, _s. _ of a solicitor, _b. _ atKnaresborough, Yorkshire, and _ed. _ there and at the Grammar School ofRipon, and Oxf. In 1848 he became a Fellow of Trinity Coll. , and in thesame year took orders and was appointed to the coll. Living of Navestockin Essex, where he remained for 16 years, during which he began hishistorical researches, and _pub. _ his earlier works. His firstpublication was _Hymnale Secundum Usum Sarum_. In 1858 appeared_Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_, a calendar of English bishops fromAugustine; and then followed ed. Of several Chronicles in the RollsSeries. The learning and critical insight displayed in these workscommanded the attention and admiration of historical scholars both athome and on the Continent. In 1862 he was appointed librarian of LambethPalace, and in 1866 Prof. Of Modern History at Oxf. There he _pub. _ in1870 his _Select Charters_, and his chief work, _The ConstitutionalHistory of England_ (3 vols. , 1874-78), which at once became the standardauthority on its subject. It deals with the period preceding that withwhich the great work of Hallam begins. In 1879 he was appointed a Canonof St. Paul's, and in 1884 Bishop of Chester, whence he was translatedfive years later to Oxf. As an active prelate he was necessarily largelywithdrawn from his historical researches; but at Chester he ed. Two vols. Of William of Malmesbury. S. Was greater as a historian than as a writer, but he brought to his work sound judgment, insight, accuracy, andimpartiality. He was a member of the French and Prussian Academies, andhad the Prussian Order "Pour le Mérite" conferred upon him. Since hisdeath his prefaces to the Rolls Series have been _pub. _ separately. 

STUKELEY, WILLIAM (1687-1765). --Antiquary, _ed. _ at Camb. , and afterpractising as a physician took orders in 1729 and held benefices atStamford and in London. He made antiquarian tours through England, andwas one of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he actedas sec. He _pub. _ _Itinerarium Curiosum_ (1724) and _Stonehenge_ (1740). He made a special study of Druidism, and was called "the Arch-Druid. "

SUCKLING, SIR JOHN (1609-1642). --Poet, _s. _ of a knight who had heldoffice as Sec. Of State and Comptroller of the Household to James I. , was_b. _ at Whitton, Middlesex, _ed. _ at Camb. , and thereafter went to Gray'sInn. On the death of his _f. _ in 1627, he inherited large estates. Aftertravelling in France and Italy, he is said to have served for a shorttime under Gustavus Adolphus. On his return he was knighted, and went toCourt, where his wealth, generosity, and wit made him a generalfavourite. When Charles I. Was moving against the Scots S. Fitted out agorgeously appointed troop for his service which, however, were said tohave fled at first sight of the Scots army at Duns, an exploit which isridiculed in the ballad of _Sir John Suckling's Campaign_. He got intotrouble in connection with a plot to rescue Strafford from the Tower, andfled to the Continent. He _d. _ at Paris, it is now believed by his ownhand. He was a noted gambler, and has the distinction of being theinventor of the game of cribbage. He wrote four plays, _Aglaura_ (1637), _Brennoralt_ (1646), _The Goblins_, and _The Sad One_ (unfinished), nowforgotten; his fame rests on his songs and ballads, including _TheWedding_, distinguished by a gay and sparkling wit, and a singular graceof expression. 

SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL of (1517?-1547). --Poet, _s. _ of Thomas H. , 3rdDuke of Norfolk, was _ed. _ by John Clerke, a learned and travelledscholar, and sec. To his _f. _ He became attached to the Court, wascup-bearer to the King (Henry VIII. ), ewerer at the Coronation, and EarlMarshall at the trial of Anne Boleyn. In 1542 he was made a Knight of theGarter a few weeks after the execution of his cousin, Queen CatherineHoward. He suffered imprisonment more than once for being implicated inquarrels and brawls, did a good deal of fighting in Scotland and France, and was the last victim of Henry's insensate jealousy, being beheaded ona frivolous charge of conspiring against the succession of Edward VI. Thedeath of Henry saved Norfolk from the same fate. S. Shares with SirThomas Wyatt (_q. V. _) the honour of being the true successor of Chaucerin English poetry, and he has the distinction of being, in histranslation of the _Æneid_, the first to introduce blank verse, and, withWyatt, the sonnet. The poems of S. , though well known in courtly circles, were not _pub. _ during his life; 40 of them appeared in _Tottel'sMiscellany_ in 1557. He also paraphrased part of Ecclesiastes and a fewof the Psalms. The Geraldine of his sonnets was Elizabeth Fitzgerald, _dau. _ of the Earl of Kildare, then a lonely child at Court, her _f. _being imprisoned in the Tower. 

SURTEES, ROBERT SMITH (1802-1864). --Sporting novelist, a countrygentleman of Durham, who was in business as a solicitor, but notsucceeding, started in 1831 the _Sporting Magazine_. Subsequently he tookto writing sporting novels, which were illustrated by John Leech. Amongthem are _Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour_, _Ask Mamma_, _Plain or Ringlets_, and _Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds_. 

SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667-1745). --Satirist, was _b. _ at Dublin of Englishparents. Dryden was his cousin, and he also claimed kin with Herrick. Hewas a posthumous child, and was brought up in circumstances of extremepoverty. He was sent to school at Kilkenny, and afterwards went toTrinity Coll. , Dublin, where he gave no evidence of ability, butdisplayed a turbulent and unruly temper, and only obtained a degree by"special grace. " After the Revolution he joined his mother, then residentat Leicester, by whose influence he was admitted to the household of SirWilliam Temple (_q. V. _) at Moor Park, Lady T. Being her distantkinswoman. Here he acted as sec. , and having access to a well-stockedlibrary, made good use of his opportunities, and became a close student. At Moor Park he met many distinguished men, including William III. , whooffered him a troop of horse; he also met Esther Johnson (Stella), anatural _dau. _ of Sir William, who was afterwards to enter so largelyinto his life. Dissatisfied, apparently, that Temple did not do more forhis advancement, he left his service in 1694 and returned to Ireland, where he took orders, and obtained the small living of Kilroot, nearBelfast. While there he wrote his _Tale of a Tub_, one of the mostconsummate pieces of satire in any language, and _The Battle of theBooks_, with reference to the "Phalaris" controversy (_see_ Bentley), which were _pub. _ together in 1704. In 1698 he threw up his living at therequest of Temple, who felt the want of his society and assistance, andreturned to Moor Park. On the death of his patron in 1699 he undertook byrequest the publication of his works, and thereafter returned to Irelandas chaplain to the Lord Deputy, the Earl of Berkeley, from whom heobtained some small preferments, including the vicarage of Laracor, and aprebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral. At this time he made frequent visitsto London and became the friend of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and otherWhig writers, and wrote various pamphlets, chiefly on ecclesiasticalsubjects. In 1710, disgusted with the neglect of the Whigs, alike ofhimself and of the claims of his Church, he abandoned them and attachedhimself to Harley and Bolingbroke. The next few years were filled withpolitical controversy. He attacked the Whigs in papers in the _Examiner_in 1710, and in his celebrated pamphlets, _The Conduct of the Allies_(1712), _The Barrier Treaty_ (1713), and _The Public Spirit of the Whigs_(1714). In 1713 he was made Dean of St. Patrick's, the last piece ofpatronage which he received. The steady dislike of Queen Anne had provedan insurmountable obstacle to his further advancement, and her deathproved the ruin of the Tories. On the destruction of his hopes S. Retiredto Ireland, where he remained for the rest of his life a thoroughlyembittered man. In 1713 he had begun his _Journal to Stella_, which shedsso strange a light upon his character, and on his return to Ireland hismarriage to her is now generally believed to have taken place, thoughthey never lived together. Now also took place also his final rupturewith Miss Van Homrigh (Vanessa), who had been in love with him, with whomhe had maintained a lengthened correspondence, and to whom he addressedhis poem, _Cadenus and Vanessa_ (1726). Though he disliked the Irish andconsidered residence in Ireland as banishment, he interested himself inIrish affairs, and attained extraordinary popularity by his _Drapier'sLetters_, directed against the introduction of "Wood's halfpence. " In1726 he visited England and joined with Pope and Arbuthnot in publishing_Miscellanies_ (1727). In the same year, 1726, he _pub. _ _Gulliver'sTravels_, his most widely and permanently popular work. His last visit toEngland was paid in 1727 and in the following year "Stella, " the onlybeing, probably, whom he really loved, _d. _ Though he had a circle offriends in Dublin, and was, owing to his championing the people in theirgrievances, a popular idol, the shadows were darkening around him. Thefears of insanity by which he had been all his life haunted, and whichmay account for and perhaps partly excuse some of the least justifiableportions of his conduct, pressed more and more upon him. He becameincreasingly morose and savage in his misanthropy, and though he had arally in which he produced some of his most brilliant, work--the_Rhapsody on Poetry_, _Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift_, and; the_Modest Proposal_ (a horrible but masterly piece of irony)--he graduallysank into almost total loss of his facilities, and _d. _ on October 19, 1745. 

The character of S. Is one of the gloomiest and least attractive amongEnglish writers. Intensely proud, he suffered bitterly in youth and earlymanhood from the humiliations of poverty and dependence, which preyedupon a mind in which the seeds of insanity were latent until it becamedominated by a ferocious misanthropy. As a writer he is our greatestmaster of grave irony, and while he presents the most humorous ideas, theseverity of his own countenance never relaxes. The _Tale of a Tub_ and_Gulliver's Travels_ are the greatest satires in the English language, although the concluding part of the latter is a savage and almost insaneattack upon the whole human race. His history is a tragedy darkening intocatastrophe, and as Thackeray has said, "So great a man he seems thatthinking of him is like thinking of an Empire falling. "

S. Was tall and powerfully made. His eyes, blue and flashing underexcitement, were the most remarkable part of his appearance. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1667, _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, entered household ofSir W. Temple at Moor Park 1692, and became his sec. , became known toWilliam III. , and met E. Johnson (Stella), left T. In 1694 and returnedto Ireland, took orders and wrote _Tale of a Tub_ and _Battle of Books_(_pub. _ 1704), returned to Sir W. T. 1698, and on his death in 1699 _pub. _his works, returned to Ireland and obtained some small preferments, visits London and became one of the circle of Addison, etc. , deserts theWhigs and joins the Tories 1710, attacking the former in various papersand pamphlets, Dean of St. Patrick's 1713, death of Anne and ruin ofTories destroyed hopes of further preferment, and he returned to Irelandand began his _Journal to Stella_, _Drapier's Letters_ appeared 1724, visits England, and joins with Pope and Arbuthnot in _Miscellanies_ 1726, _pub. _ _Gulliver's Travels_ 1727, "Stella" _d. _ 1728, gradually lost hisfaculties and _d. _ 1745. 

_Lives_ by Craik (1882), Leslie Stephen (1882), Churton Collins (1893), etc. _Works_ ed. By Sir Walter Scott (19 vols. , 1814, etc. ) Bonn'sStandard Library (1897-1908). 

SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837-1909). --Poet, _s. _ of Admiral S. And ofLady Jane Ashburnham, _dau. _ of the 3rd Earl of A. , _b. _ in London, received his early education in France, and was at Eton and at BalliolColl. , Oxf. , where he attracted the attention of Jowett, and gave himselfto the study of Latin, Greek, French, and Italian, with special referenceto poetic form. He left Oxf. Without graduating in 1860, and in the nextyear _pub. _ two plays, _The Queen Mother_ and _Rosamund_, which made noimpression on the public, though a few good judges recognised theirpromise. The same year he visited Italy, and there made the acquaintanceof Walter Savage Landor (_q. V. _). On his return he lived for some timein Cheyne Row, Chelsea, with D. G. Rossetti (_q. V. _), and G. Meredith(_q. V. _). The appearance in 1865 of _Atalanta in Calydon_ led to hisimmediate recognition as a poet of the first order, and in the same yearhe _pub. _ _Chastelard, a Tragedy_, the first part of a trilogy relatingto Mary Queen of Scots, the other two being _Bothwell_ (1874), and _MaryStuart_ (1881). _Poems and Ballads_, _pub. _ in 1866, created a profoundsensation alike among the critics and the general body of readers by itsdaring departure from recognised standards, alike of politics andmorality, and gave rise to a prolonged and bitter controversy, S. Defending himself against his assailants in _Notes on Poems and Reviews_. His next works were the _Song of Italy_ (1867) and _Songs before Sunrise_(1871). Returning to the Greek models which he had followed with suchbrilliant success in _Atalanta_ he produced _Erechtheus_ (1876), theextraordinary metrical power of which won general admiration. _Poems andBallads_, second series, came out in 1878. _Tristram of Lyonnesse_ inheroic couplets followed in 1882, _A Midsummer Holiday_ (1884), _MarinoFaliero_ (1885), _Locrine_ (1887), _Poems and Ballads_, third series(1889), _The Sisters_ (1892), _Astrophel_ (1894), _The Tale of Balen_(1896), _Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards_ (1899), _A Channel Passage_(1904), and _The Duke of Gandia_ (1908). Among his prose works are_Love's Cross Currents_ (1905) (fiction), _William Blake, a CriticalEssay_ (1867), _Under the Microscope_ (1872), in answer to R. Buchanan's_Fleshly School of Poetry_, _George Chapman, a Critical Essay_ (1875), _AStudy of Shakespeare_ (1879), _A Study of Victor Hugo_ (1886), and _AStudy of Ben Jonson_ (1889). 

S. Belongs to the class of "Poets' poets. " He never became widelypopular. As a master of metre he is hardly excelled by any of our poets, but it has not seldom been questioned whether his marvellous sense of thebeauty of words and their arrangement did not exceed the depth and massof his thought. _The Hymn to Artemis_ in _Atalanta_ beginning "When thehounds of Spring are on Winter's traces" is certainly one of the mostsplendid examples of metrical power in the language. As a prose writer heoccupies a much lower place, and here the contrast between the thoughtand its expression becomes very marked, the latter often becoming turgidand even violent. In his earlier days in London S. Was closely associatedwith the pre-Raphaelites, the Rossettis, Meredith, and Burne-Jones: hewas thus subjected successively to the classical and romantic influence, and showed the traces of both in his work. He was never _m. _, and for thelast 30 years of his life lived with his friend, Mr. TheodoreWatts-Dunton, at the Pines, Putney Hill. For some time before his deathhe was almost totally deaf. 

SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563-1618). --Poet and translator, is chieflyremembered by his translation from the French of Du Bartas' _Divine Weeksand Works_, which is said to have influenced Milton and Shakespeare. Heseconded the _Counterblast against Tobacco_ of James I. With his _TobaccoBattered and the Pipes Shattered ... By a Volley of Holy Shot thunderedfrom Mount Helicon_ (1620), and also wrote _All not Gold that Glitters_, _Panthea: Divine Wishes and Meditations_ (1630), and many religious, complimentary, and other occasional pieces. S. , who was originallyengaged in commerce, acted later as a sort of factor to the Earl ofEssex. 

SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (1840-1893). --Writer on art and literature, _s. _of a physician in Bristol, was _ed. _ at Harrow and Oxf. His delicatehealth obliged him to live abroad. He _pub. _ (1875-86) _History of theItalian Renaissance_, and translated the _Autobiography of BenvenutoCellini_. He also _pub. _ some books of poetry, including _Many Moods_(1878) and _Animi Figura_ (1882), and among his other publications were_Introduction to the Study of Dante_ (1872), _Studies of the Greek Poets_(1873 and 1876), _Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama_(1884), and Lives of various poets, including Ben Jonson, Shelley, andWalt Whitman. He also made remarkable translations of the sonnets ofMichelangelo and Campanella, and wrote upon philosophical subjects invarious periodicals. 

SYNGE, JOHN MILLINGTON (1871-1909). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ nearDublin, _ed. _ privately and at Trinity Coll. , Dublin. He wrote _Riders tothe Sea_, _In the Shadow of the Glen_ (1905), _The Well of the Saints_(1905), _The Play Boy of the Western World_ (1907), and _The AranIslands_ (1907). 

TABLEY DE, JOHN BYRON LEICESTER WARREN, 3RD LORD (1835-1895). --Poet, eldest _s. _ of the 2nd Lord, _ed. _ at Eton and Oxf. , was for a timeattached to the British Embassy at Constantinople. He wrote poems of avery high order, some of them _pub. _ under the _pseudonyms_ of "George F. Preston" and "William Lancaster. " They include _Ballads and MetricalSketches_, _The Threshold of Atrides_, _Glimpses of Antiquity_, etc. These were followed by two dramas, _Philoctetes_ (1866) and _Orestes_(1868). Later works in his own name were _Rehearsals_ (1870), _Searchingthe Net_ (1873), _The Soldier's Fortune_, a tragedy. _Poems, Dramatic andLyrical_ (1893) included selections from former works. After his deathappeared _Orpheus in Thrace_ (1901). He was a man of sensitivetemperament, and was latterly much of a recluse. He was an accomplishedbotanist, and _pub. _ a work on the _Flora of Cheshire_. 

TALFOURD, SIR THOMAS NOON (1795-1854). --Poet and biographer, _s. _ of abrewer at Reading, where he was _b. _, and which he represented inParliament, 1835-41, was _ed. _ at Mill Hill School. He studied law, wascalled to the Bar in 1821, and became a Judge in 1849. He _d. _ suddenlyof apoplexy while charging the Grand Jury at Stafford. He wrote much forreviews, and in 1835 produced _Ion_, a tragedy, followed by _The AthenianCaptive_ (1838), and _The Massacre of Glencoe_, all of which were actedwith success. T. Was the friend and literary executor of Charles Lamb(_q. V. _), and _pub. _ in two sections his _Memoirs and Letters_. In 1837he introduced the Copyright Bill, which was passed with modifications in1842. 

TANNAHILL, ROBERT (1774-1810). --Poet, _b. _ in Paisley where he was aweaver. In 1807 he _pub. _ a small vol. Of poems and songs, which met withsuccess, and carried his hitherto local fame over his native country. Always delicate and sensitive, a disappointment in regard to thepublication of an enlarged ed. Of his poems so wrought upon a lowness ofspirits, to which he was subject, that he drowned himself in a canal. Hislonger pieces are now forgotten, but some of his songs have achieved apopularity only second to that of some of Burns's best. Among these are_The Braes of Balquhidder_, _Gloomy Winter's now awa'_ and _The BonnieWood o' Craigielea_. 

TATE, NAHUM (1652-1715). --Poet, _s. _ of a clergyman in Dublin, was _ed. _at Trinity Coll. There. He _pub. _ _Poems on Several Occasions_ (1677), _Panacea, or a Poem on Tea_, and, in collaboration with Dryden, thesecond part of _Absalom and Achitophel_. He also adapted Shakespeare's_Richard II. _ and _Lear_, making what he considered improvements. Thus in_Lear_ Cordelia is made to survive her _f. _, and marry Edgar. Thisdesecration, which was defended by Dr. Johnson, kept the stage till wellon in the 19th century. He also wrote various miscellaneous poems, nowhappily forgotten. He is best remembered as the Tate of Tate and Brady'smetrical version of the Psalms, _pub. _ in 1696. T. , who succeededShadwell as Poet Laureate in 1690, figures in _The Dunciad_. NICHOLASBRADY (1659-1726). --Tate's fellow-versifier of the Psalms, _b. _ atBandon, and _ed. _ at Westminster and Oxf. , was incumbent ofStratford-on-Avon. He wrote a tragedy, _The Rape_, a blank versetranslation of the _Æneid_, an _Ode_, and sermons, now all forgotten. 

TATHAM, JOHN (_fl. _ 1632-1664). --Dramatist. Little is known of him. Heproduced pageants for the Lord Mayor's show and some dramas, _Love Crownsthe End_, _The Distracted State_, _The Scots Figgaries, or a Knot ofKnaves_, _The Rump_, etc. He was a Cavalier, who hated the Puritans andthe Scotch, and invented a dialect which he believed to be theirvernacular tongue. 

TAUTPHOEUS, BARONESS (MONTGOMERY) (1807-1893). --_Dau. _ of an Irishgentleman, _m. _ the Baron T. , Chamberlain at the Court of Bavaria. Shewrote several novels dealing with German life of which the first, _TheInitials_ (1850), is perhaps the best. Others were _Cyrilla_ (1883), _Quits_ (1857), and _At Odds_ (1863). 

TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825-1878). --Poet, _b. _ in Pennsylvania of Quakerdescent, began to write by the time he was 12. Apprenticed to a printer, he found the work uncongenial and, purchasing his indentures, went toEurope on a walking tour, and thereafter he was a constant andenterprising traveller. After his return from Europe he ed. A paper, goton the staff of the _New York Tribune_, and _pub. _ several books oftravel and poetry, among which are _Views Afoot_ (1846), an account ofhis travels in Europe, and _El Dorado_ (1850), which described theCalifornian gold-fields. After some experience and some disappointmentsin the diplomatic sphere, he settled down to novel-writing, his firstventure in which, _Hannah Thurston_ (1863), was very successful, and wasfollowed by _John Godfrey's Fortunes_ (1864), partly autobiographical, and _The Story of Kenneth_ (1866). His poetic works include _Poems of theOrient_ (1854), _Poet's Journal_ (1862), _Masque of the Gods_ (1872), _Lars_ (1873), _The Prophet_ (1874), a tragedy, _Prince Deucalion_, and_Home Pastorals_ (1875). In 1878 he was appointed to the German Embassy, and _d. _ in Berlin in the following year. His translation of Goethe's_Faust_ is perhaps his best work. He was a man of untiring energy andgreat ability and versatility, but tried too many avenues to fame toadvance very far in any of them. 

TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886). --Dramatist, _s. _ of a gentleman farmer inthe county of Durham. After being at sea for some months and in the NavalStores Department, he became a clerk in the Colonial Office, and remainedthere for 48 years, during which he exercised considerable influence onthe colonial policy of the Empire. In 1872 he was made K. C. M. G. He wrotefour tragedies--_Isaac Comnenus_ (1827), _Philip van Artevelde_ (1834), _Edwin the Fair_ (1842), and _St. Clement's Eve_ (1862); also a romanticcomedy, _The Virgin Widow_, which he renamed _A Sicilian Summer_, _The Eveof the Conquest and other Poems_ (1847). In prose he _pub. _ _The Statesman_(1836), _Notes from Life_ (1847), _Notes from Books_ (1849), and an_Autobiography_. Of all these _Philip van Artevelde_ was perhaps the mostsuccessful. T. Was a man of great ability and distinction, but hisdramas, with many of the qualities of good poetry, lack the final touchof genius. 

TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865). --Philosophical and historical writer, artist, and inventor, was the most eminent member of a family known as theTaylors of Ongar, which has shown a remarkable persistence of ability invarious departments, but especially in art and literature. Hisgrandfather and _f. _, who bore the same name, were both eminentengravers, and the latter was the author of various books for children. T. Was brought up to the hereditary art of engraving, in which hedisplayed pre-eminent skill, his work gaining the admiration of D. G. Rossetti. He decided, however, to devote himself to literature, and for40 years continued to produce works of originality and value, including_Elements of Thought_ (1823), _Natural History of Enthusiasm_ (1829), _Spiritual Despotism_ (1831), _Ancient Christianity_ (1839), _Restorationof Belief_ (1855), _The Physical Theory of Another Life_, _History ofTransmission of Ancient Books_, and _Home Education_, besides numerouscontributions to reviews and other periodicals. Besides his literary andartistic accomplishments T. Was an important inventor, two of hisinventions having done much to develop the manufacture of calico. Two ofhis sisters had considerable literary reputation. ANN T. , afterwards MRS. GILBERT (1782-1866), and JANE (1783-1824) were, like their brother, taught the art of engraving. In 1804-5 they jointly wrote _Original Poemsfor Infant Minds_, followed by _Rhymes for the Nursery_ and _Hymns forInfant Minds_. Among those are the little poems, "My Mother" and"Twinkle, twinkle, little Star, " known to all well-conditioned children. Jane was also the author of _Display_, a tale (1815), and other works, including several hymns, of which the best known is "Lord, I would ownThy tender Care. " The hereditary talents of the family were representedin the next generation by CANON ISAAC T. (1829-1901), the _s. _ of Isaaclast mentioned, who, in addition to _The Liturgy and the Dissenters_, _pub. _ works in philology and archæology, including _Words and Places_and _Etruscan Researches_; and by JOSIAH GILBERT, _s. _ of Ann T. , anaccomplished artist, and author of _The Dolomite Mountains_, _Cadore, orTitian's Country_, and ed. Of the _Autobiography_ of his mother. 

TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667). --Divine, was _b. _ at Camb. His _f. _, thoughof gentle descent, followed the trade of a barber, and Jeremy enteredCaius Coll. As a sizar. After his graduation in 1634 he was asked topreach in London, where his eloquence attracted the attention of Laud, who sent him to Oxf. , caused him to be elected a Fellow of All SoulsColl. , and made him his chaplain. He also became a chaplain to the King, and soon attaining a great reputation as a preacher, was presented to theliving of Uppingham. In 1639 he _m. _ his first wife, and in 1643 he wasmade Rector of Overstone. On the outbreak of the Civil War T. Sided withthe King, and was present, probably as a chaplain, at the battle foughtin 1645 near Cardigan Castle, when he was taken prisoner. He was soonreleased, but the Royalist cause being practically lost, he decided toremain in Wales, and with two friends started a school at Newtonhall, Caermarthenshire, which had some success. T. Also found a friend in LordCarbery, whose chaplain he became. During the period of 13 years from1647-60, which were passed in seeming obscurity, he laid the foundationsand raised the structure of his splendid literary fame. The _Liberty ofProphesying_ (that is, of preaching), one of the greatest pleas fortoleration in the language, was _pub. _ in 1647, _The Life of Christ_ in1649, _Holy Living_ in 1650, and _Holy Dying_ in 1651. These werefollowed by various series of sermons, and by _The Golden Grove_ (1655), a manual of devotion which received its title from the name of the seatof his friend Lord Carbery. For some remarks against the existingauthorities T. Suffered a short imprisonment, and some controversialtracts on _Original Sin_, _Unum Necessarium_ (the one thing needful), and_The Doctrine and Practice of Repentance_ involved him in a controversyof some warmth in which he was attacked by both High Churchmen andCalvinists. While in Wales T. Had entered into a second marriage with alady of some property which, however, was seriously encroached upon bythe exactions of the Parliamentarians. In 1657 he ministered privately toan Episcopalian congregation in London, and in 1658 accompanied LordConway to Ireland, and served a cure at Lisburn. Two years later he_pub. _ _Ductor Dubitantium, or the Rule of Conscience in all her GeneralMeasures_, a learned and subtle piece of casuistry which he dedicated toCharles II. The Restoration brought recognition of T. 's unswervingdevotion to the Royalist cause; he was made Bishop of Down and Connor, and to this was added the administration of the see of Dromore. In hisnew position, though, as might have been expected, he showed zeal, diligence, and benevolence, he was not happy. He did not, probably couldnot, entirely practise his own views of absolute toleration, and foundhimself in conflict with the Presbyterians, some of whose ministers hehad extruded from benefices which they had held, and he longed to escapeto a more private and peaceful position. He _d. _ at Lisburn of a fevercaught while ministering to a parishioner. T. Is one of the greatclassical writers of England. Learned, original, and impassioned, he hadan enthusiasm for religion and charity, and his writings glow with analmost unequalled wealth of illustration and imagery, subtle argument, and fullness of thought. With a character of stainless purity andbenevolence, and gracious and gentle manners, he was universally belovedby all who came under the spell of his presence. 

TAYLOR, JOHN (1580-1653). --Known as the "Water Poet, " _b. _ at Gloucesterof humble parentage, was apprenticed to a London waterman, and pressedfor the navy. Thereafter he returned to London and resumed his occupationon the Thames, afterwards keeping inns first at Oxf. , then in London. Hehad a talent for writing rollicking verses, enjoyed the acquaintance ofBen Jonson, and other famous men, superintended the water pageant at themarriage of the Princess Elizabeth 1613, and composed the "triumphs" atthe Lord Mayor's shows. He made a journey on foot from London as far asto Braemar, of which he wrote an account, _The Pennyless Pilgrimage ... Of John Taylor_, _the King's Majesty's Water Poet_ (1618). He visited theQueen of Bohemia at Prague in 1620, and made other journeys, each ofwhich was commemorated in a book. His writings are of little literaryvalue, but have considerable historical and antiquarian interest. 

TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808-1876). --Novelist, _b. _ at Liverpool, _s. _ ofa merchant there. When still a boy went out to a mercantile situation inCalcutta, but in 1826 got a commission in the army of the Nizam ofHyderabad. From this he rose to a high civil position in the service ofthe Nizam, and entirely reorganised his government. He wrote severalstriking novels dealing with Indian life, including _Confessions of aThug_ (1639), _Tara_, and _A Noble Queen_. He left an autobiography, _TheStory of my Life_, ed. By his _dau. _

TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835). --Translator, _b. _ in London and _ed. _ at St. Paul's School, devoted himself to the study of the classics and ofmathematics. After being a bank clerk he was appointed AssistantSecretary to the Society for the encouragement of Arts, etc. , in whichcapacity he made many influential friends, who furnished the means forpublishing his various translations, which include works of Plato, Aristotle, Proclus, Porphyry, Apuleius, etc. His aim indeed was thetranslation of all the untranslated writings of the ancient Greekphilosophers. 

TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880). --Dramatist, _b. _ at Sunderland, _ed. _ at Glasgowand Camb. , and was Prof. Of English Literature in London Univ. From1845-47. In 1846 he was called to the Bar, and from 1854-71 he was Sec. To the Local Government Board. He was the author of about 100 dramaticpieces, original and adapted, including _Still Waters run Deep_, _TheOverland Route_, and _Joan of Arc_. He was likewise a large contributorto _Punch_, of which he was ed. 1874-80, and he ed. The autobiographiesof Haydon and Leslie, the painters, and wrote _Life and Times of SirJoshua Reynolds_. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836). --Translator, etc. , _s. _ of a merchant, travelled on the Continent, learned German, and became an enthusiasticstudent of German literature, which he was one of the first to introduceto his fellow-countrymen. His articles on the subject were _coll. _ and_pub. _ as _Historic Survey of German Poetry_ (1828-30). He translatedBürger's _Lenore_, Lessing's _Nathan_, and Goethe's _Iphigenia_. He alsowrote _Tales of Yore_ (1810) and _English Synonyms Described_ (1813). 

TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM (1628-1699). --Statesman and essayist, _s. _ of SirJohn T. , Master of the Rolls in Ireland, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ atCamb. He travelled on the Continent, was for some time a member of theIrish Parliament, employed on various diplomatic missions, and negotiatedthe marriage of the Prince of Orange and the Princess Mary. On his returnhe was much consulted by Charles II. , but disapproving of the coursesadopted, retired to his house at Sheen, which he afterwards left andpurchased Moor Park, where Swift was for a time his sec. He took no partin the Revolution, but acquiesced in the new _régime_, and was offered, but refused, the Secretaryship of State. His works consist for the mostpart of short essays _coll. _ under the title of _Miscellanea_, but longerpieces are _Observations upon the United Provinces_, and _Essay on theOriginal and Nature of Government_. Apart from their immediate interestthey mark a transition to the simpler, more concise, and more carefullyarranged sentences of modern composition. 

TENNANT, WILLIAM (1784-1848). --Poet and scholar, a cripple from hisbirth, was _b. _ at Anstruther (commonly called Anster) in Fife. As ayouth he was clerk to his brother, a corn-merchant, but devoted hisleisure to the study of languages, and the literature of variouscountries. In 1813 he became parish schoolmaster of Lasswade, nearEdinburgh, thereafter classical master at Dollar Academy, and in 1835Prof. Of Oriental Languages at St. Andrews. In 1812 he _pub. _ _AnsterFair_, a mock-heroic poem, in _ottava rima_, full of fancy and humour, which at once brought him reputation. In later life he produced twotragedies, _Cardinal Beaton_ and _John Baliol_, and two poems, _The Thaneof Fife_ and _Papistry Stormed_. He also issued a _Syriac and ChaldeeGrammar_. 

TENNYSON, ALFRED, 1ST LORD (1809-1892). --Poet, was the fourth _s. _ ofGeorge T. , Rector of Somersby, Lincolnshire, where he was _b. _ His _f. _was himself a poet of some skill, and his two elder brothers, FrederickT. (_q. V. _) and Charles T. Turner (_q. V. _), were poets of a high order. His early education was received from his _f. _, after which he went tothe Grammar School of Louth, whence in 1828 he proceeded to TrinityColl. , Camb. In the previous year had appeared a small vol. , _Poems byTwo Brothers_, chiefly the work of his brother Charles and himself, witha few contributions from Frederick, but it attracted little attention. Atthe Univ. He was one of a group of highly gifted men, including Trench(_q. V. _), Monckton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (_q. V. _), Alford(_q. V. _), Lushington, his future brother-in-law, and above all, ArthurHallam, whose friendship and early death were to be the inspiration ofhis greatest poem. In 1829 he won the Chancellor's medal by a poem on_Timbuctoo_, and in the following year he brought out his firstindependent work, _Poems chiefly Lyrical_. It was not in general veryfavourably received by the critics, though Wilson in _Blackwood'sMagazine_ admitted much promise and even performance. In America it hadgreater popularity. Part of 1832 was spent in travel with Hallam, and thesame year saw the publication of _Poems_, which had not much greatersuccess than its predecessor. In the next year Hallam _d. _, and T. Began_In Memoriam_ and wrote _The Two Voices_. He also became engaged toEmily Sellwood, his future wife, but owing to various circumstances theirmarriage did not take place until 1850. The next few years were passedwith his family at various places, and, so far as the public wereconcerned, he remained silent until 1842, when he _pub. _ _Poems_ in twovolumes, and at last achieved full recognition as a great poet. From thistime the life of T. Is a record of tranquil triumph in his art and of theconquest of fame; and the publication of his successive works becamealmost the only events which mark his history. _The Princess_ appearingin 1847 added materially to his reputation: in the lyrics with which itis interspersed, such as "The Splendour Falls" and "Tears, idle Tears" herises to the full mastery of this branch of his art. The year 1850 wasperhaps the most eventful in his life, for in it took place his marriagewhich, as he said, "brought the peace of God into his life, " hissuccession to the Laureateship on the death of Wordsworth, and thepublication of his greatest poem, _In Memoriam_. In 1852 appeared hisnoble _Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington_; and two years later_The Charge of the Light Brigade_. The publication of _Maud_ in 1855 gavehis rapidly growing popularity a perceptible set-back, though it hassince risen in favour. But this was far more than made up for by theenthusiasm with which the first set of _The Idylls of the King_ wasreceived on its appearance four years later. _Enoch Arden_, with the_Northern Farmer_, came out in 1864; _The Holy Grail_ and _Gareth andLynette_, both belonging to the _Idyll_ series, in 1869 and 1872respectively. Three years later in 1875 T. Broke new ground by beginninga series of dramas with _Queen Mary_, followed by _Harold_ (1876), _TheFalcon_ (1879), _The Cup_ (1881), _The Promise of May_ (1882), _Becket_(1884), and _Robin Hood_ (1891). His later poems were _The Lovers' Tale_(1879) (an early work retouched), _Tiresias_ (1885), _Locksley Hall--60Years after_ (1886), _Demeter and other Poems_ (1889), including"Crossing the Bar, " and _The Death of Oenone_ (1892). T. , who caredlittle for general society, though he had many intimate and devotedfriends, lived at Farringford, Isle of Wight, from 1853-69, when he builta house at Aldworth, near Haslemere, which was his home until his death. In 1884 he was raised to the peerage. Until he had passed the threescoreyears and ten he had, with occasional illnesses, enjoyed good health onthe whole. But in 1886 the younger of his two sons _d. _, a blow whichtold heavily upon him; thereafter frequent attacks of illness followed, and he _d. _ on October 6, 1892, in his 84th year, and received a publicfuneral in Westminster Abbey. 

