{Transcriber's note:

All material added by the transcriber is surrounded by braces {}. Theoriginal has many inconsistent spellings in all the languages used. Afew corrections have been made for obvious typographical errors; theyhave been noted individually. Superscripts in the original areindicated by the ^ character. Side notes are enclosed in brackets andpreceded with SN, thus [SN: side note]. Footnotes are numbered withthe page on which they start. }

JOURNALOFTHE SWEDISH EMBASSYIN THE YEARS 1653 AND 1654. 

A JOURNALOFTHE SWEDISH EMBASSYIN THE YEARS 1653 AND 1654. 

IMPARTIALLY WRITTEN BY THEAMBASSADOR BULSTRODE WHITELOCKE. 

FIRST PUBLISHEDFROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTBYDR. CHARLES MORTON, M. D. , F. S. A. , LIBRARIAN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 

_A NEW EDITION_, REVISED BYHENRY REEVE, ESQ. , F. S. A. 

IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME II. 

 "A wicked messenger falleth into mischief, but a faithful ambassador is health. " PROVERBS xiii. 17. 

LONDON:LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1855. 

PRINTED BYJOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. 

JOURNALOFTHE SWEDISH EMBASSYIN THE YEARS 1653 AND 1654. 

MARCH 1, 1653. 

[SN: Whitelocke continues the negotiation. ]

Now was the heat of Whitelocke's business, and many cross endeavours usedto render all his labours fruitless, and to bring his treaty to noeffect. But it pleased God, in whom his confidence was placed, to carryhim through all his difficulties, and to give his blessing and success tothis negotiation. 

Whitelocke gave a visit to the Count de Montecuculi, to give him thewelcome home from his journey with the Queen; who said he had commands tokiss the hand of the Prince of Sweden, and took the opportunity ofaccompanying her Majesty when she went to meet the Prince. Hecommunicated nothing of the business to Whitelocke, nor did he think toinquire it of him. 

After Whitelocke returned home, the Resident of France and Woolfeldt metat his house to visit him, and staid with him three hours. They had muchdiscourse of France, and of the Duke of Lorraine, and of the policy ofthe Spaniard in entertaining that Duke in his service; by means whereofthe country where the Duke's soldiers were quartered was better satisfiedthan with the Spanish forces, so that there was no tax levied for them, only they took free quarter, and sometimes a contribution upon thereceiving of a new officer. And Woolfeldt said, that whereas all otherPrinces give wages to their officers and soldiers, the Duke gives no pay;but when he makes an officer, the officer pays money to the Duke for hiscommission; and that he knew a captain of horse who gave a thousandcrowns for his commission, which the captain afterwards raised upon thecountry, and the Duke connived at it. He told how he was employed totreat with the Duke for the transportation of five thousand foot andthree thousand horse into Ireland, to assist our King; which the Dukeundertook on condition to have a hundred thousand crowns in ready money, and ships to transport his men from some haven in France, none of whichcould be effected. 

[SN: Advances from France. ]

After Woolfeldt went away, the French Resident asked Whitelocke whetherFrance were comprised in the treaty with Holland. Whitelocke said he hadno information thereof. The Resident replied, that his master wouldwillingly entertain a good friendship and correspondence with England;and Whitelocke said, he believed England would be ready to do the likewith France. The Resident said, he observed by their discourse thatWhitelocke had been in France, and that the late King would have givenhim the command of a troop of horse in France; and he hoped thatWhitelocke would retain a good opinion of that country, and be theirfriend. Whitelocke replied, that he was very civilly treated in France, and believed that he should have served the late King there, if, by asudden accident or misfortune, he had not been prevented, and obliged toreturn for England sooner than he intended; and that he should be alwaysready (as he held himself engaged) to pay all respects and service tothat Crown, as far as might consist with the interest of the Commonwealthwhom he served. 

_March 2, 1653. _

[SN: Senator Schütt explains the delay in the negotiation. ]

Notwithstanding his great words against the Commonwealth and presenttreaty, yet Monsieur Schütt was pleased to afford a visit to Whitelocke, and they fell (amongst many other things) upon the following discourse:--

_Schütt. _ My father was formerly ambassador from this Crown in England, where I was with him, which occasioned my desire to be known to you. 

_Whitelocke. _ Your father did honour to this country and to ours in thatemployment, and your Excellence honours me in this visit. 

_Sch. _ England is the noblest country and people that ever I saw: a morepleasant, fruitful, and healthful country, and a more gallant, stout, andrich people, are not in the world. 

_Wh. _ I perceive you have taken a true measure, both of the country andher inhabitants. 

_Sch. _ This is my judgement of it, as well as my affection to it. 

_Wh. _ Your country here is indeed more northerly, but your people, especially the nobility, of a much-like honourable condition to ours;which may cause the more wonder at her Majesty's intention of leavingthem, who are so affectionate to her. 

_Sch. _ Truly her Majesty's purpose of resignation is strange toforeigners, and much more to us, who are her subjects, most affectionateto her. 

_Wh. _ It is reported that she hath consulted in this business with theSenators, whereof you are one. 

_Sch. _ Three Senators are deputed to confer with the Prince of Sweden, upon certain particulars to be observed in the resignation; and I hopethat your Excellence will consider the importance of that affair, andwill therefore attend with the more patience the issue thereof, beingnecessary that the advice of the Prince be had in it. 

_Wh. _ Have the three deputed Senators any order to confer with the Princeabout my business?

_Sch. _ I believe they have. 

_Wh. _ I had been here two months before the Queen mentioned this designof hers to the Council, and have staid here all this time with patience, and shall so continue as my Lord Protector shall command me; and as soonas he requires my return I shall obey him. 

_Sch. _ The occasion of the delay hitherto was the uncertainty of theissue of your Dutch treaty; and at this season of the year it wasimpossible for you to return, till the passage be open. 

_Wh. _ I believe the alliance with England meriteth an acceptance, whetherwe have peace or war with Holland; and for my return, it is at thepleasure of the Protector. 

They had much other discourse; and probably Schütt was sent purposely toexcuse the delay of the treaty, for which he used many arguments notnecessary to be repeated; and he came also to test Whitelocke touchingadvice to be had with the Prince about this treaty, whereunto Whitelockeshowed no averseness. 

[SN: Treacherous reports to England. ]

Whitelocke received his packet of two weeks from England. In a letterfrom his wife he was advertised that the Protector had spoken of hisvoyage to Sweden as if Whitelocke had not merited much by it, though heso earnestly persuaded it; and his wife wrote that she believed one ofWhitelocke's family was false to him; and upon inquiry she suspected itto be ----, who gave intelligence to the Protector of all Whitelocke'swords and actions in Sweden, to his prejudice, and very unbeseeming oneof his family. This Whitelocke, comparing with some passages told him byhis secretary of the same person, found there was cause enough to suspecthim; yet to have one such among a hundred he thought no strange thing, nor for the Protector to alter his phrase when his turn was served. Andthough this gave ground enough of discontent to Whitelocke, yet hethought not fit to discover it, nor what other friends had written tohim, doubting whether he should be honourably dealt with at his returnhome; but he was more troubled to hear of his wife's sickness, for whosehealth and his family's he made his supplication to the great Physician;and that he might be as well pleased with a private retirement, if Godsaw it good for him, at his return home, as the Queen seemed to be withher design of abdication from the heights and glories of a crown. 

Part of the letters to Whitelocke were in cipher, being directions tohim touching the Sound. He had full intelligence of all passages of theDutch treaty, and a copy of the articles, from Thurloe; also the news ofScotland, Ireland, France, and the letters from the Dutch Resident hereto his superiors in Holland, copies whereof Thurloe by money hadprocured. He wrote also of the Protector's being feasted by the City, anda full and large relation of all passages of moment. The Protectorhimself wrote also his letters to Whitelocke under his own hand, whichwere thus:--

[SN: Letter from the Protector. ]

 "_For the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke. _

 "My Lord, "I have a good while since received your letters sent by the ship that transported you to Gothenburg, and three other despatches since. By that of the 30th of December, and that of the 4th instant, I have received a particular account of what passed at your first audience, and what other proceedings have been upon your negotiation; which, so far as they have been communicated to me, I do well approve of, as having been managed by you with care and prudence. 

 "You will understand by Mr. Secretary Thurloe in what condition the treaty with the United Provinces is, in case it shall please God that a peace be made with them, which a little time will show; yet I see no reason to be diverted thereby from the former intentions of entering into an alliance with Sweden, nor that there will be anything in the league intended with the Low Countries repugnant thereunto, especially in things wherein you are already instructed fully. And for the matter of your third and fourth private instructions, if the Queen hath any mind thereto, upon your transmitting particulars hither such consideration will be had thereof as the then constitution of affairs will lead unto. In the meantime you may assure the Queen of the constancy and reality of my intentions to settle a firm alliance with her. I commend you to the goodness of God. 

 "Your loving friend, "OLIVER P. "_Whitehall, 3rd February, 1653. _"

_March 3, 1653. _

[SN: The son of Oxenstiern formerly sent to England. ]

Grave John Oxenstiern, eldest son of the Chancellor, came to visitWhitelocke; a Ricks-Senator, and had been Ricks-Schatz-master, or HighTreasurer, a place next in honour to that of his father. He had beenformerly ambassador from this Crown to England; but because he was sentby the Chancellor his father, and the other Directors of the affairs ofSweden in the Queen's minority, which King Charles and his Council tooknot to be from a sovereign prince; and because his business touching thePrince Elect's settlement, and the affairs of Germany relating to Sweden, did not please our King; therefore this gentleman was not treated herewith that respect and solemnity as he challenged to be due to him as anambassador; which bred a distaste in him and his father against the Kingand Council here, as neglecting the father and the good offices which hetendered to King Charles and this nation, by slighting the son and hisquality. 

The discourse between this Grave and Whitelocke was not long, though uponseveral matters; and he seemed to be sent to excuse the delay of thetreaty with Whitelocke, for which he mentioned former reasons, as hisfather's want of health, multiplicity of business, the expected issue ofthe Dutch treaty, and the like; and the same excuses were again repeatedby Lagerfeldt, who came to Whitelocke from the Chancellor for the samepurpose. 

Whitelocke had occasion to look into his new credentials and instructionsfrom the Protector, which were thus. 

[SN: Whitelocke's new credentials and instructions. ]

 "_Oliver, Lord Protector, etc. , to the Most Serene and Potent Prince Christina, etc. , health and prosperity. _

 "Most Serene and Potent Queen, "God, who is the great Disposer of all things, having been pleased in His unsearchable wisdom to make a change in the Government of these nations since the time that the noble B. Whitelocke, Constable, etc. Went from hence, qualified and commissioned as Ambassador Extraordinary from the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England unto your Majesty, to communicate with you in things tending to the mutual good and utility of both the nations, we have thought it necessary upon this occasion to assure your Majesty that the present change of affairs here hath made no alteration of the good intentions on this side towards your Majesty and your dominions; but that as we hold ourself obliged, in the exercise of that power which God and the people have entrusted us with, to endeavour by all just and honourable means to hold a good correspondence with our neighbours, so more particularly with the Crown of Sweden, between whom and these nations there hath always been a firm amity and strict alliance; and therefore we have given instructions to the said Lord Whitelocke, answerable to such good desires, earnestly requesting your Majesty to give unto him favourable audience as often as he shall desire it, and full belief in what he shall propound on the behalf of these dominions. And so we heartily commend your Majesty and your affairs to the Divine protection. Given at Whitehall this 23rd of December, Old Style, 1653. 

 "Your good friend, "OLIVER P. "

The following instructions were under the hand and private seal of theProtector:--

 _"An Instruction for B. Whitelocke, Constable, etc. , Ambassador Extraordinary from the Commonwealth of England to the Queen of Sweden. _

 "Whereas you were lately sent in the quality of Ambassador Extraordinary from the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England unto her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, for the renewing and contracting an alliance and confederation with that Queen and Crown, according to the commission and instructions you received from the said Parliament and the then Council of State; And whereas, since your departure hence, the then Parliament hath been dissolved, and the Government is settled and established in such a way that you will understand by letters from Mr. Thurloe, Secretary of the Council, who is directed to give unto you a full account hereof: Now lest the work you are upon (which is so necessary in itself to both the nations, and so sincerely desired on our part) should be interrupted or retarded by reason of the said change of affairs, and the question that may arise thereupon concerning the validity of your commission and instructions, I have thought fit, by advice of the Council, to write unto her Majesty new letters credential, a copy whereof you will receive herewith, which letters you are to present to the Queen. And you are also, by virtue of these presents, to let her Majesty know that the alteration of the Government here hath made no change in the good intentions on this side towards her Majesty and her dominions; but that she shall find the same readiness in me to maintain and increase all good intelligence and correspondence with that Queen and Crown as in any the former governors of these nations. And to that end you are hereby authorized to proceed in your present negotiation, and to endeavour to bring the treaty with her Majesty to a good conclusion according to the tenour and effect of the commission, powers, and instructions you have already received, and which I shall by any further act ratify and confirm according as the nature of the business shall require. 

 "Before your Lordship deliver these letters credential to the Queen, or make any addresses to her, you are to inform yourself fully of the reception you are like to have, and whether her intentions be to come to a treaty of amity with this State as the Government is now established, that no dishonour may befall us or these dominions in your addresses upon these letters and instructions. Given at Whitehall this 23rd of December, 1653. 

 "OLIVER P. "

Whitelocke made many despatches this day to England. 

_March 4, 1653. _

[SN: The Queen talks of visiting the Protector. ]

Whitelocke waited on the Queen and showed her part of the letters whichhe received from England, whereupon she again asked him if the Protectorwere _sacré_? Whitelocke said, No, and that his letters mentioned only asolemnity of entertaining the Protector by the City of London. Whitelockealso communicated to her Majesty the Protector's letter to him, and theexpression that Whitelocke should assure her Majesty of the Protector'sconstant and real intentions to settle a firm alliance with the Queen;which, she said, she was also most ready to make with the Protector. 

Whitelocke then said it might be fit to make some progress in his treatyupon his articles, and particularly in those which concerned amity andcommerce, and had no dependence on the issue of the treaty with Holland, and therefore might be had in consideration before the other were fullyconcluded, and the rest of the articles might be considered afterwards;which the Queen said should be done, and that she would send anambassador to the Protector. She was very inquisitive concerning Londonand our Universities; by her discourse gave him to imagine she hadthoughts of travelling into France, Spain, Italy, and into England; andasked Whitelocke if he thought the Protector would give way to her comingthither. Whitelocke answered, that the Protector would bid her Majestyvery welcome thither. 

He was alone with her near two hours, and at his taking leave she desiredhim to come to her again on Monday next, and that then she would readover with him his articles, both in Latin and English, which they wouldconsider together; and such things as she could consent unto she wouldtell him, and what she could not consent unto he should then know fromher, and they might mark it in the margin as they went along. Yet shesaid she would have him to proceed in his conference with her Chancelloras before, and that nobody should know of that conference between her andWhitelocke; but she would so order the business that what they consentedunto should be effected afterwards, and that in two hours they might goover all the articles. Whitelocke told her Majesty he presumed that shewould admit of a free debate upon any of them. She said, by all means, that was reasonable; and in case the peace between England and Hollanddid not take effect, that then the ambassador, whom she intendedhowsoever to send into England, might conclude upon such other articlesas should be thought fit. Whitelocke asked her if she had any thoughts ofbeing included in the Dutch treaty. She said, No, for she had not meddledwith the war, and therefore desired not to be included in the peace withthem. 

[SN: Reports of the Dutch Resident adverse to Whitelocke. ]

From the Queen Whitelocke went and visited Piementelle, who showed him aletter he received from a great person in Flanders, mentioning thatBeningen had written to his superiors that the English Ambassador and theSpanish Resident were often together, and had showed great respect toeach other, which his Highness the Archduke liked very well, and gavePiementelle thanks for it; and though Monsieur Beningen did not like oftheir being so friendly, yet his superiors endeavoured all they could tohave amity with England. When Whitelocke told him of the English fleet atsea, he said it was great pity the same was not employed. He then showedWhitelocke a letter from Beningen to his superiors, wherein he taxedWhitelocke with omitting the ceremony of meeting Prince Adolphus at hisdoor. Whitelocke repeated to Piementelle the carriage of that business asbefore; and Piementelle said, that neither the Queen nor himself had everheard the Prince express any dislike of Whitelocke's carriage; and thatthe Queen, seeing Beningen's letter, said there were many things in itconcerning Whitelocke which upon her knowledge were not true. It was alsosaid in the letter that the English Ambassador had many long audienceswith her Majesty, and conferences with the Chancellor, but that he couldnot in the least learn what passed between them; with which Whitelockehad no cause to be displeased. 

_March 5, 1653. _

_The Lord's Day. _--Whitelocke had two good sermons in his house, at whichdivers English and Scots, besides those of his family, were present. Inthe evening the Queen passed through the streets in her coach, withdivers other coaches and her servants waiting on her, to take the air, though upon this day; and in the night, many disorderly drunkards werecommitting debaucheries and insolences in the town, and at Whitelocke'sdoor. 

_March 6, 1653. _

[SN: Further excuses for delay. ]

Whitelocke visited Senator Schütt, who spake in excuse of the delay ofhis business. Whitelocke said--

_Whitelocke. _ I have already staid long in this place, and nothing is yetdone in my business. 

_Schütt. _ Your stay here hath been of more advantage to England than ifthey had sent 10, 000 men into Holland, who, by your stay here, will bebrought on with the greater desire of making peace with you. 

_Wh. _ They know nothing of my negotiation. 

_Sch. _ That makes them the more jealous; the slowness of one person isthe cause that hitherto you have received no satisfaction, and I doubtnot but ere long you will have answers to your contentment. 

Whilst Whitelocke was with him the Queen sent one of her gentlementhither to him, to desire him to put off his visit of her Majesty tillthe next day, by reason she had then extraordinary business; and themessenger being gone, Schütt said, --

_Schütt. _ The Queen is busy in despatching three senators to the Prince, Grave Eric Oxenstiern, Monsieur Fleming, and Monsieur Vanderlin, who aredeputed for the business of the Queen's resignation; and I, in a fewdays, shall be sent to the Prince. 

_Whitelocke. _ I pray do me the favour to present my service to his RoyalHighness, whom I am very desirous to salute as soon as I can gain anopportunity; and do hope that his resort to this place will be before Ishall be necessitated to return, that I may give myself the honour tokiss his hand. 

[SN: Whitelocke visits the Chief Justice of Sweden. ]

Whitelocke visited the Ricks-Droitset Grave Brahe, who is of the noblefamily of Tycho Brahe. He was President of the College of Justice, andthe First Minister of State of the kingdom: the name of his office is asmuch as Viceroy, and his jurisdiction is a sovereign court for theadministration of justice, and he hath power both civil and military. Theoffice is in effect the same with that ancient officer with us called theChief Justice of England. The habit of this Chief Justice of Sweden was acoat, and a furred cap of black, a sword and belt, and no cloak; twosoldiers sentry at his chamber-door, which Whitelocke had not observedelsewhere but at the Court. They had much discourse of Whitelocke'sbusiness, wherein he testified affections to the Commonwealth of England, though Whitelocke had been informed that he was not their friend; but hethe rather chose to visit him first, and found him very civil: he spakeLatin very readily, and no French, although Whitelocke was told he couldspeak it well. 

He inquired much of the Commonwealth and affairs of England, andgovernment of it, and seemed well pleased by Whitelocke's relation of it. He informed Whitelocke of the Swedish Government, and particularly ofhis own office. He discoursed much of the Prince of Sweden, whichWhitelocke judged the fitter for him to approve, because PrinceAdolphus's lady was this Grave's daughter. He told Whitelocke that he hadbeen Governor of Finland ten years together, which province he affirmedto be greater than France, and that the Queen's dominions were largerthan France, Spain, Italy, all together. Whitelocke asked him if thosecountries were well peopled, and flourished with corn and good towns. Heanswered that Finland was well peopled, and had store of corn, and goodtowns; but that it was not so with Lapland and other countries furtheroff. But he said that no part of Sweden had such towns as were inEngland, where he had been when he was a young man, which country he muchpraised; and Whitelocke had no cause to gainsay it. 

Piementelle sent to Whitelocke an atlas, in four great volumes, inacknowledgment of a vessel of Spanish wine which Whitelocke had beforesent to him for a present. 

_March 7, 1653. _

The Governor of Upsal, Monsieur Bannier, presented to Whitelocke threeLatin books:--1. The Story of Sweden; 2. Of the Laws of Sweden; 3. Of SeaAffairs; which were not ordinarily to be had. 

[SN: Whitelocke takes the air with the Queen. ]

The Queen sent one of her servants to invite Whitelocke to take the airwith her in the fields; and being come to the castle, she excused her notbeing yet ready to confer with him upon his articles, as she hadpromised, but told him that she had ordered something to be written downon that subject to show to him. She took him into her coach, where wasthe "Belle Comtesse, " the Countess Gabriel Oxenstiern, Prince Adolphus, Piementelle, Montecuculi, Tott, and Whitelocke. The Queen was very merry, and they were full of cheerful discourse. Being returned to the castle atnight, she desired to hear Whitelocke's music, whom he sent for to thecastle; and they played and sang in her presence, wherewith she seemedmuch pleased, and desired Whitelocke to thank them in her name. She saidshe never heard so good a concert of music, and of English songs; anddesired Whitelocke, at his return to England, to procure her some to playon those instruments which would be most agreeable to her. 

[SN: The Chancellor falls ill. ]

Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke in the Court, and told him that theChancellor intended to have had a meeting with him this day, but washindered by falling sick of an ague; but in case his health would notpermit him to meet, that then his son Eric Oxenstiern, by the Queen'sappointment, would meet and confer with Whitelocke about the treaty inplace of his father. But Whitelocke was not glad of this deputation, wishing much rather to confer with the old man upon this subject, who wasgood-natured, civil, and affectionate to Whitelocke, than with the son, Grave Eric, who was of a more rugged and self-conceited humour, and notso soon gained by reason and convinced by arguments as the good old manhis father used to be. 

_March 8, 1653. _

[SN: The Chancellor's son resumes the negotiation. ]

Grave Eric Oxenstiern visited Whitelocke, and spake much to excuse thedelay of his treaty; and said that his father was very sick of an ague, and he believed the Queen would depute some other to confer with him, incase his father's health would not permit him that liberty. 

_Whitelocke. _ I am very sorry for the indisposition of your{1} father, and for the delay of my business. I have been here about three months, and nothing is yet concluded. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The uncertainty of your Dutch affair, and the Queen's desireto know the issue of it, hath occasioned this delay. 

_Wh. _ As the points of amity and commerce, they concern not our Dutchtreaty. 

_Gr. Eric. _ You will be sure to receive all satisfaction and contentmenton that subject; but there are many particulars of the commerce to beconsidered. 

_Wh. _ I cannot say much upon those particulars; but I was sent hither bymy Lord Protector to testify his respect to the Queen and kingdom ofSweden, and to offer to them the amity of England, which I suppose thatwise and experienced persons as you are will accept of; and for commercemy proposals are general. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I confess the particulars thereof may more conveniently betreated on by merchants; and we do not so much desire a confederationwith any nation as with England. 

It was supposed by Whitelocke, that by the deferring of his businesshere, the Hollanders would be in the more suspense and doubt of the issueof it, and might thereby come on the more freely in their treaty withEngland; whereas, if the issue of his business here were known, it mightperhaps seem less to them than it was now suspected to be. Upon thisground, though he spake of the delay, yet he did not so much press for apositive answer, but that he imagined the Dutch treaty might be broughtto an issue; he intended to put on his business here, and the defaulthitherto rested on their part, as was acknowledged by their own excuses. 

[SN: Discourse with the Chief Justice. ]

Whilst Eric was with Whitelocke, the Chief Justice came in. And afterGrave Eric was gone the Chief Justice discoursed much concerning theProtector and his family, his extraction and pedigree, his former qualityand condition, and his present state and manner of living: to whichWhitelocke answered truly, and with honour to the Protector; and as tohis present post, attendants, and ceremonies of his Court, he could notgive so punctual an account, it being altered since his coming fromEngland. He also inquired particularly concerning the Parliament, theforms of their summons, sitting, debating, voting, power, and authority;in all which Whitelocke was the better able to satisfy him, having been aMember of Parliament for almost thirty years together: and then the ChiefJustice inquired further:--

_Chief Justice. _ What opinions of Calvin are most in estimation inEngland? and what is the state of your religion there?

_Whitelocke. _ Neither Calvin's opinion nor Luther's are esteemed inEngland further than they are agreeable to the Holy Scriptures of the Oldand New Testaments, which are the rules and contain the state of religionprofessed in England. But by what state of religion is the profanation ofthe Lord's Day, and of images and crucifixes in churches, permitted?

_Ch. Just. _ No recreations or works are permitted on Sundays till afterdivine service ended, and then Calvin permits them; and Luther is ofopinion for the historical use of images and crucifixes, but not to prayto them. 

_Wh. _ Herein both the opinion of Calvin and that of Luther are expresslycontrary to the Holy Scripture, and therefore not esteemed in thesepoints in England. 

The Chief Justice eagerly asserted these opinions not to be contrary tothe Scripture, but alleged no proof, either from thence or out of humanauthors, to make good his assertion. After much argumentation hereupon, the Chief Justice offered to Whitelocke that he would move the Queen fora speedy despatch of his business; and said, he did not doubt but thatsatisfaction would be given him therein. 

Whitelocke was the more desirous to get a conclusion of his businesswhile Piementelle was here, because of his great favour with the Queen;which, with her respects to Montecuculi, both great Papists, causedWhitelocke to have the more doubt of her inclinations. 

Prince Adolphus made a great entertainment for Montecuculi, Piementelle, and most of the grandees in town; but Whitelocke was omitted, his humourand principles as to their jollities and drinking of healths not beingagreeable to theirs; and he held this neglect no affliction to him. 

_March 9, 1653. _

Whitelocke visited the Ricks-Admiral Oxenstiern, the Chancellor'sbrother, who received him with great civility; and they discoursed verymuch of Whitelocke's business to the effect as others did. 

[SN: Whitelocke visits the Chancellor's eldest son. ]

He also visited Grave John Oxenstiern, the Chancellor's eldest son, whosecarriage was elated. Two of his pages were sons of Earls, and had thetitle of Earls; his servants were some of them set at his outer door toreceive Whitelocke; himself vouchsafed to meet him at the inner door, and, with supercilious reservedness of state, descended to say toWhitelocke that he was welcome. They discoursed of England, where thisGrave had been, as is before remembered, and the distaste he therereceived, which possibly might cause his greater neglect of Whitelocke, who took little notice of it. He took upon him to be fully instructed inthe affairs of England, and of the laws and government there; whereinWhitelocke presumed to rectify some of his mistakes. 

When he offered to move the Queen for despatch of Whitelocke's business, he answered, that he had done it himself already, and there would be noneed to trouble any other. This occasioned some discourse about thetreaty, to which, with great gravity, this General declared his judgementconcerning contraband goods, that great care was to be taken therein, notto give any interruption to trade. Whitelocke said, that concernedEngland much more than Sweden. Then he took care that the English rebelsand traitors might have favour in his country; but Whitelocke, knowingthat he was neither employed nor versed in the business of his treaty, spent the fewer words in answer to his immaterial objections. 

[SN: Whitelocke confers with the Queen on the articles. ]

In the afternoon, Whitelocke attended the Queen, who excused her nothaving conferred with him about his treaty. Whitelocke told her, that, if it were now seasonable, he had them ready, and they might read themover together; whereunto she consented, and he read them to her. 

She took out a paper of notes, written with her own hand in Latin, herobservations upon the articles. 

1. After Whitelocke had read the first article, she said there wasnothing therein which needed explanation. 

2. The second, she said, would require consideration, and read out of hernotes the words "communis interesse, " which she desired Whitelocke toexplain what was meant by them. He told her those words included matterof safety and matter of traffic. She then demanded why the Baltic Sea wasnamed as to free navigation, and not other seas likewise. Whitelocke saidthe reason was, because at present navigation was not free in the BalticSea; but if she pleased to have other seas also named, he would consentto it. She asked if he would consent to freedom of navigation in America. Whitelocke told her he could not, and that the treaties of theCommonwealth were comprehended within the bounds of Europe. She asked himwhat he thought the Protector would do in case she demanded that liberty. He said, his Highness would give such an answer as should consist withthe interest of England, and show a due regard to her Majesty. 

3. This third article she said she would agree unto, but she thought itnecessary that a form should be agreed upon for certificates and lettersof safe-conduct, that ships might pass free upon showing of them. Whitelocke said, he thought there would be no need of them, especially ifthe peace with the Dutch were concluded. She replied, that if the warcontinued it would be necessary. 

4. She said she thought there would be no need of this article, and readanother which she herself had drawn in Latin to this effect--"That if anyhereafter should commit treason, or be rebels in one country, they shouldnot be harboured in the other. " Whitelocke said, the article was alreadyto that purpose, and he thought it necessary for the good of bothnations. She said, it would be too sharp against divers officers who hadserved her father and herself, and were now settled in Sweden. Whitelockeoffered that amendment which he before tendered to the Chancellor, whichwhen she read, she told Whitelocke, that might include all those men whomshe mentioned before. Whitelocke said, that, upon inquiry into it, hefound not one excepted by name from pardon. She said, for anything to bedone hereafter, it was reasonable, and she would consent to it. Whitelocke said, that if any hereafter should come into her country, whowere excepted from pardon, it was also reasonable to include them in thisarticle. 

5. She said that this and the second article would require furtherconsideration; because if she should consent thereunto, it would declareher breach of the neutrality which she had hitherto kept. Whitelocke toldher, if the peace were concluded with the Dutch, that neutrality would begone; and if the war continued, he presumed she would not stick todeclare otherwise then that neutrality. She said that was true, but shedesired that this and the second article might be let alone until theissue of the Dutch treaty. 

6. The sixth article, she said, was reasonable. 

7. She took exception to the words "bona à suis cujusque inimicisdirepta, " which, she said, was a breach of her neutrality. To thatWhitelocke answered as before upon the fifth article; and she desired itmight be passed over as the second and fifth articles, till the issue ofthe Dutch treaty were known. She said she would desire the liberty offishing for herrings. Whitelocke told her that upon equal conditions hepresumed his Highness would consent to that which should be fit. Sheasked what conditions he would demand. Whitelocke said, those matters ofcommerce would be better agreed upon with the advice of merchants. 

8. The eighth article she said was equal. 

9. There was no difference upon it. 

10. She judged fit to be agreed upon. 

11. She made some short observations, which by explanation Whitelockecleared, and she agreed. 

12. The like as upon the eleventh article. 

13. To this article she read in Latin an objection to the proviso, andsaid it was reasonable that, if they did break bulk, they should paycustom for so much only as they sold. Whitelocke told her that objectionshowed that there were great men merchants in Sweden, and that theobjection was more in favour of the merchants than of herself. She saidthe merchants were crafty indeed; and she did not much insist upon it. 

14. The last article which Whitelocke had given in. To this she said itwas fit that the men-of-war that should come into the other ports shouldbe to a number ascertained, to avoid suspicion. Whitelocke said he wouldagree thereunto, with a caution, as in the first article, to be added: ifthey should be driven by tempest, force, or necessity, then to bedispensed with. 

Whitelocke desired her Majesty to give him a copy of her objections. Shetold him, they were only a few things which she had written with her ownhand, upon her apprehension of the articles, and that he should have themin writing; but she desired him not to acquaint any person here with thisconference. 

_March 10, 1653. _

[SN: Whitelocke's despatches to England. ]

Upon yesterday's conference with the Queen, Whitelocke wrote the passagesthereof at large to Thurloe, to be communicated to the Council inEngland, and to pray their direction in some points which are set downthus in his letters:--

 "I shall desire to know the pleasure of my Lord Protector and Council, whether, in case I shall conclude those articles of amity and commerce, omitting the second, fifth, and seventh articles, if his Highness will be pleased to approve thereof. I confess my humble opinion is (unless I receive commands to the contrary) that in case the peace be concluded between us and Holland, and Denmark included, it will be no disadvantage to us to conclude the alliance here, omitting the second, fifth, and that part of the seventh article against which her Majesty objected, if she shall insist upon it. 

 "Another point wherein I pray direction is upon the sixteenth article of your treaty with the Dutch, that either Commonwealth shall be comprehended, if they desire it, in treaties with other Princes, and notice to be given of such treaties; whether in case your treaty with the Dutch shall be agreed, that then notice ought to be given to them of the treaty with the Queen of Sweden, and the Dutch to be offered to be comprehended therein; or whether, the treaty here being begun before that with the Dutch concluded, there will be any cause to give such notice to them, or to give notice to the Queen of your treaty with the Dutch; which you will be pleased to consider. 

 "I am very willing to hasten homewards when I may obtain my Lord's order; and that it will be no prejudice here to your service, as I conceive such a conclusion would not at all be. 

 "I presume you have heard of the news at Antwerp, which is very fresh here this week, that the Archduke hath imprisoned the Duke of Lorraine in the castle of Antwerp, which caused the gates of the town to be shut; and that hath occasioned to your friends here the loss of the comfort of this week's letters from England, the post being stayed there, as I was certified from your Resident at Hamburg. "

Many despatches were made by Whitelocke to his friends in England, as hisconstant course was. 

_March 11, 1653. _

[SN: Admiral Oxenstiern visits Whitelocke. ]

The Ricks-Admiral visited Whitelocke. He discoursed of the treaty here, and said that the Queen had not yet informed the Council of it inparticular. He much inquired of the nobility of England, of the Earls andBarons, and of their privileges, and what rank their children had, and ofthe several orders of knights, and of their original; in which mattersWhitelocke was able to give him some satisfaction. He told Whitelockethat the Duke of Lorraine was imprisoned for conspiring with the Count deBassigni to betray three strong towns to the King of France. 

[SN: Interview with Prince Adolphus. ]

Whitelocke visited Prince Adolphus, who also discoursed of his business, as others did. Whitelocke told him of his long being here without anyanswer. The Prince said, the Queen's designs to introduce a mutationmight cause it. Whitelocke said he believed that the amity of Englanddeserved so much regard as to be embraced; and that it would be all onewhether the treaty should be agreed upon by the Queen or by hersuccessor, for it concerned the people and State of both nations; and hepresumed that if the Queen should consent to it, that his Highness'sbrother would have the like good opinion of it. The Prince said it wouldbe most agreeable to his brother, who very much respected the Englishnation, as generally the Swedish people did. He said that he never waspresent at the Council, nor did meddle with any public business; but hedoubted not but that Whitelocke would receive contentment. Whitelockesaid he promised himself so much, being the Protector had sent him hitherto testify his respects to the Queen and to the kingdom of Sweden, and tooffer them the amity of England. 

The Prince also discoursed of the late King of England, and of theproceedings between him and the Parliament, with great dislike thereof;to which Whitelocke gave him an account, and a modest answer decliningthat argument with the Prince, and telling him that every nation hadtheir particular rights and laws, according to which they were governed. He testified great respect to Whitelocke; and when he took his leave thePrince conducted him as far as the great court, which he used not to doto others of Whitelocke's quality. 

_March 12, 1653. _

[SN: The treaty delayed by reason of the Queen's abdication. ]

Mr. Bloome--who had been formerly a servant to the old Duke of Buckinghamin England, and after that coming to Sweden, was entertained by theChancellor, and his great creature, and had been employed by him as apublic minister--did the honour to Whitelocke to be often with him, andnow, after dinner, discoursed much of the revolution which was likely tohappen in this country by the Queen's resignation; upon which subjectWhitelocke thought not fit to speak much in company. 

Afterwards in private Whitelocke asked Mr. Bloome if he had heard theChancellor speak of deferring his business till the Prince were crowned. Bloome confessed he heard the Chancellor say that he thought it would bemore convenient to have Whitelocke's business resolved after the Kingshould be crowned than at present. Whitelocke told him (which he supposedBloome would again relate to the Chancellor) that all acts of such natureconcluded by the Queen before her resignation would be held authentic byher successor. Bloome said he believed so, but, being the change would beso soon, he thought it might be better to have the business put into thehands of the new King. Whitelocke said it would require a long time toexpect the new King's settlement, before which he believed his returnhome might be commanded. Bloome said the business would be soon doneafter the meeting of the Ricksdag, which did not use to sit long. By thisand other discourses Whitelocke found that there was a purpose in some todefer the conclusion of his treaty to the King, which he thereforeprepared to prevent. 

La Belle Comtesse made a great entertainment and ball for Montecuculi andthe rest of the gallants this night, though it were the Lord's Day; butWhitelocke nor none of his company were present at it. 

_March 13, 1653. _

[SN: Whitelocke confers with Count Eric Oxenstiern on the articles. ]

Grave Eric came to Whitelocke to confer about his treaty, and said tohim. 

_Grave Eric. _ The Queen hath commanded me to come to you and to have someconference with you about your proposals, wherein she is pleased to makeuse of my service, because at this time my father is very ill of an ague, and is not able himself to meet with you; and his former indisposition ofhealth and extraordinary affairs hath been some occasion of hindrance ofthe despatch of your business, as have also the uncertainty of the issueof your treaty with Holland, and our great business of the Queen'sintentions here. 

_Whitelocke. _ I have long expected some answer to be given in mybusiness, the greatest part whereof hath no dependence upon the treatywith Holland, and the Queen's intentions here have been but lately madeknown. I have been three months in this place without any answer to mybusiness, although I presume that the amity of England is grateful tothis nation, and may merit the acceptance. 

_Gr. Eric. _ So is the friendship of Sweden. 

_Wh. _ My Lord Protector hath testified that by sending me hither. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The Queen hath likewise sent several public ministers toEngland, and Mr. Lagerfeldt was a long time there without effectinganything. 

_Wh. _ He had answers to his proposals very often, and it was on his partthat a conclusion was not had with him. But if you please to proceed to aconference upon my proposals, I am ready to treat with you, as I havealways been to treat with my Lord Chancellor, your father, for whoseill-health I am heartily sorry. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I am ready in the same way of secresy as it hath been carriedwith my father, so that Mr. Beningen in his letters to his superiorssaith that the English Ambassador did treat with none but the Queenalone, and sometimes alone with the Chancellor, whereby he could notpossibly give any account of those transactions; for he thought that notone person in Sweden, except the Queen and the Chancellor, knew what theywere. 

_Wh. _ The gentleman hath done me an honour in that expression. 

_Gr. Eric. _ My coming to your Excellence is to proceed in your business;and I desire a consideration may be had of the great losses which theQueen's subjects have sustained by the seizing and detaining of theirships by the English. 

_Wh. _ This is a new objection, and I am neither empowered nor haveability to cast up such accounts or to take such examinations; but thereis a court of justice in England, which I presume has done, and will do, right to any who have cause to complain; and I know that my LordProtector will command that justice shall be done to all the Queen'ssubjects; and if any of them have received any injury, they ought toreceive a just satisfaction from the parties that did them wrong; and, ifyou please, I shall mention these things in my letters to England, andwhen I come thither myself I will personally endeavour that the same maybe had fully. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I hope a just satisfaction will be given herein, withoutwhich there can be no solid foundation of amity between the two nationsand their people. 

_Wh. _ The same is reasonably and mutually to be expected; and I make noquestion but my Lord Protector will order right to be done therein. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The Queen's subjects have received great losses under colourof contraband goods, when the same hath not been proved. 

_Wh. _ And many of our allies have been found to colour our enemies' goodsto the damage of England; but these matters will be proper for anexamination elsewhere. 

They proceeded to the particular articles. 

1. This, Eric said, was equal. 

2. He made the same objections as the Queen had done, and Whitelocke gavethe same answers; and Eric said that this article depended upon ourtreaty with the Dutch. 

3. Eric desired an explanation of the words "omnibus in locis quibushactenus commercium exercebatur, "--whether that were not intended toinclude the English plantations in America, because traffic thither, without special license, was prohibited by our Commonwealth; and he saidit would be unequal for the English to have the full traffic in theQueen's dominions, and her subjects not to have the like in ourCommonwealth. Whitelocke answered, that the English desired no traffic inany of the Queen's dominions out of Europe, and therefore it was equalnot to consent to their traffic in America; and that the opinion of theCouncil of State in England had been made known to Mr. Lagerfeldt inEngland, in this point; which paper Whitelocke then showed, and the Graveurged many other arguments, but Whitelocke kept himself to the paper ofthe Council. 

Eric said, those transactions of Lagerfeldt were remitted to Whitelocke'sEmbassy. Whitelocke said, that whatever his instructions might warrant, yet it would not become him to do anything contrary to that wherein theCouncil of State had declared their judgement. The same answer Whitelockegave him concerning the herring-fishing, which Eric much insisted upon;and as to the pre-emption of the commodities of Sweden, mentioned in theCouncil's paper, which Whitelocke showed him, Eric said that could notbe, because those commodities were of very great value, and belonged toseveral private persons; and he demanded of Whitelocke if he thoughtEngland would be contented to give a pre-emption of all their cloth. 

Whitelocke said, the cloth of England was likewise of very great value, and there would hardly be found one stock to buy it all, and there wereseveral staples in other countries to vent it at; and he said he thoughtthe best way would be, first to agree upon the general amity and commercebetween the two nations, and afterwards, if Sweden held it fit, when theysent an ambassador to England, or otherwise, to propound anythingconcerning the fishing for herrings or the traffic in America, ortouching a staple at Narva, Revel, or Gothenburg (which Eric likewisediscoursed of at large), that the Protector would give a fair and justanswer. 

4. Eric made the same objections that the Queen had done, and had thesame answers. 

5. The like discourse was upon this article. 

6. The sixth, Eric said, was the same in effect with the fourth article, and might be adjoined to it. Whitelocke showed him the difference, chiefly in the beginning of this article; and so they passed on. 

7. They had many arguments touching contraband goods, wherein Whitelockeheld himself to the paper given by the Council to Lagerfeldt; and Ericpassed it over, as depending upon the success of the treaty with Holland, especially in the words "bona à suis cujusque inimicis direpta. "

8. This, Eric thought, would need explanation of the words "in quolibetsuorum marium. " Whitelocke told him that was intended in Europe only. 

9. Eric said the words "armatis vel inermibus" were not necessary, because by the law of Sweden any might carry their arms with them. Whitelocke told him that it was not permitted in England for so manytogether without license. 

10. Eric made no objection to this article. 

11. Nor any to this article. 

12. Nor was anything objected to this article. 

13. Eric said the proviso needed explanation as to the point of breakingbulk, as the Queen had objected; and Whitelocke gave the same answer. 

14. The like objections and answers as before, and consent to the likeamendment. 

Eric and much other good company dined with Whitelocke, and after dinnerthey had further discourse on the same subject. And Eric promised to givehis objections to Whitelocke in writing, and to let him know the Queen'spleasure upon their conference; which Whitelocke intended to know alsofrom the Queen herself. 

The company being gone, Whitelocke visited Piementelle, who discoursedmuch touching the Duke of Lorraine, and of the insolencies of hissoldiers, for which the Duke would give no right; but if a poorcountryman complained to him, that his wife had been ravished by hissoldiers, and his goods taken away, the Duke would laugh at the poor man, and say to him, "It is my condition: the King of France hath ravished mywife and my estate, and I have got another wife, and maintain myself withthe goods of others; and I advise thee to do the same as I have done. "Piementelle informed Whitelocke of a carriage of Beningen of much moreincivility towards the Queen than that which he attributed to Whitelocketowards Prince Adolphus; and Whitelocke imparted to Piementelle somepassages between Grave Eric and Whitelocke, supposing he would tell it tothe Queen. 

_March 14, 1653. _

[SN: Interview with General Wrangel. ]

Four of the Queen's servants did Whitelocke the honour to dine with him;and after they were gone, Whitelocke visited the Field-Marshal Wrangel, agentleman of an ancient noble family in this country, son to GeneralWrangel, of whom so often and so honourable mention is made in the Germanwars under Gustavus Adolphus, the Queen's father. 

This Field-Marshal was about thirty-five years of age; his person properand burly, his countenance martial and ingenuous, and his discourseanswerable; his behaviour courteous, and full of cheerfulness in hiswords and actions. His education was liberal; some time he had spent inforeign parts, and had attained languages and the military part oflearning. He was full of knowledge of the mathematics, and well read instory. His genius led him most to warfare, and the sea affairs seemedmost suitable to his affections; whereof he would much discourse withWhitelocke, and admired his relations of the English fleets and havens. His valour and conduct had commonly the best associate, good success, which he used to improve, not parting with the least advantage. Thisbrought him to the favour of his Queen and honour of his country, whereinhe was a Ricks-Senator, and as a Field-Marshal commanded the army, andwas Ricks-Vice-Admiral, which charge he attained in the late war withDenmark; and he it was that took the King of Denmark's ships in the latefight with them. Whitelocke gave him thanks for his favours toWhitelocke's son at Stockholm; they discoursed of the English navy, whereof Wrangel knew many of the ships by name. He told Whitelocke thatMiddleton was arrived in Scotland with two hundred officers and sixthousand arms, which he brought from the Low Countries. 

From Wrangel Whitelocke went to visit Woolfeldt, to congratulate hisrecovery of health. He told Whitelocke that, by letters which he receivedfrom one of his servants in the Low Countries, he was advertised that theStates had sold above twenty of their ships of war, and that his servantheard the Admiral de Witt speak of it. He also told Whitelocke that hehad spoken with many officers of the army, and found all of them wishthat the war between England and Holland might continue; by which theyhoped they should join with the English, and gain advantage by it, andthemselves good employment and plunder. But he said that the Chancellorand his sons, and their party, desired that a peace might be between thetwo Commonwealths, because they were rich enough, and had an interest intrade, and were no soldiers; and that the Queen desired peace among allher neighbours, and although she was very courageous, yet she loved notthe wars. 

_March 15, 1653. _

[SN: Further conference with the Queen. ]

Whitelocke waited on the Queen, and gave her an account of the conferencebetween Grave Eric and him. The Queen said that Grave Eric had told herthe same things. Whitelocke replied, that her Majesty should never findother than truth from him. Upon the point of damages she seemedsatisfied, though she were informed that those matters were remitted toWhitelocke's negotiation. To which he answered as he had done before toEric; and she was contented, and said she would send an ambassador toEngland, by whom the affairs touching the herring-fishing and theerection of a staple and the trade in America might be concluded; and shetold Whitelocke that she had ordered those things which she judged fit tobe added to his articles, to be written down and given to him. 

She asked Whitelocke by what way he purposed to return to England. Hesaid he was doubtful of going by land, and thought the passage fromStockholm to Lübeck would be the shortest and most convenient for him. She replied, that would be his best way, and that she would give orderfor some of her ships to be ready to transport him; for which Whitelockethanked her Majesty. 

She discoursed much of England, and asked many questions about theThames and other rivers of England, and of their havens and armies;whereof Whitelocke gave her a full account. She asked him in how manydays one might go from Plymouth to St. Sebastian, and many other thingson that subject. They also discoursed of religion and the worship andservice of God; wherein Whitelocke spake plainly and freely to herMajesty, and told her that those who made a mock at religion, and wereAtheists in their opinion, were not only most miserable in their owncondition, but brought others likewise into misery; and all of them wouldfind that God would not be mocked, nor such conversation be excused, butwould be brought into a sad account in the end; and that there was nofoundation in any such people, or in their opinions, but what was sandyand would fail, and all building thereupon would totter and fall down andbecome rubbish; that the only solid comfort and true wisdom lay in thesincere worship and service of God, which was not only agreeable to thedoctrine of truth, but to reason itself. To this, and much of the likediscourse, the Queen was very attentive, and seemed pleased with it. 

_March 16, 1653. _

[SN: Despatches from England. ]

Whitelocke received his letters from England, and in those from Thurloehe writes thus:--

 "The particular account your Excellence gives of your negotiation is very acceptable here, as is also your dexterous management thereof. The paper you were pleased to send to me shall be represented to the Council; and your Excellence may be assured that a due care will be taken of that business, as well for justice' sake as that your present business be not hindered by things of this kind. The bales of the Queen's goods shall also be taken care of, and any omissions which have been therein rectified; and I do assure your Excellence that the Queen's Commissary here hath such speedy and effectual despatches in everything he makes application for, that I know he cannot but give notice of it to the Queen. "

Then he gives in his letters a full relation of the state of the Dutchtreaty, and all particulars of it, and the likelihood of its takingeffect; and gives intelligence of the French news; and sends copies ofBeningen's letters from Upsal to the States, and of the posture ofaffairs in England, Scotland, and Ireland: and concludes, --

 "Therefore, with my humble thanks for your Excellence's favour to me of your weekly letters, and hearty wishes for your safe and honourable return to your friends and relations here, I rest, "Your Excellence's most humble and faithful servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_February 16, 1653. _"

Whitelocke received many letters from his private friends, hisbrothers-in-law, Mr. Hall, Mr. Cokaine, Mr. Eltonhead, Sir CharlesWoolsey, Colonel Sydenham, and one from Mr. Selden, which for theextraordinary respect thereof, and the person's sake (of whom the Queenmade often inquiry), is fit to be remembered, and was thus:--

[SN: Letter from Selden. ]

 "_To his Excellence the Lord Whitelocke, Lord Ambassador to her Most Excellent Majesty of Sweden. _

 "May it please your Excellence, "There is nothing happens here that can be worthy of your knowledge but you meet with it doubtless long before I could send it, --indeed, I think, long before I know it, --so that I cannot present you with any English news: my still keeping in from the open cold air makes me a mere winter stranger in my own country. The best news I have heard since I had the honour to see you, and that which brought me with it an ample store of gladness, was the assurance of your Excellence's safety, which a false rumour with great confidence had utterly destroyed here. There is none living can with more hearty affection wish all happiness to you, and good success in your great employment there, and a safe and timely return, than doth most really, "Your Excellence's most obliged "and most humble servant, "J. SELDEN. "_Whitefriars, February 10, 1653. _"

The occasion of that passage in his letter of a false rumour was newsbrought into England that Whitelocke was stabbed and murdered in Sweden;and thus his death was with much confidence reported from several hands, and from divers intelligences out of several parts of Christendom. Whitelocke's friends were much startled at this news, and the morebecause of former intelligences of designs of that nature against him, whereof they wrote him word; and he was glad to read the news, and that, through the goodness of God, he was able to confute those reports. Theywere kept from Whitelocke's wife by the care of his friends, till one ingladness came to give her joy that the ill news of her husband was nottrue; which brought the whole matter to her knowledge, and herself togreat perplexity upon the sudden apprehension and fright of it, thoughthere was no truth in it. 

Whitelocke, that he might not seem wholly to neglect the Queen's favour, had sent a packet of his letters which had no secrets unto MonsieurBonele, the Queen's Commissary in England, who wrote back an account toWhitelocke of his care of them, and of the command he had received fromthe Queen so to do, and prayed Whitelocke to speak to the Queen onBonele's behalf. 

_March 17, 1653. _

[SN: Prince Adolphus visits Whitelocke. ]

Prince Adolphus visited Whitelocke, and they discoursed much of Englandand of Whitelocke's business; whom the Prince persuaded to stay inpatience for an answer, and he doubted not but that he would receivesatisfaction. Whitelocke said that hitherto he had been very patient, andwould continue so, and not importune anybody to speed his answer, beingit concerned both nations; and he believed that Sweden would be as welldisposed to entertain the amity of England as England had been in theoffer of it. But Whitelocke thought fit to inform the Prince and someothers that he thought his residence here would not be long, and that assoon as my Lord Protector should send his letter for his return toEngland (which he expected in a short time), he would presently take hisjourney. They discoursed also touching his brother, who was to succeed, and of the brotherly affection between them; as also of the proposalwhich had been heretofore made in the Ricksdag of the Queen to marry hisRoyal Highness, and the Council's advice and endeavours to further thesame; and how it was not brought to pass, the Queen being wholly adverseto marriage, but causing the succession of the Prince Palatine to beenacted by the Ricksdag after her Majesty, if she had no children. Andin these particulars the Prince was free in his discourse, but Whitelockethought not fit for him to be so. 

[SN: Letter of Jonathan Pickes. ]

Whitelocke communicated to some of his company a letter which he receivedfrom a member of a congregation in London, which was thus:--

 "_For his Excellence the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke at Sweden. _

 "My Lord, "The wise and holy carriage of Solomon before the Queen of Sheba are more lasting monuments of his praise than his targets of gold, or magnificent temple. The glory of saints is a glorious name, by which, though dead, yet they speak. God will not be ungrateful, nor unfaithful to forget or not to recompense any labour of love. The interest of Christ, --what greater jewel in the world! and yet how little liked and loved by the world! All seek their own, not the things of Jesus Christ. The best, the noblest, the most lasting, yet not minded: our own things, poor, low, uncertain, unsatisfactory, yet pursued. The heart runneth after the wedge of gold, and the mind seeks for greatness. Give me honour, or else I die: a crown here is more desired than heaven hereafter. Divine love hath great danger accompanying it, but the recompense is answerable: 'Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. ' Learned Paul counts all things but dung and dross to holy Christ; and Moses esteemed reproaches for Christ, and afflictions with the people of Christ, greater riches than the treasures of Egypt or the honours at Court. And now, Sir, will you have the meaning of all? It is only a Christian motive to you to eye the highest Lord and the best interest with the greatest industry; that his honour, which is best of all, be dearer to you than all country honour: life, world, are not to be named in the day of his glory. Oh mind him who will not forget you in the least! There's none in heaven like him: can there be anything on earth compared to him? Two things are chiefly to be minded in all actings, --the springs from whence, and the centre to which, all moves. If love to God be the spring of all, and glory for God the centre of all, then the heart is upright in all. Remember the blessed sound, 'Well done, thou good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful in a little, but thou shalt be enjoyer of much; enter into thy Lord's joy. ' And truly, Sir, you have been not a little in my thoughts to God for you; so hath it emboldened me thus to speak to God for you. My soul and many more have been set a-praising God on your behalf, for that noble Christian testimony and dislike of that wicked custom of cup-health pledging; whereas a Christian's health is God, and his cup salvation. And blessed be the Lord, that did give you to dislike the ball of pleasure, and that the Lord of that day was so precious. Go on nobly for the Lord; give your testimony against the wicked customs of a strange country or dying world; bear his image in all your transactions, and follow his steps who was the most glorious Ambassador that ever was; and in this motion the Lord fill your sails with his gales, make you holily successful, and give you to see your land and relations full of heavenly fruition, is the humble and hearty desire of one of the least sons of Zion, ready to serve the Lord in you or yours. 

 "JONATHAN PICKES. "

_March 18, 1653. _

Doctor Whistler made a copy of Latin verses upon the Queen's abdication, which, for the ingenuity and fancy, were worthy the sight of a Prince;and Whitelocke sent them to the Queen, who was much taken with them. Whitelocke was so pleased with those verses that, having a littleleisure, himself turned them into English. [41]

Whitelocke having sent to know if the Queen were at leisure that hemight wait upon her, she returned an excuse that she was not well: shecame away sick from the public schools, where she had been to grace thedisputations of a young Swedish Baron with her presence. 

[SN: Effect of the peace with Holland. ]

Senator Bundt visited Whitelocke, and discoursed with him in English, which he spake indifferently well, and was the only Swede he conversedwith in that language. Part of their discourse was to this effect:--

_Bundt. _ Mr. Beningen, the Holland Resident in this Court, acquainted methat his superiors have concluded the agreement with England: only someprovinces desire a more express inclusion of the King of Denmark than isyet contained in the articles; and they are much troubled that, beingupon the conclusion of the treaty, you make so great preparations of war, and have so powerful a fleet at sea; and we here do much wonder whatshould be your design to have so strong a fleet, and so soon out at sea. 

_Wh. _ The design is for the defence of the Commonwealth; and it is ourcustom not to trust to the success of any treaties, which is uncertain, but to prepare for all events. If the treaty be agreed, it will bereligiously observed on our part, and the navy will be employed to scourthe seas of pirates and enemies, that trade may be free and safe; and wealways use in time of peace to have a fleet at sea; and if the warcontinue, we shall be the more ready, by the blessing of God, to maintainour right. But what suspicion have you here of our navy?

_Bundt. _ We suppose it may be employed to open the passage of the Sound, and make the trade and navigation there free. 

_Wh. _ The hindrance of navigation there is more prejudicial{2} to Swedenthan to England. We can have our commodities at Gothenburg and in otherplaces, without passing the Baltic Sea. 

_Bundt. _ Many amongst us know not what to think of your fleet, and ittroubles some. 

_Wh. _ I hope we shall be in nearer amity, and then you will be pleased atit. Have the Senators consulted about the matters of my treaty, or ofremitting it to the new King?

_Bundt. _ We have not advised any such thing, but believe the best way foreffecting your business will be by the Queen herself; and if any tell youthe contrary, they are much mistaken in the affairs of this kingdom, anddo not give you a right understanding of them. 

This being wholly contrary to what was informed by Monsieur Bloome, theChancellor's creature, caused Whitelocke the more to mind it, andendeavour to obviate that prejudice of delay to his business; and findingby this discourse with Bundt how much the Dutch Resident and others herewere amused at the English fleet now at sea, he made use thereof, andgave advice of it to his superiors in England. 

_March 19, 1653. _

[SN: Intrigues of the Dutch Resident against Whitelocke. ]

Whitelocke sent to inquire of the Queen's health; and it being the Lord'sDay, she was in her chapel. Divers English and Scots of the town came toWhitelocke's house to hear sermons there; and among them was MonsieurRavius, who acquainted Whitelocke that one of the Queen's chaplains askedRavius how long Whitelocke intended to stay in Sweden. Ravius said hewould shortly return to his own country. The chaplain replied, he did notbelieve that, but he thought Whitelocke would stay here a long time, andthat he durst not return to England because of the displeasure of theProtector against him. And when he was answered that Whitelocke camehither not in the posture of a man out of favour, and that the Protectorsince his accession to the Government had sent him new credentials, andexpressed much favour to him, and sent to be certified what respect theQueen gave him, the chaplain replied that Whitelocke was sent hitherpurposely to be removed out of England, and because he had been of theformer Parliament; to which Ravius said, that many who were of the formerParliament were now in public offices, as Whitelocke was. 

There was cause to believe that this and many the like stories werefeigned by the Holland Resident and other enemies of the Commonwealth, toasperse Whitelocke and his business, and to give some obstruction to it;but Whitelocke took little notice of such things, only he thankedMonsieur Ravius for his defence of Whitelocke and of the truth. 

It was also related to Whitelocke that the inauguration of his RoyalHighness could not probably be performed till the feast of St. John theBaptist, and that then nothing could be concluded in his business tillthe feast (as they expressed it) of the Holy Archangel St. Michael nextfollowing, because it was fit to be remitted to the Prince for his finalagreement thereunto; and so the treaty must necessarily receive adeferring till that time, which, they said, would be best forWhitelocke's affairs. Whitelocke told them that it would be somewhatdifficult to persuade him that such a delay of his business would bebest; he was sufficiently convinced of the contrary, and that such anobstruction would render his treaty wholly fruitless both to England andSweden, and that he hoped to be himself in England long before the timewhich they prefixed for the beginning of his treaty with the new King;and that he daily expected the commands of the Protector touching hisreturn home, which he should readily and willingly obey, whether histreaty here should be concluded or not. He spake the more to this effect, and the oftener, that the same might come to the ear of the Chancellorand other senators. 

_March 20, 1653. _

[SN: Peace signed between England and the United Provinces. ]

Whitelocke visited Piementelle, who communicated to him the news of theDuke of Lorraine, and that the United Provinces of the Netherlands hadratified the articles with England. Whitelocke asked if Groningen hadconsented. He said yes, but with this restriction, that the Prince ofOrange should be comprised in the treaty, which might yet cause someobstruction in it. Whitelocke imparted to him some of his news, andimparted such passages of his conferences and business as he desiredmight by him be related to the Queen. 

[SN: Senator Schütt affects to be favourable to the treaty. ]

Senator Schütt visited Whitelocke, and staid with him above two hours. They discoursed of many things unnecessary to be remembered; some wasthus:--

_Schütt. _ I am sorry that the business of your treaty goes on so slowly;but I hope you will excuse it, in regard the Chancellor is not quick indespatches, and affects long deliberations in great matters. 

_Whitelocke. _ That is an argument of his prudence and well weighing ofthings before he come to a resolution; and certainly he hath hadsufficient time of deliberation in my business. 

_Sch. _ The Chancellor sometimes may take more time than is necessary forone business, and borrow it for another; he knows the advantages of timesand seasons, and how to improve them. 

_Wh. _ I have found it so; but methinks my business should have been soacceptable as to have prevented such great delays. 

_Sch. _ Your negotiation as to the amity with England was in considerationwith the Council here before your arrival; and all of us agreed that itwas more desirable than any other. 

_Wh. _ I believe it would be agreeable to you, who are persons of greatexperience, knowing the interest of your own country, and howconsiderable the English nation is; and this caused a belief in me that Imight promise myself an answer to my proposals before my departure fromhence. 

_Sch. _ The great affairs of this kingdom, and the change likely tohappen, have put a stop to all other business; and in case yournegotiation cannot be brought to a conclusion during your stay here, yetit may be agreed upon afterwards by an ambassador to be sent from henceto England. 

_Wh. _ My Lord Protector having testified so much respect to the Queen, ashe hath done in sending me Ambassador hither, for me, after four or fivemonths' residence and negotiation in this place, to be sent home againwithout any conclusion of my business, but the same to be remitted to thesending of an ambassador from hence to England, would be no answer to therespect of the Protector in sending me hither. 

_Sch. _ The Parliament sent your Excellence hither, as I understood, andnot the Protector. 

_Wh. _ My coming hither was at first by my Lord Protector's desire, hebeing then General, and without his earnest request to me I had notundertaken it; and since his access to the Government I have received newcredentials from him, by virtue whereof only I have negotiated, and amthe first public Minister employed by his Highness. 

_Sch. _ It is a very great respect which the Protector hath manifested toyou, and by you to our Queen and nation, and that which you say carriesreason with it. I shall do all that possibly may lie in my power totestify my respects and service to his Highness and Commonwealth ofEngland, and to your Excellence their honourable Ambassador. 

_Wh. _ You are pleased to express a great honour and esteem for my LordProtector and for his servant, whereof I shall not fail, by any servicein my power, to make acknowledgment to your Excellence. 

There were many other compliments and discourses between them; and theSenator fell into a relation of Russia, where he had been, and of theGreat Duke's bringing at one time into the field an army of 200, 000 men, divided into three parties, whereof one part fell upon Poland, and hadlately taken divers considerable places in that kingdom; and much more hespake of this exploit, which is omitted. 

_March 21, 1653. _

[SN: Senator Schütt's duplicity. ]

Whitelocke was somewhat surprised by the carriage of Senator Schütt tohim yesterday, and with his freedom of discourse, which showed him eitherto be a courtier and versed in the art of simulation, or the reports madeof him to Whitelocke to be untrue. Now he seemed clearly for the leaguewith England; before, he expressed himself against it; now he showedcivility and respect to Whitelocke and to his superiors; before, he spakedisdainfully of them and their affairs. 

But an ambassador must hear and see many things, and yet take no noticeof them; must court an enemy to become a friend, as he believed he haddone to Schütt, who, after acquaintance between him and Whitelocke, became very friendly. But Whitelocke held it requisite to keep atsomewhat more distance with him than with others, because he had beeninformed that there was not much of kindness between the Chancellor andthis gentleman, which was confirmed by discourse this day withLagerfeldt. 

_Lagerfeldt. _ I entreat your Excellence's excuse for my long absence, which hath been occasioned by an employment lately bestowed on me by herMajesty, which takes up my time in the discharge of it. 

_Whitelocke. _ I do congratulate the honour and favour of the Queentowards you, in this part of a reward for your good service in England, whereof I was a witness and have affirmed it to her Majesty. What is theoffice she hath given you?

_Lag. _ It is the Vice-President of the College of Trade. 

_Wh. _ I suppose the office is profitable as well as honourable. 

_Lag. _ A competent salary is annexed to the office, and with us no persondoth serve in any office or public employment, but he hath a salary forit from the State. 

_Wh. _ That is honourable, and for the advantage of the State. One of yourRicks-Senators was here with me yesterday, and I had much discourse withhim about my business. 

_Lag. _ Which of them was with your Excellence?

_Wh. _ The Senator Schütt, whom I saw not before. 

_Lag. _ I wonder at his visit; did he express much respect to yourCommonwealth?

_Wh. _ As much as any I have met with. 

_Lag. _ I much wonder at it; but shall advise your Excellence not todepend much upon this gentleman, nor to be over-free in your discoursewith him; for he hath been under a cloud, and is very intimate with theHolland Resident. 

_Wh. _ I thank you for your caution; but I have communicated nothing tohim but what might be published. 

_Lag. _ My Lord Eric Oxenstiern hath, by the Queen's command, some paperstouching your business to be imparted to you. 

_Wh. _ Do you remember the effect of them?

_Lag. _ They contain some explanation of the articles given in by yourExcellence, and some additions offered to them, but not much differingfrom those exhibited by you. 

They had much discourse about these additions and explanations, whereofWhitelocke endeavoured to get as much knowledge from Lagerfeldt as hecould beforehand, that he might be the better prepared to debate uponthem when they should be produced; and he declared his sense positivelyagainst some of them to Lagerfeldt, which proved an advantage. Some ofthose additions mentioned by Lagerfeldt, being upon his report to GraveEric of Whitelocke's judgement upon them, were left out of Grave Eric'spaper. 

[SN: Further conference with Grave Eric Oxenstiern. ]

In the afternoon Grave Eric came to Whitelocke, and they had thisdiscourse together:--

_Gr. Eric. _ Here is a paper, which I shall read unto you, containing somematters wherein I desire your consideration, being they relate to thetreaty, as touching contraband goods; that there may be such a liberty, that trade be not impeached, that prizes may not be brought into theports of friends, nor enemies admitted into the havens of the friends andallies of either nations; that the fishing for herrings and the trade inAmerica may be free for the Swedes, and that they may have satisfactionfor the wrongs done to them by the English at sea. 

_Whitelocke. _ Here is very much in these particulars to which I haveformerly given my answer, and can give no other. England hath had noreason to give a liberty of contraband goods when their enemies deny it, and it were hard to forbid friends to bring prizes into the ports offriends, being no prejudice to the owner of the port, but a discourtesyto the friend; neither is it reason to deny a friend to enter into myharbour because he is an enemy to another that is my friend also, whosequarrel I am not bound to wed. For the liberty of herring-fishing, it maybe had from our Commonwealth upon reasonable conditions; and for thetrade in America, I am not instructed to assent to anything therein, butI supposed it had been intended to send from hence to the Protector aboutit. And for satisfaction of wrongs, I know none done by the English tothe Queen's subjects, and imagined that her Majesty had been satisfied inthese points. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I have order to acquaint you with these particulars, and toconfer with you about them, being esteemed by us just and reasonable. 

_Wh. _ After my attendance here three or four months without any answer tomy proposals, I did not expect to receive new ones from you so differentfrom those which I gave in with equal respect to the good of bothnations; and I having offered the friendship of England to you ingeneral, you answer that it will be accepted, but upon particular andhard conditions. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I confess there hath been too much delay in your business, but it hath been occasioned by the uncertainty of the issue of yourtreaty with Holland. 

_Wh. _ The issue of that treaty is not yet known, and the articles givenin by me had no relation thereunto, and were proposed three months since. 

_Gr. Eric. _ At present we take it for granted that the peace is concludedbetween you and Holland, and that now you are good friends. 

_Wh. _ I wish we may be so; and if that peace be concluded, there is theless need of your proposals touching prizes, contraband{3} goods, etc. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Though the peace be concluded between you, yet it is prudentto make those provisions, in case of a new war with them or others. 

_Wh. _ I shall desire a copy of your particulars. 

_Gr. Eric. _ You shall have them; and I desire you to read this paper, which is an order of the Council of State in England, delivered to Mr. Lagerfeldt when he was there, whereby these particulars are remitted toyour negotiation. 

_Wh. _ This paper bears date after my departure from England, and I neversaw it before, nor received any particular instructions on this subject. 

_Gr. Eric. _ If you are not satisfied touching the point of damagessustained by her Majesty's subjects in the taking of their ships andgoods by the English, there may be witnesses examined here for proofthereof. 

_Wh. _ I cannot erect a Court or Commissioners, or consent to examinationof witnesses, in this place and upon this occasion; nor can I takeaccounts of merchants; I confess my ignorance. 

_Gr. Eric. _ It may be contained in the treaty that justice shall be done, and satisfaction given to my countrymen for the wrongs done to them. 

_Wh. _ That cannot be so expressed without accusing our Commonwealth, andat least confessing wrongs done, and implying that justice hath not beendone; but I can assure you that the Commonwealth hath done, and will do, justice to their friends and to all persons, and I shall do all that liesin my power for that end. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I shall inform the Queen what hath passed in our conference, and know her Majesty's pleasure therein. 

_March 22, 1653. _

Monsieur Lyllicrone informed Whitelocke that Prince Adolphus had taken asolemn leave of the Queen, and was gone into the country. Whitelockeasked if it was upon any discontent; Lyllicrone said he knew not. Whitelocke asked if he would not be at the Ricksdag; Lyllicrone said hebelieved the Prince did not intend to be at it, but to travel _incognito_with a few servants into France and Italy. 

[SN: The French advances resumed. ]

The French Resident visited Whitelocke in the afternoon, and seeing hiscoaches and horses ready to go abroad to take the air, offered, with manycompliments, to bear Whitelocke company, which he could not refuse. TheResident acquainted Whitelocke that Monsieur Bordeaux, now in London, hadreceived a commission from the King of France to be his Ambassador to theProtector, and that Bordeaux had written to this gentleman here, tosalute Whitelocke on his part, and to signify to him that Bordeaux wouldbe willing to entertain a correspondence with Whitelocke, and hadexpressed much affection to his person. Whitelocke answered that heshould be ready to testify all respect and service to Monsieur Bordeaux, and desired the Resident to testify the same to him at his nextopportunity. Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke, who had some trouble indiscourse with them both together, --the Resident speaking only French, and Lagerfeldt only Latin, and he must answer them in their respectivelanguages. 

After the Resident was gone, Lagerfeldt discoursed with Whitelocke aboutthe treaty, particularly of the new proposals showed him by Grave Eric. Whitelocke gave the same answers to Lagerfeldt as he had done to Eric:then Lagerfeldt said, that by command of the Queen, he was to tender toWhitelocke a copy of articles. Whitelocke asked if they were the samethat Grave Eric yesterday imparted to him, and whether Lagerfeldt had anyspeech with the Queen this day about them. Lagerfeldt said they werealtered in some part, so as to make them the more acceptable toWhitelocke, and that he had a few words with the Queen about them. 

This caused Whitelocke to marvel that the Queen should pretend to himthat she was sick, and therefore put off the audience which he desiredthis day, and yet her Majesty found herself well enough to peruse anddebate with Lagerfeldt these articles; but he said nothing thereof toothers, only made thereof his own observations and use, as he sawoccasion. Lagerfeldt and he perused these new articles, and had muchdiscourse upon them, and in effect the same as with Grave Eric. 

[SN: Whitelocke's amusements in his household. ]

In the long winter-nights here, Whitelocke thought fit to give way tosome passages of diversion to please his people, and to keep themtogether in his house, and from temptations to disorder and debauchery ingoing abroad, besides the danger of the streets in being late out. Hetherefore had music, both instrumental and vocal, in concert, performedby those of his own family, who were some of them excellent in that art, and himself sometimes bore his part with them. He also gave way to theirexercise and pleasure of dancing in his great chamber, that he might bepresent at it, and admitted no undecent postures, but seemly propertiesof habits in their shows. He encouraged public disputations in Latinamong the young men who were scholars, himself present in the greatchamber, and appointing a moderator; and this exercise they found usefuland pleasant, and improving their language. To this end likewise they hadpublic declamations in Latin, himself giving them the question, as "anquodcunque evenerit sit optimum, " etc. , so that his house was like anacademy. 

_March 23, 1653. _

[SN: Whitelocke again negotiates with the Queen. ]

Whitelocke attended the Queen; and after some discourses of pleasantries, they fell upon the treaty, and Whitelocke said to her:--

_Whitelocke. _ My business, Madam, is now brought to a conclusion. 

_Queen. _ Is it to your liking?

_Wh. _ Pardon me, Madam, if I say it is not at all to my liking; for inthe articles which Grave Eric sent me there were many particulars towhich I could not agree, and I much wondered to receive such articlesfrom him, being persuaded that your Majesty was before satisfied by me inmost of the particulars in them. 

_Qu. _ What are those particulars?

The articles Whitelocke had in readiness with him, and his observationsupon them, having taken pains this morning to compare their articles withhis own, and to frame his objections upon them. The Queen wrote down theobjections with her own hand, and then entered into a debate withWhitelocke upon the whole, and seemed to be satisfied in most of thepoints insisted on by Whitelocke; but was stiff upon the law relating toships of war which is mentioned in her eleventh article, and upon someother particulars. After the debate, she desired that Whitelocke wouldthe next morning bring to her his objections in writing; and then shesaid, "We will not be long before we come to a conclusion of thisbusiness. "

Whitelocke thought it convenient to make his addresses to the Queenherself, and, as much as he could, to decline conferences with herCommissioner Grave Eric, whom he found more than others averse and crossto him in his treaty. And the Queen was pleased to admit Whitelocke tothis way, and was not displeased to have applications in this and otheraffairs of the like nature to be made upon her person; whereof Whitelockehad private information before from Piementelle, Woolfeldt, and others, whose advice he pursued herein with good success. 

Her Majesty also permitted Whitelocke to have a free debate with her uponthe points controverted, and would return answers to every argument withas much reason and ingenuity as any of her Ministers of State, and besooner than they satisfied with what was reason. She told Whitelocke thatshe marvelled that he, having received those long articles but late thelast night, should be able to make objections, and to enter into a debateupon all of them this day, when her people had much longer time to framethese articles. Whitelocke answered, "Yes, by two or three months. " Aftersome other discourse, Whitelocke left her in a pleasant humour. 

Being returned home, Lagerfeldt came again to him to sift him, and toknow what answer the Queen had given to his objections upon the newarticles. But Whitelocke fitted his inquiry, and thought not convenientto communicate to him more than what might advantage his business to bereported to Grave Eric; and because, in all conferences with the Queen, no person was admitted to be present with them, not her ownCommissioners for the treaty, or any of the Senators, for the secresy ofthe business, which was much to the liking of Whitelocke, and furtheranceof the treaty. They had much discourse upon the new articles, to the sameeffect as formerly; and Lagerfeldt said he doubted not but the Queenwould in a short time conclude it to Whitelocke's satisfaction. 

After this discourse Whitelocke inquired of Lagerfeldt how theChancellor's health was, and what physicians were about him. Lagerfeldtsaid he was still sick of his ague, and had no physician attending himbut one who had been a chirurgeon in the army, and now constantly livedin the house with the Chancellor as a humble friend, sat at his table, and had a pension from him of four hundred rix-dollars a year; who hadsome good receipts, especially for the stone, which agreed with theChancellor's constitution, which this chirurgeon only studied andattended. And so it was generally in this great and large country. Whitelocke met with no doctor of physic or professed physician in anytown or country, not any attending the person of the Queen herself; butthere are many good women, and some private persons, who use to helppeople that are diseased by some ordinary known medicines; and theirdiseases are but few, their remedies generally communicated, and theylive many of them to a great age. 

[SN: Letters and despatches from England. ]

Whitelocke received letters from England, which were always welcome, especially bringing the good news of the welfare of his relations. Hereceived very respectful letters from the Earl of Clare, Sir CharlesWoolsey, Colonel Sydenham, the Master of the Rolls, Mr. Reynolds, LordCommissioner Lisle, and divers others, besides his usual letters from hiswife, Mr. Hall, Mr. Cokaine, his brothers-in-law, and divers otherfriends. In those from Thurloe he had the particular passages of theDutch treaty, and that he believed the peace with them would beconcluded; and in those letters Thurloe also writes thus:--

 "Your Excellence's of the 27th of January I communicated to his Highness and to the Council, who, although they do not by this transaction of the Queen very well understand her intentions as to the peace, yet they are very much satisfied with the management thereof on your part, and commit the issue thereof unto the Lord, who will either bless your endeavours by bringing things to a desired issue, or otherwise dispose of this affair to the glory of God, the good of the Commonwealth, and the comfort of yourself who are employed in it. 

 "The Council, upon consideration of the whole matter, did not find it necessary to give you any further directions, nor did his Highness, especially seeing his last letters but one did express his sense upon that treaty, and nothing hath occurred since which hath given any cause of alteration. 

 "The French King and Cardinal, seeing themselves disappointed at the Hague as to their inclusion in that treaty, endeavour to effect it here; and to that purpose the Cardinal sent hither one Monsieur Le Baas to congratulate his Highness, and to assure him of the friendship of the King; and that, if he pleased, the King would banish Charles Stuart and his family out of his dominions, and proclaim the Protector in France; and hath since sent a Commissioner to Monsieur Bordeaux to be Ambassador. 

 "The Spanish Ambassador doth also very much court his Highness and the present Government. Don Francisco Romero, Captain of the Guard to the Archduke, arrived here the last night, to congratulate his Highness in the Duke's name. 

 "I have moved the Council in the two papers your Excellence trusted to my care. What order the Council hath been pleased to make thereupon you will see by their enclosed order, and my care shall not be wanting to see an effectual execution thereof. 

 "Your Excellence's humble and faithful servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_24th February, 1653. _"

The Council's Order was this:--

 "AT THE COUNCIL CHAMBER, WHITEHALL. 

 "_Friday, 24th of February, 1653. _

 [SN: Order in Council on the Swedish prizes. ]

 "On consideration of several papers which came enclosed in a letter from the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke, and were this day presented to the Council, containing some complaints made by divers of the subjects of her Majesty of Sweden, viz. Concerning a Swedish galliot called the 'Land of Promise, ' and a ship called the 'Castle of Stockholm, ' and certain goods taken out of the 'Gold Star' of Hamburg, and claimed as belonging to Alexander Ceccony, gentleman, principal officer of the Queen's wardrobe: _Ordered_, That several copies of the said papers be forthwith sent to the Judges of the Court of Admiralty and to the Commissioners for Prize Goods, to whom it is respectively referred, diligently to inform themselves of the true state of the said ship and goods, and what proceedings have been had in the Court of Admiralty or Prize Office touching the same or any of them, and thereof to make report to the Council. And it is especially recommended and given in charge to the said Judges that both in these and in all matters concerning the said Queen or her subjects, which do or shall depend before them, all right and fair respect be given upon all occasions; and that whatsoever of the said goods belonging to her Majesty's servant they shall discover, be by them ordered to be forthwith delivered. 

 "Ex^r W. JESSOP, "Clerk of the Council. "

This Order Whitelocke caused to be translated into Latin, and sentcopies of it to the Chancellor, to Grave Eric, to Mr. Ceccony, and toothers; and he showed it to the Queen, and all were pleased with it, hoping for further fruit of it, and esteeming Whitelocke to be in goodcredit with his superiors. 

_March 24, 1653. _

[SN: Reports of the negotiation to England. ]

Whitelocke made his despatches for England, and wrote above twentyletters to several of his friends there, finding it grateful to them toreceive letters from him at such a distance; and that answers to lettersare expected, and ill taken if neglected; that they cost little, andplease much. He was hindered by Woolfeldt, who made a long visit to him, though upon the post day; at which he wondered, in regard Woolfeldt hadbeen himself often employed as a public minister, and knew so well whatbelonged to the making of despatches. 

To recover his lost time, Whitelocke (as he often used when businesspressed him) wrote one letter himself and dictated two others to hissecretaries at the same time, and so, in effect, wrote three letters atonce. The letter which he now wrote to Secretary Thurloe contained hiswhole transactions since his last letters to him; and the conclusion ofthe letter, showing the state of his negotiation, was this:--

 "This afternoon Grave Eric came to me from the Queen, who desired that my audience, appointed this day, might be put off till the holidays were past, and said that by reason of the sacrament upon Easter Day, this day and tomorrow were to be spent in preparation thereunto; but he told me that she commanded him to receive my objections to his articles in writing, the which I gave him according to that large paper which you will receive herewith. We had very much debate upon the particulars, much of it according to what I have mentioned before. 

 "I have thought fit to send you this large paper that you might see the whole business before you at one view, and it hath cost me some pains. I shall continue my best endeavours to bring your business to a good effect. I am put to struggle with more difficulties than I could expect, and their policy here is great. One may soon be overtaken with long, intricate, and new proposals; but I hope God will direct me, whom I do seek, and shall not wilfully transgress my instructions. 

 "When I speak with the Queen, she seems to be satisfied; and then some of the grandees seek to persuade her to a contrary opinion, and to keep me from her, and lay objections in the way to cross it (for we want no enemies here). I then endeavour again to satisfy the Queen, and break through their designs as well as I can; to do which, and to get a good despatch against all opposition, and yet so as not to supplicate anything from them, nor in the least to prostitute the honour of my Lord Protector and of the Commonwealth, or to prejudice them, is a task hard enough for a great favourite, much more hard for a stranger, and whose differing principles may render him the less acceptable. However, I shall hope that the Lord will direct me for the best, whether they agree with my judgement or not. 

 "If I can conclude with them, I shall presently be upon my return, and hope within a week or two to receive his Highness's order to give me leave to come home. What I cannot consent to or obtain at present, I presume they will be contented to have referred to a future agreement, wherein there can be no prejudice (in my humble opinion) to your affairs. 

 "I ask your pardon for my tedious informations, wherein I take no pleasure; but supposing the business to require it, I presume you will excuse

 "Your very affectionate friend to serve you, "B. WHITELOCKE. "_Upsal, 24th March, 1653. _"

Most of the night was spent by Whitelocke in making his despatches forEngland; neither did he neglect any one friend from whom he had receivedthe favour and kindness of their letters to him here; by which civilityhe obtained the more advice and intelligence from England, and made gooduse of it in this Court. His constant letters from his wife and otherprivate friends he also found of much comfort and advantage to him. 

_March 25, 1654. _

[SN: New Year's Day, Old Style. ]

This day, by the Swedish computation as well as that of England, is thefirst day of the year 1654. 

Mr. Bloome came to Whitelocke with a compliment from the Chancellor, thathe was sorry he could not visit Whitelocke before his going out of town, because he was ill, and retired himself into the country, to be quit frombusiness and to recover his health; and at his return he would come toWhitelocke and confer with him. 

This gentleman Whitelocke apprehended to be often sent to him as a spy, to inquire of his intentions, and therefore he thought good to make useof him by telling such things to him as Whitelocke thought and wishedmight be again reported by Bloome unto the Chancellor. Therefore, amongother discourses, Whitelocke told Bloome that France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, and other princes and states, hadsent their public ministers to the Protector, desiring friendship withhim; but his Highness having sent his Ambassador into this kingdom, theyhad testified so little respect to him, that in three or four months'time they had not vouchsafed to give him an answer to his proposals. 

Mr. Symonds, an Englishman, excellent in his art of graving and takingoff pictures in little, in wax, for which he had regard in this Court andpromises of money, this person often frequented Whitelocke, hiscountryman, and his house, and after some time made a request toWhitelocke to speak to the Queen in his favour. Whitelocke, knowing thatambassadors' offices ought not to be cheap, told Symonds in a kind ofdrollery that surely he could not expect such a courtesy from him, since, being an Englishman, he had not acquainted the English Ambassador withany matter of consequence, nor done any service to his country, sinceWhitelocke's arrival here; that when he should deserve it, Whitelockewould be ready to do him service. 

_March 26, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke reproves the English for disorder on the Lord's Day. ]

_The Lord's Day. _--Divers English and Scots came to the public duties ofthe day in Whitelocke's house; and amongst other discourse Whitelockelearnt from them that Waters, one of his trumpets, going late in theevening to his lodging, was set upon by some drunkards with their swords, and wounded, whereof he continued very ill. Whitelocke examined andreproved some of his company for disorders committed by them on theLord's Day and other days, which he told them he would not bear; and itwas the worse in their commitment of those crimes, and the less reasonfor them to expect a connivance thereat, because Whitelocke had so oftenand so publicly inveighed against the profanation of that day in thisplace; but among a hundred some will be always found base, vicious, andwicked. 

_March 27, 1654. _

[SN: Festivities of Easter Monday. ]

This being Easter Monday, some of Whitelocke's people went to the castleto hear the Queen's music in her chapel, which they reported toWhitelocke to be very curious; and that in the afternoon was appointed anancient solemnity of running at the ring. Some Italians of the Queen'smusic dined with Whitelocke, and afterwards sang to him and presented himwith a book of their songs, which, according to expectation, was notunrewarded. 

Whitelocke went not abroad this festival-time to visit anybody, nor didany grandees come to visit him; he had an imagination that they might beforbidden to do it, the rather because Piementelle and Woolfeldt, whowere accustomed to come often to him, had of late refrained to do it, andhad not answered Whitelocke's last visit in ten days. The Queen had alsoexcused her not admitting Whitelocke to have audiences, by saying she wasbusy or sick, when, at the same time, Piementelle and others wereadmitted to her presence, and for two or three hours together discoursedwith her. This was resented and spoken of by Whitelocke so as it mightcome to the Queen's ear. 

_March 28, 1654. _

[SN: The Swedes desire to defer the treaty until the new reign. ]

After the master of the ceremonies had dined with Whitelocke, and was ina good humour, he desired Whitelocke to withdraw from the rest of thestrangers, and that he might speak privately with him; and going into thebedchamber, the master told him that he had heard from some thatWhitelocke had expressed a discontent, and the master desired to know ifany had given him offence, or if there were anything wherein the mastermight do him service. Whitelocke said he apprehended some occasion ofdiscontent in that he had attended here near four months, and had not yetobtained any answer to his proposals. The master excused the delay inregard of the Queen's purpose of quitting the Government. Whitelocke saidhe believed that occasioned much trouble to her Majesty, and which gavehim cause to doubt that his frequent visits of her Majesty might give hersome inconvenience. He replied that Whitelocke's company was veryagreeable to the Queen, though at present she was overcharged withbusiness. 

_Whitelocke. _ I do acknowledge the favours I have received from herMajesty, and your civilities to me, for which I shall not be ungrateful. 

_Mast. Cer. _ Would it not be of advantage to your business to attend forthe conclusion of it until the coronation of our new King, to be assentedto by him; by which means the alliance will be more firm than to have itdone by the Queen so near her quitting of the Government?

_Wh. _ I shall hardly stay so long a time as till the beginning of thereign of your new King, nor have I any letters of credence or commissionbut to the Queen; and I believe that all acts done by her before herresignation will be held good, and particularly this touching thefriendship with England, which, I suppose, will be also very agreeable tohis Kingly Highness, and be inviolably observed by him. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I do not doubt but that the new King will observe thealliance which the Queen shall make with England, but perhaps it mightbetter be made with the new King himself; and although you have noletters of credence to him, yet you may write into England and have themsent to you. 

_Wh. _ That will require more time than I have to stay in this place. Ibelieve the new King will not be crowned yet these two or three months;and it will be two months from this time before I can receive newcredentials from England, and two or three months after that before I canreturn home; by which account I shall be abroad yet eight months longer, which will be till the next winter; and that would be too long a time forme to be absent from my family and affairs in England. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I shall speak with the Queen in this business, and shortlyreturn to you. 

It was imagined by Whitelocke that the master of the ceremonies waspurposely sent to him to sound him touching the deferring of the treaty;and the like errand Mr. Bloome came to him about; and Whitelocke fullydeclared to them his distaste of any thought thereof, and the more atlarge and positively because he knew what he said would be reported tothe full to her Majesty and to the Chancellor. 

_March 29, 1654. _

The master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke from the Queen to excuseWhitelocke's not having had audiences when he desired them; which he saidwas because her Majesty had been so full of business, which had hinderedher, and particularly because of the holidays; but he said, if Whitelockepleased to have his audience tomorrow, the Queen would be glad to seehim. Whitelocke desired the master to return his thanks to her Majestyfor her favours, and to let her know that he should be ready to attendher at such time as she should appoint. The master said he would acquainther Majesty herewith, and so went away in the midst of dinner. 

[SN: Lord Douglas visits Whitelocke. ]

The Lord Douglas, a Scotsman, came to visit Whitelocke. He is an ancientservant to this Crown; he was a page to King Gustavus Adolphus, and byhim preferred to military command, wherein he quitted himself so wellthat he was promoted to be General of the Horse, and was now a Baron andRicks-Stallmaster, or master of the horse, in Sweden. He excused himselfthat he had not oftener visited Whitelocke, being hindered by hissickness of an ague, which had held him thirty weeks, and had not yetleft him. He said that the next day after his arrival here the Queenasked him if he had been to see the English Ambassador, and thatWhitelocke was much obliged to the Queen for her good opinion of him:whereof Whitelocke said he had received many testimonies, and of herrespects to the Protector and Commonwealth as well as to their servant. Douglas said, that besides her respect to the Protector, she had aparticular respect for Whitelocke; with much discourse of that nature. 

[SN: Further excuses for delay. ]

He then went to visit his old comrade Colonel Potley, who was ill andkept his chamber. He fell upon the discourse that it would be convenientfor Whitelocke to stay here till the coronation of the new King, that thetreaty might be concluded by him: to which the same answers were given byWhitelocke as he had before given to the master of the ceremonies. 

Whilst the Lord Douglas was in Whitelocke's house, Grave Eric came toWhitelocke by command of the Queen, to excuse the delay of his business, and that some of his audiences had been remitted. He said, her Majestyhad been informed by the master of the ceremonies that Whitelocke shouldsay he had demanded audiences three times, and could not obtain one. Whitelocke answered, that there was a little mistake therein, thoughthere was something near it, and said, it was not his desire to occasiontrouble to her Majesty. Eric answered, that the Queen desired Whitelockewould excuse her by reason of the holidays, during which time they didnot use in this country to treat of any business, and that the Queen hadlikewise many other hindrances; but that whensoever it should pleaseWhitelocke to come to her Majesty, he would be very welcome. He said, hewas going out of town to his father to conduct him hither, and thatwithin a day or two he would visit Whitelocke, and that his businesswould have a speedy despatch. Whitelocke wished him a good journey, andthat he and his father might have a safe and speedy return hither. 

Piementelle sent to Whitelocke to move the Queen to grant her pardon to aSwede who had killed another, for which by the law he was to die; andPiementelle offered to second Whitelocke, if he would entreat the Queenfor her pardon to the homicide. Whitelocke desired to be excused herein, alleging that he, being a public minister, it was not proper for him norfor Piementelle to interpose with her Majesty in a matter of this nature, and particularly touching her own subjects, and in a matter of blood; butthis denial Piementelle seemed to take ill, and to be more strange toWhitelocke afterwards. 

The holidays being past, Piementelle had his audience appointed this dayto take his leave of the Queen. Whitelocke sent his son James and someothers of his gentlemen to be present at it, who reported to Whitelockethat Piementelle spake to the Queen in Spanish, and that she answered himin Swedish, which was interpreted by Grave Tott; that Piementelleobserved very much ceremony, and when he made his public harangue to theQueen he grew very pale and trembled, which was strange for a man of hisparts, and who had been so frequent in his conversation with her Majesty. But some said it was a high compliment, acted by the Spaniard to thelife, to please the Queen, who took delight to be thought, by her majestyand presence, to put a dread and daunting upon foreigners; which in atruth she was noted often to do when public ministers had their audiencesin solemnity with her Majesty. 

_March 30, 1654. _

[SN: An interview with the Queen. ]

One of the Queen's lacqueys came to Whitelocke's house in dinner-time, todesire him, from the Queen, to come to her at two o'clock. Whitelockewas a little sensible of the quality of the messenger, and thereforehimself would not speak with him, but sent his answer by one of hisservants, and accordingly waited on the Queen. 

He was met at the guard-chamber by Grave Tott and divers of the Queen'sservants, with more solemnity than ordinary, and presently brought to theQueen. After her excuse of his not having had audiences she fell intodiscourse of his business. Whitelocke presented to her a form ofarticles, according to his own observations upon those articles he hadformerly given in, and upon those he received from Grave Eric. Thereuponthe Queen said to him, "You will not consent to any one of my articles, but insist upon all your own. " Whitelocke showed her wherein he hadconsented to divers of her articles, and for what reasons he could notagree to the rest. They had discourse upon the whole, to the same effectas hath been before remembered. 

The Queen told Whitelocke, that if those articles should not beconcluded, that nevertheless the amity between the two nations might becontinued. Whitelocke answered, that it would be no great testimony ofamity, nor proof of respect to the Protector and Commonwealth, to sendback their servant after so long attendance, without effecting anything. The Queen said she would despatch his business within a few days, and, she hoped, to his contentment. Whitelocke told her it was in herMajesty's power to do it; that he could not stay until the change whereofpeople discoursed, and that he had her Majesty's promise for hisdespatch, which he knew she would not break. 

Then the Queen fell into other discourses, and in particular of poetry;which occasion Whitelocke took to show her a copy of Latin verses made byan English gentleman, a friend of Whitelocke's, and sent over to himhither, and which he had now about him, and knew that such diversionswere pleasing to the Queen. [71]

At his leisure hours, Whitelocke turned these verses into English, whichran thus:--

 "_To the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord, the Lord Whitelocke, Ambassador Extraordinary to the Most Serene Queen of Sweden. An Ode. _

 Whitelocke, delight of Mars, the ornament Of gownmen, from thy country being sent, Tribunals languish; Themis sad is led, Sighing under her mourning widow's bed. Without thee suitors in thick crowds do run, Sowing perpetual strife, which once begun, Till happy fate thee home again shall send, Those sharp contentions will have no end. But through the snowy seas and northern ways, When the remoter sun made shortest days, O'er tops of craggy mountains, paths untrod, Where untamed creatures only make abode, Thy love to thy dear country hath thee brought, Ambassador from England. Thou hast sought The Swedish confines buried in frost, Straight wilt thou see the French and Spanish coast; And them fast bind to thy loved Britany In a perpetual league of amity. So wilt thou arbitrator be of Peace, Her pious author; thou wilt cause to cease The sound of war, our ears it shall not pierce; Thou wilt be Chancellor of the universe. Christina, that sweet nymph, no longer shall Detain thee; be thou careful not to fall, Prudent Ulysses, under those delights To which the learned Circe thee invites. Thy chaste Penelope doth call thee slow; Thy friends call for thee home; and they do know New embassies, affairs abroad, at home, Require thy service, --stay till thou dost come. Thou, Keeper of the Seal, dost take away Foreign contentions; thou dost cause to stay The wars of princes. Shut thou Janus' gate, Ambassador of peace to every state. "

The Queen was much delighted with these and other verses which Whitelockeshowed her; read them over several times, and desired copies of them, which Whitelocke sent her; and in this good humour she wished Whitelocketo leave with her a copy of his articles as he had now revised them, andto come to her again the next day, when she would give him a furtheranswer, and, she hoped, to his contentment. 

[SN: Spain suspected of intriguing against the treaty. ]

Woolfeldt visited Whitelocke, and excused his long absence by reason ofthe holidays. He informed Whitelocke with much freedom, that it wasagainst the interest of Spain that England and Sweden should be inalliance together, and that Whitelocke's negotiation had been hindered bythe Spanish Resident here, more than by any other. Whereunto Whitelockesaid little positively, but compared his words with the late carriage ofPiementelle, --especially since Whitelocke did not so heartily entertainthe Queen's motion (which probably Piementelle put her upon) to have theSpaniard included in the league with England and Sweden, which Whitelockewas not empowered to treat upon, and Whitelocke also remembered thedeferring of his audiences lately desired. [73] But these things he was tokeep to himself, and to court Woolfeldt, which he did, and Piementellelikewise, who came to visit Whitelocke whilst Woolfeldt was with him, andmade the same excuse as he had done for his long absence. They had muchgeneral discourse, but nothing (as usually before) touching Whitelocke'sbusiness. Piementelle said he purposed to depart from Upsal within sevenor eight days; that yesterday he had taken his leave of the Queen, andcame in the next place to take his leave of Whitelocke, who gave himthanks for this honour, and said he was sorry for the departure ofPiementelle, whereby he should have a very great loss in being deprivedof the acceptable conversation of so honourable a friend. 

[SN: Despatches from England complaining of delay. ]

Whitelocke received many letters from England; in those from Thurloe hesaith:--

 "I am sorry your last letters give us no greater hopes of that which we so much long for, to wit, your Excellence's speedy return home; it seeming by them that the treaty was not much advanced since your last before, notwithstanding the great care and diligence used by your Excellency for the promoting thereof, as also the great acceptance you have with the Queen and Court, as is acknowledged by other public ministers residing there. It is now more than probable they will expect the issue of the Dutch business before they will come to any conclusion; as also to see what terms we are like to be upon with France, that so the Queen may manage her treaty with England accordingly, which I suppose she may not be long ignorant of. In the meantime his Highness thinks he is somewhat delayed on her part. "

Then Thurloe relates all the passages of the Dutch Ambassadors, and that, in effect, they had agreed to the articles; of the endeavours of theFrench to have a league with the Protector, and no less of the Spaniard. And he writes at large the news of the Archduke, as also that of Scotlandand Ireland, and confutes the rumour of a discontent in the army of theProtector. 

In another letter from Thurloe of a later date, received by the samepost, he saith thus:--

 "His Highness understands by your Excellence's last letters, that the treaty with the Queen of Sweden will much depend upon the treaty with the Dutch here, and until the issue of that be known no great matter is to be expected from your negotiation: concerning which, it being very probable that before the next ordinary it will be seen what issue the Dutch treaty will be brought unto, his Highness will refer his further directions to you till then; leaving it to your Excellence to proceed upon the former instructions as you shall find it convenient, and for his service according as affairs now stand. "

The clause in this letter, of referring further directions till after theissue of the Dutch treaty, was some trouble to Whitelocke's thoughts, fearing it might delay his return home; but he laid hold upon the latterpart of this letter, whereby it is left to Whitelocke to proceed upon theformer instructions as he should find it convenient and for hisHighness's service; which, as it reposed a great trust in Whitelocke, soit gave him warrant to conclude his treaty, and obliged him to the morecare to perform that trust which they had so fully put in him. 

[SN: Claim on behalf of the Swedish ships in England. ]

Mr. Bonnele representing to the Protector the losses which the Swedessuffered by the ships of England, the Protector caused an answerthereunto to be returned, the copy whereof was sent by Thurloe toWhitelocke, and was thus:--

 "Whereas Mr. Bonnele, Resident of the Queen of Sweden, hath, by a paper of the 4th of March, remonstrated to his Highness that several ships and goods belonging to the said Queen and her subjects are taken at sea by the ships of this State, and brought into these parts, contrary to the declaration of the Council of State, 1st April, 1653, whereby they did declare, that for preventing the present obstruction of trade, all ships truly belonging to the Queen or her subjects, of Sweden, that should bring with them certificates from her said Majesty, or the chief magistrate of the place from whence they come, grounded upon the respective oaths of the magistrates and loaders that the said ship and lading do belong _bonâ fide_ to the said Queen or her subjects, and to no stranger whatsoever, should and might freely pass without interruption or disturbance. His Highness hath commanded that it be returned in answer to the said Resident, that although the said declaration was to be in force for the space of three months, in which time a form of passport and certificates was to be thought of for preventing fraud and collusion, yet no provision of that nature having been yet agreed upon, and it being contrary to his intention that the goods and ships belonging to her said Majesty or subjects (with whom he desires to conserve all good correspondence) should in the meantime suffer inconvenience or prejudice by the ships of this State, hath renewed, as he doth hereby renew, the said declaration with respect to the present treaty now on foot between the two nations, wherein some course may be provided for preventing the said frauds. 

 "And to the end there may be the better effect of this declaration, his Highness hath given order to the Judges of the Admiralty that if any ships or goods be brought into these parts belonging to her Majesty or subjects, that the producing of certificates according to the said declaration, in open Court and upon oath made by them that do produce such certificates, that they are good and authentic, and obtained without fraud or deceit, that the Judges shall thereupon (there being no proof before them to the contrary) discharge the said ships or goods without further delay. Provided that such ships were not bound with contraband goods to the ports or harbours of any of the United Provinces. 

 "For the herring-buss, there having been proceedings thereupon in the Court of Admiralty, and a sentence of condemnation given against her as belonging to the enemies of this State, his Highness does not conceive that it can be expected from him to interpose in matters belonging to the decision of that Court; besides, the law having in the ordinary course provided a remedy, by way of appeal, in case of wrong or injustice done by that Court. 

 "For the goods of Mr. Alexander Cecconi, supposed to be taken by a ship belonging to this State, orders have been given by the Council concerning them, and some return made upon those orders; and the said Commissary may rest assured that speedy and effectual justice will be done in that particular. 

 "JO. THURLOE. "_March 10th, 1653. _"

These orders of the Council Whitelocke caused to be translated intoLatin, that he might communicate them as he saw occasion. 

_March 31, 1654. _

[SN: Reports to England. ]

Whitelocke despatched a great number of letters to his friends inEngland: in those to Secretary Thurloe he gave a full account of alltransactions of his negotiations and passages here since his lastletters. 

This day, though the post-day, Woolfeldt again visited Whitelocke, to hisno little interruption in his despatches; yet from him Whitelocke learnedmany things in relation to Denmark, for the advantage of England, andWoolfeldt testified great affection and respect to the Protector andCommonwealth. He was also interrupted by his attendance upon the Queen, according to her appointment. The Chancellor came forth from her asWhitelocke went in, and he told Whitelocke that the Queen, hearing of hisbeing without, had sent to desire him to come in to her. Whitelocke readsome of his news to the Queen, and the paper which the Protector hadcaused to be given to her Commissary Bonnele at London; upon whichWhitelocke took the boldness a little to paraphrase, and her Majesty waswell pleased with it. They fell into discourse of the treaty, much to thesame effect as formerly; but Whitelocke staid the less time with herMajesty, because he presumed that the Chancellor and his son waitedwithout to speak with her about his business. She promised Whitelocke tosend him an answer of his business the next day, and that one of herships should be ready at the Dollars (the mouth of the haven ofStockholm) to transport him to Lübeck when he should desire it; which wasacceptable to Whitelocke to think on, and he thanked her Majesty for it. 

Thus was March passed over, full of trouble, yet nothing effected in hisbusiness. 

FOOTNOTES:

[41] [The Ambassador's verses I have ventured to omit, as alike destituteof elegance, point, or metre. ]

[71] "_Ad Illustrissimum et Excellentissimum Dominum, Dominum Whitelocke, Legatum Angliæ Extraordinarium apud Serenissimam Sueciæ Reginam. Ode. _

 "Vitloce, Martis deliciæ, decus Gentis legatæ; te sine, languidum Moeret tribunal, et cubili In viduo Themis ingemiscit. Denso cientes agmine cursitant, Et sempiternas te sine consuunt Lites, neque hic discordiarum Finis erit, nisi tu revertas. Sed te nivosum per mare, per vias Septentrionum, per juga montium, Inhospitales per recessus Duxit amor patriæ decorus. Legatus oras jam Sueonum vides Bruma sepultas; mox quoque Galliam, Hispaniam mox cum Britannis Foedere perpetuo ligabis. Sic pacis author, sic pius arbiter Gentes per omnes qua sonuit tuba Dicere; cancellariusque Orbis eris simul universi. Christina, dulcis nympha, diutiùs Ne te moretur: qui merito clues Prudens Ulysses, sperne doctæ Popula deliciasque Circes. Te casta tentum Penelope vocat, Vocant amici, teque aliæ vocant Legationes, te requirunt Ardua multa domi forisque. Custos Sigilli tu dirimes cito Pugnas forenses, bellaque principum Legatus idem terminabis: Tu (sera candida) claude fanum. "

[73] [This change was probably the consequence of the negotiations thengoing on between Louis XIV. And Cromwell in London, which had excited thejealousy of the Spanish Court, as is stated by Thurloe in the next page. ]

APRIL. 

_April 1, 1654. _

[SN: A capital execution in Sweden. ]

In the morning, in the market-place, near Whitelocke's lodging, was anexecution of one adjudged to die for a murder. The offender was broughtinto the midst of the market-place, which was open and spacious, and agreat multitude of people spectators. The offender kneeled down upon theground, a great deal of sand being laid under and about him to soak uphis blood, and a linen cloth was bound about his eyes: he seemed not muchterrified, but when the company sang a psalm, he sang with them, holdingup his hands together, and his body upright, his doublet off. He prayedalso with the company, but made no speech to them; nor did any otherspeak to the people. The executioner stood behind him, with a great nakedsword in his hand and a linen apron before him, and while the offenderwas praying the headsman in an instant, at one back-blow, cut off hishead, which fell down upon the sand; and some friends took it from theexecutioner, and carried it away with the body to be buried. Presentlyafter this execution was past, two other offenders for smaller crimeswere brought to the same place, to suffer the punishment of the law, which they call running the gauntlet, --a usual punishment amongsoldiers. 

[SN: Running the gauntlet. ]

The people stood in length in the market-place about a hundred yards, leaving an open space or lane between them of about five yards' distance;then the offender, being naked to the waist, was brought to one end ofthe lane or open place. The people had rods or switches of birch given toas many as would take them; the offender was to run or go, as he pleased(and one of them walked but a Spanish pace), from one end of the lane ofpeople to the other, twice or thrice forward and backward; and all theway as he went, the people who had the switches lashed the offender as hepassed by them, harder or softer, as they favoured him. These are themost usual ways of executions which they have for criminal offences, andthey do not execute men by hanging, which they say is only fit for dogs;but in cases of great robberies and murders sometimes they executejustice by breaking the offenders upon the wheel, and leave the quartersof the body upon it; some whereof were in the way as Whitelocke passed inhis journey by the great wilderness. 

[SN: Vestiges of the Scandinavian mythology. ]

In the afternoon Senator Schütt came to Whitelocke and invited him totake the air to see the town of old Upsal, about a mile off; and beingthere, Schütt showed him three great mounts of earth, cast up by thehands of men, for monuments in memory of their ancient famous kings, whose seat had been here, and the place of their coronation. These mountshad been dedicated to three of their Pagan gods: the one to the god whomthey call Teuo, who was Mars, and from him they have the name of the dayof the week _Teuosdag_, which we call Tuesday, and the Germans_Tuisconsdæg_, and the Latins _Dies Martis_; the second mount wasdedicated to their god Woden, so they called Mercury, and from thencetheir day of the week is named _Wodensdag_, which we also call Wednesday, the Germans _Wodensdæg_, and the Latins _Dies Mercurii_; the third mountwas dedicated to their goddess Freya, so they called Venus, and fromthence comes the name of their _Friedsdag_, which we call Friday, theGermans _Frigdæg_, and the Latins _Dies Veneris_. 

There were also other relics of decayed mounts, which Whitelocke guessedto have been dedicated to their other gods, from whom they gave the namesof the other days of the week: as, to Thor, whom they called Jupiter, and, from whence the day _Thoresdag_, which we call Thursday, the Germanssay _Thorsdæg_, and the Latins _Dies Jovis_; another mount dedicated totheir god Setorn, from whence they call _Setornsdag_, as we say Saturday, the Germans _Sæternsdæg_, and the Latins _Dies Saturni_; another mountdedicated to Sunnan, as they call the Sun, and from thence that day_Sunnandag_{4}, as we say Sunday, the Germans _Sunnandæg_, and the Latins_Dies Solis_; the last mount dedicated to Monan, that is the Moon, andfrom thence the name of their _Monandag_, which we call Monday, theGermans _Monandæg_, and the Latins _Dies Lunæ_. 

[SN: The war between Muscovy and Poland. ]

In discourse upon the way, Schütt informed Whitelocke of the matter ofthe embassy from the Great Duke of Muscovia to the Queen of Sweden, whichwas to acquaint her Majesty that the Great Duke had begun a war againstthe King of Poland, because in a letter of his to the Great Duke he hadomitted one of his great titles, --a heinous offence, and held by theGreat Duke a sufficient ground of war, and of his resolution tosacrifice the blood of his fellow-Christians to satisfy his wicked pride. Another ground of the war was because a certain Governor of a province inPoland, in a writing, had placed the name of the father of the Great Dukebefore the name of the present Great Duke; which was so great anindignity, that for the same the now Great Duke demanded of the King ofPoland to have the head of that Governor sent to him, and that not beingdone, was another cause of the begun war. To this the Queen answered, that it did not appertain to her to give her opinion in a matter of thisnature, whether she did approve or disapprove of what was done by theGreat Duke, but she did presume that the King of Poland would thereingive fitting satisfaction to the Great Duke; and that she did wish thatthere might be peace between these two Princes and all the Princes ofChristendom. And with this answer the Envoys of the Great Duke returnedas wise as they came. 

[SN: Denmark threatens Hamburg. ]

Schütt also communicated unto Whitelocke an intelligence that the King ofDenmark had levied some forces which he designed againstHamburg, --pretending injuries done to him by that city in relation to hispretensions of dominion there, which probably might occasion a warbetween Denmark and that free city, which had strength and riches andpeople and wisdom to defend themselves; and Schütt advised Whitelockethat if this should be so, that then he should take his voyage some otherway, and that it would be a great disturbance and danger to him to go byHamburg and those quarters, which would be infested with soldiers, andthat then it would be his best way to return by Gothenburg; but he didpersuade Whitelocke by all means to salute the Prince of Sweden by theway of his return. Whitelocke said he thought it not probable that theKing of Denmark would at this time engage in a war against Hamburg, andthat his levying of soldiers might breed a jealousy in the Crown ofSweden; that the certainty thereof could not be long undiscovered, andaccordingly he should govern his own resolutions; that it would bedifficult for him to stay in his journey to salute the Prince, but hemuch desired and intended it before his departure. 

_April 2, 1654. _

Although the Lord's Day, yet the English and Scots who were in the town, and not of Whitelocke's family, went abroad to take the air, and did notresort, as they used to do, to Whitelocke's house to the exercises ofdivine worship, which were duly performed in his private family; andafter those _sacra peracta_, Whitelocke retired himself to his privatestudies and meditations upon the word of truth. This day likewise theQueen went abroad to take the air, and passed through the town in hercoach, attended by many gentlemen and others in her train, to the illexample of her people, and after the bad custom of this place. 

_April 3, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke takes the air with the Queen. ]

The Queen sent to Whitelocke to invite him to accompany her to take theair. 