The poetry of T. Is characterised by a wide outlook, by intense sympathywith the deepest feelings and aspirations of humanity, a profoundrealisation of the problems of life and thought, a noble patriotismfinding utterance in such poems as _The Revenge_, the _Charge of theLight Brigade_, and the _Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington_, anexquisite sense of beauty, marvellous power of vivid and minutedescription often achieved by a single felicitous phrase, and oftenheightened by the perfect matching of sense and sound, and a generalloftiness and purity of tone. No poet has excelled him in precision anddelicacy of language and completeness of expression. As a lyrist he has, perhaps, no superiors, and only two or three equals in English poetry, and even of humour he possessed no small share, as is shown in the_Northern Farmer_ and in other pieces. When the volume, variety, finish, and duration of his work are considered, as well as the influence whichhe exercised on his time, a unique place must be assigned him among thepoets of his country. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1809, _ed. _ Camb. , _Poems by Two Brothers_ 1827, _Poemschiefly Lyrical_ 1830, his chief works _Poems in two Volumes_ 1842, _Princess_ 1847, _In Memoriam_ 1850, _Maud_ 1855, _Idylls of the King_1869-72, Poet Laureate 1850, _d. _ 1892. 

_Life_ by his _s. _ (2 vols. , 1897). There are also numerous books, biographical and critical, by, among others, W. E. Wace (1881), A. C. Benson, A. Lang, F. Harrison, Sir A. Lyell, C. F. G. Masterman (T. As aReligious Teacher), Stopford Brooke, Waugh, etc. 

TENNYSON, FREDERICK (1807-1898). --Poet, was the eldest _s. _ of the Rectorof Somersby, Lincolnshire, and brother of Alfred T. (_q. V. _). _Ed. _ atEton and Camb. , he passed most of his life in Italy and Jersey. Hecontributed to the _Poems by Two Brothers_, and produced _Days and Hours_(lyrics) (1854), _The Isles of Greece_ (1890), _Daphne_ (1891), and_Poems of the Day and Night_ (1895). All his works show passages ofgenuine poetic power. 

TENNYSON TURNER, CHARLES (1808-1879). --Poet, elder brother of Alfred T. (_q. V. _), _ed. _ at Camb. , entered the Church, and became Vicar of Grasby, Lincolnshire. The name of Turner he assumed in conformity with the willof a relation. He contributed to _Poems by Two Brothers_, and was theauthor of 340 sonnets, which were greatly admired by such critics asColeridge, Palgrave, and his brother Alfred. 

THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863). --Novelist, _s. _ of Richmond T. , who held various important appointments in the service of the East IndiaCompany, and who belonged to an old and respectable Yorkshire family, was_b. _ at Calcutta, and soon after the death of his _f. _, which took placein 1816, sent home to England. After being at a school at Chiswick, hewas sent to the Charterhouse School, where he remained from 1822-26, andwhere he does not appear to have been very happy. Meanwhile in 1818 hismother had _m. _ Major H. W. C. Smythe, who is believed to be, in part atany rate, the original of Colonel Newcome. In 1829 he went to TrinityColl. , Camb. , where he remained for a year only, and where he did notdistinguish himself particularly as a student, but made many life-longfriends, including Spedding (_q. V. _), Tennyson, Fitzgerald (_q. V. _), andMonckton Milnes (_see_ Houghton), and contributed verses and caricaturesto two Univ. Papers, "The Snob" and "The Gownsman. " The following year, 1831, was spent chiefly in travelling on the Continent, especiallyGermany, when, at Weimar, he visited Goethe. Returning he entered theMiddle Temple, but having no liking for legal studies, he soon abandonedthem, and turning his attention to journalism, became proprietor, whollyor in part, of two papers successively, both of which failed. Theseenterprises, together with some unfortunate investments and also, itwould seem, play, stripped him of the comfortable fortune, which he hadinherited; and he now found himself dependent on his own exertions for aliving. He thought at first of art as a profession, and studied for atime at Paris and Rome. In 1836, while acting as Paris correspondent forthe second of his journals, he _m. _ Isabella, _dau. _ of Colonel Shawe, anIrish officer, and the next year he returned to England and became acontributor to _Fraser's Magazine_, in which appeared _The YellowplushPapers_, _The Great Hoggarty Diamond_, _Catherine_, and _Barry Lyndon_, the history of an Irish sharper, which contains some of his best work. Other works of this period were _The Paris Sketch-book_ (1840) and _TheIrish Sketch-book_ (1843). His work in _Fraser_, while it was appreciatedat its true worth by a select circle, had not brought him any very widerecognition: it was his contributions to _Punch_--the _Book of Snobs_ and_Jeames's Diary_--which first caught the ear of the wider public. Theturning point in his career, however, was the publication in monthlynumbers of _Vanity Fair_ (1847-48). This extraordinary work gave him atonce a place beside Fielding at the head of English novelists, and lefthim no living competitor except Dickens. _Pendennis_, largelyautobiographical, followed in 1848-50, and fully maintained hisreputation. In 1851 he broke new ground, and appeared, with greatsuccess, as a lecturer, taking for his subject _The English Humourists ofthe Eighteenth Century_, following this up in 1855 with the _FourGeorges_, first delivered in America. Meanwhile _Esmond_, perhaps hismasterpiece, and probably the greatest novel of its kind in existence, had appeared in 1852, and _The Newcomes_ (1853), _The Virginians_, asequel to _Esmond_, which, though containing much fine work, is generallyconsidered to show a falling off as compared with its two immediatepredecessors, came out in 1857-59. In 1860 the _Cornhill Magazine_ wasstarted with T. For its ed. , and to it he contributed _Lovell theWidower_ (1860), _The Adventures of Philip_ (1861-62), _The RoundaboutPapers_, a series of charming essays, and _Denis Duval_, left a merefragment by his sudden death, but which gave promise of a return to hishighest level of performance. In addition to the works mentioned, T. Forsome years produced Christmas books and burlesques, of which the bestwere _The Rose and the Ring_ and _The Kickleburys on the Rhine_. He alsowrote graceful verses, some of which, like _Bouillabaisse_, are in astrain of humour shot through with pathos, while others are the purestrollicking fun. For some years T. Suffered from spasms of the heart, andhe _d. _ suddenly during the night of December 23, 1863, in his 53rd year. He was a man of the tenderest heart, and had an intense enjoyment ofdomestic happiness; and the interruption of this, caused by the permanentbreakdown of his wife's health, was a heavy calamity. This, along withhis own latterly broken health, and a sensitiveness which made him keenlyalive to criticism, doubtless fostered the tendency to what was oftensuperficially called his cynical view of life. He possessed an inimitableirony and a power of sarcasm which could scorch like lightning, but thelatter is almost invariably directed against what is base and hateful. Tohuman weakness he is lenient and often tender, and even when weaknesspasses into wickedness, he is just and compassionate. He saw human nature"steadily and saw it whole, " and paints it with a light but sure hand. Hewas master of a style of great distinction and individuality, and ranksas one of the very greatest of English novelists. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1811, _ed. _ at Charterhouse and Camb. , after trying lawturned to journalism, in which he lost his fortune, studied art at Parisand Rome, wrote for _Fraser's Magazine_ and _Punch_, _Barry Lyndon_, _Book of Snobs_, and _Jeames's Diary_, _pub. _ _Vanity Fair_ 1847-8, _Pendennis_ (1848-50), lectured on _Humourists_ 1851, and on _FourGeorges_ in America 1855, _pub. _ _Esmond_ 1852, _Newcomes_ 1853, _Virginians_ 1857-59, ed. _Cornhill Magazine_ 1860, his last great work, _Denis Duval_, left unfinished, _d. _ 1863. 

_Lives_ by Merivale and Marzials (Great Writers), A. Trollope (EnglishMen of Letters), Whibley (Modern English Writers). Article in _Dictionaryof National Biography_ by Leslie Stephen. 

THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744). --Editor of Shakespeare, and translator, originally an attorney, betook himself to literature, translated fromPlato, the Greek dramatists, and Homer, and wrote also essays, biographies, and poems. In 1715 he _pub. _ _Shakespeare Restored, etc. _, in which he severely criticised Pope's ed. , and was in consequencerewarded with the first place in _The Dunciad_, and the adoption of mostof his corrections in Pope's next ed. Though a poor poet, he was an acuteand discriminating critic, made brilliant emendations on some of theclassics, and produced in 1734 an ed. Of Shakespeare which gave him ahigh place among his ed. 

THIRWALL, CONNOP (1797-1875). --Historian, was _b. _ at Stepney, the _s. _of a clergyman, and _ed. _ at the Charterhouse and Camb. He studied law, was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year _pub. _ a translationof Schleiermacher's _Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke_. Afterthis, having changed his mind, he took orders in 1827, and the next yeartranslated, with Julius Hare (_q. V. _), the first vol. Of Niebuhr's_History of Rome_, and _pub. _, also with him, _The Philological Museum_(1831-33). He was an advocate for the admission of Dissenters to degrees, and in consequence of his action in the matter had to resign his Univ. Tutorship. Thereupon Lord Brougham, then Lord Chancellor, presented himto the living of Kirkby Underdale. Between 1835 and 1847 he wrote hisgreat _History of Greece_, which has a place among historical classics. In 1840 he was made Bishop of St. David's, in which capacity he showedunusual energy in administering his see. The eleven charges which hedelivered during his tenure of the see were pronouncements of exceptionalweight upon the leading questions of the time affecting the Church. As aBroad Churchman T. Was regarded with suspicion by both High and LowChurchmen, and in the House of Lords generally supported liberalmovements such as the admission of Jews to Parliament. He was the onlyBishop who was in favour of the disestablishment of the Irish Church. 

THOMS, WILLIAM JOHN (1803-1885). --Antiquary and miscellaneous writer, formany years a clerk in the secretary's office of Chelsea Hospital, was in1845 appointed Clerk, and subsequently Deputy Librarian to the House ofLords. He was the founder in 1849 of _Notes and Queries_, which for someyears he also ed. Among his publications are _Early Prose Romances_(1827-28), _Lays and Legends_ (1834), _The Book of the Court_ (1838), _Gammer Gurton's Famous Histories_ (1846), _Gammer Gurton's PleasantStories_ (1848). He also _ed. _ Stow's _London_, and was sec. Of theCamden Society. He introduced the word "folk-lore" into the language. 

THOMSON, JAMES (1700-1748). --Poet, _s. _ of the minister of Ednam, Roxburghshire, spent most of his youth, however, at Southdean, aneighbouring parish, to which his _f. _ was translated. He was _ed. _ atthe parish school there, at Jedburgh, and at Edin. , whither he went withthe view of studying for the ministry. The style of one of his earliestsermons having been objected to by the Prof. Of Divinity as being tooflowery and imaginative, he gave up his clerical views and went to Londonin 1725, taking with him a part of what ultimately became his poem of_Winter_. By the influence of his friend Mallet he became tutor to LordBinning, _s. _ of the Earl of Haddington, and was introduced to Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and others. _Winter_ was _pub. _ in 1726, and was followedby _Summer_ (1727), _Spring_ (1728), and _Autumn_ (1730), when the wholewere brought together as _The Seasons_. Previous to 1730 he had producedone or two minor poems and the tragedy of _Sophonisba_, which, afterpromising some success, was killed by the unfortunate line, "Oh!Sophonisba, Sophonisba, oh!" being parodied as "Oh! Jemmy Thomson, JemmyThomson, oh!" In 1731 T. Accompanied Charles Talbot, _s. _ of the LordChancellor, to the Continent, as tutor, and on his return received thesinecure Secretaryship of Briefs which, however, he lost in 1737, throughomitting to apply for its continuance to Talbot's successor. He thenreturned to the drama and produced _Agamemnon_ in 1738, and _Edward andEleanora_ in 1739. The same year he received from the Prince of Wales apension of £100, and was made Surveyor-General of the Leeward Islandswhich, after providing for a deputy to discharge the duties, left him£300 a year. He was now in comfortable circumstances and settled in avilla near Richmond, where he amused himself with gardening and seeinghis friends. In conjunction with Mallet he wrote, in 1740, the masque of_Alfred_, in which appeared _Rule Britannia_, which M. Afterwardsclaimed, or allowed to be claimed, for him, but which there is everyreason to believe was contributed by T. In 1745 appeared _Tancred andSigismunda_, the most successful of his dramas, and in 1748 _Coriolanus_. In May of the latter year he _pub. _ _The Castle of Indolence_, anallegorical poem in the Spenserian stanza, generally considered to be hismasterpiece. In August following he caught a chill which developed into afever, and carried him off in his 48th year. Though T. Was undoubtedly apoet by nature, his art was developed by constant and fastidiouspolishing. To _The Seasons_, originally containing about 4000 lines, headded about 1400 in his various revisions. He was the first to give thedescription of nature the leading place, and in his treatment of histheme he showed much judgment in the selection of the details to be dweltupon. His blank verse, though not equal to that of a few other Englishpoets, is musical and wielded in a manner suitable to his subject. In allhis poems he displays the genial temper and kindly sympathies by which hewas characterised as a man. He was never _m. _, and lived an easy, indolent life, beloved by his many friends. (_See also_ Lyttelton, Lord)

THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882). --Poet, _b. _ at Port Glasgow and brought up inthe Royal Caledonian Asylum, was for some years an army teacher, but wasdismissed for a breach of discipline. He became associated with CharlesBradlaugh, the free-thought protagonist, who introduced him to theconductors of various secularist publications. His best known poem is_The City of Dreadful Night_, deeply pessimistic. Others are _Vane'sStory_ and _Weddah and Omel-Bonain_. His views resulted in depression, which led to dipsomania, and he _d. _ in poverty and misery. His work hasa certain gloomy power which renders it distinctly noteworthy. 

THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862). --Essayist, poet, and naturalist, was_b. _ at Concord, Massachusetts. His _f. _, of French extraction, fromJersey, was a manufacturer of lead-pencils. He was _ed. _ at Harvard, where he became a good classical scholar. Subsequently he was a competentOrientalist, and was deeply versed in the history and manners of the RedIndians. No form of regular remunerative employment commending itself tohim, he spent the 10 years after leaving coll. In the study of books andnature, for the latter of which he had exceptional qualifications in theacuteness of his senses and his powers of observation. Though not amisanthropist, he appears in general to have preferred solitary communionwith nature to human society. "The man I meet, " he said, "is seldom soinstructive as the silence which he breaks;" and he described himself as"a mystic, a transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher. " He made suchmoney as his extremely simple mode of life called for, by building boatsor fences, agricultural or garden work, and surveying, anything almost ofan outdoor character which did not involve lengthened engagement. In 1837he began his diaries, records of observation with which in ten years hefilled 30 vols. In 1839 he made the excursion the record of which he in1845 _pub. _ as _A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers_. Two yearslater, in 1841, he began a residence in the household of Emerson, whichlasted for two years, when he assisted in conducting the _Dial_, and in1845, after some teaching in New York, he retired to a hut near thesolitary Walden Pond to write his _Week on the Concord_, etc. Later workswere _Walden_ (1854), and _The Maine Woods_ (1864), and _Cape Cod_(1865), accounts of excursions and observations, both _pub. _ after hisdeath. T. Was an enthusiast in the anti-slavery cause, the triumph ofwhich, however, he did not live to see, as he _d. _ on May 6, 1862, whenthe war was still in its earlier stages. The deliberate aim of T. Was tolive a life as nearly approaching naturalness as possible; and to thisend he passed his time largely in solitude and in the open air. As hesays, "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, tofront only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn whatit had to teach. " To his great powers of observation he added greatpowers of reflection, and two of the most characteristic features of hiswritings are immediateness and individuality in his descriptions ofnature, and a remarkable power of giving permanent and clear form to themost subtle and evanescent mental impressions. 

TICKELL, THOMAS (1686-1740). --Poet, _b. _ at Bridekirk Vicarage, Cumberland, and _ed. _ at Oxf. Became the friend of Joseph Addison(_q. V. _), contributed to the _Spectator_ and _Guardian_, and accompaniedhim when he went to Ireland as sec. To the Lord Lieutenant. Histranslation of the first book of the _Iliad_ came out at the same time asPope's, and led to a quarrel between the latter and Addison, Popeimagining that the publication was a plot to interfere with the successof his work. On Addison becoming Sec. Of State in 1717 he appointed T. Under-Sec. Among the writings of T. Are the well-known ballad, _Colin andLucy_, _Kensington Gardens_, a poem, and an _Elegy_ on the death ofAddison, of which Macaulay says that it "would do honour to the greatestname in our literature. " In 1725 he became sec. To the Lords Justices ofIreland, and retained the post until his death. 

TICKNOR, GEORGE (1791-1871). --Historian and biographer, _s. _ of a richman, was _b. _ at Boston, Mass. , and _ed. _ for the law. He, however, gavehimself to study and writing, and also travelled much. After being aProf. At Harvard, 1819-35, he went in the latter year to Europe, where hespent some years collecting materials for his _magnum opus_, _The Historyof Spanish Literature_ (1849). He also wrote Lives of Lafayette andPrescott, the historian. His _Letters and Journals_ were _pub. _ in 1876, and are the most interesting of his writings. 

TIGHE, MARY (BLACKFORD) (1772-1810). --Poet, _dau. _ of a clergyman, madean unhappy marriage, though she had beauty and amiable manners, and washighly popular in society. She wrote a good deal of verse; but her chiefpoem was a translation in Spenserian stanza of the tale of _Cupid andPsyche_, which won the admiration of such men as Sir J. Mackintosh, Moore, and Keats. 

TILLOTSON, JOHN (1630-1694). --Divine, _s. _ of a Presbyterian clothier, was _b. _ near Halifax, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where his originally Puritanviews became somewhat modified. At the Savoy Conference in 1661 he wasstill a Presbyterian, but submitted to the Act of Uniformity, and becamenext year Rector of Keddington, and in 1664 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, where he became very popular. In 1672 he was made Dean of Canterbury. Hevainly endeavoured to secure the comprehension of the Nonconformists inthe Church. After the Revolution he gained the favour of William III. , who made him Clerk of the Closet, and Dean of St. Paul's, and in 1691 hesucceeded Sancroft as Archbishop of Canterbury. His sermons, which hadextraordinary popularity, give him a place in literature, and he was oneof those writers who, by greater simplicity and greater attention toclearness of construction, helped to introduce the modern style ofcomposition. 

TIMROD, HENRY (1829-1867). --Poet, _b. _ at Charleston, S. Carolina, ofGerman descent, was ruined by the Civil War, and _d. _ in poverty. Hewrote one vol. Of poems, _pub. _ 1860, which attained wide popularity inthe South. He had notable descriptive power. 

TOBIN, JOHN (1770-1804). --Dramatist, was for long unsuccessful, but inthe year of his death made a hit with _The Honey Moon_, which had greatsuccess, and maintained its place for many years. Other plays were _TheCurfew_ and _The School for Authors_. 

TOLAND, JOHN (1670?-1722). --Deistical writer, _b. _ in Ireland of RomanCatholic parentage, completed his education at Glasgow, Edin. , andLeyden. Very early in life he had become a Protestant, and at Leyden hestudied theology with the view of becoming a Nonconformist minister, butimbibed Rationalistic views. He then resided for some time at Oxf. , andin 1696 _pub. _ his first work, _Christianity not Mysterious_, which wascensured by Convocation and gave rise to much controversy. Next year hereturned to Ireland, where, however, he was not more popular than inEngland, and where his book was burned by the common hangman. Returningto England he took to writing political pamphlets, including one, _AngliaLibera_, in support of the Brunswick succession, which gained him somefavour at Hanover, and he was sent on some political business to theGerman Courts. He then served Harley in Holland and Germany practicallyas a political spy. His later years were passed in literary drudgery andpoverty. Among his numerous writings may be mentioned _Account of Prussiaand Hanover_, _Origines Judaicæ_, _History of the Druids_, and a Life ofMilton prefixed to an ed. Of his prose works. 

TOOKE, JOHN HORNE (1736-1812). --Philologist, _s. _ of a poulterer calledHorne, added the name of Tooke in 1782 in anticipation of inheriting fromhis friend W. Tooke, of Purley. He was at Camb. And took orders, butdisliking the clerical profession, travelled abroad. Returning he becameprominent as a radical politician, and espoused the cause of Wilkes, withwhom, however, he afterwards quarrelled. He also supported the revoltedAmerican colonists, and was fined and imprisoned for endeavouring toraise a subscription for them. An effort to be admitted to the Bar wasunsuccessful; and in 1786 he published his _Diversions of Purley_, a workon philology which brought him great reputation, and which, containingmuck that has been proved to be erroneous, showed great learning andacuteness. T. Twice endeavoured unsuccessfully to enter Parliament forWestminster, but ultimately sat for the rotten burgh of Old Sarum, making, however, no mark in the House. He was the author of numerouseffective political pamphlets. 

TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE (1740-1778). --Hymn-writer, _s. _ of an officerin the army, was _b. _ at Farnham, _ed. _ at Westminster and Trinity Coll. , Dublin, after which he took orders and became incumbent of Broad Hembury. He was a strong Calvinist and entered into a bitter controversy withWesley. His controversial works are forgotten; but he will always beremembered as the author of "Rock of Ages, " perhaps the most widely knownof English hymns. 

TOURNEUR, or TURNER, CYRIL (1575?-1626). --Dramatist, perhaps _s. _ ofRichard T. , Lieutenant of the Brill, served in the Low Countries, and wassec. To Sir Edward Cecil in his unsuccessful expedition to Cadiz, returning from which he was disembarked with the sick at Kinsale, wherehe _d. _ He wrote two dramas, _The Revenger's Tragedy_ (_pr. _ 1607), and_The Atheist's Tragedy_ (_pr. _ 1611), in both of which, especially theformer, every kind of guilt and horror is piled up, the authordisplaying, however, great intensity of tragic power. Of _The Revenger_Lamb said that it made his ears tingle. Another play of his, _TransformedMetamorphosis_, was discovered in 1872. 

TRAHERNE, THOMAS (1636?-1674). --Poet and theological writer, _s. _ of ashoemaker at Hereford where, or at Ledbury, he was probably _b. _ Very fewfacts concerning him have been preserved, and indeed his very existencehad been forgotten until some of his MS. Were discovered on a bookstallin 1896, without, however, anything to identify the author. Theirdiscoverer, Mr. W. T. Brooke, was inclined to attribute them to HenryVaughan (_q. V. _), in which he was supported by Dr. Grosart (_q. V. _), andthe latter was about to bring out a new ed. Of Vaughan's poems in whichthey were to be included. This was, however, prevented by his death. Thecredit of identification is due to Mr. Bertram Dobell, who had become thepossessor of another vol. Of MS. , and who rejecting, after dueconsideration, the claims of Vaughan, followed up the very slender cluesavailable until he had established the authorship of Traherne. All thefacts that his diligent investigations were successful in collecting werethat T. Was "entered as a commoner at Brasenose Coll. , Oxf. , in 1652, took one degree in arts, left the house for a time, entered into thesacred function, and in 1661 was actually created M. A. About that time hebecame Rector of Crednell, near Hereford ... And in 1669 Bachelor ofDivinity;" and that after remaining there for over 9 years he wasappointed private chaplain to the Lord Keeper, Sir Orlando Bridgeman, whoon his retirement from office retained him as a member of his householdat Teddington until his death in 1674, T. Himself dying three monthslater. T. Also appears to have been incumbent of Teddington, or perhapsmore probably, curate to a pluralist incumbent. The complete oblivioninto which T. Had fallen is the more remarkable when the quality of hispoetry, which places him on a level with Herbert, Vaughan, and Crashaw, is considered; and that he appears in his own day to have had somereputation as a scholar and controversialist. His _Roman Forgeries_(1673) achieved some note. His next work, _Christian Ethics_, which wasnot _pub. _ until after his death, appears to have fallen dead, and isextremely rare: it is described by Mr. Dobell as "full of eloquence, persuasiveness, sagacity, and piety. " _Centuries of Meditations_ consistsof short reflections on religious and moral subjects, etc. The _Poems_constitute his main claim to remembrance and, as already stated, are of ahigh order. With occasional roughness of metre they display powerfulimagination, a deep and rich vein of original thought, and true poeticforce and fire. It has been pointed out that in some of them the authoranticipates the essential doctrines of the Berkeleian philosophy, and inthem is also revealed a personality of rare purity and fascination. 

TRELAWNY, EDWARD JOHN (1792-1881). --Biographer, entered the navy, fromwhich, however, he deserted, after which he wandered about in the Eastand on the Continent. In Switzerland he met Byron and Shelley, and wasliving in close friendship with the latter when he was drowned, and wasone of the witnesses at the cremation of his remains. He took part in theGreek war of independence, and _m. _ the sister of one of the insurgentchiefs. After various adventures in America he settled in London, wherehe was a distinguished figure in society, and enjoyed the reputation of apicturesque, but somewhat imaginative, conversationalist. He wrote _TheAdventures of a Younger Son_ (1831), a work of striking distinction, andthe intensely interesting _Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author_(1858). The last survivor of that brilliant group, he was buried by theside of Shelley. 

TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886). --Poet and theologian, _b. _ inDublin, and _ed. _ at Harrow and Camb. , took orders, and after servingvarious country parishes, became in 1847 Prof. Of Theology in King'sColl. , London, in 1856 Dean of Westminster, and in 1864 Archbishop ofDublin. As Primate of the Irish Church at its disestablishment, herendered valuable service at that time of trial. In theology his bestknown works are his _Hulsean Lectures_, _Notes on the Parables_, and_Notes on the Miracles_. His philological writings, _English Past andPresent_ and _Select Glossary of English Words_ are extremely interestingand suggestive, though now to some extent superseded. His _Sacred LatinPoetry_ is a valuable collection of mediæval Church hymns. He also wrotesonnets, elegies, and lyrics, in the first of which he was speciallysuccessful, besides longer poems, _Justin Martyr_ and _Sabbation_. 

TREVISA, JOHN of (1326-1412). --Translator, a Cornishman, _ed. _ at Oxf. , was Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and chaplain to the 4th LordBerkeley, and Canon of Westbury. He translated for his patron the_Polychronicon_ of Ranulf Higden, adding remarks of his own, andprefacing it with a _Dialogue on Translation between a Lord and a Clerk_. He likewise made various other translations. 

TROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815-1882). --Novelist, _s. _ of Thomas Anthony T. , abarrister who ruined himself by speculation, and of Frances T. (_q. V. _), a well-known writer, was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Harrow andWinchester. His childhood was an unhappy one, owing to his father'smisfortunes. After a short time in Belgium he obtained an appointment inthe Post Office, in which he rose to a responsible position. His firstthree novels had little success; but in 1855 he found his line, and in_The Warden_ produced the first of his Barsetshire series. It wasfollowed by _Barchester Towers_ (1857), _Doctor Thorne_ (1858), _FramleyParsonage_ (1861), _The Small House at Allington_ (1864), and _The LastChronicle of Barset_ (1867), which deal with the society of a smallcathedral city. Other novels are _Orley Farm_, _Can you forgive Her?_, _Ralph the Heir_, _The Claverings_, _Phineas Finn_, _He knew he wasRight_, and _The Golden Lion of Grandpré_. In all he wrote about 50novels, besides books about the West Indies, North America, Australia, and South Africa, a translation of _Cæsar_, and monographs on Cicero andThackeray. His novels are light of touch, pleasant, amusing, andthoroughly healthy. They make no attempt to sound the depths of characteror either to propound or solve problems. Outside of fiction his work wasgenerally superficial and unsatisfactory. But he had the merit ofproviding a whole generation with wholesome amusement, and enjoyed agreat deal of popularity. He is said to have received £70, 000 for hiswritings. 

TROLLOPE, MRS. FRANCES (MILTON) (1780-1863). --Novelist and miscellaneouswriter, _b. _ at Stapleton near Bristol, _m. _ in 1809 Thomas A. T. , abarrister, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went withher family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to supportherself were unsuccessful. On her return to England, however, she broughtherself into notice by publishing _Domestic Manners of the Americans_(1832), in which she gave a very unfavourable and grossly exaggeratedaccount of the subject; and a novel, _The Refugee in America_, pursued iton similar lines. Next came _The Abbess_ and _Belgium and WesternGermany_, and other works of the same kind on _Paris and the Parisians_, and _Vienna and the Austrians_ followed. Thereafter she continued to pourforth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100vols. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharpand caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of herlife at Florence, where she _d. _ in 1863. Her third _s. _ was Anthony T. , the well-known novelist (_q. V. _). Her eldest _s. _, Thomas Adolphus, wrote_The Girlhood of Catherine de Medici_, a _History of Florence_, and _Lifeof Pius IX. _, and some novels. 

TRUMBULL, JOHN (1750-1831). --Poet, _b. _ at Waterbury, Conn. , was alawyer, and became a judge. He wrote much verse, his principalproductions being _The Progress of Dulness_ (1772) and _McFingal_ (1782), written in support of the Revolution in imitation of _Hudibras_. 

TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774). --Philosophic writer, _b. _ in London, and_ed. _ at Oxf. , was a country gentleman, who devoted himself to the studyof philosophy, and wrote under the name of Edward Search, a work in 7vols. , _The Light of Nature Followed_ (1768-78). It is rather amiscellany than a systematic treatise, but contains much original andacute thinking. 

TUCKER, GEORGE (1775-1861). --Economist, etc. , _b. _ in Bermuda, becameProf. , of Moral Philosophy, etc. , in the Univ. Of Virginia. He wrote a_Life of Jefferson_, _Political History of the United States_, _EssaysMoral and Philosophical_, _The Valley of the Shenandoah_, a novel, _AVoyage to the Moon_ (satire), and various works on economics. 

TUCKER, NATHANIEL BEVERLY (1784-1851). --_B. _ in Virginia, became a Prof. , of Law in William and Mary Coll. He wrote a novel, _The Partisan Leader_(1836), a prophecy of the future disunion which led to the Civil War. Itwas _re-pub. _ in 1861 as _A Key to the Southern Conspiracy_. Anothernovel was _George Balcombe_. 

TUCKERMAN, HENRY THEODORE (1813-1871). --Essayist, etc. , _b. _ in Boston, Mass. He was a sympathetic and delicate critic, with a graceful style. Helived much in Italy, which influenced his choice of subjects in hisearlier writings. These include _The Italian Sketch-book_, _Isabel, orSicily_, _Thoughts on the Poets_, _The Book of the Artists_, _Leaves fromthe Diary of a Dreamer_, etc. 

TULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886). --Theologian and historical writer, _b. _ atBridge of Earn, Perthshire, studied at St. Andrews and Edin. He wasordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland at Dundee, whence hewas translated to Kettins, Forfarshire, and became in 1854 Principal andProf. Of Theology in St. Mary's Coll. , St. Andrews. He was a leader ofthe liberal party in the Church of Scotland, and wrote _Literary andIntellectual Revival of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century_ (1883), _Movements of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century_ (1884-85), _Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the SeventeenthCentury_, and a book on Pascal, etc. 

TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR (1810-1889). --Versifier, _s. _ of a surgeon, was_b. _ in London, _ed. _ at Charterhouse School and Oxf. , and called to theBar in 1835. He, however, believed that literature was his vocation, andwrote many works in prose and verse, only one of which, _ProverbialPhilosophy_, had much success. But the vogue which it had was enormous, especially in America. It is a singular collection of commonplaceobservations set forth in a form which bears the appearance of verse, buthas neither rhyme nor metre, and has long since found its deserved level. He also wrote _War Ballads_, _Rifle Ballads_, and _Protestant Ballads_, various novels, and an autobiography. T. Was likewise an inventor, buthis ideas in this kind had not much success. 

TURBERVILLE, or TURBERVILE, GEORGE (1540?-1610). --Poet, belonging to anancient Dorsetshire family, was _b. _ at Whitchurch, and _ed. _ atWinchester and Oxf. He became sec. To Thomas Randolph, Ambassador toRussia, and made translations from the Latin and Italian, and in 1570_pub. _ _Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs, and Sonets_. He also wrote books on_Falconrie_ and _Hunting_, and was one of the first to use blank verse. 

TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847). --Historian, _b. _ in London, was a solicitor, and becoming interested in the study of Icelandic and Anglo-Saxonliterature, _pub. _ the results of his researches in his _History of theAnglo-Saxons_ (1799-1805). Thereafter he continued the narrative in_History of England_ (1814-29), carrying it on to the end of the reign ofElizabeth. These histories, especially the former, though somewhat marredby an attempt to emulate the grandiose style of Gibbon, were works ofreal research, and opened up, and to a considerable extent developed, anew field of inquiry. T. Also wrote a _Sacred History of the World_, anda poem on Richard III. 

TUSSER, THOMAS (1524?-1580). --Versifier on agriculture, was an Essex man. Having a good voice he was trained in music, and was a chorister in St. Paul's, and afterwards in Norwich Cathedral, and held the post ofmusician to Lord Paget. He tried farming at different places, butunsuccessfully, which did not, however, prevent his undertaking toinstruct others. This he does with much shrewdness and point in his_Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husbandrie_ (1557), expressed in rude butlively verse; thereafter he added _Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husserie_(Housewifery). The two joined, and with many additions, were repeatedlyreprinted as _Five Hundredth Pointes of Goode Husbandrie united to asmany of Goode Huswifery_. Many proverbs may be traced back to thewritings of T. , who, in spite of all his shrewdness and talent, _d. _ inprison as a debtor. 