By the way Whitelocke visited Woolfeldt, who had much discourse with himabout the English fleet then at sea. From him Whitelocke went to Court, and attended the Queen in her coach to take the air. They had not muchdiscourse about his business, and he thought not fit to interrupt herMajesty's pleasures with serious discourses, but sought to delight herwith matters of diversion and mirth. When they were come back to thecastle, the Queen said to Whitelocke:--

_Queen. _ Tomorrow my Chancellor will present you with the articles drawnup by him, with some alterations which I judge to be reasonable; and thatshall be my final resolution about them. 

_Wh. _ Hath your Majesty commanded any mention in those new articlesconcerning contraband goods?

_Qu. _ There is a specification of them. 

_Wh. _ Indeed, Madam, I can hardly consent to any alteration upon thesubject of contraband goods, whilst the edict of the Hollanders is inforce thereupon. 

_Qu. _ After you have considered these new articles, we will speaktogether again about them. 

Then the Queen retired to her chamber, and Whitelocke being come home, the Secretary Canterstein came to him from the Chancellor to excuse hisnot coming to visit Whitelocke, and said that, by the Queen's command, the Chancellor had sent a new copy of articles to Whitelocke. Hepresently read them, and had much discourse with the secretary upon them, who said he did not doubt but that, after communication with theChancellor, Whitelocke would receive satisfaction. 

_April 4, 1654. _

Whitelocke visited Piementelle, and they had this discourse:--

_Piementelle. _ The Ambassador of Denmark did me the honour to visit me, and we had much discourse together about the English fleet now at sea; hetold me that in it were ten thousand foot soldiers embarked for theNorth, which would occasion great trouble to the King his master, if itshould be so, which I acknowledged. 

_Whitelocke. _ Your Excellence knows that I have not been at the Councilof State in England for six months last past, so that I know not thesecret designs of my Lord Protector; but I believe it is no verydifficult matter to land men in Denmark. 

_Piem. _ What progress hath the French Ambassador made in the treatybetween you and France?

_Wh. _ If the Queen will be pleased to give my despatch, I hope to be uponthe place before the treaty with the French be concluded. I have somewhatto communicate to the Protector touching a treaty with Spain, which yourLordship very well knows; and it would be to purpose that his Highnessshould know it before the conclusion of a treaty between England andFrance. [85]

_Piem. _ I am assured that the Queen will despatch you in good time. But Iadvise your Excellence in your return not to pass by Denmark, for it isill trusting of that King; but your better way will be to Lübeck, andfrom thence to Hamburg, and if you do not find ships ready there, you maytravel by land to Cologne, and from thence to Dunkirk; which will be muchbetter than to go by Holland, where they do exceedingly exact uponstrangers, and your Commonwealth hath more enemies there than in anyother place, besides the common people are rude and insolent. 

_Wh. _ I am engaged to you for your good advice, which I intend to follow. 

After their discourse, Whitelocke presented Piementelle his medal in goldvery like him, and it was received by Piementelle with much affection. Then Piementelle entreated Whitelocke to give him a passport for hisservant, who had the charge of conducting his baggage by sea to Dunkirk, that he might freely pass the men-of-war of England; the which waswillingly done by Whitelocke, under his hand and seal. [86]

_April 5, 1654. _

[SN: Conference with the Chancellor. ]

In the morning Whitelocke went to the Chancellor's lodging, and found hisson Grave Eric with him. The Chancellor made a long apology to excuse thedelay of the treaty, and said:--

_Chancellor. _ My indisposition of health hath chiefly occasioned thedelay, yet was I so solicitous of your business, that I entreated theQueen to appoint some other person in my stead, who might confer withyour Excellence; and her Majesty was pleased to appoint my son for thatservice. 

_Whitelocke. _ I was very sorry for your Excellence's want of health, bothin regard of my affection to your person, and in respect of theprotraction of my business; yet I was glad that your son, my Lord Eric, was appointed to confer with me, and had rather have the transaction ofmy business by yourself or some of your family than by any other. I amnow come to you to confer upon those articles which yesterday I receivedfrom you. 

Then Whitelocke gave the Chancellor a paper of his animadversions uponhis articles. The debate began upon the ninth article; and as to the saleof goods taken from enemies and prohibiting the buying of arms, theChancellor said this would abolish their trade, and would be of noadvantage to England, because those arms, and equally as good, might behad from other places; and if the English did light upon them, they wouldhave the benefit by it. Whitelocke said it would be a great inconvenienceto furnish the enemies of either nation with arms which could not be hadelsewhere than in England or Sweden, and that this clause would put abridle in the mouths of the enemies of either nation. The Chancellor andhis son replied that arms might be had in the province of Liége, [88] andin many other places in Germany; that Sweden scarce afforded any othercommodities but arms, or such things as were serviceable for war; andthat the Queen would by no means be induced to that clause as Whitelockewould have it. 

Then they debated upon the eleventh article, the issue whereof was forWhitelocke to consent to a special designation of prohibited goods. Whitelocke desired that the catalogue and designation of them might bereferred to his return into England, and he would agree that within twomonths after that there should be a specification of prohibited goods inthe name of the Protector. 

The Chancellor urged that the specification might be now agreed upon, andproduced a paper specifying them, which they alleged was delivered by theCouncil in England unto Bonnele. Whitelocke said he did not remember thesame, and that he was ignorant what goods were prohibited by the Dutchplacard, which was fit to be known before any specification made by him. 

Upon the twelfth article Whitelocke urged, that as to the form of theletters of safe-conduct, it might also be referred to his return intoEngland. They produced a form exhibited by Lagerfeldt to the Council inEngland, and desired that the same form might be now agreed upon. Whitelocke answered that the Council of State had not approved the formgiven in by Lagerfeldt, and therefore it was not fit for him to consentto it; nor could he apprehend any reason why they should not consent torefer the agreement of a form unto his return to England; and the rather, because in the meantime the subjects of the Queen might enjoy the benefitof an edict made by the Protector in great favour of them, whichdeclaration Whitelocke had caused to be delivered to the Chancellor. 

To the thirteenth article, as to satisfaction of damages, their debatewas to the like effect as formerly. 

Upon the sixteenth article they had also debate. Whitelocke desired thatthe words "de usu littorum in piscatione" might be altered to thesewords, "de piscatione et usu littorum. " They alleged that this would seemto deny their fishing upon their own coasts. Whitelocke said, the otherwould seem as if England had given up their right as to the fishing, andleft all at liberty to those that pleased to take it. 

This was the sum of the debate of near three hours. The conclusion wasthat they would certify the Queen of all these matters, and in shortacquaint Whitelocke with her answer; which he desired might be as speedyand positive as they pleased, because if they should reduce him to thatnecessity, that before he could agree he must send to the Protector toknow his pleasure, he could not receive an answer of his letters in lessthan two months' space, within which time the Queen purposed to resignher government, and then his commission would be at an end. TheChancellor said he desired Whitelocke should be speedily in England, notonly for the sake of his wife and children, but likewise because thenthey could promise themselves that they had a good friend in England. 

[SN: Alarm excited by the English fleet. ]

Whitelocke visited the French Resident, who was very inquisitive whatmight be the design of the English fleet now at sea; whereunto, as tomuch other of his discourse, Whitelocke did not much study for answers, only he was careful not to let fall any words which might lessen theiramusement about the fleet. [90]

In the evening Woolfeldt visited Whitelocke and discoursed of the samematter; whereof Whitelocke made some use and of this gentleman, toheighten their jealousies about this fleet. Woolfeldt acquaintedWhitelocke that the Ambassador of Denmark had made a complaint againsthim to the Queen, that Woolfeldt had deceived the late King of Denmark ofcertain sums of money, which he should have disbursed for the late Kingof England against the Parliament; and that the present King of Denmarkhaving been informed that Woolfeldt had lost his papers at sea, and socould not produce his acquittances, the King took the advantage thereofagainst Woolfeldt, and now, by his Ambassador, charged him before theQueen for those moneys: but that he disappointed the Danish Ambassador byproducing before the Queen his papers and acquittances, which his enemiesbelieved had had been lost; and so was justified before the Queen, to thegreat discontent of the Ambassador. Whitelocke said he was very glad thatWoolfeldt came so well off, and that he perceived the Queen had, by thethe treaty, a capacity, as well as by his residence, to examine and doright in such matters. 

[SN: Conversation of a Danish gentleman who betrays his country. ]

This day Whitelocke had discourse about Norway and the Sound with aDanish gentleman of great quality and experience whom he had obliged, whodesired to have his name concealed;[91] but part of this discoursefollows:--

_Dane. _ Now is a good time for the Protector to send some ships towardsthese parts. 

_Whitelocke. _ What places are there in Norway considerable as to theinterest of England?

_Dane. _ There are two places in Norway not far from Gothenburg which areeasy to be taken, and are excellent harbours, wherein England might keepsome ships constantly, and command all that pass by to the Baltic Sea. 

_Wh. _ What are the names of those places?

_Dane. _ The one of those havens is called Marstrang; but that I do notlike so well because of the Paternoster Rocks, which are very dangerousfor coming out if the wind sit northerly, and the fort there is commandedby the hills near it. But the other place, called Flecker Town, is anisland, and hath a going-in and coming-out two ways; it is an excellentharbour, and ships may ride in it at such a distance from the land (beinga broad water) that none from the land can hurt them. There is a littlefort in this island which may easily be taken, not having above forty orfifty men in it, and the works decayed. Those who assail it must landtheir men on the south-east side of the island, the fort being on theother side, and they may easily be masters of it; and from thence havingsome ships, they may go in and out at their pleasure, and command allpassing by; and none can come into the harbour to them if they make upthe fort, which is soon done, and the passage not above musket-shot to becommanded, and there are no guns there of any consideration at this time. 

_Wh. _ How shall they do for victuals there to get fresh from the land?

_Dane. _ There is plenty of butter and cheese, sheep and hogs; and thepoor country people will be no trouble to you, but be willing to becommanded by you. 

_Wh. _ What towns are there near it?

_Dane. _ Higher in the country is Bergen, the chief town for trade there, and rich enough. Your ships may easily come into that harbour, andplunder the town and get a great booty, and return to Fleckeren Townagain. 

_Wh. _ Is there anything to be done at Iceland?

_Dane. _ I wonder you do not send, in August or September, four or fiveships to Iceland, being men-of-war. They may have twenty or thirty Dutchships, laden with fish, butter, and hides, which will make no resistanceat all; and it would be a rich prize, and might be had without danger ordifficulty. 

_Wh. _ Is the castle of Elsinore so strong a piece that it cannot be takenwithout much expense and danger?

_Dane. _ This will not be the best design for England: it is a small, strong castle, and doth not signify much; though it be esteemed a pieceof importance, it is not so. 

_Wh. _ It commands the passage of the Sound. 

_Dane. _ Most men believe so, but it is mistaken. I have seen anexperiment to the contrary, that a boat, being placed in the middle ofthat narrow passage of the Sound, they shot at it from the castle ofElsinore, and likewise from the castle of Helsingborg on the other side, with the greatest guns they had, and yet they could not reach the boatfrom either side by two thousand paces; nor is it so narrow in thepassage but that a ship may, when she pleaseth, sail by those castles indespite of them. 

_Wh. _ What harbour is there at Elsinore?

_Dane. _ There is no harbour for ships to ride in, and in foul weatherthey will be in danger to be all lost, because they must ride in theopen sea, which there is extreme perilous; and therefore Elsinore is notworth the keeping, if England had it. But their best design would be togo directly to the town of Copenhagen with fifty or sixty good ships, with landsmen in them; and it is easy enough to take that town, for theworks of it are not strong, nor is it well guarded, and it would beeasier to take that town than Elsinore; and if England were masters ofit, the castle would quickly come in to them; and at the town they shouldhave a good haven for their ships, and a small matter would build abetter fort near the town than Elsinore is, and would command the passagemore than the castles do, and make you masters of the Sound and of allthe trade of the Baltic Sea. 

_Wh. _ What revenue would be gained thereby?

_Dane. _ More than will maintain your ships and forces there, and willcommand all the island of Zealand. 

_Wh. _ I should be glad to meet you there. 

_Dane. _ If you summon me by your letters, I will give you a meeting atCopenhagen, or those whom the Protector will send thither; and if youwill meet me there, I doubt not but to show you a way to get that townwithout much difficulty; and then you will have all the isle of Zealand, which is the best part of Denmark, and the rest will follow, being wearyof the present tyranny and ill-usage of their King. And if you weremasters of Zealand, you might thereby keep in awe the Swede, theHollander, and all the world that have occasion for the commodities ofthe Baltic Sea. 

_Wh. _ Why then doth not the King of Denmark now keep them in such awe?

_Dane. _ Because he hath neither the money nor ships nor men that Englandhath. 

_Wh. _ What is the ground and reason of payment of the tolls at Elsinore, if ships may pass by without the leave of the castles there?

_Dane. _ Because that is known but to a very few; and what I have told youis under secresy, and I desire that none but the Protector may know itfrom you; and as for the grounds of paying the tolls at Elsinore, it israther from the keeping of the lights in Jutland and upon that coast, than from any command that Elsinore hath of the ships that go that way. 

_Wh. _ I have heard those lights are very useful. 

_Dane. _ Unless they were kept, it would be impossible for ships to sailthere in the long nights in winter; and the trade doth enforce them tocome that way in October and November, when the nights are very long, because of bringing wine into those parts after the vintage, which is inSeptember. 

_Wh. _ They are likewise to carry home corn, which is not inned tillAugust and September. Did not the Hollanders refuse to pay the toll?

_Dane. _ Once they did, and thereupon the last King of Denmark, by advice, commanded that the lights upon the coast should not be kept; and theHollanders in that autumn lost above thirty ships upon the Danish coast, and came and entreated the King that the lights might be kept again, andpromised to pay the tolls as formerly, and have done so ever since. 

_Wh. _ Let me say to you, in freedom, how can you, being a native ofDenmark, satisfy yourself to discover these things to me, wherebyprejudice may come to your country?

_Dane. _ I do not think I betray my country in this, though, my countryhaving left me to be an exile, I might justly leave them; andwheresoever I breathe and am maintained is more my country than thatwhere I was born, and which will not let me breathe there; yet in this Ithink I may do good service to Denmark, to free them from the tyrannythey are under, and to bring them into the free government of theProtector, to whom I shall do any service in my power. But for the Kingof Denmark, he is governed by his Queen and a few of her party, men of nohonour nor wisdom nor experience in public affairs, but proud andhaughty, according to the way of these parts of the world. 

_Wh. _ I shall not fail to make known to the Protector your greataffections to him. 

_April 6, 1654. _

[SN: Effects of the English fleet in the North. ]

Monsieur Miller, who had been Resident at Hamburg for her Majesty, cameto visit Whitelocke, and after dinner discoursed much of the Englishfleet now at sea, which, he said, did amuse all the northern parts of theworld, what the design thereof might be. Whitelocke did not lessen thewonder, especially in relation to Denmark; yet affirmed nothingpositively, as indeed he could not. He inquired of Monsieur Miller if theKing of Denmark were making any preparations at sea, or of land forces, or had any design towards Hamburg. Miller said he knew of none, and inhis discourse gave Whitelocke good information of the government, strength, and trade of that Hanse Town. 

The Secretary Canterstein came to Whitelocke from the Chancellor, andbrought to him the articles upon which they had last treated, nowaltered according to Whitelocke's desire, except that which concerned theforbidding of our enemies to buy arms in the countries of ourconfederates. He also delivered to Whitelocke the draft of a preamble forthe articles, and another article for the ratifying of all the rest;whereunto Whitelocke consented, and thanked God that his business wasbrought so near to a good conclusion. Whitelocke received his packet fromEngland, and Thurloe wrote that the Protector was sensible of the Queen'sdelaying of Whitelocke, but approved his proceedings. He sent thisenclosed order:--

 "AT THE COUNCIL CHAMBER, WHITEHALL: "_Friday, 17 Martii, 1653. _

 [SN: Order in Council in the matter of a Swedish prize. ]

 "On consideration of a letter, this day read in Council, sent from the Lord Ambassador Extraordinary with her Majesty of Sweden, mentioning, among other things, the taking of the ship 'Charity, ' Paul Paulsen, master, by a private man-of-war, and the carrying of her into Dover, and the hard usage of the master and mariners, which ship is claimed by some citizens of Gothenburg, subjects of the said Queen:

 "_Ordered_, That it be referred to the Commissioners of the Admiralty speedily to put this matter in a way of examination; and, for their information in the premises, to send for the commander of the said man-of-war, and to receive a particular account and satisfaction concerning the disposal of the ship and goods, and the usage of the master and mariners, and thereupon to state the whole case and report it to the Council, to the intent speedy justice may be done therein; and the said Commissioners are likewise to take order that all further proceedings touching the said ship, or her lading or disposal of any part thereof, be stayed and forborne till their report made and further order thereupon shall be given by the Council. 

 "W. JESSOP, Clerk of the Council. "

Thurloe wrote that in case the information given to Whitelocke were foundto be true, that the parties offending would be severely punished andright done to those who were injured; and that the Council were verysensible hereof, as a hindrance to Whitelocke's proceedings and adishonour to the Protector. He also wrote unto Whitelocke that there waslittle scruple now of an agreement upon the Dutch treaty, which was asgood as concluded; and he sent the news of France and of Scotland andIreland, as well as that of England, as he constantly used to do. Whitelocke caused this order to be translated into Latin, and made use ofit for the advantage of his business. 

A description was given to Whitelocke, in writing, of the manner ofmaking gunpowder in these parts, and of their mills and vessels for it, not unlike in many things to their way in England. 

_April 7, 1654. _

[SN: The Queen's plans after abdication. ]

Whitelocke waited on the Queen, and she was pleased to discourse with himto this effect:--

_Queen. _ I am resolved to retire into Pomerland, and this summer to go tothe Spa to drink the waters for my health. 

_Whitelocke. _ Give me leave, Madam, to put you in mind of two things tobe specially taken care of: one is the security of your own person, theother is the settling of your revenue. Your Majesty, being of a royal andbountiful spirit, cannot look into such matters so much beneath you asexpenses or accounts; and if care be not taken therein, and goodofficers, your Majesty may be disappointed and deceived. 

_Qu. _ I thank you for this counsel. I intend to have Mr. Flemming withme, to take charge of my revenue; he is a discreet, wise man, and fit forthat employment, and to order the expenses of my house; I believe he willneither deceive me himself nor permit others to do it, for he is faithfulto me. 

_Wh. _ Such a servant is a jewel. I hope care is taken that your Majesty'srevenue be secured in such a manner that you shall not depend upon thepleasure of any other for the receipt of it, but to be in your power asmistress of it, not as a pensioner. 

_Qu. _ It shall be settled according to the advice you gave me, and Ithank you for it. 

_Wh. _ Madam, I account it a happiness if in anything I may be serviceableto your Majesty. Whom doth your Majesty take with you beside Mr. Flemmingof that quality?

_Qu. _ I desire the company of Mr. Woolfeldt and his lady, if they will gowith me. 

_Wh. _ I suppose they will be very serviceable to your Majesty; and I hopeit will not be long, after the business here effected, before youtransport yourself into Pomerland, lest any designs should be againstyour liberty, for, Madam, in this age there be few persons to be trusted. 

_Qu. _ That is too great a truth, and I thank you for the caution. I couldfreely trust yourself with any of my concernments; and if you will cometo me into Pomerland, you shall be as welcome as any man living, and wewill be merry together. 

_Wh. _ I humbly thank your Majesty for your great favour to your servant, who hath a wife and children enough to people a province in Pomerland, and I shall bring them all thither to do your Majesty service. 

_Qu. _ If you will bring your lady and all your children and familythither, and settle yourself there, you shall want nothing in my power, and shall be very welcome to me. 

_Wh. _ I am your Majesty's most humble servant; and I pray, Madam, give meleave to ask your Majesty, whether you judge it requisite for me to waiton the Prince of Sweden before my going out of this country. 

_Qu. _ I think it very fit and necessary for you to see the Prince beforeyou leave this country; it will be taken as a respect from the Protectorto him, and if you do not, it will be looked upon as a neglect of him. 

_Wh. _ I am obliged to do all that lies in my power to enlarge theProtector's interest. 

_Qu. _ The Prince being to succeed in the Crown, and in so short a time, it will be fit to keep a fair correspondence with him and to show respectto him, whereof your visit will be a good testimony. 

_Wh. _ Madam, your opinion will be a great direction to me in my affairs. 

_Qu. _ I think it will be an advantage to your business for you to speakwith the Prince himself, who will take it in good part, and hold himselfthe more obliged to the observance of what shall be agreed upon in yourpresent treaty, being acquainted therewith by you that made it. 

_Wh. _ I hope the treaty which your Majesty shall make will be observed byany who shall succeed you; but I acknowledge it is very advisable for meto have some discourse with his Royal Highness, to give him an account ofthe treaty, and I shall inquire where I may attend him. 

_Qu. _ You must go from hence to Stockholm, and so to Nordköping, and thecastle where the Prince now resides is within a league of that town; youmay have my coaches and horses to transport you, and my servants to guideyou thither. 

_Wh. _ I humbly desire your Majesty to make choice of any of mycoach-horses or saddle-horses that may be useful for you, and to commandthem; they are all at your Majesty's service. 

_Qu. _ I shall not make choice of any; but if you bestow any of them uponme, they will be very acceptable. 

_Wh. _ I humbly acknowledge your Majesty's great favour in affording adespatch to my business. 

_Qu. _ I wish you with the Protector, because I see you are a faithfulservant to him, and worthy to serve any prince in Christendom. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty ever had a favour for me, and in nothing more than inmy despatch. 

_Qu. _ I think it not fit for you to be in Sweden too near the time of thecoronation of the new King; and then to go away, and not to see him, would be worse. 

_Wh. _ I do intend, upon your Majesty's advice, to salute him before mygoing away, and shall desire that the ships may meet me near the placewhere his Royal Highness is. 

_Qu. _ I will give order for it, and will be gone myself not long after;if I had staid here I should have been glad of your longer stay. 

Whitelocke took his leave of the Queen, and, being returned home, Field-Marshal Wrangel visited him, and after dinner, being in a goodhumour, discoursed freely and much of the English fleet at sea. Whitelocke showed him a draught of the ship 'Sovereign, ' with herdimensions, guns, and men, wherewith he was much pleased. He toldWhitelocke that, by command of the Queen, he had prepared ships forWhitelocke's transportation from Stockholm to Lübeck. 

[SN: Whitelocke reports on the treaty to Thurloe. ]

Whitelocke made his despatches for England, and in his letters to Thurloegave this account of the treaty:--

 "1. Their first article differs not in substance from the first which I proposed, and therefore I did not object against it; but as to all of them, I reserved a liberty to myself of further consideration and objection. I did a little stick upon the word 'colonias' in this article, lest it might tend to anything of commerce in America; but finding it only to relate to the amity, I passed it over. 

 "2. The first part of it agrees in substance with my sixth article, the latter part of it with my fourth article; only I objected against their words in this article, 'in damnum illius, ' who should be judge thereof, and the omission of that part of my fourth article against harbouring of enemies and rebels. 

 "3. Their third article agrees in substance with my second article, but is more general, not naming the Sound, and explaining the word 'aliorsum' in my second article; and I desired that the word 'populos' might be added after the word 'subditos. '

 "4. Their fourth in the beginning agrees with my third article; that of it touching the trade of America and the fishing I answered, as I gave you a former account, and thereupon denied it, as also that part of it which concerns importation of goods in foreign bottoms, being contrary to our Act of Parliament. In this latter end of their fourth article they likewise bring in again the business of fishing implicitly in the words 'maribus, littoribus, ' etc. , and therefore I desired that all that part might be left out, and in lieu thereof I offered the latter part of my third article beginning with the words 'solutis tamen, ' etc. , and the last of my reserved articles to be admitted; or else, I desired that this whole article of theirs might be omitted, and in lieu thereof my third article, and the last of my reserved articles to be admitted; and they likewise insist to have these words added if that part of their fourth article be omitted, viz. 'quoad Americæ commercium, piscationem halecum, et mercium importationem, de his in posterum erit conventum. '

 "5. Their fifth article agrees in substance with my eleventh, only hath more words to express the same matter. 

 "6. Their sixth agrees in substance with my thirteenth article, with the addition of words for kind usage, and the omission of the proviso in my thirteenth article as to breaking of bulk; which yet seems to be supplied by the latter part of their sixth article, of conforming to the ordinances of the place. 

 "7. Agrees with my reserved article, marked with fifteen, only the words 'nihil inde juris' I thought fit to be omitted, because in the treaty we are not to meddle with particular rights; yet the sense and desire thereof is answered in the words for restitution. I offered them, if they liked not this, my fifteenth article, which is one of those reserved, omitting only that part as not conducing to this article, viz. 'Et si lis, ' etc. 

 "8. Agrees in substance with my twelfth article, only the expressions here are longer; and that for justice to be had agrees with the latter part of my reserved article fifteenth. 

 "9. In the general differs not in the substance from my seventh, and the beginning of my reserved articles; and the laws in this ninth article, first, second, third, and fourth, are not contrary to the substance of mine; but to the fifth I excepted, as contrary to part of my seventh article, and to their sixth law, as to bringing in of ships and goods from enemies; both which nevertheless, in case we have peace with the Dutch, will be more to our advantage, in my humble opinion, to continue in than to be omitted; as also that not to contend in the harbours; and so the first, second, third, and fourth laws. The seventh law, I humbly conceive, not differing in substance from my articles, nor disadvantageous to England. To their sixth law I desired that my seventh article might be added, the which they denied, as to forbid enemies to either to buy arms, etc. 

 "10. Agrees in part with my ninth, only the latter part of it seems to bring in the trade of America, and a liberty contrary to the Act of Navigation; but they insist that the same is saved by the latter words of this article, 'modò consuetudines antiquæ;' but I was not satisfied herewith, and desired that that part of it which is marked might be omitted, and the latter part of my ninth article, viz. 'utrisque utrinque observantibus, ' etc. Inserted, which I humbly conceive will help it; or else I desire that this tenth article may be wholly omitted, and in lieu thereof my ninth may be agreed. 

 "11. To this article of theirs I wholly excepted, because it agrees not with any of mine, nor with reason, that when our enemies have forbidden any to bring contraband goods to us, that yet we should permit them to be brought unto our enemies. They told me that the Queen had sent unto the States to repeal that placard of theirs. I answered, that when I was certified that that placard was repealed, I would then desire to know the Protector's further pleasure herein; but before that be done, I thought it would be in vain to trouble him about it. 

 "12. Is not expressly in any of my articles, but agreed by the Council of State unto Mr. Lagerfeldt, only the form of the letters of safe-conduct not fully assented unto; therefore I desired that the same might be remitted to a future agreement; but as to the rest of this article, it is not repugnant to the substance of mine, that the navigation and commerce may be free. 

 "13. In the first part of it agrees almost _verbatim_ with my tenth article; the latter part of it, concerning satisfaction for losses, is much altered from what it was at first exhibited, and is now put on both parties, and referred to future agreement, wherein there can be no prejudice to our Commonwealth; but before, it was reproachful to the justice thereof and laid on our part only; now it is no more than what the Council and State promised in their papers to Mr. Lagerfeldt. 

 "14. Agrees in substance with my ninth article. 

 "15. Contains the substance of my fifth article, but is expressed more generally, and, as I humbly believe, no less to the advantage of our Commonwealth. 

 "I found more readiness in the Queen to consent to what I proposed than in her Commissioners; but some things she told me she could not consent to, because they were against the interest of her people, and were not considerable to England. I gave her thanks for my despatch. She said she had an ambition to have the honour of making an alliance with the Protector herself before she quitted the Government, and that she might testify her respects to him, and therefore had gone as far as possibly she could; and indeed there is now very little difference, but only in words and expressions, from the sense and substance of what I first proposed. And I presume that what is here agreed by me will give good satisfaction and contentment to the Protector and Council, and I apprehend it clearly within my instructions; acknowledging the goodness of God to me in this business, where I met with so many difficulties, and of so great weight, that yet in a fortnight's time it should be brought to a full conclusion, with honour and advantage to the Protector and present Government, for which I have taken all care. 

 "The articles are not yet drawn up, but I hope we shall sign them the next week, and presently after I intend to demand audience to take my leave and to remove from hence, and, as soon as I can, to come to Lübeck, and from thence to Hamburg; and I have by this post humbly desired my Lord Protector to appoint some of his ships to meet me at Hamburg as soon as they can, for my transportation from thence to England. And I humbly entreat your favour to put his Highness in mind of it, and that you will take care that the orders may be had, and the ships to come as soon as may be to the Elbe, to Hamburg, where I shall stay for them, or till I receive his Highness's further commands; and I choose this way as the shortest, and where I shall meet with any despatches that may come from England. I presume you will be troubled with an importunate suitor for hastening my return. 

 "I received your letters of the 17th March, and the order of the Council concerning the Swedish ship, for which I return my humble thanks. The Queen, and the Chancellor and others here, were much satisfied with it. The Chancellor and his son have been very civil to me, and lately furthering my despatch. I hope the same goodness of God which hath hitherto brought me through this great business will give me a safe return to my dear country and friends, where I may have opportunity with thankfulness to acknowledge your constant favour and kindness to

 "Your affectionate friend to serve you, "B. W. "_Upsal, April 7th, 1654. _"

_April 8, 1654. _

[SN: A masque at Court. ]

The master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke from the Queen, to desirehis company this evening at a masque; and they had this discourse:--

_Whitelocke. _ Present my thanks to her Majesty, and tell her I will waitupon her. 

[SN: Precedence claimed by Denmark. ]

_Mast. Cer. _ What would your Excellence expect in matter of precedence, as in case you should meet with any other ambassador at the masque?

_Wh. _ I shall expect that which belongs to me as Ambassador from theCommonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland; and I know no otherambassador now in this Court besides myself, except the Ambassador of theKing of Denmark, who, I suppose, hath no thoughts of precedence beforethe English Ambassador, who is resolved not to give it him if he shouldexpect it. 

_Mast. Cer. _ Perhaps it may be insisted on, that he of Denmark is anambassador of an anointed king, and you are only ambassador to theProtector--a new name, and not _sacré_. 

_Wh. _ Whosoever shall insist on that distinction will be mistaken, and Iunderstand no difference of power between king and protector, or anointedor not anointed; and ambassadors are the same public ministers to aprotector or commonwealth as to a prince or sultan. 

_Mast. Cer. _ There hath always been a difference observed between thepublic ministers of kings and of commonwealths, or princes of inferiortitles. 

_Wh. _ The title of Protector, as to a sovereign title, hath not yet beendetermined in the world as to superiority or inferiority to other titles;but I am sure that the nation of England hath ever been determinedsuperior to that of Denmark. I represent the nations of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Protector, who is chief of them; and thehonour of these nations ought to be in the same consideration now as ithath been formerly, and I must not suffer any diminution of that honourby my person to please any whatsoever. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I shall propose an expedient to you, that you may take yourplaces as you come: he who comes first, the first place, and he who comeslast, the lower place. 

_Wh. _ I shall hardly take a place below the Danish Ambassador, though Icome into the room after him. 

_Mast. Cer. _ But when you come into the room and find the DanishAmbassador set, you cannot help it, though he have the upper place. 

_Wh. _ I shall endeavour to help it, rather than sit below the DanishAmbassador. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I presume you will not use force in the Queen's presence. 

_Wh. _ Master, it is impossible for me, if it were in the presence of allthe queens and kings in Christendom, to forbear to use any means tohinder the dishonour of my nation in my person. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I believe the Danish Ambassador would not be so high as youare. 

_Wh. _ There is no reason why he should: he knows his nation neverpretended to have the precedence of England, and you, being master of theceremonies, cannot be ignorant of it. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I confess that your nation always had the precedence ofDenmark when you were under a king. 

_Wh. _ I should never give it from them though they were under aconstable. 

_Mast. Cer. _ If you insist upon it, the Danish Ambassador must beuninvited again, for I perceive that you two must not meet. 

_Wh. _ I suppose the gentleman would not expect precedence of me. 

_Mast. Cer. _ I can assure you he doth. 

_Wh. _ I can assure you he shall never have it, if I can help it. But Ipray, Master, tell me whether her Majesty takes notice of this questionof precedence, or did she wish to confer with me about it?

_Mast. Cer. _ The Queen commanded me to speak with you about it, hopingthat the question might be so composed that she might have the company ofyou both at her entertainment. 

_Wh. _ I shall stay at home rather than interrupt her Majesty's pleasures, which I should do by meeting the Danish Ambassador, to whom I shall notgive precedence, unless he be stronger than I. 

_Mast. Cer. _ The Queen makes this masque chiefly for your Excellence'sentertainment, therefore you must not be absent, but rather the DanishAmbassador must be uninvited; and I shall presently go about it. 

[SN: Order on the Swedish ships. ]

Whitelocke returned a visit to Grave Eric, and showed him the Order ofthe Council touching the Swedish ships, much in favour of them, and whichseemed very pleasing to the Grave; but he also showed to Whitelockeseveral letters which he had received from masters of Swedish ships, ofnew complaints of taking of their ships; and he desired that the Ordershowed him by Whitelocke might be extended to those whose ships had beensince taken; which Whitelocke promised to endeavour, and said that heshould be in a better capacity to serve him, and to procure dischargesfor their ships and goods, when he should be himself in England; andtherefore desired that, by his despatch, they would hasten him thither, which the Grave promised to do. At his going away, Grave Eric invitedWhitelocke to dine with him on Monday next, and to come as a particularfriend and brother, and not by a formal invitation as an ambassador. Whitelocke liked the freedom, and promised to wait on him; and was themore willing to come, that he might see the fashion of theirentertainments, this being the first invitation that was made to him byany person in this country. 

General Grave Wirtenberg visited Whitelocke. He is a Finlander by birth, of an ancient family, who had applied himself wholly to the militaryprofession, wherein he became so eminent, and had done so great servicefor this Crown, that he was had in great esteem, especially with thesoldiery. He was a Ricks-Senator, and one of the College of War, and atpresent had the charge of General of the Ordnance, which is of higheraccount here than in England, being next in command to the Generalissimo, and over the soldiery which belong not to the train, and is oftenemployed as a general. This gentleman seemed worthy of his honour; he wasof a low stature, somewhat corpulent, of a good mien, and plainbehaviour, more in the military than courtly way. His discourse declaredhis reason and judgement to be very good, and his mention of anythingrelating to himself was full of modesty. He took great notice of theEnglish navy and soldiery, and of the people's inclinations and violentdesires of liberty. He spake only Swedish and High Dutch, which causedWhitelocke to make use of an interpreter, his kinsman Andrew Potley. 

[SN: The masque. ]

In the evening, according to the invitation from the Queen, Whitelockewent to Court to the masque, where he did not find the DanishAmbassador. But some of the Court took notice of the discourse which hadbeen between the master of the ceremonies and Whitelocke touchingprecedence, and they all approved Whitelocke's resolution, and told himthat the Queen highly commended him for it, and said that he was a stoutand faithful servant to the Protector and to his nation, and that sheshould love him the better for it; nor was the contest the less pleasingbecause with the Dane in Sweden. 

From eight o'clock at night till two the next morning they were at themasque, which was in the usual room fitted for the solemnity, in whichthe Queen herself was an actor. The floor where they danced was coveredwith tapestry and hung about with red velvet, but most adorned by thepresence of a great number of ladies richly dressed and beautified bothby nature and habit, attending on their mistress; and there were alsomany senators, officers, courtiers, and nobility, --a very great presenceof spectators. The music was excellent, especially the violins, whichwere many, and rare musicians and fittest for that purpose. The Queenherself danced very well at two entries: in the first she represented aMoorish lady, in the second a citizen's wife; in both the properties wereexactly fitted, and in all the rest of the actors and dancers. 

There were no speeches nor songs; men acting men's parts, and women thewomen's, with variety of representations and dances. The whole design wasto show the vanity and folly of all professions and worldly things, lively represented by the exact properties and mute actions, genteelly, without the least offence or scandal. 

It held two hours; and after the dances the Queen caused her chair to bebrought near to Whitelocke, where she sat down and discoursed with him ofthe masque. He (according to his judgement) commended it and theinoffensiveness of it, and rare properties fitted to everyrepresentation, with the excellent performance of their parts by all, especially by the Moorish lady and citizen's wife; at which the Queensmiled, and said she was glad he liked it. He replied, that any of hiscountrymen might have been present at it without any offence, and hethanked her Majesty for the honour she gave him to be present at it. TheQueen said she perceived that Whitelocke understood what belonged tomasques and the most curious part of them, the properties, --with muchlike discourse; after which she retired to her chamber, and Whitelocke tohis lodging. 

_April 9, 1654. _

Monsieur Bloome came to dine with Whitelocke, and to put him in mind ofGrave Eric's request{5} to him to dine with him the next day. He alsosent to invite Whitelocke's two sons and Colonel Potley. 

[SN: The Spanish Envoy departs with rich presents. ]

In the afternoon Piementelle came to take his leave of Whitelocke, andsaid he intended to begin his journey the next morning. Whitelockeoffered himself or his coaches and servants, to attend him out of town;but he said it was not the custom when a public minister departed from aplace to use any ceremony, but to leave him to the liberty of orderingand taking his journey, but thanked Whitelocke for his favour. 

Though it were the Lord's Day, yet Piementelle fell into discourse of thelast night's masque, which he could not be present at publicly asformerly, because he had taken his leave of the Queen and Senators, yet, being desirous to see it, was admitted into the tiring-room; and he toldWhitelocke that after the Queen had acted the Moorish lady and retiredinto that room to put off her disguise, Piementelle being there, she gavehim her visor; in the mouth whereof was a diamond ring of great price, which shined and glistered gloriously by the torch and candle light asthe Queen danced; this she bade Piementelle to keep till she called forit. Piementelle told her he wondered she would trust a jewel of thatvalue in the hands of a soldier; she said she would bear the adventure ofit. And when the masque was ended, Piementelle offered the ring again tothe Queen, who told him that he had not kept it according to hercommands, which were till she called for it, which she had not yet done, nor intended as long as she lived, but that he should keep it as amemorial of her favour. The Spaniard had cause to rest satisfied with theQueen's answer and her real and bountiful compliment, the ring beingworth ten thousand crowns, which he brought away with him, besides manyother jewels and presents from the Queen of great value, not publiclyknown. He took leave of Whitelocke and of his sons, Colonel Potley, andthe gentlemen, with great civility. 

_April 10, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke dines with Grave Eric Oxenstiern. ]

Between eleven and twelve o'clock, the usual dining-time here, Whitelocke, with his sons and Potley, attended only by two gentlemen, onepage, and two lacqueys, went to Grave Eric's lodging to dinner. Hisrooms were not stately nor richly furnished, but such as could be had inthat place. The outer room for servants was like a little hall; withinthat was a larger room, narrow and long, where they dined; within thatwas a smaller room hung with tapestry, used for a withdrawing-room: allbelow stairs, which is not usual in these parts. 

Grave Eric met Whitelocke at the door of the lodging; in the dining-roomwas his father the Chancellor, and divers friends with him. The fatherand son went in with Whitelocke to the withdrawing-room, where, after aquarter of an hour's discourse, they were called to dinner, the meatbeing on the table; then a huge massy basin and ewer of silver gilt wasbrought for them to wash--some of the good booties met with in Germany. After washing, one of the pages (after their manner) said grace inSwedish. 

The table was long and narrow; in the middle of it, on the further side, under a canopy of velvet, were set two great chairs: Whitelocke sat inthe right-hand chair, and Woolfeldt in the other, on his left-hand. Onthe other side of the table, over against these, were set two other likegreat chairs; in the right-hand chair sat the Ricks-Droitset, and in theleft-hand chair the Chancellor. By Whitelocke sat Grave GabrielOxenstiern and Senator Vanderlin in lesser chairs, and by Woolfeldt satWhitelocke's sons and Potley. On the other side, in lesser chairs, by theDroitset, sat the Senators Beilke and Bundt the younger; by theChancellor sat Senator Bundt the elder and Baron Douglas; at the upperend of the table sat Grave Eric, and at the lower end stood the carver. The dishes were all silver, not great, but many, set one upon another, and filled with the best meat and most variety that the country didafford; and indeed the entertainment was very noble--they had fourseveral courses of their best meat, and fish and fowl, dressed after theFrench mode. 

They had excellent Rhenish wine, and indifferent good sack and claret;their beer very thick and strong, after the manner of the country. Whenthe four courses were done, they took off the meat and tablecloth, andunder it was another clean cloth; then they brought clean napkins andplates to every one, and set a full banquet on the table, and, as partthereof, tobacco and pipes, which they set before Whitelocke as a specialrespect to him, and he and two or three more of the company took of it asthey sat at table; and they so civilly complied with Whitelocke as not toobserve their own customs, but abstaining from healths or any excess. 

They all sat bare at the table, according to their usage, chiefly (thoughno occasion were for it at this time) to avoid the trouble of oftenputting off and on their hats and caps in healths. They were full of gooddiscourse, more cheerful than serious. Most at the table spake orunderstood somewhat of English, for which reason they were chosen toaccompany Whitelocke here, as a compliment to his nation; they discoursedalso in several other languages, as Swedish, High Dutch, French, andLatin. 

After dinner, which was very long, they sat yet longer at the table, Whitelocke expecting when they would rise; till Douglas informed him, that he being the guest, and an ambassador, they used it as a respect tohim, that none of the company would offer to rise till he first arosefrom the table. As soon as this was known to Whitelocke, he presentlyrose and the rest with him, and the Chancellor and he retired into thewithdrawing-room; where, after compliments and thanks for his nobletreatment (which it was said the father made, though put out in the son'sname, and was full of respect and magnificence), Whitelocke thought fitto show to the Chancellor his powers to treat, and they had conference tothis effect. 

[SN: Whitelocke exchanges his full powers. ]

_Whitelocke. _ Father, if you please to peruse this writing, you will besatisfied that the Protector, since the late change of Government inEngland, hath thought me worthy to be trusted and furnished withsufficient power as to this treaty. 

_Chancellor. _ My dear son, this is very full, and a large testimony ofthe good opinion your master hath of you. All your powers and theoriginals of your commissions (according to custom) are to be left withus, to be registered in our Chancery. 

_Wh. _ I suppose you will also deliver to me the originals of your powers, to be enrolled (according to the English custom also) in our Chancery. 

_Chan. _ That shall be done. 

_Wh. _ The like shall be done on my part; and the Protector will be readyto do whatever shall be judged further necessary for the ratifying ofthis business. 

_Chan. _ It will be requisite that you let me have in Latin yourinstructions from the Protector. 

_Wh. _ I shall cause it to be done, except such part of them as aresecret. 

_Chan. _ That which is to be reserved in secresy I desire not to see;there will be sufficient besides to show your powers. 

_Wh. _ They will fully appear. 

_Chan. _ I should counsel you, before your departure out of this kingdom, to make a visit to the Prince of Sweden; he will take it in good part, and it will testify a respect of the Protector to him, and render thealliance the more firm. 

_Wh. _ It is my purpose to visit the Prince; not that I am in doubt of thevalidity of the treaty made with the Queen, unless the Prince approve ofit, but, as you advise, to show the respect of the Protector to hisKingly Highness, and to acquit myself of a due civility. 

_Chan. _ It will be fit for you to do it; and I shall advise you, at yourreturn home, to put the Protector in mind of some particulars which, inmy judgement, require his special care. 

_Wh. _ I shall faithfully do it, and I know they will be received withmuch the more regard coming from you: I pray do me the favour to let meknow them. 

[SN: Oxenstiern's advice to Cromwell. ]

_Chan. _ I would counsel the Protector to take heed of those dangerousopinions in matters of religion which daily increase among you, and, ifnot prevented and curbed, will cause new troubles, they never restingtill themselves may domineer in chief. 

_Wh. _ Will not the best way to curb them be to slight them, and so theywill fall of themselves?

_Chan. _ I doubt they have taken too much root to fall so easily; but ifthey be not countenanced with preferments, they will the sooner witherand decay. 

_Wh. _ That will surely lessen them. 

_Chan. _ The Protector must also be careful to provide money andemployment for his soldiers, else he will hardly keep them in order. 

_Wh. _ That is very requisite; and for money there is good provisionalready made. 

_Chan. _ He must likewise be watchful of the King's party, who will bebusy at work, especially upon the new change. 

_Wh. _ The care thereof is the life of our affairs, and his Highness ismost vigilant. 

_Chan. _ It behoves him to be so, for they that could not vanquish him byarms will endeavour to do it by craft and treachery of your own party, which you must look to. 

_Wh. _ He hath good intelligence of their plots. 

_Chan. _ It will also be prudence in him to let the people see that heintends not to rule them with an iron sceptre, nor to govern them by anarmy, but to give them such a liberty and enjoyment of the benefit oftheir laws that the continuance of his government may become theirinterest, and that they may have no cause to desire a change; else, though they must bear the yoke for a time, yet as soon as they meet withan opportunity they will shake it off again. 

_Wh. _ This is counsel proper to come from such a mind and judgement asyours is, and I shall not fail to report it to his Highness; and yourExcellence hath rightly stated the disposition of my countrymen, who lovepeace and liberty, and will hardly brook slavery longer than they areforced to it by necessity; and the best way to govern them is to let themenjoy their laws and rights, which will rule them better than an ironsceptre. 

_Chan. _ It is the disposition of all generous and free people, as theEnglish are, whom I truly respect, and him that is their head, thatgallant person the Protector. 

They had much other discourse; and after being together till sixo'clock, the father and son, and the Chancellor and Whitelocke, calledone another, and all the company parted. 

_April 11, 1654. _

[SN: The Queen proposes a secret article. ]

The Chancellor had promised to procure Whitelocke his despatch in a fewdays. He sent Canterstein to communicate to him the articles drawn inform, with the amendments, to see if there were any mistake in them. Whitelocke and the secretary perused them together, and agreed on allexcept two or three points, in which was some small difference; andCanterstein promised to hasten the engrossing of them. 

Many strangers dining with Whitelocke made him the later in his visit tothe Queen, to take his leave of her Majesty before her intended journeyto see her mother. She promised Whitelocke that during her absence shewould leave order with the Chancellor and his son to conclude the treaty, and at her return she would do what belonged to her for the speedydespatch of Whitelocke, to his contentment. She promised also to giveorder to her Chancellor about the business of Guinea, whereof they hadmuch discourse. 

She was pleased to propound to Whitelocke a secret article to be betweenher and the Protector, and not to be in the treaty between herCommissioners and Whitelocke, nor to be known to any of them. She said, that if it might be done, she should take it in very good part; but ifWhitelocke thought it not likely to be done, then she would think no moreof it. She said the substance of what she desired was that it might beagreed, by a particular article between the Protector and her, that incase those here should not perform what they promised to her upon herresignation of the government, that then it should be in the power of theProtector to break the treaty now made, and not to be bound by it. 

Whitelocke was much troubled at this proposal, and upon a greatdifficulty in it--that if he should deny it, the Queen might be distastedand break off from his treaty; and to consent to it he had no commission, nor held it reasonable; but he told the Queen that it was a matter ofgreat weight, deserving her Majesty's serious thoughts what to do in it. He said he had no instructions upon any such article as this, nor couldagree to it; but if her Majesty pleased to have such an article drawn up, and to sign it herself and send it to the Protector, he promised to usehis best interest to persuade his Highness to a consent thereunto, and tosign it at Whitelocke's return to England, and so to return it to herMajesty. 

She said that Woolfeldt should confer with Whitelocke about the drawingup of such an article, whom she would trust in it, but not any of theSwedes, because it might concern them, and occasion prejudice to them. Whitelocke agreed that Woolfeldt was a fit person to be trusted in thisbusiness, and one with whom he should willingly confer about any servicefor her Majesty; that he believed something might be done herein to theQueen's advantage, but whether in this way of a secret article, and aspart of the treaty, he doubted, lest thereby offence might be given, andthe treaty thereby, as to both parts, be weakened. The Queen replied thatit would keep those here in some fear lest if they should break withher, that then the Protector would not keep the treaty with them. 

Whitelocke thought it best to be at some reserve in this article ofsecresy, not wholly to dissuade the Queen from it, lest she might bedistasted. He saw advantage to the Protector to have it put into hispower to break the treaty upon this occasion; but he doubted the honourand clearness of it, and therefore he judged it best to say the less atthis time. Only he observed what a condition the Queen had brought heraffairs unto when she thought not fit to trust any of her countrymen inthis business; and before her resignation she distrusted the performanceof the conditions of it towards herself, and therefore would have thissecret article as a bridle to them. But as she distrusted her own party, so she testified great confidence in the Protector and in Whitelocke, towhom she propounded this secret article of so much concernment to her. 

Whitelocke persuaded her Majesty to appoint faithful persons to order herrevenue for her, and not to stay long here after her resignation, becauseshe would then find a great difference in the carriage of persons to her. She said she had taken care about her revenue as he had advised her, andthat she would be gone out of Sweden presently after her resignation;that she expected the alteration of men's carriages towards her after it, but it would not trouble her; that the world was of such a condition, that nothing of respect was to be looked for but where advantage washoped for by it. She never esteemed the fawnings of men for their ownends, but her own private contentment and satisfaction. 

Whitelocke sent his son James and his secretary (Earle) to Cantersteinwith a copy of the form which Whitelocke intended to follow in theinstrument intended to be delivered by him, where he put the Protector'sname first, and some other small variations, as usage required; wherewithCanterstein promised to acquaint the Chancellor and to return an answer. 

Whitelocke employed his son for his experience to be gained in theseaffairs. 

_April 12, 1654. _

[SN: Woolfeldt opposes the secret article. ]

Mr. Woolfeldt having done Whitelocke the favour to dine with him, theyretired and discoursed privately to this effect:--

_Woolfeldt. _ The Queen was pleased the last night to send for me, and tocommunicate to me the matter of a secret article which, she said, she hadbefore imparted to you. 

_Whitelocke. _ What is your opinion of such an article?

_Woolf. _ Truly, I dissuaded her from it, as not convenient, in my pooropinion, for either party. 

_Wh. _ I know your judgement is grounded upon solid reason. 

_Woolf. _ My reasons are, because this article is to be kept secret, andto be added as a part of the treaty by her Majesty without the knowledgeof those here, which, when it shall come to be known, will give them themore cause of objection and hatred against her for it, and expose her tomore inconveniences than it can bring advantage to her; and therefore Ithought it better for her Majesty to forbear it. 

_Wh. _ Your reasons were the true ones: was her Majesty convinced bythem?

_Woolf. _ She seemed to make more doubt of it than at first, but told methat you were not much against it, and desired to confer with me about itwhile she was out of town, and she wished me to prepare something againsther return. 

_Wh. _ As I told her Majesty, I can consent to nothing in this point, having no instructions in any matter of this nature, as you will easilybelieve; but if her Majesty shall think fit to have anything drawn up byway of a secret article, all that I can do will be to present it to theProtector at my return home, and I know he will be as ready as any personto show respect to the Queen; but what he will do as to a consent in thisparticular I cannot tell, but am doubtful lest it may be apprehended as aweakening of the treaty and alliance. 

_Woolf. _ That is a great and true objection against it; and, in myopinion, it would be better for the Queen to write a letter to theProtector in general compliment, and in it to desire him to be a friendto her, and to give her his assistance upon any occasion that may fallout concerning her; and this letter may be sent by you, and delivered byyour hand to the Protector, when you may acquaint him with anythingfurther or more particularly relating to her Majesty. 

_Wh. _ I think this will be much the better way; and if such a letter besent by me, I hope I shall be able to procure such an answer, or, uponany occasion, such a return as will be to the contentment of her Majesty. But in case the Queen should sign such an article, and then the Protectorshould not approve it, it would distaste the Queen and her friends, andshe would be censured to have done too low an act in it. 

_Woolf. _ I had yesterday a long discourse with the Chancellor about youraffairs of England, and particularly of your fleet now at sea--whatshould be the design of having so strong a fleet at sea, the sea-warbetween you and your enemies being reported at an end, and peaceconcluded; and whether your design might be for France or Spain orPortugal. 

_Wh. _ Or for the defence of England. 

_Woolf. _ He was much amused about it. 

_Wh. _ I hope that was not lessened by you. 

_Woolf. _ No indeed; I endeavoured to amuse him more, and told him, thatfor France, England did not care to have it; it would be but a charge andno benefit to them, and embroil them in a long chargeable war. 

_Wh. _ England hath had experience thereof formerly when they were mastersof France, and many of us think our own country as good as France. 

_Woolf. _ I am of that opinion; and I told him there was as littleprobability for any design against Spain because of its distance, andlittle advantage to England by a war with them. 

_Wh. _ I hope you commended a kingdom called Denmark?

_Woolf. _ I first told him that for Portugal or the Indies the likeobjections were against any design for them; but as for Denmark, I toldhim that England had just cause to make war upon that king, and that itwould be no hard business to gain upon him; and the advantage of trafficmade me think that to be the most probable design of any other to beintended by this great fleet of England, wherein it is most likely foryou to gain advantage to your Commonwealth and to give offence to none, having a just cause of quarrel against him. 

_Wh. _ Your brother the King of Denmark hath given cause indeed to bevisited. 

_Woolf. _ I shall inform you of one thing, of which you may now makeadvantage. Your King James made a treaty with the last King of Denmarkconcerning the Isles of the Orcades, which were claimed by the Dane aspart of their territories; and after the death of King James and our lastKing, that then, upon payment of £13, 000 by the Dane, he should have theOrcades again. Now both these kings being dead, according to that treatyit is in the liberty of the King of Denmark to redeem those islands; andit would be good for you, in the treaty with that Crown, who would beincluded in your treaty with the Hollanders, to have a clause for thepresent King of Denmark to quit his pretences to the Orcades upon thetreaty with King James. 

_Wh. _ This is a very material thing, and I shall not fail to do somewhatin it, if I can return to England time enough; and I thank you forputting me in mind of it. 

[SN: Discussion on the Guinea settlements. ]

Grave Eric came to Whitelocke, who had much discourse with him touchingGuinea, and the injuries done by the Swedes to the English there. 

_Grave Eric. _ One of the principal persons of the Swedish plantationthere is now in this country, and complains of injuries done by theEnglish to the Swedes there. I think it may be fit to hear both thecomplaints of the one and of the other part, and thereupon to come tosome agreement upon the whole matter. 

_Whitelocke. _ I have here many examinations taken upon oath concerningthis matter. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Those complaints ought to be determined by the King of thatcountry, who sold the lands to the planters, and can resolve alldifferences about that matter. 

_Wh. _ I believe that the complaints of this nature are properly to bemade to the Queen, whose subjects are concerned in them, and they arealways under her rule. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The Queen will make no difficulty to do justice in this case, and I hope that the Protector will do the like. 

_Wh. _ You need not at all to doubt it. 

_Gr. Eric. _ This messenger, now come to me, hath brought me letters fromthe Queen, in which there is mention of this business. 

_Wh. _ Why may not an article touching Guinea be inserted with the rest?

_Gr. Eric. _ That will not be convenient, because the articles areentirely concluded and engrossed on our part; and this of Guinea is but aparticular business, which till now came not under consideration, norhath been examined, and it will be better to have an article by itselfupon this subject. 

_Wh. _ I am satisfied with your reason, and think this way will be nodisadvantage to the merchants of either nation. I desire an addition tothe article touching passports, that none shall do anything contrary tothe letters of passport. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I cannot consent to that, for it will render the wholearticle fruitless in both parts; and there is another article, that incase any shall act anything in prejudice of the treaty, he shall bepunished. 