TYNDALE, WILLIAM (1484?-1536). --Translator of the Bible, belonged to anorthern family which, migrating to Gloucestershire during the Wars ofthe Roses, adopted the alternative name of Huchyns or Hychins, which T. Himself bore when at Oxf. In 1510. After graduating there, he went toCamb. , where the influence of Erasmus, who had been Prof. Of Theology, still operated. He took orders, and in 1522 was a tutor in the householdof Sir John Walsh of Old Sodbury, and was preaching and disputing in thecountry round, for which he was called to account by the Chancellor ofthe diocese. At the same time he translated a treatise by Erasmus, the_Enchiridion Militis Christiani_ (Manual of the Christian Soldier), andin controversy with a local disputant prophesied that he would cause that"a boye that driveth the plough" should know the Scriptures better thanhis opponent. Having formed the purpose of translating the New TestamentT. Went in 1523 to London, and used means towards his admission to thehousehold of Tunstal, Bishop of London, but without success; he thenlived in the house of a wealthy draper, Humphrey Monmouth, where heprobably began his translation. Finding, however, that his work waslikely to be interfered with, he proceeded in 1524 to Hamburg, whence hewent to visit Luther at Wittenberg. He began printing his translation atCologne the following year, but had to fly to Worms, where the work wascompleted. The translation itself is entirely T. 's work, and is that of athorough scholar, and shows likewise an ear for the harmony of words. Thenotes and introduction are partly his own, partly literal translations, and partly the gist of the work of Luther. From Germany the translationwas introduced into England, and largely circulated until forcible meansof prevention were brought to bear in 1528. In this year T. Removed toMarburg, where he _pub. _ _The Parable of the Wicked Mammon_, a treatiseon Justification by Faith, and _The Obedience of a Christian Man_, setting forth that Scripture is the ultimate authority in matters offaith, and the King in matters of civil government. Thereafter, havingbeen at Hamburg and Antwerp, T. Returned to Marburg, and in 1530 _pub. _his translation of the _Pentateuch_ and _The Practice of Prelates_, inwhich he attacked Wolsey and the proposed divorce proceedings of HenryVIII. , the latter of whom endeavoured to have him apprehended. Thereafterhe was involved in a controversy with Sir Thomas More. In 1533 hereturned to Antwerp, Henry's hostility having somewhat cooled, and wasoccupied in revising his translations, when he was in 1535 betrayed intothe hands of the Imperial officers and carried off to the Castle ofVilvorde, where the next year he was strangled and burned. T. Was one ofthe most able and devoted of the reforming leaders, and his, thefoundation of all future translations of the Bible, is his enduringmonument. He was a small, thin man of abstemious habits and untiringindustry. 

TYNDALL, JOHN (1820-1893). --Scientific writer, _b. _ at Leighlin Bridge, County Carlow, was in early life employed in the ordnance survey and as arailway engineer. He was next teacher of mathematics and surveying atQueenwood Coll. , Hampshire, after which he went to Marburg to studyscience, and while there became joint author of a memoir _On theMagneto-optic Properties of Crystals_ (1850). After being at Berlin hereturned in 1851 to Queenwood, and in 1853 was appointed Prof. Of NaturalPhilosophy in the Royal Institution, which in 1867 he succeeded Faradayas Superintendent. With Huxley (_q. V. _) he made investigations into theAlpine glaciers. Thereafter he did much original work on heat, sound, andlight. In addition to his discoveries T. Was one of the greatestpopularisers of science. His style, remarkable for lucidity and elegance, enabled him to expound such subjects with the minimum of technicalterminology. Among his works are _The Glaciers of the Alps_ (1860), _Mountaineering_ (1861), _Fragments of Science_, two vols. (1871), including his address to the British Association at Belfast, which raiseda storm of controversy and protest in various quarters, _Hours ofExercise on the Alps_, etc. T. _d. _ from an overdose of chloralaccidentally administered by his wife. 

TYTLER, ALEXANDER FRASER (1747-1813). --Historian, _s. _ of William T. (_q. V. _), studied at Edin. , was called to the Bar in 1770 and raised tothe Bench as Lord Woodhouselee in 1802. He was Prof. Of History in Edin. , and wrote _Elements of General History_ (1801), _An Essay on thePrinciples of Translation_ (1791), besides various legal treatises. 

TYTLER, PATRICK FRASER (1791-1849). --Historian, _s. _ of the above, studied at Edin. , and was called to the Bar in 1813. Among his manywritings are an _Essay on the History of the Moors in Spain_, _The Lifeof the Admirable Crichton_ (1819), _History of Scotland_ (1828-43), and_England under the Reigns of Edward VI. And Mary_ (1839). His _History ofScotland_, which was the result of 20 years of study and research, isstill authoritative. 

TYTLER, WILLIAM (1711-1792). --Historical writer, was a lawyer in Edin. , and wrote _An Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots_, inwhich he combated the views of Robertson. He discovered the _King'sQuhair_ of James I. , and _pub. _ in 1783 _The Poetical Remains of JamesI. , King of Scotland_, with a Life. 

UDALL, NICOLAS (1505-1556). --Dramatist and scholar, _b. _ in Hampshire, and _ed. _ at Oxf. In 1534 he became headmaster of Eton, from which he wasdismissed for misconduct, 1541. In 1537 he became Vicar of Braintree, in1551 of Calborne, Isle of Wight, and in 1554 headmaster of WestminsterSchool. He translated part of the _Apophthegms_ of Erasmus, and assistedin making the English version of his _Paraphrase of the New Testament_. Other translations were Peter Martyr's _Discourse on the Eucharist_ andThomas Gemini's _Anatomia_, but he is best remembered by _Ralph RoisterDoister_ (1553?), the first English comedy, a rude but lively piece. 

UNDERDOWN, THOMAS (_fl. _ 1566-1587). --Translator. He translated the_Æthiopian History_ of Heliodorus 1566; also from Ovid. 

UNDERWOOD, FRANCIS HENRY (1825-1894). --Critic and biographer, _b. _ inMassachusetts, was American Consul at Glasgow and Leith. He wrote_Hand-books of English Literature_, _Builders of American Literature_, etc. , some novels, _Lord of Himself_, _Man Proposes_, and _Dr. Gray'sQuest_, and biographies of Lowell, Longfellow, and Whittier. 

URQUHART, SIR THOMAS (1611-1660). --Eccentric writer and translator, was_ed. _ at King's Coll. , Aberdeen, after leaving which he travelled inFrance, Spain, and Italy. He was bitterly opposed to the Covenanters, andfought against them at Turriff in 1639. His later life was passed betweenScotland, England (where he was for some time a prisoner in the Tower), and the Continent, where he lived, 1642-45. A man of considerable abilityand learning, his vanity and eccentricity verged upon insanity, and he issaid to have _d. _ from the effects of an uncontrollable fit of joyfullaughter on hearing news of the Restoration. Among his extravagances wasa genealogy of his family traced through his _f. _ to Adam, and throughhis mother to Eve, he himself being the 153rd in descent. He _pub. __Trissotetras_, a work on trigonometry (1645), an invective against thePresbyterians (1652), a scheme for a universal language, _Logopandecteision_ (1653), and a partial translation of Rabelais (1653), a further portion being _pub. _ in 1693. In the last he was assisted byPeter Anthony Motteux, a Frenchman who had established himself inEngland, who continued the work. 

USK, THOMAS (_d. _ 1388). --Poet, _b. _ in London, was sec. To John ofNorthampton, the Wyclifite Lord Mayor of London, whom he betrayed to savehimself, in which, however, he failed, being executed in 1388. During hisimprisonment, which lasted from 1384 until his death, he composed _TheTestament of Love_, a didactic poem long attributed to Chaucer. 

USSHER, JAMES (1581-1656). --Divine and scholar, _b. _ in Dublin, the _s. _of a lawyer there, and _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , took orders, and becameChancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1605, and Prof. Of Divinity, 1607-21. On the Irish clergy, in 1715, deciding to assert themselves asan independent church, U. Had the main hand in drawing up theconstitution, certain features of which led to the suspicion of his beingin favour of Puritanism. To defend himself he went in 1619 to England, and had a conference with the King (James I. ), in which he so completelysucceeded that he was in 1621 made Bishop of Meath, and four years laterArchbishop of Armagh. He constantly used his influence in favour ofreform, and endeavoured to introduce such modifications of Episcopacy aswould conciliate and comprehend the Presbyterians. During the troubleswhich led to the Civil War U. Maintained the unlawfulness of taking uparms against the King. The Rebellion in Ireland in 1641 drove him away, and he settled first at Oxf. , but ultimately at the house of LadyPeterborough at Reigate, where he _d. _ in 1656. His works dealt chieflywith ecclesiastical antiquities and chronology, his _magnum opus_ being_Annales_, a chronology of the world from the creation to the dispersionof the Jews in the reign of Vespasian, a work which gained him greatreputation on the Continent as well as at home. The date of the creationwas fixed as 4004 B. C. , which was long universally received. It has, ofcourse, been altogether superseded, alike by the discovery of ancientrecords, and by geology. 

VANBRUGH, SIR JOHN (1664-1726). --Dramatist and architect, _b. _ in Londonof Flemish descent, was in France from 1683 to 1685, studyingarchitecture, for which he had early shown a taste. The next year he gota commission in the army, and in 1690 he was a prisoner first atVincennes and then in the Bastille. In 1696 he began his dramatic careerwith _The Relapse_, which had great success. _Æsop_ followed in 1697, and_The Provoked Wife_ in the same year. The latter was severely handled byJeremy Collier (_q. V. _) in his _Short View_, etc. , which produced avindication by the author. In addition to these he wrote or collaboratedin various other plays. His leading features as a dramatist are thenaturalness of his dialogue and his lively humour. Like all hiscontemporaries he is frequently extremely gross. He obtained great fameas an architect, as well as a dramatist. Among his most famous designsare Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace, and Dalkeith Palace. He was knightedby George I. , was controller of the Royal works, and succeeded Wren asarchitect to Greenwich Hospital. In addition to the plays above mentionedV. Wrote _The Confederacy_ and _The Country House_. He was a handsome andjovial person, and highly popular in society. 

VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695). --Poet, _b. _ in the parish of Llansaintffraed, Brecknock, and as a native of the land of the ancient Silures, calledhimself "Silurist. " He was at Jesus Coll. , Oxf. , studied law in London, but finally settled as a physician at Brecon and Newton-by-Usk. In hisyouth he was a decided Royalist and, along with his twin brother Thomas, was imprisoned. His first book was _Poems, with the Tenth Satire ofJuvenal Englished_. It appeared in 1646. _Olor Iscanus_ (the Swan ofUsk), a collection of poems and translations, was surreptitiously _pub. _in 1651. About this time he had a serious illness which led to deepspiritual impressions, and thereafter his writings were almost entirelyreligious. _Silex Scintillans_ (Sparks from the Flint), his best knownwork, consists of short poems full of deep religious feeling, fine fancy, and exquisite felicities of expression, mixed with a good deal that isquaint and artificial. It contains "The Retreat, " a poem of about 30lines which manifestly suggested to Wordsworth his _Ode on theIntimations of Immortality_, and "Beyond the Veil, " one of the finestmeditative poems in the language. _Flores Solitudinis_ (Flowers ofSolitude) and _The Mount of Olives_ are devout meditations in prose. Thetwo brothers were joint authors of _Thalia Rediviva: the Pastimes andDiversions of a Country Muse_ (1678), a collection of translations andoriginal poems. 

VAUGHAN, ROBERT (1795-1868). --A minister of the Congregationalistcommunion, Prof. Of History in London Univ. , 1830-43, and Pres. Of theIndependent Coll. , Manchester, 1843-57. He founded, and for a time ed. The _British Quarterly_. He wrote, among various other works, _A Historyof England under the Stuarts_, _Revolutions of History_, and a Life ofWycliffe. 

VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894). --Philosophic and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ atPeebles, _ed. _ at Univ. And New Coll. , Edin. , was assistant to Sir Wm. Hamilton (_q. V. _), 1856-60, Prof. Of Logic at St. Andrews, 1860-64, andGlasgow, 1864-94. He was a voluminous and accomplished writer, his worksincluding Lives of _Dugald Stewart_ (1857) and _Sir W. Hamilton_ (1869), _Tweed and other Poems_ (1875), _History and Poetry of the ScottishBorder_ (1877), _Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry_ (1887), _Merlinand other Poems_ (1889), _Border Essays_ (1896), and _Dualism and Monism_(1895). 

VERY, JONES (1813-1880). --Essayist and poet, _b. _ at Salem, Mass. , wherehe became a clergyman and something of a mystic. He _pub. _ one smallvolume, _Essays and Poems_, the latter chiefly in the form of theShakespearian sonnet. Though never widely popular, he appealed by hisrefined, still thoughtfulness to a certain small circle of minds. 

WACE (_fl. _ 1170). --Chronicler, _b. _ in Jersey, and _ed. _ at Caen, wasinfluenced by the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth (_q. V. _), and basedupon it a French metrical romance, _Brut_. Later, at the command of HenryII. , he rewrote with additions a chronicle of the life of William theConqueror and entitled it _Roman de Rou_. 

WADE, THOMAS (1805-1875). --Poet, _b. _ at Woodbridge, _pub. _ poems, dramas, sonnets, and a translation of Dante's _Inferno_. Among hiswritings are _Tasso and the Sisters_ (1825), _Mundi et Cordis Carmina_(1835); _Duke Andrea_ (1828), and _The Jew of Arragon_ (1830), bothtragedies, and the _Phrenologists_ (1830), a farce. 

WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801). --Scholar and controversialist, _b. _ atNottingham, _ed. _ at Camb. , took orders, but becoming a Unitarianrenounced them and acted as classical tutor in various Unitarianacademies. He was a strong defender of the French Revolution, and wasimprisoned for two years for writing a seditious pamphlet. He _pub. _ ed. Of various classical writers, and among his theological writings are_Early Christian Writers on the Person of Christ_ (1784), _An Examinationof Paine's Age of Reason_ (1794), and _Silva Critica_ (1789-95), illustrations of the Scriptures. 

WALLACE, LEWIS (1827-1905). --Novelist, _b. _ at Brookville, Indiana, served with distinction in the Mexican and Civil Wars, and rose to therank of General. He was also a politician of some note, and was Governorof Utah and Minister to Turkey. His novel, _Ben Hur_ (1880), dealing withthe times of Christ, had great popularity, and was followed by _The FairGod_, _The Prince of India_, and other novels, and by a work on the_Boyhood of Christ_. 

WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687). --Poet, _b. _ at Coleshill, Herts, and _ed. _ atEton and Camb. , belonged to an old and wealthy family, and in earlychildhood inherited the estate of Beaconsfield, Bucks, worth £3500 ayear. He was related to John Hampden, and was distantly connected withOliver Cromwell, his own family, however, being staunch Royalists. Hestudied law at Lincoln's Inn, and at the age of 16 became a member ofParliament, in which he sat for various constituencies for the greaterpart of his life, and in which his wit and vivacity, as well as hispowers of adapting his principles to the times, enabled him to take aprominent part. In 1631 he added to his fortune by marrying Anne Banks, aLondon heiress, who _d. _ in 1634, and he then paid assiduous butunsuccessful court to Lady Dorothea Sidney, to whom, under the name ofSacharissa, he addressed much of his best poetry. Though probably reallya Royalist in his sympathies, W. Supported the popular cause inParliament, and in 1641 conducted the case against Sir Francis Crawleyfor his opinion in favour of the legality of ship-money. His speech, which was printed, had an enormous circulation and brought him greatfame. Two years later, however, he was detected in a plot for seizingLondon for the King, was expelled from the House, fined £10, 000, andbanished. On this occasion he showed cowardice and treachery, humiliatinghimself in the most abject manner, and betraying all his associates. Hewent to the Continent, living chiefly in France and Switzerland, andshowing hospitality to Royalist exiles. Returning by permission in 1652he addressed some laudatory verses, among the best he wrote, to Cromwell, on whose death nevertheless he wrote a new poem entitled, _On the Deathof the late Usurper, O. C. _ On the Restoration the accommodating poet wasready with a congratulatory address to Charles II. , who, pointing out itsinferiority as a poem to that addressed to Cromwell, elicited the famousreply, "Poets, Sire, succeed better in fiction than in truth. " The poem, however, whatever its demerits, succeeded in its prime object, and thepoet became a favourite at Court, and sat in Parliament until his death. In addition to his lighter pieces, on which his fame chiefly rests, W. Wrote an epic, _The Summer Islands_ (Bermudas), and a sacred poem, _Divine Love_. His short poems, such as "On a Girdle, " often show fancyand grace of expression, but are frequently frigid and artificial, andexhibit absolute indifference to the charms of Nature. As a man, thoughagreeable and witty, he was time-serving, selfish, and cowardly. Clarendon has left a very unflattering "character" of him. He _m. _ asecond time and had five sons and eight daughters. 

WALLER, JOHN FRANCIS (1810-1894). --Poet, _b. _ at Limerick, and _ed. _ atTrinity Coll. , Dublin, became a contributor to and ultimately ed. Of the_Dublin University Magazine_, usually writing under the pseudonym of"Jonathan Freke Slingsby. " His works include _Ravenscroft Hall_ (1852), _The Dead Bridal_ (1856), and _Peter Brown_ (1872). 

WALPOLE, HORATIO or HORACE (1717-1797). --Miscellaneous writer, third _s. _of Sir Robert W. , the great minister of George II. , was _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at Eton and Camb. , after which he travelled on the Continentwith Gray, the poet (_q. V. _). His _f. _ bestowed several lucrativeappointments upon him, and he sat in Parliament for various places, butnever took any prominent part in public business. By the death of hisnephew, the 3rd Earl, he became in 1791 4th Earl of Orford. In 1747 hepurchased the villa of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, the conversion ofwhich into a small Gothic Castle and the collection of the works of artand curios with which it was decorated was the main interest of hissubsequent life. His position in society gave him access to the bestinformation on all contemporary subjects of interest, and he was assuccessful in collecting gossip as curios. He also erected a privatepress, from which various important works, including Gray's _Bard_, aswell as his own writings, were issued. Among the latter are _Letter fromXo Ho to his Friend Lien Chi at Pekin_ (1757), _The Castle of Otranto_, the forerunner of the romances of terror of Mrs. Radcliffe and "Monk"Lewis, _The Mysterious Mother_ (1768), a tragedy of considerable power, _Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors_, _Anecdotes of Painting_, _Catalogue of Engravers_ (1763), _Essay on Modern Gardening_, _Memoirs ofthe Last Ten Years of George II. _, _Memoirs of the Reign of George III. _, and above all his _Letters_, 2700 in number, vivacious, interesting, andoften brilliant. W. Never _m. _

WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907). --Historian, _s. _ of the Right Hon. Spencer W. , Home Sec. In the three Derby Cabinets, belonged to the samefamily as Sir Robert W. _Ed. _ at Eton he became a clerk in the WarOffice, and was thereafter successively Inspector of Fisheries 1867, Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Man 1882, and Sec. To the Post Office, where he made a reputation as an efficient administrator, and was madeK. C. B. In 1898. He _pub. _ _History of England from_ 1815 in 6 vols. , bringing the story down to 1858, and followed it up with _The History ofTwenty-five Years_. He also wrote Lives of Spencer Percival, PrimeMinister 1809-12, who was assassinated in the lobby of the House ofCommons in the latter year, and who was his maternal grandfather, and ofEarl Russell. His latest book was _Studies in Biography_. He wrote withmuch knowledge, and in a clear and sober style. 

WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683). --Biographer, and author of _The CompleatAngler_, _s. _ of a yeoman, was _b. _ at Stafford. Of his earlier yearslittle is known. He carried on business as a hosier in London, in whichhe made a modest competence, which enabled him to retire at 50, the restof his long life of 90 years being spent in the simple country pleasures, especially angling, which he so charmingly describes. He was twice _m. _, first to Rachel Floud, a descendant of Archbishop Cranmer, and second toAnn Ken, half-sister of the author of the Evening Hymn. His first bookwas a _Life of Dr. Donne_ (1640), followed by Lives of Sir Henry Wotton(1651), Richard Hooker (1662), George Herbert (1670), and BishopSanderson (1678). All of these, classics in their kind, short, but simpleand striking, were _coll. _ into one vol. His masterpiece, however, was_The Compleat Angler_, the first ed. Of which was _pub. _ in 1653. Subsequent ed. Were greatly enlarged; a second part was added by CharlesCotton (_q. V. _). With its dialogues between Piscator (angler), Venator(hunter), and Auceps (falconer), full of wisdom, kindly humour, andcharity, its charming pictures of country scenes and pleasures, and itssnatches of verse, it is one of the most delightful and care-dispellingbooks in the language. His long, happy, and innocent life ended in thehouse of his son-in-law, Dr. Hawkins, Prebendary of Winchester, where inthe Cathedral he lies buried. 

WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELIOT GEORGE (1810-1852). --Miscellaneous writer, _b. _ in County Galway, travelled in the East, and _pub. _ an account ofhis experiences, _The Crescent and the Cross_, which had remarkablesuccess, brought out an historical work, _Memoirs of Prince Rupert andthe Cavaliers_ (1849), and ed. _Memoirs of Horace Walpole and hisContemporaries_. He perished in the burning of the steamer _Amazon_. 

WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698-1779). --Theologian, _b. _ at Newark, where his_f. _ was an attorney. Intended for the law, he was for a few yearsengaged in its practice, but his intense love of, and capacity for, study led him to enter the Church, and in 1728 he was presented to theRectory of Brand-Broughton, where he remained for many years. His firstimportant work was _The Alliance between Church and State_ (1736), whichbrought him into notice. But it was entirely eclipsed by his _DivineLegation of Moses_, of which the first part appeared in 1737, and thesecond in 1741. The work, though learned and able, is somewhatparadoxical, and it plunged him into controversies with his numerouscritics, and led to his publishing a _Vindication_. It, however, obtainedfor him the appointment of chaplain to Frederick, Prince of Wales. In1739 W. Gained the friendship of Pope by publishing a defence of _TheEssay on Man_. Through Pope he became acquainted with most of the men ofletters of the time, and he was made by the poet his literary executor, and had the legacy of half his library, and the profits of his posthumousworks. On the strength of this he brought out an ed. Of Pope's works. Healso _pub. _ an ed. Of Shakespeare with notes, which was somewhat severelycriticised, and his _Doctrine of Grace_, a polemic against Wesley. Hebecame Dean of Bristol in 1757 and Bishop of Gloucester in 1759. W. Was aman of powerful intellect, but his temper was overbearing and arrogant. 

"WARD, ARTEMUS", (_see_ BROWN, C. F. ). 

WARD, ROBERT PLUMER (1765-1846). --Novelist and politician, _b. _ inLondon, _ed. _ at Oxf. , and called to the Bar 1790, held various politicaloffices, and wrote some books on the law of nations; also three novels, _Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement_, full of prolix discussions; _DeVere, or the Man of Independence_, in which Canning is depicted under thecharacter of Wentworth; and _De Clifford, or the Constant Man_. 

WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882). --Theologian, _ed. _ at Winchester andOxf. , and came under the influence of J. H. Newman, whose famous Tract No. XC. He defended, and whom he followed into the Church of Rome. In 1844 he_pub. _ _The Ideal of a Christian Church_ from the Romanist point of view, whence his soubriquet of "Ideal Ward. " He was lecturer on MoralPhilosophy at St. Edward's Coll. , Ware, and wrote various treatises oncontroversial theology. 

WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, LADY (1677-1727). --Poetess, _dau. _ of Sir CharlesHalkett of Pitfirrane, and wife of Sir Henry Wardlaw of Pitreavie, isbelieved to have written the pseudo-ancient ballad of "Hardyknute. " Theballad of "Sir Patrick Spens" and others have also, but doubtfully, beenattributed to her. 

WARNER, SUSAN (1819-1885). --Writer of tales, _b. _ at New York, and wrote, under the name of "Elizabeth Wetherell, " a number of stories, of which_The Wide, Wide World_ (1851) had an extraordinary popularity. Otherswere _Queechy_ (1852), _The Old Helmet_ (1863), and _Melbourne House_(1864). They have no particular literary merit or truth to nature, andare rather sentimental and "gushy. "

WARNER, WILLIAM (1558-1609). --Poet, _b. _ in London or Yorkshire, studiedat Oxf. , and was an attorney in London. In 1585 he _pub. _ a collectionof seven tales in prose entitled _Pan his Syrinx_, and in 1595 atranslation of the _Menæchmi_ of Plautus. His chief work was _Albion'sEngland_, _pub. _ in 1586 in 13 books of fourteen-syllabled verse, andrepublished with 3 additional books in 1606. The title is thus explainedin the dedication, "This our whole island anciently called Britain, butmore anciently Albion, presently containing two kingdoms, England andScotland, is cause ... That to distinguish the former, whose onlyoccurrants I abridge from our history, I entitle this my book _Albion'sEngland_. " For about 20 years it was one of the most popular poems of itssize--it contains about 10, 000 lines--ever written, and he and Spenserwere called the Homer and Virgil of their age. They must, however, haveappealed to quite different classes. The plain-spoken, jolly humour, homely, lively, direct tales, vigorous patriotic feeling, andrough-and-tumble metre of Warner's muse, and its heterogeneousaccumulation of material--history, tales, theology, antiquities--musthave appealed to a lower and wider audience than Spenser's charmed verse. The style is clear, spirited, and pointed, but, as has been said, "withall its force and vivacity ... Fancy at times, and graphic descriptivepower, it is poetry with as little of high imagination in it as any thatwas ever written. " In his narratives W. Allowed himself great latitude ofexpression, which may partly account for the rapidity with which his bookfell into oblivion. 

WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877). --Novelist, _b. _ in Denbighshire, _s. _ of aNonconformist minister. After studying medicine at Edin. He took up law, and became a barrister, wrote several legal text-books, and in 1852 wasmade Recorder of Hull. He sat in the House of Commons for Midhurst1856-59, and was a Master in Lunacy 1859-77. He was the author of_Passages from the Diary of a late Physician_, which appeared (1832-37)first in _Blackwood's Magazine_, as did also _Ten Thousand a Year_(1839). Both attracted considerable attention, and were often reprintedand translated. His last novel, _Now and Then_, had little success. W. Entertained exaggerated ideas as to the importance of his place inliterature. 

WARTON, JOSEPH (1722-1800). --Critic, elder _s. _ of the Rev. Thomas W. , Prof. Of Poetry at Oxf. , was _ed. _ at Basingstoke School, (of which his_f. _ was headmaster), Winchester, and Oxf. He took orders, held variousbenefices, and became headmaster of Winchester Coll. , and Prebendary ofWinchester and of St. Paul's. He _pub. _ miscellaneous verses, 2 vols. Of_Odes_ (1744 and 1746), in which he displayed a then unusual feeling fornature, and revolted against the critical rules of Pope and hisfollowers. He was a good classical scholar, and made an approvedtranslation of the _Eclogues_ and _Georgics_ of Virgil. He and hisbrother Thomas (_q. V. _) were friends of Johnson, and members of theLiterary Club. His last work of importance was an _Essay on the Writingsand Genius of Pope_, of which the first vol. Appeared in 1757, and thesecond in 1782, and which gave an impulse to the romantic movement inEnglish literature. He also ed. Pope's works, and had begun an ed. OfDryden when he _d. _

WARTON, THOMAS (1728-1790). --Literary historian and critic, younger _s. _of Thomas W. , Prof. Of Poetry at Oxf. , and brother of the above, was_ed. _ under his _f. _ at Basingstoke and at Oxf. At the age of 19 he_pub. _ a poem of considerable promise, _The Pleasures of Melancholy_, andtwo years later attracted attention by _The Triumph of Isis_ (1749), inpraise of Oxf. , and in answer to Mason's _Isis_. After various otherpoetical excursions he _pub. _ _Observations on Spenser's Faery Queen_(1754), which greatly increased his reputation, and in 1757 he was madeProf. Of Poetry at Oxf. , which position he held for 10 years. Afterbringing out one or two ed. Of classics and biographies of collegebenefactors, he issued, from 1774-81, his great _History of EnglishPoetry_, which comes down to the end of the Elizabethan age. The researchand judgment, and the stores of learning often curious and recondite, which were brought to bear upon its production render this work, thoughnow in various respects superseded, a vast magazine of information, andit did much to restore our older poetry to the place of which it had beenunjustly deprived by the classical school. His ed. Of Milton's minorpoems has been pronounced by competent critics to be the best everproduced. W. Was a clergyman, but if the tradition is to be believed thathe had only two sermons, one written by his _f. _ and the other printed, and if the love of ease and of ale which he celebrates in some of hisverses was other than poetical, he was more in his place as a critic thanas a cleric. As a poet he hardly came up to his own standards. He wasmade Poet Laureate in 1785, and in the same year Camden Prof. Of History, and was one of the first to detect the Chatterton forgeries, a task inwhich his antiquarian lore stood him in good stead. 

WATERLAND, DANIEL (1683-1740). --Theologian, _b. _ at Waseley Rectory, Lincolnshire, and _ed. _ at Camb. , took orders, and obtained variouspreferments, becoming Master of Magdalene Coll. , Camb. 1713, Chancellorof York 1722, and Archdeacon of Middlesex 1730. He was an acute and ablecontroversialist on behalf of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity, onwhich he wrote several treatises. He was also the author of a _History ofthe Athanasian Creed_ (1723). 

WATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865). --Naturalist, belonged to an old RomanCatholic family in Yorkshire, and was _ed. _ at Stonyhurst Coll. Sent outin 1804 to look after some family estates in Demerara, he wanderedthrough the wildest parts of Guiana and Brazil, in search of plants andanimals for his collections. His adventures were related in hishighly-spiced and entertaining _Wanderings in South America, etc. _(1825), in which he details certain surprising episodes in connectionwith the capture of serpents, and specially of a cayman, on the back ofwhich he rode. He also wrote an interesting account of his family. 

WATSON, JOHN (1850-1907) "IAN MACLAREN". --Novelist and theologicalwriter, _b. _ at Manningtree, where his _f. _ was an Inland Revenueofficial, _ed. _ at Stirling and Edin. , and the New Coll. There. He came, after serving in a country charge, to Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, Liverpool, where he was a popular preacher, and took a prominent part inthe social and religious life of the city. He wrote, under the name of"Ian Maclaren, " several novels belonging to the "Kailyard" school, including _Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush_ and _The Days of Auld LangSyne_, which had great popularity both at home and in America. He alsowrote religious works, of which _The Mind of the Master_ is the bestknown. 

WATSON, ROBERT (1730-1781). --Historian, _s. _ of an apothecary in St. Andrews, where and at Edin. And Glasgow, he was _ed. _ He became Prof. OfLogic, and afterwards Principal of St. Salvador's Coll. , at St. Andrews, and wrote a History of Philip II. Of Spain, and part of a continuation onPhilip III. , which were long standard works. 

WATSON, THOMAS (1557?-1592). --Poet, _b. _ in London, was at Oxf. , andstudied law. He was a scholar, and made translations, one of which was aLatin version of the _Antigone_ of Sophocles. In 1582 he _pub. __Hecatompathia, or The Passionate Centurie of Love_, consisting of 100eighteen-line poems, which he called sonnets. It was followed by_Amyntas_ (1585) and _Teares of Fansie_ (1593). 

WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864). --Poet, _b. _ in London, had an activecareer as a journalist. He founded the _United Service Gazette_, and ed. Various newspapers and an annual, the _Literary Souvenir_. His poems were_coll. _ as _Lyrics of the Heart_. His numerous journalistic venturesfinally resulted in bankruptcy. 

WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748). --Poet and theologian, _b. _ at Southampton, where his _f. _ kept a school, and _ed. _ at a Nonconformist academy atStoke Newington, became minister of an Independent congregation in MarkLane; but his health proving insufficient for his pastoral duties, heresigned, and gave himself chiefly to literary work, continuing to preachoccasionally. For the last 36 years of his life he resided at Theobald's, the house of his friend, Sir Thomas Abney. Among his writings werevarious educational treatises, including those on _Logic_ and _TheImprovement of the Mind_, and some works on theological subjects. But hisfame rests on his sacred poems and his hymns, which number over 500, andwith much that is prosaic comprised "There is a Land of Pure Delight, " "OGod our Help in Ages Past, " and "When I survey the Wondrous Cross, " whichhas been called "the most majestic hymn in English speech. " His _HoræLyricæ_ was _pub. _ in 1706, _Hymns_ (1707), _Divine Songs_ (for children)(1715), _Metrical Psalms_ (1719). Some of his poems, such as hisexquisite cradle song, "Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber" have aperfect beauty and tenderness. 

WAUGH, EDWIN (1817-1890). --Poet, _s. _ of a shoemaker, was _b. _ atRochdale and, after a little schooling, apprenticed to a printer. He readeagerly, and became assistant sec. To the Lancashire Public SchoolAssociation. He first attracted attention by his sketches of Lancashirelife and character in the _Manchester Examiner_. He wrote also in prose_Factory Folk_, _Besom Ben Stories_, and _The Chimney Corner_. His bestwork was, perhaps, his dialect songs, _coll. _ as _Poems and Songs_(1859), which brought him great local fame. He was possessed ofconsiderable literary gift, and has been called "the Lancashire Burns. "

WEBBE, WILLIAM (_b. _ 1550). --Critic and translator. Almost nothing isknown of him except that he was at Camb. And acted as tutor in certaindistinguished families, and was a friend of Spenser. He wrote a_Discourse of English Poetrie_ (1586), in which he discusses metre, rhyme(the use of which he reprehends), and reviews English poetry up to hisown day. He also translated the first two of the _Eclogues_ of Virgil insingularly unmelodious hexameters. 

WEBSTER, MRS. AUGUSTA (DAVIES) (1837-1894). --Poet and translator, _dau. _of Admiral Davies, _m. _ Mr. Thomas Webster, a solicitor. She wrote anovel, _Lesley's Guardians_, and several books of poetry of distinguishedexcellence, including _Blanche Lisle_, _Dramatic Studies_ (1866), _Portraits_ (1870), _A Book of Rhyme_ (1881), and some dramas, including_The Auspicious Day_ (1874), _Disguises_, and _The Sentence_ (1887). Shealso made translations of _Prometheus Bound_ and _Medea_. 

WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852). --Orator, _s. _ of a farmer in New Hampshire, was a distinguished advocate in Boston, and afterwards a member of theUnited States Senate and Sec. Of State 1841-43 and 1850-52. He was thegreatest orator whom America has produced, and has a place in literatureby virtue of his _pub. _ speeches. 

WEBSTER, JOHN (1580?-1625?). --Dramatist. Though in some respects he camenearest to Shakespeare of any of his contemporaries, almost nothing hascome down to us of the life of W. Even the dates of his birth and deathare uncertain. He appears to have been the _s. _ of a London tailor, tohave been a freeman of the Merchant Taylor's Company, and clerk of theparish of St. Andrews, Holborn. Four plays are known to be his, _TheWhite Devil, or the Life and Death of Vittoria Corombona_ (1612), _Appiusand Virginia_ (1654), _The Devil's Law Case_ (1623), and _The Duchess ofMalfi_ (1623), and he collaborated with Drayton, Middleton, Heywood, Dekker, etc. , in the production of others. He does not appear to havebeen much regarded in his own day, and it was only in the 19th centurythat his great powers began to be appreciated and expounded by suchcritics as Lamb and Hazlitt, and in later days Swinburne. The first says, "To move a horror skilfully, to touch a soul to the quick, to lay uponfear as much as it can bear, to wean and weary a life till it is ready todrop, and then step in with mortal instruments to take its last forfeit, this only a Webster can do. " W. Revels in the horrible, but the touch ofgenius saves his work from mere brutality, and evokes pity and sorrowwhere, without it, there would be only horror and disgust. His work isextremely unequal, and he had no power of construction, but hisextraordinary insight into motives and feelings redeem all his failingsand give him a place second only to Marlowe and Ben Jonson among thecontemporaries of Shakespeare. 

WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843). --Lexicographer, etc. , _b. _ at Hartford, Conn. , and _ed. _ at Yale. His long life was spent in unremitting diligence asteacher, lawyer, and man of letters. His great work is his American_Dictionary of the English Language_ (1828), for which he preparedhimself by 10 years' study of philology. Many abridgments of it haveappeared, and in 1866 a new and enlarged ed. Was _pub. _ His _ElementarySpelling Book_ is believed to have attained a circulation of 70, 000, 000copies. He also _pub. _ _A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of theEnglish Language_ (1807), and many other works. 

WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1800?-1879). --Poet, _b. _ in London, where hepractised as a solicitor, _pub. _ in 1822 _Stories after Nature_, writtenin poetic prose, which attracted no attention, and a biblical drama, _Joseph and his Brethren_ (1824), which had an almost similar fate untilD. G. Rossetti called attention to it in 1863, giving it a high meed ofpraise. In 1874, stung by want of appreciation, he had burned hismanuscripts of plays and poems; but on the new interest excited in his_Joseph_ he added some new scenes. In his later years he lived in France. _Joseph and his Brethren_ ed. In the World's Classics, 1909. 

WENDOVER, ROGER DE (_d. _ 1236). --Chronicler, a monk of St. Albans, becamePrior of Belvoir, from which he was deposed for extravagance, but wasrecalled to St. Albans, where he _d. _ He wrote _Flores Historiarum_(Flowers of History), a history of the world in 2 books, the first fromthe creation to the incarnation, the second to the reign of Henry III. , his own time. The latter is of value as a contemporary authority, and isan impartial and manly account of his own period. 

WESLEY, CHARLES (1707-1788). --Hymn-writer, younger brother of John W. (_q. V. _), was _b. _ at Epworth, and _ed. _ at Westminster School and Oxf. He was all his life closely associated with his elder and greaterbrother, one of whose most loyal helpers he was, though not agreeing withhim in all points. His chief fame is founded upon his hymns, of which heis said to have written the almost incredible number of 6500, many ofthem among the finest in the language. They include "Jesus, Lover of mySoul, " "Love Divine all Loves excelling, " "Come, oh Thou TravellerUnknown, " "Hark the Herald Angels Sing, " and "Come, let us join ourFriends above. "

WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791). --Theological writer, diarist, and founder ofMethodism, was the second surviving _s. _ of the Rev. Samuel W. , Rector ofEpworth, Lincolnshire. The name was also written Westley and Wellesley, and the family appears to be the same as that to which the Duke ofWellington and his brother the Marquis Wellesley belonged. W. Was _ed. _at the Charterhouse and at Oxf. , and was ordained deacon in 1725, andpriest in 1728. After assisting his _f. _ for a short time as curate, hereturned to Oxf. , where he found that his brother Charles, along with G. Whitefield (_q. V. _) and others, had begun that association for religiousimprovement from which sprang the great religious movement known asMethodism. About the same time the two brothers came under the influenceof William Law (_q. V. _), author of the _Serious Call_, and in 1735 Johnwent on a mission to Georgia to preach to the Indians and colonists, andbecame closely associated with the Moravian Brethren. Difficulties of apersonal character, however, led to his return in 1738 to London, wherehe continued to associate with the Moravians. It was at this time that, hearing Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at a meeting, he found his religious and ecclesiastical views revolutionised. Hithertoholding strong High Church views in some directions, he now assumed aposition which ultimately led to his abandoning the doctrine ofApostolical succession, and ordaining pastors and bishops, and finallycreating a separate ecclesiastical organisation. Consequences soonfollowed; the pulpits of the Church were closed against him, and he beganhis marvellous career of itinerant and out-of-door preaching, which wascontinued to the close of his long life. He soon became a mighty power inthe land; vast crowds waited on his ministrations, which wereinstrumental in producing a great revival of religious interest, andimproved morality among the people. At the same time violent oppositionwas aroused, and W. Was often in danger of his life from mobs. In theend, however, he lived down this state of things to a large extent, andin his old age was the object of extraordinary general veneration, whilein his own communion he exercised a kind of pontifical sway. During the50 years of his apostolic journeyings he is said to have travelled250, 000 miles in Britain, Ireland, and the Continent; but notwithstandingthis phenomenal activity he was able, by extreme economy of time, towrite copiously, his works including educational treatises, translationsfrom the classics, histories of Rome and England, a history of theChurch, biblical commentaries, manifold controversial treatises and ed. Of religious classics. Most of them had an enormous circulation andbrought him in £30, 000, all of which he expended on philanthropic andreligious objects. The work, however, on which his literary fame chieflyrests is his _Journal_, extending from 1735-90, which is one of the mostgraphic and interesting records of its kind in existence. He also wrotemany hymns, largely translations from the German, and he had aconsiderable, hand in giving their final form to the almost innumerablehymns of his brother Charles. W. Was a man of practical and organisingability of the first order, of intense religious earnestness andsincerity, benevolent feelings, and agreeable manners. At the same timehe was of an autocratic temper, and often showed keenness and evenintolerance in his controversies, which were largely against the extremeCalvinism of his old friend and fellow-labourer, Whitefield, and Toplady, the author of the hymn "Rock of Ages, " himself a bitter polemic. In 1740he had formally withdrawn from association with the Moravians. W. Was_m. _ in 1751 to a widow, Mrs. Vazeille, with whom, however, he did notlive happily, and who separated from him in 1776. 

WESTALL, WILLIAM (1834-1903). --Novelist, was originally in business, butlater betook himself to journalism, and also wrote a large number ofnovels, including _The Old Factory_, _Strange Crimes_, _Her Ladyship'sSecret_, etc. , which, while healthy in tone and interesting, have noliterary distinction. 

WHARTON, THOMAS WHARTON, 1ST MARQUIS of (1648-1715). --Statesman andwriter of "Lillibullero, " _s. _ of the 4th Baron W. , was one of the mostprofligate men of his age. He was a supporter of the Exclusion Bill, andconsequently obnoxious to James II. His only contribution to literaturewas the doggerel ballad, "Lillibullero" (1688), which had so powerful apolitical effect that its author claimed to have sung a King out of threekingdoms. He was generally disliked and distrusted, but held for a shorttime, from 1708, the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, when he had Addison ashis chief sec. 

WHATELEY, RICHARD (1787-1863). --Theologian and economist, _s. _ of theRev. Dr. Joseph W. , _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at a school in Bristol, andat Oxf. , where he became a coll. Tutor. Taking orders he became Rector ofHalesworth, Suffolk. In 1822 he delivered his Bampton lectures on _TheUse and Abuse of Party Feeling in Religion_. Three years later he wasmade Principal of St. Alban's Hall, in 1829 Prof. Of Political Economy, and in 1831 Archbishop of Dublin. As head of a coll. And as a prelate W. Showed great energy and administrative ability. He was a vigorous, clear-headed personality, somewhat largely endowed with contempt forviews with which he was not in sympathy, and with a vein of caustichumour, in the use of which he was not sparing. These qualities made himfar from universally popular; but his honesty, fairness, and devotion toduty gained for him general respect. He had no sympathy with the Oxf. Movement, was strongly anti-Calvinistic, and somewhat Latitudinarian, sothat he was exposed to a good deal of theological odium from oppositequarters. He was a voluminous writer, and among his best known works arehis treatises on _Logic_ (1826) and _Rhetoric_ (1828), his _HistoricDoubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte_ (1819), intended as a _reductioad absurdum_ of Hume's contention that no evidence is sufficient to provea miracle, _Essays on some Peculiarities of the Christian Religion_(1825), _Christian Evidences_ (1837), and ed. Of Bacon's _Essays_ withvaluable notes, and of Paley's _Evidences_. 

WHETSTONE, GEORGE (1544?-1587?). --Dramatist, one of the early, roisteringplaywrights who frequented the Court of Elizabeth, later served as asoldier in the Low Countries, accompanied Sir Humphrey Gilbert'sexpedition to Newfoundland in 1578, and was at the Battle of Zutphen in1586. He was a trenchant critic of the contemporary drama, contending forgreater reality and rationality. His play, _Promos and Cassandra_, translated from Cinthio's _Hecatomithi_, was used by Shakespeare in_Measure for Measure_. 

WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866). --Philosopher, theologian and mathematician, _s. _ of a joiner at Lancaster, where he was _b. _, _ed. _ at Camb. , wherehe had a brilliant career. He became Prof. Of Mineralogy at Camb. 1828, of Moral Theology 1838, was Master of Trinity from 1841 until his death, and he held the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Univ. In 1843 and 1856. W. Was remarkable as the possessor of an encyclopædic fund of knowledge, perhaps unprecedented, and he was the author of a number of works ofgreat importance on a variety of subjects. Among the chief of these maybe mentioned his Bridgewater Treatise on _Astronomy and General Physicsconsidered with Reference to Natural Theology_ (1833), _History of theInductive Sciences_ (1837), _The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences_(1840), _Essay on Plurality of Worlds_ (anonymously), _Elements ofMorality_ (1845), _History of Moral Philosophy in England_ (1852), and_Platonic Dialogues_. In addition to these he wrote innumerable articles, reviews, and scientific papers. It was as a co-ordinator of knowledge andthe researches of others that W. Excelled; he was little of an originalobserver or discoverer. He is described as a large, strong, erect manwith a red face and a loud voice, and he was an overwhelming and somewhatarrogant talker. 

WHICHCOTE, BENJAMIN (1609-1683). --Divine, belonged to a good Shropshirefamily, and was at Camb. , where he became Provost of King's Coll. , ofwhich office he was deprived at the Restoration. He was of liberal views, and is reckoned among the Camb. Platonists, over whom he exercised greatinfluence. His works consist of _Discourses_ and _Moral and ReligiousAphorisms_. In 1668 he was presented to the living of St. Lawrence, Jewry, London, which he held until his death. 

WHIPPLE, EDWIN PERCY (1819-1886). --Essayist and critic, _b. _ inMassachusetts, was a brilliant and discriminating critic. His worksinclude _Character and Characteristic Men_, _Literature and Life_, _Success and its Conditions_, _Literature of the Age of Elizabeth_, _Literature and Politics_, etc. 

WHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752). --Theologian, and man of science, _b. _ atNorton, Leicestershire, and _ed. _ at Camb. , where he succeeded Newton asLucasian Prof. Of Mathematics, was a prominent advocate of the Newtoniansystem, and wrote a _Theory of the Earth_ against the views of ThomasBurnet (_q. V. _). He also wrote several theological works, _PrimitiveChristianity Revived_ and the _Primitive New Testament_. The Arian viewspromulgated in the former led to his expulsion from the Univ. His bestknown work was his translation of _Josephus_. He was a kindly and honest, but eccentric and impracticable man, and an insatiable controversialist. 

WHITE, GILBERT (1720-1793). --Naturalist, _b. _ at Selborne, Hants, and_ed. _ along with the Wartons (_q. V. _) at their father's school atBasingstoke, and thereafter at Oxf. , entered the Church, and afterholding various curacies settled, in 1755, at Selborne. He became thefriend and correspondent of Pennant the naturalist (_q. V. _), and othermen of science, and _pub. _ in the form of letters the work which has madehim immortal, _The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne_ (1789). He was never _m. _, but was in love with the well-known bluestockingHester Mulso, afterwards Mrs. Chapone, who rejected him. He had fourbrothers, all more or less addicted to the study of natural history. 

WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806). --Poet, _s. _ of a butcher at Nottingham. At first assisting his _f. _, next a stocking weaver, he was afterwardsplaced in the office of an attorney. Some contributions to a newspaperintroduced him to the notice of Capel Lofft, a patron of promisingyouths, by whose help he brought out a vol. Of poems, which fell into thehands of Southey, who wrote to him. Thereafter friends raised a fund tosend him to Camb. , where he gave brilliant promise. Overwork, however, undermined a constitution originally delicate, and he _d. _ at 21. Southeywrote a short memoir of him with some additional poems. His chief poemwas the _Christiad_, a fragment. His best known production is the hymn, "Much in sorrow, oft in Woe. "

WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841). --Poet, _s. _ of a merchant, an IrishRoman Catholic resident at Seville, where he was _b. _, became a priest, but lost his religious faith and came to England, where he conducted aSpanish newspaper having for its main object the fanning of the flame ofSpanish patriotism against the French invasion, which was subsidised bythe English Government. He again embraced Christianity, and entered theChurch of England, but latterly became a Unitarian. He wrote, among otherworks, _Internal Evidences against Catholicism_ (1825), and _SecondTravels of an Irish Gentleman in search of a Religion_, in answer to T. Moore's work, _Travels, etc. _ His most permanent contribution toliterature, however, is his single sonnet on "Night", which Coleridgeconsidered "the finest and most grandly conceived" in our language. 

WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885). --Shakespearian scholar, _b. _ in NewYork State, was long Chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau, and was one ofthe most acute students and critics of Shakespeare, of whose works he_pub. _ two ed. , the first in 1865, and the second (the Riverside) in1883. He also wrote _Words and their Uses_, _Memoirs of Shakespeare_, _Studies in Shakespeare_, _The New Gospel of Peace_ (a satire), _The Fateof Mansfield Humphreys_ (novel), etc. 

WHITEHEAD, CHARLES (1804-1862). --Poet, novelist, and dramatist; isspecially remembered for three works, all of which met with popularfavour: _The Solitary_ (1831), a poem, _The Autobiography of Jack Ketch_(1834), a novel, and _The Cavalier_ (1836), a play in blank verse. Herecommended Dickens for the writing of the letterpress for R. Seymour'sdrawings, which ultimately developed into _The Pickwick Papers_. 

WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (1715-1785). --Poet, _s. _ of a baker at Camb. , and_ed. _ at Winchester School and Camb. , became tutor in the family of theEarl of Jersey, and retained the favour of the family through life. In1757 he succeeded Colley Cibber as Poet Laureate. He wrote plays of onlymoderate quality, including _The Roman Father_ and _Creusa_, tragedies, and _The School for Lovers_, a comedy; also poems, _The Enthusiast_ and_Variety_. His official productions as Laureate were severely attacked, which drew from him in reply _A Charge to the Poets_. 

WHITMAN, WALTER or WALT (1819-1892). --Poet, was _b. _ at Huntingdon, LongIsland, New York. His mother was of Dutch descent, and the farm on whichhe was _b. _ had been in the possession of his father's family since theearly settlement. His first education was received at Brooklyn, to whichhis _f. _ had removed while W. Was a young child. At 13 he was in aprinting office, at 17 he was teaching and writing for the newspapers, and at 21 was editing one. The next dozen years were passed in desultorywork as a printer with occasional literary excursions, but apparentlymainly in "loafing" and observing his fellow-creatures. It was not till1855 that his first really characteristic work, _Leaves of Grass_, appeared. This first ed. Contained only 12 poems. Notwithstanding itsstartling departures from conventionality both in form and substance itwas well received by the leading literary reviews and, with certainreserves to be expected, it was welcomed by Emerson. It did not, however, achieve general acceptance, and was received with strong and notunnatural protest in many quarters. When a later ed. Was called forEmerson unsuccessfully endeavoured to persuade the author to suppress themore objectionable parts. On the outbreak of the Civil War W. Volunteeredas a nurse for the wounded, and rendered much useful service. The resultsof his experiences and observations were given in verse in _Drum Taps_and _The Wound Dresser_, and in prose in _Specimen Days_. From thesescenes he was removed by his appointment to a Government clerkship, fromwhich, however, he was soon dismissed on the ground of having writtenbooks of an immoral tendency. This action of the authorities led to asomewhat warm controversy, and after a short interval W. Received anotherGovernment appointment, which he held until 1873, when he had a paralyticseizure, which rendered his retirement necessary. Other works besidesthose mentioned are _Two Rivulets_ and _Democratic Vistas_. In his lateryears he retired to Camden, New Jersey, where he _d. _ W. Is the mostunconventional of writers. Revolt against all convention was in fact hisself-proclaimed mission. In his versification he discards rhyme almostentirely, and metre as generally understood. And in his treatment ofcertain passions and appetites, and of unadulterated human nature, he isat war with what he considered the conventions of an effeminate society, in which, however, he adopts a mode of utterance which many peopleconsider equally objectionable, overlooking, as he does, the existencethrough all the processes of nature of a principle of reserve andconcealment. Amid much that is prosaic and rhetorical, however, itremains true that there is real poetic insight and an intense andsingularly fresh sense of nature in the best of his writings. 

_Works_, 12 vols. , with _Life_. _See_ Stedman's _Poets of America_. Monographs by Symonds, Clarke, and Salter. 

WHITNEY, WILLIAM DWIGHT (1827-1894). --Philologist, _b. _ at Northampton, Mass. , was Prof. Of Sanskrit, etc. , at Yale, and chief ed. Of the_Century Dictionary_. Among his books are _Darwinism and Language_ and_The Life and Growth of Language_. 

WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF (1807-1892). --Poet, was _b. _ at Haverhill, Massachusetts, of a Quaker family. In early life he worked on a farm. Hislater years were occupied partly in journalism, partly in farming, and heseems also to have done a good deal of local political work. He began towrite verse at a very early age, and continued to do so until almost hislatest days. He was always a champion of the anti-slavery cause, and byhis writings both as journalist and poet, did much to stimulate nationalfeeling in the direction of freedom. Among his poetical works are _Voicesof Freedom_ (1836), _Songs of Labour_ (1851), _Home Ballads_ (1859), _InWar Time_ (1863), _Snow Bound_ (1866), _The Tent on the Beach_ (1867), _Ballads of New England_ (1870), _The Pennsylvania Pilgrim_ (1874). W. Had true feeling and was animated by high ideals. Influenced in earlylife by the poems of Burns, he became a poet of nature, with which hisearly upbringing brought him into close and sympathetic contact; he wasalso a poet of faith and the ideal life and of liberty. He, however, lacked concentration and intensity, and his want of early education madehim often loose in expression and faulty in form; and probably acomparatively small portion of what he wrote will live. 

WHYTE-MELVILLE, GEORGE JOHN (1821-1878). --Novelist, _s. _ of a countrygentleman of Fife, _ed. _ at Eton, entered the army, and saw service inthe Crimea, retiring in 1859 as Major. Thereafter he devoted himself tofield sports, in which he was an acknowledged authority, and toliterature. He wrote a number of novels, mainly founded on sportingsubjects, though a few were historical. They include _Kate Coventry_, _The Queen's Maries_, _The Gladiators_, and _Satanella_. He also wrote_Songs and Verses_ and _The True Cross_, a religious poem. He _d. _ froman accident in the hunting-field. 

WICLIF, or WYCLIF, JOHN (1320?-1384). --Theologian and translator of theBible, _b. _ near Richmond, Yorkshire, studied at Balliol Coll. , Oxf. , ofwhich he became in 1361 master, and taking orders, became Vicar ofFillingham, Lincolnshire, when he resigned his mastership, and in 1361Prebendary of Westbury. By this time he had written a treatise on logic, and had won some position as a man of learning. In 1372 he took thedegree of Doctor of Theology, and became Canon of Lincoln, and in 1374was sent to Bruges as one of a commission to treat with Papal delegatesas to certain ecclesiastical matters in dispute, and in the same year hebecame Rector of Lutterworth, where he remained until his death. Hisliberal and patriotic views on the questions in dispute between Englandand the Pope gained for him the favour of John of Gaunt and Lord Percy, who accompanied him when, in 1377, he was summoned before theecclesiastical authorities at St. Paul's. The Court was broken up by aninroad of the London mob, and no sentence was passed upon him. Anothertrial at Lambeth in the next year was equally inconclusive. By this timeW. Had taken up a position definitely antagonistic to the Papal system. He organised his institution of poor preachers, and initiated his greatenterprise of translating the Scriptures into English. His own share ofthe work was the Gospels, probably the whole of the New Testament andpossibly part of the Old. The whole work was ed. By John Purvey, an Oxf. Friend, who had joined him at Lutterworth, the work being completed by1400. In 1380 W. Openly rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation, andwas forbidden to teach at Oxf. , where he had obtained great influence. In1382 a Court was convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury, which passedsentence of condemnation upon his views. It says much for the positionwhich he had attained, and for the power of his supporters, that he waspermitted to depart from Oxf. And retire to Lutterworth, where, worn outby his labours and anxieties, he _d. _ of a paralytic seizure on the lastday of 1384. His enemies, baffled in their designs against him whileliving, consoled themselves by disinterring his bones in 1428 andthrowing them into the river Swift, of which Thomas Fuller (_q. V. _) hassaid, "Thus this brook has conveyed his ashes into Avon, Avon intoSevern, Severn into the Narrow Seas, they into the main ocean, and thusthe ashes of Wicliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now isdispersed all the world over. " The works of W. Were chiefly controversialor theological and, as literature, have no great importance, but histranslation of the Bible had indirectly a great influence not only bytending to fix the language, but in a far greater degree by furtheringthe moral and intellectual emancipation on which true literature isessentially founded. 

WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM (1759-1833). --Philanthropist and religious writer, _s. _ of a merchant, was _b. _ at Hull, _ed. _ at Camb. , entered Parliamentas member for his native town, became the intimate friend of Pitt, andwas the leader of the crusade against the slave-trade and slavery. Hischief literary work was his _Practical View of Christianity_, which hadremarkable popularity and influence, but he wrote continually and witheffect on the religious and philanthropic objects to which he had devotedhis life. 

WILCOX, CARLES (1794-1827). --Poet, _b. _ at Newport, N. H. , was aCongregationalist minister. He wrote a poem, _The Age of Benevolence_, which was left unfinished, and which bears manifest traces of theinfluence of Cowper. 

WILDE, OSCAR O'FLAHERTY (1856-1900). --Poet and dramatist, _s. _ of SirWilliam W. , the eminent surgeon, was _b. _ at Dublin, and _ed. _ there atTrinity Coll. And at Oxf. He was one of the founders of the modern cultof the æsthetic. Among his writings are _Poems_ (1881), _The Picture ofDorian Gray_, a novel, and several plays, including _Lady Windermere'sFan_, _A Woman of no Importance_, and _The Importance of being Earnest_. He was convicted of a serious offence, and after his release from prisonwent abroad and _d. _ at Paris. _Coll. _ ed. Of his works, 12 vols. , 1909. 

WILKES, JOHN (1727-1797). --Politician, _s. _ of a distiller in London, was_ed. _ at Leyden. Witty, resourceful, but unprincipled and profligate, hebecame from circumstances the representative and champion of importantpolitical principles, including that of free representation inParliament. His writings have nothing of the brilliance and point of hissocial exhibitions, but his paper, _The North Briton_, and especially thefamous "No. 45, " in which he charged George III. With uttering afalsehood in his speech from the throne, caused so much excitement, andled to such important results that they give him a place in literature. He also wrote a highly offensive _Essay on Woman_. W. Was expelled fromthe House of Commons and outlawed, but such was the strength of the causewhich he championed that, notwithstanding the worthlessness of hischaracter, his right to sit in the House was ultimately admitted in 1774, and he continued to sit until 1790. He was also Lord Mayor of London. 

WILKIE, WILLIAM (1721-1772). --Poet, _b. _. In Linlithgowshire, _s. _ of afarmer, and _ed. _ at Edin. , he entered the Church, and became minister ofRatho, Midlothian, in 1756, and Prof. Of Natural Philosophy at St. Andrews in 1759. In 1757 he _pub. _ the _Epigoniad_, dealing with theEpigoni, sons of the seven heroes who fought against Thebes. He alsowrote _Moral Fables in Verse_. 

WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672). --Mathematician and divine, _s. _ of a goldsmithin Oxf. , but _b. _ at Daventry and _ed. _ at Oxf. , entered the Church, heldmany preferments, and became Bishop of Chester. He _m. _ a sister ofOliver Cromwell, and being of an easy temper and somewhat accommodatingprinciples, he passed through troublous times and many changes with aminimum of hardship. He was one of the band of learned men whom CharlesII. Incorporated as the Royal Society. Among his writings are _TheDiscovery of a World in the Moon_, _Mathematical Magic_, and _An Essaytowards ... A Philosophical Language_. 

WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797-1875). --Egyptologist, _s. _ of aWestmoreland clergyman, studied at Oxf. In 1821 he went to Egypt, andremained there and in Nubia exploring, surveying, and studying thehieroglyphical inscriptions, on which he made himself one of the greatauthorities. He _pub. _ two important works, of great literary as well asscholarly merit, _Materia Hieroglyphica_ (1828) and _Manners and Customsof the Ancient Egyptians_ (6 vols. , 1837-41). He wrote various books oftravel, and was knighted in 1839. 

WILLIAM of MALMESBURY (_fl. _ 12th cent. ). --Historian, was an inmate ofthe great monastery at Malmesbury. His name is said to have beenSomerset, and he was Norman by one parent and English by the other. Thedate of his birth is unknown, that of his death has sometimes been fixedas 1142 on the ground that his latest work stops abruptly in that year. His history, written in Latin, falls into two parts, _Gesta RegumAnglorum_ (Acts of the Kings of the English), in five books, bringing thenarrative down from the arrival of the Saxons to 1120, and _HistoriaNovella_ (Modern History), carrying it on to 1142. The work ischaracterised by a love of truth, much more critical faculty in siftingevidence than was then common, and considerable attention to literaryform. It is dedicated to Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the champion ofQueen Matilda. Other works by W. Are _De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum_, Lives of the English Bishops, and a history of the Monastery ofGlastonbury. 

WILLIAM of NEWBURGH, or NEWBURY (1136-1198?). --Historian, belonged to themonastery of Newburgh in Yorkshire. His own name is said to have beenLittle. His work, _Historia Rerum Anglicarum_ (History of Englishaffairs), is written in good Latin, and has some of the same qualities asthat of William of Malmesbury (_q. V. _). He rejects the legend of theTrojan descent of the early Britons, and animadverts severely on what hecalls "the impudent and impertinent lies" of Geoffrey of Monmouth(_q. V. _). His record of contemporary events is careful. 

WILLIAMS, SIR CHARLES HANBURY (1708-1759). --Diplomatist and satirist, _s. _ of John Hanbury, a Welsh ironmaster, assumed the name of Williams onsucceeding to an estate, entered Parliament as a supporter of Walpole, held many diplomatic posts, and was a brilliant wit with a greatcontemporary reputation for lively and biting satires and lampoons. 

WILLIS, BROWNE (1682-1760). --Antiquary, _ed. _ at Westminster and Oxf. , entered the Inner Temple 1700, sat in the House of Commons 1705-8. Hewrote _History of the Counties, Cities, and Boroughs of England andWales_ (1715), _Notitia Parliamentaria_, etc. 

WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867). --Poet, _b. _ at Portland, and _ed. _at Yale, was mainly a journalist, and conducted various magazines, including the _American Monthly_; but he also wrote short poems, many ofwhich were popular, of which perhaps the best is "Unseen Spirits, "stories, and works of a more or less fugitive character, with such titlesas _Pencillings by the Way_ (1835), _Inklings of Adventure_, _Lettersfrom under a Bridge_ (1839), _People I have Met_, _The Rag-Tag_, _TheSlingsby Papers_, etc. , some of which were originally contributed to hismagazines. He travelled a good deal in Europe, and was attached for atime to the American Embassy in Paris. He was a favourite in society, andenjoyed a wide popularity in uncritical circles, but is now distinctly aspent force. 

WILLS, JAMES (1790-1868). --Poet and miscellaneous writer, younger _s. _ ofa Roscommon squire, was _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , Dublin, and studied lawin the Middle Temple. Deprived, however, of the fortune destined for himand the means of pursuing a legal career by the extravagance of his elderbrother, he entered the Church, and also wrote largely in _Blackwood'sMagazine_ and other periodicals. In 1831 he _pub. _ _The Disembodied andother Poems_; _The Philosophy of Unbelief_ (1835) attracted muchattention. His largest work was Lives of _Illustrious and DistinguishedIrishmen_, and his latest publication _The Idolatress_ (1868). In all hiswritings W. Gave evidence of a powerful personality. His poems arespirited, and in some cases show considerable dramatic qualities. 

WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891). --Dramatist, _s. _ of above, _b. _ inDublin. After writing a novel, _Old Times_, in an Irish magazine, he wentto London, and for some time wrote for periodicals without any verymarked success. He found his true vein in the drama, and produced over 30plays, many of which, including _Medea in Corinth_, _Eugene Aram_, _JaneShore_, _Buckingham_, and _Olivia_, had great success. Besides these hewrote a poem, _Melchior_, in blank verse, and many songs. He was also anaccomplished artist. 

WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813). --Poet and ornithologist, _b. _ at Paisley, where he worked as a weaver, afterwards becoming a pedlar. He _pub. _ somepoems, of which the best is _Watty and Maggie_, and in 1794 went toAmerica, where he worked as a pedlar and teacher. His skill in depictingbirds led to his becoming an enthusiastic ornithologist, and he inducedthe publisher of _Rees's Cyclopædia_, on which he had been employed, toundertake an American ornithology to be written and illustrated by him. Some vols. Of the work were completed when, worn out by the labour andexposure entailed by his journeys in search of specimens, he succumbedto a fever. Two additional vols. Appeared posthumously. The work, bothfrom a literary and artistic point of view, is of high merit. He also_pub. _ in America another poem, _The Foresters_. 

WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816-1892). --Archæologist and miscellaneous writer, _b. _ and _ed. _ in Edin. , and after acting as sec. Of the Society ofAntiquaries there, went to Toronto as Prof. Of History and EnglishLiterature. He was the author of _Memorials of Edinburgh in the OldenTime_, _The Archeology and Pre-historic Annals of Scotland_ (1851), _Civilisation in the Old and the New World_, a study on "Chatterton, " and_Caliban, the Missing Link_, etc. 

WILSON, JOHN ("CHRISTOPHER NORTH") (1785-1854). --Poet, essayist, andmiscellaneous writer, _s. _ of a wealthy manufacturer in Paisley, where hewas _b. _, was _ed. _ at Glas. And Oxf. At the latter he not only displayedgreat intellectual endowments, but distinguished himself as an athlete. Having succeeded to a fortune of £50, 000 he purchased the small estate ofElleray in the Lake District, where he enjoyed the friendship ofWordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, and De Quincey. In 1812 he _pub. _ _TheIsle of Palms_, followed four years later by _The City of the Plague_, which gained for him a recognised place in literature, though they didnot show his most characteristic gifts, and are now almost unread. Aboutthis time he lost a large portion of his fortune, had to give upcontinuous residence at Elleray, came to Edinburgh, and was called to theScottish Bar, but never practised. The starting of _Blackwood's Magazine_brought him his opportunity, and to the end of his life his connectionwith it gave him his main employment and chief fame. In 1820 he becameProf. Of Moral Philosophy in the Univ. Of Edin. Where, though not much ofa philosopher in the technical sense, he exercised a highly stimulatinginfluence upon his students by his eloquence and the general vigour ofhis intellect. The peculiar powers of W. , his wealth of ideas, felicityof expression, humour, and animal spirits, found their full developmentin the famous _Noctes Ambrosianæ_, a medley of criticism on literature, politics, philosophy, topics of the day and what not. _Lights and Shadowsof Scottish Life_ and _The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay_ are contributionsto fiction in which there is an occasional tendency to run pathos intorather mawkish sentimentality. In 1851 W. Received a Government pensionof £300. The following year a paralytic seizure led to his resignation ofhis professorial chair, and he _d. _ in 1854. He was a man of magnificentphysique, of shining rather than profound intellectual powers, and ofgenerous character, though as a critic his strong feelings and prejudicesoccasionally made him unfair and even savage. 

WILSON, JOHN (1804-1875). --Missionary and orientalist, _b. _ at Lauder, Berwickshire, and _ed. _ at Edin. For the ministry of the Church ofScotland, went in 1828 to India as a missionary, where, besides hisimmediate duties, he became a leader in all social reform, such as theabolition of the slave-trade and _suttee_, and also one of the greatestauthorities on the subject of caste, and a trusted adviser of successiveGovernors-General in regard to all questions affecting the natives. Hewas in addition a profound Oriental scholar as to languages, history, andreligion. He was D. D. , F. R. S. , and Vice-Chancellor of Bombay Univ. Amonghis works are _The Parsi Religion_ (1812), _The Lands of the Bible_(1847), _India Three Thousand Years Ago_, and _Memoirs of the CaveTemples of India_. 

WILSON, THOMAS (1525?-1581). --Scholar and statesman, _b. _ inLincolnshire, was at Camb. , and held various high positions under QueenElizabeth. He was the author of _The Rule of Reason containing the Arteof Logique_ (1551), and _The Arte of Rhetorique_ (1553), and madetranslations from Demosthenes. He endeavoured to maintain the purity ofthe language against the importation of foreign words. 

WINGATE, DAVID, (1828-1892). --Poet, was employed in the coal-pits nearHamilton from the time he was 9. He _pub. _ _Poems and Songs_ (1862), which was favourably received, and followed by _Annie Weir_ (1866). Afterthis he studied at the Glasgow School of Mines, became a collierymanager, and devoted his increased leisure to study and further literarywork. _Lily Neil_ appeared in 1879, followed by _Poems and Songs_ (1883), and _Selected Poems_ (1890). W. Was a man of independent character. Hewas twice _m. _, his second wife being a descendant of Burns. 