In consideration of this article, and in regard that the agreementtouching the form of passports was remitted to something to be donetherein afterwards, and he found Eric stiff against any alteration, Whitelocke did not think it material to insist further upon it. As tothat which Whitelocke desired to the last article of ratification, thatthe words "vel successoribus suis" might be omitted, Eric said he wouldconsent thereunto if he found it material, and desired the business mightbe finished; and he desired Whitelocke to excuse a little small delay atpresent by his absence for a few days, he being necessitated to go out oftown tomorrow, but at his return all should be concluded; and as soon asthe Queen came back, the whole business should be finished, which hadbeen done before, but by reason of the Queen's unexpected journey. 

_April 13, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke confers with the Chancellor, and invites him to dinner. ]

In the morning the Chancellor came to Whitelocke and staid with him nearthree hours. They had much debate touching Guinea, to the like effect asbefore with his son; they had also debate about the amendments whichWhitelocke had desired might be inserted in the articles, chiefly thattouching passports, to which the Chancellor would by no means agree. Helikewise said to Whitelocke:--

_Chancellor. _ The Queen caused the articles to be copied out, to the end(as I believe) to communicate them to the Prince, which will be for thegreater validity of the treaty and alliance. 

_Whitelocke. _ I am glad her Majesty is pleased to take the advice of thePrince in this business, and am willing to promise myself that nothing iscontained in the articles which he will not approve. 

_Chan. _ I believe the same. 

_Wh. _ This might be the occasion that my business was not finished beforeher Majesty's going out of town. 

_Chan. _ I myself am also going into the country, and come now to take myleave of you. 

_Wh. _ I hope you will return before her Majesty. 

_Chan. _ I purpose to stay abroad but four or five days; and I find thatfrequent exercise and change of air tendeth very much to the improving ofmy health. 

_Wh. _ I do heartily wish your health, and hope that the Queen and youwill shortly be in town again, and that then my business will befinished. 

_Chan. _ There is no doubt but that your business will be despatchedwithin a very few days after the Queen's return. 

They had much other discourse touching the affairs of England, in whichthe Chancellor testified much respect to England and to the Protector. 

Whitelocke invited the Chancellor to dinner to his house, but he excusedhimself, alleging that his age and infirmities would not permit him totake a meal out of his own house, or at the houses of some of hischildren, where he might enjoy the same liberty as at his own house. Whitelocke told him that he should have the same liberty at his house, who was one of his sons, as he could take at the houses of any other ofhis children; but the Chancellor earnestly desired to be excused, andWhitelocke thought not fit further to importune him, but desired him tohasten his return hither, which he promised to do. 

Whitelocke received his letters from England, and in that from Thurloe hewrites:--

[SN: Letters from Thurloe. ]

 "There hath been consideration taken of your return home, but the issue of the treaty with the Dutch not being yet known, his Highness's resolutions as to your return are deferred until the next; the difficulty of that business lies in the article relating to the Danes, etc. All things else remain as they did by my last, so that your Excellence will be saved this week the labour of reading my long letter. This day we have a fast for the great drought. 

 "My Lady was here with me to hasten your return, wherein I should be glad to be instrumental. I pray God preserve your Excellence, and bless the affairs under your hand. I am, "Your Excellence's humble servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_March 24th, 1653. _

 "I saw a letter to his Highness from Upsal, wherein some expressions were used as if your Excellence were like to be removed from the Seal. His Highness commanded me to assure you that there are no such intentions, but much the contrary, whereof your Excellence will have real demonstrations upon all occasions. "

_April 14, 1654. _

[SN: Passport given to a Swedish ship. ]

Grave Eric desired Whitelocke to give a passport to a Swedish ship boundfrom Stockholm to Portugal. The Chancellor requested the same, and bothfather and son engaged to Whitelocke that there was nothing aboard thevessel, nor any design in her voyage, against England; that she wasfreighted for Portugal only, and that they should esteem the favour asdone to themselves, because they had a share in the goods on board thisship. Whitelocke, though he were hardly persuaded to give his passportsto Swedish ships or to any other, yet considering the time when this wasdesired, and the persons desiring it, he thought not fit to deny it, butgave it in this form. [130]

Whitelocke gave an account in his letters this day to Thurloe of allpassages of moment since his last, and wrote further:--

[SN: Letters to Thurloe. ]

 "My letters, I confess, have been tedious heretofore, but I ask your pardon, and do hope that my business is now at such a period that I shall not have occasion to trouble you with the like. 

 "There is little to do here at this time; almost all the great lords and courtiers are gone out of town, so that here is a lamentable silent place. I shall be heartily glad to receive my Lord's order to authorize my return; but my business being now ended, I presume I may expect his pleasure at any other place. I purpose to visit the Queen-mother and the Prince of Sweden, because other ambassadors have done it, and I have been particularly invited to it. I think it will be a respect from my Lord Protector which they will take very kindly, and may be some strength to the alliance, and is not the less requisite for me, because our enemies report that none but mechanics are of our party; but since our being here the Swedes acknowledge the contrary. 

 "I hope within two or three weeks to be at sea, and that my God, who hath hitherto been so good to me, will give me a safe return to my Lord and to my native country, to whom I wish all prosperity. 

 "Your affectionate friend to serve you, "B. W. "_Upsal, 14th April, 1654. _

 "I hope you will pardon the importunity of my wife's solicitation, being for my return. I have been informed this week that some Holland ships are loading here with ordnance and other provisions of war. I hope his Highness hath been pleased to give order for two or three ships to be at Hamburg for my transportation into England, and therein I entreat your favour. 

 "B. W. "

In this letter Whitelocke also gave advice, what he had been informedtouching the treaty between King James and the last King of Denmarkconcerning the Orcades, with his humble opinion what was fit to be donein that business, upon the comprehension of the Dane in the Dutch treaty, yet nothing was done therein; however, Whitelocke was satisfied in theacquittal of himself to have done his duty. 

Upon the earnest request of some Scots and English gentlemen on thebehalf of Colonel Halsall, now in this town, Whitelocke gave him thispass. [131]

_April 15, 1654. _

[SN: Excursion with the French Resident. ]

The Resident of France having desired Whitelocke that when he went abroadto take the air he would give him leave to accompany him, Whitelocke sentto him, this fair day inviting and leisure not hindering it. They wenttogether in Whitelocke's coach to a wood, about an English mile fromUpsal, full of pines, fir-trees, and juniper, and very fair and pleasantwalks in it. The beauty of the day and place had also invited thither atthis time the Ambassador of Denmark and the Holland Resident, who, perceiving Whitelocke's coaches and company, crossed out of the way wherethey were, and betook themselves to another walk; but Whitelocke kept onin his, and with the French Resident had much general discourse, butlittle of matters of state, because they could not trust one the other;yet Whitelocke learnt from him the condition of several persons inprincipal credit in the Court of France, and the way of their managementof affairs. This gentleman was very civil and courteous and good company, desiring the conversation of Whitelocke, which he afforded him both goingabroad and in his house, to which the Resident did him the favour to beno stranger. 

Whitelocke told him he purposed to go by Nordköping, and by the way tovisit the Queen-mother and the Prince, and to have his ship meet himthere. The Resident said the ship could not easily come to Nordköping, being no good harbour; but his best way would be to go from thence toCalmar, and his ship to meet him there, the haven being open and the shipmay come near the town; and that Nordköping was the midway betweenStockholm and Calmar, and the ship might be as soon at Calmar as atNordköping; that the passage to Lübeck was much easier from Calmar thanfrom Nordköping, and with a good wind might be made from Calmar in twodays. But hereof Whitelocke intended to have the advice of some Swedes. 

_April 16, 1654. _

[SN: Great wealth of the Oxenstiern family. ]

Monsieur Bloome this Lord's Day dined with Whitelocke, and told him thatthe Chancellor had left him in town to keep Whitelocke company in theabsence of the Chancellor, and to assure him that the Chancellor wouldreturn again in a very few days. Whitelocke made much of him, and hadgood informations from him. He said that Grave John Oxenstiern, theChancellor's eldest son, had at that time, whilst his father was alive, above £20, 000 sterling of yearly revenue, which he had from his fatherand by his wife, an inheritrix; and that Grave Eric, the second son, hadin his father's lifetime near £10, 000 sterling of yearly revenue, besideswhat both of them might expect from their father: and therefore bothfather and sons might, as they did, live in great state and withattendance of much port and ceremony. 

Grave Leonhough bestowed a visit on Whitelocke. He is a senator and oneof the College of War, a person of great esteem and good parts; hisconversation was full of civility; his discourse (in French) wasrational, and for the most part upon matter of war, history, and themathematics. In his company was an officer, his brother-in-law, who hadserved the King of Portugal in his late wars, and was a civil person, andseemed a gallant man. This Grave had been long bred up in the wars, andwas now a Major-General; and his discourse showed him to be knowing andmodest. He demanded of Whitelocke many questions touching the affairs ofEngland, and particularly of the late civil dissensions there, and had afull account thereof from Whitelocke, by which he seemed to receive muchsatisfaction, and acknowledged that he had not heard the truth before, and that this relation justified the proceedings of the Parliament. Hespake nothing to Whitelocke touching his business of the treaty, nor didWhitelocke mention it to this Grave, whom he never saw before, andbecause it was a day for other duties. 

_April 17, 1654. _

[SN: A serenade to Whitelocke. ]

Upsal being very empty, by the absence of the Queen and all the greatLords, who were retired to their country-houses, but most of them toStockholm, it was given out that her Majesty would not return to thisplace, but remain at Stockholm, and that the General Assembly should beheld there; which was not believed by Whitelocke, because the Queen hadassured him that she would return to Upsal within eight or ten days, andshe never brake her word with him. 

Her absence, and the leisure which they had thereby, gave opportunity tosome of her musicians (Italians and Germans) to pass a compliment onWhitelocke, to come to his house, and with great ceremony to entertainhim with their vocal and instrumental music, which was excellent good;and they played many lessons of English composition, which the gentlemenwho were musical of Whitelocke's family brought forth unto them. 

_April 18, 1654. _

[SN: The Swedish army. ]

Whitelocke returned a visit to the Grave Leonhough, whose lodgings werebut mean, such as the town would afford, but his treatment was with greatcivility. Amongst other discourse he inquired touching the discipline ofwar and ordering the soldiery in England, who, he said, must be wellpaid, or else they could not be kept in good order. Whitelockeacknowledged that to be very true, and said that in England special carewas taken for the constant and due pay of the armies much beyond othercountries, by which means they were kept in the best and strictestdiscipline of any armies in the world; that violence or plunder, contraryto the articles of war, was severely punished. 

The Grave acquainted Whitelocke that he was to go out of town the nextday to a general muster, about four leagues from hence, within theprovince where he had the government; which occasioned Whitelocke toinquire of him, and to be informed that this was the standing militia ofthe country, and that the manner of it was thus:--

The whole militia of Sweden in the country, besides the standing forcesof their armies in service, doth consist of 50, 000 horse and foot, whereof 12, 000 horse and 38, 000 foot in the several provinces areconstantly in a readiness to be drawn forth in fourteen days' time. InSweden are about 5000 horse and 20, 000 foot, and in Finland and the otherprovinces about 8000 horse and 20, 000 foot: in all, above 50, 000. Thatthe Crown is not at any charge for the pay of these militia forces, unless they are drawn forth into actual service, and then they are paidas their other army forces are, which is not very much or constant; butwhen they are in an enemy's country they live upon the country, and takecontribution, if not plunder; and somewhat is allowed them by the Crown, as so much in money (which is a very small proportion) and such a weeklyquantity of bread, butter, and cheese for every foot-soldier, and a likeproportion for the horsemen; whose charge may be guessed at by that oftheir officers, of whom it was affirmed that the allowance to a captainof horse was his stove and his stable, and twenty rix-dollars a year. Hisstove they call his fire, candle, and entertainment for himself; hisstable, that is horse-meat, and room, and shoeing; and for himself fromthe Crown (besides what he gets from the country) but twenty rix-dollarsa year, with the like proportion for other officers and soldiers. 

The manner of maintaining their militia forces in the country was said tobe this:--A horseman was quartered in the house of a boor, or husbandman;if the man will work himself and his horse with the boor, to help him inhis husbandry, then the boor gives the man and his horse entertainmentfreely, and hath their work for it, which is more worth than their meat, and the boor will give the man perhaps some small sum of money besides. By this way the boor hath an advantage--the work of a man and a horse fortheir meat only; and the horseman hath an advantage--his own and hishorse's meat, besides what the Crown allows him, and himself and horsekept in better condition by it; and without his work, the boor is notcompellable to find him but his lodging only. 

In like manner it is for the foot-soldier. He is quartered with a boor, and must work for the boor, or have no diet from him; but they do workgenerally, and by that means the soldier is kept out of idleness. Thecountryman hath a benefit by his work for his diet only, whereas he mustgive diet and wages to a servant; and the soldier by his work hath hisdiet besides what the State allows him, and so he and his landlord areboth well pleased. But the Crown hath the greatest advantage, whichhereby saves the great pay which otherwise they must allow; and yet theseforces are constantly in a readiness when the occasions of the Crownrequire their service. 

The officers of these militia forces have no pay at all but when they arein actual service, neither do they expect any pay, being gentlemen ofquality and interest in the country: the chief of whom, who are fit forit, are made colonels; the next to them lieutenant-colonels, majors, captains, and inferior officers, according to their rank of the countrygentlemen, known and beloved among their neighbours, with whom theirinterest and power, increased by their command, makes them the betterfollowed and obeyed. When they write out any from the militia to serve inthe armies, these officers and the lords of the boors appoint them; andif any offend, they are presently written out to send abroad into Russia, Poland, Germany, and other parts, from whence they do not all returnsafe, but are kept in great awe and obedience. 

This day here fell a great quantity of snow, and was in one night so hardfrozen that it would bear a cart; the English wondered at it, but notthis country men, the like being here usual at this time of the year andafter. 

The Countess of Brahe, wife of the Ricks-Droitset, sent a gentleman toWhitelocke to acquaint him that there was a parcel of timber, cut andlying ready within four miles of Gothenburg, which did belong to herformer husband, and was cut for the building of a ship; but by reason ofher husband's death the ship was not built, and she offered the timber toWhitelocke at a reasonable price. But he, finding that it had been cutfour years, and lay far from the water-side, made an excuse that it wouldbe necessary to have it viewed, which his hastening away would not nowpermit; but he returned thanks to the Countess for her respects in theoffer of it. 

_April 19, 1654. _

[SN: Preparations for the abdication. ]

Monsieur Bloome and divers others, having dined with Whitelocke, acquainted him that the Chancellor intended to return hither the next dayafter the Queen. Whitelocke said he hoped the Chancellor would have beenhere before her Majesty; but this was an argument to confute the reportthat the Queen would stay at Stockholm and hold the Ricksdag there. Another argument was, the Queen's officers removing and altering some ofthe hangings in Whitelocke's house, being longer and fitter for the roomsto be furnished in the castle for the Ricksdag than those which they putup in their places in Whitelocke's lodging. 

_April 20, 1654. _

[SN: Swedish mines. ]

In pursuance of former discourse with Monsieur Bloome, and by the desireof Mr. Bushel in England to Whitelocke to inquire into it, he received apaper in French, from a person here employed about the mines, to informhim by what means this person might be treated with to be brought intoEngland for improving of our mines there. 

[SN: Hawks. ]

Whitelocke also, by desire of a worthy friend in England, furnishedhimself with a direction how he might procure some hawks out of thiscountry, and chiefly from the isle of Deulandt, where the best hawks are;and he had gained much acquaintance with Grave Gabriel Oxenstiern, GreatFalconer and Master of the Queen's Hawks, who promised his furtherance ofWhitelocke's desires herein, and to assist and direct any servant whom heshould send hither for that purpose. 

[SN: Mrs. Penn. ]

One Catharine Penn, an Englishwoman, the widow of an officer of theQueen's army, entreated Whitelocke to present for her a sad petition tothe Queen for some arrears due to her husband, which matters Whitelockewas not forward to meddle with; but this being his countrywoman, and ofthe ancient family of Penn in Buckinghamshire, to which he had analliance, Whitelocke did undertake to present her petition to the Queen. He undertook the like for a decayed English merchant residing at Hamburg, who petitioned the Queen for moneys owing to him at Bremen, where hecould have no justice from the Governor, Vice-Chancellor, and others inauthority; and this he undertook to move to the Queen, upon the earnestrequest of Mr. Bradshaw, Resident for the Protector at Hamburg, by hisletters this day received. 

He was also presented with a Latin epistle from one Jonas Olaii, beggingfor some charity, and who, to be sure to go high enough, gave throughouthis letter the style of "illustrissime Comes and Celsitudo tua, " forwhich his gift from Whitelocke was the less. 

[SN: Trade with Muscovy. ]

In this day's packet Whitelocke received letters from the MuscoviaCompany in England, signed by the Governor and Consuls, in which they setforth the decay and loss of their trade in Muscovia by supplantation ofthe Dutch, and the Great Duke's disfavour to them, which they hope may bealtered upon the late change of government in England; that theyunderstand there is now in this Court an Ambassador from the Great Duketo the Queen; and they desire Whitelocke, that if this ambassador dovisit him, or if he think fit to visit the Russian Ambassador, that hewould intimate this matter to him, which they hope may much further theirpurpose of sending to the Great Duke for recovery of their trade. 

By this post Whitelocke received these letters from the SecretaryThurloe:--

[SN: Despatch from Thurloe. ]

 "_For his Excellence my Lord Ambassador Whitelocke, at Upsal, in Sweden. These. _

 "My Lord, "Your letters of the 24th of February arrived here five or six days later than usual, and this day's post is not yet arrived. The peace with the Dutch hath been in such an uncertain condition, that it was very hard to make a judgement concerning the issue of it. In the end of the last and beginning of this week it was more probable that the war should continue than otherwise; and your Excellence will see by the enclosed papers, which passed between the Commissioners of his Highness and the Ambassadors (which I have sent to you because there is contained in them the true state of the treaty as it stood whilst the differences lasted); the last of those papers will let your Excellence see that they are now very near a closure; and the truth is, that there is now nothing wanting but the drawing up of things into form, and the signing on both sides, which I believe will be effected within three or four days at furthest. But because we cannot rely upon the peace as made until it be actually signed, his Highness will defer the sending instructions to you in reference either to your present negotiation or returning home until the next, when your Excellence may certainly except them; and in the meantime your Excellence may rest assured that there hath been no other cause in delaying instructions to you upon this subject but the desire that there is in everybody to give you clear directions in so doubtful a case as this. If your staying or returning did depend upon your own negotiation there, it were easy to leave you to your own guidance; but when it rests merely upon the conclusion of the present treaty here with the Dutch, it is not possible to give you any instructions which you may with safety act upon until the issue thereof be perfectly known; and after that, your Excellence shall not be an hour without the knowledge of his Highness's pleasure thereupon. 

 "It is certain this State hath moved upon Christian grounds only in making this peace: we have not been beaten or frightened into it; the Dutch have not yet any fleet at sea, nor can have this month, if the war should continue. In the meantime we have a hundred and forty sail at sea, and better ships than we have had at any time heretofore, which gives occasion to all our neighbours to wonder at our intentions thereby. 

 "Since I began my letter I have been with the Dutch Ambassador, and every article is agreed word for word, so that nothing now remains to be done but to write them over and sign, which will be done upon Monday next. It is not possible for me to send unto your Excellence a copy of the articles as they are now agreed; I hope to do it by the next, when you will be satisfied concerning the reports I hear there are in Sweden, concerning the honourable terms the Dutch have gotten by this treaty. I know not what men may expect in matters of honour; I am sure the true interest of the nation, both in point of trade and otherwise, is provided for more fully than ever hath been in any treaty made between these States. 

 "The French Ambassador had a public audience on Monday last. There is joined with him in commission one Monsieur le Baas, in quality of a Commissary, who is a great confidant of the Cardinal's, and a very crafty man. The French doth certainly intend by all means to make a league with his Highness, and offers very frankly and considerably as to our present interest. The Spaniard thinks he saith more to invite the Protector to look that way and embrace an alliance with him; and sure he is the steadier friend, and hath the better and more considerable trade. [142]

 "The news I have either from France or Holland this week your Excellence will receive enclosed. The affairs in Scotland do not much alter: Middleton is very active to get an army, but keeps in the most northerly parts. We never met with any of their forces but we beat them--the last letters being that we fell upon a party and took forty prisoners and sixty horse, which is all we have from thence. 

 "I have done my utmost to get the Swedish ships released; but to say the truth, although some of the Swedes are innocent, yet many of them appear to be deceivers, which makes the rest fare the worse. I endeavoured to get a resolution of the case your Excellence wrote about by your former letters, so as to have sent it by this post, but could not; the orders which have been made about it since my last I have sent, whereof your Excellence may see the care that is had to do justice therein. 

 "What your Excellence is informed concerning the preferring of the Agent of the Swiss to Lagerfeldt in their farewell, is a great mistake. I know no honour done to him at his going away, but the sending the answer of his letter to him by the master of the ceremony; he had neither gift nor entertainment that I know of. 

 "I hope the copy of the articles of the Dutch treaty, which I formerly sent, your Excellence hath received before now. I am sorry to hear that your entertainment in Sweden begins to be like my Lord St. John's in Holland; but I trust the Lord will continue his protection to yourself and family, which is the prayer of

 "Your Excellence's humble servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_March 31, 1654. _

 "Monsieur Bonnele, the Queen of Sweden's Commissary, hath desired audience to deliver a letter congratulatory to his Highness from the Queen. The superscription is not very right; besides, your Excellency having writ nothing about it, some difficulty hath been in the delivery of it; but yet at last resolved to receive it as it is. "

This letter is inserted to show by it the constant way and course ofintelligence, and the generality and clearness of it, between Thurloeand Whitelocke, whereby his business and reputation in this Court wasvery much advanced, and Whitelocke made great use and advantage by it. The papers usually enclosed in Thurloe's letters were many, and containedall particulars of moment touching the Dutch treaty, as also relating tothe affairs of England and of most parts of Christendom. One clause inthis letter of Thurloe's, that, after the Dutch treaty had concluded, hisHighness would send new instructions to Whitelocke, for his direction toproceed in the treaty in Sweden, --this gave much trouble and perplexityof thoughts to Whitelocke. He could not imagine what those newinstructions should be. If they should be contrary to what he had alreadyagreed, it would be not only to the dishonour of Whitelocke, but of theProtector likewise and of the English nation, for him to go back fromwhat he had before assented to, and to go out here with a snuff, retracting his former agreement, or else he must proceed contrary to hisinstructions, which would not be ratified; and both of these mischiefsgreat enough. He was in suspense whether he should seal the articles herebeforehand, or expect the receipt of these instructions before he signedthem. He considered that if he should defer the signing of the articlestill after the receipt of those new instructions, that then they couldnot at all be signed by the present Queen, who intended to continue butone week in the government, and if she did not sign in that time shecould not sign at all; but the whole must be remitted to a new treatywith the new King, upon new credentials, commission, and instructions, which would require much time and trouble. 

He thought not fit to communicate his doubts, but resolved with himselfto proceed to the finishing of the treaty without staying for newinstructions from England, because otherwise all his negotiation wouldbecome fruitless; and he held himself obliged, in honour and conscience, to make good what he had already assented unto before any mention of newinstructions came to him, and what he had done being pursuant to hisformer instructions, and in his judgement for the advantage and good ofEngland. 

He was also willing to persuade himself that the new instructions wouldextend only to the order of his return, and was so to be taken byThurloe's letter, and to the close of his whole negotiation; wherein hehad done nothing, and resolved not to do anything, but what he believedto be just and honest. He was also troubled lest the Queen should put offthe treaty upon some distaste about the secret article, and yet pretendonly the absence of her Chancellor; but Whitelocke left all to theprovidence of God, and His blessing upon honest and diligent means, wherein he resolved not willingly to be wanting. And whether to put itoff or to proceed to the despatch of it seemed the more difficult, because of a letter from his wife, wherein she wrote that Thurloe said toher, that it was fit her husband should receive certain instructions whatto do before his coming away, because, if he should do anything toosuddenly, without good warrant, it might cost him his life. This indeedwere a worthy and meet recompense for all the hardships, perils, andfaithful services undergone and performed for those who were then inpower; but his hope and expectation of reward was from above the highestof them. 

_April 21, 1654. _

[SN: Despatches to Thurloe. ]

Whitelocke made his despatches for England, and part of his letters toThurloe was this:--

 "The Queen and Court being out of town, this is a solitary place. The Danish Ambassador and the Dutch Resident are still here. The Spanish, German, and Muscovite Envoys are gone away. My business remains in a readiness to be signed, which is appointed upon the Queen's return; and she is looked for every day. If they be not signed within these few days, it cannot be done by her at all, because she intends to resign the Government the beginning of May, and perhaps the Prince may be crowned in June; and two or three months after that will pass before new credentials can be sent from his Highness, and it may be two or three months in ceremony and despatch of the business, by which time another winter will be here. 

 "Upon which considerations I humbly conceive it much more for the service of my Lord to despatch my business here out of hand, and the rather because of the conclusion of the Dutch treaty, which I hope will prove very prosperous to our nation. 

 "My articles had been signed before the Queen's going away but that she was willing to communicate them to the Prince before her Commissioners signed them, which I likewise thought very fit to be done, in regard he is so near the succession; and I likewise intend to salute him from my Lord Protector before my going out of this country. 

 "I am now only in expectation of his Highness's further commands and instructions concerning my return, which I hope for by the next post. 

 "I give you most hearty thanks for the papers, which are not only a comfort but very useful to me here. I received formerly from you a copy of the Dutch articles, and if I did not return you thanks for them, I confess I forgot myself, and likewise if in one of my letters I did not acquaint you that the Queen had an intention (as she told me) of sending a congratulatory letter to my Lord the Protector; but how the direction of it was I know not, because I never saw it; but I take it as a particular favour to me, that his Highness was pleased to receive it, though it were not as it ought to have been, wherein he hath answered the respect of the Queen, who excepted against my credentials, but yet received them. 

 "I am exceeding glad of your good conclusion of the Dutch business, which, I am persuaded, will be of great advantage to our nation; and I look upon the issue of my business here being agreed before the issue of our treaty with the Dutch was known, to be both a particular respect to the Protector and Government, and less difficult than it would have been if transacted after our agreement with the Dutch. 

 "They are much amused in these parts at our gallant fleet, and so early at sea; and I permit them all their conjectures, neither have they gained much allay of them from me by their inquisitiveness. 

 "I had a compliment sent me the last night from the Dutch Resident, that he hoped ere long to have an opportunity to come and visit me; I answered, that I should not be wanting in that civility which became me. 

 "I was entreated by the citizens of Stockholm to receive this suit of theirs in the enclosed paper. 

 "B. W. "_April 21, 1654. Upsal. _"

_April 22, 1654. _

[SN: University Library at Upsal. ]

The French Resident visited Whitelocke, and, seeing him ready to go takethe air, offered him his company, which Whitelocke could not refuse. Theywent together to the Library of this University, where there are manygood books, for the most part brought out of Germany; but it is notextraordinary, nor exceeding the public libraries in England andelsewhere. One of Whitelocke's gentlemen held it not exceeding hislord's private library at his own house in England, as he affirmed tosome of the scholars here, who were not pleased therewith, nor wouldeasily believe that the English Ambassador's library in his private housewas to be compared to that of their University. 

The keeper of this library is one Doctor Lovenius, there present, alearned and civil person, who hath published several books in print, touching the laws and government and antiquities of his country, in goodLatin; and both himself and his works are worthy of esteem. He wasattending upon Whitelocke all the time of his being in the library and inthe public places of the University, and informed him of such things ashe inquired touching the same; and, to gratify their civility, Whitelockesent them twenty of his own books which he had in his house, all of themEnglish authors, as the Primate of Armagh's works, Sir Henry Spelman, Selden, and others; which was a present very acceptable, and kindlyreceived by the University from him. 

[SN: University of Upsal. ]

They affirm this University to be very ancient; but there are no collegesor public houses for the maintenance of the scholars, or public revenuebelonging to them; so that they do not live together in bodies orcompanies by themselves, but every one severally as he can agree or findfor his convenience. But here are divers public rooms or schools wherethe professors and scholars use to meet and perform their exercisesopenly; and the rooms of their library are three, about twenty footsquare apiece. 

There are all sorts of professors for the arts and sciences, who arepromised good salaries, but they complain that they are not well paid;and though some of them be very learned, yet they take not much pains; itmay be according to the proverb, "mal payé mal servi"--he that is illpaid doth but ill service. Some counted the number of scholars to beabout three hundred, which is not more than may be found in one collegein England. They make great preparation by printing their theses andpublishing them, and inviting the grandees to their disputations, wherethe Queen in person is sometimes present, though the exercise is only theart of well disputing, except in some of their professors and eminentpersons. 

Their University is a kind of corporation, like others, their want ofsupplies not affording them so much perfection, and their defect ofgovernment giving them liberty and temptation to disorder, to which theyare much addicted; but in their sermons, whilst the English were amongthem, they would propose them as a pattern of civility and piousconversation. Their government is by a Chancellor, who at present is theRicks-Chancellor; and it hath constantly been in the hands of someeminent and great person. 

[SN: Cathedral of Upsal. ]

Whitelocke and the Resident visited the Cathedral Church, which is fairand large, built with brick, and covered with copper. They affirm it tobe one of the most ancient churches of Europe, and that the Gospel washere early planted, but earlier in the church of old Upsal, which is of aquadrangular form, and formerly dedicated to their heathen gods. Theircathedral, they say, was the seat of an arch-flamen; and in the places ofarch-flamens and flamens, upon their conversion to Christianity (as inEngland, so here), bishops and archbishops were instituted; and nowtheir cathedral, as other churches, is full of images, crucifixes, andsuch other furniture as the Lutheran churches tolerate, and is littledifferent therein from the Popish churches. 

The Resident and Whitelocke took also a view of the castle and city ofUpsal. The castle is near the town, seated upon the point of a hill; itis built of brick, plastered over, strong and beautiful. If it had beenfinished, the design was to have had it four-square; but two sides of itonly are built. It had been very large and noble if it had beenperfected. As it is, it contains many rooms, and sufficient for theCourt; some of them are great and stately, but up two stories, after thefashion of that country. If it had been finished, it would have equalledany other, if not the castle of Stockholm itself. 

[SN: Environs of Upsal. ]

The prospect from the castle is very beautiful; the country round aboutit pleasant and fruitful, and distinguished into meadows, pastures, andarable fields, and the river Sale passing through them, which losethitself about half a league from thence into a great lake. The river isnavigable with boats of about twenty or thirty tons, many leaguestogether, going through the lake also; it is not muddy, nor unfurnishedwith the fish of those parts, and is about half as broad as the Thames atHenley. It runs at the foot of the hill on which the castle stands, andthe town is built upon it; and it waters most part of the streets, totheir great commodity. It is for this reason called Upsal, becauseUbbo--who, they say, was the son of Gomer, the son of Japhet, the son ofNoah--this Ubbo built this town upon the river Sale, and therefore calledit, after his own name, Ubbo Sale, by contraction of speech now calledUpsal. All agree it to be one of the most ancient of their cities, themetropolitan see of their archbishop, and in old time the residence oftheir kings, and where they were invested with the regal dignity. Thecountry about it seemed one of the most pleasant and fruitful of theseparts. The town itself is not much beautified with stately buildings, notabove nine or ten houses being built with brick; the rest of them, afterthe fashion of their country, built with great bodies of fir-trees, andcovered with turf; the fairest of their brick houses was that where theEnglish Ambassador lodged. 

This city hath not much trade, and therefore not much wealth. Thegovernment of it is according to the municipal law of the country, and asother cities are; their head officer is a Burgomaster, who hath for hisassistants a council, in the nature of the common councils in ourcorporations in England, consisting of the principal burgesses andinhabitants of the city, who have power, with the Burgomaster, as tomaking of ordinances, and in the government. 

In their journey to take the air the Resident and Whitelocke had muchdiscourse touching the images in their church, and about the observationof their Sabbath; wherein the Resident was furnished with the usualarguments of the Papists, and was answered by Whitelocke, and was not sopositive as most of his persuasion use to be. He discoursed also aboutthe Dutch treaty in England, to get from Whitelocke what he could toreport to the Danish Ambassador and Dutch Resident; for which he wasfitted by Whitelocke's answers to him. 

_April 23, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke punishes two of his retinue for neglect of the Lord'sDay. ]

This being the Lord's Day, many gentlemen of the English and Scots nationthen in town came to Whitelocke's house to the morning sermon, and mostof them staid the afternoon sermon also. And so many strangers beingthere attentive in the holy duties, it gave the greater cause of scandaland offence to Whitelocke that divers of his own family were absent, whereas, by his orders, they were all enjoined to a constant attendance, especially at those religious exercises; nevertheless some of them(particularly Mr. Castle and Andrew Potley) were therein more in faultthan others, and, after many admonitions, would not reform, but made ittheir common practice almost every Lord's Day in the afternoon to beabsent, and to go abroad and take the air. Whitelocke considering thereproach and scandal, and the ill example hereby to his family, and thedoing of that by some of them against which he had spoken so much here tothe people of this place, upon which it would be collected that either hehad not the power over his own people to order them as he judged fit, orelse that he and the rest of his company were dissemblers, and foundfault with that in others which they either acted or tolerated inthemselves;--Whitelocke finding two absent on this day, he gave order tohis steward to see their trunks and goods carried out of his house, andthemselves dismissed of further attendance on him, and removed from hisfamily. Yet afterwards, upon the interceding of others for them, andtheir own submission, the punishment was suspended; and when theyperceived that Whitelocke was in earnest, it caused a reformation, bothin those two and in others, as to this duty and in other particulars. 

[SN: The Queen returns to Upsal. ]

About nine o'clock this evening the Queen came to town. She had in hertrain but one coach with six horses, and three horsemen; so littleceremony did she observe as to her own port, but would rather make thissudden and private return than break her word with Whitelocke, whom in acompliment she had promised to be here again within a few days; and shekept her word honourably and constantly. But Whitelocke was sorry thatshe continued her old custom, too frequent here, of travelling upon theLord's Day. 

_April 24, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke pays his court to the Queen. ]

Whitelocke waited on the Queen to give her the welcome home, and foundher lodgings changed, leaving the better rooms for the Prince. Sheexcused her long stay out of town, and said she would now have no moredelay in his business, but it should be forthwith despatched. Whitelocketold her that the Chancellor and his son were not yet come to town, buthe humbly thanked her Majesty for the speed of her return. She assuredhim that her Chancellor and his son would be in town the next day, andthat she should not have come to town so soon but for his business; thatthe day after her Chancellor's coming the articles might be signed. Shelikewise discoursed with him about the secret article, that in case thosehere should not perform justly with her, that then the Protector shouldnot be bound by this treaty. Whitelocke told her that Woolfeldt and hehad conference about it, and had fully considered it, and were both ofopinion that it would be unfit for her Majesty to make such an article, and it might turn to her prejudice; but Whitelocke said, that if shepleased to write to the Protector, and to leave her letters withWhitelocke to procure an answer from his Highness to her Majesty, wherebyhis care for her good and assistance to her might appear, and the letterto be fit to be shown, it might be of more advantage to her than such asecret article, to which he was not empowered to assent, but it must beremitted to the Protector; and whether he would consent to it in that wayor not, was doubtful; and when it should be known to those here, it wouldbe distasteful. Upon this the Queen seemed fully satisfied as to thesecret article to be laid aside and not more thought on. 

Whitelocke advised her as formerly touching her liberty, and not longcontinuing here after her resignation; and she thanked him for hisadvice, and said, that in case those here should not deal justly withher, she hoped she should find the Protector a friend to her, and thatshe did put herself upon his nobleness and friendship. Whitelocke toldher, that the Protector was a great lover and maintainer of justice andhonour, and had a particular affection to her Majesty, which he believedshe would find him ready to manifest upon this or any other occasion, andfind him a true friend to her; wherewith (poor lady!) she seemed muchcomforted, having brought her affairs to so low an ebb as this was, andthus high was the Protector's reputation here. As to the general businessof the treaty with Whitelocke, she said it would be fit to have thearticles signed tomorrow, and that Whitelocke soon after should have hisaudience, and she would give order to have it done accordingly. 

She asked Whitelocke if he would bear her company to take the air, whichhe did; and she riding a horse managed to the great saddle, who wastroublesome, she came into her coach, and caused Whitelocke to sit in thesame boot with her, that they might discourse the more privately. Therewere also in her coach the Senator Rosenhau, Grave Tott, and Steinberg. 

[SN: Whitelocke presents his black horses to the Queen, ]

The Queen freely told Whitelocke that if he would not sell his horses, asshe understood he would not, that yet she should take it for a favour ifhe would let her have one of his sets of coach-horses, which would do hergreat service in her intended journey, they being fitter for travel thanany she had. Whitelocke told her they were all at her Majesty's service;that he thought it not becoming him to sell them, but if she pleased toaccept them, she should freely have them; that he thought his blackhorses fittest for her and best, and there were eight of them, and theother set he intended to present unto the Prince{6}; that, she said, would be very well, and she kindly thanked him and accepted of hiscompliment. 

[SN: some distilled waters, ]

Whitelocke also told the Queen that he had a small cabinet of glasses ofspirits of waters, essences of excellent kinds, extracted; but hebelieved that her Majesty did not much esteem such things, and they weretoo inconsiderable to make a present of them to the Queen-mother, if shehad any liking of them. The Queen said her mother was much pleased withsuch essences, and that she would send them to her from Whitelocke. Heasked when he should bring them, and an English Bible which he promisedto the Queen. She said, tomorrow if he pleased, and that at all times heshould be welcome to her. 

_April 25, 1654. _

Grave Eric sent his secretary to Whitelocke to inform him of his beingcome to town purposely for the despatch of his business, and for thesigning of the articles; and he desired to know what time this afternoonhe might have the liberty to come and visit Whitelocke, after he had beenwith the Queen. Whitelocke told the secretary that he should be glad tosee his lord after Whitelocke had likewise been at the Court; and therethey met. 

Whitelocke went in to the Queen and presented her with the cabinet ofessences, which was of green velvet, lined with silver lace very richly;within it were about twenty glasses of spirits of the rarest kinds, eachglass stopped with a silver head of English silver, to screw off and on, and a lock and key of the same; and opening the cabinet the Queen smeltof most of the glasses, but tasted none of them; she highly commendedthem and the cabinet, especially the English silver, whereof she had somediscourse, and said she would send them to her mother, who would be veryglad of them. 

[SN: and an English Bible;]

Then according to his promise he presented her Majesty with an EnglishBible, of a very fair print and richly bound; and upon that they had thisdiscourse:--

_Whitelocke. _ If your Majesty would be pleased to spend some time inreading this Bible, and comparing it with those in other languages, itwould be a great help to your understanding of the English, if yourMajesty have any further thoughts thereof. 

_Queen. _ My desire still is to gain the English tongue, and I think thiswhich you mention will be a good way to learn it. I ask your pardon thatyou staid so long before you came in to me; nobody told me of your beingwithout, and I am ashamed of this incivility. 

_Wh. _ The incivility, Madam, is on my side, by interrupting your greateraffairs; but I come not now as an ambassador, but as a particular servantto bring this Bible to your Majesty. 

_Qu. _ It is a noble present, and there was the less reason to make youstay for admittance with it. 

[SN: and exhorts her Majesty to read it. ]

_Wh. _ This book was presented to me by an English doctor, with a lettermentioning the text that the Beræans were accounted the more noblebecause they received the word with gladness, as I hope your Majestywill. 

_Qu. _ I receive it from you with much thankfulness, and shall gladly makeuse of it as the best of books. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty, by often reading it, and comparing it with otherBibles, will not only thereby gain advantage as to the language, but thehighest comfort to your soul. 

_Qu. _ I have used to read much in the Bible, and take great contentmentin it. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty will find more contentment and comfort in the study ofthis book than of all other books whatsoever, and therefore I do humblyrecommend the often reading of it to your Majesty. 

_Qu. _ I doubt you have an ill opinion of me that you so earnestlypersuade me to this, as if you thought me too backward in it. 

_Wh. _ I only give my humble advice to your Majesty, out of my ownexperience, of the great comfort, wisdom, and true pleasure which is tobe met with in this book, and nowhere else, and that all things out of itare of no value. 

_Qu. _ I am full of the same opinion; but there are too many who have notso venerable an opinion of it as they ought to have. 

_Wh. _ There are indeed, Madam, too many who mock at this book, and at Godhimself, whose book it is; but these poor worms will one day know thatGod will not be mocked, and that they and their reproaches will sadlyperish together; and I am glad to hear your Majesty's distaste of suchwicked ones. 

_Qu. _ Surely every good Christian ought to distaste such men and suchopinions. 

They had much more discourse upon the same subject, wherein Whitelockespake the more, because he found the Queen more inclined to it now thanhe had perceived her to be at other times. 

Being come from the Queen, he spake with Grave Eric in another room, whose opinion was that it would be fit to sign the articles on themorrow, and said that his father would be returned time enough to do it. Whitelocke doubted that, by reason of his weariness after his journey, itmight not be then convenient. Eric replied, that there would be nothingto be done that would occasion trouble, the signing and putting the sealsto the articles already prepared and agreed on was all that was to bedone. Whitelocke demanded if the power given by the Queen to herCommissioners were sealed. Eric said it was not, but that Cantersteinwould be in town this evening, and would see all done. 

_April 26, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke complains of further delays. ]

Grave Eric came to Whitelocke's house, and this discourse passed betweenthem:--

_Whitelocke. _ It seems to me somewhat strange that after all thingsagreed between her Majesty's Commissioners and me, I should yet attendthree weeks to obtain one half-hour for the signing of the articles. 

_Grave Eric. _ The Queen's going out of town hath occasioned it, and thegreat business touching her resignation, which hath so taken up all men'sthoughts and counsels, that there hath been hardly room left for anyother matter; and when the Queen goes away, those of the Council alsotake the liberty to go into the country; and upon such extraordinarychanges as these are, it is no strange thing for public ministers to beretarded; and the same thing hath been practised upon your changes inEngland. 

_Wh. _ I have not observed, either in England or elsewhere, that after anagreement upon a treaty, and nothing remaining but to sign and seal, thatthey have used afterwards to delay it three weeks together; yet I amwilling to promise myself that the servant of the Protector may expectfrom this Crown as much respect as any other public minister. 

_Gr. Eric. _ There hath been more respect showed to you than hath beenaccustomed to any other. I believe your business may be despatched inhalf an hour; and if my father return this evening time enough to do it, it may be done this night; if not, then without fail tomorrow morning. 

_Wh. _ I am the more earnest herein, looking upon it as my duty to theProtector and my respect to this Crown, to avoid any occasion ofdiscontent between the two nations; and therefore I shall freely tell youthat it will be very material to have the articles signed this day ortomorrow, before I receive this week's letters, by which I expect tounderstand that the articles between England and Holland are signed;among which articles one is, that neither the one nor the otherconfederate shall make any alliance with any other prince or state, without first giving notice thereof to the other confederate. Now if thearticles between the Protector and the Queen be signed before I havenotice of this by the Dutch articles being signed, the signing of ourarticles here first will be without exception in this point; but if Ireceive this information from England before the articles be signed here, it will be doubtful whether then I shall be in a capacity afterwards tosign the articles here, whereupon sundry inconveniences will ensue, whichI would willingly prevent. 

_Gr. Eric. _ This is indeed a material point, and I am much startled atit. I shall go and see if my father be come to town, that I may acquainthim with it, and doubtless the business may be finished tomorrow. 

_Wh. _ What do you resolve to do in the matter I proposed touching Guinea?

_Gr. Eric. _ The person concerned in that business is now in town; I shallbring him to you to give you information therein, and upon speakingtogether we may come to some conclusion in it. I think the best way willbe to prepare an article to this purpose, that all injuries done by theone or the other party in the several plantations in Guinea, and thesatisfaction and damages to be given to the parties grieved, be upon thewhole matter remitted to the consideration and arbitrement of persons tobe chosen, as well by the company of English merchants trading to thoseparts as of the merchants of this country having interest in theplantations there. 

_Wh. _ I think this may be a good expedient for this business; and I shallrather submit to it than depart from hence, without any agreement at all, to have this matter, either now or at some other time, to be taken intoconsideration; and therefore if you please to direct an article to bedrawn up to the effect proposed by yourself, and to send it to me to beperused, I shall be willing to consent to any reasonable settlement ofthis business; so as my countrymen, the English merchants interested inthat plantation, may have no cause to believe that I have neglected whatwas specially recommended to me on their behalf, and that my superiorsmay see my care in this as well as in other matters. 

In the evening Monsieur Bloome sent word to Whitelocke that theChancellor was come to town, and that Canterstein was expected thisnight. 

Presently Whitelocke sent to the Chancellor to know how he did after hisjourney, and when he might have the liberty to visit him. The Chancelloranswered that he was well, and purposed this evening or tomorrow morningto go to the Queen, and afterwards he would send to Whitelocke to let himknow what time they might meet to finish his business. This seemed toWhitelocke a little different from the ordinary rules of civility--thatwhen he sent to the Chancellor to know at what time he might come tohim, the Chancellor answered that his purpose was to go to the Queen;but Whitelocke hoped that the intent was to receive her Majesty'sdirection in his business. 

_April 27, 1654. _

[SN: Signing the articles again deferred till the morrow. ]

Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke from the Chancellor to tell him that theChancellor was come to town purposely for the signing of the articles. Whitelocke said he was much obliged to the Chancellor for so great afavour, and that, after three weeks elapsed since the articles wereagreed, he might now hope it would be thought seasonable to confirm thatagreement with hand and seal. Lagerfeldt answered that it might be donethis day, and therefore he came to Whitelocke that his secretary mightmeet with the Queen's secretary, and they together might examine thebooks, which in the evening may be signed and sealed by both parties. 

_Whitelocke. _ Hath Monsieur Canterstein procured the Queen's patent toauthorize her Commissioners to conclude this treaty?

_Lagerfeldt. _ It must be done before the signing of the articles, andthen you may have your audience when your Excellence pleaseth. 

_Wh. _ It were fit to have that done. 

_Lag. _ I know not whether the presents which her Majesty intends to maketo your Excellence and your company be yet ready; and I know the Queenintends to express as much honour to you as she hath done to anyambassador whatsoever. 

_Wh. _ I desire no greater honour than the despatch of my business, andliberty to return home. 

_Lag. _ I shall serve your Excellence therein to the utmost of my power. 

In the afternoon Whitelocke sent his son James and his secretary Earle, and Swift, with the articles and papers touching his business, untoCanterstein, where they examined them and corrected what was mistaken. They asked at what hour Whitelocke might repair to the Chancellor forsigning the articles. Canterstein answered, that the Chancellor was wearywith his journey; but he went to him and brought word that, if Whitelockewould come to the Chancellor about five or six o'clock this evening, hewould be ready to confer with him. This being reported to Whitelocke byhis son, he sent him back to Canterstein to know whether the Queen hadsealed the grant of power to her Commissioners, who brought word that itwas not done, and that the Queen went out of town this evening, andreturned not till tomorrow. 

After this message, and when Whitelocke saw that his letters of this weekwere not come, he sent to the Chancellor to let him know that he fearedit might be troublesome to him for Whitelocke to come to him thisevening, and that, if he pleased, Whitelocke would come to him the nextmorning. To which the Chancellor willingly agreed, and appointed theirmeeting tomorrow, betwixt eight and nine o'clock in the morning. TheChancellor inquired whether Whitelocke had yet received his letters fromEngland. The servant of Whitelocke said that the letters were not yetcome, but that by the last week's letters the news came that the peacebetween England and Holland was certainly concluded; to which theChancellor said, I desire to be excused. 

By these passages Whitelocke perceived that their little design was, notwithstanding all he had endeavoured, that before they would sign thearticles they desired to see this week's letters; which he took asdirected by the good hand of Providence, in regard that by this means heshould be the more excused in what he intended to do, having staid forthis week's letters and received none, and the politicians here would bedeceived in their expectation. He wondered at the Queen's going out oftown before she sealed the commission to her deputies: some thought thereason to be, because her intended presents were not yet ready. 

Whitelocke received a letter from the Protector's Resident at Hamburg, wherein this was part:--

 "_For his Excellence my Lord Ambassador Whitelocke, Extraordinary Ambassador from England with the Queen of Sweden. Humbly these. _

 "The English letters are not yet come, but from Holland they write that two expresses were come on the 21st instant, with letters assuring that the peace was concluded and mutually signed, and that, as soon as the ratification could arrive in England from the States General, hostility should cease. 

 "I am, my Lord, "With tender of my humble service, "Your Excellence's most humble servant, "RI. BRADSHAWE. "_Hamburg, 15th April, 1654. _"

Whitelocke made use of this intelligence as far as it would go; and someothers in this town had the same news from Holland. 

_April 28, 1654. _

[SN: The signing of the treaty. ]

At the time appointed Whitelocke and his company came to the Chancellor'slodging, with whom was his son Grave Eric and Secretary Canterstein. Whitelocke's son James and his secretary Earle were admitted into theroom. All the time of their being there Secretary Canterstein wasuncovered and did not sit. Whitelocke's son James was also bare, asbecame him, but was admitted to sit down at the lower end of the table, on the same side with his father, who sat at the upper end, and theChancellor over-against him, and Grave Eric by his father. 

The Chancellor acquainted Whitelocke that the Queen had shown thearticles to the Prince, who did well approve of them, and desired to havea strict league and friendship with the Protector, and that the Princewas ready in what should appertain to him to contribute to that end. Whitelocke answered that the Protector would esteem the friendship of thePrince a great honour to him; and to show his desire of it, thatWhitelocke intended to salute the Prince from the Protector. TheChancellor and his son said that it would be very necessary forWhitelocke to do so, and that the Prince intended to come nearer to thiscity, and then Whitelocke might have the better passage to his Court bywater by the lake Meter, than to go to him by a land-journey; and thatfrom the Prince he might, by the same lake, be transported to Stockholm. 

After many ceremonies and compliments, with apologies for the delay ofthe sealing of the articles, they fell to their business. Grave Eric readthe articles prepared by Whitelocke, and his father overlooked them;Whitelocke's son James read the articles prepared by the Chancellor, andWhitelocke overlooked them; and some mistakes being amended, Whitelockeasked whether the Queen's commission to give them power were sealed. Theyanswered, it was prepared, and that the Queen would seal it, and it wasusual to be done at any time after the sealing of the articles; thatyesterday it was not fully ready for the Queen before her going out oftown, but that she intended to be here again this day, and all would beready for her sealing. 

The Chancellor directed Canterstein to read the copy of the instrumentfor giving power to the Queen's Commissioners, and desired Whitelocke togive to him the commission of the Protector to Whitelocke, who said thathe had formerly delivered to them a copy of it, which was then read; andthe Chancellor took exception to it, because there was no mention in itof ratifying what should be here agreed upon by Whitelocke; who answeredthat this clause of ratification was in his first commission under theGreat Seal of England, unto which the commission and powers given himsince by the Protector do refer; and he offered to deliver into theirhands that commission under the Great Seal. And if they should requirethat Whitelocke might yet have a larger power, whereof he thought therewas no need, (they might perceive by the Protector's letters that hewould not scruple to give it, ) Whitelocke said that he would take it uponhim, at his return to England, to procure it to be done; but he said hecould not leave with them the Protector's letters and instructions tohim, because part of them was secret. 

The Chancellor said it was the custom to deliver the original letters ofpower into the hands of the other party, that they might be registered inthe public acts of the Chancery, and that Whitelocke should receive theircommissions to carry with him into England; that if he would pass hisword that, at his return to England, he would procure new and largerpowers, and take care to send the letters of them hither from theProtector, they should be satisfied therewith: which Whitelocke promisedto do, and desired that the Queen would ratify all that should be donehere before her resignation, and keep the ratification by her until theProtector should seal letters of ratification on his part, and then theymight be exchanged and mutually delivered. The Chancellor consentedhereunto, and asked what seal the Protector used in these publicbusinesses. Whitelocke said he used his own seal. The Chancellor asked ifhe did not use the seal of the Commonwealth, in regard that this leaguewas between the Queen and kingdom of Sweden and the Protector andCommonwealth of England. Whitelocke said that the Protector might, if hepleased, command the seal of the Commonwealth to be affixed to theletters of ratification, which he believed would be done if they desiredit; and that, by the same reason, it was fit that the letters ofratification here should be under the Great Seal of Sweden. 

The Chancellor said that in Sweden, when the Government was in the handsof Commissioners, the King or Queen not being crowned, it was usual forsome chief men, of alliance to the deceased King, to make use of hisprivate seal, and of no other; that if this treaty were with the Polesor Danes, or others, that being wanting in their letters which was inWhitelocke's, he would not proceed any further with them until theyshould procure a fuller power and commission; and he said he had beenpresent at many treaties which had been broken off upon a less defectthan appeared in Whitelocke's letters. But in regard their business waswith the Protector, whom the Queen and himself did so much honour and hadso great a confidence in him, and upon Whitelocke's promise to procuresuch a power as they desired to be enlarged to him from the Protector, the Chancellor said they were ready to confirm the articles with theirseals. Whitelocke took upon him what they desired, and then theChancellor and his son Eric sealed that part of the articles whichWhitelocke had prepared, and Whitelocke sealed the other part of thearticles which had been prepared by the Chancellor and his son GraveEric. [168]

The Queen's Commissioners insisted to have the date of these articles11th of April, because then they were fully agreed, and the time afterwas for engrossing and preparing them to be signed and sealed; andWhitelocke did not oppose their desire herein. 

Thus, after a long and intricate (it might be said vexatious)transaction of this great affair for near five months together, allbitter oppositions, cunning practices, and perplexed difficulties beingremoved and overcome, through the goodness and assistance of the onlywise Counsellor, the Prince of Peace, it pleased Him to give a good issueand happy success in the conducting of this treaty by him who accountshis great labour and hazards in this transaction well bestowed, andhumbly prays that this treaty may prove to the honour of God, theinterest of the Protestant cause, and the good of both nations thereinconcerned. 

_April 29, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke's passport through Flanders. ]

Though Whitelocke received no letters this week from England, yet he hadsome from Hamburg and from Flanders, among which was one from DonPiementelle full of civility and compliment, giving Whitelocke notice ofhis safe arrival in Flanders, and advising him to take that way in hisreturn; and in it was a letter in Spanish from Piementelle to the Princeof Mamines in Flanders, to be made use of by Whitelocke if he should haveoccasion there, for the more safety and accommodation of his journey. This letter Whitelocke caused to be translated:--

 "Most excellent Sir, "My Lord Whitelocke, the Lord Ambassador Extraordinary of England, having finished his embassy in this Court, is resolved to return through this province, having passed from Hamburg to Cologne, and that he may go to Brussels with better security, he desires a passport from your Highness to the Lord Archduke. I, having written that it may be despatched, and added that it may be remitted to your Excellence, do entreat you to order that the said despatch may be delivered to the party whom the said Lord Ambassador shall send from Cologne for it; and that, he passing through this town, his Lordship, by his civil entertainment, may understand the favour your Excellence doth afford me, I owing to this honourable person many and singular respects, which I desire to manifest and acknowledge. I am confident your Excellence will assist me herein, and will be disposed to employ me in many services of yours in Madrid, whither I am commanded to go, by order from my Lord the King, and shall begin my journey within three or four days, by way of Brussels, where I hope to find your Excellence's commands, which I assure you I shall esteem in all places and obey with the highest punctuality. God preserve your Excellence the many years of my desires. 

 "Your Excellence's greatest servant, "ANT^O PIMENTEL. "

In the letter which Whitelocke wrote to Thurloe, after an account of thepassages since his last, he wrote thus:--

[SN: Report of the signing of the treaty to Thurloe. ]

 "Having received no letters by the post yesterday from England, I was contented to seal the articles of our treaty; for if but a few days should be intermitted, they could not have been signed at all, because upon Tuesday next the Ricksdag, or Parliament here, is appointed to meet, and within two or three days after their meeting the Queen intends to resign her Government, and it will be some time after before the Prince be crowned. I shall have much to do to despatch the necessary ceremonies here of my public audience, to take my leave of the Queen, with the many visits I am to perform, according to the custom to which I am to conform, in regard of the honour of his Highness and our nation; for he who neglects these ceremonies here is censured for a mechanic or a boor. I intend from hence to go to the Prince of Sweden, to salute him from my Lord Protector, as I am advised that the Prince expects and desires it. From thence I purpose to go to Stockholm, where I am to take ship for Lübeck; and from thence to Hamburg, where I shall attend his Highness's further commands, or some ships to be sent for my transport into England, which I earnestly entreat you to procure in time. 

 "I hope, before my going from hence, to receive his Highness's order, which I long since wrote for, concerning my return; but however, my business being effected here, I presume I may, without displeasure to his Highness, be upon my return homewards; the rather, because upon the change which is shortly to be here my commission will be at an end. 

 "The Queen intends, shortly after her resignation, to go to the Spa, which I have cause to believe. In those parts they say the King of the Romans will wait upon her, but that I doubt. 

 "Her Majesty hath showed extraordinary affection and respect to my Lord Protector; so hath the Chancellor and his son Grave Eric, and my Lord Lagerfeldt, etc. "

[SN: Whitelocke's interview with the Queen after the signing of thetreaty. ]

Whitelocke waited on the Queen, and gave her an account of the signingand sealing of his articles; whereupon she said:--

_Queen. _ I am glad that this business is done to your satisfaction. 

_Whitelocke. _ There remains only your Majesty's sealing your letters offull power to your Commissioners who treated with me. 

_Qu. _ I sealed them this morning. 

_Wh. _ Then my humble suit is, that your Majesty would appoint a day formy audience to take my leave. 

_Qu. _ This is Saturday, but if you desire it you may have it on Fridaynext. 

_Wh. _ Would your Majesty's leisure permit to give me audience on Tuesdayor Wednesday next, they being no holidays?

_Qu. _ The Assembly is to sit on Tuesday, and at their first meeting Ishall have a great deal of business with them, which will hinder me fromany other affairs. 

_Wh. _ I humbly pray your Majesty to appoint it as soon as your ownleisure will permit, for I shall have many businesses and ceremoniesafter it to perform, before my going away. 

_Qu. _ On Monday next I will appoint a day; and touching the secretarticle, about which I formerly discoursed with you, I have now alteredmy opinion, and am resolved to follow the advice that you and Mr. Woolfeldt have given me. I will write a letter under my own hand to theProtector to the effect you advised, and deliver it to you to bepresented to him. 

_Wh. _ This will be much the better way. 

_Qu. _ I desire you to be careful of the letter; and before I seal it Iwill show it to you for your advice in it. 

_Wh. _ Madam, I shall have a special care of it, and to procure an answerof it from the Protector, I hope, to your Majesty's contentment, that youmay make use of it if there shall be occasion; and I believe theProtector will be a firm friend to your Majesty. 

_Qu. _ I doubt it not, nor your respects to me. 

_Wh. _ I am engaged by your many favours to serve your Majesty with allfaithfulness. 

_Qu. _ I had some clothes in a ship coming hither, and the ship is taken, and my clothes detained in England, so that I cannot get them to wear. 

_Wh. _ If your Majesty want clothes, I have a piece of English stuff at myhouse, which cost two shillings a yard; and, if that were not too dearfor your Majesty's wearing, I would send it to you. 

_Qu. _ Two shillings a yard is dear enough for me: I pray send your stuffhither, and I shall willingly accept of it, and thank you for it. 

_Wh. _ Will your Majesty be pleased on Monday next to go into England?

_Qu. _ Hardly so soon; yet perhaps I may one day see England. But what isyour meaning in this?

_Wh. _ Madam, Monday next is the first day of May, a great day in England;we call it May-day, when the gentlemen use to wait upon their mistressesabroad to bid the Spring welcome, and to have some collation orentertainment for them. Now your Majesty being my mistress, if you willdo me the honour, that, after the custom of England, I may wait on you onMay-day, and have a little treatment for you after the manner of England;this I call going into England, and shall take it as a very great favourfrom your Majesty. 

_Qu. _ If this be your meaning of going into England, I shall be verywilling, as your mistress, to go with you on Monday next, and to see theEnglish mode. 

Lagerfeldt and the master of the ceremonies dining with Whitelocke, heinquired of them what was to be done by him as to presents to any of theQueen's servants or officers who had done him respect in his business, orbeing here, and what other things were requisite to be done by him, according to the usage of ambassadors in this Court before their goingaway, and when he might obtain his audience to take his leave. The masterof the ceremonies gave him good and chargeable instructions; andLagerfeldt agreed in most points with him, and, upon Whitelocke'sentreaty, undertook to see that the letters of full power to the Queen'sCommissioners, and the recredentials to Whitelocke, should be perfectedand brought to him, and a day of audience appointed. 

Lagerfeldt told Whitelocke that the Queen was willing to present him withsome of this country's commodities, as copper, to carry with him intoEngland, if it would be as acceptable to him as other presents ofdiamonds and the like; and he said he hoped there was no order of theCommonwealth of England to forbid the receiving of such presents by theirpublic ministers. He said, that formerly he asked of Monsieur Chanut, theFrench Ambassador here, if he would accept a present of copper, and hewillingly accepted it, and carried it with him, saying, that he ratherdesired copper than diamonds or jewels, because he could better sell thecopper than jewels, and make money of it. 

Whitelocke said, that whatsoever her Majesty pleased to bestow on himshould be welcome to him, and that he liked the commodities of thiscountry as well as those of the Indies, and that for Chanut's reason. Hesaid that the Protector had not forbid him to receive any testimonies ofthe Queen's respect to him, as she used to do to all public ministers;that the order of the Commonwealth forbidding gifts or presents to publicministers was not now in force; that he thought her Majesty's bounty tohim, and his justification of the acceptance of it, might be the morefrom such valuable presents as her Majesty had done him the honour toreceive from him, and his intention to bestow all his horses upon her, and such as she would appoint, which, for the honour of the Commonwealth, he would not sell. 

_April 30, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke accepts a present of copper. ]

Berkman and Monsieur Bloome dined with Whitelocke, and took occasion tomagnify the respects of the Chancellor and his son, Grave Eric, to theProtector and to Whitelocke, who was not backward to join in thoseeulogies, and to acknowledge the respects. Berkman said that Cantersteinwas to bring some writings to Whitelocke, and that Lagerfeldt had spokento the Queen to present Whitelocke with some copper; that she had givenorder for two hundred ship-pound of copper to be brought from the minesto Stockholm, to be put aboard Whitelocke's ship, ready to be carriedaway with him; that every ship-pound was here worth forty dollars, andwas as much as three hundred English pounds, which he cast up in thewhole to the value of about £2500 sterling. And Whitelocke was satisfiedin his own conscience that he might honourably receive it, having givento the Queen as many presents already as were worth £1000, and engaged toher his horses, which were worth about £2000 more, besides the gifts andgratuities which he had liberally given, and intended to give, to theQueen's servants and officers; and that, in recompense of above £3000given away, he might well receive a present of the value of £2500. 

Grave Leonhough visited Whitelocke, and had much discourse with him, notso proper for this day. 

FOOTNOTES:

[85] [An ingenious device of Whitelocke's to lead the Spaniard to hastenthe business of the treaty with Sweden, which he was suspected of havingretarded. ]

[86] The French, and English copies of the passport were these:--

"Comme ainsi soit que Don Antonio Piementel de Prado, EnvoyéExtraordinaire de sa Majesté le Roi d'Espagne à sa Majesté la Reine deSuède, soit maintenant sur son retour de ce lieu à Neufport en Flandres, dont son Excellence est Gouverneur; et qu'il ait jugé à propos d'envoyerpartie de son train et bagage par mer de Hambourg à Dunquerque, ou publicautre port des Provinces Unies à présent sous l'obéissance de sa diteMajesté le Roi d'Espagne; et pour leur procurer d'autant plus sur convoi, m'ait désiré, comme Ambassadeur Extraordinaire de son Altesse Monseigneurle Protecteur de la République d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse, et d'Irlande, verssa Majesté la Reine de Suède, de lui donner passeport: ces présents sontpour requérir tous ceux qui ont commandement par mer ou par terre, ettous officiers et autres de la dite République auxquels il peutappartenir, de permettre le porteur des présents, Joos Froidure, serviteur du dit Don Antonio Piementel, avec son navire et biens sous sacharge (à savoir, vingt caisses contenantes toutes sortes de meubles, comme vaisselle d'argent, tapisseries, linges, habits, lits de camp, etautres coffres et choses pareilles, et tout conduit par le susdit JoosFroidure, et les caisses marquées D. A. P. ), de passer paisiblement etsans empêchement quelconque jusqu'au dit Dunquerque, ou autre port desProvinces Unies de présent sous l'obéissance de sa dite Majesté le Roid'Espagne. Donné sous ma main et sceau, à Upsale en Suède, ce 4èmed'Avril, 1654. B. WHITELOCKE. "

"Whereas Don Antonio Pimentel de Prado, Envoy Extraordinary from hisMajesty the King of Spain unto her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, is nowupon his return from this place unto Newport, in Flanders, whereof hisExcellence is Governor, and hath thought fit to send part of his trainand goods from Hamburg by sea unto Dunkirk, or some other port now inobedience to his said Majesty the King of Spain, in the Low Countries;and, for the better conveyance of them, hath desired a pass from me, being Ambassador Extraordinary from his Highness my Lord Protector of theCommonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, unto her said Majesty theQueen of Sweden; these are therefore to desire all commanders by sea orland, and all officers or others, of the said Commonwealth, whom it mayconcern, to permit the bearer hereof, Joos Froidure, servant unto thesaid Don Antonio Pimentel, with the ship and goods under his charge, viz. Twenty chests or packages, containing all sorts of household stuff, asvessels of silver, tapestries, linen, apparel, field-beds, and othercoffers and such like things, marked with D. A. P. , to pass unto the saidport of Dunkirk, or any other port now in obedience unto his said Majestythe King of Spain in the Low Countries, quietly and without anymolestation. Given under my hand and seal, at Upsal, in Sweden, this 4thday of April, 1654. B. WHITELOCKE. "

[88] [It is curious to remark at the present time (1855) how the samequestions have arisen out of the state of war. The list of contrabandarticles established by Whitelocke's treaty is still in force as betweenEngland and Sweden, and Liége is still the great resource of theContinent for arms. ]

[90] [Cromwell was already preparing the two armaments at Portsmouth, oneof which afterwards became the Mediterranean fleet, under Blake, ofthirty-five ships, and the other, of thirty-two ships, sailed in thefollowing year under Penn and Venables for the West Indies. ]

[91] [This gentleman is doubtless the same M. Woolfeldt whom Whitelockefrequently refers to; for in a manuscript addressed to his children, Woolfeldt is mentioned by name as a person entertaining similarsentiments towards his native country. He was a Danish nobleman nearlyconnected by marriage with the King of Denmark, but who had incurred thedispleasure of the Court, and been driven into exile on account of thismarriage. ]

[130] "Whereas Peter Gerbrant, citizen of Stockholm, and commander of aship belonging to her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, called the'Sudermanland, ' loaden with corn and other Swedish merchandises, is nowbound for Lisbon, in Portugal, and, for his better passage, hath desiredof me, being Ambassador Extraordinary from his Highness the LordProtector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, unto herMajesty the Queen of Sweden, to give him my pass and lettersrecommendatory: These are therefore to desire all commanders and officersby sea or land, and all others of the said Commonwealth whom it mayconcern, to permit the said Peter Gerbrant, together with his said shipand lading, to pass unto the said port of Lisbon quietly and without anymolestation; and so to return from thence unto Stockholm, with suchlading as the said master shall there think fit to take into his ship. Given under my hand and seal at Upsal, in Sweden, this 14th day of April, 1654. B. W. "

[131] "Whereas the bearer hereof, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Halsall, hada pass from Colonel Robert Lilburne, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces inScotland under his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth ofEngland, Scotland, and Ireland, to transport himself, his servant, andnecessaries into Sweden upon his occasions, and, having despatched hisbusiness, he hath made his request to me, being Ambassador from his saidHighness the Lord Protector to her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, to granthim my pass for his return into Scotland: These are therefore to desireall commanders by sea or land, and all officers and others of the saidCommonwealth whom it may concern, to suffer him, the saidLieutenant-Colonel Halsall, quietly to pass into Scotland, he actingnothing prejudicial to the Commonwealth aforesaid; and further I desirethat the Commander-in-Chief in Scotland will be pleased to show unto him, the said Lieutenant-Colonel, such favour at all times as he shall theredeserve. Given under my hand and seal, at Upsal, in Sweden, this 14th ofApril, 1654. B. WHITELOCKE. "

[142] [These words show that the contest between the French and Spanishalliance in London was still going on; but they did not convey the truthto Whitelocke, for it was against Spain that the great armamentpreviously mentioned was destined to be used, in the expedition to St. Domingo and the conquest of Jamaica. ]

[168] The treaty thus signed ran in the following terms:--

[SN: Text of the treaty. ]

 "We whose names are subscribed, Axel Oxenstiern, Chancellor of the Kingdom and Provincial Judge of the West Norlanders, of Lapland, Heredalia, and Jemptia, Earl of South Morea, free Baron in Kimitho, Lord in Tiholme and Tydoen, Knight of the Golden Spur; and Eric Oxenstiern, son of Axel, General President of the College of Trade, Earl of South Morea, free Baron in Kimitho, Lord in Tydoen, Viby, and Gorwallen, Senators of the Kingdom of Sweden, and Plenipotentiary Commissioners of the most Serene and most Potent Prince and Lady the Lady Christina, by the grace of God Queen of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Esthonia, Carelia, Bremen, Veherden, Stettin, Pomerland, Cassubia and Vandalia, Prince of Rugia, and Lady of Ingria and of Wismar; do make known and testify that formerly there hath been a great amity between the Swedish and English nations, for which, to renew and increase the profit of it, it very well happened that the most illustrious and most excellent Lord Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable of Windsor Castle, and at this time one of the Keepers of the Great Seal of England, being sufficiently authorized to treat of the following affairs, came to the S. R. M. Our Lady, by commandment and in the name of Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Ambassador Extraordinary from these countries and of the aforesaid Commonwealth. The same also our most S. R. M. Hath benignly commanded us, who have the same and sufficient power, that after we should have considered with the aforesaid Lord Ambassador about the things which would be judged the most convenient to establish the liberty of commerce and navigation, and to corroborate the mutual amity in this time, that some certain things should be determined and written in form of articles of mutual alliance. 

 "Therefore we, after a good deliberation together, agreed touching the affairs hereafter written, as they are by these following laws which are in this treaty, and by their clear words and without difficulty expressed. That is:--

 "1. That hereafter there be a good, sincere, firm peace and correspondence between the Queen and Kingdom of Sweden and the Lord Protector and the aforesaid Commonwealth, and between all and every one of the dominions, kingdoms, countries, provinces, islands, lands, colonies, towns, peoples, citizens, inhabitants, and all and every one of the subjects of either of the party, so that they may mutually embrace in entire love and affection. 

 "2. The aforesaid confederates and subjects, people and inhabitants of either, shall, when occasion shall be presented, advance the common profit, and shall, if they know of any imminent danger or conspiration or machination of the enemies, admonish one another, and shall hinder them as much as lies in their power. Neither shall it be permitted to any of the confederates to do or treat by him, or by any other whatsoever, to the prejudice or damage of the lands and dominions of either, whatsoever they be, or in whatsoever place, either by sea or land. The enemies or rebels or adversaries shall in nowise be suffered, neither shall the rebels or traitors who undertake under the State of the other be received in his countries, and shall much less give them counsel, aid, or favour, nor shall admit that his subjects, people, or inhabitants should do anything like. 

 "3. The Queen and Kingdom aforesaid and the Lord Protector and Commonwealth aforesaid shall, as much as in them lies, endeavour to take care, with all candour and affection, to remove all the hindrances which hitherto have interrupted the liberty of navigation and commerce between both the nations, as much in the dominions, lands, seas, and rivers of either of the confederates with other people and nations. They shall also endeavour to advance and defend the liberty of navigation and commerce against all sorts of disturbers for the reasons agreed upon in this treaty, or upon which hereafter they may agree, nor shall suffer, either through themselves, their subjects, or people, any offence to be committed or done against this institution. 

 "4. For it is consented and agreed that the inhabitants and subjects of the aforesaid confederates be free to travel by sea or land into the kingdoms, countries, provinces, lands, islands, towns, cities, villages, walled or unwalled, fortified or no, ports, dominions whatsoever freely, or without safe-conduct, general or special, to go and thence to return, and thence to stay or pass over, and all the while to buy victuals and things necessary for their use, and are to be treated with all benevolence. And also it shall be lawful for the subjects, citizens, and inhabitants of either of the confederates to exercise merchandise and commerce in all places wherein any commerce hath hitherto been exercised, and the same merchandise may be carried in or forth according to their pleasure, paying nevertheless the usual tax, and observing the laws and ordinances of the aforesaid Kingdom and Commonwealth; supposing on both sides that the people, subjects, and inhabitants of either of the confederates shall have and possess in the countries, lands, dominions, and kingdom of the other as full and ample privileges, and as much freedom, liberty, and immunity, as any stranger possesseth, or shall possess, in the said dominions and kingdoms. 

 "5. The merchants, masters of ships, pilots, seamen, and others, their ships, merchandise, and all goods in general of the said confederates and their subjects and inhabitants, shall not be apprehended or detained in the lands, ports, shores, harbours, or dominions whatsoever in alliance with the other, for any public use, expedition of war, or other cause, much less for any private man's use by virtue of any edict, general or special; neither shall they be molested or constrained by violence or injury or anything of that kind: provided that arrests be not prohibited if they are made according to the ordinary form of law, justice, and equity; they shall not neglect the punishment of any for private affection. 

 "6. And if one or more ships of the subjects, citizens, or inhabitants, be they of war or of burden and private men's, shall be forced by tempests, or pursued by pirates and enemies, or any urgent necessity to the harbour or shores of the other confederate, and be forced to call for protection, they shall be received there with all benignity, humanity, and friendship, and at no time to be hindered, and all victual, reparation, and things fit for use at the ordinary price; they shall not be prohibited to depart or go out of the port or harbour by any pretence whatsoever, as long as they have not committed anything against the statutes, ordinances, and custom of the place where their ships are brought and where they shall sojourn. 

 "7. Likewise, if one ship or more of war or of private men of the other confederate, and of the subjects and inhabitants, shall be shipwrecked or cast on the coast of the dominions of the other confederate, or for the future may suffer detriment, they may be relieved and helped at a price agreed on, so that whatsoever shall be saved from the shipwreck shall be preserved and restored to the true owner or his factor. 

 "8. And if the subjects and inhabitants of the other confederate, whether they be merchants, their factors, servants, masters of ships, pirates, seamen, or others, have occasion to travel into the dominions of the other confederate, or if anything shall come in their name before a court of justice, or suits for their debts, or for any other lawful reason wherein they may need the help of the magistrate; in these things he shall be benign and ready for equity's sake, and shall administer justice without delay or unnecessary circumstances, and they shall not be hindered in their journey by any pretence, but whithersoever they go are to be used friendly, and shall have the liberty either in going or returning to carry and wear arms for their private defence, and to walk into the harbours, seaports, and in any public place of the other confederate armed; provided they give no occasion of just suspicion to the governors or magistrates of any place of any design against the public or private peace, but chiefly they are to behave themselves modestly, and to live without any injury. 

 "9. It is lawful for the foresaid confederates and both their people to buy and export out of any of their countries, dominions, and kingdoms, all sorts of arms and provision of war, and freely and safely to carry their ships into what ports, stations, and harbours of the other confederate they please, and there to sojourn and from thence to go; and they are to carry themselves modestly, peaceably, and conform to all the laws and customs of the place, and they may trade there without any hindrance; likewise the ships of war have free leave to come to the ports, havens, and stations of the other confederates. But nevertheless, if there be a manifest suspicion in their number, they may forbid their access, without they have obtained leave of the confederate in whose ports they are (unless they are drawn in by tempests, or force, or danger, or chief magistrate), and are not to stay longer than the governor or chief magistrate will give them leave. 

 "10. It shall be lawful for the subjects and inhabitants of the kingdom of Sweden to travel into all the countries of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and likewise to pass beyond land or sea, and other people that commerce with them, to exercise trade in all kind of merchandise, and to bring them thither and carry thence at their pleasure. The people of the aforesaid Commonwealth shall enjoy the same liberty in the kingdoms, dominions, and territories of the Queen and kingdom of Sweden, but upon condition that they shall observe the respective laws, ordinances, and particular rights of both nations, and of those things which concern the traffic. 

 "11. Although it be prohibited by the former articles of this league and friendship, that neither of the confederates shall give aid or assistance to the enemies of the other, nevertheless it is no way to be understood that it is denied to the confederate and his subjects and people who is not in war to have commerce and navigation with the enemies of that confederate who is in war: provided only in the meantime, until it may be more fully agreed upon, all laws hereunto pertaining, that none of those commodities called contraband (of which a special designation or catalogue shall be agreed upon within four months from this time) shall be carried to the enemies of either, upon peril that if they be found out by the other confederate, they shall be taken as prize without hope of restitution. 

 "12. But lest this free navigation or passage by land or sea with other nations, of the one confederate, his subjects, or people, during the war of the other confederate, should be a deceit to the other confederate, and may conceal commodities and hostile goods by deceit, pretending the name of a friend, for that reason, to remove suspicion and fraud, it is thought fit that the ships, waggons, merchandises, and men belonging to one of the confederates, in their journeys and navigations shall be armed with letters of safe-conduct, commonly called passports and certificates, which shall be signed by the chief governor or magistrate of the province or city from whence they come, and in all them those forms to be observed which shall be agreed upon within the space of four months next ensuing; but where the merchandises, goods, shipping, and men of one of the confederates, or of his subjects or people, in the open sea, straits, ports, stations, lands, and places whatsoever, shall be met with by the ships of war, public or private, or by the men, subjects, and people of the other confederate, or by any means shall be in one place together, then exhibiting only their letters of safe-conduct and certificates, nothing shall be further required of them, nor inquired of them, nor inquiry made as to their goods, shipping, or men any further, much less shall any injury, damage, or trouble be offered to them, but, as is before signified, they shall be freely dismissed to proceed in their intended journey. And in case anything be done by either party contrary to the genuine sense of this article, either of the confederates shall cause severe punishment to be inflicted upon those who shall do contrary hereunto, their subjects and people, and shall take care that satisfaction be made without delay to the other grieved confederate, or his subjects and people, fully of all their losses and expenses. 

 "13. Also, if it shall fall out hereafter during this friendship and league, that any of the people and subjects of either of the confederates shall take part with, or design anything against this league, the agreement between the aforesaid confederates shall not thereby be interrupted or dissolved, but nevertheless shall continue and wholly remain; but those particular persons only who have broken this league shall be punished, and right and justice shall be administered to those who have received injury, and satisfaction shall be made of all damages and wrong within a twelvemonth's time after restitution demanded. And if the foresaid delinquents and persons guilty of the violence committed shall not yield themselves and submit to justice, or within the prefixed time shall refuse to make satisfaction, they, whosoever they are, shall at length be proclaimed enemies to both States, and their estates, goods, and whatsoever things they have shall be confiscated and sold for a just and full satisfaction of the wrongs by them done, and those offenders and guilty persons, where they shall come into the power of either State, shall suffer also deserved punishment according to the nature of their offence. But restitution and satisfaction for the losses and damages which either of the confederates hath suffered by the other during the war between England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands shall be made and afforded without delay to the party wronged, or to his subjects. 

 "14. The present treaty and confederation shall not at all derogate from the pre-eminence, right, and dominion whatsoever of either of the confederates in their seas, straits, and waters whatsoever; but they shall have and retain the same to themselves in the same fulness as they have hitherto enjoyed the same, and of right belongs unto them. 

 "15. Whereas therefore it is the principal purpose of this league that the same freedom of navigation and merchandising as is expressed in the former articles should be and remain to either confederate, his subjects and people, in the Baltic Sea, the Strait of the Sound, the Northern, Western, British, and Mediterranean Seas, and in the Channel and other seas of Europe, it shall therefore earnestly be endeavoured by common counsel, help, and assistance, that the foresaid mutual freedom of navigation and commerce shall be established and promoted in all the before-mentioned seas, and, if occasion require, shall be defended against disturbers who would interrupt it, prohibit, hinder, constrain, and force it to their own will and the injury of the confederates; and both the confederates shall willingly and mutually afford their goodwill and readiness to promote the benefit and to take away the prejudice of either of the confederates, always saving to either nation the leagues with other kingdoms, commonwealths, and nations which have been heretofore made and are in force; but neither of the confederates for the future shall make any league or alliance with any foreign people or nations whatsoever to any prejudice of this present mutual league, without the knowledge beforehand and consent of the other confederate; and if anything shall hereafter be agreed otherwise, it shall be void, and shall wholly give way to this mutual agreement; but of the manner of mutual aid or assistance to be given for defence of this league, and freedom of commerce and navigation, where it shall be necessary and reason shall require it, it shall be specially agreed upon according to the circumstances of time and all other things. 

 "16. Concerning other advantages to be enjoyed, and rules according to which the ships of war shall demean themselves which shall come into the ports or stations of the other confederate, of the trade to be had in America, also of the commodities of fishing for herrings and other fish whatsoever, of the staples and marts to be appointed for trade, and of other matters and conditions which may be required for the greater evidence of the former articles, as by a particular treaty and mutual contract shall be hereafter agreed. 

 "17. But those matters which we have agreed in the former articles shall forthwith from this moment of time obtain full force and be sincerely and rightly observed by either party, and by all who are under their obedience, faith, and command. And to the end that for the time to come they may be the more established, and remain firm as well by her Royal Majesty as also by the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the territories thereunto belonging, in the name of his Highness and the said Commonwealth, these presents, with the proper subscriptions of the hands of her Majesty and of his Highness, shall be subscribed, signed, and ratified. 

 "In confirmation of all these things which are above written, and for sufficient testimony thereof that on the part of her Royal Majesty our most clement Lady they shall be most religiously and fully observed, and be ratified within the time prefixed, we have subscribed these presents with our proper hands, and armed them with our seals. Dated at Upsal, the 11th day of April, in the year 1654. 

 "AXEL OXENSTIERN, "ERIC OXENSTIERN AXELIUS. "

MAY. 

_May 1, 1654. _

[SN: Preparations for departure. ]

Lagerfeldt, Berkman, and the Syndic of Gothenburg, after dinner withWhitelocke, discoursed and advised him touching his departure. Lagerfeldtsaid he believed the Queen would give Whitelocke audience on Friday next, before which time her presents would not be ready for Whitelocke and hiscompany; he said also, that he heard the Prince intended to be in thistown within a few days, and if it should be so, then it would be betterfor Whitelocke to stay here, and expect his coming hither to salute himhere, than to go out of his way so far as to the Prince's Court; in whichmatter Whitelocke said he would entreat the Queen's advice. Lagerfeldtsaid further, that the Queen had commanded some copper to be brought toStockholm, and to be put aboard the ship where Whitelocke was to beembarked, or in some other ship as he should appoint, it being a presentintended for him by the Queen. 

The Syndic acquainted Whitelocke that the city of Gothenburg would sendinto England, to prepare there for an accord concerning traffic betweenthe English merchants and that town, wherein they hoped to have theassistance of Whitelocke at his return to England, wherein he promisedhis advice and furtherance. 

A Danish gentleman of quality and experience gave a visit to Whitelocke, advised him the way of his journey, and gave him good informationtouching Denmark, to be communicated to the Protector, as that theEnglish merchants might pass the Sound without paying any tax, if theProtector would insist upon it. Whitelocke, in drollery, asked him why hewould discover these things to a stranger, which turn so much to theprejudice of his own country. He answered that he did this to testify hisrespects to the Protector, and that he did not betray his country, buthis country had betrayed him; and that was his country where he breathedand had present nourishment. [184]

Mr. Woolfeldt visited Whitelocke, and, among other discourses, related tohim the story of this gentleman and his lady, which was to this effect, by his and others' relation:--

[SN: Woolfeldt's history. ]

 This gentleman was of a noble family and extraction in Denmark, grew into great favour with the last King, whose daughter by a second wife he married; and the present King, her brother, made him Viceroy of Norway, Governor of the Isle of Zealand and of the Sound, and a Senator of the kingdom and Great Master of Denmark; and he had been employed thirteen times as an ambassador. 

 "His lady, the daughter and sister of a king, was of excellent comeliness of person and behaviour, humbly knowing her distance, of a sweet disposition, and of rare parts, both of mind and body; especially deserving praise for her high and entire affection to her husband, who, notwithstanding his great parts and abilities, and the many perils he had undergone in the service of his king and country, yet after all, by the whisperings and false suggestions of backbiters, his enemies, was traduced to the King for being too much a friend to the people's liberty, and an opposer of the King's absolute power; but beyond all this (as some gave it out), that he was too familiar with one of the King's mistresses; so it was that the King took high displeasure against him. Parasites took the occasion to please the King by invectives against one under a cloud; his parts attracted envy, and his merits were too great for any other recompense but his own ruin. 

 "To avoid the King's wrath and his enemies' malice, and to preserve his life, which was aimed to be taken away with his fortune, he was compelled to fly from his country and seek his security in foreign parts. His lady, though a tender, modest woman, --though the sister of the King regnant, high in his favour and the interest of her alliance; though pressingly enticed to cast off her affection to her husband; though unacquainted with any hardships, --yet so entire was her conjugal love and piety, that, rather than part with her husband, she would leave all her relations and pleasures of a court and her dear country, and put herself, though with child, into the disguise of a page, to attend him in his flight as his servant. 

 "It may be imagined that such a servant was not unkindly used; but the greatest trouble was, that being on shipboard to cross the Baltic Sea, the poor page whispered the master that she had a longing desire to some cherries which she saw in the town as they came to the ship. Here was the difficulty: if her lord did not go on shore and procure some cherries for the page, it might cost her life; if he did go on shore, and in the meantime the ship should go off, he and his page would be parted, and his own life endangered. It was reason and honour that persuaded him rather to hazard his own than such a page's life; therefore, having effectually dealt with the master of the ship for a little stay, he soon found out a pretence to go on shore, and neglected not to hasten back again with his provision of cherries, and to find out a way of distributing a large share of them to her that longed for them. After which they happily set sail and arrived in Sweden, where, by articles between the two Crowns, those in his condition have sanctuary and protection. "

In the afternoon Whitelocke went to Court, where he met with Canterstein, who excused himself that he had not yet brought to Whitelocke the Queen'sletters of full power to her Commissioners, which he said the Queen hadsigned two days before, and that he had been sick, otherwise he haddelivered them before this time. Whitelocke asked him if hisrecredentials were prepared. He said they were ready for the Queen tosign when she pleased, and that nothing in his charge concerningWhitelocke should receive any delay by his occasion. Whitelocke gave himthanks for his care, and promised his remuneration. 

[SN: Whitelocke entertains the Queen on May-day. ]

This being May-day, Whitelocke, according to the invitation he had madeto the Queen, put her in mind of it, that, as she was his mistress, andthis May-day, he was, by the custom of England, to wait upon her to takethe air, and to treat her with some little collation, as her servant. TheQueen said the weather was very cold, yet she was very willing to bearhim company after the English mode. With the Queen were Woolfeldt, Tott, and five of her ladies. Whitelocke brought them to his collation, whichhe had commanded his servants to prepare in the best manner they could, and altogether after the English fashion. 

At the table with the Queen sat "la Belle Comtesse, " the CountessGabrielle Oxenstiern, Woolfeldt, Tott, and Whitelocke; the other ladiessat in another room. Their meat was such fowl as could be gotten, dressed after the English fashion and with English sauces, creams, puddings, custards, tarts, tansies, English apples, _bon chrétien_ pears, cheese, butter, neats' tongues, potted venison, and sweetmeats broughtout of England, as his sack and claret also was. His beer was also brewedand his bread made by his own servants in his house, after the Englishmanner; and the Queen and her company seemed highly pleased with thistreatment. Some of her company said she did eat and drink more at it thanshe used to do in three or four days at her own table. 

The entertainment was as full and noble as the place would afford and asWhitelocke could make it, and so well ordered and contrived that theQueen said she had never seen any like it. She was pleased so far to playthe good housewife as to inquire how the butter could be so fresh andsweet, and yet brought out of England. Whitelocke, from his cooks, satisfied her Majesty's inquiry, that they put the salt butter into milk, where it lay all night, and the next day it would eat fresh and sweet asthis did, and any butter new made, and commended her Majesty's goodhousewifery; who, to express her contentment in this collation, was fullof pleasantness and gaiety of spirit, both in supper-time and afterwards. Among other frolics, she commanded Whitelocke to teach her ladies theEnglish salutation, which, after some pretty defences, their lips obeyed, and Whitelocke most readily. She highly commended Whitelocke's music ofthe trumpets, which sounded all supper-time; and her discourse was all ofmirth and drollery, wherein Whitelocke endeavoured to answer her, and therest of the company did their parts. 

It was late before she returned to the castle, whither Whitelocke waitedon her; and she discoursed a little with him about his business and thetime of his audience, and gave him many thanks for his noble treatment ofher and her company. 

_May 2, 1654. _

[SN: The Swedish full powers. ]

Whitelocke sent to the master of the ceremonies to know if he had desireda time for his last audience, who promised to do it. 

Canterstein brought to Whitelocke the Queen's letters of full power toher Commissioners, under her hand and the great seal of Sweden, whichwere of this tenour. [188] Having received this commission, Whitelockedelivered to Canterstein his commission under the Great Seal of England, and the copy of his new instructions from the Protector, except what wassecret in them. 

Canterstein, the master of the ceremonies, and Monsieur Bloome, werefrolic at dinner with Whitelocke, and made many caresses to him, andextolled the Chancellor's care and high respect to Whitelocke, inbringing his treaty to so good an issue; and after dinner Bloome toldWhitelocke that the Chancellor had advised the Queen to make a noblepresent to Whitelocke, which was not yet ready, and that had retarded hislast audience. The master of the ceremonies, from the Queen, desiredWhitelocke to have a little patience for a few days; that she expectedthe arrival of the Prince within six or seven days in this town, by whichmeans Whitelocke would have a fair opportunity to salute him here, without further trouble; and that the Queen would give him audiencewithin two days before the arrival of the Prince, and so he shouldreceive no disturbance in his voyage. Whitelocke saw no other remedy forthis but patience. 

_May 3, 1654. _

[SN: The Guinea question. ]

Whitelocke visited Grave Eric. They fell into discourse, among otherthings, touching Guinea, to this effect:--

_Whitelocke. _ It is requisite that we come to some conclusion about thebusiness of Guinea. 

_Grave Eric. _ I think it fit; and for your further information, here isthe answer in writing of the Swedes who are concerned therein unto thecomplaints of the English company in that business. 

_Wh. _ Will you leave the writing with me?

_Gr. Eric. _ I shall send you a copy of it. 

_Wh. _ The complaints of the English have been proved by depositions ofwitnesses. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Those depositions were taken in the absence of the otherparty; and, if you please, witnesses may be produced here on the part ofthe Swedes. 

_Wh. _ Witnesses produced here will be also in the absence of the otherparty, though I had leisure and commission to examine them on oath. 

_Gr. Eric. _ You may see in this map of Guinea how the plantations of theSwedes, English, and Hollanders do lie, and are mingled and near to oneanother. 

_Wh. _ The King of that place made a grant to the English, for them onlyto dwell and traffic in that country; and the Swedes afterwards drove theEnglish, by force, out of their fortifications. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The English had no fortifications there; all the fort theyhad was a little lodge with two rooms only in it, out of which the Swedesdid not force them; and both the Hollanders and Swedes were planted inthis place before any grant made to the English, and the Swedes had agrant from the same King, whereof this is a copy. 

_Wh. _ It will be material to compare the dates of these two grants: ifthat to the English was first, then the other to the Swedes was of novalidity; and the like of the contrary. If you will favour me with a copyof the grant made to the Swedes, I will compare it with that made to theEnglish, and return it to you. 

_Gr. Eric. _ You shall command it. 

Mr. Woolfeldt, being visited by Whitelocke, told him that the Queen wasextremely pleased with his treatment of her. Whitelocke excused themeanness of it for her Majesty. Woolfeldt replied, that both the Queenand all the company esteemed it as the handsomest and noblest that theyever saw; and the Queen, after that, would drink no other wine butWhitelocke's, and kindly accepted the neats' tongues, potted venison, andother cates which, upon her commendation of them, Whitelocke sent untoher Majesty. Woolfeldt showed a paper of consequence written by himselfin Spanish, and he read it in French to Whitelocke, being perfect inthose and other languages. He said, that whatsoever he wrote he did it ina foreign language, to continue the exercise of them. The paper showedhow the English might be freed from paying tolls at the Sound. Whitelockeentreated a copy of this paper in French, which Woolfeldt promised. 

A great quantity of snow fell and covered the houses and fields, and washard frozen: a matter at this time strange to the English, but ordinaryhere. 

_May 4, 1654. _

Mr. Boteler, a Scotsman, confidently reported great news to thedisparagement of the affairs of England, that the Highlanders of Scotlandhad given a great defeat to the English and killed five hundred of them, which news was soon confuted by Whitelocke. 

[SN: A literary dinner party. ]

The Senator Vanderlin, and his brother the master of the ceremonies; Dr. Loccenius, a civilian, Keeper of the Library in this University; anothergentleman, Professor of Eloquence here; Mr. Ravius, Professor of theEastern tongues; and a French gentleman, captain of one of the companiesof Guards, doing Whitelocke the honour to dine with him, had very learneddiscourse, particularly of languages and of the affinity between theSwedish, English, Danish, and High Dutch tongues, whereof they gave manyinstances, and Whitelocke was able to add to them. The professorsdiscoursed only in Latin, as most proper for them; the others in French;and they hold it a discourtesy if a man be not answered in the samelanguage which he speaks. They also extolled the Prince and theProtector; and the Senator said that there was not any person who came sonear to the eminency and grandeur of the Protector as the Prince ofSweden did. 

[SN: The Dutch Resident salutes Whitelocke on the peace. ]

The company being gone, Whitelocke went to the accustomed place, thegreat wood, to take the air; and as he was walking in the broad waythere, he perceived the coach of the Dutch Resident coming towards him;and perceiving the English Ambassador to be walking there, the Residentalighted out of his coach and came on foot towards Whitelocke. Whether hecame after Whitelocke in a handsome design or contrivance for their firstsalutation, or that it was by accident, Whitelocke did not examine, butthought fit to answer the civility of the Resident by walking backtowards him to meet him. 

They saluted each other and their company with great respect. TheResident began the compliment to Whitelocke in French, telling him thathe was very glad of the opportunity to have the happiness to saluteWhitelocke, which he would not neglect to do, perceiving him in thisplace; and that he would take the first occasion to do himself thehonour to visit Whitelocke at his house. Whitelocke answered, that theResident should be very welcome when he pleased to do that honour toWhitelocke as to bestow a visit on him; and that he was also very glad ofthe opportunity which had now presented itself, whereby he had thecontentment of being acquainted with the Resident. They fell into generaldiscourses, and, among the rest, of the conclusion and ratification ofthe treaty between the two Commonwealths, and of the advantage whichthereby would arise to both of them, and to the Protestant party. [193]

As they were walking together the Queen passed by them, being in thatwood also to take the air. When she came near, she saluted them withgreat respect, and spake to them aloud, "Je suis ravie de vous voirensemble, je vois que la paix est faite. " And so the Queen went on herway, and Whitelocke took leave of the Resident. 

[SN: A despatch from Thurloe. ]

At his return to his house Whitelocke found his packet from England readyto entertain him, and Thurloe's letter was this:--

 "My Lord, "Your letter of the 10th of March arrived here this morning, whereby you are pleased to give a very particular and exact account of all proceedings in this treaty you are upon; I presently communicated the contents thereof to his Highness and the Council, with whom he was willing to advise, and thereupon he was pleased to send you the instructions which your Excellence will receive herewith, which are fully agreeable to your own desire in that behalf. The former instructions had come sooner, if the issue of the Dutch treaty had been sooner known; now, through the blessing of God, it is fully concluded, and your Excellence will receive herewith the articles, as they are signed by the Commissioners of his Highness and the Lords Ambassadors of the United Provinces. They signed them upon Wednesday, at night, and the next morning the ambassadors sent them away to be ratified by their superiors, which they will do without difficulty or scruple, as we believe. 

 "Your Excellence will see by those articles made with the Dutch, that the second and fifth article is omitted out of your instructions; that these two treaties will very well stand together; and for the notice to be given to the Dutch, it is clear to me that it will not be necessary, in respect that this treaty was not only begun, but as good as finished, before the conclusion with the Dutch. 

 "And for the fourth article, and the proviso your Excellence is pleased to send, that being so clearly within the substance of your former instructions, I thought it needless to add any instruction about it now. 

 "His Highness in the beginning of this week was pleased to send for the Great Seal, and kept it in his own custody two days, and now hath disposed it unto your Excellence, Sir Thomas Widdrington, and your confrater my Lord Lisle. His Highness is very much resolved upon a good and solid reformation of the law, and proceedings in the Courts of Equity and Laws: the matter of law he hath committed unto Mr. Justice Hale and Mr. John Vaughan; the reformation of the Chancery to my Lord Widdrington, Mr. Attorney-General, and Mr. Chute, --being resolved to give the learned of the robe the honour of reforming their own profession, and hopes that God will give them hearts to do it; and, that no time may be lost, the next term is adjourned. 

 "The French Ambassador desires very much to get a despatch of his business. His Highness hath at length appointed him commissioners to treat, but no progress hath been yet made thereupon. The speech that he made at his first audience your Excellence will receive by this. 

 "The Portugal presseth much now to come to an agreement also, and to close the treaty which hath hanged so long; and so doth the Spaniard. 

 "I pray for your Excellence's safe return home and rest. 

 "Your Excellence's humble servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_April 7th, 1654. _"

Whitelocke's new instructions from the Protector:

 "O. P. 

 "_Additional Instructions to my Lord Whitelocke, our Ambassador Extraordinary to her Majesty the Queen of Sweden. _

 "Having considered the particular account you have given by your letters weekly of your negotiation in Sweden, and the delay which hath been on the part of that Court in the treaty you are upon, we might well have given you positive orders for your speedy return. 

 "But observing that the letters and despatches between this and Sweden are a month in their way, and not knowing how affairs may alter in that time with you, and the pretence of their delay--to wit, the uncertainty of the issue of the treaty between us and the United Provinces--being removed, as you will see by these letters, which will assure you of the full conclusion thereof, we have thought it more convenient to leave you a latitude in that particular, and to give you liberty (as we do hereby) to return home at such time as you shall find it for the service of the Commonwealth. 

 "2. Whereas, by your letter of the 10th of March, 1654, you have represented the particular debates which you have had upon all the articles of the treaty, and the exceptions taken by the Queen upon the second, fifth, and seventh articles, you are hereby authorized to omit the second and fifth articles out of the treaty, as also the words 'bona à suis cujusque inimicis direpta' out of the seventh article, if the Queen shall still insist thereupon; and as for the comprehending the Dutch in this treaty with the Queen of Sweden, notice shall be given from hence, if it shall be found necessary. 

 "3. You have hereby power to agree with the Queen of Sweden that she and her subjects may fish freely for herrings in the seas of this Commonwealth, paying the recognition of the tenth herring, or for a lesser recognition, so as it be not less than the twentieth herring, or the value thereof in money. 

 "_Whitehall, 7th April, 1654. _"

The Order of the Council touching the Great Seal sent by Thurloe wasthis. The title of the order was thus:--

[SN: Whitelocke, Widdrington, and Lisle reappointed of the Great Seal. ]

 "_Order of the Council approving of the Commissioners of the Great Seal. _

 "_Tuesday, 4th April, 1654. _

 "AT THE COUNCIL AT WHITEHALL:

 "_Resolved_, That the Council doth approve of the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke to be one of the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal. 

 "_Resolved_, That the Council doth approve of Sir Thomas Widdrington, Knight, Serjeant-at-Law, to be one of the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal. 

 "_Resolved_, That the Council doth approve of John Lisle, Esquire, to be one of the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal. 

 "By the command of his Highness Mr. Serjeant Widdrington and Mr. Lisle were called in, and being come to the table, his Highness declared that the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke and themselves had been nominated by his Highness, and approved by the Council, to be Commissioners for the Great Seal; and his Highness did deliver unto the said Mr. Serjeant Widdrington and Mr. Lisle the said Great Seal; and then the oath appointed by the ordinance was read by the Clerk of the Council, and was taken by each of them. 

 "Ex^r W. JESSOP, "Clerk of the Council. "

The Guinea Company sent by this packet a letter to Whitelocke of thanksfor his care of their business, and that they could not buy the Swedes'interest in Guinea, and referred the whole matter wholly to Whitelocke. 

The examinations in the Court of Admiralty touching the ship 'Charity, 'enclosed in Thurloe's letters, made it appear that the Swedes had notinjury done them, as they complained, and that the goods belonged toHollanders, and not to the Swedes; but only coloured by the Hollandersunder the name of Swedish ship and goods, though they were not so. Whitelocke made use of these examinations as he saw cause, and found thatMartin Thysen had an interest in these goods. 

[SN: Reception of the French Ambassador in London. ]

The enclosed speech of the French Ambassador to the Protector was fullof compliment, giving him the title of "Serene Altesse, " and as much ascould be well offered by the French, seeming to desire a league and amitywith the Protector. The Ambassador was received with great state andsolemnity, answerable to the honour of his master the King of France, with whom the Protector had a good mind to close at this time, the ratherto frustrate the hopes of the King of Scots of assistance from thence, where he was now entertained, caressed, and made believe he should haveall aid and furtherance for his restitution, which the Protector soughtto prevent by the interest of the Cardinal Mazarin, whose creature thisAmbassador was. 

_May 5, 1654. _

[SN: The Queen's presents to Whitelocke and his suite. ]

Lagerfeldt acquainted Whitelocke that the Queen intended to gratify himwith a gift of as great value as had been bestowed upon any ambassadorbefore; and that she having received from Whitelocke many brave horsesand many native goods of England, and Whitelocke having undertaken, athis return to England, to provide for her Majesty several othercommodities, she held it reasonable to requite him with some commoditiesof this country, if Whitelocke thought fit to accept of them. Whitelockeanswered that it did not become him to prescribe bounds to her Majesty'sfavour, but only to refer himself to the Queen's judgement herein. Lagerfeldt replied that the Queen intended to bestow her gift upon him incopper, and gave order that it should be put aboard a ship, to beconsigned by him to some of his friends at London, or as he pleased todispose it. 

Whitelocke desired of Lagerfeldt that although the articles were signed, that yet he in the instrument might prefix to the title these words"Serenissimi ac Celsissimi Domini, " which words Whitelocke did observe tobe in the Protector's title to the Dutch articles, which was not known toWhitelocke before the articles were signed here. Lagerfeldt promised toacquaint the Chancellor herewith, and to bring his answer. 

Whitelocke waited upon the Queen, and acquainted her with his news fromEngland, and of the consummation of the treaty of peace between Englandand the Dutch, whereof she said she was very glad, and thanked Whitelockefor his news. He then entreated her Majesty to appoint a day for hisaudience to take his leave of her Majesty, which she told him should beshortly done; then she desired his company with her in her coach, to takethe air. He waited on her, and besides there was in the coach Grave Tott, Grave Vandone, and the Countess Christina Oxenstiern. The Queen was notvery pleasant, but entertained some little discourses, not much ofbusiness; and after a short tour, returning to the castle, retired intoher chamber, and Whitelocke to his lodging. 

_May 6, 1654. _

Lagerfeldt returned answer to Whitelocke, of his motion to insert thewords "Serenissimi ac Celsissimi Domini" into the Protector's title, thathe had acquainted the Chancellor with it, who also had communicated it toher Majesty, and she willingly assented thereunto; and it was insertedaccordingly. He brought with him Monsieur Carloe, Governor of theSwedish Company for Guinea, with whom Whitelocke had much discourse uponthe same points as he had before with Grave Eric; and Carloe denied allthat the English merchants had affirmed, and he continued before andafter dinner very obstinate in it. 

Secretary Canterstein brought to Whitelocke the Queen's letters of thegrant of two hundred ship-pound of copper for a present to him, whichletters were thus. [200]

In the afternoon the master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke's house, and presented to him, from the Queen, a handsome jewel, which was a caseof gold, fairly enamelled, and having in the midst of it the picture ofthe Queen, done to the life, and very like her. It was set round aboutwith twelve large diamonds, and several small diamonds between the greatones. He told Whitelocke that, by command of her Majesty, he presentedher picture to him; that she was sorry it was not made up so as mighthave been worthy of his reception; but she desired, if he pleased, thathe would do her the honour to wear it for her sake, and to accept thepicture in memory of the friend that sent it. Whitelocke answered thatthe Queen was pleased to bestow a great honour upon him in this nobletestimony of her favour to him, of which he acknowledged himselfaltogether unworthy; but her Majesty's opinion was otherwise, as appearedby such a present as this. He did with all thankfulness accept it, andshould with great contentment give himself occasion, by the honour ofwearing it, to remember the more often her Majesty and her favours tohim, her servant, for which he desired the master to present his humblethanks unto her Majesty. 

After he had been with Whitelocke, the master went to Whitelocke's twosons, and in the Queen's name presented to each of them a chain of goldof five links, and at the end of the chain a medal of gold of the Queen'spicture; the chains and medals were valued at four hundred ducats apiece. Then he presented, in the Queen's name, to Colonel Potley, to Dr. Whistler, to Captain Beake, and Mr. Earle, to each of them a chain ofgold of four links, and at the end of each chain a medal of gold of theQueen's picture; these chains and medals were valued at two hundredducats apiece, or thereabouts. 

Then he presented, in the Queen's name, to Mr. Stapleton, Mr. Ingelo, andMr. De la Marche, to each of them a chain of gold of three links, with amedal of gold of the Queen's picture at the end of each chain; the chainsand medals were valued at about a hundred and sixty ducats apiece. To Mr. Walker he presented a chain and medal of gold of three links, shorterthan the rest, of about the value of a hundred and thirty ducats; toCaptain Crispe and to Mr. Swift, to each of them a chain of gold of twolinks, with a medal of gold to each of them, of about the value of ahundred ducats apiece. 

[SN: Disputes caused by the Queen's presents. ]

Walker the steward, and Stapleton, gentleman of the horse to Whitelocke, were discontented, because their chains were not of four links apiece;and they and others took exceptions because their chains were not so goodand valuable as those given to Potley and Beake, --so seditious a thing isgold. But Whitelocke endeavoured to satisfy them by the reasons why thechains of Potley and Beake were better than theirs: the one having beenan ancient servant of this Crown, and the other being commander of theguards of the Protector; and nothing was due to them, but only theQueen's free gift and bounty was in all of them, and therefore not to beexcepted against by any of them. Notwithstanding this admonition, theymet and discoursed together in discontent about this business, and gavethereby occasion of displeasure to Whitelocke. 

Whitelocke being in the mood to take the air, the Holland Resident camethither, where they walked and discoursed together; and in their returnthe Resident and two of his gentlemen, Vorstius and another, went inWhitelocke's coach, who brought the Resident to his lodging, and therehad a civil treatment, and found by discourse that the Resident was notwell satisfied with his being in this Court. Whitelocke did not hithertomake a visit to any person since he had received his presents from theQueen, after which, in ceremony, he must first visit her Majesty to giveher thanks, and then he is at liberty to visit others. 

_May 7, 1654. _

_The Lord's Day. _--Monsieur Bloome, and Mr. De Geeres, the rich merchantof Sweden, after dinner with Whitelocke, discoursed much about mattersnot so proper for the day. Walker and Stapleton attending Whitelocke andwalking in the evening, he again spake to them about their presents asformerly; but found Stapleton stiff in his opinion, and to intend to sendback his present to the master of the ceremonies as refusing it; butWhitelocke required him not to do so, lest it should be taken as anaffront to Whitelocke and to the Protector himself, as well as adisdaining of the Queen's present, which was her Majesty's free giftwithout any obligation. 

_May 8, 1654. _

[SN: Warrant for the copper. ]

The warrant formerly inserted was sent to the officers of the Treasury, who thereupon made their order to the under-officers for the delivery ofthe copper accordingly, which order was brought to Whitelocke in theSwedish language. 

[SN: The Guinea case. ]

The master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke to inform him that theQueen had appointed Wednesday next, the 10th of this month, for his lastaudience to take his leave. Whitelocke said he was sorry it could not besooner. The master excused it by reason of the great affairs of the Queenupon the meeting of the Ricksdag. Grave Eric and Lagerfeldt came toWhitelocke and debated with him the business of Guinea. 

_Grave Eric. _ I shall read to you this paper, which is in Latin and inFrench, --an answer to the complaints of the English, and denies all theirallegations. 

_Whitelocke. _ The allegations of the English are proved by oath; hereare the depositions. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The answers of the Swedes are upon oath likewise. 

_Wh. _ But the English are in the affirmative. 

_Gr. Eric. _ The Swedes have like complaints against the English, whichare to be proved by oath in the affirmative also; and in such case theparties or their procurators must appear before the ordinary andcompetent judges, which will require a great deal of time; but we beingto treat with you as an Ambassador, we propose that there may be anabolition of all past injuries of the one side and the other, and thatthere may be an agreement and friendship, and free trade there for thefuture. 

_Wh. _ This will be very proper for the time to come, but it will be nosatisfaction for the injuries already done. I have no power from theProtector or Company of English Merchants to make any such agreement; butfor what concerns the public, I can make an accord with you, and thesatisfaction of damages for wrongs past may be remitted to thedetermination of the Commissioners. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I shall show you a project in writing, that all the housesand possessions of the one part and the other may continue in the sameestate for the time to come as they are in at present. 

_Wh. _ To agree to this were to give up the right of the Englishmerchants, and to acknowledge that they have no cause of complaint;whereas I demand in justice a reparation and satisfaction for thoseinjuries whereof they complain. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Then the business must be decided before the judges, witnesses on both sides must be heard, and we must insist upon it thatthe houses and possessions continue in the same estate as they now are. 

_Wh. _ You must pardon me that I cannot assent hereunto. 

Thus their debate broke off. 

Monsieur Ravius came to Whitelocke in the name of the Bishop of Stregnes, to acquaint him that if he had any English horses which he would bestowupon the Prince, that they would be very acceptable to him, and thatWhitelocke would very much gratify himself thereby. Whitelocke said thathis saddle-horses were not worth the presenting to his Royal Highness, the best of them being already given away; but he had a set ofcoach-horses which he intended to reserve and to present unto the Prince, if he pleased to accept them. Ravius said they would be very acceptableto him. 