WINTHROP, THEODORE (1828-1861). --Novelist, _b. _ at New Haven, Conn. , descended through his _f. _ from Governor W. , and through his mother fromJonathan Edwards, _ed. _ at Yale, travelled in Great Britain and on theContinent, and far and wide in his own country. After contributing toperiodicals short sketches and stories, which attracted little attention, he enlisted in the Federal Army, in 1861, and was killed in the Battle ofGreat Bethel. His novels, for which he had failed to find a publisher, appeared posthumously--_John Brent_, founded on his experiences in thefar West, _Edwin Brothertoft_, a story of the Revolution War, and _CecilDreeme_. Other works were _The Canoe and Saddle_, and _Life in the OpenAir_. Though somewhat spasmodic and crude, his novels had freshness, originality, and power, and with longer life and greater concentration hemight have risen high. 

WITHER, GEORGE (1588-1667). --Poet, _b. _ near Alton, Hampshire, was atOxf. For a short time, and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn. In 1613 he_pub. _ a bold and pungent satire, _Abuses Stript and Whipt_, with theresult that he was imprisoned for some months in the Marshalsea. Whilethere he wrote _The Shepheard's Hunting_, a pastoral. _Wither's Motto_, _Nec Habeo, nec Careo, nec Curo_ (I have not, want not, care not) waswritten in 1618, and in 1622 he _coll. _ his poems as _Juvenilia_. Thesame year he _pub. _ a long poem, _Faire Virtue, the Mistress ofPhilarete_, in which appears the famous lyric, "Shall I wasting indespair. " Though generally acting with the Puritans he took arms withCharles I. Against the Scotch in 1639; but on the outbreak of the CivilWar he was on the popular side, and raised a troop of horse. He was takenprisoner by the Royalists, and is said to have owed his life to theintercession of a fellow-poet, Sir John Denham. After the establishmentof the Commonwealth he was considerably enriched out of sequestratedestates and other spoils of the defeated party; but on the Restorationwas obliged to surrender his gains, was impeached, and committed to theTower. In his later years he wrote many religious poems and hymns, _coll. _ as _Hallelujah_. Before his death his poems were alreadyforgotten, and he was referred to by Pope in _The Dunciad_ as "thewretched Withers". He was, however, disinterred by Southey, Lamb, andothers, who drew attention to his poetical merits, and he has now anestablished place among English poets, to which his freshness, fancy, anddelicacy of taste well entitle him. 

WODROW, ROBERT (1679-1734). --Church historian, _s. _ of James W. , Prof. OfDivinity in Glasgow. Having completed his literary and theologicaleducation there, he entered the ministry of the Church of Scotland, andwas ordained to the parish of Eastwood, Renfrewshire. Here he carried onthe great work of his life, his _History of the Sufferings of the Churchof Scotland 1660 to 1688_. W. Wrote when the memory of the persecutionswas still fresh, and his work is naturally not free from partisan feelingand credulity. It is, however, thoroughly honest in intention, and is awork of genuine research, and of high value for the period with which itdeals. It was _pub. _ in two folio vols. In 1721 and 1722. W. Made largecollections for other works which, however, were not _pub. _ in hislifetime. _The Lives of the Scottish Reformers and Most EminentMinisters_ and _Analecta, or a History of Remarkable Providences_, wereprinted for the Maitland Club, and 3 vols. Of his correspondence in 1841for the Wodrow Society. The _Analecta_ is a most curious miscellanyshowing a strong appetite for the marvellous combined with a hesitatingdoubt in regard to some of the more exacting narratives. 

WOLCOT, JOHN (1738-1819). --Satirist, _b. _ near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, was _ed. _ by an uncle, and studied medicine. In 1767 he went as physicianto Sir William Trelawny, Governor of Jamaica, and whom he induced topresent him to a Church in the island then vacant, and was ordained in1769. Sir William dying in 1772, W. Came home and, abandoning the Church, resumed his medical character, and settled in practice at Truro, where hediscovered the talents of Opie the painter, and assisted him. In 1780 hewent to London, and commenced writing satires. The first objects of hisattentions were the members of the Royal Academy, and these attemptsbeing well received, he soon began to fly at higher game, the King andQueen being the most frequent marks for his satirical shafts. In 1786appeared _The Lousiad, a Heroi-Comic Poem_, taking its name from a legendthat on the King's dinner plate there had appeared a certain insect notusually found in such exalted quarters. Other objects of his attack wereBoswell, the biographer of Johnson, and Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller. W. , who wrote under the _nom-de-guerre_ of "Peter Pindar, " had aremarkable vein of humour and wit, which, while intensely comic topersons not involved, stung its subjects to the quick. He had likewisestrong intelligence, and a power of coining effective phrases. In otherkinds of composition, as in some ballads which he wrote, an unexpectedtouch of gentleness and even tenderness appears. Among these are _TheBeggar Man_ and _Lord Gregory_. Much that he wrote has now lost allinterest owing to the circumstances referred to being forgotten, butenough still retains its peculiar relish to account for his contemporaryreputation. 

WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823). --Poet, _s. _ of a landed gentleman in Kildare, was _b. _ in Dublin, where he completed his _ed. _ at Trinity Coll. , havingpreviously been at Winchester. He took orders, and was Rector ofDonoughmere, but his health failed, and he _d. _ of consumption at 32. Heis remembered for one short, but universally known and admired poem, _TheBurial of Sir John Moore_, which first appeared anonymously in the _NewryTelegraph_ in 1817. 

WOOD, or À WOOD, ANTHONY (1632-1695). --Antiquary, was _b. _ at Oxf. , wherehe was _ed. _ and spent most of his life. His antiquarian enthusiasm wasawakened by the collections of Leland, and he early began to visit andstudy the antiquities of his native county. This with history, heraldry, genealogies, and music occupied his whole time. By 1669 he had writtenhis _History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford_, which wastranslated into Latin not to his satisfaction by the Univ. Authorities, and he wrote a fresh English copy which was printed in 1786. His greatwork was _Athenæ Oxonienses; an exact History of all the Writers andBishops who have had their Education in the University of Oxford, towhich are added the Fasti or Annals of the said University_ (1691-92). For an alleged libel on the Earl of Clarendon in that work the author wasexpelled in 1694. He also wrote _The Ancient and Present State of theCity of Oxford_, and _Modius Salium, a Collection of Pieces of Humour_, generally of an ill-natured cast. 

WOOD, MRS. ELLEN (PRICE) (1814-1887). --Novelist, writing as "Mrs. HenryWood, " was _b. _ at Worcester. She wrote over 30 novels, many of which, especially _East Lynne_, had remarkable popularity. Though the storiesare generally interesting, they have no distinction of style. Among thebest known are _Danesbury House_, _Oswald Cray_, _Mrs. Halliburton'sTroubles_, _The Channings_, _Lord Oakburn's Daughters_, and _The Shadowof Ashlydyat_. Mrs. W. Was for some years proprietor and ed. Of the_Argosy_. 

WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827-1889). --Writer on natural history, _s. _ of asurgeon, _b. _ in London, and _ed. _ at home and at Oxf. , where he workedfor some time in the anatomical museum. He took orders, and among otherbenefices which he held was for a time chaplain to St. Bartholomew'sHospital. He was a very prolific writer on natural history, though ratheras a populariser than as a scientific investigator, and was in this wayvery successful. Among his numerous works may be mentioned _IllustratedNatural History_ (1853), _Animal Traits and Characteristics_ (1860), _Common Objects of the Sea Shore_ (1857), _Out of Doors_ (1874), _FieldNaturalist's Handbook_ (with T. Wood) (1879-80), books on gymnastics, sport, etc. , and an ed. Of White's _Selborne_. 

WOOLMAN, JOHN (1720-1772). --Quaker diarist, _b. _ at Burlington, NewJersey, began life as a farm labourer, and then became a clerk in astore. He underwent deep religious impressions, and the latter part ofhis life was devoted to itinerant preaching and doing whatever good cameto his hand. To support himself he worked as a tailor. He was one of thefirst to witness against the evils of slavery, on which he wrote a tract, _Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes_ (1753). His _Journal_"reveals his life and character with rare fidelity" and, though littleknown compared with some similar works, gained the admiration of, amongother writers, Charles Lamb, who says, "Get the writings of John Woolmanby heart. " In 1772 he went to England, where he _d. _ of smallpox in thesame year. 

WOOLNER, THOMAS (1826-1892). --Sculptor and poet, _b. _ at Hadleigh, attained a high reputation as a sculptor. He belonged to thepre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and contributed poems to their magazine, the_Germ_. He wrote several vols. Of poetry, including _My Beautiful Lady_(1863), _Pygmalion_, _Silenus_, _Tiresias_, and _Nelly Dale_. He had atrue poetic gift, though better known by his portrait busts. 

WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774-1846). --Biographer, etc. , was a youngerbrother of the poet, _ed. _ at Camb. , took orders, and became Chaplain tothe House of Commons, and Master of Trinity Coll. , Camb. 1820-41. He wasalso Vice-Chancellor of the Univ. 1820-21 and 1826-27. He _pub. __Ecclesiastical Biography_ (1810), and _Who wrote Eikon Basiliké?_ inwhich he argued for the authorship of Charles I. 

WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807-1885). --_S. _ of above, _ed. _ at Camb. , tookorders and became a Canon of Westminster 1844, and Bishop of Lincoln1868. He travelled in Greece, and discovered the site of Dodona. Hiswritings include in theology a commentary on the Bible (1856-70), _ChurchHistory to A. D. 451_ (1881-83), and in other fields, _Athens and Attica_(1836), and _Theocritus_ (1844). 

WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855). --Diarist, etc. , was the only sister ofthe poet, and his lifelong and sympathetic companion, and endowed in nosmall degree with the same love of and insight into nature as isevidenced by her _Journals_. Many of her brother's poems were suggestedby scenes and incidents recorded by her, of which that on Daffodilsbeginning "I wandered lonely as a cloud" is a notable example. 

WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-1850). --Poet, _s. _ of John W. , attorney andagent to the 1st Lord Lonsdale, was _b. _ at Cockermouth. His boyhood wasfull of adventure among the hills, and he says of himself that he showed"a stiff, moody, and violent temper. " He lost his mother when he was 8, and his _f. _ in 1783 when he was 13. The latter, prematurely cut off, left little for the support of his family of four sons and a _dau. _, Dorothy (afterwards the worthy companion of her illustrious brother), except a claim for £5000 against Lord Lonsdale, which his lordshipcontested, and which was not settled until his death. With the help, however, of uncles, the family were well _ed. _ and started in life. William received his earlier education at Penrith and Hawkshead inLancashire; and in 1787 went to St. John's Coll. , Camb. , where hegraduated B. A. In 1791. In the preceding year, 1790, he had taken awalking tour on the Continent, visiting France in the first flush of theRevolution with which, at that stage, he was, like many of the bestyounger minds of the time, in enthusiastic sympathy. So much was this thecase that he nearly involved himself with the Girondists to an extentwhich might have cost him his life. His funds, however, gave out, and hereturned to England shortly before his friends fell under the guillotine. His uncles were desirous that he should enter the Church, but to this hewas unconquerably averse; and indeed his marked indisposition to adoptany regular employment led to their taking not unnatural offence. In 1793his first publication--_Descriptive Sketches of a Pedestrian Tour in theAlps_, and _The Evening Walk_--appeared, but attracted little attention. The beginning of his friendship with Coleridge in 1795 tended to confirmhim in his resolution to devote himself to poetry; and a legacy of £900from a friend put it in his power to do so by making him for a timeindependent of other employment. He settled with his sister at Racedown, Dorsetshire, and shortly afterwards removed to Alfoxden, in the QuantockHills, to be near Coleridge, who was then living at Nether Stowey in thesame neighbourhood. One result of the intimacy thus established was theplanning of a joint work, _Lyrical Ballads_, to which Coleridgecontributed _The Ancient Mariner_, and W. , among other pieces, _TinternAbbey_. The first ed. Of the work appeared in 1798. With the profits ofthis he went, accompanied by his sister and Coleridge, to Germany, wherehe lived chiefly at Goslar, and where he began the _Prelude_, a poemdescriptive of the development of his own mind. After over a year'sabsence W. Returned and settled with Dorothy at Grasmere. In 1800 thesecond ed. Of _Lyrical Ballads_, containing W. 's contributions alone, with several additions, appeared. In the same year Lord Lonsdale _d. _, and his successor settled the claims already referred to with interest, and the share of the brother and sister enabled them to live in thefrugal and simple manner which suited them. Two years later W. 'scircumstances enabled him to marry his cousin, Mary Hutchinson, to whomhe had been long attached. In 1804 he made a tour in Scotland, and beganhis friendship with Scott. The year 1807 saw the publication of _Poems inTwo Volumes_, which contains much of his best work, including the "Ode toDuty, " "Intimations of Immortality, " "Yarrow Unvisited, " and the"Solitary Reaper. " In 1813 he migrated to Rydal Mount, his home for therest of his life; and in the same year he received, through the influenceof Lord Lonsdale, the appointment of Distributor of Stamps forWestmoreland, with a salary of £400. The next year he made anotherScottish tour, when he wrote _Yarrow Visited_, and he also _pub. _ _TheExcursion_, "being a portion of _The Recluse_, a Poem. " W. Had now cometo his own, and was regarded by the great majority of the lovers ofpoetry as, notwithstanding certain limitations and flaws, a truly greatand original poet. The rest of his life has few events beyond thepublication of his remaining works (which, however, did not materiallyadvance his fame), and tokens of the growing honour in which he was held. _The White Doe of Rylstone_ appeared in 1815, in which year also he madea collection of his poems; _Peter Bell_ and _The Waggoner_ in 1819; _TheRiver Duddon_ and _Memorials of a Tour on the Continent_ in 1820;_Ecclesiastical Sonnets_ 1822; and _Yarrow Revisited_ in 1835. In 1831he paid his last visit to Scott; in 1838 he received the degree ofD. C. L. From Durham, and in 1839 the same from Oxf. Three years later heresigned his office of Distributor of Stamps in favour of his _s. _, andreceived a civil list pension of £300. The following year, 1843, hesucceeded Southey as Poet Laureate. His long, tranquil, and fruitful lifeended in 1850. He lies buried in the churchyard of Grasmere. After hisdeath the _Prelude_, finished in 1805, was _pub. _ It had been kept backbecause the great projected poem of which it was to have been thepreface, and of which _The Excursion_ is a part, was never completed. 

The work of W. Is singularly unequal. When at his best, as in the"Intimations of Immortality, " "Laodamia, " some passages in _TheExcursion_, and some of his short pieces, and especially his sonnets, herises to heights of noble inspiration and splendour of language rarelyequalled by any of our poets. But it required his poetic fire to be atfusing point to enable him to burst through his natural tendency toprolixity and even dulness. His extraordinary lack of humour and the, perhaps consequent, imperfect power of self-criticism by which it wasaccompanied, together with the theory of poetic theme and diction withwhich he hampered himself, led him into a frequent choice of trivialsubjects and childish language which excited not unjust ridicule, andlong delayed the general recognition of his genius. He has a marvellousfelicity of phrase, an unrivalled power of describing natural appearancesand effects, and the most ennobling views of life and duty. But his greatdistinguishing characteristic is his sense of the mystic relationsbetween man and nature. His influence on contemporary and succeedingthought and literature has been profound and lasting. It should be addedthat W. , like Milton, with whom he had many points in common, was themaster of a noble and expressive prose style. 

SUMMARY. --_B. _ 1770, _ed. _ at Camb. , sympathiser with French Revolutionin earlier stages, first publication _Tour in the Alps_ and _EveningWalk_ 1793, became acquainted with Coleridge 1795, _pub. _ with him_Lyrical Ballads_ 1798, visits Germany and begins _Prelude_, returns toEngland and settles at Grasmere, _pub. _ second ed. Of _Lyrical Ballads_, entirely his own, 1800, _m. _ Mary Hutchinson 1802, visits Scotland 1804and becomes acquainted with Scott, _pub. _ _Poems in Two Volumes_ 1807, goes to Rydal Mount 1813, appointed Distributor of Stamps, revisitsScotland, writes _Yarrow Visited_ and _pub. _ _The Excursion_ 1814, _WhiteDoe_ and _coll. _ works 1815, _Waggoner_, _Ecclesiastical Sonnets_, etc. , 1819-35, pensioned 1842, Poet Laureate 1843, _d. _ 1850. 

There are numerous good ed. Of the poems, including his own by Moxon(1836, 1845, and 1850), and those by Knight (1882-86), Morley (1888), Dowden (1893), Smith (1908). Another by Knight in 16 vols. Includes theprose writings and the _Journal_ by Dorothy (1896-97). _Lives_ byChristopher Wordsworth (1857), Myers (1880), and others. See alsocriticism by W. Raleign (1903). 

WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568-1639). --Diplomatist and poet, _s. _ of a Kentishgentleman, was _b. _ at Boughton Park, near Maidstone, and _ed. _ atWinchester and Oxf. After spending 7 years on the Continent, he enteredthe Middle Temple. In 1595 he became sec. To the Earl of Essex, whoemployed him abroad, and while at Venice he wrote _The State ofChristendom or a Most Exact and Curious Discovery of many Secret Passagesand Hidden Mysteries of the Times_, which was not, however, printed until1657. Afterwards he held various diplomatic appointments, but Courtfavour latterly failed him and he was recalled from Venice and madeProvost of Eton in 1624, to qualify himself for which he took deacon'sorders. Among his other works were _Elements of Architecture_ (1624) and_A Survey of Education_. His writings in prose and verse were _pub. _ in1651 as _Reliquiæ Wottonianæ_. His poems include two which are familiarto all readers of Elizabethan verse, _The Character of a Happy Life_, "How happy is he born and taught, " and _On his Mistress, the Queen ofBohemia_, beginning "Ye meaner Beauties of the Night. " He was theoriginator of many witty sayings, which have come down. 

WRAXALL, SIR NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1751-1831). --Historical writer, _b. _ atBristol, was for a few years in the service of the East India Company, and thereafter employed on diplomatic missions, and sat for some years inthe House of Commons. In addition to a book of travels and somehistorical works relating to the French and other foreign Courts, hewrote _Historical Memories of my own Time_ 1772-84, _pub. _ in 1815. Thework was severely criticised by both political parties, and in particularby Macaulay; but W. Made a reply which was considered to be on the wholesuccessful. A continuation bringing the narrative down to 1790 was _pub. _in 1836. The _Memoirs_ are valuable for the light they throw on theperiod, and especially for the portraits of public men which they give. 

WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810-1877). --Antiquary, _b. _ near Ludlow, of Quakerparentage, was _ed. _ at Camb. His first work was a _History of Essex_(1831-36). In 1836 he went to London, and adopted literature as aprofession, devoting himself specially to archæology, history, andbiography. He held office in various societies such as the "Camden, ""Percy, " and "Shakespeare, " and ed. Many works for them. In all he wasthe author of over 80 publications, of which some of the chief are _TheCelt, the Roman, and the Saxon_, _Biographia Britannica Literaria_, _Queen Elizabeth and her Times_, and _History of Domestic Manners andSentiments in England during the Middle Ages_. He was superintendent ofthe excavation of the Roman city at Wroxeter in 1859. 

WYATT, SIR THOMAS (1503-1542). --Poet, _s. _ of Sir Henry W. , a servant ofHenry VII. , and _ed. _ at St. John's Coll. , Camb. , came to Court and wasfrequently employed by Henry VIII. On diplomatic missions. He is said tohave been an admirer of Anne Boleyn before her marriage, and on herdisgrace was thrown into the Tower for a short time. In 1537 he wasknighted, and two years later was against his will sent on a mission tothe Emperor Charles V. On the death in 1540 of Thomas Cromwell, to whoseparty he belonged, W. Was accused of misdemeanours during his embassy andagain imprisoned in the Tower, where he wrote a defence which resulted inhis release. In 1542 he was sent to meet the Spanish Ambassador atFalmouth, and conduct him to London, but on the way caught a chill, ofwhich he _d. _ W. Shares with the Earl of Surrey (_q. V. _) the honour ofbeing the first real successor of Chaucer, and also of introducing thesonnet into England. In addition to his sonnets, which are in a morecorrect form than those of Surrey, W. Wrote many beautiful lyrics; infact he may be regarded as the reviver of the lyrical spirit in Englishpoetry which, making its appearance in the 13th century, had fallen intoabeyance. In the anthology known as _Tottel's Miscellany_, first _pub. _in 1557, 96 pieces by W. Appear along with 40 by Surrey, and others bydifferent hands. W. Has less smoothness and sweetness than Surrey, buthis form of the sonnet was much more difficult as well as more correctthan that invented by the latter, and afterwards adopted by Shakespeare, and his lyrical gift is more marked. 

WYCHERLEY, WILLIAM (1640?-1716). --Dramatist, was _b. _ at Clive, nearShrewsbury, where his _f. _ had an estate. He was at the Inner Temple in1659, and at Oxf. In 1660. Part of his youth had been spent in France, where he became a Roman Catholic, but at the Restoration he returned toProtestantism. He wrote four comedies, _Love in a Wood_, _The GentlemanDancing Master_, _The Country Wife_, and _The Plain Dealer_, all producedin the reign of Charles II. , and nothing of consequence afterwards, avol. Of poems doing little to add to his reputation. About 1679 he _m. _the widowed Countess of Drogheda, who _d. _ in 1681, and he entered into asecond marriage eleven days before his death. In his later years heformed a friendship with Pope, then a boy of 16. W. Was one of thefounders of the Comedy of Manners. The merit of his plays lies in smartand witty dialogue rather than in construction. _The Plain Dealer_, hisbest, is founded upon Molière's _Misanthrope_. His plays are notoriouslycoarse. 

WYNTOUN, ANDREW of (1350?-1420?). --Chronicler, was a canon of St. Andrews, who became Prior of St. Serf's island in Loch Leven. His work, entitled _The Orygynale Cronykil_, begins with the creation of angels andmen and comes down to 1406. It is poetic in form though rarely so insubstance, and is of considerable historical value in its later parts andas regards the see of St. Andrews. 

YALDEN, THOMAS (1670-1736). --Poet, _s. _ of an exciseman at Oxf. , and_ed. _ at Magdalen Coll. , entered the Church, in which he obtained variouspreferments. He was the author of a considerable number of poems, including a _Hymn to Darkness_, Pindaric Odes, and translations from theclassics. 

YATES, EDMUND (1831-1894). --Novelist and dramatist, _b. _ at Edin. , heldfor some years an appointment in the General Post Office. He did muchjournalistic work, mainly as a dramatic writer, and wrote many dramaticpieces and some novels, including _Running the Gauntlet_ and _The BlackSheep_. He was perhaps best known as ed. Of _The World_ society journal. 

YONGE, CHARLOTTE MARY (1823-1901). --Novelist, only _dau. _ of a landedgentleman of Hampshire, was _b. _ near Winchester, and in her girlhoodcame under the influence of Keble, who was a near neighbour. She beganwriting in 1848, and _pub. _ during her long life about 100 works, chieflynovels, interesting and well-written, with a High Church tendency. Amongthe best known are _The Heir of Redclyffe_, _Heartsease_, and _The DaisyChain_. She also wrote _Cameos from English History_, and Lives of BishopPatteson and Hannah More. The profits of her works were devoted toreligious objects. 

YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820). --Writer on agriculture, was _b. _ in London, the _s. _ of a Suffolk clergyman. In his early years he farmed, makingmany experiments, which though they did not bring him financial success, gave him knowledge and experience, afterwards turned to useful account. Various publications had made his name known, and in 1777 he became agentto Lord Kingsborough on his Irish estates. In 1780 he _pub. _ his _Tour inIreland_, and four years later started the _Annals of Agriculture_, 47vols. Of which appeared. His famous tours in France were made 1787-90, the results of his observations being _pub. _ in _Travels in France_(1792). He was in 1793 appointed sec. To the newly founded Board ofAgriculture, and _pub. _ many additional works on the subject. He isjustly regarded as the father of modern agriculture, in which, as in allsubjects affecting the public welfare, he maintained an active interestuntil his death. In his later years he was blind. 

YOUNG, EDWARD (1683-1765). --Poet, _s. _ of the Rector of Upham, Hampshire, where he was _b. _ After being at Winchester School and Oxf. Heaccompanied the Duke of Wharton to Ireland. Y. , who had always a keen eyetowards preferment, and the cult of those who had the dispensing of it, began his poetical career in 1713 with _An Epistle to Lord Lansdowne_. Equally characteristic was the publication in the same year of two poems, _The Last Day_ and _The Force of Religion_. The following year heproduced an elegy _On the Death of Queen Anne_, which brought him intonotice. Turning next to the drama he produced _Busiris_ in 1719, and _TheRevenge_ in 1721. His next work was a collection of 7 satires, _The Loveof Fame, the Universal Passion_. In 1727 he entered the Church, and wasappointed one of the Royal Chaplains, and Rector of Welwyn, Herts, in1730. Next year he _m. _ Lady Elizabeth Lee, the widowed _dau. _ of theEarl of Lichfield, to whom, as well as to her _dau. _ by her formermarriage, he was warmly attached. Both _d. _, and sad and lonely the poetbegan his masterpiece, _The Complaint, or Night Thoughts_ (1742-44), which had immediate and great popularity, and which still maintains itsplace as a classic. In 1753 he brought out his last drama, _TheBrothers_, and in 1761 he received his last piece of preferment, that ofClerk to the Closet to the Princess Dowager of Wales. Four years later, in 1765, he _d. _ The poems of Y. , though in style artificial andsometimes forced, abound in passages of passion and power which sometimesreach the sublime. But the feelings and sentiments which he expresseswith so much force as a poet form an unpleasantly harsh contrast with theworldliness and tuft-hunting of his life. 

APPENDIX OF LIVING WRITERS

_The number of writers included in this Appendix, and theirbibliographies, are necessarily limited, but it is hoped that despite thedifficulties of selection the list will be found fairly representative_. 

ABBOTT, REV. EDWIN ABBOTT, D. D. (1838). --Writer on Biblical and literarysubjects. _Shakespearian Grammar_ (1870), ed. Of _Bacon's Essays_ (1876), _Bacon and Essex_ (1877), _Francis Bacon ... His Life and Works_ (1885), _Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions_ (1884), _St. Thomas ofCanterbury_ (1898), _Paradosis_ (1904), _Johannine Vocabulary_ (1905), _Silanus the Christian_ (1906), etc. 

ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1849). --American novelist. _A Kentucky Cardinal_, _TheChoir Invisible_, _A Summer in Arcady_, _Blue Grass Region of Kentucky_, _The Increasing Purpose_, _Aftermath_, part ii. Of _A Kentucky Cardinal_, _The Mettle of the Pasture_, _The Reign of Law_. 

ANSON, SIR WILLIAM REYNELL, BART. , D. C. L. (1843). --Legalandconstitutional writer, etc. , _Law and Custom of the Constitution_, ed. _Memoirs of the third Duke of Grafton_, etc. 

ANSTEY, F. , (_see_ GUTHRIE). 

ARBER, EDWARD, D. Litt. --Literary antiquary. Has issued many reprints ofrare books. _English Reprints_, _English Scholars' Library_, ed. _AnEnglish Garner_ (1880-83), _British Anthologies_ (1899-1901), _AChristian Library_ (1907). 

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856). --Writer on the drama and translator of Ibsen; ed. Ibsen's _Prose Dramas_, 5 vols. , _Collected Works of Ibsen_, 11 vols. , translated with his brother, Major Chas. A. , Ibsen's _Peer Gynt_, _Lifeof Macready_, _Masks or Faces_, _Study and Stage_, _Real Conversations_(1904), etc. 

ARNIM, COUNTESS VON (BEAUCHAMP). --_Elizabeth and her German Garden_, _ASolitary Summer_, _The April Baby's Book of Tunes_, _The Benefactress_, _Elizabeth's Adventures in Ruegen_, _Fraulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstruther_. 

ASHTON, JOHN (1834). --Literary antiquary, etc. _History of Chap-books ofEighteenth Century_ (1882), _Humour, Wit, and Satire of SeventeenthCentury_ (ed. 1883), _Adventures and Discoveries of Capt. John Smith_(1884), _Romances of Chivalry_ (1886), _Social England under the Regency_(1890), etc. 

AUSTIN, ALFRED (1835). --Poet Laureate 1896. _The Human Tragedy_, _LyricalPoems_, _Narrative Poems_, _Fortunatus the Pessimist_, _Alfred theGreat_, _Flodden Field: a Tragedy_ (1903), etc. Prose works include _TheGarden that I Love_, _In Veronica's Garden_, _Lamia's Winter Quarters_, _Sacred and Profane Love_ (1908). 

AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST LORD, P. C. , D. C. L. , etc. (1834). --Miscellaneous writer. _Use of Life_, _Beauties of Nature_, _Pleasures of Life_ (two parts), _British Wild Flowers considered inrelation to Insects, Ants, Bees, and Wasps_, _The Origin ofCivilisation_, and many other works on Natural History, Sociology, andEconomics. 

BAGOT, RICHARD (1860). --Novelist. _A Roman Mystery_ (1899), _Casting ofNets_ (1901), _Donna Diana_ (1903), _Temptation_ (1907), etc. 

BALFOUR, RIGHT HON. ARTHUR JAMES, P. C. , LL. D. , D. C. L. , etc. (1848). --Statesman and philosophic writer. _A Defence of PhilosophicDoubt_ (1879), _Essays and Addresses_ (1893), _The Foundations of Belief_(1895), _Reflections suggested by the New Theory of Matter_ (1904). 

BALL, SIR ROBERT STAWELL, LL. D. , F. R. S. (1840). --Scientific writer. _TheStory of the Heavens_ (1885), _Starland_ (1889), _The Story of the Sun_(1893), _The Earth's Beginning_ (1901), etc. 

BARING-GOULD, SABINE (1834). --Novelist and folk-lorist, etc. _Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas_ (1862), _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_ (1866), _Origin and Development of Religious Belief_ (1869-70), _Lives of theSaints_ (1872-77). Novels, _Mehalah_ (1880), _Richard Cable_ (1888), _ThePennycomequicks_ (1889), _Domitia_ (1898), _Pabo the Priest_ (1899), _Crock of Gold_ (1899), _Nebo the Nailer_ (1902), _Devonshire Characters_(1908), etc. ; also books on Folk-lore. 

BARRIE, JAMES MATTHEW, LL. D. (1860). --Novelist and dramatist. _Auld LichtIdylls_, _When a Man's Single_ (1888), _A Window in Thrums_ (1889), _MyLady Nicotine_ (1890), _The Little Minister_ (1891), _Sentimental Tommy_, _Margaret Ogilvy_ (1896), _The Little White Bird_ (1902), _Peter Pan_(1906), etc. Dramatic works include _The Professor's Love Story_, _TheLittle Minister_, _The Wedding Guest_ (1900), _The Admirable Crichton_(1903), _Peter Pan_ (1904), _What Every Woman Knows_ (1908). 

BARRY, REV. WILLIAM (FRANCIS), D. D. (1849). --Novelist, etc. _The NewAntigone_ (1887), _Two Standards_ (1898), _Arden Massiter_ (1900), _TheWizard's Knot_ (1901), _The Dayspring_ (1903), etc. 

BATTERSBY, HARRY FRANCIS PREVOST ("FRANCIS PREVOST"). --Poet, novelist, and war correspondent. Poems, _Melilot_ (1886), _Fires of Greenwood_(1887). Novels, _Rust of Gold_ (1895), _The Avenging Hour_ (1896), _FalseDawn_ (1897), _The Plague of the Heart_ (1902), etc. ; joint translator ofTolstoi's _Christ's Christianity_ and _What to Do_. Plays, _The Way ofWar_ (1902), and _Voice of Duty_ (1904). 

BAX, ERNEST BELFORT (1854). --Writer on philosophy and socialism. _Kant'sProlegomena with Biography and Introduction_ (1882), _Handbook to theHistory of Philosophy_ (1884), _Religion of Socialism_ (1886), _Ethics ofSocialism_ (1889), _The Problem of Reality_ (1893), _Socialism, itsGrowth and Outcome_ (with W. Morris) (1894), _The Roots of Reality_(1907), etc. 

BEAZLEY, CHARLES RAYMOND, F. R. G. S. (1868). --Historical geographer, _Jamesof Aragon_ (1870), _Henry the Navigator_ (1895), _Dawn of ModernGeography_, 3 vols. (1897-1906), etc. 

BECKE, GEORGE LOUIS (1848). --Novelist. _By Reef and Palm_ (1890), _AFirst Fleet Family_ (1896), _Pacific Tales_ (1897), _Tom Wallis_ (1900), _Yorke, the Adventurer_ (1901), _Chinkie's Flat_ (1903), etc. ; and withW. Jeffery, _His Native Wife_ (1896), _The Mutineer_, _Admiral Phillip_(1899), _The Tapu of Benderah_, etc. 

BEECHING, REV. HENRY CHARLES, D. Litt. (1859). --Miscellaneous writer. _Ina Garden and other Poems_ (1895), _Pages from a Private Diary_ (1898), various vols. Of sermons, etc. , including _Seven Sermons to Schoolboys_(1894), _The Grace of Episcopacy_ (1906); has ed. _A Paradise of EnglishPoetry_ (1892), _Lyra Sacra_ (1894), and various English classics, etc. 

BEERBOHM, MAX (1872). --Essayist and dramatic critic, _The Works of MaxBeerbohm_, _The Happy Hypocrite_, _Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen_, _More_ (1898), _Yet Again_ (1909), etc. 

BEESLY, EDWARD SPENCER (1831). --Writer on history and philosophy. _Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius_ (1878), _Queen Elizabeth_ (1892), hastranslated various works of Aug. Comte, etc. 

BELL, HENRY THOMAS MACKENZIE (1856). --Poet and critic. _Spring'sImmortality and other Poems_, _Christina Rossetti_, _Pictures of Traveland other Poems_ (1898), _Collected Poems_ (1901). 

BELLOC, HILAIRE (1870). --Miscellaneous writer. _The Bad Child's Book ofBeasts_ (1896), _More Beasts for Worse Children_ (1897), _The MoralAlphabet_, _Danton_ (1899), _Lambkin's Remains_ (1900), _Robespierre_(1901), _Caliban's Guide to Letters_ (1903), _Mr. Burden_ (1904), _EstoPerpetua_ (1906), _The Historic Thames_ (1907), _The Path to Rome_, etc. 

BENNETT, ENOCH ARNOLD (1867). --Novelist, etc. _A Man from the North_(1898), _Polite Farces_ (1899), _Anna of the Five Towns_ (1902), _A GreatMan_ (1904), _The Grim Smile of the Five Towns_ (1907), _Buried Alive_(1908), _Old Wives' Tale_ (1908), etc. 