_May 9, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke compliments the Danish minister on the peace. ]

The King of Denmark being included in the treaty between England and theDutch, and so become a friend, Whitelocke was advised to send first acompliment to the Danish Ambassador now residing in this Court; which, when Whitelocke doubted lest thereby he might diminish the honour ofEngland by sending to the Dane before the Dane had first sent to him, themaster of the ceremonies and others instructed him that it was theconstant custom for the ambassador that comes last to send first acompliment to him that had been in the Court before; whereupon Whitelockedid send one of his gentlemen to the Danish Ambassador, to visit andcompliment him. 

Now the secretary of the Ambassador of Denmark came to Whitelocke, inthe name of his lord, to give him thanks for the honour he had done himin sending one of his servants to salute him, and to congratulate thegood news of the agreement between England and the Dutch, wherein theKing his master was comprised. The secretary said that the confirmationthereof was also come to his lord by the way of Holland and of Denmark, for which news his Lordship was very joyful, and would himself have givena visit to Whitelocke but that his want of health detained him in hislodging. Whitelocke told the secretary that he was very sorry for hislord's indisposition of health, and wished his good recovery; that he washeartily glad of the news which gave him occasion to send to his lord tocongratulate with him, and that he would take an opportunity to visit himin person when it might be without prejudice to his Excellence's health. 

Berkman came to Whitelocke to give him an account of a message wherein hehad employed Berkman to the Marshal Wrangel, to desire him, inWhitelocke's name, that the ship appointed to transport him might falldown from Stockholm to the Dollars, for Whitelocke to come on board herthere, which would save him a hundred miles by sea from Stockholmthither, there being a nearer way by a third-part from Stockholm to theDollars for boats to pass. Berkman said he found Wrangel very civil, andready to do what Whitelocke should desire of him for his accommodation, and that he had ordered the ship forthwith to fall down to the Dollars;for which Whitelocke desired Monsieur Berkman to return his thanks to theMarshal. 

The Ricks-Admiral sent to Whitelocke, expressing much civility andreadiness to serve him, and desired to know if one ship would besufficient for his transportation; that, if he pleased, there should bemore provided for him. Whitelocke returned thanks, and that he hoped heshould not have occasion to put them to the trouble of more ships for histransportation than that already ordered for him. 

[SN: Whitelocke invited to the ceremony of abdication. ]

The master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke, by the Queen's command, to know if he and his company pleased to see the meeting of the Ricksdag;that he had provided a place for that purpose, where they might beunknown and unseen, and yet see all the ceremony and hear all theharangues; that if Whitelocke would see it, the master would call him ateight o'clock in the morning and wait upon him to the place; but he saidthat the Danish Ambassador had some thoughts of being there also, and ifhe came first to the place he would take the uppermost seat. Whitelockethen desired the master to call him early enough that he might be therefirst, because he should hardly permit the Danish Ambassador to sit abovehim. The master said he would be sure to call Whitelocke early enough, but he believed that the Danish Ambassador would not be there because ofhis ill health. 

The master told Whitelocke that Monsieur Bloome had informed him thatsome of Whitelocke's gentlemen took exceptions to the presents sent themby the Queen. He protested, upon his soul and his honour, that he had nohand in the disposing of these presents, but that all was done by theofficers of the Chamber of Accounts, and that the Queen did not meddlewith it; but when he showed her a catalogue of the officers ofWhitelocke's house, she marked them how she would have the presentsbestowed; that how the matter might be altered afterwards he was whollyignorant, and that he had order, under the hands of the officers, to makethe distribution as he had done; and he hoped none of the gentlemen wouldbe offended with him, who had done nothing but as he was ordered by thoseover him. Whitelocke told him that, in so great a family as his was, itwould be difficult to please every one; that these presents were theQueen's favours, which she might distribute as she pleased, and every oneought to be contented therewith; that some of his company had discoursedhereof more than belonged to them, but that he would take order in ithimself. They had also this further discourse:--

_Whitelocke. _ Do you expect the arrival of the Prince here on Fridaynext?

_Mast. Cer. _ The Queen is not assured of his arrival that day, but shewill go out on horseback, accompanied with all her nobility, to meet him. 

_Wh. _ Will it be expected that I go out likewise to meet him?

_Mast. Cer. _ That cannot be, because it will be after your last audience, and when you have taken your leave of the Queen, so that you cannot thenappear in public nor in any public action, because it will be to presentyourself before those of whom you had taken your leave before. 

_Wh. _ But after my last audience I may in private see the Queen?

_Mast. Cer. _ Yes, for that is but a particular visit; and so you mayvisit any of your friends after your last audience. 

_Wh. _ I intend likewise to salute the Prince after my last audience. 

_Mast. Cer. _ You may do it, because it will be but a particular visit. 

_Wh. _ I hope his Royal Highness will treat me with the same civility andrespect as he useth to any other ambassador. 

_Mast. Cer. _ That he will infallibly do. Monsieur Chanut, the FrenchAmbassador, when he was in this Court, did always give the right hand tothe Prince after the proposal had been made of declaring himPrince-heritier of the crown, though the Ricksdag had not then confirmedit. But Chanut made difficulty of it at the Prince's lodging, because hewas not the son of a king, yet afterwards he did it both there andelsewhere. 

_Wh. _ There is more reason for me now to do it, because the proposal isto be made of investing him with the Crown. What was the manner of thePrince's reception of Chanut, where did he meet Chanut at his coming, andhow far did he go with him at his taking leave?

_Mast. Cer. _ The Prince received Chanut at the door of the chamber wherehe had his audience; and when the Ambassador went away, the Princebrought him to the same place and no further; and I believe he will givethe same respect to your Excellence, and as much to you as to any publicminister. 

_Wh. _ I can desire no more. 

_May 10, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke attends a wedding at Court. ]

Lagerfeldt came to Whitelocke and acquainted him that there was aspecial article to be agreed upon touching the business of Guinea, whichthe Queen and the Chancellor were willing might proceed for the despatchof Whitelocke, and that Grave Eric would have come to him about it, butthat he was ill and had taken physic. He told Whitelocke that the Queensaid he might have his last audience that day if he pleased; but if hewould be present at the solemnity of the nuptials which were this eveningto be celebrated at Court between the Baron Horne and the Lady Sparre, and if he desired to see the assembling of the Ricksdag tomorrow, then itwould be requisite to defer his audience till Friday, because when he hadtaken his leave of the Queen it would not be proper for him afterwards toappear in public. Whitelocke said he had rather be dismissed than to bepresent at any solemnities; that her Majesty had taken him captive by hernoble presents, so that it was not fit for him to come abroad in public. He asked Lagerfeldt if the Prince would be here on Friday next; if so, then it would not be convenient to have his audience put off to that day. Lagerfeldt said he doubted that the Prince would not be here so soon. 

An officer on horseback, accompanied with several other horsemen, withfour kettle-drums and eight or ten trumpets beating and sounding beforethem, made proclamation in several parts of the town that all persons whowere summoned to appear at the Ricksdag should give their attendance atthe place appointed in the Queen's castle of Upsal tomorrow by eighto'clock in the morning, upon pain of half-a-dollar mulcted for everydefault. 

The master of the ceremonies came to Whitelocke from the Queen, andacquainted him to the same effect as Lagerfeldt had done, touching hislast audience. The master also, by the Queen's command, invitedWhitelocke to the wedding at Court this night; and if he pleased to seethe manner of the assembling of the Ricksdag, that he had order to takethe care of it, and that it would be no hindrance to his going away, because the Prince did not come hither till Tuesday next. Whitelocke saidhe was sorry that the Prince would come no sooner to this place, butsince it was the pleasure of the Queen that he should wait upon her thisevening, he would obey her commands; and as to the time of his audience, he submitted to her pleasure. 

The Ricks-Admiral sent again to Whitelocke, to know if he would have anymore ships provided for his transportation. Whitelocke returned histhanks, and that he intended not to take any of his horses with him, andtherefore should not need any more ships than were already ordered. 

Studely, one of Whitelocke's servants, returned to him from Stockholmwith an account that the ship appointed for his transportation was notyet ready, which retarded his voyage to his trouble. 

Between ten and eleven o'clock at night the master of the ceremonies cameto Whitelocke's house, with one of the Queen's coaches, to bring him tothe wedding at Court. He desired Whitelocke's two sons to go into thatcoach, who excused themselves that they had not been in that coachformerly. The master said that when one went to an audience there werecertain formalities to be observed, but going to a wedding was anotherthing; that now the Queen had sent her coach for Whitelocke as herguest, and it was proper for his sons to go with him. Whitelocke wishedthem to observe the direction of the master, who governed in thesethings. 

They went to the bridegroom's house, where were many of his friends; hisuncle the Ricks-Admiral, Marshal Wrangel, and other senators andnoblemen. As soon as Whitelocke alighted out of the coach, thebridegroom's brother was there to receive him and bid him welcome; nearthe door the bridegroom met him, and gave him thanks for the favour inhonouring his wedding with his presence. Whitelocke said he was veryready to testify his respects to the nobility of this country, andparticularly to himself, and took it for an honour to be invited intosuch company. 

Whitelocke was instructed by the master of the ceremonies, that by thecustom of this country the bridegroom takes place of the King, and thebride of the Queen, during the solemnities of the wedding; accordinglyWhitelocke gave the right hand to the bridegroom. 

After a little discourse they took their coaches;--first the gentlemen, then the Lords, then the Senators, then the Ricks-Admiral and SenatorBundt, who, being next of kin, was to give the bride in marriage; afterBundt went Whitelocke, and after him the bridegroom, who had precedencein the Queen's coach, which went last, and Whitelocke next before it, andthe other coaches in their order; the bridegroom's coach last of all, asthe best place. The like order they observed in their going in thecastle. At the head of the stairs the master of the ceremonies met them, and brought them to the presence-chamber, where the Queen was with thebride and a great company of gallant ladies. The bridegroom kissed herMajesty's hand, and then the bride's hand; the rest of the company didthe like. Between the Queen and Whitelocke passed a little discourse. 

_Whitelocke. _ Madam, I give you humble thanks for your invitation of meto these solemnities. 

_Queen. _ It is an honour to us that such an Ambassador will be present atour ceremonies. 

_Wh. _ I likewise return my most humble thanks to your Majesty for yourmany favours, and the noble presents you have been pleased to bestow onme and on my company. 

_Qu. _ Sir, you mock me; I am troubled I could not do according to thatrespect which I bear you. This is only a custom of our country to personsof your condition, and I hope you will take it in good part. 

_Wh. _ It is more suitable to your Majesty's bounty than to anything I cancall desert in me, who have a most grateful sense and acceptance of yourMajesty's favours. 

[SN: Ceremony of the marriage. ]

The bride and bridegroom were both clothed in white tabby, his suit lacedwith a very broad gold and silver lace. The bride had on her head acoronet set full of diamonds, with a diamond collar about her neck andshoulders, a diamond girdle of the same fashion, and a rich diamond jewelat her breast, which were all of them of great value, and by somereported to be the Queen's jewels, lent by her to the bride for thattime. 

They went all to the great hall; first the noblemen, then the senators, then the bridegroom between Bundt and Whitelocke, then the bride betweentwo Graves, then the Queen and her Guards. Then the Queen presently tookher chair of state; at her right-hand at a little distance sat the brideagainst her; at the Queen's left-hand sat the bridegroom, next to himWhitelocke, and then Bundt. After they were all sat, Bundt rose up andwent towards the Queen, and spake in Swedish with a loud voice to thiseffect, as it was interpreted to Whitelocke:--That Baron Horne, agentleman there present, of an ancient and noble family, desired to havein marriage a lady who was servant to her Majesty, of the ancient andnoble family of the Sparres; then he spake much of the pedigrees and inthe praise of both the families; after that he addressed himself to thebride and bridegroom, giving them good counsel as to the condition whichthey were entering into, and their demeanour to one another. Then somefriends led the bridegroom to a place in the midst of the hall purposelyrailed in, and then they fetched the bride thither also and placed her bythe bridegroom; then a grave churchman, one of the Queen's chaplains, turning himself to the Queen, pronounced the words of marriage after aform in a book which he read, and being interpreted to Whitelocke, hefound it the same in effect with the words of marriage in the EnglishLiturgy. The ceremony of joining them in marriage being ended, two Graveswith torches came to the bridegroom and bride and led them around; twoother Lords with torches followed after them, many ladies two by two. Thebride being brought to her seat by the bridegroom, he then took the Queenby the hand and they walked between the torches; then the bride came andtook Whitelocke by the hand and they walked after the Queen. Whitelockebrought the bride again to her place, and being instructed that he was totake the Queen and march the round with her also, Whitelocke did it, andall this was a solemn walking to the sound of drums and trumpets. Afterwhich, every one returned to their places, and then they set to dancingof the brawls; and the Queen came to Whitelocke to take him out to dancewith her, who excused himself. 

[SN: Whitelocke dances with the Queen. ]

_Whitelocke. _ Madam, I am fearful that I shall dishonour your Majesty, aswell as shame myself, by dancing with you. 

_Queen. _ I will try whether you can dance. 

_Wh. _ I assure your Majesty I cannot in any measure be worthy to have youby the hand. 

_Qu. _ I esteem you worthy, and therefore make choice of you to dance withme. 

_Wh. _ I shall not so much undervalue your Majesty's judgement as not toobey you herein, and I wish I could remember as much of this as when Iwas a young man. 

After they had done dancing, and Whitelocke had waited upon the Queen toher chair of state, she said to him--

_Qu. _ _Par Dieu!_ these Hollanders are lying fellows. 

_Wh. _ I wonder how the Hollanders should come into your mind upon such anoccasion as this is, who are not usually thought upon in suchsolemnities, nor much acquainted with them. 

_Qu. _ I will tell you all. The Hollanders reported to me a great whilesince that all the _noblesse_ of England were of the King's party, andnone but mechanics of the Parliament party, and not a gentleman amongthem; now I thought to try you, and to shame you if you could not dance;but I see that you are a gentleman and have been bred a gentleman, andthat makes me say the Hollanders are lying fellows, to report that therewas not a gentleman of the Parliament's party, when I see by you chiefly, and by many of your company, that you are gentlemen. 

_Wh. _ Truly, Madam, in this they told a great untruth to your Majesty, asI believe they have done in several other particulars. I do confess thatthe greatest part of our nobility and gentry were of the King's party, but many of them likewise were of the Parliament's party; and I, who amsent to wait upon your Majesty, can, without vanity, derive to myself anancient pedigree of a gentleman. They would not have given the honour toany but a gentleman to kiss your Majesty's hand, and you are pleased todo your servant right, and his company, by acknowledging that oursuperiors have commanded gentlemen to wait on you. 

_Qu. _ I assure you that I esteem it the greater honour done to me, andyou are the more welcome to me because you are a gentleman; and had I notknown and found you to be so, your business would not have been so welldespatched as it is. I see you have all the qualities of a gentleman, andI believe that you were excellent in your music and dancing in youryounger days. 

_Wh. _ I was bred up in the qualities of a gentleman, and in my youth wasaccounted not inferior to others in the practice of them; but it is solong since I used this of dancing, especially after we learned to march, that had it not been to obey your Majesty, I should hardly have beendrawn to discover my deficiencies. 

_Qu. _ You have discovered nothing but what tends to your honour and tomy contentment; and I take it as a favour that you were willing to layaside your gravity and play the courtier upon my request, which I see youcan do so well when you please. 

After the dancing ended, there was brought into the hall a sumptuousbanquet, the Hof-Marshal with his silver staff ushering it, and afterthat distributed. The Queen and all the company went back in the sameorder to the presence-chamber, and there the Queen bid the bride andbridegroom good-night, and so all went to their lodgings, divers of thenobles waiting on the bride to her chamber. 

The Queen told Whitelocke that she believed the Prince would be here onTuesday next, and that Whitelocke should have his audience on Fridaynext. Whitelocke took his coach, after it had waited nine hours at thecastle. 

_May 11, 1654. _

[SN: The abdication of Queen Christina. ]

Early in the morning the master of the ceremonies came to accompanyWhitelocke to the castle, to see the manner of the assembly of theRicksdag, and brought him and his company to the castle to an upper roomor gallery, where he sat privately, not taken notice of by any, yet hadthe full view of the great hall where the Ricksdag met, and heard whatwas said. The Danish Ambassador did forbear to come thither, as wassupposed, because of Whitelocke being there. The French Resident sat byWhitelocke, and conversed with him. 

The great hall, two stories high, was prepared for the Assembly. An outerchamber was hung with cloth of Arras; in the antechamber to that wereguards of the Queen's partisans; in the court was a company ofmusketeers. The great hall was hung with those hangings which were beforein Whitelocke's lodgings, with some others added, and was very handsome. On each side of the hall, from the walls towards the middle of the room, forms were placed, covered with red cloth, for seats for the Members, andwere all alike without distinction, and reached upwards. Three parts ofthe length of the hall, in the midst between the seats, was a space orlane broad enough for three to walk abreast together. At the upper end ofthe hall, on a foot-pace three steps high, covered with foot-carpets, stood the chair of state, all of massy silver, a rich cushion in it, anda canopy of crimson velvet richly embroidered over it. On the left sideof the chair of state were placed five ordinary chairs of crimson velvet, without arms, for the five Ricks-officers; and on the same side belowthem, and on the other side from the foot-pace down to the forms, in asemicircular form, were stools of crimson velvet for the Ricks-Senators. 

About nine o'clock there entered at the lower end of the great hall aplain, lusty man in his boor's habit, with a staff in his hand, followedby about eighty boors, Members of this Council, who had chosen the firstman for their Marshal, or Speaker. These marched up in the open placebetween the forms to the midst of them, and then the Marshal and hiscompany sat down on the forms on the right of the State, from the midstdownwards to the lower end of the hall, and put on their hats. A littlewhile after them entered at the same door a man in a civil habit of acitizen, with a staff in his hand, followed by about a hundred andtwenty citizens, deputies of the cities and boroughs, who had chosen himto be their Marshal. They all took their places upon the formsover-against the boors in the lower end of the hall, and were covered. Not long after, at the same door, entered a proper gentleman richlyhabited, a staff in his hand, who was Marshal of the Nobility, followedby near two hundred lords and gentlemen, Members of the Ricksdag, chiefof their respective families, many of them rich in clothes, of civildeportment. They took their seats uppermost on the right of the State, and whilst they walked up to their forms the citizens and boors stood upuncovered; and when the nobility sat and put on their hats, the citizensand boors did so likewise. A little after, at the same door, entered theArchbishop of Upsal with a staff in his hand, who by his place is Marshalof the Clergy. He was followed by five or six other bishops and all thesuperintendents, and about sixty Ministers, Deputies, or Proctors of theClergy. While they walked up to their places all the rest of the Membersstood up uncovered; and when they sat down on the uppermost forms on theleft side of the State, and put on their hats and caps, the rest of theMembers did the like; these were grave men, in their long cassocks andcanonical habit, and most with long beards. 

All the Members being thus sat, about a quarter of an hour after enteredthe Captain, followed by divers of the Queen's Guard, with partisans. After them came many gentlemen of the Queen's servants, uncovered, withswords by their sides and well clad, two and two together. After themcame the Ricks-Senators in their order, the puisne first. After them theRicks-officers, all bare. After them came the Queen, and kept off herhat in the hall, some of the officers of the Court and pages after her. In this order they went up in the open place in the midst of the forms, all the Members standing up uncovered. The Queen's company made a lanefor her to pass through, and she went up to her chair and sat down in it;and all the company, except the members of the Council, went out of thehall, and all the doors were shut; the Members sat in their placesuncovered. 

After the Queen had sat a little, she rose, and beckoned to theChancellor to come to her, who came with great ceremony and respect; andafter a little speaking together he returned to his place, and the Queensat down again a little time; then rising up with mettle, she cameforward to the utmost part of the foot-pace, and with a good grace andconfidence spake to the Assembly, as it was interpreted to Whitelocke, tothis effect:--

[SN: The Queen's speech. ]

 "The occasion, my friends, wherefore you are called together to this Diet will in some sort appear strange to you; for being so unusual, and as it were unheard of, it cannot be understood without great astonishment. But, Gentlemen, when you shall a little reflect upon what hath passed some years since, you will then perceive that it is no new thing, but long since premeditated, and by me wished and intended. 

 "It is sufficiently known to you what hath formerly passed as to the succession of my most dear cousin to this kingdom; and I esteem myself very happy that all things at present are in such a posture that thereupon I may bring my purpose to effect, which is, to offer and to give into the hands of my most dear cousin our most dear country and the royal seat, with the crown, the sceptre, and the government. I need not repeat this subject to you; it sufficeth that all may be done for the good of the country and the prosperity and security of my most dear cousin, to whom you have formerly given this right, and have found him capable to govern you and this kingdom, which he deserves by his great spirits and rare qualities, joined with his heroic actions, witnessed by divers encounters. 

 "And since there is nothing wanting but time to put in execution the succession of my most dear cousin to the government of this kingdom, which depends only upon myself, --and of my purpose nothing remains but to make you parties, which is the only occasion of my calling you together, and which I shall more at large declare unto you by my proposal, --I doubt not but you will consent thereunto, whereby you will testify at this time, as you have done at all times before, your faithfulness and obedience to me. 

 "Also I give you thanks that, with so much duty, you are come to this Diet, and that with so much affection and loyalty you have demeaned yourselves towards me and our most dear country during my government, so that I have received much content by your deportment; and if in these ten years of my administration I have merited anything from you, it shall be this only which I desire of you, that you will consent to my resolution, since you may assure yourselves that none can dissuade me from my purpose. 

 "You may be pleased also to take in good part what hath passed during the time of my government, and to be assured that herein also, as well as in all other things, my intention hath been always to serve our most dear country. There remains nothing but my wishes that all may work to the glory of God, to the advancement of the Christian Church, and to the good and prosperity of our most dear country and of all her inhabitants. "

[SN: The Archbishop's speech. ]

After the Queen had spoken she sat down again, and after a little pausethe Archbishop of Upsal went out of his place into the open passage, andmaking his obeisance to the Queen, he, as Marshal of the Clergy and intheir name, made an oration to her Majesty, which was somewhat long; butthe effect thereof was interpreted to Whitelocke to be an acknowledgmentof the happy reign of her Majesty, whereby her subjects had enjoyed allgood, peace, and justice and liberty, and whatsoever were the products ofa blessed government. He then recited the great affections of this peopleto the King her father, and to her Majesty his only child; their duty andobedience to her in all her commands; that no prince could be more happythan her Majesty was in the affections and duty of her subjects, norcould any people be more contented in the rule of their sovereign thanher people were; he therefore used all arguments and humble entreaties toher Majesty to desist from her intention of resigning the government, andto continue to sway the sceptre of this kingdom, wherein he did not doubtbut that the blessing of God would be with her as it had been, and thatit would be to His honour and to the good of this kingdom if her Majestywould hearken to the humble desires of the clergy in this particular. Then he acknowledged the virtues and admirable abilities of the Prince, whose succession would come in due time; that, her Majesty reigning atpresent with so much satisfaction both to this Church and State, hehumbly desired, in the name of the clergy, that she would be pleased, though to her own trouble, yet for her subjects' good, to continue stillto be Queen over them. After he had ended his speech, making threecongees, he went up to the Queen and kissed her hand, and with three morecongees returned to his place. 

Then the Marshal of the Nobility, going forth into the open placebetween the forms, made his oration in the name of the nobility, much tothe same purpose as the Archbishop had done, and, after his orationended, with the like ceremony kissed her Majesty's hand, and returned tohis place. Then the like was done by the Marshal of the Burgesses, andall to the same effect. 

[SN: The Boor's speech. ]

In the last place stepped forth the Marshal of the Boors, a plain countryfellow, in his clouted shoon, and all other habits answerable, as all therest of his company were accoutred. This boor, without any congees orceremony at all, spake to her Majesty, and was interpreted to Whitelocketo be after this phrase:--

 "O Lord God, Madam, what do you mean to do? It troubles us to hear you speak of forsaking those that love you so well as we do. Can you be better than you are? You are Queen of all these countries, and if you leave this large kingdom, where will you get such another? If you should do it (as I hope you won't for all this), both you and we shall have cause, when it is too late, to be sorry for it. Therefore my fellows and I pray you to think better on't, and to keep your crown on your head, then you will keep your own honour and our peace; but if you lay it down, in my conscience you will endanger all. Continue in your gears, good Madam, and be the fore-horse as long as you live, and we will help you the best we can to bear your burden. 

 "Your father was an honest gentleman and a good king, and very stirring in the world; we obeyed him and loved him as long as he lived; and you are his own child, and have governed us very well, and we love you with all our hearts; and the Prince is an honest gentleman, and when his time comes we shall be ready to do our duties to him as we do to you; but as long as you live we are not willing to part with you, and therefore I pray, Madam, do not part with us. "

When the boor had ended his speech, he waddled up to the Queen withoutany ceremony, took her by the hand and shook it heartily, and kissed ittwo or three times; then turning his back to her, he pulled out of hispocket a foul handkerchief and wiped the tears from his eyes, and in thesame posture as he came up he returned back to his own place again. 

When the orations were all ended, one of the Queen's secretaries, by hercommand, read unto the Assembly a paper, which Whitelocke procured to begiven to him in a copy, and translated into English. 

[SN: The Queen's declaration to the Diet. ]

 _The Proposition of her Majesty of Sweden to the Estates assembled at Upsal the 11th of May, in the year 1654. _

 "Since for certain reasons her Majesty found it good and necessary to assemble the Estates of the Kingdom at this time, and that they have given testimony of their obedience in their coming together, her Majesty hath great cause to rejoice that the good God hath preserved our country from all apparent harms, and principally from the contagious sickness of the plague, which spread itself in divers places the last autumn, but at present is ceased, so that we may meet together in all safety. Her Majesty rejoiceth in the good health of her faithful subjects; and this obligeth us not only to return humble thanks to our good God, but the more to supplicate Him for the future to avert his fatherly chastisements from us. 

 "Also her Majesty understands with great joy, that the scarcity and dearth in the late years is now changed into fruitfulness and abundance, so that the last year there was not only very great abundance of all things which the earth produceth, but further, thanks be to God, we have cause, according to appearances, to hope this year will be no less fruitful; the which great blessing of God to this country clearly shows us the great obligations which we have to Him. 

 "Also her Majesty calls to mind, that which she graciously mentions to her faithful subjects, how the country, within the limits thereof, is at present in a good and peaceable condition, and so hath been kept by Divine Providence, and the faithful care of her Majesty, in times of danger; and when war, and the imminent perils accompanying the same roundabout us, had the sway, yet we always continued in quiet without taking part in others' quarrels, and for this end hath always endeavoured to entertain a sincere friendship and good correspondence with her neighbours and allies. 

 "And as to the neighbourhood of Denmark, her Majesty hath nothing to fear, since she hath given no occasion in anything but of sincere friendship and firm peace. 

 "In like manner, with all possible care, by her Commissioners, hath composed the differences touching the limits between her and the Great Duke of Muscovy; and although the said Duke hath signified to her Majesty by divers envoys that he would justify the expedition of war newly made by him against the Polanders, with all the reasons thereof, yet since that is a business which can no way involve her Majesty and the Crown of Sweden, there is no cause to fear it; provided their actions be watched, and{7} that, by little and little, preparation be made, if there shall be cause to apply some remedies. 

 "With the King and Crown of Poland is continued the amnesty for twenty-six years, formerly accorded; and although her Majesty wisheth that this amnesty had been converted into a perpetual peace, --and for this end she hath caused pains to be taken twice at Lübeck, by the mediators and her Commissioners, and although they are not yet agreed, --nevertheless her Majesty understands so much on the part of Poland that they are not disaffected to the renewing of the treaties for a longer time, so that her Majesty hath no cause but to promise herself at length a favourable success therein. 

 "With the Emperor and Roman Empire her Majesty, since the peace executed in Germany, hath continued and maintained good amity and correspondence; and for this end she hath her ambassadors there, who have their places in the present Diet for the principality of Bremen, Verden, and Pomerland, among the other members of the empire who do there maintain and observe the interests of her Majesty; and for the conclusion of the peace of Germany her Majesty hath resolved, by a great embassy, to accept the possession and investiture, from the Emperor, of the conquered countries. 

 "Also her Majesty hath a good correspondence and friendship with France and Spain by fit means and a good alliance. 

 "But particularly her Majesty rejoiceth that the perilous war made in the ocean between the powerful Commonwealths of England and the United Provinces (by which we have received very great damage in our trade throughout, as it appeareth) is appeased and ended; and that, since, her Majesty hath made an alliance with the Commonwealth of England for the security of navigation and commerce, so that the faithful subjects of her Majesty may thereby hope to have great advantage and profit. 

 "In this posture and state of affairs, her Majesty thinks it fit to prosecute her intention, which she hath conceived some years since, and to put the same in execution, that is, to give up the kingdom of Sweden and her sceptre to his Royal Highness, the most high, most illustrious Prince Charles Gustavus, by the grace of God designed hereditary Prince of the kingdom of Sweden, Count Palatine of the Rhine in Bavaria, Prince of Jülich, Cleves, and Bergen; and this is the only business which her Majesty hath to propose to her faithful subjects at this time. 

 "Her Majesty also hath this gracious confidence in all the Estates here now assembled, that when they shall consider with what dexterity, pains, and travail her Majesty for ten years hath managed the affairs of this kingdom, and with such good fortune that all the counsels and intentions of her Majesty have been followed with such happy success, that the State, with great honour and reputation, hath escaped many difficulties of war, and yet enjoys such quiet, that they cannot judge or conclude that her Majesty would now make any alteration were it not for the good and safety of this nation. 

 "The Estates, which have been formerly assembled, know very well how earnestly her Majesty pressed that the kingdom and government might be provided of a successor, thereby to avoid and cut off the sudden accidents which happen when a government is uncertain; for which reason the Estates in that point did agree and think good heretofore that his Highness should be chosen and made hereditary Prince and successor to the crown. All this her Majesty did propose and urge till it was brought to the effect which that time produced. 

 "And to the end that her Majesty, during her life, may have the pleasure to see the happy effect of this design, and that the entire government may be rendered into the hands of his Royal Highness, therefore her Majesty hath resolved to quit the crown and the privileges of it, and to put them into the hands of his Royal Highness. 

 "And although this resolution of her Majesty may seem strange and unexpected to the Estates of the kingdom, nevertheless, according to her gracious confidence, she believes that they will consent to her quiet in retiring herself from so heavy a burden, by their contributing an assent to the proposed alteration. 

 "Her Majesty likewise assures herself (as the Estates by their former acts have always testified) of the esteem which they have of the person and of the rare virtues and well-known qualities of his Royal Highness; and that they will find that he will employ them to a prudent government and to their great advantage, and that at length they will not be deceived by this change, or any ways prejudiced: for which end her Majesty promiseth and offereth to contribute all her advice and counsel and endeavour, --chiefly that his Royal Highness, before his entry into the government, may assure the Estates and effectually do that which the Kings of Sweden upon the like occasions have used to do, and are by the laws and customs obliged unto. 

 "And on the other part, that the Estates and all the subjects of Sweden be obliged to render unto his Royal Highness that respect, obedience, and all those rights which appertain to a King, and which they are obliged to perform. 

 "And as her Majesty hath considered and resolved upon the means whereby her Majesty may enjoy a yearly pension to be settled upon her during her life, and having communicated her purpose therein to his Royal Highness the successor to the crown, so she graciously hopeth that her faithful subjects and the Estates will be content therewith, humbly receiving and consenting to what her Majesty hath graciously disposed. 

 "Her Majesty graciously requires all the Estates of the kingdom that they would, as soon as may be, consider this business, to the end that the resolution taken by her Majesty may in a short time be brought unto effect. 

 "Her Majesty most graciously thanks all her faithful subjects for the obedience, honour, and respect which every one of them hath faithfully testified to her Majesty during the time of her government; so that her Majesty hath received full contentment by their most humble demeanour, which hereafter, upon all occasions, she will acknowledge with all gratitude. 

 "Her Majesty also hopeth that her most faithful subjects will be satisfied, and give a good construction of the faithful care which her Majesty hath employed for all in general and their happiness, and chiefly for the gracious affection which she hath testified towards every one in particular. 

 "Her Majesty wisheth that the most high and most powerful God would conserve and protect our dear country, with all the inhabitants thereof and all the subjects, from all harm; and to conclude, that the estates of the kingdom, as well in general as in particular, may continue and increase from day to day, and may for ever flourish. "

After this proposition was read, the Queen's servants were called in, and she went out of the hall, attended by them and the Ricks-Senators inthe same way and manner as she came in; and after she was gone, first theArchbishop of Upsal and the clergy following him; second, the Marshal andNobility; third, the Marshal and Burgesses; fourth, the Marshal andBoors, went out of the hall in the same order as they first came in; andwhen they were all gone, Whitelocke returned to his lodging. 

[SN: The solemnities of the marriage resumed. ]

About eleven o'clock in the evening, the master of the ceremonies came tobring Whitelocke to the remainder of the solemnities of the marriage. Whitelocke, in no good condition to go abroad, having sat up the lastnight, yet rather than discontent the Queen and the nobility, who hadsent for him, he went with the master in the Queen's coach to thebridegroom's lodging in the castle, who met him in the outer chamber andbrought him into another room where were many senators and lords; theyall took their coach, and went in the same order as the day before to theQueen, where the bride and ladies were expecting them. 

They came all to the great hall, where the Queen and the company tooktheir places, and the drums beating and trumpets sounding. A gentlemanentered the hall carrying a spear or pike covered with taffeta of thebridegroom's colours, all but the head, which was silver, worth abouttwenty crowns; he stood by the bride, holding the spear in the middle, both ends of it about breast-high, and the bridegroom was brought andplaced by his bride. Then Senator Bundt made a solemn speech to theQueen, which (according to the interpretation made to Whitelocke) was tothank her Majesty for the favour which she did to the bride andbridegroom in permitting the nuptials to be in her Court; and heacquainted the Queen, and published to the company, what dowry thebridegroom had given that morning to his bride, with two thousand ducatsfor her provision; and that twelve of the nobility, of the alliance andfriends to them both, were witnesses thereunto, and were to take carethat the money should be disposed to the use of the wife and children, incase she survived her husband. 

Then a gentleman read aloud the names of the twelve witnesses, who, asthey were called one after another, making their honours to the Queen, went and laid their right hands on the spear; and then was published thedowry and augmentation thus by these twelve witnesses. After this thespear was laid down at the feet of the bride, and all, making theirsolemn reverences to the Queen, took again their places. Then the samegentleman that laid down the spear, took it up again and threw it out ofthe window into the great court; where a multitude of people stoodexpecting it, and scrambled for the head of it, and for the taffeta, which they tore in pieces and wore in their hats as the bride's favours. 

After this ceremony ended, the bridegroom came and took the bride by thehand, and they marched after the torches to the sound of the drums andtrumpets; after that the bridegroom took the Queen by the hand, and thebride came and took the English Ambassador by the hand, and othernoblemen took their several ladies, and they marched two and two amidstthe torches and to the same loud music as they had done the nightbefore. After this the noblemen and ladies went to dance French dancesand country dances; but Whitelocke having watched the night before, andnot being well, he privately withdrew himself from the company andretired to his house, wondering that the Queen, after so serious a workas she had been at in the morning, could be so pleased with thisevening's ceremonies. 

_May 12, 1654. _

[SN: Despatches from England. ]

About one o'clock the last night, Whitelocke, coming from the solemnitiesof the Court, received two packets of letters from England. He had themore cause to remember the time, because then, although midnight, hecould perfectly read his letters without any candle or other light thanthat of the heavens, which in this season of the year scarce leaves anynight at all, but so as one may well read all the night long with thehelp of twilight. 

The letters from Thurloe of the first date acquainted Whitelocke that nowhe had sent duplicates of the last instructions by a ship going toSweden. In Thurloe's second letters, dated 13th of April, he mentions theinstructions sent formerly to Whitelocke, and acquaints him again withthe effect of them, and the Protector's order, by which he leaves it toWhitelocke to return home when he shall judge it fit; and that if heshould stay the ceremonies of the coronation of the new King, it wouldoccasion great delay. And he writes further:--

 "But in truth we cannot believe, notwithstanding all that is said, that her Majesty will quit her crown, being so well qualified in all respects to govern as she is, and seems to be very well accepted of her people. "

Then he again mentions the signing of the peace with the Dutch, and thatthe Protector had appointed Commissioners to treat with the French, Spanish, and Portugal Ambassadors, but had not yet declared himself toany of his neighbours. 

 "That the business in Scotland was well; that the Protector had taken away Colonel Rich's commission, whereof the officers of his regiment were glad; that many congratulatory petitions to his Highness came from divers counties, one from Bucks; that the Protector proceeded to reformation of the law and ministry, and I hope he will merit as well in that as in the military affairs. I return your Excellence my humble thanks for your acceptance of my endeavours to serve you; I can say they come from an honest heart, which very really embraceth every opportunity wherein I may manifest myself

 "Your Excellence's faithful humble servant, "JO. THURLOE. "_Whitehall, 13th April, 1654. _"

Whitelocke received several letters in these packets from Mr. Cokaine;one, dated the 2nd of April, saith thus:--

 "You will have leave from his Highness to take your first opportunity to come away, and I hope it will not be without bringing your business to a happy and an honourable issue, which is the constant subject of our requests to the Lord for you, and I doubt not but we shall have a comfortable answer. In the meantime I think, as I have hinted to your Excellence in former letters, it will not be amiss if you draw good store of bills upon us, though but _pro formâ_, that we may get as much money for you as we can before your return, and that you may have a sufficient overplus to pay all servants' wages off, which I believe will amount to a considerable sum; and upon this peace I hope it will be no hard matter to get your bills paid, especially if your Excellence please withal to write to my Lord Protector and Mr. Thurloe and some of the Council about it. I could wish that you would make what haste you can home, for I am informed by a special hand that there is great labouring to make a Chancellor whilst you are absent, and to take that opportunity to put you by, whom I believe they doubt to be too much a Christian and an Englishman to trust in their service; but I hope God will give you a heart to submit to His will, and to prize a good conscience above all the world, which will indeed stand us in stead when all outward things cannot in the least administer to us. 

 "Your Excellence's most humble servant, "GEO. COKAINE. "_April 2nd. _"

In another letter from Mr. Cokaine he saith:--

 "Mr. Thurloe was pleased to acquaint me that it was his Highness and the Council's pleasure to make some alteration in the Chancery; that it was determined that your Lordship and Sir Thomas Widdrington and my Lord Lisle should have the custody of the Great Seal, and I believe an Act to that purpose will pass within few hours; but I perceive this business was not done without some tugging; but my Lord Protector and John Thurloe are true to you, and now I am out of all fears that any affront should be offered you in your absence. Mr. Mackworth deserves a letter from you; but nothing, I pray, of this business. Indeed Mr. Thurloe hath played his part gallantly and like a true friend, for which I shall love him as long as I live. "

In other letters from Mr. Cokaine in this packet, dated 14th April, hesaith:--

 "Your old servant Abel is much courted by his Highness to be his Falconer-in-Chief; but he will not accept it except your Excellence had been here to give him your explicit leave to serve his Highness, and told me, without stuttering, he would not serve the greatest prince in the world except your Excellence were present, to make the bargain that he might wait upon you with a cast of hawks at the beginning of September every year into Bedfordshire. It is pity that gallantry should hurt any. Certainly it is a noble profession that inspires him with such a spirit. 

 "My Lord Protector this week hath expressed great respect to your Excellence upon the death of the Clerk of the Peace of Bucks. Some of the justices came up and moved his Highness to put one into his place, who thereupon asked who was _Custos Rotulorum_. They answered, the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke. He thereupon replied that the place should not be disposed of till his return. They urged it again with many reasons; but he gave them the same answer, only with this addition, that he was to return sooner than perhaps they were aware of. "

By this packet Whitelocke received letters from Mr. Selden, which werethus:--

 "_For his Excellence the Lord Whitelocke, Lord Ambassador from the State of England to her Majesty of Sweden. _

 "My Lord, "Your Excellence's last of the 3rd of February brought me so unexpressible a plenty of the utmost of such happiness as consists in true reputation and honour, as that nothing with me will equal or come near it. First, that her most excellent Majesty, a Prince so unparalleled and incomparable and so justly acknowledged with the height of true admiration by all that either have or love arts or other goodness, should vouchsafe to descend to the mention of my mean name and the inquiry of my being and condition with such most gracious expressions. Next, that your Excellence, whose favours have been so continually multiplied on me, should be the person of whom such inquiry was made. All the danger is, that your noble affection rendered me far above myself. However, it necessitates me to become a fervent suitor to your Excellence, that if it shall fall out that her Majesty and you have again leisure and will to speak of any such trifle as I am, you will be pleased to represent to her Majesty my most humble thanks, and my heart full of devotion to her, of which I too shall study to give, if I can, some other humble testimony. God send her most excellent Majesty always her heart's desires, and the most royal amplitude of all happiness, and your Lordship a good despatch and safe and timely return. 

 "My Lord, your Excellence's most "obliged and humble servant, "JO. SELDEN. "_Whitefriars, March 2nd, 1653. _"

Whitelocke had also in this packet letters from his old friends Mr. Hall, Mr. Eltonhead, the Lord Commissioner Lisle, his brothers Wilson andCarleton, Mr. Peters, Sir Joseph Holland, and divers others; also lettersfrom Hamburg, from Mr. Bradshaw, the Protector's Resident there, withsome intercepted letters from the King's party, as Sir Edward Hyde andseveral others. 

[SN: His audience of leave-taking. ]

This day being appointed for Whitelocke's last audience, he was habitedin a plain suit of very fine English cloth of musk-colour, the buttons ofgold, enamelled, and in each button a ruby, and rich points and ribbonsof gold; his gentlemen were in their richest clothes; his pages andlacqueys, above twenty, in their liveries. In the afternoon two of theRicks-Senators, with the master of the ceremonies, came with two of theQueen's coaches to Whitelocke's house, to bring him to his audience. Hereceived them with the usual ceremony, and after they had sat a littlewhile in his bedchamber, one of the Senators said that by the Queen'scommand they were come to him to accompany him to his audience which hehad desired this day, and that her Majesty was ready to receive him. Whitelocke answered, that he was always desirous to wait upon herMajesty, and not the less now because it was in order to return to hisown country. They made no long compliments, but went down and took theircoaches. 

The noblemen's coaches sent thither to accompany him went first, thenfollowed his two coaches, and last the Queen's coaches. In the last ofthem sat the two Senators in the fore-end, Whitelocke in the back-end, and the master in the boot; the gentlemen in the several coaches, thepages and lacqueys walking and riding behind the coaches. At the bridgeof the castle was a guard of musketeers more than formerly, of about twocompanies, with their officers; they made a lane from the bridge to theend of the Court. As soon as Whitelocke was alighted out of the coach, the Ricks-Hofmeister with his silver staff met him at the stairs' foot, very many of the Queen's servants and courtiers with him very gallant. Whitelocke's gentlemen went first, two and two up the stairs; after themthe Queen's servants, then the master of the ceremonies, then theHof-Marshal, then the two Senators and Whitelocke between them, followedby his sons, his chaplains, physician, secretaries, and steward, andafter them his pages and lacqueys. In this order they mounted the stairs, and through the great chamber to the guard-chamber, where the Queen'spartisans stood in their rich coats, with the arms of Sweden embroideredwith gold, their swords by their sides, and rich halberds gilded intheir hands; they stood in a fixed posture, more like images than men. When they came to the audience-chamber, there was scarce room for any ofWhitelocke's gentlemen to come in; but by the civility of the Queen'sservants room was made for them, and they made a lane from the door ofthe chamber to the upper end near the Queen, who was upon a foot-pacecovered with carpets, and a rich canopy over her head. Her habit wasblack silk stuff for her coats, and over them a black velvet jippo, suchas men use to wear; she had upon her breast the jewel of the Order of theKnights of Amaranta; her hair hung loose as it used to do, and her hatwas after the fashion of men. A great number of senators and of civil andmilitary officers and courtiers, --many more than ordinarily did appear atany audience, --stood all bare about her, and a few ladies were behindher. She stood upon the carpets before the state with her hat on; andwhen Whitelocke came first into the room, and pulled off his hat, theQueen presently pulled off her hat; and when Whitelocke made his honours, she answered him, though at that distance, with a short curtsey. Afterhis three obeisances, being come up to the Queen, he kissed her hand;then the Queen put on her hat, and Whitelocke{8} put on his hat, andafter a little pause, with high silence and solemnity in all the company, Whitelocke took off his hat, and the Queen took off her hat likewise, andall the time of his speaking both of them were uncovered. Whitelocke, having made his ceremonies, spake to the Queen thus:--

[SN: Whitelocke's farewell speech. ]

 "Madam, "I confess that the time of my absence from my relations and concernments in my own country would have seemed very tedious, had I not been in the public service and honoured with admittance into your Majesty's presence, whose favours, answerable to your greatness though above my merit, have been enlarged towards me during the whole time of my residence under the just and safe protection of your Majesty; the which, --with the civilities of those most excellent persons with whom I treated, and of those who have been pleased to honour me with their acquaintance in your Court, --I shall not fail to acknowledge with all respect. 

 "But, Madam, to your Majesty I shall not presume to return any other acknowledgment than by the thanks of my Lord the Protector, who is able to judge of the affection shown to him, and to the Commonwealth whereof he is the head, by the honour done unto their servant. 

 "Madam, it is your great judgement in the public interest, and your desire to advance the good of your own State and that of your neighbours, and the particular respect that you bear to my master, whereby the business trusted to my care by his Highness is brought to such an issue as I hope will be a solid foundation of great and mutual prosperity to both these nations. 

 "I have nothing to add on my part, but to entreat that my failings and errors, not wilfully committed, may be excused; to take my leave of your Majesty, and to assure you that there is no person who honours you more than I do, and who shall be more ready to lay hold on any opportunity whereby I may endeavour, to the utmost of my power, to contribute to the happiness and prosperity of your royal Majesty and of your people. "

As it was done at Whitelocke's first audience, so he now ordered it, thatMonsieur De la Marche, one of his chaplains, did, at the end of everysentence, as Whitelocke spake, interpret the same to the Queen in French. During all the time of his speaking to the Queen she looked him wistly inthe face and came up very near unto him, as she had done at his firstaudience, --perhaps to have daunted him, as she had done others, but hewas not daunted; and when he had made an end of speaking, after a littlepause the Queen answered him in the Swedish language, which was theninterpreted in Latin to Whitelocke, to this effect:--

[SN: The Queen's reply. ]

 "My Lord Ambassador, "It may well be that your stay in this place, where you have been so ill accommodated, and your absence from your near relations and native country, hath been tedious to you; but I can assure you that your residence in my Court hath been a contentment to myself and to those who have had the honour to converse with you in this place; and it would have been a blemish to me and to all under my government if in this time anything of injury or danger had fallen out to your person or to any of your people. I hope I may say that there hath been no such thing offered to you, and I am glad of it. 

 "I do not know that your judgement hath deceived you in anything but this, that you have too great a value of my understanding of public affairs. It hath been your prudent management of the business committed to your trust by the Protector, and my particular respects to him and to your Commonwealth, with the good inclinations of the people of this country towards you, and the general interests of the Protestant party, which have brought your business to effect, and which, I hope, will occasion much good and happiness to these nations and to all the Evangelical party. And truly, Sir, your demeanour on all occasions requires from us this testimony, that we have found much honour and great abilities to be in you; and I should be very unwilling to part with so good company, were it not in order to your own satisfaction for your return to England. 

 "I know no errors committed by you here, but desire your excuse of the want of those expressions of our respect which this place would not afford. The thanks are due to you for your patience, and for the affection which you have testified to me and to this nation, from whom you may depend upon a firm friendship and amity, with a true respect to the Protector and Commonwealth of England, and an honourable esteem of yourself in particular, to whom we wish a safe and prosperous return to your own country. "

After the Queen had done speaking, Whitelocke had some private discourseof compliment with her in French, to give her Majesty thanks for hernoble treatment of him and many favours to him; then, according to theusage of this Court, he delivered to Mr. Lagerfeldt, standing by, a copyof his speech, in English, signed by him with his hand, and another copyof his speech in Latin, not signed by him, to be presented to the Queen. Then Whitelocke took his leave, and kissed her Majesty's hand, who gavehim the _adieu_ with great respect and civility. He was conducted back tohis coach with the same ceremony as he was brought to his audience; andthe same two senators, with the master of the ceremonies, returned withhim to his house, and after usual compliments passed between them, theyreturned to the Court. 

The trouble of the day was not yet ended; but after Whitelocke had comefrom the Court, Lagerfeldt brought to him the articles touching Guineawhich were agreed upon and signed and sealed by the Queen'sCommissioners, as the other part of them was by Whitelocke. [240]

After the great toil of this busy day, a yet greater toil must beundergone by Whitelocke to make his despatches for England. By hisletters to Thurloe he again acquainted the Council with the goodconclusion of his treaty, and with his taking leave of the Queen in hislast audience; and sent him copies of the speeches, and gave an accountof the business of Guinea, with all material passages since his lastletters, and his resolution and way of return home. He also answered theletters of every one of his friends, which were very many; but that tohis wife, as he was afterwards informed, caused much trouble and passion, that by this date of the letter, 12th May, she perceived that he was notremoved from Upsal in his journey to return homewards. 

_May 13, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke takes leave of his friends. ]

Whitelocke began his visits and compliments to take his leave of hisfriends in this Court; and herein he was to be very exact, and not toomit any one who had given him the honour of former visits. He, to be theless subject to mistakes, set down in writing the names of those whom hewas to visit, which made a long catalogue; but he must get through it, aspart of the business of an ambassador. And this day he began by visitingthe French and Holland Residents, and the Grave Leonhough, whosediscourses were concerning the peace between England and the Dutch, theEnglish strong fleet at sea, of the Queen's resignation, and othergeneral themes not necessary to be repeated. 

[SN: The Sound Dues. ]

Woolfeldt gave a visit to Whitelocke and discoursed on the same subjects, but more particularly of the interest of England and the payment of tollto the King of Denmark at the Sound, wherein Whitelocke had goodinformation from him, and such as, if it had been hearkened unto, wouldhave been of great advantage to the Protector and Commonwealth ofEngland. So great an interest Whitelocke had gained in the affection andfriendship of this gentleman, that he would not conceal from him anythingthat he knew, who knew more than any other that Whitelocke met withconcerning the Sound, the King of Denmark, the Court and courtiers here, or whatsoever related to Whitelocke's business and to England. 

_May 14, 1654. _

This Lord's Day Sir George Fleetwood did Whitelocke the favour to bearhim company at his house, and told him that the Queen and her Lords werepleased with his deportment at his last audience, and with his speechthen made, which they commended, but is here omitted. He and others alsoacquainted Whitelocke that the Queen took great pleasure at his carriageat the solemnity of the nuptials at Court, and that he would dance withthem; and both the Queen and her courtiers said that the EnglishAmbassador knew how to lay aside the gravity of an ambassador when hepleased, and could play the courtier with as good a grace as any one thatever they saw, with much to the like effect. 

_May 15, 1654. _

[SN: A private audience of the Queen. ]

Whitelocke visited Marshal Wrangel and General Wittenberg, and went fromthence to the castle to visit Grave Tott, who told him that the Queen hadaltered her purpose of sending him into England, and would do him thehonour to retain him with her, but that yet he hoped in a short time tosee England. Whitelocke said he should be glad to meet him, and to do himservice there. They discoursed of the Queen's residence in Pomerland, orsome other place near this country, and of the discommodities andinconveniences which would arise thereby. Whitelocke told him that if theQueen had leisure, that he should be glad to wait on her; and Tott wentpresently to know her pleasure, and promised to bring word to Whitelockeif he might see the Queen, and did it at the Lady Jane Ruthven's lodging, whither Whitelocke was gone to take his leave of that lady; whence hebrought Whitelocke to the traverse of the wardrobe, where her Majestycame to him and conducted him into her bedchamber, where they thusdiscoursed:--

_Whitelocke. _ I humbly thank your Majesty for admitting me to be presentat the meeting of the Ricksdag. 

_Queen. _ How did you like the manner and proceedings of it when you werethere?

_Wh. _ It was with the greatest gravity and solemnity that I ever saw inany public assembly, and well becoming persons of their quality andinterest. 

_Qu. _ There be among them very considerable persons, and wise men. 

_Wh. _ Such an assembly requires such men, and their carriage showed themto be such; but, Madam, I expected that your Chancellor, after he spakewith your Majesty, should, according to the course in our Parliaments, have declared, by your direction, the causes of the Council's beingsummoned. 

_Qu. _ It belongs to the office of the Chancellor with us to do it; andwhen I called him to me, it was to desire him to do it. 

_Wh. _ How then came it to pass that he did it not, when his place andyour Majesty required it?

_Qu. _ He desired to be excused, and gave me this reason, that he hadtaken an oath to my father to use his utmost endeavour to keep the crownon my head, and that the cause of my calling this Diet was to have theirconsents for me to quit the Crown; that if he should make thisproposition to them, it would be contrary to the oath which he had takento my father, and therefore he could not do it. 

_Wh. _ Did not your Majesty expect this answer?

_Qu. _ Not at all, but was wholly surprised by it; and when the Ricksdagwere met, my Chancellor thus excusing himself, there was nobody appointedby me to declare to them the cause of their meeting; but rather than theAssembly should be put off, and nothing done, I plucked up my spirits thebest I could, and spake to them on the sudden as you heard, although muchto my disadvantage. 

_Wh. _ Indeed, Madam, you were much surprised; and I cannot but wonderthat you should have no intimation given you beforehand of yourChancellor's resolution; but your Majesty will pardon me if I believe itproved no disadvantage to you, when I had the honour to see and hear withhow excellent a grace and how prince-like your Majesty, in so great anassembly and on a sudden, delivered your mind and purpose. 

_Qu. _ You are apt to make the best construction of it; you see I didadventure upon it, remembering that they were my subjects, and I theirQueen. 

_Wh. _ Madam, you spake and acted like yourself, and were highlycomplimented by the several Marshals, but above all the rest by thehonest boor. 

_Qu. _ Was you so taken with his clownery?

_Wh. _ It seemed to me as pure and clear natural eloquence, without anyforced strain, as could be expressed. 

_Qu. _ Indeed there was little else but what was natural, and by awell-meaning man, who has understanding enough in his country way. 

_Wh. _ Whosoever shall consider his matter more than his form will findthat the man understands his business; and the garment or phrasewherewith he clothed his matter, though it was rustic, yet the varietyand plain elegancy and reason could not but affect his auditors. 

_Qu. _ I think he spake from his heart. 

_Wh. _ I believe he did, and acted so too, especially when he wiped hiseyes. 

_Qu. _ He showed his affection to me in that posture more than greater mendid in their spheres. 

_Wh. _ Madam, we must look upon all men to work according to their presentinterest; and so I suppose do the great men here as well as elsewhere. 

_Qu. _ Here I have had experience enough of such actings; I shall try whatthey do in other places, and content myself, however I shall find it. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty will not expect to find much difference in the humoursof men, as to seeking themselves, and neglecting those from whom theyhave received favours. 

_Qu. _ It will be no otherwise than what I am armed to bear and not toregard; but your particular respects I shall always remember withgratefulness. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty shall ever find me your faithful servant. Do youintend, Madam, to go from hence to Pomerland?