BENSON, ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER (1862). --Poet, biographer and miscellaneouswriter. _Poems_ (1893), _Lyrics_ (1895), _The Professor and other Poems_(1900), _The House of Quiet_ (1903), _Peace and other Poems_ (1905), _From a College Window_ (1906), _Beside Still Waters_ (1907), books onTennyson, Rossetti, E. Fitzgerald, Walter Pater, etc. 

BENSON, EDWARD FREDERIC (1867). --Novelist. _Dodo_ (1893), _Rubicon_(1894), _Judgment Books_ (1895), _The Babe B. A. _ (1897), _Vintage_(1898), _Scarlet and Hyssop_ (1902), _Image in the Sand_ (1905). Plays, _Aunt Jeannie_ (1902), _House of Defence_ (1907), etc. 

BERDOE, EDWARD (1836). --Writer on Browning, etc. _Browning's Message tohis Time_ (1890), _Browning Cyclopædia_ (1891), _Biographical andHistorical Notes to Browning's Complete Works_ (1894), _Browning and theChristian Faith_ (1896), _A Browning Primer_ (1904), and various books onmedicine, etc. 

BERENSON, BERNHARD (1865). --Writer on art. _Venetian Painters of theRenaissance_ (1894), _Lorenzo Lotto, an Essay on Constructive ArtCriticism_ (1895), _Florentine Painters of the Renaissance_ (1896), _Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance_ (1897), _Study andCriticism of Italian Art_ (1901), _North Italian Painters of theRenaissance_, _A Sienese Painter of the Franciscan Legend_ (1910), etc. 

BESANT, MRS. ANNIE (1847). --Theosophist. _Re-incarnation_ (1892), _Deathand After_ (1893), _Karma_ (1895), _The Self and its Sheaths_ (1895), _Ancient Wisdom_ (1897), _Dharma_ (1899), _Esoteric Christianity_ (1901), _Pedigree of Man_ (1903), _Wisdom of the Upanishats_ (1906), etc. 

BINYON, LAURENCE (1869). --Poet and art critic. _Lyric Poems_ (1894), _London Visions_, Book I. (1895), Book II. (1898), _The Praise of Life_(1896), _Porphyrion and other Poems_ (1898), _Odes_ (1900), _Penthesilea_(1905), _Paris and Ænone_ (1906), etc. 

BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE, M. P. , LL. D. (1850). --Essayist, etc. _Obiter Dicta_(1884), _Res Judicatæ_ (1892), _Men, Women, and Books_ (1894), _CollectedEssays_ (1900), _Miscellanies_ (1901). Books on Charlotte Bronté, Hazlitt, etc. Ed. Boswell's _Johnson_ (1907). 

BLAIKIE, JOHN ARTHUR (1849). --Poet and journalist. _Madrigals, Songs, andSonnets_ (1870), _Love's Victory_ (1890), and _A Sextet of Singers_(1895). 

BLAND, MRS. HUBERT ["E. NESBIT"] (1858). --Poet and novelist. _Lays andLegends_ (1886), second series (1892), _A Pomander of Verse_ (1895), _InHomespun_ (1896), _Secret of Kyriels_ (1898), _Book of Dragons_ (1900), _Five Children and It_ (1902), _The Phoenix and the Carpet_ (1904), _TheRailway Children_ (1906), _Salome and the Head_ (1908), etc. 

BLOUNDELLE-BURTON, JOHN EDWARD (1850). --Novelist. _Silent Shore_ (1886), _Desert Ship_ (1890), _Denounced_ (1896), _A Bitter Heritage_ (1899), _ABranded Name_ (1903), _A Woman from the Sea_ (1907), and _Last of herRace_ (1908), etc. 

BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (1840). --Poet, etc. _Love Sonnets of Proteus_(1880), _Future of Islam_ (1882), _The Wind and the Whirlwind_ (1883), _Esther_ (1892), _The Stealing of the Mare_ (1892), _Seven Golden Odes ofPagan Arabia_ (1903), _Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt_(1907), etc. 

BOAS, FREDERICK S. (1862). --Scholar. _Shakespeare and his Predecessors_(1896), ed. Works of T. Kyd, and of Giles and Phineas Fletcher, etc. 

BODLEY, JOHN EDWARD COURTENAY, D. C. L. (1853). --Historian. _France_, vol. I. _The Revolution and Modern France_, vol. Ii. _The ParliamentarySystem_, _The Coronation of Edward VII. _ (1903), _The Church in France_(1906), etc. 

"BOLDREWOOD, ROLF, " (_see_ BROWNE). 

BOURDILLON, F. W. (1852). --Poet, etc. _Among the Flowers_ (1878), _SursumCorda_ (1893), _Nephelé_ (1896), etc. 

BRADDON, MARY ELIZABETH (1837). --Novelist. _Lady Audley's Secret_, _Aurora Floyd_ (1862), _Henry Dunbar_ (1864), _Only a Clod_ (1865), _TheLady's Mile_ (1866), _Dead Sea Fruit_ (1869), _Robert Ainsleigh_ (1872), _Hostages to Fortune_ (1875), _Vixen_ (1870), _Wyllard's Weird_ (1886), _Rough Justice_ (1898), _His Darling Sin_ (1895), _The White House_(1906), and many others. 

BRADLEY, ANDREW CECIL, L. L. D. , Litt. D. , etc. --Critic. _A Commentary onTennyson's In Memoriam_ (1901), _Shakespearian Tragedy_ (1904), _OxfordLectures on Poetry_ (1909). 

BRADLEY, FRANCIS HERBERT (1846). --Philosopher. _The Presuppositions ofCritical History_ (1874), _Ethical Studies_ (1876), _The Principles ofLogic_ (1883), and _Appearance and Reality_ (1893). 

BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844). --Poet. _Essay on Milton's Prosody_, _CriticalEssay on Keats_. Poems, _The Growth of Love_, _Prometheus the Firegiver_, _Eros and Psyche_. Plays, _Nero_, _Ulysses_, _Christian Captives_, _Achilles in Scyros_, _Feast of Bacchus_, etc. 

BROOKE, REV. STOPFORD AUGUSTUS, LL. D. (1832). --Writer on Englishliterature and theology, etc. _Theology of the English Poets_ (1874), _Primer of English Literature_ (1876), _Riquet of the Tuft_ (1880), (drama), _Unity of God and Man_ (1886), _Poems_ (1888), _History of EarlyEnglish Literature_ (1892), _History of English Literature_ (1894), and_Gospel of Joy_ (1898). 

BROUGHTON, RHODA (1840). --Novelist. _Cometh up as a Flower_ (1867), _NotWisely but too Well_ (1867), _Red as a Rose is She_ (1870), _Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye_ (1872), _Dr. Cupid_ (1886), _Scylla or Charybdis?_(1895), _Dear Faustina_ (1897), _The Game and the Candle_ (1899), _Foesin Law_ (1901), etc. 

BROWN, PETER HUME, LL. D. (1850). --Historian. _George Buchanan, Humanistand Reformer_ (1890), _Early Travellers in Scotland_ (1891), _Scotlandbefore 1700_ (1893), _John Knox, a Biography_ (1895), _History ofScotland_ (1898-1909), etc. 

BROWNE, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1826). --Australian novelist. _Robbery underArms_ (1888), _The Miner's Right_ (1890), _A Sydney-side Saxon_ (1891), _A Modern Buccaneer_ (1894), _The Squatter's Dream_, _The Crooked Stick_, _Old Melbourne Memories_ (1895), _A Canvas Town Romance_ (1898), _Babesin the Bush_ (1900), _A Tale of the Golden West_ (1906), etc. 

BROWNING, OSCAR (1837). --Historian, etc. _Modern England_ (1879), _ModernFrance_ (1880), _England and Napoleon in 1803_ (1887), _History ofEngland_, in four vols. (1890), _True Stories from English History_(1886), _Guelphs and Ghibellines_ (1894), _Wars of the NineteenthCentury_ (1899), _History of Europe_ 1814-1843 (1901), and also Lives ofGeorge Eliot, Dante, Goethe, Bartolommeo Colleoni, and Napoleon. 

BRYCE, RIGHT HON. JAMES, P. C. , D. C. L. , etc. (1838). --Historical andpolitical writer, etc. _The Holy Roman Empire_ (1862), _Transcaucasia andArarat_ (1877), _The American Commonwealth_ (1888), _Studies in Historyand Jurisprudence_ (1901), _Studies in Contemporary Biography_ (1903), etc. 

BUCHAN, JOHN (1875). --Novelist, etc. _Musa Piscatrix_ (1896), _Scholar-Gipsies_ (1896), _John Burnet of Barns_ (1898), _The Watcher bythe Threshold_ (1902), and _A Lodge in the Wilderness_ (1906). 

BUDGE, ERNEST A. WALLIS, Litt. D. , etc. --Orientalist, etc. Has produceded. Of numerous Assyrian and Egyptian texts. _The Dwellers on the Nile_(1885), _Excavations at Aswân_ (1888), _Festival Songs of Isis andNephthys, etc. _ (1891), _Book of the Dead_ (1895), _The Laughable Storiesof Bar-Hebræus_ (1896), _A History of Egypt, etc. _ (1902), _The Gods ofEgypt_ (1903), _The Egyptian Sûdân_ (1907), etc. 

BULLEN, ARTHUR HENRY (1857). --Ed. Of Old English writers. Ed. Works ofJohn Day, dramatist (1881), _Collection of Old English Plays_ (1882-84), _Selections from Poems of Michael Drayton_ (1883), ed. Works of Marlowe, Middleton, Marston, Peele, Campion, _Lyrics from the Song Books ofElizabethan Age_ (1886), _England's Helicon_ (1887), works of Thos. Traherne, W. Strode, etc. 

BULLEN, FRANK THOMAS (1857). --Writer of nautical romances. _The Cruise ofthe Cachalot_, _Idylls of the Sea_, _With Christ at Sea_, _A Whaleman'sWife_, _Sea Wrack_, _Sea Puritans_, _A Son of the Sea_, _Frank Brown_, etc. 

BURNAND, SIR FRANCIS COWLEY (1836). --Humorist and dramatist, ed. Of_Punch_ (1880-1906), to which he contributed _Mokeanna_, _Strapmore_, _Happy Thoughts_, etc. Has written over 120 plays, including _Black-eyedSusan_, _The Colonel_, _Contrabandista_, _His Majesty_, etc. 

BURNETT, MRS. FRANCES HODGSON (1849). --Novelist and dramatist. _That Lasso' Lowrie's_ (1877), _Haworths_ (1879), _A Fair Barbarian_ (1881), _Through One Administration_ (1883), _Little Lord Fauntleroy_ (1886), _ALady of Quality_ (1896), _Making of a Marchioness_ (1901), etc. Plays, _Phyllis_, _The Showman's Daughter_, _Esmeralda_, _Little LordFauntleroy_, etc. 

BURY, JOHN B. , LL. D. , etc. (1861). --Historian. _History_ _of the LaterRoman Empire from Arcadius to Irene_ (1889), _History of Greece to Deathof Alexander the Great_ (1900), _Life of St. Patrick_ (1905); has ed. _Pindar's Nemean Odes_ and _Isthmian Odes_, Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, and part of E. A. Freeman's works. 

BUTCHER, SAMUEL HENRY, LL. D. , etc. (1850). --Scholar. _Prose Translationof the Odyssey_ (1879), with A. Lang, _Some Aspects of the Greek Genius_(1891-1904), _Aristotle's Theory of Poetry_, (1895, 1903). Etc. 

BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS, G. C. B. (1838). --Traveller and biographer. _The Great Lone Land_ (1872), _The Wild North Land_ (1873), _The Campaignof the Cataracts_ (1887), _From Naboth's Vineyard_ (1907), Lives of Gen. Gordon, Sir. C. Napier, Sir G. P. Colley, etc. 

CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844). --American novelist. _Old Creole Days_(1879), _The Grandissimes_ (1880), _Madame Delphine_ (1881), _Dr. Sevier_(1884), _John March_ (1884), _The Cavalier_ (1901), _Bylow Hill_ (1902), etc. 

CAINE, HALL (1853). --Novelist. --_Shadow of a Crime_ (1885), _Son ofHagar_ (1886), _The Deemster_ (1887), _The Bondman_ (1890), _TheScapegoat_ (1891), _The Manxman_ (1894), _The Christian_ (1897), _TheEternal City_ (1901), _The Prodigal Son_ (1904), several of which havebeen dramatised. Has also written books on Rossetti and Coleridge. 

CAMBRIDGE, ADA (MRS. CROSS) (1844). --Australian novelist. _A Marked Man_(1891), _The Three Miss Kings_ (1891), _A Little Minx_ (1893), _Fidelis_(1895), _Materfamilias_ (1898), _The Devastators_ (1901), _A HappyMarriage_ (1906), _The Eternal Feminine_ (1907), etc. 

CAMPBELL, WILFRED, LL. D. (1861). --Poet. _Lake Lyrics_ (1889), _DreadVoyage Poems_ (1893), _Mordred and Hildebrand Tragedies_ (1895), _Beyondthe Hills of Dream_ (1899), _Ian of the Orcades_ (1906) (novel), etc. 

CASTLE, EGERTON (1858). --Novelist. _Consequences_ (1891), _The Light ofScarthey_ (1895), _The Jerningham Letters_ (1896), _The Pride of Jennico_(1898), _Desperate Remedies_ (play), _Young April_ (1899), _The SecretOrchard_ (1899), _Incomparable Bellairs_ (1904), _Wroth_ (1908) (withAgnes Castle), etc. 

CHAMBERS, ROBERT WILLIAM (1865). --American novelist. _In the Quarter_(1895), _The Red Republic_ (1896), _Lorraine_, _The Cambric Mask_, _TheMaids of Paradise_ (1903), _A Young Man in a Hurry_ (1906), _The FightingChance_ (1907), etc. 

CHESTERTON, GILBERT KEITH (1874). --Essayist, etc. _The Wild Knight_, _Greybeards at Play_, _Twelve Types_, _The Napoleon of Notting Hill_(1904), _Club of Queer Trades_ (1905), _Heretics_ (1905), _All ThingsConsidered_ (1908), books on R. Browning, Dickens, G. F. Watts, G. B. Shaw, etc. 

CHOLMONDELEY, MARY. --Novelist. _Diana Tempest_, _Red Pottage_, _Moth andRust_ (1902), _Prisoners_ (1906), etc. 

CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1871). --American novelist. _The Celebrity_, _RichardCarvel_ (1899), _The Crisis_ (1901), _The Crossing_ (1903), _Coniston_(1906), _Mr. Crewe's Career_ (1908). 

CLEMENS, SAMUEL LANGHORNE, (_see_ "TWAIN"). 

CLIFFORD, MRS. W. K. (LANE). --Novelist, etc. _Mrs. Keith's Crime_ (1885), _Love Letters of a Worldly Woman_ (1891), _Aunt Anne_ (1893), _A WomanAlone_ (1901), _The Modern Way_ (1906), etc. , and various plays. 

CLODD, EDWARD (1840). --Scientific writer, etc. _The Childhood of theWorld_ (1872), _The Childhood of Religions_ (1875), _Myths and Dreams_(1885), _Story of Primitive Man_ (1895), _Primer of Evolution_ (1895), _Animism_ (1906), etc. 

COLERIDGE, CHRISTABEL ROSE (1843). --Novelist. _Lady Betty_ (1869), _TheFace of Carlyon_ (1875), _An English Squire_ (1881), _A Near Relation_(1886), _Waynflete_ (1893), _The Winds of Cathrigg_ (1901), etc. 

COLVIN, SIDNEY, D. Litt. (1845). --Writer on art, etc. _A FlorentinePicture-Chronicle_ (1898), _Early Engraving and Engravers in England_(1906), Lives of Keats, Landor; ed. Letters of Keats and R. L. Stevenson, and the Edinburgh ed. Of the latter's works, etc. 

"CONNOR, RALPH" (Rev. C. W. GORDON) (1860). --Novelist, etc. _The SkyPilot_, _The Man from Glengarry_, _The Doctor of Crow's Nest_, etc. 

CONRAD, JOSEPH. --Novelist. _Almayer's Folly_ (1895), _An Outcast of theIslands_ (1896), _Tales of Unrest_ (1898), _Lord Jim_ (1900), _Typhoon_(1903), _Nostromo_ (1904), _The Mirror of the Sea_ (1906), _The SecretAgent_ (1907). 

CORELLI, MARIE (1864). --Novelist. _A Romance of Two Worlds_ (1886), _Vendetta_ (1886), _Thelma_ (1887), _Soul of Lilith_ (1892), _Sorrows ofSatan_ (1895), _Mighty Atom_ (1896), _Murder of Delicia_ (1896), _Ziska_(1897), _The Master Christian_ (1900), _God's Good Man_ (1904), _TheTreasure of Heaven_ (1906), _Holy Orders_ (1908). 

COTES, MRS. EVERARD (DUNCAN) (1861). --Novelist. _A Social Departure_(1890), _American Girl in London_ (1891), _The Simple Adventures of a MemSahib_, _Story of Sunny Sahib_, _His Honour and a Lady_, _Pool in theDesert_ (1903), _Set in Authority_ (1906), etc. 

COURTHOPE, WILLIAM JOHN, C. B. , LL. D. , etc. (1842). --Critic, biographer, etc. _Ludibria Lunæ_ (1869), _Paradise of Birds_ (1870), _History ofEnglish Poetry_ (vol. Vi. 1910), and Lives of Addison and Pope. 

COURTNEY, Wm. LEONARD, LL. D. (1850). --Critic, etc. _Studies New and Old_(1888), _Dramas and Diversions_ (1900), _The Literary Man's Bible_(1909), etc. 

CRADDOCK, CHARLES EGBERT (_see_ MURFREE). 

CROCKETT, SAMUEL RUTHERFORD (1860). --Novelist and poet. _The StickitMinister_ (1893), _The Raiders_ (1894), _Lilac Sunbonnet_ (1894), _Bog, Myrtle, and Peat_ (1895), _Men of the Moss Hags_ (1895), _Grey Man_(1896), _Standard Bearer_ (1898), _Joan of the Sword Hand_ (1900), _LoveIdylls_ (1901), _Me and Myn_ (1907), _Bloom of the Heather_ (1908). 

CROMMELIN, MAY DE LA CHEROIS. --Novelist. _Queenie_, _My Love She's but aLassie_, _Orange Lily_, _For the Sake of the Family_, _Crimson Lilies_, _I Little Knew_, etc. 

CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM, D. D. (1849). --Economist, etc. _Growth of EnglishIndustry and Commerce_, _Western Civilisation_, _Modern Civilisation_, _Use and Abuse of Money_, _Path Towards Knowledge_, _Rise and Decline ofFree Trade_, etc. 

CUNNINGHAME-GRAHAM, ROBERT BONTINE (1852). --Traveller, essayist, etc. _Father Archangel of Scotland_ (1896), with Mrs. C. -G. _Aurora laCugini_, _Mogreb el Acksa_, _Journey in Morocco_ (1898), _ThirteenStories_ (1900), _A Vanished Arcadia_ (1901), _Life of Hernando de Soto_(1903), etc. 

DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING (1864). --American novelist, etc. _Soldiers ofFortune_, _The Princess Aline_, _In the Fog_, _Captain Macklin_, _RealSoldiers of Fortune_ (1906), also books on his adventures in Venezuela, Cuba, South Africa, etc. 

DE MORGAN, WILLIAM FREND (1839). --Novelist. _Joseph Vance: An Ill-writtenAutobiography_ (1906), _Alice-for-short: A Dichronism_ (1907), _SomehowGood_ (1908), _It Never can Happen Again_ (1909). 

DICKINSON, GOLDSWORTHY LOWES. --Historical writer. _Revolution andReaction in Modern France_, _The Development of Parliament in theNineteenth Century_, _The Greek View of Life_, _The Meaning of Good_, _Letters of John Chinaman_, _A Modern Symposium_, _Justice and Liberty_(1909), etc. 

DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH, BART. , P. C. , LL. D. , etc. (1843). --Politicalwriter. _Greater Britain_ (1868), _The Fall of Prince Floristan ofMonaco_, _Problems of Greater Britain_ (1890), etc. 

DOBSON, HENRY AUSTIN, LL. D. (1840). --Poet and biographer. Poems, _Vignettes in Rhyme_ (1873), _Proverbs in Porcelain_ (1877), _Old WorldIdylls_ (1883), _At the Sign of the Lyre_ (1885). Prose, _Thomas Bewickand his Pupils_ (1884), _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_ (3 series, 1892, 1894, and 1896), Lives of Fielding (1883), Steele (1886), Goldsmith(1888), H. Walpole (1890), Hogarth (1891), Richardson (1892), etc. Ed. Diaries of Madame D'Arblay, J. Evelyn, etc. 

DOUGHTY, ARTHUR. --Historical and miscellaneous writer. _Life and Works ofTennyson_ (1893), _Song Story of Francesca and Beatrice_ (1896), _TheSiege of Quebec and Battle of the Plains of Abraham_ (6 vols. 1901-2), _The Fortress of Quebec_ (1904), etc. 

DOUGHTY, CHARLES MONTAGUE. --Traveller and poet. _Wanderings in Arabia_(1908) (new ed. Abridged from _Arabia Deserta_), _The Dawn in Britain_, _Adam Cast Forth_ (1906), _The Cliffs_ (1909). 

DOUGLAS, SIR GEORGE BRISBANE SCOTT, BART. (1856). --Poet and miscellaneouswriter. _Poems_ (1880), _The Fireside Tragedy_ (1896), _New Border Tales_(1892), _Poems of a Country Gentleman_ (1897), _History of BorderCounties_, Lives of James Hogg and General Wauchope, etc. 

DOUGLAS, JAMES (1869). --_The Man in the Pulpit_ (1905), _The UnpardonableSin_ (1907), _Theodore Watts-Dunton_. 

DOWDEN, EDWARD, LL. D. , D. C. L. (1843). --Literary critic, etc. _Shakespeare, his Mind and Art_ (1875), _Shakespeare Primer_ (1877), _Studies in Literature_ (1878), _The French Revolution and EnglishLiterature_ (1897), _A History of French Literature_ (1897), books onShelley, Browning, Montaigne; ed. Shakespeare's Sonnets, _The PassionatePilgrim_ (1883), the Correspondence of Henry Taylor, Works of Shelley, Wordsworth, etc. 

DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN, LL. D. (1859). --Novelist. _A Study in Scarlet_(1887), _Micah Clarke_ (1888), _The Sign of Four_ (1889), _White Company_(1890), _Firm of Girdlestone_ (1890), _Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_(1891), _Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes_ (1893), _Exploits of BrigadierGerard_ (1896), _Uncle Bernac_ (1897), _Sir Nigel_ (1906), etc. 

DUCLAUX, MADAME, (_see_ ROBINSON, A. M. F. )

DUDENEY, MRS. HENRY (WHIFFIN) (1866). --Novelist. _A Man with a Maid_(1897), _Folly Corner_, _Men of Marlowe's_, _Robin Brilliant_, _WiseWords_, _The Orchard Thief_ (1907), etc. 

EDWARDS, MATILDA BETHAM. --Novelist, etc. _The White House by the Sea_, _Dr. Jacob_, _John and I_, _The Sylvesters_, _France of To-day_, _TheGolden Bee_ (ballads) (1896), _Anglo-French Reminiscences_ (1899), _ASuffolk Courtship_ (1900), and _Home Life in France_ (1905). 

EDWARDS, OWEN MORGAN (1858). --Writer on Welsh history and literature. _Story of Wales_ (1902), and several books (_Tro yn yr Eidal_, etc. ) inWelsh, and has ed. Various Welsh texts, etc. 

ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834). --Scholar. _The Poems and Fragments of Catullus inthe Metres of the Original_ (1871), _A Commentary on Catullus_ (1876), _The Ibis of Ovid, etc. _ (1881), _The Fables of Avianus_ (1887), _NoctesManilianæ_ (1891), many separate lectures on classical subjects, etc. 

ELTON, OLIVER (1861). --Critical writer, etc. _The Augustan Ages_ (Periodsof European Literature) (1890), _Michael Drayton_ (1906); has ed. Some ofMilton's poems and translated Mythical Books of Saxo Grammaticus'_Historia Danica_. 

ESLER, MRS. ERMINDA (RENTOUL). --Novelist. _The Way of Transgressors_(1890), _The Way they loved at Grimpat_ (1894), _'Mid Green Pastures_(1895), _Youth at the Prow_ (1898), _Awakening of Helena Thorpe_ (1901), _The Trackless Way_ (1904), etc. 

EVERETT-GREEN, Miss EVELYN (1856). --Novelist, etc. _Last of the Dacres_(1886), _Dare Lorimer's Heritage_ (1892), _French and English_ (1898), _Heir of Hascombe Hall_ (1899), _Dufferin's Keep_ (1905), etc. 

"FIELD, MICHAEL". --Poet (pen-name adopted by two ladies, understood to beMiss Bradley and Miss Cooper). _Callirrhoé_ (1884), _Brutus Ultor_(1887), _Fair Rosamund_ (1884), _The Father's Tragedy_ (1885), _Stephania_ (1892), _Canute the Great_ (1887), _Anna Ruina_ (1899), _Julia Danna_ (1903), and _Wild Honey_ (1908). 

FINDLATER, JANE HELEN. --Novelist. _Green Graves of Balgowrie_, _ADaughter of Strife_, _Rachel_, _Tales that are Told_ (with MaryFindlater), _Story of a Mother_, _Stones from a Glass House_, _The Affairat the Inn_ (with K. D. Wiggin), _The Ladder to the Stars_ (1906), etc. 

FISHER, HERBERT ALBERT LAURENS (1865). --Historian. _The Mediæval Empire_(1898), _Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship_ (1903), _A PoliticalHistory of England_ (1906), etc. 

FISON, LORIMER, D. D. (1832). --Anthropologist. _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, _Group Marriage and Marriage by Elopement_ (with A. W. Hewitt), _LandTenure in Fiji_, _Tales from Old Fiji_, etc. 

FITZMAURICE-KELLY, JAMES (1858). --Writer on Spanish literature. _Life ofCervantes_ (1892), _History of Spanish Literature_ (1898), _Lope de Vegaand the Spanish Drama_ (1902), _Cervantes in England_ (1905), ed. Complete Works of Cervantes, etc. 

FLEMING, DAVID HAY, LL. D. (1849). --Historian and antiquary. _Charters ofSt. Andrews_ (1883), _Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews_ (1887), _Scotland after the Union of the Crowns_ (1890), _Mary Queen of Scots_(1897), _Scottish History and Life_ (3 sections, 1902), _Story of theScottish Covenants_. 

FLINT, ROBERT, D. D. , LL. D. (1838). --Writer on philosophy, sociology, andtheology. _Philosophy of History in Europe_ (1874), _Theism_ (1877), _Anti-Theistic Theories_ (1879), _Historical Philosophy in France_(1894), _Socialism_ (1894), _Agnosticism_ (1903), etc. 

FORMAN, HARRY BUXTON, C. B. (1842). --Biographer, etc. _Our Living Poets_(1871), ed. Works of Shelley (1876-80), _Letters of John Keats to FannyBrawne_ (1878), _Poetical Works of John Keats_, and books on E. B. Browning, W. Morris, etc. 

FOWLER, ELLEN THORNEYCROFT (MRS. FELKIN). --Novelist, etc. _ConcerningIsabel Carnaby_ (1898), _A Double Thread_ (1899), _The Farringdons_(1900), _Fuel of Fire_ (1902), and with A. L. Felkin, _Kate of Kate Hall_(1904), _In Subjection_ (1906), also some books of verse, etc. 

FOX, JOHN (1863). --American novelist. _A Cumberland Vendetta_, _TheKentuckians_, _Blue Grass_, _Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come_, etc. 

FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, LL. D. , D. C. L. (1819). --Philosopher. _Essaysin Philosophy_ (1846-56), _Collected Works of Bishop Berkeley_, annotated(1871), _Life and Letters of Berkeley_ (1871), _Locke's Essay on theHuman Understanding with Prolegomena, etc. _ (1894), _Philosophy ofTheism_ (1898), _Biographia Philosophica_ (1904), etc. 

FRAZER, JAMES GEORGE, LL. D. , D. C. L. , (1854). --Writer on comparativereligion, etc. _Totemism_ (1887), _The Golden Bough_ (1890), _Lectures onthe Early History of the Kingship_ (1905), _Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Studies in the History of Oriental Religion_ (1906), _Questions on theCustoms, Beliefs, and Languages of Savages_ (1907), etc. 

FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD, Ph. D. , LL. D. (1833). --Shakespearian scholar. Variorum ed. Of Shakespeare (1871). 

FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES, Ph. D. , D. Litt. , (1825). --Scholar. Has ed. Many publications in connection with the Early English Text, Chaucer, Ballad, New Shakespeare, and similar Societies, of several of which hewas the founder. 

GAIRDNER, JAMES, C. B. , LL. D. (1828). --Historian. Ed. In Rolls Series_Memorials of Henry VII. _, _Letters and Papers of the Reigns of RichardIII. And Henry VII. _, _Calendar of Henry VIII. _, vols. V. To xx. , ed. The_Paston Letters_ (1900), and various vols. For the Camden Society, authorof _England_ in the Early Chroniclers of Europe Series, a Life of RichardIII. , _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century to the Death of Mary_(1902), etc. 

GALSWORTHY, JOHN (1867). --Novelist and playwright. Novels: _Jocelyn_(1898), _Villa Rubein_ (1900), _The Island Pharisees_ (1904), _The Man ofProperty_ (1906), _The Country House_ (1907), _A Commentary_ (1908), _Fraternity_ (1909). Plays: _The Silver Box_ (1906), _Joy_ (1907), and_Strife_ (1909), _Justice_ (1910). 

GALTON, SIR FRANCIS, F. R. S. , D. C. L. (1822). --Traveller andanthropologist. _Tropical South Africa_ (1853), _Hereditary Genius_(1869), _English Men of Science, their Nature and Nurture_ (1874), _HumanFaculty_ (1883), _Natural Inheritance_ (1889), _Finger Prints_ (1893), _Noteworthy Families_ (with E. Schuster) (1906), etc. 

GARDNER, EDMUND GARRATT (1869). --Miscellaneous writer. _Dante's TenHeavens_ (1898), _Story of Florence_ (1900), _Dukes and Ports in Ferrara_(1904), _The King of Court Poets_ (1906), _Saint Catherine of Siena_(1907), _Lyrical Poetry of Dante Alighieri_ (1910), etc. 

GARDNER, ERNEST ARTHUR (1862). --Writer on Greek antiquities. _Chapter onInscriptions in Naukratis I. _ (1886), _Naukratis II. _ (1888), _Handbookof Greek Sculpture_ (1896-97), _A Companion to Greek Studies_ (1905), etc. 

GARDNER, PERCY, Litt. D. , LL. D. (1846). --Writer on Greek art, etc. Parted. Of the British Museum Coin Catalogues (1873-86), _The ParthianCoinage_ (1877), _Samos and Samian Coinage_ (1882), _The Types of GreekCoins_ (1883), _New Chapters in Greek History_ (1892), _Sculptured Tombsof Hellas_ (1896), _Historic View of the New Testament_ (1901). Etc. 

GARNETT, CONSTANCE (1862). --Translator of _Novels and Tales of Turgenev_(1895-99), etc. 

GARNETT, EDWARD (1868). --Dramatic critic, etc. _An Imaged World_ (1894), _The Breaking Point_ (a censored play, 1907). 

GASQUET, RIGHT REV. FRANCIS AIDAN, D. D. (1846). --Historical writer. _Henry VIII. And the English Monasteries_ (1888-89), _Edward VI. And theBook of Common Prayer_ (1890), _The Great Pestilence_ (1893), _Sketch ofMonastic Constitutional History_ (1896), _Short History of the CatholicChurch in England_ (1903), _Lord Acton and his Circle_, _Parish Life inMediæval England_ (1906), etc. 

GIBERNE, AGNES. --Novelist and scientific writer. Tales, _Conlyng Castle_, _Life Tangles_, _Roy_, _Stories of the Abbey Precincts_, _Rowena_(1906), _Astronomy_, _Sun, Moon, and Stars_, _Starry Skies_, _The World'sFoundations_, _Radiant Suns_, etc. 

GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836). --Dramatist and humorist. _The Palaceof Truth_ (1870), _Pygmalion and Galatea_ (1871), _Trial by Jury_ (1878), _Pinafore_, _Pirates of Penzance_, _Patience_, _Iolanthe_, _The Mikado_, _Yeomen of the Guard_, _Bab Ballads_. 

GOLLANCZ, ISRAEL, Litt. D. (1864). --Scholar. Ed. _Cynewulf's Christ_(1892), _Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon Poetry_ (Early English Text Society), and ed. Temple Shakespeare (1894-96). 

GORDON-STABLES, WILLIAM (1840). --Novelist and writer of boys' books. Haswritten 136 books, including _Cruise of the "Snowbird, "_ _Every Inch aSailor_, _Our Humble Friends and Fellow-Mortals_, _Pirates' Gold_, _FrankHardinge_, _The Rose o' Allandale_, etc. 

GOSSE, EDMUND, LL. D. (1849). --Poet and critic. _On Viol and Flute_(1873), _King Erik_ (1876), _New Poems_ (1879), _Firdausi in Exile_(1885), _Collected Poems_ (1896), _Seventeenth Century Studies_ (1883), _History of Eighteenth Century Literature_ (1889), _Secret of Narcisse_(1892), _The Jacobean Poets_ (1894), _History of Modern EnglishLiterature_ (1897), _French Profiles_ (1905), _Father and Son_ (1908), and Lives of Gray (1882), Congreve (1888), P. H. Gosse (1890), Donne(1899), Jeremy Taylor (1904), C. Patmore (1905), Sir Thomas Browne(1905), etc. 

GOULD, NATHANIEL (1857). --Sporting novelist. _The Double Event_ (1891), _Running it Off_ (1892), _Thrown Away_ (1894), _The Miner's Cup_ (1896), _A Gentleman Rider_ (1898), _A Stable Mystery_ (1900), _The Rajah'sRacer_ (1904), _A Sporting Squatter_ (1906), _A Run of Luck_ (1907), etc. , and many others. 

GRAHAME, KENNETH. --Novelist. _Pagan Papers_ (1893), _The Golden Age_(1895), _Dream Days_ (1898), and _The Headswoman_ (1898). 

GRAND, SARAH (CLARKE). --Novelist. _Singularly Deluded_, _Ideala_, _TheHeavenly Twins_ (1893), _Our Manifold Nature_ (1894), _The Modern Man andMaid_ (1898), _Babs the Impossible_ (1900), etc. 