_Qu. _ My intentions are to go presently, after my resignation, to theSpa; but wheresoever I am, you have a true friend of me. 

_Wh. _ There is no person alive more cordially your Majesty's servant thanI am. 

_Qu. _ I do believe it, or else I should not have communicated to you suchthings as I have done. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty hath therein expressed much confidence in me, which Ihope shall never deceive you, however my want of abilities may not answeryour Majesty's favours to me. 

_Qu. _ I have no doubt of your faithfulness, and you have sufficientlymanifested your abilities. Give me leave to trouble you with the companyof a gentleman, my servant, whom I purpose to send over with you toEngland, to take care for those things which I desire to have fromthence. 

_Wh. _ He shall be very welcome to me and my company, and I shall give himmy best assistance for your Majesty's service. 

_Qu. _ I shall thank you for it, and command him to obey your directions. 

_Wh. _ Madam, if you please to accept a set of black English horses foryour coach, I shall take the boldness to send them to your stables; andpray your Majesty that the Master of your Horse may furnish me for myjourney to Stockholm. 

_Qu. _ I do thankfully accept your kindness, and all mine are at yourservice. 

_Wh. _ I have interrupted your Majesty too long. I desired the favour ofthis opportunity to present my most humble thanks to your Majesty for allyour noble favours to me and my company. 

_Qu. _ I entreat your excuse for the meanness of my presents. I could notdo therein what I desired, nor after your merit. 

_Wh. _ Madam, there is nothing of my merit to be alleged; but your Majestyhath testified much honour to the Protector and Commonwealth whom Iserve. 

_Qu. _ England is a noble country, and your master is a gallant man. Idesire you to assure him, on my part, of all affection and respecttowards him. 

_Wh. _ Your Majesty may be confident of the like from his Highness; andyour humble servant will heartily pray for your Majesty's prosperity, wherever you are. 

_Qu. _ I wish you a happy voyage and return to your own country. 

After he came from the Queen, Whitelocke met with the Baron Steinberg, Master of her Horse, whom he acquainted with what he had moved to herMajesty, and he was very forward to accommodate Whitelocke. 

[SN: Discourse with Grave Eric on the customs of Swedish nuptials. ]

From hence he went and visited Grave Eric Oxenstiern, who discoursed withhim about the solemnity of the nuptials at Court, and asked him how heliked it. 

_Wh. _ They were very noble; but I pray, my noble brother, instruct mewhat the meaning was of the dowry given by the bridegroom to the bridethe next morning; and what do you call that dowry?

_Gr. Eric. _ By the ancient custom of this country, the next morning afterthe wedding-night the husband bestows upon his wife a gift of moneyaccording to his estate, to show how he is pleased with the cohabitation, and to make some provision, in case of his death before her, for thewife, and children which he shall have by her; and this we call a_morgen-gaven_--a morning's gift. 

_Wh. _ The same word _morgen-gaven_ is in the old terms of our Englishlaws, and expounded to signify a second dowry, and hath much affinitywith this of yours and in that of your twelve witnesses who testified thecontract of marriage and the _morgen-gaven_; to which our trials bytwelve men, whom we call juries because they are sworn, are somewhatlike, and they are so many witnesses as well as judges of the fact. 

_Gr. Eric. _ I believe your customs and ours had the same original. 

_Wh. _ I find much resemblance between them and yours. What do you callthe twelve that laid their hands on the spear?

_Gr. Eric. _ We call them the twelve witnesses (_les douze témoins_). 

_Wh. _ What do you call the spear or pike which the gentleman held?

_Gr. Eric. _ We call it _weppun_. 

_Wh. _ We have the same word, weapon, for all manner of arms and warlikeinstruments. What do you call the laying of their hands upon the spear?

_Gr. Eric. _ We call it _tack_, --_weppun-tack_, to touch the spear. 

_Wh. _ We have also the word _tack_, for touching; and we have, in thenorthern parts of England, a particular precinct or territory which wecall a Wapentake, and a territorial court of justice there which we calla Wapentake Court; and a very learned gentleman from whom I receivedletters in my last packet, Selden, derives the name of Wapentake from_weapon_ and _tack_; and saith they used to come to that court with theirweapons, and to touch one another's weapons, from whence came theappellation of Wapentake. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Tacitus observes that at the public assemblies and councilsof the Germans, they used to meet with their weapons, and when anythingwas said that pleased them they would touch one another's spears orweapons, and thereby make a noise, to testify their consent andapprobation. 

_Wh. _ Your ceremony of laying down the spear at the feet of the brideputs me in mind of another passage in Tacitus, 'De Moribus Germanorum;'that when a man was married, he used to bring his arms and lay them atthe feet of his bride, to signify that he would not take them up nor goforth to war, being newly married, without the leave of his wife, to whomhe had now given the command of himself and of his arms. 

_Gr. Eric. _ Our customs and those of the ancient Germans have muchresemblance; but I never heard so good observations upon the ceremoniesof a wedding as your Excellence hath made. 

_Wh. _ I am delighted with these antiquities; but your Excellence showsyour opinion to be that of a brother. 

From Grave Eric, Whitelocke went to visit the Senator Schütt, and Lynde, who lodged in one house, and met him at the door; and this day he madeseven visits, besides his attendance upon the Queen, hastening to getover these matters of compliment and ceremony, that he might be upon hisjourney to Stockholm. 

_May 16, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke entertains a party of ladies. ]

Whitelocke visited General Douglas, who had been to visit him before, andnow showed great respect unto him, and gave him many thanks for theEnglish horse which Whitelocke had bestowed on him. After this, Whitelocke visited the Ricks-Admiral and the Senators Rosenhau and Bundt. 

In the afternoon he visited Woolfeldt, who brought Whitelocke into theroom where his lady and other ladies of great quality were with her. Whitelocke imagined some design to be herein, because it was a thing sounusual to bring gentlemen and strangers into the company of theirladies; and it fell out to be so, for Whitelocke, discoursing with theLady Woolfeldt, who spake perfect French, she complained that she knewnot where to have a place to see the entry of the Prince into Upsal. Whitelocke knowing his house to be conveniently situate for that purpose, and understanding the lady's complaint, he, to free her from the dangerof not seeing that solemnity, offered to her and to the rest of theladies in her company, to command his house, which if they pleased tohonour with their presence to see the entry of the Prince, he should takeit as a great favour from their Excellencies; and the ladies readilyaccepted of his offer. 

They presently came to Whitelocke's house. With the Lady Woolfeldt wasthe Countess John Oxenstiern, the Countess Eric Oxenstiern, the CountessTott, the Baroness Gildenstiern, and seven or eight other ladies of greatquality. Before the Prince came into the town, Whitelocke caused acollation to be set on the table for the ladies, all after the Englishfashion, creams, tarts, butter, cheese, neats' tongues, potted venison, apples, pears, sweetmeats, and excellent wine. They ate heartily, andseemed to be much pleased with it and with the Ambassador's discourse, who strove to be cheerful with the ladies, and found it not unacceptableto them. 

[SN: The entry of the Prince. ]

The Prince's entry and reception into Upsal this evening was thus:--Theday before, by the Queen's command, notice was given to all the senators, the nobility, gentry, and persons of quality about the Court and in town, to come in their best equipage on horseback, at one o'clock thisafternoon to the castle, to attend the Queen on her going out to meet thePrince. They accordingly resorted to the Court, a very great number, andattended the Queen forth in this order, all passing and returning byWhitelocke's window. First, Major-General Wrangel marched in the head offour troops of horse of Upland, proper men and well armed, their horsesnot tall but strong; every horseman carried ready in his hand one of hispistols, and his sword by his side, and most of them were well habited. Then marched Colonel Bengt Horne in the head of the gentlemen andservants of the senators and other volunteers, marching three and threeabreast. After these rode about six of the Queen's kettle-drums andtwelve trumpets. Then came Mr. Eric Flemming, Governor of Copperberg, Marshal of the Nobility, followed by the heads of the families of thenobles in the same order as they are matriculated in the Ricksdag. Theywere generally very rich in clothes and well horsed, lords and gentlemenof principal note and consideration in their country, and members of theRicksdag; they also rode three and three abreast. After them rode Mr. Gabriel Gabrielson, Marshal of the Court, and was followed by all thesenators then in town, being about thirty, riding two and two abreast, grave in their habits for the most part, and well horsed. Then came theRicks-Stallmaster and the Hof-Stallmaster--that is, the Master of theHorse of the Kingdom, and the Master of the Horse of the Court--ridingbareheaded. After them came the Queen, gallantly mounted, habited in herusual fashion in grey stuff, her hat on her head, her pistols at hersaddle-bow, and twenty-four of the Gardes-du-Corps about her person. After the Queen followed the Great Chamberlain, Grave Jacob de la Gardie, and Grave Tott, Captain of the Guards, both bareheaded. After them theGrave Donae, Gustavus Oxenstiern, and Gustavus Jean Banier, ridingbareheaded. Then rode all the gentlemen of the Queen's chamber, then thepages of her chamber. After them, in the last place, marched ColonelLine, in the head of four companies of the Guards, well armed, andindifferently well habited. 

In this order they marched about half a league out of town, to the placeappointed to meet the Prince, who was there attending. When they camethither, Major-General Wrangel marched to the left, leaving sufficientroom that the Guards might pass to the right hand, the volunteers andQueen's servants likewise turned to the left hand, and the Marshal of theNobility to the right, with the Hof-Marshals; and all this train keptexcellent order and discipline, as did the Prince's train, which was alsovery great. 

The Prince was alighted from his horse before the Queen came very nearto him. When the Queen alighted, all the senators likewise alighted fromtheir horses, but the nobility did not alight from horseback. After hisRoyal Highness had kissed the Queen's hand, she discoursed a little withhim, he being bareheaded all the time, and showing great respect to heras to his Queen. Then the Queen mounted again on horseback, the Princewaiting on her. The troops marched back to the town in the same order asthey came forth, with great addition to their numbers. The Prince'sgentlemen and servants, who were a great number, fell into the troopwhere those of the Queen were, betwixt her gentlemen and the senators'gentlemen, --his pages after the Queen's. Himself rode after the Queen, and sometimes she would call him (as she did in the street) to speak withhim, and then he rode even with her, but all the way bareheaded whilst herode by the Queen and she talked with him. 

The Prince was in a plain grey cloth suit of a light colour, mounted upona very brave grey horse, with pistols at his saddle and his sword by hisside. The Queen's lacqueys were in rich yellow liveries; the Prince'slacqueys in blue liveries, near twenty, walking by them. There were manyled horses of the Queen's and of the Prince's, and seven or eightsumpter-horses of the Prince's; the sumpter-clothes all of blue velvet, with the Prince's arms embroidered on them, and rich silver fringe aboutthem; the grooms and sumpter-men in the same livery, about twenty ofthem. 

In this equipage they marched through the streets of Upsal, multitudes ofpeople being spectators of their entry in the ways and windows. Whenthey came to the Castle court, the nobility and volunteers alighted, andwalked two and two before the Queen up into the great hall and to theantechamber; and the Queen being come into her withdrawing-room, aftersome little discourse there with the Prince and compliments passed, hewent to the lodgings prepared for him, with not a few waiting on him whowas the rising sun. 

Whitelocke had spoken to the master of the ceremonies touching thesaluting of the Prince and the manner of his reception, whereof he wishedto know somewhat beforehand, to govern himself accordingly, and to avoidany indignity or dishonour to be put upon the Protector and Commonwealthby his person. The master having spoken to the Prince about it, broughtword now to Whitelocke, that when he moved his Royal Highness touchingWhitelocke's reception, the Prince said that the English Ambassadorshould have no cause to complain of any want of respect in his reception. The more to manifest this, about ten o'clock this evening, the Princesent one of the gentlemen of his bedchamber, who came attended with threelacqueys, and spake to Whitelocke in French, that the Prince, his master, commanded him to salute Whitelocke in his name, and to inform him of thePrince's arrival in this place, and that it was a great satisfaction tohim to hope that he should have the contentment to see the EnglishAmbassador, and to entertain him before his departure from Sweden. 

Whitelocke desired that his thanks might be returned to his RoyalHighness for this honour, and that he hoped to obtain from him the favourto give him leave to salute him and to kiss his hand; that to do this onthe part of the Protector, his master, was at present the only occasionof Whitelocke's continuance in this place; and for this end he had movedthe master of the ceremonies to know the pleasure of his Royal Highness, and to inform Whitelocke what time might be convenient to wait upon thePrince. The gentleman replied, that Whitelocke's company would be veryacceptable to the Prince his master, and he doubted not but an accountwould be given thereof to Whitelocke to his full contentment. 

Whitelocke had sent this day to Grave John Oxenstiern, to know what timehe might give him a visit; and the Grave returned a proud answer, that itwould not yet be convenient. 

_May 17, 1654. _

The Resident of Holland came to visit Whitelocke near dinner-time, whichgave him occasion to invite his stay; and he and Sir G. Fleetwood, Mr. Bloome, Colonel Hambleton, Monsieur Lyllicrone, and two Dutch gentlemen, did Whitelocke the favour to be at his table. Whitelocke gave theResident the respect of the upper end of the table, as he had formerlydone to the French and Spanish Residents; and the Dutch gentleman waswell pleased with it, and with the English entertainment. 

[SN: Whitelocke's audience of the Prince. ]

Whitelocke, having received so great a respect from the Prince, did againdesire the master of the ceremonies to know what time might suit with thePrince's leisure to give Whitelocke leave to wait on him. This afternoonthe master came to Whitelocke, and informed him that the Prince hadappointed four o'clock this afternoon to give Whitelocke audience, andthe master said that he would come with the Queen's coaches to bringWhitelocke to the castle when it was time; and accordingly he camebetween five and six o'clock this evening. Whitelocke and his companywent with the master to the castle, and as soon as he was alighted out ofhis coach, he was received by the Marshal and gentlemen of the Prince, agreat number of them, at the foot of the stairs; some of them were veryrichly habited. They walked first up the stairs, and those ofWhitelocke's train followed them; the master of the ceremonies was onWhitelocke's left hand. When they came to the guard-chamber, the Princein person came thither to receive Whitelocke at the door thereof, thesame place where the Captain of the Queen's Guard used to meet andreceive Whitelocke, who was a little surprised, not expecting such a highfavour as to be met by the Prince so far from the room of audience. 

The Prince was plain, in his habit of black silk, accompanied by a greatnumber of the senators, officers, and nobility, which caused Whitelocketo know him, and with due respect to salute him, as he did Whitelocke;and after a few compliments between them, the Prince desired Whitelocketo advance, who excused himself, but the Prince pressed it; the contestwas almost half an hour who should go first, till the master of theceremonies, by command of the Prince, whispered to Whitelocke to give wayto the pleasure of the Prince, who was resolved to give Whitelocke theprecedence, thereby to testify the great respect and honour which he hadfor the Protector, and for Whitelocke his servant. Thereupon Whitelockesaid to the Prince, that since he understood it to be the pleasure of hisRoyal Highness, he would obey his commands; and so they went ontogether, the Prince giving Whitelocke the right hand; and there was nooccasion (by reason of the largeness of the doors) for one to go beforethe other. 

In the third room from the place where the Prince met Whitelocke was theaudience chamber; there were set two rich chairs upon foot-carpets oneagainst the other under a canopy of state; here was also much ceremonybetween the Prince and Whitelocke, who should take the right-hand chair;but the Prince would have Whitelocke to sit there; and the room was fullof senators, officers, noblemen, courtiers, and others of quality. 

Whitelocke had advised in what language to speak to the Prince. He heldit not fit to speak in English, because he came not to him as ambassador, nor in Latin, there being nothing of treaty between them; but being amatter of ceremony, he was advised and informed that it was the Prince'sdesire that Whitelocke should speak to him in French, the which heunderstood very well: and accordingly, being both set, and their hats on, after a little pause Whitelocke put off his hat, and then the Prince didso likewise; then both putting on their hats again, Whitelocke spake tothe Prince to this effect:--

 "Monseigneur, "Je répute à grand bonheur l'opportunité qui m'est présentée de baiser les mains de votre Altesse Royale, et la saluer de la part de Monseigneur le Protecteur de la République d'Angleterre, d'Écosse, et d'Irelande, avant mon départ de ce royaume; ce que j'eusse fait plus tôt et en autre lieu, sinon que la nécessité d'attendre l'issue de ce qui m'a été donné en charge m'en avait empêché: mais depuis sa conclusion, j'ai tardé exprès pour ajouter à ma satisfaction celle d'avoir rendu mes devoirs à votre Altesse Royale, et lui témoigner l'amitié et les respects de sa Sérénissime Altesse mon maître. "

After Whitelocke had done speaking the Prince staid a little time, andthen in French answered him to this purpose:--

 "Monseigneur l'Ambassadeur, "Ce m'aurait été un grand trouble si, après la conclusion de vos affaires en cette cour, vous aviez été dans l'inconvénience d'attendre mon arrivée en cette place; je suis bien aise de me trouver ici devant votre départ de ce pays, qui m'a donné le contentement de vous connaître, et l'occasion de témoigner le grand respect que j'ai à Monseigneur le Protecteur et à la République que vous servez, et je reçois beaucoup de satisfaction qu'une amitié et alliance soit contractée entre ce royaume et votre République, de laquelle j'espère et crois qu'elle sera pour le bien des deux nations, et pour l'intérêt des Protestants. 

 "Il n'y a personne qui a plus d'estime de Monseigneur le Protecteur que moi, et de votre République; et j'ai tant entendu de votre honorable et prudent maniement des affaires que vous aviez ici, que ce m'a fait désirer de vous connaître et d'avoir l'opportunité de converser avec vous, que vous m'avez présentement alloué, et je vous en remercie, et pour les respects de Monseigneur le Protecteur, qu'il vous a plu me présenter en son nom, et qui me sont fort agréables. "

After the speeches were ended, the Prince spake to Whitelocke to go withhim into his cabinet, which he did, and staid discoursing with him thereabove an hour together, all the company staying in the outer room. Theysoon fell into a freedom of discourse, but at this time chieflyconcerning the affairs of England, the peace with the Dutch, and theEnglish fleet now at sea; also somewhat in particular to the Protector, his management of affairs, and of their late troubles; in all whichWhitelocke endeavoured to give the Prince satisfaction, without doinginjury to any one. The Prince brought Whitelocke back again to the sameplace where he met him; and his servants went with him to his coach, andthe Master of the Ceremonies brought him to his own house. 

After Whitelocke was returned home, Lagerfeldt came to him, and told himthat the Prince was very much pleased with the discourse between them, and with Whitelocke's deportment; and Lagerfeldt said he believed thatthe Prince would visit Whitelocke tomorrow; who said he could not expectsuch an honour, but was glad that anything of his discourse was gratefulto his Royal Highness. 

Lagerfeldt informed Whitelocke that Grave Eric and Lagerfeldt were to goto Stockholm upon some public occasions by command of the Ricksdag. Whitelocke asked him what the business was; but Lagerfeldt was notforward to declare it, nor Whitelocke to press it; but he learned fromanother that the Ricksdag had deputed two of every State to go toStockholm to extract out of the public records and acts the specialprivileges granted to the people at the coronation of any king, and ofthe present Queen, which they judged fit to be now considered andratified before the coronation of their new King. They were also to bringhither the acts of the Ricksdag when the Prince was declared heir of thecrown, and such other things as pertained to this business. Whitelockedesired Lagerfeldt to do somewhat for him at Stockholm touching thesending away of his copper from thence for England. 

_May 18, 1654. _

[SN: The Ladies' message to Whitelocke. ]

The ladies who were at Whitelocke's house to see the entry of the Prince, sent thanks to Whitelocke for his noble treatment of them, which was doneby Woolfeldt and the master of the ceremonies, whom Whitelocke desired tomake his excuse to the ladies, and to intercede with them to pardon theaffront which Whitelocke had put upon them by entertaining such nobleladies with so mean a collation. The master said he durst not deliver anysuch message to them, who were so well pleased with Whitelocke'streatment of them; which appeared the more, in that the Lady Woolfeldtsent to him to bestow upon her, being great with child, some of hisEnglish cheese. Whitelocke sent her all he had left, and to other ladieswhat they desired, his English sweetmeats and other cakes, which withthem were of great esteem. 

[SN: The Prince visits Whitelocke. ]

Whitelocke having this forenoon visited several Senators and great Lords, and being returned home, a servant of the Prince, a Baron of greatesteem, came to him from the Prince, to know if Whitelocke's leisurewould permit to receive a visit from his Royal Highness in the afternoon. Whereunto Whitelocke answered, that if the Prince had any service tocommand him, he would wait upon his Royal Highness at his Court; theBaron replied, that the Prince intended a visit to Whitelocke atWhitelocke's house, who said he could not expect nor admit of such acondescension in the Prince and high favour to him, but that he wouldwait upon the Prince in the afternoon. The Baron said that must not be, but that it was the resolution of the Prince to testify thatextraordinary respect to the Protector and to Whitelocke, as to come inperson to visit Whitelocke at his own house; who said, that if it werethe pleasure of the Prince to have it so, he should attend the receivingof that great honour at such a time as his Royal Highness should thinkfit to afford it to him. 

Woolfeldt, and Douglas, and several others, being with Whitelocke atdinner, they discoursed of this extraordinary high respect of the Princeto the Protector and to Whitelocke, and said that it was partlyoccasioned by the exceptions taken by the public Ministers in this Courtat the reception which the Prince gave unto Whitelocke yesterday beyondwhat he used to afford them of respect and honour; and this coming to thePrince's ear, he said that if they were offended with him for that, hewould yet give them further cause of being displeased, and thereupon sentto Whitelocke that he would this afternoon visit him; they also informedWhitelocke, as Lagerfeldt had done, that the Prince was much satisfiedwith the discourse of Whitelocke, and his demeanour. 

About three o'clock in the afternoon the Prince came to Whitelocke'shouse, attended with a very great train. He was in one of the Queen'scoaches, which was followed by several of his own coaches, all with sixhorses apiece, and sundry gentlemen on horseback, with the principalofficers of the Court and of the army, besides his own gentlemen, officers, servants, pages, and lacqueys to a great number, waiting onhim. It fell out to be on the day of a fair, kept in the open placebefore Whitelocke's house, so that, with the people coming to the fair, and the Prince's train, the streets were exceedingly crowded. 

As the Prince alighted out of his coach, Whitelocke was there to receivehim, all the gentlemen of Whitelocke's train attending on him, and hisservants in livery making a lane, about twenty on each hand, from thePrince's coach to Whitelocke's house, through which the Prince and hepassed, Whitelocke giving the Prince the right hand, which he scruplednot to take in that place. They went together covered into Whitelocke'shouse, sat down in his bedchamber, and fell into much freedom ofdiscourse for above two hours together. In the meantime the lords andgentlemen of the Prince's train being in several other rooms, accordingto their respective qualities, Whitelocke had taken order to beentertained by his officers and servants, not only with discourse, butwith good wine brought from England, and such collation as was then to behad and was pleasing to them. 

The Prince and Whitelocke had variety of discourses; and Whitelockelooking upon this as an opportunity whereby he might speak in such thingsas might tend to the honour of God, and which his own subjects perhapswould not so plainly make known to him, Whitelocke used the more freedom, and part of their discourse was--

_Prince. _ I am very glad that your affairs have permitted you a stay inthis place so long as to give me the opportunity of your company, whereinI take much contentment. 

_Whitelocke. _ Your Royal Highness doth very much honour me in esteemingmy company worth your notice, and herein you are pleased to testify greatrespect to the Protector, my master, and to the Commonwealth whom Iserve. 

_Pr. _ I have a very true honour for the Protector, and for England, where I have been, and account it one of the best countries in the world. 

_Wh. _ It is indeed, Sir, a very good country, and honoured by yourknowledge of it and having been upon it. 

_Pr. _ But I doubt that by your late troubles it may be much damaged. 

_Wh. _ Truly, Sir, God hath so ordered it that those desolations whichusually attend on war, especially a civil war, have not been so much inour country as others have felt who have been plunged in those miseries. 

_Pr. _ It is a great blessing to you, especially considering your changehath been so great and your troubles so lasting. 

_Wh. _ Our troubles endured a long time, but, blessed be God, at presentwe enjoy peace and settlement after our changes. The discourse here isnow altogether of the voluntary change like to be in your Highness'scountry. 

_Pr. _ Her Majesty is pleased to take a resolution to resign hergovernment, and I am commanded hither upon that occasion, thoughaltogether unsought for by me. 

_Wh. _ You are, Sir, every way worthy of it, and the more for not seekingit; and being the will of God is to bring you to such an increase ofpower as to the royal dignity, it will turn most to your own and yourpeople's good, to employ your power to the honour of Him that gives it, and to prefer His service by whom kings reign before any otherconcernments. 

_Pr. _ I must acknowledge that throughout the whole course of my life Godhath been very good to me, and I am the more engaged to honour Him and todo Him service in any station wherein he shall be pleased to set me. 

_Wh. _ Your Royal Highness will be pleased to pardon my freedom ofspeaking to you what I understand may be most for the honour of God andyour service. 

_Pr. _ Such discourse is most pleasing to me, especially from a person ofsuch piety and honour as I esteem you to be, and who can have no privateends thereby. 

_Wh. _ We have observed in England, and it is so everywhere, that theblessing of God follows those that serve Him. 

_Pr. _ That is a true rule; but our service must be in heart, and not inprofession or outward show only. 

_Wh. _ It is true that the enemies of the Parliament use to reproach themwith hypocrisy in their profession of religion and with their preachingto their soldiers; yet that our profession is real doth appear somewhatin this, that the blessing of God hath accompanied our profession and ourpractice; and when our enemies are in debauchery and injuring the people, our officers and soldiers meet together, exhorting one another out of theScripture and praying together, and God hath given His blessingthereupon. 

_Pr. _ I do very well approve that course, and your profession andpractice in matters of religion; but we hear of too much difference ofopinion among you in those matters. 

_Wh. _ We have indeed too much difference of opinion among us in mattersof religion; but yet the public peace is not broken, but carefullypreserved. 

_Pr. _ But if there be not a uniformity among you in those matters, yourpeace will be endangered. 

_Wh. _ We do not yet find that danger; and we look upon it as a libertydue to all Christians to take what way of worship they think best for thegood of their own souls. 

_Pr. _ Suppose the way they take be not agreeable to the Word of God?

_Wh. _ The consequence thereof will be their own misery. 

_Pr. _ But should not the magistrate lead them and constrain them in theright way?

_Wh. _ We hold the better way to be, by meek exhortations and instructionsto endeavour to reclaim them from any error, and not by force to compelmen's consciences, as is used in these parts. 

_Pr. _ What if mild means will not work upon them?

_Wh. _ They will have the worst of it; but as long as they do not breakthe public peace, it is hard for the magistrate imperiously to commandand force his brethren to worship God after his opinion; and it is notimaginable that he should take more care of men's souls than theythemselves, whose consciences ought to be free. 

_Pr. _ We are somewhat strict in this point in our country. 

_Wh. _ But I have heard that your Royal Highness hath shown moderation, and indulged this liberty, in other countries where you commanded. 

_Pr. _ I did not think fit to be so severe in this point in Germany as weare in Sweden. 

_Wh. _ I think your Highness did therein according to the mind of God, whowill not have a restraint upon His children in the worship of Him; and Ihope you will in time take off the severity of your laws here in thisparticular. 

_Pr. _ I am no friend to severity of laws upon men's consciences; butreformation among us is not soon to be brought about, where there hathbeen a long usage of the contrary. 

_Wh. _ In England we have of late obtained great reformation in manythings, particularly touching the observation of the Lord's Day; andpardon me, Sir, if I wish the like reformation in this kingdom, and thatthe Lord's Day were not so much neglected, nay profaned, as I have seenin this place. I hope and humbly advise your Royal Highness that, whenGod shall place you in the sovereignty over this people, you will takecare to provide a remedy and reformation herein, and also of that sin ofexcessive drinking and swearing with which the people are so muchinfected, and which may cause a fear lest the anger of God should goforth against this nation; but it will be very much in your power toapply a fit remedy to these evils, and doubtless God will require it atyour hands, as his vicegerent. 

_Pr. _ I have not heard many soldiers discourse in this strain; but I likeit well, and it becomes you; and I hope God will assist me, if He shallcall me to the government of this people, to acquit my duty to Him and toHis people for the restraining of these sins, which I acknowledge are toocommon among us. 

_Wh. _ In doing so, you will render service to God, and find His blessingto accompany such most pious, most honourable, and truly royalendeavours; and I hope your Highness will not think amiss of this libertywhich your servant hath taken, to speak to you of these things. 

_Pr. _ I am so far from thinking amiss of it or taking in ill part whatyou have said to me, that I do most heartily thank you for it, and dopromise that I shall be mindful to put in practice the good counsel youhave given me, as soon as it shall please God to give me an opportunityfor it, and that the temper of this people will bear it; being convincedof the duty which lies upon me herein, and the service and honour whichwill thereby be done to God and to the people of this kingdom, both inrespect to their temporal and eternal estate. 

_Wh. _ I am very glad to find your Royal Highness so sensible hereof, andshall humbly and earnestly leave it to your thoughts. 

_Pr. _ I hope I shall not forget it. [268]

They had other discourse touching the princes and states of Christendom, particularly of the House of Austria, and of the design of the Papistsagainst the Protestants, the which, and the increase of the interest ofRome, Whitelocke said could not be better prevented than by a conjunctionof the Protestants; to which the Prince fully agreed. The Prince tookhis leave of Whitelocke with very great respect and civility. 

After the Prince was gone, there came to Whitelocke Grave Eric Oxenstiernand Lagerfeldt, to take their leaves of Whitelocke, they being to go toStockholm by command of the Ricksdag; and Grave Eric gave unto Whitelockea paper, in French, of damage sustained by a Swedish ship taken andbrought into London, which he recommended to Whitelocke to be a meansthat satisfaction might be procured. 

[SN: Whitelocke goes to a running at the ring. ]

Whitelocke being informed that now at the Court, among other solemnitiesand entertainments to welcome the Prince, the gallants used the exerciseand recreation of running at the ring, a pleasure noble and useful as tomilitary affairs, improving horsemanship, and teaching the guidance ofthe lance, a weapon still used by horsemen in these parts of the world;this generous exercise having been in use in England in Whitelocke'smemory, who had seen the lords, in presence of the King and Queen and amultitude of spectators, in the tilt-yards at Whitehall and at St. James's House, where the King, when he was Prince, used also thatrecreation: it made Whitelocke the more desirous to see the same again, and whether, as they used it here, it were the same with that he hadseen in England. He went _incognito_ in the coach of General Douglas, without any of his train, to the place where the running at the ring was. He would not go into the room where the Queen and Prince and great lordswere, but sat below in a room where the judges of the course were, withdivers other gentlemen, who, though they knew Whitelocke very well, yetseeing him cast his cloak over his shoulder, as desiring not to be known, they would take no notice of him--a civility in these and other countriesusual. 

The Senator Vanderlin, Grave Tott, and the Baron Steinberg were thechallengers to all the rest; and of the other part were Marshal Wrangel, Grave Jacob de la Gardie, and nine or ten others. All were well mounted;Wrangel upon an English horse, given him by Whitelocke. Their clothes, scarfs, feathers, and all accoutrements, both of men and horse, were verygallant. They ran for a prize which the Queen had ordained, and theycomported themselves with much activeness and bravery; and it was thesame exercise which Whitelocke had formerly seen in his own country. 

_May 19, 1654. _

[SN: The Sound Dues. ]

Woolfeldt visited Whitelocke in the morning, and brought with him a paperconcerning the Sound, written in French with his own hand, wherein heshowed much affection to the Protector and to England, and as muchdistaste to his own country. The paper Whitelocke laid up, andtranscribed in a larger treatise. 

[SN: Effect of the Prince's visit. ]

Woolfeldt acquainted Whitelocke that the public ministers in this Courtdiscoursed much of the extraordinary respect showed by the Prince to theEnglish Ambassador, both in his reception and the Prince's visit to him. And particularly the Danish Ambassador was greatly discontented, and saidthat never any ambassador had that honour done him before, and it was sofar beyond what he had received that he knew not how to bear it; that theentertainment of public ministers of the same character ought to be withthe same ceremony, and not one to be preferred so much as the EnglishAmbassador had been before others of equal quality with him, and muchmatter of complaint of that nature; which being reported to the Prince, he said that neither the Danish Ambassador nor any other public ministerhad cause to complain that he had not given them the respect due to theirseveral qualities; and if he, out of a particular affection to theEnglish Protector and Ambassador, had a mind to express more thanordinary particular respects to them, it was no wrong or cause ofcomplaint to any other public minister, who had what was due to him, because another had perhaps more than was due to him; and he said heunderstood not why his condition should render him less capable thanother gentlemen to show particular respects where they did bear aparticular affection. 

General Douglas, a Scottish gentleman in great favour and honour in thiscountry, came late this year to the Court, being hindered by a violentague upon his coming hither. He made frequent visits to Whitelocke, andexpressed much of respect and civility to him as his countryman. 

[SN: Whitelocke dines with General Douglas. ]

This day Whitelocke was to dine with Douglas by a solemn invitation; andduring the whole time of his residence in this Court he never was invitedto any of their tables, but now to Douglas, and before to Grave Eric, notwithstanding the freedom of his table to most of them. With Whitelockewere invited his two sons, Potley, Beake, and Croke. There they met GraveJohn Oxenstiern, Wrangel, Wittenberg, Bundt, Horne, Vanderlin, ColonelBannier, and one of the Prince's servants. Of these that thus met, ninehad been in commission as generals, two of the English and of the Swedesseven, which was noted as very observable. They sat at table in the samemanner as they did at Grave Eric's entertainment, Whitelocke in the midstof the table, the company in their ranks on either side, and all thedinner they sat bare. 

The entertainment was very high and noble, as could be had in this place, and four courses very full, which made a long dinner, in which timeWhitelocke was solicited often to begin and pledge healths, which hewould not do, but left others to their liberty, as he desired his. Thehealths they drank among themselves were in large beer-glasses of sack, which made them discourse the more freely; and most of it was of Englandand the late troubles there, of particular passages of the war, ofScotland, of the fleet now at sea, and the Dutch treaty; in all whichWhitelocke gave them some satisfaction, as they did to him touching theQueen's resignation, the present Ricksdag, and the new King's coronation. 

[SN: Whitelocke receives a jewel from the Prince. ]

The same gentleman who had been before from the Prince with Whitelocke, aBaron of great account, first gentleman of the Prince's bedchamber, aproper, well accomplished person, came to Whitelocke by command of thePrince, with remembrance of his Highness's hearty respects and affectionto Whitelocke. After some compliments passed, the Baron took out of hispocket a little box of crimson velvet, and told Whitelocke that his RoyalHighness had commanded him to present to Whitelocke that token of thePrince's love and respects to him, and, opening the box, showed toWhitelocke a noble jewel, a case of gold enamelled, the one side of itset thick all over with diamonds, some of them fair ones, and on theother side was the Prince's picture, lively and well taken. 

The Baron said to Whitelocke that the Prince desired his excuse becausein so short a time he could not procure a better present, but he desiredWhitelocke to accept of this as a testimony of his affection to him. Whitelocke answered, that he had not merited so much favour from hisRoyal Highness, but desired the Baron to return his hearty thanks to thePrince, which he would also do himself when he had the honour to come inhis presence. 

[SN: Account of presents made by Whitelocke. ]

Upon this occasion Whitelocke took account of the presents which he hadin this Court, besides the several and many gratuities and rewards whichhe had formerly bestowed on many of the Queen's inferior servants, asmusicians, guards, pages, lacqueys, trumpets, coachmen, wardrobe men, andothers; to whom he had been liberal, to a considerable sum, necessary inhis judgement to be done for the honour of his nation, and agreeable towhat had been constantly by ambassadors there before him. 

Besides these smaller matters, first he sent to the Queen eight blackEnglish horses, very handsome, large, brave, and useful horses for thecoach, and now in good case; four saddle-horses he had formerlypresented to her, all of them were in this place worth to be sold £1000. The looking-glass which he gave the Queen when she was his Valentine wasworth £100, besides an English Bible richly bound, English stuffs, acabinet of spirits, and other smaller presents. The Queen's officers gaveno reward to Whitelocke's gentleman of his horse, the clerk of hisstable, or to his coachman and people that carried them, though it waspresumed that the Queen had ordered it, as she had done upon other thelike occasions. 

To the Prince Whitelocke presented seven bay English horses, veryhandsome and serviceable for the coach; for which the Prince returnedmany thanks, being most acceptable to him, as he expressed, and sent achain of gold of the value of two hundred ducats to Captain Crispe, yeoman of Whitelocke's stables, and twenty-five ducats to the servants ofWhitelocke's stable. To the Prince, Whitelocke also presented a youngEnglish gelding of Fenwicke's breed, very handsome and mettlesome; themore esteemed by Whitelocke, and afterwards by the Prince, when he heardthat it had been given to Whitelocke by his General. 

To the old Chancellor Whitelocke presented a hogshead of good Canarywine, and a sober, handsome, strong, well-paced English pad nag, and oneof his richest saddles. To Wrangel he gave an English gelding; to Tottanother; to Wittenberg another; to Steinberg another; to Douglas another;and to such of the great men as the Queen directed. To Lagerfeldt he gavea clock, excellently made, which he used to have constantly with him. 

To Secretary Canterstein he sent his secretary Earle with a silverstandish, curiously wrought; at sight of which Canterstein seemed muchdiscontented, till Earle showed him the manner of opening the standish, and in it forty pieces of English gold, of jacobuses, which made thepresent very acceptable. In like manner Whitelocke sent to the master ofthe ceremonies an English beaver hat, with a gold hatband, and a pair ofrich English gloves; at which the Master seemed offended, saying thatambassadors used to send better presents to the master of ceremonies; butbeing desired to try if the gloves would fit him, he found therein fortytwenty-shilling pieces of English gold, and thereby much satisfaction inthe present. 

To Grave Eric's lady Whitelocke presented a clock of the new make, tohang by the wall, set in ebony, with rich studs of silver. To "la BelleComtesse, " the Lady Jane Ruthven and other ladies, he presented Englishgloves, ribbons, silk stockings, and the like, which are of great accountwith them. 

All the presents given away by Whitelocke in this court were estimatedabove £3000, and the jewels and copper bestowed on him were near the samevalue; so that none could accuse him to be a receiver of rewards, or thathe had enriched himself by this employment. 

[SN: Whitelocke takes leave of the Prince and exhorts him. ]

Whitelocke had desired this day another audience of the Prince to takehis leave; and towards the evening the master of the ceremonies came withtwo of the Queen's coaches and brought Whitelocke to the Prince'slodging, who received him with the like or greater respect than he haddone before. They went directly together to the Prince's cabinet, wheretwo chairs were set. They discoursed about half an hour upon the samesubjects as their last discourse was; and now also Whitelocke earnestlyadvised the Prince to those things which would tend to the honour of Godand to the reformation of disorders, drunkenness, swearing, andprofanation of the Lord's Day, which Whitelocke told him God wouldrequire at his hands to see reformed when he should be called to thegovernment of this kingdom, with much to the like effect; esteeming itseasonable for him to take this opportunity of pressing these things tothe Prince, as he also did liberty of conscience, and what he hoped wasfor promoting the interest of Christ in these countries. The Prince gavegood ear to these things, and seemed sensible of what was said to him;and by his answers gave hopes that when he should come to the opportunityhe would endeavour the reformation of those great reigning sins in hiscountry, whereof he professed his own detestation. 

Whitelocke going to take his leave, the Prince desired him to staylonger, as pleased with the discourse on this subject; but Whitelocke wasdesired by the master of the ceremonies not to continue longer with thePrince, because the Queen staid within purposely for Whitelocke's comingto her. At his parting the Prince desired Whitelocke to testify hisrespects to the Protector and Commonwealth of England; and toldWhitelocke that he might assure himself of a most entire affection to hisperson from the Prince, who wished him a happy return to his own country. 

[SN: Visits the Queen, to take leave;]

From the Prince Whitelocke made a visit to the Queen. Grave Tottconducted him to her bedchamber, where they discoursed about half an hourtouching her Majesty's affairs. She again mentioned her purpose of goingto the Spa, and to go thither by land; she desired Whitelocke not tospeak much of it; she said that perhaps she might yet see him atStockholm, but, if she did not, that she would write a letter to theProtector, and send it thither to Whitelocke, upon the subject of whichthey had formerly spoken. 

Whitelocke advised her, as he had done before, and promised to take careof her letter to the Protector, and to improve his interest the best hecould for effecting what her Majesty desired, in case there should beoccasion for it. She thanked Whitelocke for his advice, wherewith sheseemed to be pleased, and resolved to observe it; and expressed verygreat respect and affection to the Protector and to Whitelocke, whom shedesired to assure the Protector in her Majesty's name of the sincereaffection and honour which she did bear him, and which she shouldcontinue, in whatsoever condition she should be. She wished Whitelocke ahappy voyage, and with many compliments, full of great respect andcivility, but not so cheerful as formerly; she twice gave him her hand tokiss, and so took leave of him. 

[SN: and the Chancellor. ]

From the Court Whitelocke went and visited the Chancellor, and deliveredto him (what he had before promised and was put in mind to do) anengagement under his hand to procure a supply of the defect of power, which they excepted to in his commission. The engagement was thus:--

 "Polliceor plenam me mihi potentiam ac facultatem procuraturum à sua Serenissima Celsitudine Domino meo, Domino Protectore Reipublicæ Angliæ, Scotiæ, et Hiberniæ, intra trimestre spatium, ab appulsu meo in quemlibet portum Angliæ, ad supplendum qualemcunque defectum facultatis ac potentiæ mihi antehac datæ, ad tractandum cum Serenissima Majestate sua Regina Sueciæ aut commissariis suis, et ad rata habenda omnia, quæ inter Majestatem suam vel suos commissarios et me conclusa fuerint. Datum Upsaliæ 18^o Maii, anno Domini 1654. 

 "BULSTRODE WHITELOCKE. "

The Chancellor and Whitelocke fell into discourse touching theirRicksdag; part whereof follows. 

[SN: The Swedish Diet and Constitution. ]

_Whitelocke. _ I received much satisfaction in the favour of beingadmitted to see the manner of the meeting and proceedings of yourRicksdag, and shall be glad to be instructed by you touching some of thepassages of it. 

_Chancellor. _ I shall be ready to inform you the best I can in thesematters, and I have had some experience in them. 

_Wh. _ In that and all other matters touching the government of thiskingdom, I believe no man's experience or judgement will be opposed toyours. I pray, Father, let me know the ground of proposals being made bythe Queen to the Ricksdag, and whether it be as I have heard, that theyconsult of nothing but what is first proposed to them by the Queen. 

_Chan. _ That is very true, and is the ground of our quiet and of avoidingfactions among us; for where a Council consists of seven or eight hundredmen, as our Ricksdag doth, and they hold themselves to have an equalliberty and power, and are most of them active spirits; if every oneamongst them might move and propound what he pleased according to his ownfancy, there would never be an end of proposals and debates, and theywould break out into several factions and the greater affairs of thekingdom be retarded, and many times thrust out to make way for lessermatters for the most part but of private interest. Therefore the wisdomof our Government hath so ordered it that nothing is to be consulted uponor debated by the Ricksdag, but what is first proposed to them in writingby the King, who hath the advice of the Senators therein; and suchmatters as are by them judged necessary for the good of the kingdom areby the King proposed to the Ricksdag for their counsel in them. 

_Wh. _ This may be a good way to preserve your quiet; but may it not beill for the rights and liberty of the people? As to instance inparticular, if it be requisite that a new law be made relating to thepeople's liberty, wherein the former laws may be defective, by thiscourse it rests only in the power of the King and Senate whether thismatter shall ever come to consideration or not; for, unless they willpropound it, no consideration can be had of it; and though it may benecessary as to the people's rights, yet then probably it may be againstthe King's power, and in that case the King will never propose it to theRicksdag, because it makes against his power and prerogative; and so thepeople are by this course debarred of the means of supplying any defectas to their rights and liberties, unless the King, to lessen his ownpower, will first propose it to them. 

_Chan. _ This were an inconvenience if the people's rights and libertieswere not already settled; but, by our laws, the boundaries of the King'spower and of the people's rights are sufficiently known and established, as the King can make no law nor alter or repeal any, nor impose any tax, nor compel men to go out of the kingdom without the assent of theRicksdag; and in that Council, which is supreme in this kingdom, everyman's vote and assent is included by the deputies of the Clergy, Boroughs, and Boors, which are respectively elected, and by the chiefs ofthe Nobility; so that all sorts of people have their share, either inperson or by their deputies, in the Supreme Council of the kingdom, bywhom only those great matters can be done; and this being certain andsettled, any alteration in those points tends but to further uncertaintyand mischief. And if debates might be had of additions to the King'spower, or to the people's liberty, it would but occasion attempts ofencroaching of one upon the other, and bring trouble and uncertainty toboth; whereas they being already clearly defined and known, and thatthere is no means of altering either of them, both the King and peopleare content with what they have, and endeavour nothing of disquiet untoeither. 

_Wh. _ But this further debars the people from having any new law at allmade, except such only as the King shall think fit, for he only canpropose them; and it is a necessary thing to supply defects in laws andto make new ones, according as times and circumstances varying shallminister occasion. 

_Chan. _ There is nothing more prejudicial to any government thanmultitude of laws, which is prevented by this course of ours; nor isthere any necessity of new laws where both the public rights and privatemen's property are provided for by the laws in being, which in allnations is from the original of their civil settlement taken care of. Andthough time and variety of accidents may occasion some defects in oldlaws, yet it is better they should be borne with than an inundation ofnew laws to be let in, which causeth uncertainty, ignorance, differentexpositions, and repugnances in the laws, and are the parents ofcontention. 

_Wh. _ But I suppose your Ricksdag hath liberty to complain ofmaladministration and corruption in officers and judges, and to punishthem and cause redress of grievances; else the people are remedilessagainst those public crimes, without the grace and favour of the Princeto do it of himself, which every Prince in all times will not do. 

_Chan. _ The Ricksdag may complain to the King of any offence ormisdemeanour committed by any great officer, and of any public grievanceto the people; whereupon the King and Senate are very ready (as itbehoves them in justice and prudence) to give a remedy, which they arethe more induced to do, because otherwise the people's Deputies, who havethe power of the purse, may be the more backward to supply the King'soccasions with money or men; and this is a good tie upon the Court, toprocure justice and redress of grievances. 

_Wh. _ Your laws are founded upon great reason and prudence, and in theseand most other main parts and particulars of them, ours are the same inEngland; but a liberty of proposing anything in our Parliament belongs toevery member of it. 

_Chan. _ That hath been a great occasion of all your troubles. 

_Wh. _ I expected to have heard my father, the Ricks-Chancellor, to havemade an harangue in the Ricksdag, to have acquainted them, as it is withus, with the causes of their meeting. 

_Chan. _ I confess it belongs to my place to have done it; but, by reasonof an oath I had taken to my king, to endeavour to keep the crown on hisdaughter's head, and this assembly was called that she might resign it;therefore I desired to be excused from making that proposal. 

_Wh. _ Indeed her Majesty spake herself with an excellent grace andspirit, which was a wonder to see it done by a young lady to so great andgrave an assembly; and the matter of her speech, as it was interpreted tome, was pertinent and full of weight. 

_Chan. _ Indeed she spake very well and materially, and like a prince. 

_Wh. _ I am sorry my time calls me away from further enjoyment of myfather's excellent conversation. 

_Chan. _ I shall be glad if my noble son would afford me more of hiscompany, in which I take so much contentment. 

_Wh. _ My journey tomorrow hastens me away, and occasions your lesstrouble. 

_Chan. _ I pray assure the Protector of the respect and high value I havefor him, and of my devoted mind to serve him in anything within my powerin this kingdom. 

_Wh. _ You have been pleased largely to testify this in my transactions, and your noble favours and respects to your son. 

_Chan. _ You may be confident of my affection and love to you; and Idesire you to be a friend to my countrymen in England, and to take uponyou their patronage in all just causes. 

_Wh. _ I shall be ready upon all occasions to perform all good offices toyour Excellence and to your family, and to all of this nation; and shallsatisfy the Protector of your affections for him, and of your kindness tohis servant. 

_Chan. _ I am now an old man, and whilst I continue alive I shall do allthat lies in my power to serve the Protector and the Commonwealth ofEngland, and shall embrace your Excellence with a special bond offriendship, and will leave it in charge to my sons, when I am dead, to dothe same. 

_Wh. _ I shall also enjoin my children to continue that obligation offriendship which I have contracted with your Excellence and your family. 

_Chan. _ I shall but add this further, to pray to God that of His mercy Hewould vouchsafe to you a prosperous return to your own country, and thatyou may find there all your family and friends in a comfortable and happycondition. 

[SN: Takes leave of Oxenstiern. ]

Thus the Chancellor and Whitelocke took leave of one another with as muchkindness and respect as could be expressed. [283]

Whitelocke being returned to his house, Grave John Oxenstiern came tovisit him; and having heard that Whitelocke took it ill that he had putoff a visit desired by Whitelocke to this high Grave, yet now he waspleased to descend to excuse it to Whitelocke, because his lodging wasstrait and inconvenient, not fit to receive a person of Whitelocke'squality, and his lady was at that time very much indisposed in health. 

The Senator Benk Schütt came in the evening to visit Whitelocke, anddiscoursed freely with him touching the Queen's resignation and theirnew King, and did not testify much of respect to the Chancellor byinforming Whitelocke that yesterday, at the castle, there was a greatrub, as he called it, given by the Queen to the Chancellor before thePrince and the rest of the Senators; the occasion whereof was about theisland of Elsey, which the Queen desired as part of her provision, towhich the Chancellor said, that it was worthy the consideration; theQueen replied, "What! is my integrity then questioned?" The Chancelloranswered, that he did not question her Majesty's integrity, but spakeonly for her security and better satisfaction in what she desired. TheQueen said, "I understand Swedish well enough, and it was not becomingyou to question my integrity at all. " Schütt said, that at this passagethe rest of the senators were pleased, and that the Prince seemed inthis, and all other occasions, to be of the Queen's mind, and to granther more rather than less of what she desired, which was wisdom in him. 

Senator Vanderlin visited Whitelocke, and, among other discourses, acquainted him the passages of the proposal for the Queen to have marriedthe Prince; that for this purpose the Prince was sent for out of Germany, and the Queen seemed inclinable to the match; yet, after the Prince wascome, she used him with a strangeness which was occasioned by thewhisperings of Grave Magnus de la Gardie to the Queen, that when thePrince was in Germany he was too familiar with some ladies; at whichinformation, he said, the Queen was so enraged that the Prince should goto other women, that she thereupon resolved not to marry him, but wasotherwise very courteous and full of respect to him. Whitelocke did notdispute the authenticness of this relation, but wondered at it from asenator, touching him who was to be a king, and to use so much freedom onsuch a subject to a stranger. 

General Douglas, the Ricks-Admiral, and Senator Bielke, also visitedWhitelocke this evening while Vanderlin was with him; they discoursed ofthe discontent which the Dutch Resident expressed before his going away, because more respect was shown to Whitelocke by the Queen and Prince, andby the Senators and great men here, than they had shown to the DutchResident, who said he was a public minister as well as the EnglishAmbassador. Whitelocke said it was true, as the Dutch Resident hadremembered, that he was a public minister; and it might be supposed, thatbeing so, he should understand the difference between a Resident and anAmbassador Extraordinary; and also between the Commonwealth of the UnitedProvinces of the Netherlands, and that of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Swedish Lords replied, that if the Dutch Resident did not understandit, nor himself, that yet it was sufficiently known in this place, andthat the Resident was but laughed at for his exceptions, as being withoutcause, and showing his want of experience in matters of this nature. 

After the Ricks-Admiral and Bielke were gone, Vanderlin and Douglas staidwith Whitelocke and used great freedom of discourse with him, expressingextraordinary respect to the Protector and Commonwealth of England, andvery much affection and kindness to Whitelocke, in whom they expressedgreat confidence. They staid with him till past twelve o'clock at night, inconvenient in respect of his intended journey the next day; but theircompany was very pleasing, and they took leave with great civility andkindness from each to other of them. 

_May 20, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke commences his journey back to England. ]

Whitelocke began his longed-for journey of return to England. He hadtaken his leave of the Queen, Prince, Senators, and all his friends inUpsal. His business, through the goodness of God, was successfullydespatched; himself and all his people in good health, and exceedingjoyful to be on their journey homewards. He left not a penny of debt toany in this country, nor any unrewarded who had done him service; for hishospitality, wherein no ambassador in this Court ever exceeded him, forhis conversation and dealing with all sorts of people, he had gainedtheir love, and left no ill name behind him. The greatest part of hisbaggage, and most of his inferior servants, were on board a great hoy ofthe Queen's, to go by water to Stockholm; he and the rest of his peoplewent by land, in order to which, upon his desire, the Hof-Stallmaster, bythe Queen's command, had sent yesterday six coach-horses to be ready inthe midway from Upsal to Stockholm, and this morning he sent six otherhorses with Whitelocke's blue coach to his lodging, to carry him thefirst half way of this day's journey, driven by the Queen's coachman. 

Berkman had provided a sufficient number of saddle-horses, if they mightbe so called, he having forgot to cause saddles to be brought with themfor Whitelocke's people, so that most of them were forced to make shiftwith straw and cushions instead of saddles; and many of the bits andstirrups were such as they had been acquainted with in their journey fromGothenburg hither; and thus they rode the two first stages. 

Whitelocke took coach between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, SirGeorge Fleetwood, Potley, Ingelo, and Andrews, in his coach with him; therest on horseback; they came about noon to the place where fresh horsesstaid for them, and did not tarry long there, wanting good entertainment, but, taking fresh horses both for coach and saddle, they proceeded intheir journey. The country through which they passed was better than thatnear the sea, less rocky and more fruitful, not so replenished with seatsof the nobility further off, as nearer to Stockholm. By the way they metGeneral Axy Lyllye, a Senator of Sweden, newly returned out of Germany, and another Senator with him; they alighted out of their coach whenWhitelocke came near them, who, seeing that, did alight also. The Generalhad lost one of his legs in the German wars, and now carried one of wood;he and his companion were very civil in their salutation and discoursewith Whitelocke, and after compliments, and inquiry by Whitelocke of theGerman news, they took leave and parted. 

Whitelocke and his company arrived between five and six o'clock in theevening at Stockholm, the journey being seven Swedish leagues, aboutforty English miles. As he came in the suburbs, he saw a sad sight ofmany houses lately burnt down, and some pulled down to prevent thefurther raging of the fire, which had consumed many scores of houses inthat place; and it brought to Whitelocke's remembrance, that one eveningat Upsal, in his chamber window, he saw a great fire in a dorf about halfa league from the town, which he observed, almost in a moment, to flashfrom one end of the dorf to the other, consuming all in its way, --andthus it was said to have been in these suburbs. The reason thereof is thecombustible matter whereof their houses are built, being of fir timberand boards, which, especially being old, do suddenly take fire, andviolently burn, hard to be quenched, few houses escaping, especially inthe dorfs, where one is on fire; which causeth more than ordinary care inthe inhabitants of all places to prevent that fearful danger. 

Berkman conducted Whitelocke to a lodging in the suburbs, over-againstthe castle, which was used for an inn. This being post-night, Whitelockemade up his despatches for England, which he had prepared at Upsal, wherehe wrote his letters, but dated them from Stockholm, that his friends inEngland might thereby perceive that he was in his journey homewards, which he knew would be no small contentment to them. 