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846). --Writer of Irish songs, etc. _Songs ofKillarney_ (1872), _Irish Songs and Ballads_ (1879), _Father O'Flynn andother Irish Lyrics_ (1889), _Irish Song Book_ (1894), _The Post Bag_(1902), etc. 

"GRAY, MAXWELL" (TUTTIETT). --Novelist. _The Silence of Dean Maitland_(1886), _Reproach of Annesley_ (1888), _An Innocent Impostor_ (1892), _Sweethearts and Friends_ (1897), _Four-leaved Clover_ (1891), _The GreatRefusal_ (1906), and several vols. Of poetry, etc. 

GRUNDY, SYDNEY (1848). --Dramatist. _Mammon_ (1877), _Silver Shield_(1885), _A White Lie_ (1889), _A Fool's Paradise_ (1889), _Sowing theWind_ (1893), _The New Woman_ (1894), _A Marriage of Convenience_ (1897), _The Black Tulip_ (1899), etc. 

GUTHRIE, THOMAS ANSTEY ("F. ANSTEY") (1856). --Novelist. _Vice-Versa_(1882), _The Giant's Robe_ (1883), _The Black Poodle_ (1884), _The TintedVenus_ (1885), _The Pariah_ (1889), _Voces Populi_, _The Statement ofStella Maberley_, _Baboo Jabberjee_, _Love Among the Lions_, _TheTravelling Companions_, _The Brass Bottle_ (1900), _Salted Almonds_(1906), etc. 

HAGGARD, HENRY RIDER (1856). --Novelist, etc. _The Witch's Head_ (1885), _King Solomon's Mines_ (1886), _She_ (1887), _Jess_ (1887), _AllanQuatermain_ (1887), _Maiwa's Revenge_ (1888), _Cleopatra_ (1889), _Beatrice_ (1890), _Nada the Lily_ (1892), _Montezuma's Daughter_ (1894), _Joan Haste_ (1895), _A Farmer's Year_ (1899), _Lysbeth_ (1901), _RuralEngland_ (1902), _The Brethren_ (1904), _A Gardener's Year_ (1905), _Ayesha_ (1905), _The Poor and the Land_ (1905), _Fair Margaret_ (1907), etc. 

HALES, JOHN WESLEY (1836). --Scholar, co-ed. Of Percy's folio MS. , ed. _Longer English Poems_, author of _Shakespeare Essays and Notes_, etc. 

HARDY, ERNEST GEORGE, D. Litt. (1852). --Writer on Roman History. _Christianity and the Roman Government_, _A History of Jesus College_, _Studies in Roman History_, ed. Plato's _Republic_, book i. Juvenal's_Satires_, etc. 

HARDY, THOMAS, LL. D. (1840). --Novelist. _A Short Story_ (1865), _Desperate Remedies_ (1871), _Under the Greenwood Tree_ (1872), _A Pairof Blue Eyes_ (1872-73), _Far from the Madding Crowd_ (1874), _Hand ofEthelberta_ (1876), _Return of the Native_ (1878), _The Trumpet Major_(1879), _A Laodicean_ (1870-71), _Two on a Tower_ (1882), _The Mayor ofCasterbridge_ (1884-85), _The Woodlanders_ (1886-87), _Wessex Tales_(1888), _A Group of Noble Dames_ (1891), _Tess of the D'Urberville's_(1891), _Life's Little Ironies_ (1894), _Jude, the Obscure_ (1895), _TheWell-Beloved_ (1897), _Wessex Poems_ (1898), _Poems of the Past and thePresent_ (1901), _The Dynasts_ (drama), part i. (1904), and part ii. (1906), _Time's Laughing Stocks_ (1909). 

HARRADEN, BEATRICE (1864). --Novelist. _Ships that Pass in the Night_(1893), _In Varying Moods_ (1894), _Hilda Strafford_ (1897), _The Fowler_(1899), _Katharine Frensham_ (1903), _The Scholar's Daughter_ (1903), also tales for children, etc. 

HARRIS, FRANK (1856). --Novelist, etc. _Elder Conklin_, _The Man WilliamShakespeare_ (1898), _Montes the Matador_ (1900). Play: _Mr. And Mrs. Daventry_. Formerly editor of _Saturday Review_ and _Fortnightly Review_. 

HARRISON, FREDERIC, Litt. D. (1831). --Historical and miscellaneous writer. _Meaning of History_ (1862), enlarged (1894), _Order and Progress_(1875), _The Choice of Books_ (1886), _Oliver Cromwell_ (1888), _Annalsof an Old Manor-house_ (1893), _Victorian Literature_ (1895), _Introduction to Comte's Positive Philosophy_, _Tennyson, Ruskin, Mill, and Others_ (1899), _Byzantine History in the Early Middle Ages_ (1900), _Life of Ruskin_ (1902), _Theophano_ (1904), _Nicephorus, a Tragedy ofNew Rome_ (1906), _The Creed of a Layman_ (1907), etc. 

HARRISON, MISS JANE ELLEN, LL. D. , etc. (1850). --Writer on Greek art andreligion. _Myths of the Odyssey in Art and Literature_ (1882), _Introductory Studies in Greek Art_ (1885), _Mythology and Monuments ofAncient Athens_ (1890) (with Mrs. A. W. Verrall), _Prolegomena to Study ofGreek Religion_, etc. 

HARRISON, MARY ST. LEGER ("LUCAS MALET"). --Novelist. _Mrs. Lorimer_(1882), _Colonel Enderby's Wife_ (1885), _A Counsel of Perfection_(1888), _The Wages of Sin_ (1891), _The Carissima_ (1896), _History ofSir Richard Calmady_ (1901), etc. 

HASSALL, ARTHUR (1853). --Historian. _Handbook of European History_(1897), _The Balance of Power_ (1715-89), in Periods of European History, of which he is ed. (1896), _A Class Book of English History_ (1901), _History of France_ (1901), _The French People_ (1901), _The TudorDynasty_ (1904), arranged Stubbs' _Introductions_ in Rolls Series, andother works of his, author of Lives of Bolingbroke, Louis XIV. , Mazarin, etc. 

HAWKINS, ANTHONY HOPE ("ANTHONY HOPE") (1863). --Novelist. _The Prisonerof Zenda_, _The God in the Car_, _Dolly Dialogues_, _Rupert of Hentzau_, _Tristram of Blent_, _The King's Mirror_, _The Intrusions of Peggy_, _Double Harness_, _Sophie of Kravonia_, two plays, etc. 

HAWTHORNE, JULIAN (1846). --Novelist, etc. _Saxon Studies_ (1874), _Archibald Malmaison_ (1878), _Dust_ (1882), _Fortune's Fool_ (1883), _Fool of Nature_ (1897), a Life of his _f. _, Nathaniel H. , etc. 

HAYES, ALFRED (1857). --Poet. _Death of St. Louis_ (1885), _The LastCrusade and other Poems_ (1886), _The Vale of Arden_ (1895), etc. 

HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW (1834). --Critic, etc. _The Venetian Republic_(1900), ed. Warton's _History of English Poetry_, _BiographicalCollections and Notes_ (8 vols. 1876-1904), ed. Letters of CharlesLamb, _Memoirs of William Hazlitt_, _The Lambs_ (1897), _Shakespeare, the Man and his Works_, _Coins of Europe_ (1893-97), etc. 

HERFORD, CHARLES HAROLD, Litt. D. (1853). --Scholar and critical writer. _Studies in the Literary Relations of England and Germany in theSixteenth Century_ (1886), _The Age of Wordsworth_ (1897), _English Talesin Verse_ (1902), _The Social History of the English Drama_ (1881); hasdone much work on Shakespeare, ed. _Eversley Shakespeare_ (10 vols. 1899), and has made translations from Ibsen, etc. 

HEWLETT, MAURICE HENRY (1861). --Poet and novelist. _Earthwork out ofTuscany_ (1895), _The Masque of Dead Florentines_ (1895), _Songs andMeditations_ (1897), _Pan and the Young Shepherd_ (1898), _The ForestLovers_ (1898), _Little Novels of Italy_ (1899), _The Queen's Quair_(1904), _The Stooping Lady_ (1907), etc. 

HICHENS, ROBERT SMYTHE (1864). --Novelist, etc. _The Green Carnation_, _AnImaginative Man_ (1895), _Tongues of Conscience_ (1900), _Prophet ofBerkeley Square_ (1901), _The Call of the Blood_ (1906), and variousplays, etc. 

HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH (1823). --American essayist, etc. _OutdoorPapers_, _Malbone_ (a romance), _Army Life in a Black Regiment_, _OldportDays_, _Young Folks' History of the United States_, _Common Sense aboutWomen_, _Concerning all of Us_, _Cheerful Yesterdays_ (autobiography), _Tales of the Enchanted Islands_, etc. 

HOCKING, REV. JOSEPH. --Novelist. _Zillah_ (1892), _The Birthright_(1897), _Esau_ (1904), _Chariots of the Lord_ (1905), _A Strong Man'sVow_ (1907), etc. 

HOCKING, REV. SILAS KITTO (1850). --Novelist. _Ivy_ (1881), _Real Grit_(1887), _In Spite of Fate_ (1897), _Gripped_ (1902), _A Modern Pharisee_(1907), etc. 

HODGKIN, THOMAS, D. C. L. , etc. (1831). --Historian. _Italy and herInvaders_, 8 vols. (1880-1899), _Letters of Cassiodorus_ (1886), _Dynastyof Theodosius_ (1889), _Life of Theodoric_ (1891), _Life of Charles theGreat_ (Foreign Statesmen Series) (1897), etc. 

"HOPE, ANTHONY, " (_see_ HAWKINS, ANTHONY HOPE). 

HORNUNG, ERNEST WILLIAM (1866). --Novelist. _A Bride from the Bush_(1890), _The Boss of Taroomba_, _The Unbidden Guest_ (1894), _Dead Mentell no Tales_ (1899), _The Amateur Cracksman_ (1899), _The Black Mask_, _A Thief in the Night_ (1905), etc. 

HOUSMAN, ALFRED EDWARD (1859). --Scholar, etc. _A Shropshire Lad_ (1896), ed. Juvenal and other classics. 

HOUSMAN, LAURENCE (1867). --Artist, poet, etc. _The Writings of WilliamBlake_ (1893), _A Farm in Fairyland_ (1894), _The House of Joy_ (1895), _Green Arras_ (1896), _Gods and their Makers_ (1897), _Spikenard_ (1898), _The Field of Clover_ (1898), _Rue_ (1899), _Sabrina Warham_ (1904), _Prunella, or Love in a Dutch Garden_ (1906); has illustrated "GoblinMarket, " "The Were Wolf, " "Jump to Glory Jane, " etc. 

HOWELLS, WILLIAM DEAN, D. Litt. (1837). --American novelist, etc. _AForegone Conclusion_, _A Chance Acquaintance_, _A CounterfeitPresentment_, _The Undiscovered Country_, _Modern Italian Poets_, _IndianSummer_, _Heroines of Fiction_ (1901), _Miss Bellard's Inspiration_(1905), _Through the Eye of the Needle_ (1907), etc. 

HUDSON, W. H. (1862). --Naturalist and traveller. _The Purple Land_ (1885), _The Naturalist in La Plata_ (1892), _Idle Days in Patagonia_ (1893), _British Birds_ (1895), _Green Mansions_ (1904), _A Crystal Age_ (1906), etc. 

HUEFFER, FORD MADOX (1873). --Novelist, etc. _The Brown Owl_, _TheInheritors_ and _Romance_ (both with J. Conrad), _The Face of the Night_(1904), _The Soul of London_ (1905), _An English Girl_ (1907), _A Call_(1910), Life of Madox Brown, etc. 

HUTTON, EDWARD (1875). --Writer on Italian Art, etc. _Italy and theItalians_ (1902), _The Cities of Umbria_ (1905), _The Cities of Spain_(1906), _Sigismondo Malatesta_ (1906), _Giovanni Boccaccio_ (1910), etc. 

HUTTON, REV. WILLIAM HOLDEN, B. D. (1860). --Historian, _The Misrule ofHenry III. _, _The Church of the Sixth Century_, _Short History of theChurch in Great Britain_, _The English Church_ (1625-1714), and Lives ofSimon de Montfort, Laud, Sir T. More, etc. 

HYDE, DOUGLAS, LL. D. --Irish scholar. _Beside the Fire_, _Love Songs ofConnacht_ (1894), _Three Sorrows of Story-telling_ (1895), _Story ofEarly Irish Literature_ (1897), _A Literary History of Ireland_ (1899), and various works in Irish; has ed. Various Irish texts, and madetranslations into English. 

JACOBS, JOSEPH (1854). --Writer on folk-lore and Jewish history. _EnglishFairy Tales_ (1890), _Celtic Fairy Tales_ (1891), _Indian Fairy Tales_(1892), _Reynard the Fox_ (1895), _Jews of Angevin England_ (1893), _Sources of the History of the Jews in Spain_ (1895); has ed. VariousEnglish classics, _e. G. _, Caxton's "Æsop" and Howell's "FamiliarLetters, " and many modern works, etc. 

JACOBS, WILLIAM WYMARK (1863). --Novelist. _Many Cargoes_ (1896), _TheSkipper's Wooing_ (1897), _A Master of Craft_ (1900), _At Sunwich Port_(1902), _Odd Craft_ (1903), _Dialstone Lane_ (1904), _Short Cruises_(1907). Plays (with Louis N. Parker), _Beauty and the Barge_, _TheMonkey's Paw_, etc. 

JAMES, HENRY (1843). --American novelist and critic. _A PassionatePilgrim_ (1875), _The American_ (1877), _The Europeans_ (1878), _DaisyMiller_ (1878), _A Bundle of Letters_ (1879), _Washington Square_ (1880), _The Bostonians_ (1886), _A London Life_ (1889), _Terminations_ (1896), _What Maisie Knew_ (1897), _The Two Magics_ (1898), _The Sacred Fount_(1901), _The Ambassador_ (1903), _The American Scene_ (1907); incriticism, _French Poets and Novelists_ (1878), _Partial Portraits_, etc. 

JAMES, WILLIAM, LL. D. , etc. (1842). --Psychologist. _Principles ofPsychology_ (1890), _Human Immortality_ (1897), _The Varieties ofReligious Experience_ (1902), _Pragmatism_ (1907), and _The Meaning ofTruth_ (1909). 

JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1860). --Novelist, playwright, etc. _On the Stageand Off_ (1885), _Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow_ (1889), _Three Men ina Boat_ (1891), _Sketches in Lavender_ (1897), _Paul Kelver_ (1902), _Tommy & Co. _ (1904). Plays, _The Passing of the Third Floor Back_(1907), etc. 

JESSOP, REV. AUGUSTUS, D. D. (1824). --Historian. _One Generation of aNorfolk House_ (1878), _History of the Diocese of Norwich_ (1879), _Arcady for Better or Worse_ (1881), _The Coming of the Friars_ (1885), _Random Roaming_ (1896), _Before the Great Pillage_ (1901), ed. Works byDonne, etc. 

JEWETT, SARAH ORME (1849). --American novelist. _Deephaven_, _The CountryDoctor_, etc. 

JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851). --Dramatist. _A Clerical Error_ (1879), _TheSilver King_ (1882), _Saints and Sinners_ (1884), _The Middleman_ (1889), _The Case of Rebellious Susan_ (1894), _The Liars_ (1897), _TheHypocrites_ (1906), etc. 

KIDD, BENJAMIN (1858). --Sociologist, etc. _Social Evolution_ (1894), _Principles of Western Civilisation_ (1902), etc. 

KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865). --Novelist, etc. _Departmental Ditties_ (1886), _Plain Tales from the Hills_ (1887), _Soldiers Three_, _The Light thatFailed_ (1891), _The Jungle Books_ (1894 and 1895), _Kim_ (1901), _Puckof Pook's Hill_, etc. Also poems, _Barrack-Room Ballads_, _The SevenSeas_, and _The Five Nations_. 

LANG, ANDREW, D. Litt. , etc. (1844). --Poet, critic, and folklorist. _Ballads and Lyrics of Old France_ (1872), _Ballads in Blue China_(1880), _Custom and Myth_ (1884), _Books and Bookmen_ (1886), _Mark ofCain_ (1886), _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ (1887), "Blue, " "Red, ""Green, " "Yellow, " "Pink, " and "Olive" Fairy Books (ed. 1889-1907), _SirStafford Northcote_ (1890), _Prince Ricardo of Pantouflia_ (1893), _Homerand the Epic_ (1893), _Life of J. G. Lockhart_ (1896), translation of_Odyssey_ (with Prof. Butcher), and of _Iliad_ (with Mr. Myers and Mr. W. Leaf), _The Making of Religion_ (1898), _History of Scotland from theRoman Occupation_, vol. I. , _Prince Charles Edward_ (1901), _The Mysteryof Mary Stuart_ (1901), _The Valet's Tragedy_ (1903), _John Knox and theReformation_ (1905), etc. 

LANE-POOLE, STANLEY, Litt. D. , etc. (1854). --Historian and archæologist. _Histories of the Moors in Spain_ (7th ed. 1904), _The MohammedanDynasties_ (1893), _The Mogul Emperors_ (1892), _Art of the Saracens ofEgypt_ (1886), _The Story of Cairo_, _Lives_ of Lord Stratford deRedcliffe, E. W. Lane, Aurangzib Saladin, etc. , edit. Lane's _ArabicLexicon_, etc. 

LAUGHTON, SIR JOHN KNOX (1830). --Writer on naval subjects, etc. _PhysicalGeography in relation to the Prevailing Winds and Currents_ (1870), _Studies in Naval History_ (1887), _Nelson_ (English Men of Action)(1895), _Nelson and his Companions in Arms_ (1896), _Sea Fights andAdventures_ (1901); ed. _Letters and Dispatches of Lord Nelson_, _FromHoward to Nelson_ (1899), etc. 

LAW, WILLIAM ARTHUR (1844). --Dramatic author. _A Night Surprise_ (1877), _Enchantment_ (1878), _Castle Botherem_ (1880), _Nobody's Fault_ (1882), _A Mint of Money_ (1884), _The Judge_ (1890), _Country Mouse_ (1902), _Three Blind Mice_ (1906), etc. 

LAWLESS, THE HON. EMILY. --Novelist. _Hurrish_ (1886), _Story of Ireland_(1887), _Plain Frances Mowbray_ (1889), _With Essex in Ireland_ (1890), _A Garden Diary_ (1901), _Book of Gilly_ (1906), etc. 

LEAF, WALTER, Litt. D. (1852). --Scholar and translator. _The Iliad ofHomer translated into English Prose_ (with A. Lang and E. Myers) (1882), _Companion to the Iliad_ (1892), etc. 

LEE, SIDNEY, D. Litt. , LL. D. (1859). --Ed. Of _The Dictionary of NationalBiography_ (with Sir L. Stephen), _Stratford on Avon from the EarliestTimes to the Death of Shakespeare_ (1885), _Life of Shakespeare_ (1898), _A Life of Queen Victoria_ (1902), _Shakespeare and the Modern Stage_(1906), etc. Has also ed. Various English texts. 

LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD (1866). --Novelist and poet. _Volumes in Folio_(1888), _The Religion of a Literary Man_ (1893), _Quest of the GoldenGirl_ (1896), _Romance of Zion Chapel_ (1898), _Sleeping Beauty_ (1900), _New Poems_ (1909), etc. 

LILLY, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1840). --Philosopher, etc. _Ancient Religion andModern Thought_ (1884), _Chapters in European History_ (1886), _A Centuryof Revolution_ (1889), _The Great Enigma_ (1893), _Four English Humoristsof the Nineteenth Century_ (1895), _Renaissance Types_ (1901), _Studiesin Religion and Literature_ (1904). 

LOCKE, WILLIAM JOHN (1863). --Novelist. _At the Gate of Samaria_ (1895). _The Demagogue and Lady Phayre_ (1896), _A Study in Shadows_ (1896), _TheWhite Dove_ (1900), _The Usurper_ (1901), _The Beloved Vagabond_ (1906), etc. ; also dramas, _The Morals of Marcus_, _The Palace of Puck_, _Idols_, etc. 

LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN, K. C. B. , F. R. S. (1836). --Astronomer. _Elementary Lessons in Astronomy_ (1870), _Studies in Spectrum Analysis_(1878), _Star-gazing, Past and Present_ (1878), _Chemistry of the Sun_(1887), _Dawn of Astronomy_ (1894), _The Sun's Place in Nature_ (1897), _Stonehenge and other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered_(1906-1907), etc. 

LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH, F. R. S. , LL. D. (1851). --Scientist andpsychologist. _Elementary Mechanics_ (1881), _Modern Views ofElectricity_ (1888, 1892, 1907), _Signalling through Space without Wires_(1894), _Life and Matter: A Short Treatise on Fundamental Problems_(1905), _Electrons, or the Nature of Negative Electricity_ (1906), _TheSubstance of Faith_ (1907), _Man and the Universe: A Study of theInfluence of Modern Discoveries on our Conception of Christianity_(1908), _The Ether of Space_ (1909), _Survival of Man: A Study inUnrecognised Human Faculty_ (1909), etc. 

LODGE, RICHARD, LL. D. , etc. (1855). --Historian. _Students' ModernEurope_, _Richelieu_ (Foreign Statesmen Series), _The Close of the MiddleAges_, etc. 

LONDON, JACK (1876). --American novelist. _The Son of the Wolf_ (1900), _The God of his Fathers_, _Children of the Frost_, _People of the Abyss_, _Call of the Wild_, _Tales of the Fish Patrol_ (1905), _The Road_ (1908), etc. 

LOW, SIDNEY JAMES. --Journalist and miscellaneous writer. _The Governanceof England_ (1904), _A Vision of India_ (1906), _Dictionary of EnglishHistory_, etc. 

LUCAS, EDWARD VERALL (1868). --Novelist. Ed. Of Lamb, etc. _The Open Road_(1899), _Old-fashioned Tales_ (1905), _The Friendly Town_ (1905), _Forgotten Tales of Long Ago_ (1906); ed. _Works of Charles and MaryLamb_, _Life of C. Lamb_ (1905), books for children, etc. 

LYALL, SIR ALFRED COMYN, K. C. B. , etc. (1835). --Poet and biographer. _Verses written in India_, _British Dominion in India_, _AsiaticStudies_, _Lives_ of Warren Hastings, Lord Dufferin, etc. 

M'CARTHY, JUSTIN (1830). --Novelist and historian. Novels, _MissMisanthrope_, _Dear Lady Disdain_, _Maid of Athens_, _Red Diamonds_, _Mononia_, etc. ; historical works, _History of our Own Times_, _FourGeorges and William IV. _, _Modern England_, _Reign of Queen Anne_, _Lives_ of Sir R. Peel, Pope, etc. , Reminiscences, etc. 

MCCARTHY, JUSTIN HUNTLY (1860). --Novelist and dramatist. Novels, _Dolly_, _Marjorie_, _Flower of France_, _Needles and Pins_, etc. ; _Ireland sincethe Union_; plays, _The candidate_, _My Friend the Prince_, _If I wereKing_, etc. 

MACKAIL, JOHN WILLIAM, LL. D. , etc. (1859). --Scholar, etc. _SelectEpigrams from the Greek Anthology_ (1890), _Latin Literature_ (1895), _Life of William Morris_ (1899), and translated Homer's _Odyssey_ inverse. 

MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND, LL. D. , D. C. L. , etc. (1839). --Scholar and writeron philosophy. _Twelve Lectures on Primitive Civilisation_ (1868), _Prolegomena to Ancient History_ (1871), _Kant's Critical Philosophy forEnglish Readers_ (1871), _History of Greek Literature_ (1880), _GreekLife and Thought from Alexander to the Roman Conquest_ (1887), _Empire ofthe Ptolemies_ (1896), _The Silver Age of the Greek World_ (1906), etc. 

MAHAN, ALFRED THAYER, D. C. L. , LL. D. (1840). --American writer on navalhistory. _Influence of Sea Power upon History_ (1890), _Influence of SeaPower upon French Revolution and Empire_ (1892), _The Interest of theUnited States in Sea Power_ (1897), _Lessons of the War with Spain_(1899), etc. 

"MALET, LUCAS, " (_see_ HARRISON, MRS. MARY ST. LEGER). 

MALLOCK, WILLIAM HURRELL (1849). --Novelist and writer on politics, evolution, etc. _The New Republic_ (1877), _The New Paul and Virginia_(1878), _Studies of Contemporary Superstitions_, _Social Equality_, _Property and Progress_, _Classes and Masses_ (1896), _Aristocracy andEvolution_ (1898), _Religion as a Credible Doctrine_ (1902), _Reconstruction of Belief_ (1905); novels, _A Romance of the NineteenthCentury_, _The Old Order Changes_, _A Human Document_, _TheIndividualist_, _The Veil of the Temple_. 

"MATHERS, HELEN" (MRS. HENRY REEVES) (1853). --Novelist. _Comin' throughthe Rye_, _Cherry Ripe_, _My Lady Green-sleeves_, _Venus Victrix_, _Griffof Griffiths Court_, _The Ferryman_, etc. 

MATTHEWS, JAMES BRANDER, Litt. D. , D. C. L. , etc. (1852). --American critic, etc. _French Dramatists of the Nineteenth Century_, _Introduction to theStudy of American Literature_, _Aspects of Fiction_, _His Father's Son_, etc. 

MAUGHAM, WILLIAM SOMERSET (1874). --Novelist. _Liza of Lambeth_ (1897), _The Making of a Saint_ (1898), _The Hero_ (1901), _Mrs. Craddock_(1902), _The Land of the Blessed Virgin_ (1905), _The Bishop's Apron_(1906). Plays: _Lady Frederick_, _Mrs. Dot_, _Smith_, etc. 

MAXWELL, SIR HERBERT EUSTACE, F. R. S. , LL. D. , etc. (1845). --Novelist, essayist, etc. Novels, _Sir Lucian Elphin_ (1889), _The Letter of theLaw_ (1890), _A Duke of Britain_ (1895), _Chevalier of the SplendidCrest_ (1905), etc. ; other writings, _Meridiana_, _Noontide Essays_(1892), _Scottish Land Names_ (1894), _Afternoon Essays_ (1895), _RainyDays in a Library_ (1896), _Bruce and the Struggle for ScottishIndependence_, _Memories of the Months_ (4 series), _Story of the Tweed_(1905), _Lives_ of W. H. Smith, Wellington, Romney, etc. 

"MEADE, L. T. " (MRS. TOULMIN SMITH). --Novelist. _Scamp and I_, _A World ofGirls_, _The Medicine Lady_, _Wild Kitty_, _Brotherhood of the SevenKings_, _From the Hand of the Hunter_, etc. 

MEYNELL, MRS. ALICE (THOMPSON). --Poet and essayist. _Preludes_, _TheRhythm of Life_ (1893), _The Colour of Life_ (1896), _The Flower of theMind_, _Anthology of English Poetry_ (ed. ), _The Spirit of Place_ (1898), _Later Poems_ (1901), a book on Ruskin, etc. 

MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR, M. D. , LL. D. (1830). --American poet, novelist, andphysician. _Hephzibah Guinness_ (1880), _Roland Blake_ (1886), _Masqueand other Poems_ (1888), _Cup of Youth_ (poems), _Characteristics_(1892), _When all the Woods are Green_ (1894), _Adventures of François_, etc. , besides various medical works. 

MITFORD, BERTRAM. --Novelist. _Romance of the Cape Frontier_, _Wind ofDeadly Hollow_, _A Veldt Official_, _Ruby Sword_, _A Veldt Vendetta_, etc. 

MOLESWORTH, MRS. MARY LOUISA (STEWART) (1839). --Novelist and writer forchildren. _Carrots_, _Cuckoo Clock_, _Herr Baby_, _The Boys_, etc. ;novels, _Hathercourt Rectory_, _The Laurel Walk_, etc. 

MOORE, FRANK FRANKFORT (1855). --Novelist and dramatist. _Dawn_ (verse), _Told by the Sea_, _I forbid the Banns_ (1893), _The Jessamy Bride_(1897), _A Damsel or Two_ (1902), _The King's Messenger_ (1907), etc. ;plays, _A March Hare_, _The Queen's Room_, _Kitty Clive_, _The Food ofLove_ (1909), etc. 

MOORE, GEORGE (1857). --Novelist, playwright, and art critic. _Flowers ofPassion_ (verse) (1877), _A Mummer's Wife_ (1884), _Literature at Nurse_(1885), _Vain Fortune_ (1890), _Ideals in Ireland_ (1891), _ModernPainting_ (1893), _Esther Waters_ (1894), _The Bending of the Bough_(play), etc. 

MORLEY, JOHN, 1ST LORD MORLEY of BLACKBURN, P. C. , O. M. , F. R. S. , etc. (1838). --Biographer and essayist. _Edmund Burke_ (1867), _CriticalMiscellanies_ (1871-77) (two series), _Voltaire_ (1871), _Rousseau_(1873), _On Compromise_ (1874), _Diderot and the Encyclopædists_ (1878), _Studies in Literature_ (1891), _Oliver Cromwell_ (1900), _Life ofGladstone_ (1903), etc. 

MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863). --Novelist. _Tales of Mean Streets_ (1894), _Martin Hewitt_ (1894), _A Child of the Jago_ (1896), _The Hole in theWall_ (1902), etc. 

MULLINGER, JAMES BASS (1834). --Historian. _Cambridge Characteristics inthe Seventeenth Century_ (1867), _The Ancient African Church_ (1869), _The New Reformation_ (1875), _The Schools of Charles the Great_ (1876), _The University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to the Accession ofCharles I. _, _Introduction to English History_ (with S. R. Gardiner), _History of St. John's College, Cambridge_ (1901), etc. 

MUNRO, NEIL (1864). --Novelist, etc. _The Lost Pibroch_ (1896), _JohnSplendid_ (1898), _Gillian the Dreamer_ (1899), _Doom Castle_ (1901), _The Shoes of Fortune_ (1901), _Children of the Tempest_ (1903), _TheDaft Days_ (1907), etc. 

MURFREE, MARY NOAILLES ("CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK"). --American novelist. _In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1884), _Down the Ravine_ (1885), _TheProphet of the Great Smoky Mountains_ (1886), _Story of Keedar Bluffs_(1887), _His Vanished Star_ (1894), _The Juggler_ (1897), _TheBushwhackers_ (1899), etc. 

MURRAY, GEORGE GILBERT AIMEE, LL. D. (1866). --Scholar. _History of AncientGreek Literature_ (1897), _Euripidis Fabulæ adnotatione criticainstructæ_ (1901 and 1904), _Euripides, Verse Translations_, _Rise of theGreek Epic_ (1907), etc. 

MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY, LL. D. , D. C. L. , etc. (1837). --Philologist. Ed. Of _New English Dictionary_, _Dialect of theSouthern Counties of Scotland_, has ed. Various works for the EarlyEnglish Text Society, etc. 

"NESBIT, E. , " (_see_ BLAND, MRS. HUBERT). 

NICOLL, SIR WILLIAM ROBERTSON, LL. D. (1851). --Journalist, poet, andessayist, etc. _Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century_ (1895), _Songs of Rest_ (two series), ed. _Letters on Life_, _The Church's OneFoundation_; has ed. _Works of C. Bronté_, _Expositors' Greek Testament_, etc. Editor of _British Weekly_. 

NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1846). --Novelist. _Heaps of Money_ (1877), _Mademoiselle de Mersac_, _My Friend Jim_, _The Dancer in Yellow_ (1896), _An Octave_ (1900), _The Credit of the County_ (1902), _Harry and Ursula_(1907), etc. 

NOYES, ALFRED (1880). --Poet, etc. _The Loom of Years_ (1902), _The Flowerof Old Japan_ (1903), _Poems_ (1904), _The Forest of Wild Thyme_ (1905), _Drake_ (an English epic) (1906), _William Morris_ (1907), _The EnchantedIsland_ (1909). 

O'GRADY, STANDISH (1846). --Writer on Irish history and literature. _History of Ireland, Heroic Period_, vols. I. And ii. , _History ofIreland, Critical and Philosophical_, vol. I. , _The Flight of the Eagle_, _The Bog of Stars_, _Finn and his Companions_, _Ulrick the Ready_, _TheChain of Gold_, _The Coming of Cuculain_, etc. 

OKEY, THOMAS. --Writer on topography and art. _Venice and its Story_, _Paris and its Story_, _Venetian Palaces and Old Venetian Folk_, Translator of Dante's _Purgatorio_. 

OMAN, CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK, (1860). --Historian. _A History of Greece_(1888), _Warwick the Kingmaker_ (1891), _Short History of the ByzantineEmpire_ (1892), _A History of Europe_, 476-918 (1893), _Short History ofEngland_ (1895), _History of the Peninsular War_, vols. I. And ii. , etc. 

OPPENHEIM, E. PHILLIPS (1866). --Novelist. _The Master Mummer_, _Mysterious Mr. Sabin_, _A Prince of Sinners_, _Conspirators_, etc. 

"ORCZY, BARONESS" (MRS. MONTAGU BARSTOW). --Novelist and playwright. _TheEmperor's Candlesticks_, _The Scarlet Pimpernel_ (1905), _A Son of thePeople_ (1906), _I will Repay_ (1906), etc. 

OXENHAM, JOHN. --Novelist. _God's Prisoner_ (1898), _John of Gerisau_(1902), _White Fire_ (1905), _Giant Circumstance_, _The Long Road_, etc. 

PATRICK, DAVID, LL. D. (1849). --Ed. Of _Chambers' Encyclopædia_ (1888-92), _Chambers' Cyclopædia of English Literature_ (1901-3), and _Chambers'sBiographical Dictionary_ (with F. H. Groome) (1897). 

PAIN, BARRY (1868). --Novelist, etc. _In a Canadian Canoe_ (1891), _Stories and Interludes_ (1892), _Graeme and Cyril_ (1893), _Kindness ofthe Celestial_ (1894), _The Romantic History of Robin Hood_ (1898), _Lindley Kays_ (1904), _Wilhelmina in London_ (1906), _Shadow of theUnseen_ (1907), etc. 

PASTURE, MRS. HENRY DE LA (BONHAM). --Novelist and dramatist. _The LittleSquire_ (1894), _A Toy Tragedy_, _Deborah of Tod's_ (1897), _Catherine ofCalais_ (1901), _Peter's Mother_ (1905), _The Tyrant_ (1909). 

PAUL, HERBERT WOODFIELD (1853). --Historian and biographer. _Men andLetters_ (1901), _History of Modern England_, _Stray Leaves_ (1906), _Queen Anne_ (1906), _Lives_ of W. E. Gladstone, Matthew Arnold (EnglishMen of Letters), Lord Acton, and Froude. 

PEARS, SIR EDWIN (1835). --War correspondent, etc, _Fall ofConstantinople_ (1885), _The Destruction of the Greek Empire_ (1903), etc. 

PEMBERTON, MAX (1863). --Novelist. _The Sea Wolves_ (1894), _TheImpregnable City_ (1895), _Christine of the Hills_ (1897), _Pro Patria_(1901), _Dr. Xavier_ (1903), _Red Morn_ (1904), _The Hundred Days_(1905), _The Fortunate Prisoner_ (1909), etc. 

PHELPS, ELIZABETH STUART (MRS. H. D. WARD) (1844). --American novelist. _The Gates Ajar_ (1869), _Hedged In_ (1870), _Story of Avis_ (1877), _AnOld Maid's Paradise_ (1879), _Beyond the Gates_ (1883), _The Madonna ofthe Tubs_ (1887), _The Gates Between_ (1887), _Struggle for Immortality_(1889), _Come Forth_ (with H. D. Ward, 1890), _Avery_, _Trixy_ (1904), etc. 

PHILLIPS, CLAUDE. --Writer on art. _Picture Gallery of Charles I. _, _TheEarlier Work of Titian_, _The Later Work of Titian_, _Lives_ of Reynolds, Watteau, etc. 

PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868). --Poet. _Marpessa_ (1890), _Eremus_ (1894), _Christ in Hades_ (1896), _Poems_ (1897), _Paolo and Francesca_ (1899), _Herod_ (1900), _Ulysses_ (1902), _The Sin of David_ (1904), _Nero_(1906), etc. 

PHILLPOTTS, EDEN (1862). --Novelist. _Down Dartmoor Way_ (1894), _LyingProphets_ (1896), _Children of the Mist_ (1898), _Sons of the Morning_(1900), _The River_ (1902), _The Secret Woman_ (1905), _The Whirlwind_(1907), etc. 

PINERO, SIR ARTHUR WING (1855). --Dramatist. _The Magistrate_, _SweetLavender_, _The Profligate_, _The Weaker Sex_, _Lady Bountiful_, _TheSecond Mrs. Tanqueray_, _The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith_, _The Benefit ofthe Doubt_, _The Princess and the Butterfly_, _The Gay Lord Quex_, _HisHouse in Order_, _Mid Channel_, etc. 

POLLARD, ALBERT FREDERICK, F. R. Hist. S. (1869). --Historical writer. _TheJesuits in Poland_ (1892), _England under Protector Somerset_ (1900), _Henry VIII. _ (Gougiel Series, 1902), _Life of Thomas Cranmer_ (1904), etc. , and has contributed largely to _The Dictionary of NationalBiography_, and to the _Cambridge Modern History_, and ed. _PoliticalPamphlets_, _Tudor Tracts_, etc. 

POLLARD, ALFRED WILLIAM (1859). --Bibliographer, etc. _Books about Books_(1893), _Bibliographica_ (1894-96), _Early Illustrated Books_ (1893), _Italian Book Illustrations_ (1894), etc. ; and has ed. _English MiraclePlays_ (1890), Herrick, Chaucer (Globe ed. ), etc. 

POLLOCK, WALTER HERRIES (1850). --Poet and miscellaneous writer. _TheModern French Theatre_ (1878), _Verse, Old and New_, _Sealed Orders andother Poems_, _Lectures on French Poets_, _A Nine Men's Morrice_, _KingZub_, _Jane Austen, her Contemporaries and Herself_, etc. 

POOLE, REGINALD LANE, Ph. D. (1857). --Historical writer. _History of theHuguenots of the Dispersion_ (1880), _Illustrations of the History ofModern Thought_ (1884), _Wycliffe and Movements for Reform_ (1889), _Historical Atlas of Modern Europe_ (1897-1902), etc. 

PRAED, MRS. ROSA CAROLINE MACKWORTH ("MRS. CAMPBELL PRAED")(1851). --Australian novelist. _Policy and Passion_ (1881), _Nadine_(1882), _The Head Station_ (1885), _Miss Jacobsen's Chance_ (1887), _December Roses_ (1893), _The Insane Root_, _The Luck of the Leura_(1907), etc. 

PREVOST, FRANCIS, (_see_ BATTERSBY). 

PROTHERO, GEORGE WALTER, Litt. D. , LL. D. , etc. (1848). --Historian. _Lifeand Times of Simon de Montfort_ (1877), _Memoir of Henry Bradshaw_(1889), ed. Voltaire's _Louis Quatorze_, _Select Statutes, etc. , ofElizabeth and James I. _, co-ed. Of _Cambridge Modern History_, etc. 

PROTHERO, ROWLAND EDMUND, M. V. O. (1852). --Biographer, etc. _Life andCorrespondence of Dean Stanley_ (1893), ed. _Letters of Edward Gibbon_, _Letters and Journals of Lord Byron_, _The Psalms in Human Life_, etc. 

QUILLER-COUCH, ARTHUR THOMAS ("Q") (1863). --Novelist. _Dead Man's Rock_(1887), _Troy Town_ (1888), _The Splendid Spur_ (1889), _The BluePavilions_ (1891), _The Golden Pomp_ (1895), _The Ship of Stars_ (1899), _Shining Ferry_ (1905), finished R. L. Stevenson's _St. Ives_, etc. 

"RAIMOND, C. E. , " (_see_ ROBINS, ELIZABETH). 

RALEIGH, WALTER (1861). --Biographer and critic. _The English Novel_(1894), _Robert Louis Stevenson_ (1895), _Style_ (1897), books onShakespeare, Milton, and Wordsworth, etc. 

REEVES, MRS. H. , (_see_ MATHERS, HELEN). 

RHYS, ERNEST (1859). --Poet, novelist, etc. _A London Rose_ (verse), _TheFiddler of Carne_ (1896), _Welsh Ballads_ (1898), _The Whistling Maid_(1900), _The Man at Odds_, _Gwenevere_ (play); has ed. The Camelot Series(1886-91), _Dekker's Plays_ in Mermaid Series, etc. 

RHYS, MRS. GRACE (1865). --Novelist and essayist. _Mary Dominic_ (1898), _The Wooing of Sheila_ (1901), _The Bride_ (1909), _Five Beads on aString_ (essays) (1907), etc. 

RHYS, SIR JOHN, D. Litt. (1840). --Celtic philologist. _Celtic Britain_(1882), _Studies in the Arthurian Legend_ (1891), _Celtic Folklore_(1901), etc. 

RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT. --Novelist. _A Clever Wife_ (1895), _Mord Em'ly_(1898), _A Son of the State_ (1899), _Erb_ (1903), _Mrs. Galer'sBusiness_ (1905), _The Wickhamses_ (1906), _Name of Garland_ (1907), etc. 

RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1858). --American poet and humorist. _The OldSwimmin' Hole_ (1883), _Pipes o' Pan at Zekesbury_ (1887), _Rhymes ofChildhood_ (1889), _Old-fashioned Roses_ (1891), _Green Fields andRunning Brooks_ (1893), _A Child World_ (1896), _While the Heart beatsYoung_ (1906), etc. 

RITCHIE, MRS. ANNE ISABELLA (THACKERAY) (1837). --Novelist, etc. _TheStory of Elizabeth_ (1863), _The Village on the Cliff_ (1865), _ToEsther_ (1869), _Old Kensington_ (1873), _Blue Beard's Keys_ (1874), _Miss Angel_ (1875), _Mrs. Dymond_ (1885), etc. 

ROBERTS, CHARLES GEORGE DOUGLAS (1860). --Canadian poet and naturalist. Inverse, _Orion_ (1880), _In Divers Tones_ (1887), _Songs of the CommonDay_ (1893), _New York Nocturnes_ (1898), _Book of the Rose_ (1903);prose, _The Raid from Beauséjour_ (1894), _Around the Camp Fire_ (1896), _The Forge in the Forest_ (1897), _The Kindred of the Wild_ (1902), _Haunters of the Silences_ (1907), etc. 

ROBERTSON, JOHN MACKINNON (1856). --Critic, etc. _Buckle and his Critics_, _Montaigne and Shakespeare_, _The Dynamics of Religion_, _History of FreeThought_, _Christianity and Mythology_, _Introduction to EnglishPolitics_, _Short History of Christianity_, _Essays in Ethics andSociology_, etc. 

ROBINS, ELIZABETH ("C. E. RAIMOND"). --American novelist and actress. _NewMoon_ (1895), _Below the Salt_ (1896), _The Open Question_ (1898), _TheConvert_ (1907), etc. 

ROBINSON, AGNES MARY FRANCES (MME. DUCLAUX) (1857). --Poetess. _A Handfulof Honeysuckles_ (1878), _The Crowned Hippolytus_ (1881), _Arden_ (novel)(1883), _The New Arcadia_ (1884), _Italian Garden_ (songs) (1886), _AMediæval Garland_ (1897), _The Fields of France_ (1903), _The End of theMiddle Ages_, books in French on Froissart, Renan, etc. 

ROSE, JOHN HOLLAND, Litt. D. (1855). --Historical and biographical writer. _A Century of Continental History_, _The Revolutionary and NapoleonicEra_, _Napoleonic Studies_, _Life of Napoleon I. _ (1902), _TheDevelopment of the European Nations_, 1870-1900 (1905), etc. 

ROSEBERY (ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE), 5TH EARL of, K. G. , K. T. , LL. D. , etc. (1847). --Statesman and biographical writer. _Pitt_ (1891), _Appreciations and Addresses_ (1899), _Sir Robert Peel_ (1899), _Napoleon, the Last Phase_ (1900), and _Oliver Cromwell_ (1900). 

ROSSETTI, WILLIAM MICHAEL (1829). --Biographer, ed. , etc. Translator ofDante's _Hell_ (1865), _Lives of Famous Poets_ (1878), _Life of Keats_(1887), _Memoir of Dante G. Rossetti_, and has ed. Many poets, etc. 

RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844). --Novelist. _John Holdsworth_, _Chief Mate_(1874), _A Sailor's Sweetheart_ (1877), _An Ocean Tragedy_ (1881), _TheConvict Ship_ (1895), _List, ye Landsmen_ (1897), _Overdue_ (1903), _TheYarn of Old Harbour Town_ (1905), etc. 

SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN, LL. D. , D. Litt. , etc. (1845). --Criticand biographer. _Short History of French Literature, etc. _ (1882), _Essays in English Literature_ (1890), _Nineteenth Century Literature_(1896), _A History of Criticism_ (1900-4), _History of English Prosody_, vol. I. (1906), etc. , _Lives_ of Dryden (English Men of Letters) and SirW. Scott, etc. 

SANDYS, JOHN EDWIN, Litt. D. (1844). --Scholar; joint ed. Of _Dictionary ofClassical Mythology, Religion, etc. _ (1891), _History of ClassicalScholarship from Sixth Century_, B. C. , _to the End of the Middle Ages_(1903), _History of Classical Scholarship from Revival of Learning toPresent Day_ (1907), etc. ; has produced many ed. Of classics. 

SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY, D. Litt. , LL. D. , etc. (1846). --Orientalist andphilologist, etc. _Principles of Comparative Philology_ (1874), _Babylonian Literature_ (1877), _Monuments of the Hittites_ (1881), _Ancient Empires of the East_ (1884), _Races of the Old Testament_(1891), _Babylonians and Assyrians_ (1900), _Archæology of CuneiformInscriptions_ (1907), etc. 

SEAMAN, OWEN (1861). --Parodist, etc. _Oedipus and the Wreck_ (1888), _Horace at Cambridge_ (1894), _In Cap and Bells_ (1899), _A Harvest ofChaff_ (1904), etc. Ed. Of _Punch_ since 1906. 

SECCOMBE, THOMAS (1866). --Miscellaneous writer. _Twelve Bad Men_ (1894), _The Age of Johnson_ (1900), _The Age of Shakespeare_ (with J. W. Allen, 1903), _Bookman History of English Literature_ (1905-6), _In Praise ofOxford_, etc. ; was assistant ed. Of _The Dictionary of NationalBiography_. 

SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON ("SETON THOMPSON") (1860). --Naturalist. _WildAnimals I have Known_ (1898), _Biography of a Grizzly_, _Two LittleSavages_, books on natural history of Manitoba, etc. 

SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856). --Novelist, critic, and dramatist. Novels, _The Irrational Knot_, _Cashel Byron's Profession_, etc. ; _Plays Pleasantand Unpleasant_ (1898), _Three Plays for Puritans_ (1900), _Man andSuperman_ (1903), _The Doctor's Dilemma_ (1906), _The Devil's Disciple_(1907), etc. 

SHIEL, MATTHEW PHIPPS (1865). --Novelist. _The Rajah's Sapphire_, _Shapesin the Fire_, _The Yellow Danger_, _Unto the Third Generation_, etc. 

SHORTER, CLEMENT KING (1858). --Journalist and biographer. _CharlotteBronté and her Circle_ (1896), _Sixty Years of Victorian Literature_(1897), _Charlotte Bronté and her Sisters_ (1905), _The Brontés and theirCorrespondents_ (1907), _Life of George Borrow_ (1907); is ed. Of the_Sphere_. 

SHORTER, DORA SIGERSON. --Poetess. _The Fairy Changeling and other Poems_(1897), _Ballads and Poems_ (1899), _The Father Confessor_ (1900), _Asthe Sparks Fly Upward_ (1904), _Through Wintry Terrors_ (1907), etc. 

SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847). --Novelist and dramatist, etc. _The DagonetBallads_, _Memoirs of Mary Jane_, _Ten Commandments_, _Once upon aChristmas Time_ (1898), _Joyce Pleasantry_, etc. ; plays, _Crutch andTooth-pick_, _Mother-in-Law_, _The Lights o' London_, _Harbour Lights_, etc. 

SINCLAIR, MISS MAY. --Novelist, etc. _Nakietas and other Poems_, _AudreyCraven_, _Two Sides of a Question_, _The Divine Fire_, _The Helpmate_, etc. 

SKEAT, REV. WALTER WILLIAM, Litt. D. , LL. D. (1835). --Philologist and EarlyEnglish scholar; has ed. Langland's _Piers Plowman_, _The Lay ofHavelock_, Barbour's _Bruce_, and other early English texts, a completeed. Of Chaucer, 6 vols. (1894), and of many of his works separately, andis author of _An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language_, _Principles of English Etymology_, and books on the place-names of thecounties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Herts, and Bedford, etc. 

SMEATON, WM. HENRY OLIPHANT, M. A. (1856). --Novelist, etc. _By AdverseWinds_ (1895), _Our Laddie_ (1897), _Treasure Cave of the Blue Mountains_(1899), _A Mystery of the Pacific_ (1899), _William Dunbar and his Times_(1898), _English Satires and Satirists_ (Warwick Library, 1899), _TheMedici and the Italian Renaissance_ (1901), and has ed. Numerous Englishclassics. 

SMITH, MRS. BURNETT ("ANNIE S. SWAN"). --Novelist. _Aldersyde_, _Carlowrie_, _A Lost Ideal_, _A Divided House_, _Not Yet_ (1898), etc. 

SMITH, GEORGE ADAM, D. D. , LL. D. (1856). --Biblical scholar, etc. _The Bookof Isaiah_ (1888-90), _Historical Geography of the Holy Land_ (1894), _Jerusalem_ (1907), etc. 

SMITH, GEORGE GREGORY (1865). --Critic, etc. _The Days of James IV. , TheTransition Period_ (of European literature of the fifteenth century), _Specimens of Middle Scots_ (1902), _Elizabethan Critical Essays_ (1904), etc. 

SMITH, GOLDWIN, D. C. L. (1823). --Essayist and writer on politics, etc. _Three English Statesmen_, _Lectures on the Study of History_, _RationalReligion and Rationalistic Objections_, _The Political Destiny ofCanada_, _Guesses at the Riddle of Existence_, _Revolution or Progress_, etc. ; books on Cowper, Miss Austen, etc. 

SMITH, MRS. TOULMIN, (_see_ "L. T. MEADE"). 

STACPOOLE, H. DE VERE. --Novelist. _Fanny Lambert_, _The Crimson Azaleas_, _The Blue Lagoon_ (1907), _Patsy_ (1908), _The Pools of Silence_ (1909). 

STANNARD, MRS. ARTHUR ("JOHN STRANGE WINTER") (1856). --Novelist. _Bootle's Baby_, _Army Society_, _Beautiful Jim_, _The Soul of theBishop_, _Grip_, _He went for a Soldier_, _The Truth-tellers_, _A Name toConjure With_, _A Blaze of Glory_, _Marty_, _Jimmy_, _The Ivory Box_(1909), etc. 

STEEL, MRS. FLORA ANNIE (WEBSTER) (1847). --Novelist. _Wide-awake Stories_(1884), _From the Five Rivers_ (1893), _The Potter's Thumb_ (1894), _Tales from the Punjab_ (1894), _Red Rowans_ (1895), _On the Face of theWaters_ (1896), _Voices in the Night_ (1900), _A Sovereign Remedy_(1906), etc. 

STEWART, JOHN ALEXANDER, LL. D. (1846). --Scholar. _The English MSS. Of theNicomachean Ethics_ (1882), _Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics_ (1902), article _Ethics_ in _Encyclopædia Britannica_ (1902), and _The Myths ofPlato_ (1905). 

"SWAN, ANNIE S. , " (_see_ MRS. BURNETT SMITH). 

SYMONDS, MISS E. M. ("GEORGE PASTON"). --Novelist, etc. _A Modern Amazon_(1894), _A Bread and Butter Miss_ (1894), _The Career of Candida_ (1896), _A Fair Deceiver_ (1897), _Little Memoirs of the Eighteenth Century_(1901), _Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth Century_ (1902), _Side-Lightson the Georgian Period_ (1902), books on Mrs. Delaney, G. Romney, LadyMary Wortley Montagu, etc. 

SYMONS, ARTHUR (1865). --Poet and critic. _An Introduction to the Study ofBrowning_ (1886), _Days and Nights_ (1889), _London Nights_ (1895), _TheSymbolist Movement in Literature_ (1899), _Images of Good and Evil_(1900), _Studies in Seven Arts_ (1906), etc. 

TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD CARNAC, C. I. E. (1850). --Orientalist, etc. _Wide-awakeStories_ (Punjab Folk Tales) (1884), with Mrs. F. A. Steel, _Legends ofthe Punjab_ (1883-90), ed. Various works dealing with the religions andgeography of India, etc. 

THOMAS, ANNIE (MRS. PENDER CUDLIP). --Novelist. _Sir Victor's Choice_, _Denis Doune_ (1862), _Comrades True_ (1900), _The Diva_ (1901), _TheCleavers of Cleaver_ (1902), _Social Ghosts_ (1903), etc. ; has writtenover 100 novels and tales. 

THOMAS, EDWARD. --Reviewer and miscellaneous writer. _Book of the OpenAir_, _Horæ Solitaræ_, _Oxford_, _Beautiful Wales_, _The Heart ofEngland_, _Life and Writings of Richard Jefferies_. 

TOUT, THOMAS FREDERICK (1855). --Historian. _Analysis of English History_(1891), _Edward I. _ (12 English Statesmen series) (1893), _The Empire andthe Papacy_ (1898), _History of Great Britain_ (1902-6), _Germany and theEmpire_ (Cambridge Modern History), etc. 

TRENCH, HERBERT (1865). --Poet, etc. _Deirdre Wedded_ (1901), _Apollo andthe Seaman_, _The Questioners_ (1907), etc. 

TREVELYAN, GEORGE MACAULAY (1876). --Historical writer. _England in theAge of Wycliffe_ (1899), _England under the Stuarts_ (1904), _The Poetryand Philosophy of George Meredith_ (1906), _Garibaldi's Defence of theRoman Republic_ (1907), etc. 

TREVELYAN, SIR GEORGE OTTO, P. C. , LL. D. , etc. (1838). --Statesman, biographer, etc. _The Competition Wallah_ (1864), _Life and Letters ofLord Macaulay_ (1876), _The Early History of C. J. Fox_ (1880), _Interludes in Prose and Verse_ (1905). 

TROWBRIDGE, JOHN TOWNSEND (1827). --American poet, etc. Poems, _TheVagabonds_, _The Book of Gold_, _The Emigrant's Story_, _A Home Idyll_, _The Lost Earl_; books for the young, _The Little Master_, _Tide Mill_, _The Pocket Rifle_, _The Kelp Gatherers_, _Jack Hazard Stories_, _Fortunes of Toby Trafford_, etc. ; novels, _Neighbours' Wives_, _CouponBonds_, etc. 

"TWAIN, MARK" (SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS), D. Litt. (1835). --Americanhumorist. _The Jumping Frog_ (1867), _The Innocents Abroad_ (1869), _Roughing It_ (1872), _Sketches New and Old_ (1873), _Adventures of TomSawyer_ (1876), _A Tramp Abroad_ (1880), _The Prince and the Pauper_(1880), _Life on the Mississippi_ (1883), _Huckleberry Finn_ (1885), _TheAmerican Claimant_ (1892), _Tom Sawyer Abroad_ (1894), _ChristianScience_ (1907), etc. 

TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT, LL. D. , F. R. S. (1832). --Anthropologist. _Anahuac_, _Mexico, and the Mexicans_ (1859), _Researches into the Early History ofMankind_ (1865), _Primitive Culture_ (1871), and _Anthropology_ (1881). 

"TYNAN, KATHARINE" (MRS. TYNAN HINKSON) (1861). --Novelist and versewriter. _Louise de la Vallière_ (1885), _Shamrocks_ (1887), _Ballads andLyrics_ (1890), _Cuckoo Songs_ (1894), _A Cluster of Nuts_ (1894), _AnIsle in the Water_, _The Way of a Maid_ (1895), _Miracle Plays_ (1896), _A Lover's Breast Knot_ (1896), _The Handsome Brandons_, _The Wind in theTrees_ (poems) (1898), _The Dear Irish Girl_, _She Walks in Beauty_(1899), _Three Fair Maids_ (1900), _That Sweet Enemy_ (1901), _Love ofSisters_ (1902), _A Red Red Rose_ (1903), _Judy's Lovers_ (1905), _AYellow Domino_ (1906), _For Maisie_ (1907), _Her Mother's Daughter_(1909), etc. 

TYRRELL, ROBERT YELVERTON, LL. D. , D. C. L. (1844). --Scholar. Has translated_Acharnians_ of Aristophanes into English verse (1883), author of_Cicero in his Letters_ (1896), _Latin Poetry_ (1893), _Echoes ofKottabos_ (with Sir E. Sullivan) (1906), has ed. Various classics. 

UPWARD, ALLEN (1863). --Novelist, etc. _Songs in Zïklag_ (1888), _ThePrince of Balkistan_ (1895), _A Crown of Straw_ (1896), _Secrets of theCourts of Europe_ (1897), _A Day's Tragedy_ (1897), _Treason_ (1903), _Secret History of To-day_ (1904), _A Flash in the Pan_ (comedy) (1896). 

VACHELL, HORACE ANNESLEY (1861). --Novelist. _Romance of Judge Kitchener_(1894), _Quicksands of Pactolus_ (1896), _A Drama in Sunshine_ (1897), _The Procession of Life_ (1899), _John Charity_ (1900), _The Pinch ofProsperity_ (1903), _The Hill_ (1905), _The Face of Clay_ (1906), and_Her Son_ (1907). 

VAMBERY, ARMINIUS, C. V. O. , etc. (1832). --Traveller, etc. _Travels inCentral Asia_ (1864), _Sketches of Central Asia_ (1867), _History ofBokhara_ (1873), _The Coming Struggle for India_ (1885), _Western Culturein Eastern Lands_ (1906), _Arminius Vambery, his Life and Adventures_(1883). 

VIZETELLY, ERNEST ALFRED (1853). --Novelist, etc. _The Scorpion_ (1894), _A Path of Thorns_ (1901), _The Lover's Progress_ (1902), has ed. Most ofE. Zola's works, etc. 

WALFORD, MRS. LUCY BETHIA (1845). --Novelist. _Mr. Smith_ (1874), _Pauline_ (1877), _Troublesome Daughters_ (1880), _The Baby'sGrandmother_ (1885), _The History of a Week_ (1886), _A Stiff-neckedGeneration_ (1888), _A Sage of Sixteen_ (1889), _The Mischief of Monica_(1891), _The Matchmaker_ (1893), _Frederick_ (1895), _The Intruders_(1898), _A Dream's Fulfilment_ (1892), _The Enlightenment of Olivia_(1907), etc. 

WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL, F. R. S. , LL. D. , etc. (1823). --Naturalist andevolutionist. _Travels on the Amazon_ (1853), _Palm Trees of the Amazon_(1853), _The Malay Archipelago_ (1869), _Natural Selection_ (1870), _TheGeographical Distribution of Animals_ (1876), _Tropical Nature_ (1878), _Australasia_ (1879), _Island Life_ (1880), _Darwinism_ (1889), _StudiesScientific and Social_ (1900), _Man's Place in the Universe_ (1903), _MyLife_ (1905), etc. 

WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM, Litt. D. , LL. D. (1837). --Historian and critic. _The House of Austria in the Thirty Years' War_ (1869), _A History ofEnglish Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne_ (1875), _Lives_of Chaucer (1880) and Dickens (1882) (English Men of Letters Series), _The Counter Reformation_ (1888), translated Curtius's _History ofGreece_, ed. Pope's poetical works (Globe), Poems of John Byrom, andvarious other works, etc. 

WARD, MRS. HUMPHREY (ARNOLD) (1851). --Novelist. _Milly and Olly_ (1881), _Miss Bretherton_ (1886), _Robert Elsmere_ (1888), _The History of DavidGrieve_ (1892), _Marcella_ (1894), _Sir George Tressady_ (1896), _Helbeckof Bannisdale_ (1898), _Lady Rose's Daughter_ (1903), _The Marriage ofWilliam Ashe_ (1905) _Fenwick's Career_ (1906); plays, _Eleanor_ (1902), _Agatha_ (1905), etc. 

WATSON, HENRY BRERETON MARRIOTT (1863). --Novelist, etc. _Lady Faintheart_(1890), _The Web of the Spider_ (1891), _Diogenes of London_ (1893), _Atthe First Corner_ (1895), _The Heart of Miranda_ (1897), _The PrincessXenia_ (1899), _The House Divided_ (1901), _Captain Fortune_ (1904), _Twisted Eglantine_ (1905), _The Privateers_ (1907), etc. 

WATSON, WILLIAM, LL. D. (1858). --Poet. _The Prince's Quest_ (1880), _Epigrams of Art, Life and Nature_ (1884), _Wordsworth's Grave_ (1890), _Lachrymæ Musarum_ (1892), _Lyric Love_ (1892), _The Eloping Angels_(1893), _Excursions in Criticism_ (1893), _Odes and other Poems_ (1894), _The Father of the Forest_ (1895), _The Purple East_ (1896), _The Year ofShame_ (1896), _The Hope of the World_ (1897), _Collected Poems_ (1898), _Ode on the Coronation of King Edward VII. _ (1902), _For England_ (1903), and _New Poems_ (1909). 

WATTS-DUNTON, THEODORE (1832). --Poet, novelist, and critic. _The Comingof Love_, _Rhona Boswell's Story_ (1897), _Aylwin_ (1898), _Christmas atthe Mermaid_, _The Renascence of Wonder_ (1903), ed. Borrow's _Lavengro_and _Romany Rye_; article _Poetry_ in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, and manyother articles in the same. 

WAUGH, ARTHUR (1866). --Critic. _Alfred, Lord Tennyson, a Study_ (1892), _Robert Browning_ (in Westminster Biographies), has ed. Johnson's _Livesof the Poets_, Dickens, Milton, Lamb, Tennyson, etc. 

WEDMORE, FREDERICK (1844). --Writer on art, etc. _Pastorals of France_, _Renunciations_, _English Episodes_, _Orgeás and Miradou_, _Studies inEnglish Art_, _Méryon_, _Etching in England_, _Whistler's Etchings_, _Fine Prints_, _On Books and Arts_, _The Collapse of the Penitent_(novel), etc. 

WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE, B. Sc. , etc. (1866). --Novelist. _SelectConversations with an Uncle_ (1895), _The Time Machine_ (1895), _TheStolen Bacillus_ (1895), _The Wonderful Visit_, _The Wheels of Chance_, _The Island of Dr. Moreau_ (1896), _The Invisible Man_ (1897), _The Warof the Worlds_ (1898), _When the Sleeper Wakes_ (1899), _The First Men inthe Moon_ (1901), _Mankind in the Making_ (1903), _The Food of the Gods_(1904), _A Modern Utopia_ (1905), _The War in the Air_ (1908), _Tono-Bungay_, _Ann Veronica_ (1909), etc. 

WENDELL, BARRETT (1855). --American critic, etc. _William Shakespeare_(1894), _A Literary History of America_ (1900), _Raleigh in Guiana_, etc. (1902), _The Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature_(1904), _The France of To-day_ (1907), etc. 

WERNER, ALICE (1859). --Miscellaneous writer. _A Time and Times_ (poems)(1886), _O'Driscoll's Weird_ (1892), _The Humour of Italy_ (1892), _TheHumour of Holland_ (1893), _The Captain of the Locusts_ (1899), _Chapinga's While Man_ (1901), _Native Races of British Central Africa_(1906). 

WEYMAN, STANLEY JOHN (1855). --Novelist. _The House of the Wolf_ (1890), _Francis Cludde_ (1891), _A Gentleman of France_ (1893), _Under the RedRobe_ (1894), _My Lady Rotha_ (1894), _The Red Cockade_ (1895), _The Manin Black_ (1896), _Shrewsbury_ (1897), _The Castle Inn_ (1898), _Sophia_(1900), _The Long Night_ (1903), _The Abbess of Vlaye_ (1904), _Starvecrow Farm_ (1905), _Laid up in Lavender_ (1907). 

WHARTON, EDITH (JONES) (1862). --American novelist. _The GreatInclination_ (1889), _A Gift from the Grave_, _Crucial Instances_ (1901), _The Valley of Decision_ (1902), _Sanctuary_ (1903), _ItalianBackgrounds_ (1905), _The House of Mirth_ (1905), _Madame de Treymes_(1907), _The Fruit of the Tree_ (1907). 

WHIBLEY, CHARLES. --Critic and reviewer. _A Book of Scoundrels_, _Studiesin Frankness_, _The Pageantry of Life_, _Thackeray_ (1903), _WilliamPitt_ (1906). 

WHISHAW, FRED. --Novelist. _The Emperor's Englishman_, _Out of Doors inTsarland_, _Boris the Bear-Hunter_, _The Romance of the Woods_, _Haroldthe Norseman_ (1896), _The White Witch_ (1897), _A Race for Life_ (1898), _The Diamond of Evil_ (1902), _A Splendid Impostor_ (1903), _The GreatGreen God_ (1906), _The Secret Syndicate_ (1907). 

WHITE, WILLIAM HALE (_c. _ 1830). --Novelist, etc. _The Autobiography ofMark Rutherford_ (1885), _Mark Rutherford's Deliverance_ (1885), _TheRevolution in Tanner's Lane_ (1887), _Miriam's Schooling_ (1890), _Catherine Furze_ (1889), _Clara Hopgood_ (1896), translated Spinoza's_Ethics_, _Pages from a Journal_ (1900). 

WHITEING, RICHARD (1840). --Novelist, etc. _The Democracy_ (1876), _No. 5John Street_ (1899), _The Yellow Van_ (1903), _Ring in the New_ (1906), _All Moonshine_ (1907). 

WHITNEY, ADELINE DUTTON (TRAIN) (1824). --American novelist. _FaithGartney's Girlhood_, _The Gayworthys_, _Hitherto_, _Leslie Goldthwaite_, _Real Folks_, _Homespun Yarns_; poems, _Pansies_, _Daffodils_, _HolyTides_, _Bird Talk_, etc. 

WICKSTEED, REV. PHILIP HENRY (1844). --Writer on Dante, political economy, etc. _Translation of the Bible for Young People_ (1882), _Alphabet ofEconomic Science_ (1888), _Henrik Ibsen_ (1892), _Dante, Six Sermons_(1895), _Trans. : De Witte's Select Essays on Dante_ (with C. M. Laurence)(1898), _Trans. : Dante's Paradiso_ (1899), _Dante and Del Virgilio_ (withE. G. Gardner) (1901), _Studies in Theology_ (with J. E. Carpenter) (1903), _Further Translations of Dante's Convivio_ (1903), _Early Lives of Dante_(1904), _Dante's Latin Works_ (1904), etc. 

WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS (MRS. GEORGE C. RIGGS). --American novelist. _Timothy's Quest_, _Polly Oliver's Problem_, _The Story of Patsy_, _Penelope's Experiences_, _Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm_, _Mrs. Wiggs ofthe Cabbage Patch_, etc. 

WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (MRS. C. M. FREEMAN) (1862). --American story-writer. _A New England Nun_, _Young Lucretia_, _A Humble Romance_, _A FarawayMelody_, _Giles Cory_, _The Wind in the Rosebush_, _The Debtor_, etc. 

"WINTER, JOHN STRANGE, " (_see_ MRS. ARTHUR STANNARD). 

WINTER, WILLIAM (1836). --American critic, etc. _Shakespeare's England_, _Grey Days and Gold_, _Old Shrines and Ivy Brown Heath and Blue Bells_, _Life and Art of Edwin Booth_, _The Stage Life of Mary Anderson_, etc. 

WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS, LL. D. , etc. --English scholar. Joint ed. Of GlobeShakespeare and of the Cambridge Shakespeare. _Bible Word-Book_ and manyother English Classics, _Letters and Literary Remains of EdwardFitzgerald_ (1889), _The Works of Edward Fitzgerald_ (7 vols. 1903), etc. 

YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER (1865). --Poet. _The Wanderings of Oisin_ (1889), _The Countess Kathleen_ (1892), _The Celtic Twilight_ (1893), _A Book ofIrish Verse_ (1895), _Poems_ (1895), _The Secret Rose_ (1897), _The WindAmong the Reeds_ (1899), _The Shadowy Waters_ (1900), _Ideas of Good andEvil_ (1903), etc. 

ZANGWILL, ISRAEL (1864). --Novelist. _Children of the Ghetto_ (1892), _Merely Mary Ann_ (1893), _Ghetto Tragedies_ (1893), _The King ofSchnorrers_ (1894), _Dreamers of the Ghetto_ (1898), _They that Walk inDarkness_ (1899), _The Mantle of Elijah_ (1900), _The Grey Wig_ (1903), _Blind Children_ (verse) (1903), _Ghetto Comedies_ (1907); plays, _Children of the Ghetto_, _The Moment of Death_, _The Revolted Daughter_, _Merely Mary Ann_, _The Serio-Comic Governess_, etc.