_May 21, 1654. _

[SN: Stockholm. ]

Being the Lord's Day, divers Scotch merchants, inhabitants of this city, and some English, came to Whitelocke's lodging to hear the sermon in themorning, and many of them did him the honour to dine with him; he hadconference with them, and good advice from them, about his voyage toEngland and other matters. Lagerfeldt came also to salute Whitelocke, and to know what service he had for him, before his going from hencethis evening. Whitelocke desired him to speak to the master of thecustoms, touching the shipping of his copper and other goods, customfree; and Whitelocke prayed Lagerfeldt also to speak to Vice-AdmiralWrangel, that the ship appointed for his transportation (which was now inthe road in view of Whitelocke's lodging) might, with as much speed ascould be, fall down to the Dollars; which he promised to do. 

Wrangel sent to invite Whitelocke to go this afternoon to see the ships, but Whitelocke excused it by reason of the day, and sent word thattomorrow, if he pleased, he would wait upon him; and desired his advicetouching his voyage. In the evening Lagerfeldt came again to Whitelocke, to give him an account what he had done by his appointment, and toldWhitelocke that he should have all contentment. With Lagerfeldt cameMonsieur de Geeres to visit Whitelocke, who gave him thanks for a vesselof claret wine which De Geeres had sent to Whitelocke, who said he hopedhe should not stay long enough to drink it out in this place. 

[SN: The Queen's garden at Stockholm. ]

At Upsal Whitelocke was carried to see the Queen's garden, which scarcedeserved that name, being only a piece of ground of about four or fiveacres, paled in according to the manner of their paling, and had in it afew hedges which, in the latter end of May, upon the thaw, began toappear a little green; but for flowers or fruit-trees there were none, except a few ordinary tulips. This put Whitelocke in mind to inquire ifthe Queen had a better garden here at Stockholm, where her residenceusually was. The Swedes excused the meanness of the garden at Upsalbecause the Court was seldom there, but here they commended the garden, and offered Whitelocke the favour to see it. He went about seven o'clockthis evening to view it, and to walk in the Queen's garden here. It wasnear unto his lodging, but at a distance from the castle; it is about sixor seven acres of ground, encompassed with a pale, on which they bestowtimber enough in the posts and rails, and the pales are not set uprightone by another, but crosswise one upon another, between two great posts, with rivets for the pales to be put into, and so to fall down one uponthe other; and the pales are two inches thick or more, made of firtimber, and the posts and rails of oak. 

This garden was distinguished into walks not well kept nor gravelled, butmost of them green; few flowers were to be seen there, though more thanat Upsal, and most of these were tulips not extraordinary. The sides ofthe walks were set with elm-trees and the like, but no fruit-trees werethere, nor are they common in this cold country, only, as they informedWhitelocke, in some places they have a few trees of plums, and smallcherries, and of apples; but he saw none in regard of the season, nor domany persons in these parts delight in gardens or in planting fruits orflowers, this climate not encouraging thereunto; yet here were greatboxes of wood with orange-trees, citron-trees, and myrtle-trees, veryyoung, planted in them; how they thrived was not much visible. 

At Whitelocke's lodging some of his people made the greater fires to airthe rooms, because the plague had been lately in this city, and in thathouse the chimneys, it seems, being foul, and full of soot, were thesooner set on fire; and when Whitelocke came from walking in the gardenhe found his lodging on fire. It was a stack of chimneys which took fire;a multitude of people were ready about the house to help to quench thefire, and the officers of the city were there to order the people. Whitelocke was surprised with this unexpected accident and danger, amongst such houses; but after an hour's flame, the soot being spent andburnt, the fire went out of itself; and it was a mercy that the wind setto carry the flame towards a house which was tiled, whereas, if it hadset the other way, it had carried the flame upon houses all built andcovered with wood, to the extreme danger of Whitelocke's lodging and thewhole city. 

_May 22, 1654. _

[SN: The harbour of Stockholm and Swedish fleet. ]

In the morning Berkman conducted Whitelocke to the haven, where lay manyboats and vessels great and small, and much iron upon the quay, which isconvenient, but not much stored. They passed by many fair housesbelonging to the great Lords. 

In the afternoon Wrangel came to Whitelocke, and conducted him to see theQueen's ships, which lie round about an island called by them the Holm, into which island none are permitted to enter without special license. This is a good harbour for the ships there to anchor safely. There layabout fifty ships of war, some of them carrying eighty pieces of cannon, some sixty, some fifty, some forty, some thirty, and all of them wellfitted and useful, strongly built, but not so nimble and serviceable forfight as our English frigates. Wrangel was now in his element, anddiscoursed much with Whitelocke about the make and force and goodness ofthese ships, their force and brass cannon, which were commended byWhitelocke, who showed the difference in the make between these ships andthe English frigates; that these, for strength to endure an assault andmake defence, were very good, but that the English frigates had muchadvantage in their nimble tacking about, their fleet sailing to fetch upanother ship, and the lying of their guns for use of fighting; with whichdiscourse Wrangel seemed much pleased, and he preferred their brasscannon before those of iron, which Whitelocke assented unto as not sosoon hot with firing, nor so apt to break and splinter, and do harm totheir own men as the iron ordnance are. 

Within this island is the office of the Admiralty, in a fair brick housebuilt for that purpose; in another building there are the forges for allthe iron-work belonging to the ships; there also are the timber yards, well stored, and places for the workmen and ship-carpenters. They wereshown there likewise the magazine of powder, bullet, match, grenadoes, with other fire instruments; also the bake-houses, where they makeprovision of biscuit for the ships; it is a great room paved with stone, wherein are three ovens for baking, and a large cellar in which theystore the biscuit. There be also stores for pork, peas, and other shipprovisions, all in very good order, and carefully looked unto. 

Whitelocke went on board divers of the ships, taking notice of theirstrength and furniture, and among them he went on board several greatships which Wrangel had taken in fight from the King of Denmark, which atpresent were not serviceable; but his commendation of that action, andof these ships of war lying here, was due to them, and not unpleasing tothose who showed them to him. They returned by boat, making the tour ofthe island; and as they passed by the ships of war, they all salutedWhitelocke with two guns apiece, which number they do not exceed. As theypassed along, Whitelocke was desired to go on board the 'Hercules, ' agreat and good ship lying there, which carried eighty pieces of ordnance, all brass; and being brought into the captain's cabin, he found there thetable covered, and a banquet set upon it of sweetmeats of divers sorts, with which, and with plenty of excellent Rhenish wine, they did withgreat respect and civility entertain Whitelocke and his company. Fromthence they brought him to his lodging, weary enough with his voyage andthe extreme heat of the weather. 

[SN: Position of Stockholm. ]

The island which Whitelocke viewed this day, and many other greater andsmaller islands, upon which are buildings, do make up this city, which bysome is resembled for the situation of it unto the city of Venice, whichstands as this doth, upon several islands in the sea. The waters aregreat and deep about this city, which is compassed with mountains, exceptonly where they give way to the passage of the waters. The town, in theprospect of it, seems to be as in the midst of the circuit of themountains, and as it were composed of divers pieces, each of them apartmaking a good town, and so appear as several villages separated by themany arms of water, or by the Lake Mälaren, which come hither to meet oneanother, and make the large and deep water; and it seems to be thediameter of the mountains, and now all plain, by carrying away the earthof a hill within it, and the stones therewith filling up ditches anduneven grounds, and serving for foundations for their buildings, and tomake their streets even and handsome; so that now it is all level, as ifno hill had ever been. One of their authors saith that it is "loco etsitu commodissimo, inter eximium dulcem lacum Mæler ipsumque Balticummare in insula fundatum. "

The inhabitants (who should best know it) affirm that the situation ofthis town is very healthful, and that notwithstanding the vast quantityof waters that do surround it, yet they are not troubled with agues, orother diseases, so much as other parts of the country. It is too, in theview of it, pleasant and noble for the situation; and the grounds aboutit are dry and wholesome, yet fruitful. The streets are some of themlarge, others more narrow; most of them are straight, the houses beingequally advanced and set together. In the heart of the city they are forthe most part built of stone or brick, making the fairer show by theirheight of four or five stories. From the North Holm or suburbs to theeast is a bridge of wood, very long; from the island where the ships liethey pass another bridge to another island, both small ones, and at themouth of the harbour for the ships of war, extending about half a league, between which and the continent are the waters of the lake and of therivers which pass through the town from the west; from the north to theeast is a park of deer, pleasant with trees and shade, contributing tothe delight and health of the inhabitants; and, taken altogether, fromthe prospect of the mountains upon the churches, castle, houses, waters, and ships, the town appears noble and beautiful. 

[SN: Legend of Stockholm. ]

Whitelocke having been at the island where the ships lie, and observed itto be called the Holm, and other islands to have the same name of Holm, and Holm to be the same which we call an island, and this city namedStockholm, caused his inquiry of the original of this name of Stockholm;he was informed, in a kind of pleasant story, which is not without someprobability, and the earnest affirmations of the inhabitants, who fromtradition may be supposed best to know it, that the original of the nameStockholm was thus:--That there was a certain great and rich town calledBieurkoo, situate upon the lake between Upsal and this place, whereofsome ruins are yet to be seen. The number of the people in that townincreasing so much that the inhabitants could not be therein contained, they held a council what was fit to be done; they also consulted theiridol gods, to whom they offered sacrifices and prayers for theirdirection. The issue was this: they came to a resolution that part oftheir people should go forth from them, as a colony, to seek for a newhabitation, as is usual in these northern countries; that they shouldfind out a place, and build them a new city to dwell in; and how to findout and agree upon this place was thus determined: they took a greatblock or piece of wood, to which they fastened some gold, and set theblock a-swimming in the water, and agreed that there they would build thenew town where their gods (to whom they had committed this affair) shouldcause the block to stay; this block floated, and, descending down thelake, at length staid at a little island about the midst of this city. 

Such an island here (as in our north parts) is called Holm, and such agreat block or piece of wood is by them (as with us) called a stock; andbecause this stock staid at this Holm, therefore here they built theircity, and called it Stockholm; which, by degrees, and adding one holm orisland to another, became of its present greatness. 

_May 23, 1654. _

[SN: The Magistrates of Stockholm address Whitelocke. ]

Berkman brought to Whitelocke's lodging this morning two of themagistrates of this city, deputed by their body, and in their name, tosalute Whitelocke and bid him welcome to this place. One of them made aspeech to Whitelocke, which was interpreted out of the Swedish by Berkmaninto French, to this effect:--

 "My Lord Ambassador, "The Senate of this city have deputed us in their name to salute your Excellence, and to bid you welcome to this place, where the magistrates and citizens are desirous to embrace any occasion presented to them, whereby they may testify the great respect and honour which they bear to his most Serene Highness the Lord Protector, and to the Commonwealth of England. 

 "They are likewise very glad of the occasion given them to express their joy for the happy alliance and friendship concluded between this kingdom and the Commonwealth of England, which we hope will be to the advantage and good of both nations, and of the Protestant interest, which is heartily wished by us. We look upon it as a very great comfort and blessing to this city, that after the misery in which we have lately been, when it pleased God to visit us with the pestilence, that the same is now so well and fully removed through Divine mercy, that we have the happiness to see a person of your condition vouchsafe his presence with us. 

 "Whilst the occasions of your Excellence shall stay you here, we most freely offer our services for your accommodation with whatsoever this place will afford, which your Excellence may command; and as a small testimony of the respects of our superiors, they have caused us to present a vessel of wine unto your Excellence, whereof they entreat your favourable acceptance. "

Whitelocke presently answered them in English, which Berkman interpretedto them in Swedish, to this effect:--

 "Gentlemen, "I rejoice with you in the mercy and goodness of God to this city, who hath caused to cease that contagious disease which lately raged among you, so that your friends (of which number I take the honour to reckon myself) may freely and safely resort to you, and converse with you as formerly. I have also some share in your joy for the friendship and alliance contracted between my Lord the Protector of the Commonwealth of England, and the Queen and kingdom of Sweden; wherein I doubt not but, through the blessing of God, both nations and the whole Protestant interest will have cause to rejoice likewise: and as my poor endeavours have not been wanting, so my hearty prayers to God shall be put up that it may come to this issue; and I shall pray for the continuance of health and prosperity to this noble city. 

 "I return you many thanks for your respects to my Lord the Protector and the Commonwealth whom I serve, whereof I shall not fail (when it shall please God to give me a return to my own country) to acquaint them, and to do all offices of respect in my power for your city; and I desire my thanks may be presented to your honourable Senate for their particular favour to me, and for their salutation, which I receive with all gratitude. "

Whilst the citizens were with Whitelocke, Wrangel, Vice-Admiral Thysen, Vice-Admiral Clerke, Sinclair, captain of the 'Amarantha, ' and others, came and did Whitelocke the honour to dine with him, and in the afternooncarried him to see the cannon which the Swedes had taken from theirenemies, now laid up in a magazine for themselves; there were of thembrass cannon 1100; among them were two pieces taken from the Muscovites, each of them weighing 18, 000 lbs. Weight, and carrying a bullet of 96lbs. Weight, as much more as the greatest whole cannon carries. There wasalso a basilisk of nineteen feet in length, very extraordinary, and agreat mortar-piece of brass of a fathom and three fingers in diameter atthe mouth of it; with many other pieces of brass ordnance taken from thePoles in their wars with them, which were now but of little use; nor werethose huge pieces capable to be drawn into the field for any servicethere. 

_May 24, 1654. _

[SN: Monuments and public buildings of Stockholm. ]

Whitelocke walked abroad, to see the great church where the late KingGustavus Adolphus lies interred; but as yet there is no monument erectedto his memory, nor are there others of magnificence or much antiquity inthis or in the other great church, but store of images and crucifixes inall their churches; their building is of brick, and all their churchesare covered with copper. 

Whitelocke went to Wrangel's lodging to requite his visits, but found himnot at home, not having sent beforehand to him. He fetched a little turnin the city, and they showed him a new building for the Ricksdag, whichthey call the Ruder-house, that is, the house of the Knights; it is afair building, and the name of it remembers somewhat of the knights ofour Parliament. 

In this walk, Whitelocke viewed in the fair street near his lodging themonument set up to the honour of Queen Christina at her coronation, whichis beautiful to the view. It is a triumphant arch, of the height of thehighest houses, raised upon three arches, which give three passages;those on each side the more strait and low, the middle arch of twice theheight and wideness of the other two. The frontispiece unto the tops ofthe arches is adorned with pillars of a fair work, between which, in thefront of the building, are figured the wars, battles, and victories ofGustavus the Great: above the pillars are divers images, and above themiddle of the porch is a large tablet, containing in letters of gold theoriginal of Christina, her virtues, and the occasion of this monument. The whole building seems fair and stately, and as of stone, but in truthis only wood plastered over; rather a show, to please for a few years, than lasting. He also viewed many houses of stone and brick, some whereofwere very fair and adorned with towers and figures, as those of GraveMagnus de la Gardie, Grave Gustavus Horne, General Bannier, and others, and many of them beautifully covered with copper. 

In the afternoon Wrangel conducted Whitelocke to see the castle, which isalso covered with copper; and that having lain there long, some Dutchmenare reported to have offered to give £10, 000 for the copper, and to coverthe castle again with new copper; the reason whereof they hold to be, because the copper which hath lain there so long with the sun upon it, isso refined thereby, and would yield so much gold, that it will yieldwhat the Dutchmen bid for it and more, besides the charge of new coveringit with copper as before. 

This castle is the principal house in this principal city, belonging tothe crown of Sweden; it is a large castle, more for conveniency of aCourt than for stateliness of structure. It is almost four-square, oneway longer than the other, all of brick, plastered over to make it seemas if it were of freestone, whereof there is not much in these parts fitfor building; the entry into the castle is upon the north quarter; thesouth and east side is of fair building, four stories high, the windowsnot large. On the west of the quadrangle is the chapel, about a hundredand thirty feet in length, with the breadth proportionable; it is dividedinto three arches, upon two ranges of pillars of marble of this country, of divers colours, most in red streaks, handsome and polished. On thewindows and walls are several pictures and images, after the manner ofthe Lutheran churches. The rooms in the castle are many, some of themlarge enough for the state of a Court, and most of those are two storieshigh, after the use of this country. The situation of the castle ispleasant and noble, by the side of the great water, upon which part of itis built, and the other part upon the island where it stands; and thoughof itself it be not of great strength, yet the situation, prospect of thewaters, ships, vessels, islands, and buildings, on the one side, and ofthe country to the mountains on the other side, give it the repute of aprincely palace. 

In the castle Whitelocke was carried up to a room, a magazine, where werea very great number of muskets, pikes, swords, and other foot arms, excellent good, made in this country, of their own iron and steel, andkept exceeding clean, bright, and well fixed, and were said to besufficient to arm ten thousand men completely. On the other side of thecourt they brought him to another room, where was a magazine ofhorse-arms, cuirassiers, with pistols, bright, well kept, and of anexcellent make; there were also more foot-arms: in all, in this magazine, two thousand horse-arms, and five thousand foot-arms; and in the othermagazine, ten thousand foot-arms. There were likewise colours, ensigns, and standards, taken from their enemies, to the number of about eighthundred; among them one taken by King Gustavus in person, and another, which Wrangel showed, that he had taken from the Duke of Saxony. 

This city is doubtless as well provided of arms and all sorts ofammunition for war as any place in these parts of Europe, here being, besides the Queen's stores in the public Arsenal, arms sufficient forfifty thousand men. 

Here also they showed to Whitelocke the lance of the quintain, and, according to their description of it and its use, it seems to be the samewith the exercise and recreation used anciently in England, and yetretained in some counties at their marriages, which they likewise callthe running at the quintain. In a great hall they showed to Whitelockethe skin, stuffed out and standing in the full proportion, of the horsewhich the late King Gustavus rode when he was slain; also his bloodyshirt which he then wore, which is carefully preserved in a chest; wherethey also keep the jewel which King Gustavus wore at his coronation, andmany rich swords, battle-axes, and other spoils taken from their enemies. 

_May 25, 1654. _

[SN: The launch of the 'Falcon. ']

Wrangel came to Whitelocke, and invited him to see the launching of oneof their ships newly built for a man-of-war; and Whitelocke was the morecurious to see the manner of it, and how they could do it, in regard theyhave no docks, nor ebbing and flowing of the water, which here isconstantly even, and affords no advantage by flowing tides for thelaunching of their ships. 

When Whitelocke came to the holm where the ship was to be launched, hefound her with the keel set upon great planks of timber, the ship tiedupright with cables, as if she were swimming; the planks upon which shestood lay shelving towards the water, and were all thick daubed withgrease all along from the poop of the ship, and under her keel, to thewater's side, which was within the ship's length of her head, and therethe water was very deep. One strong cable held the ship from moving; andshe lying thus shelving upon the planks, the cable which held her fromsliding down was cut, and then the weight of the ship upon the slopinggreased planks carried her with great violence down upon the planks intothe sea, near a slight shoot, by force of the weight and swing wherewithshe fell down. In the sea were boats ready, which came to her, and putmen aboard her; and as she went off, a great shout of a multitude ofpeople, standing by as spectators, was sent after her. 

Wrangel, as an honour and compliment to Whitelocke, desired him to givethe name to this ship. Whitelocke would have called her the 'Wrangel, 'but the master of that name entreated it might not be so, possibly toavoid the envy of it at Court; but he desired it might be called the'Whitelocke, ' which Whitelocke thought not expedient, lest it might arguetoo much height in himself; nor would he call her 'Cromwell, ' or the'Protector, ' because she carried but thirty guns; but seeing the mark ofher guns to be the falcon, and asking whether they had any other ship ofthat name, they said, No; whereupon, the falcon being Whitelocke's coatof arms and the mark of the ship's guns, and she being built swifter ofsail than ordinary, Whitelocke gave her the name of the 'Falcon. ' Thispleased Wrangel very much, and the seamen and workmen were most pleasedwith the gratuity which Whitelocke bestowed on them; and this ceremonyand compliments being passed, Whitelocke gave many thanks to Wrangel forthis honour, and so they parted. 

The packet from England was brought to Whitelocke. Thurloe wrote thus:--

 "I have acquainted his Highness with your Excellence's letters received yesterday, wherein he takes little content, more than that he did on his part sincerely intend a peace and union with that Crown and Kingdom, and committed the management of it to a person who hath performed his trust with honour, wisdom, and fidelity. We hope that your instructions, giving you liberty to return, are by this time arrived, etc. "

By this packet Whitelocke also received letters from his wife, full ofaffection and piety, and from Colonel Bulstrode, his brother Wilson, Mr. Attorney Hall, Mr. Cokaine, Mr. Eltonhead, especially from his greatfriend Dr. Winston; and all of these letters, and several others which hereceived, were so many testimonies of the affection and hearty kindnessof these his worthy friends. 

_May 26, 1654. _

After Whitelocke had walked a tour in the Norden Mallum, --that is, thenorth suburbs of this city, --Sir George Fleetwood came to him, with whomhe had much conversation in the latter time of his being in Sweden, bothat Upsal and in this town, who showed much kindness and respect toWhitelocke. He informed Whitelocke that by letters from Upsal heunderstood that the Ricksdag had given leave to the Queen to go toColmar, which signified that she could not go without their leave, andthat she would find much difference between commanding as a Queen andobeying as a subject, and that, by the law of this kingdom, no Queen candepart out of it without leave of the Ricksdag, on forfeiture of all herestate. 

[SN: Whitelocke's shipment of copper sent to London. ]

A ship called the 'Swart Hundt' was by the Queen's command appointed andfitted to carry Whitelocke's copper and other goods from hence toEngland. By advice of friends, Whitelocke under his hand and seal desiredSir George Fleetwood to consign the copper to Whitelocke'sbrother-in-law, Mr. Wilson. The desire was thus:--

 "I Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable of the Castle of Windsor, one of the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal of England, and Ambassador Extraordinary from his Most Serene Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, unto her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, do hereby desire my honourable friend, Sir George Fleetwood, Knight, General-Major under the Crown of Sweden, to ship and consign unto Mr. Samuel Wilson, merchant in London, in Bishopsgate-street, two hundred ship-pound, Swedish weight, of gore copper; the which the said Mr. Samuel Wilson is to receive and dispose of according to my order. Dated at Stockholm, in Sweden, the 26th day of May, 1654. 

 "B. WHITELOCKE. "

According to which warrant, the copper was put on board the 'SwartHundt, ' fitted and victualled for England. Of Whitelocke's ship, Whitelocke gave the command and charge, and of his goods therein, to oneof his servants, Taylor, by commission under his hand and seal, and tobring his copper and goods in her from hence to London, as soon as hecould, wind and weather favouring. Wrangel procured this ship forWhitelocke, and a pass from the Admiralty of Sweden for her to go throughthe Sound; and Whitelocke thought it better to see this ship on hervoyage, than to leave the sending of her away to the care of others afterhis departure. 

[SN: His goods embarked in the Amarantha. ]

Whitelocke sent the rest of his goods and baggage on board the'Amarantha, ' which weighed yesterday, and he hoped might by this time bewithin four leagues of the Dollars; but the wind came contrary for heradvance any further, and Whitelocke must continue here till he couldunderstand that his ship was gotten to the Dollars, which is fourteenSwedish leagues from this city, but may be gone in six or seven hours byboats in a shorter passage. His stay here seemed tedious to Whitelocke. This day the wind coming about a little towards the east, increased hishopes of getting away, for which they were in daily expectation. 

[SN: The trade of Stockholm. ]

By some merchants and others of this city, Whitelocke learned what wasthe commerce of this town, and by his own view he found it to becommodiously seated for trade and to receive all the commodities of thecountry's growth, which are brought hither by water; and it is the moreconvenient because the greatest ships may come up to the very houses andthere load and unload their merchandises, never wanting water, whichthere is always deep, and equal in the height of it. But this city issomewhat far distant from the sea by water, so that before the ships cango between the sea and the town, they must fetch a compass of about onehundred English miles, with the danger of many rocks and islands in theway; and they must have also divers winds which are hindrances to theircommerce. 

The present Queen hath been curious to invite hither and to entertainmany good artists, yet everything here is very dear, except the nativecommodities; and now Gothenburg, growing up in trade, being situatewithout the Sound, a more open and easy place for access ofstrangers, --some believe that by the growth of that, this port may bediminished. It is the better supported by the Court being commonly kepthere, and consequently being the residence of the principal nobility andofficers. Some courts of justice constantly, and the Ricksdag generally, being held in this city, increase the trade of it; and this being a goodroad for ships to defend them from injuries of weather or other dangers, makes it the more frequented. 

Plenty of provisions are brought to this town for the supply of it; andmost of their native commodities, as copper, iron, pitch, tar, deal, masts, and the rest, are brought hither and here shipped and transportedinto foreign parts; from whence their merchants and strangers do bring tothis northern market all manner of merchandise here vendible; and fromhence again they are vended to all the northern and eastern parts of thiscountry, whereby their trade and wealth is also increased, so that one oftheir authors calls it, "Celeberrimum ac nobilissimum Septentrionisemporium. " The trade of this place hath brought and settled here asinhabitants, --besides Swedes, Goths, Fins, and Laplanders, --divers ofGermans, of Pomerland, Mecklenburg, Westphalia, etc. ; also English, Scotch, French, Dutch, and almost of every country of Europe. Some arehere now become citizens, and are treated with justice and civility bythe natives, to the end that they and others may be the more encouragedto add to the riches, strength, and trade of this place. 

_May 27, 1654. _

[SN: Detained by contrary winds. ]

Whitelocke visited Sir George Fleetwood at his lodging in Stockholm, andfinding with him Vice-Admiral Thysen and Peterson, both Hollanders and inservice of the Crown, Whitelocke brought them all home with him todinner, and advised with them about his voyage. The wind came morecontrary to Whitelocke this day than yesterday, but he knew no other waybut a patient submission to the will and time of God. Here he bestowed ona German clock sixty-two rix-dollars. 

[SN: The government of Stockholm. ]

From some of the magistrates and others of this city Whitelocke learnedthat the government thereof is by four Councils, and a Senate of thecitizens, as their Common Council, consisting of twenty-four chosenyearly in this month by suffrage of the inhabitants, and justice isadministered to the people by them in like manner as in other cities. Besides these officers there is a Castellan, or governor of the castle ofStockholm, who, by a peculiar authority over the city, takes care of thewalls and buildings thereof, as he doth of the castle and other theKing's buildings there. He is to defend the privileges of the town, andis chief in their political administration. He also orders and keeps upthe revenue and trade, and suffers not the royalties of the Crown to bediminished, nor any of the public treasure, without the license of theKing, to be expended. He is always one of the Ricks-Senators, and hathjoined to him a Vice-Castellan, of the equestrian order, who is chief inthe judgements of the city within the Senate and Councils, and is intentto the execution of justice. 

[SN: The defence of Stockholm. ]

The strength of this city is chiefly in the situation of it among thewaters, which are no small defence, and in the bodies of theirinhabitants, who make a considerable number of the soldiery, many of whomhave been in foreign service. The Castellan commandeth them, sees theirmusters, and that they be provided with arms and in a posture of defence;and under the Castellan is a captain, who hath the military charge nextunder him. The main body of the town hath somewhat of a wall about it, but the suburbs and other islands are encircled with the waters, withbridges for communication. 

The castle is of indifferent strength, and notably provided of arms andammunition, as is before remembered, which adds to the strength andsafety as well as command of the city. They have not a formed garrison inthe town; but divers companies of the King's guards, when the Court isthere, and sometimes of other regiments of the army, are quartered there, as occasions do require. The castle commands a good part of the town, andmay be as a citadel upon any emergent business; and in case of anytroubles at sea, the ships of war lie here in readiness forthwith to bemanned, are provided with ammunition, provisions, and all thingsnecessary for the defence and safeguard of this port and city from anyattempts which may by sea be made against it. 

Whitelocke made up his despatches for England, and now dated his secondletters from Stockholm, attending for a wind. 

_May 28, 1654. _

_The Lord's Day. _--Whitelocke, according to his custom, had a good sermonin his lodging preached by one of his chaplains in the morning, andanother good sermon preached there in the afternoon by Mr. Biger, aScotch minister, and chaplain to Sir George Fleetwood, then with him. Inthis city Whitelocke observed the inhabitants very orderly to frequenttheir parish churches, and not so much profanation of this day in thisplace as he had seen at Upsal, and other places in the country. 

_May 29, 1654. _

[SN: Sir G. Fleetwood returns to the King's coronation at Upsal. ]

Whitelocke with longing desires attended the coming about of the windfor his voyage; but he must stay God's time, which is always best. Hecould not persuade Sir George Fleetwood to stay longer with him. Hethought it necessary for him to go to Upsal, to be present at the King'scoronation; and at his request Whitelocke sent by him to Wrangel thisletter:--

 "_A son Excellence le Feld-Maréchal Wrangel à Upsale. _

 "Monsieur, "Je n'ai pu retenir plus longtemps le Général Major Fleetwood avec moi, son désir le portait si fort de se trouver à Upsale, au couronnement, de crainte qu'il ne semblerait négligent, et manquer à son devoir envers son Altesse Royale; mais la raison de ce qu'il a présenté ma requête à votre Excellence est qu'il vous plaise moyenner envers son Altesse Royale, afin qu'il retourne à Stockholm; et que je puisse jouir de sa compagnie jusqu'à mon départ, qui en apparence sera différé plus longtemps que je ne le souhaiterais, à raison de la contrariété des vents. 

 "Je supplie votre Excellence de me faire la faveur de baiser en mon nom les mains de sa Majesté et de son Altesse Royale, et d'accepter, pour tant de faveurs que votre Excellence m'a faites, tant à Upsale qu'en ce lieu, les actions de grâce de celui qui est, "Monsieur, à votre Excellence "Très-humble serviteur, "B. WHITELOCKE. "_Stockholm, May 29, 1654. _"

Berkman went from hence 17th May at night, and returned this morninghither, and brought to Whitelocke this letter:--

[SN: Lagerfeldt's letter on the Swedish prizes. ]

 "_Illustrissimo Domino Domino Bulstrode Whitelocke, Extraordinario Reipublicæ Angliæ in Sueciam Legato, officiocissimè. _

 "Illustrissime et Excellentissime Domine Legate, "Quanquam valde dubitem, an Excellentiam vestram hæ litteræ in Sueciam inveniant, nolui tamen, accepta hac occasione, vel meo officio deesse, vel refragari quorundam Suecorum petitioni, nam cum naves duæ Suecicæ, quarum naucleri Bonders et Sibrand follis vocantur, nuper ceptæ et in Angliam delatæ sint, sperant fore, ut, per hanc meam intercessionem, cum primis autem per benevolam Excellentiæ vestræ commendationem, quantocius dimittantur. Nisi igitur mihi satis perspecta esset Excellentiæ vestræ integritas, pluribus ab ea contenderem, ut dictarum aliarumque detentarum in Anglia Suecicarum navium liberationem, atque per se æquam ac amicitiæ foederique mutuo conformem sibi haberet commendatam; sufficit nunc saltem indicâsse Excellentiæ vestræ, quippe cui nihil jucundius esse scio, quam ut amicæ confoederatæque gentes, sancta fidei justitiæque observantia, inter se strictius colligentur. De cætero Excellentiæ vestræ felicem in patriam reditum exopto, ut me nostrumque Barkmannum officiose commendo. Dabam Upsaliæ, 27 Maii, anno 1654. 

 "Excellentiæ vestræ "Ad quævis officia paratissimus, "ISRAEL LAGERFELDT. "

In the evening Whitelocke walked abroad to take the air, the time of hisstay here being very tedious to him, attending for a good wind, that hemight proceed in his longed-for return to his native country andrelations; but he submitted to the good pleasure of God, who orders alltimes and seasons and all things for the best. At night the wind cameabout a little towards the east, favouring his voyage. 

_May 30, 1654. _

[SN: Preparations for departure. ]

The wind continued this morning, as it was last night, easterly, but notsufficing for Whitelocke to go on his voyage. The Vice-Admiral Clerkecoming to Whitelocke, he advised with him touching his voyage, and askedhim if he thought the 'Amarantha' might with this wind be gotten to theDollars. He answered that there could be no assurance thereof, but thatpossibly it might be so; whereupon Whitelocke replied, that he had agreat desire to go down himself to the Dollars, before the news came ofthe 'Amarantha's' arrival there, because the wind might come good, andwithin six hours carry them out to the open sea, which, if neglected, might retard their voyage fifteen days or more. Clerke said that ifWhitelocke desired to do so, that he would not advise him to thecontrary, but he believed that this might expedite his voyage; only hesaid that Whitelocke must be content to lie on board the ship till thewind should come fair, because there was no accommodation to be had forhim and his company at the Dollars. Whitelocke said he should be wellcontented to lie on ship-board, and prayed Clerke to cause boats to beprovided for his passage to the Dollars the next day, and ordered hisofficers and servants to prepare all things in readiness for hisdeparture accordingly. Wrangel came back this night from Upsal, andseveral other persons, though very late, having staid the solemnity ofthe Queen's resignation and the coronation of the new King, which theyrelated to Whitelocke to be done this day, and in this manner andsolemnity. 

[SN: Relation of the ceremony of the Queen's resignation. ]

About nine o'clock this morning the Queen, being attired in her royalapparel and robes of purple velvet, with her crown upon her head, andattended by all her officers and servants, came into the room preparedfor that occasion, where was set a table with a rich carpet, and fivegreat cushions laid upon it. Most of the grandees and officers werepresent. 

Upon one of the cushions was laid the sword of state; upon the secondcushion was laid the sceptre; upon the third cushion was laid the ball;and upon the fourth cushion were laid the keys. 

The Queen being come into the room, after a little pause made a shortspeech to the company, to this effect:--

 "My Lords and Gentlemen, "You have before this time been acquainted with my resolution to resign the crown and government of this kingdom into the hands of my most dear cousin the Prince, here present with me, upon my earnest request to the Ricksdag, now convened. After long debates and much solicitation to dissuade me from it, yet at length, though unwillingly, they have assented to this my resolution; and I am now come to put the same in execution before all these honourable witnesses here present; and to you, my most dear cousin, I do heartily wish all happiness and good success in the management of the public affairs of this kingdom. "

Having thus spoken, the Queen desired that some of them would take thecrown from off her head, but none would do it; she then called to GraveTott and the Baron Steinberg, expressly commanding them to do it, butthey refused, till again earnestly commanded by her; they then took thecrown from off her Majesty's head, and laid it down upon the fifthcushion on the table. After that was done, some others, by her command, took off the royal robes with which she was clothed and laid them downupon the table. Then the Queen, having thus divested herself of theseensigns of royalty and resigned her crown, being now in her privatehabit, made courtesy to the Prince and to the rest of the company, andretired into her own chamber, --an act of a strange constancy andfixedness of resolution, going through with this great work of her ownabdication without the least outward show of reluctancy for what she haddone, but with the same behaviour and confidence as at all other times inher particular and private affairs. [314]

For this act of the Queen's resignation they had no precedent; for thesolemnity of the King's coronation they had many; and the same is atlarge, with all the circumstances and ceremonies thereof, set down by oneof their authors, Wexionius (Epit. Descriptionis Sueciæ, lib. V. C. 6), from which the ceremonies of this Coronation were not much different, andthus shortly related unto Whitelocke. 

[SN: Ceremony of the King's coronation. ]

After the Queen was withdrawn to her private chamber, the Ricks-officersand senators humbly desired the Prince that he would be pleased to walkto the Cathedral Church, where the Archbishop and other prelates wereready to attend his Royal Highness, and to perform the solemnities of hiscoronation. The whole company went thither in this order. The officersand servants of the Court went first in a very great number, togetherwith many officers of the army and other gentlemen. After them came thenobility, the gentlemen, barons, and earls, members of the Ricksdag; thenfollowed the Ricks-Senators, two and two, in rank. After them came thefive Ricks-officers: first, the Ricks-Schatzmaster, or High Treasurer, who carried the keys; next to him, the Ricks-Chancellor, who carried theglobe; after him came the Ricks-Admiral, who carried the sceptre; thenone in the place of the Feldherr, or General, who carried the sword; andlastly the Ricks-Droitset, or Chief Justice, who carried the crown. Afterthe Chief Justice came the King himself, in his ordinary habit, with ahuge troop following him, and the windows and streets crowded withmultitudes of people. The guards and soldiers stood in their arms as thecompany passed by. 

Being thus come to the Cathedral, at the door stood the Archbishop with ahorn of oil in his hand, accompanied with other bishops, superintendents, and many clergymen. He received the Prince at the church door, andconducted him up to the high altar, where they had prayers, and then theArchbishop anointed the Prince with the oil. They put upon him the royalapparel, put the crown upon his head, the sceptre in his right hand, andthe ball into his left hand, and so he was invested into the royaldignity, and declared, with all his titles, King of Swedes, Goths, andVandals, etc. ; drums, trumpets, and loud acclamations of the peopleadding to the proclaiming of their new King. Not many days past theylaboured to hinder the doing of it; now they shout for joy that it isdone. Thus are the minds and practice of the multitude, whom nothingpleaseth long, --nothing more than novelty. 

The ceremonies being performed at the Cathedral, the new King, with allhis new subjects and servants, returned from thence into the castle inthe same order as he came hither. By the way he was saluted with the loudacclamations of the people, "God save the King!" Thus coming to his Courtas he entered it, the abdicated Queen looks out of her window, and with acheerful countenance and voice heard by the company she wished her cousinjoy of his crown and government. The King retires for a while to hisprivate chamber, then is called forth to a sumptuous feast, where most ofthe nobility and senators did attend upon him and rejoice with him, andafterwards did swear fealty, homage, and allegiance to him. 

But this relation was not so pleasing to Whitelocke as the thoughts ofhis departure from this place, and his longing to proceed in his voyagehomewards. 

_May 31, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke takes boat and leaves the shore;]

The 'Swart Hundt' set sail this morning with Whitelocke's goods andcopper, Taylor commanding her, and Swedes mariners in her; the wind wascome about indifferent good, for his and for his master's voyage. Wrangeland Clerke affording Whitelocke their company at dinner, he advised withthem what time of the day would be best for him to go from hence. Clerkesaid that the boats would be ready after dinner to transport him fromhence to the Dollars, whither he hoped that by this time the 'Amarantha'might be come. He and Wrangel advised Whitelocke not to go on board theboats till six or seven o'clock in the evening, to avoid the heat of theday, and to enjoy the benefit of the cool of the night, which was betterto be endured than the extremity of the heat of the day, especially uponthe water; and the heat some affirmed to be at this time as violent inthis country as it is in Spain or Italy. Whitelocke found it now as muchhotter than England as it is colder in the winter. 

About seven o'clock in the evening Whitelocke left his lodging, wherethey made him pay as an Ambassador Extraordinary. For the use of thehouse, only for eleven days, they made him pay a hundred and sixtyrix-dollars; for his victuals, but one meal a day, without any dainties, they exacted above a thousand rix-dollars. Such is their unconscionableexaction upon strangers. It was time to leave them, and Whitelocke beingcalled by Wrangel and Clerke, he went to prayers with his company, recommending themselves to the protection and blessing of God; andpresently after prayers he and all his people went to the water-side, multitudes by the way saluting him with respect as he passed by, andcrowding to see him take boat. 

He went into a galley of the Queen's attending for him. Most of hisgentlemen and Clerke were with him in the galley; the rest of his companywent in a great boat provided for them. This galley had two masts bearingthe Queen's colours in silk. In the hinder part of it was a room with atable and benches round about it, the table covered with crimson velvet, the benches with red cloth, and tapestry upon the floor. The room heldabout ten persons; the outward room about twelve men, besides thewatermen for sixteen oars. At her head she carried two small pieces ofordnance, which they fired at loosing from the harbour, and the ships ofwar fired as they passed by. They went on in a great deep water, sometimes very broad, sometimes more narrow, on the sides whereof werehuge rocks, and here and there little trees growing out of the clefts ofthem, with small heaps of earth lying on them, but they increase not muchin that soil. 

Many rocks all along on the shores, and islands of rocks, with the smellof the fir-trees on them, was a variety for strangers; and the waterbeing calm, they made use only of their oars. The trumpets sounding wherethe rocks were most uneven and made concavities, gave much delight by theresounding of seven or eight echoes to one sound. Yet the multitudes ofcraggy rocks of vast greatness and huge tallness, with their uneven headsand ragged sides, filling all the shores and making many islands, andthose causing no small danger in the passage, appeared, especially atfirst and to the younger seamen, very dreadful and amazing; but after alittle acquaintance with them, and constant being in their company, andthe seamen knowing the passage, caused the less fear, and the sevenfoldanswering echoes, as if they had been so many trumpets, gave delight tothe hearers, with some admiration of that multiplying sound. But theircheerfulness was increased by meeting with a boat about two Swedish milesfrom Stockholm, whose men informed Whitelocke that the 'Amarantha' wasthat day come into the Dollars, which good news added hopes and spiritto the company of advancing in their voyage towards their longed-forcountry; and the night seemed the less tedious by discoursing of thisprovidence, that, the same day that Whitelocke came away, his ship shouldfall down to be ready to meet him, and not sooner, and whereof he knewnothing beforehand. 

Clerke informed Whitelocke of the places by which they passed, and thecondition of the country. They came into a very narrow way and straits, about a bow-shot in length, where a great vessel could not pass, both forwant of breadth and depth of water, the greater boat with Whitelockestriking the sands as she passed over. This way was to get into the roadand channel for the ships from Stockholm to the Dollars, which is neartwenty Swedish miles for the ships to go about. From this strait theycame again into deep water, environed as before with rocks, and full ofislands. 

[SN: and reaches his ship at the Dollars. ]

When they were within a mile of the Dollars, the wind came about to eastand north-east, very fair and good to carry them out to sea, whereasbefore it was flat against them. Hereupon Whitelocke took occasion, thewind being now good, to order his galley to make way forthright to the'Amarantha' without going on shore at all, which was done, although itseemed long at the latter end of the way, the company weary, and thewatermen tired with rowing, though they did not at all row with thatnimbleness and mettle as the English use to do. 

When Whitelocke departed from Stockholm the wind was contrary to him;after he was certified by the boat which he met that the 'Amarantha' wasin the Dollars, the wind suddenly changed and was fair for him, and afterthis providence they came in good time to the ship, the tedious passageof the night being over, wherein Whitelocke slept upon the boards and inthe open air, --hardship enough for one of his age and condition, but Godwas his protection. 

FOOTNOTES:

[184] [This entry is evidently a repetition of the conversation reportedat length on the 5th of April. The story here related by M. Woolfeldt ishis own. ]

[188] "We Christina, by the grace of God Queen of Swedes, Goths, andVandals, etc. , do make known and testify, that, whereas it is the commonand mutual interest of us and our kingdom, as also of Oliver, LordProtector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and thedominions thereof, our good friend, and of the said Commonwealth, thatthe ancient friendship and alliance which hath always been between thiskingdom and those nations be conserved and increased; and especially thatthe freedom of commerce and navigation do continue straitly conformed anduninterrupted; and for that cause the foresaid Lord Protector andCommonwealth have been pleased to send their Extraordinary Ambassadorunto us: therefore we have commanded, and do by these presents, in thebest form, command and commit unto the most illustrious our sincerelyfaithful and beloved the Lord Axel Oxenstiern, Chancellor and Senator ofus and the kingdom of Sweden, etc. , and also to Lord Eric Oxenstiern ofAxel, likewise a Senator of us and of the Kingdom of Sweden, etc. , thatthey do treat, agree, and conclude with the before-named Ambassador andPlenipotentiary about the making of a league concerning the foresaidmatters and other things thereunto pertaining. Whatsoever therefore oursaid Plenipotentiary Commissioners shall act, conclude, and appoint withthe before-named Ambassador, we shall hold the same ratified andconfirmed by force of these presents; in witness and strengtheningwhereof, we have commanded these presents, subscribed with our hand, tobe corroborated with our great seal of the kingdom. Given in our castleof Upsal, the fourteenth day of March, in the year one thousand sixhundred fifty and four. CHRISTINA. "

[193] [No sooner had Cromwell assumed the Protectorate than his foreignpolicy took a more definite shape, and was steadily directed to two greatobjects--peace with Holland, and the union of the Protestant States. Theconclusion of the Dutch peace was however not an easy matter. Cromwellhimself had declared in favour of the daring project of a union of thetwo Republics, and the Dutch alliance was hated by many of his stoutestmilitary supporters. Moreover he required of the Dutch, as a condition_sine quâ non_, that they should engage never to make the young Prince ofOrange or his descendants their Stadtholder, or to give him the commandof their forces. This was the secret article against which the StatesGeneral most vehemently protested, and Cromwell was at length obliged tocontent himself with an engagement of the province of Holland to excludethe House of Orange. Even this pretension was strongly opposed by DeWitt, but Cromwell insisted. The public treaty of peace was signed on the5th of April, 1654; but it was not until the 5th of June following thatthe secret article was ratified. The King of Denmark, the SwissProtestant cantons, the Hanseatic towns, and some of the ProtestantPrinces of North Germany were included in the treaty, which formed thecomplement of the negotiation on which Whitelocke was engaged inSweden. --M. GUIZOT, _Histoire de la République d'Angleterre_, vol. Ii. P. 67. ]

[200] "We, Christina, by the grace of God Queen of the Swedes, Goths, andVandals, etc. , do make known and testify that whereas the endeavours ofthe illustrious and generous, of us sincerely beloved, the Lord BulstrodeWhitelocke, Extraordinary Ambassador, are most grateful to us, which hehath negotiated for the common good of our Kingdom and his Commonwealth, for the making of a league of stricter friendship between both parties:therefore, and to the end it may appear as a testimony of our goodwilland grateful memory on this behalf, we have thereupon granted andassigned, and by these our letters do grant and assign to the said LordAmbassador two hundred pound of copper, commonly called ship-pounds; thewhich two hundred pounds of copper our treasurers and officers of ourChamber of Accounts are obliged, without delay, to deliver into the handsof the before-mentioned Ambassador. In greater testimony whereof we havecommanded these presents, subscribed with our hand, to be confirmed byour seal. Given in our castle of Upsal, the 3rd day of May, in the year1654. CHRISTINA. "

[240] "I, the subscribed Bulstrode Whitelocke, Constable of the Castle ofWindsor, and one of the Keepers of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth ofEngland, Commissioner, Procurator, Deputy, and Extraordinary Ambassadorof the Most Serene and Most High Lord Oliver, Lord Protector of theCommonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereofand the said Commonwealth, do make known and testify, that whereas by thetreaty of alliance between the said Most Serene and my Most High LordOliver, Lord Protector, and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince andLady the Lady Christina, by the grace of God Queen of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, etc. , a firm peace and friendship is established: and I havejudged it chiefly consonant thereunto to find out means to remove certaingrievances of the people and citizens of either State, and to take awayall grounds and occasions thereof which may arise in time to come. Therefore, upon some differences moved, I have agreed with the mostillustrious and most excellent Lords, Plenipotentiary Commissioners andSenators of her said Royal Majesty and of Sweden, the Lord AxelOxenstiern, Chancellor of the kingdom, etc. , and the Lord EricOxenstiern, son of Axel, President of the General College of Trade, etc. , in manner as by the following articles is expressed and explained. 

"First, whereas a certain company of English exercising merchandise inGuinea have complained of one Henry Carelove, who, being Governor of theSwedish Company in that country, did take away from the English certainplaces inhabited by them, and did other injuries to them; but the saidSwedish Company not only took upon them to prove that the before-namedGovernor did commit no fault, but likewise made complaint of grievancesagainst the officers of the said English Company; but these particulardifferences of merchants at this time could not for certain reasons bewholly determined, and therefore it seemed most counselable to bothparties that in a friendly way, without any indirect courses, they may becomposed by certain Commissioners on both sides. In the meantime it isagreed that the differing hereof shall be to the prejudice of none ofeither part, so that neither the fellows or officers of the saidcompanies nor any subjects or citizens of either State shall offer anyinjury or molestation to one another in Guinea, or in the free commerceor travelling there; but, as before is expressed, the determination ofthe differences being referred by both sides to the superiors, they maylive friendly among themselves, and treat one another with that goodwillwhich is consonant to the league concluded between them. The same alsoshall be observed in America between the colonies of New Sweden and ofthe English, that they do embrace a sincere friendship, and that eitherparty do abstain from all troubles and injuries to the other, but chieflythat they do endeavour their mutual preservation until there be a clearagreement before the deputed Commissioners on both sides about the limitsof the colonies, and other rules of friendship that shall be requisite, together with other affairs of particular persons. Which matters, thatthey may be enjoined to all and singular the subjects and citizens ofeither State, and may be observed by them, I have fully taken upon me bythese presents, by virtue of my commission, and do confirm bysubscription of my hand, and by my seal. "

[268] [Whitelocke, in his zeal to exhort the Heir-apparent to the serviceof God and the observance of the Lord's Day, appears to have appreciatedvery imperfectly the extraordinary character and the political capacityof the Prince who paid him so signal a mark of deference. Yet in theromantic and chivalrous annals of the House of Vasa, scarcely any reignis more remarkable than that of the sovereign to whom Christina ceded thethrone. In the course of the ensuing five years Charles Gustavus, at thehead of a chosen band of Swedish veterans, conquered Prussia, andcompelled the Great Elector to acknowledge himself to be a Swedishvassal; invaded Poland, and commenced the partition of that republic;allied himself to Rakoczy, to the terror of the House of Austria, andattacked Denmark with such success that he crossed the Little Belt on theice and laid siege to Copenhagen, which was only saved by the mediationof the Maritime Powers. Such was the splendid career of Charles Gustavusbetween the period of his accession to the throne and the year 1660, whenhe died, not having completed his thirty-eighth year. More than any ofhis predecessors or of his successors on the Swedish throne, he may besaid to have held the Empire of the North; and the favour here shown toWhitelocke indicates the importance attached by the Swedish Prince tosecure at least the goodwill of Cromwell during the prosecution of theseExtraordinary enterprises. ]

[283] [Oxenstiern died about three months afterwards. ]

[314] [It would be idle to speculate on the political motives which mayhave combined with other reasons to induce Christina of Sweden toconceive and execute this extraordinary design. Other sovereigns haveabdicated from the lassitude of age or the burden of unpopularity, or thedesire of ensuring the succession to their offspring; but the resignationof a Queen in her twenty-ninth year, surrounded by able ministers and aloyal people, and who had reigned with splendour and success, is an eventwithout a parallel in history. The explanation of it is to be found inthe eccentricity, the levity, the feverish curiosity, and the indomitablelove of independence and singularity which are to be traced in every partof the Queen's character. She was a woman of powerful but ill-regulatedmind, capable at one time of sharing in the speculations of Descartes orof applauding the exhortations of Whitelocke, --at another, of bowing tothe spiritual bondage of Rome, and even of committing the brutal murderof Monaldeschi. The character of Cromwell pleased her by its adventurousexploits and its arbitrary tendency, and her reception of the EnglishEmbassy was as much the result of personal predilection as of policy. Whitelocke amused her by his somewhat pedantic erudition, and flatteredher vanity, but he seems scarcely to have divined the extraordinaryvariations of her character. ]

JUNE. 

_June 1, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke embarks in the Amarantha, and sails. ]

Having been part of yesterday and all the last night upon the water, thismorning, about seven o'clock, Whitelocke and all his company came to theDollars, and, without setting foot on shore, they went on board the ship'Amarantha, ' lying there to expect them. And although this was not usual, but passengers generally stay some time at this place till their ships beready, and to make provisions for their voyage, and spend some money atthe cabaret here; yet Whitelocke seeing the wind fair, and having all hiscompany together in the boats, was unwilling to let them be scattered bygoing on shore, which might be troublesome and retard his voyage bygetting them all together again. For these reasons he commanded all hispeople to go forthwith aboard the ship, as he himself did, at whichVice-Admiral Clerke wondered, and said he had not seen the same donebefore. 

This ship, the 'Amarantha, ' had never yet been at sea, and therefore themore dangerous to adventure in her first voyage; but she was well built, a fair ship, of a good burden, and had mounted in her forty pieces ofbrass cannon, two of them demy cannon, and she was well manned and ofgood force and strength for war; she was a good sailer, and would turnand tack about well; she held a hundred persons of Whitelocke's followersand most of his baggage, besides her own mariners, about two hundred. Thecabins wherein Whitelocke was were of a handsome make; the breadth of theship was the length of his bed-cabin, and it was six or seven pacesbroad, and high enough for the tallest man; it was hung with red cloth, the furniture of the bed was rich cloth of gold and silver; on the tablewas a rich carpet, and all over it a canopy with broad fringes of silkand gold and silver. Within the bed-cabin was another room for him toretire into, with a table and benches covered with red cloth. All thegentlemen had accommodations as the ship could afford. 

Being all settled in the ship, they were fain to stay for the ship-boatwhich the captain had sent for water; and as soon as it was returned, about ten o'clock in the morning, they weighed anchor and put the shipunder sail, recommending themselves to the mercy and protection of Himwho rules upon the waters as well as on dry land, and of whose goodnessthey had so great experience. They sailed by the place called the Scares, that is, the isles of rocks, which are there in the water and on bothsides of the shore, of a strange cragginess, largeness, and number; thosein the sea are full of danger, and often afford but a very strait passagefor the ships to go between them, and no other course is to avoid them. From hence the sea begins to widen herself towards the furthest point ofland, which they call the Lands-Ort, answerable to our English point ofland called the Land's End in Cornwall. The Lands-Ort is eight Swedishleagues from the Dollars, and hither they reached by the evening, thewind being east and south-east all this day. 

_June 2, 1654. _

[SN: The voyage. ]

About eleven o'clock the last night the wind came about more to thesouth, yet Whitelocke advanced in his course and gained some way, but notmuch, the wind being almost against him; and so it continued in thismorning, when there appeared a chain of rocks advancing themselves morethan a Swedish mile into the sea, and not far from the isle of Oeland, towhich rocks it is not good to approach too near. They could not maintaintheir course but to very small advantage, and by veering up and down togain a little of the wind, and in this manner they spent this whole day:the wind continuing at south-south-east, they did not advance much allthis day, only kept what they had gained before, and held plying up anddown in that dangerous sea; their support was that this was the goodpleasure of their God, whose will the wind and waters do obey. 

Though the weather was not foul, yet it was thick with fog which arose atthe foot of the horizon, and the mariners said this weather was ordinaryin these seas, but very dangerous. In the evening some of the companymade them pastime to divert the tediousness of the way and weather. 

_June 3, 1654. _

[SN: The island of Gothland. ]

About midnight the wind came about somewhat fairer than before, andWhitelocke gained a little in his course. At sunrising he discovered theisle of Gothland, eight leagues distant to the east from the isle ofOeland; afterwards the wind returned to the same quarter wherein it wasyesterday. 

The isle of Oeland is near the continent, extending itself in length bythe shore eighteen Swedish miles, but hath not in breadth in any placeabove two Swedish miles. This is the place where the Prince of Sweden, now King, used to make his residence, in a fair castle built of stone ofthis island, not inferior to marble, --these stones are in great requestfor pavements, pillars, and other uses and ornaments in building. Thepillars of the King's Chapel at Stockholm, great and high, well polishedand of divers colours, were brought from this island, and they have manyof these stones in the buildings of the great lords. This island is aplace of the most field-pleasure of any in this country, being open andstored with red and fallow deer, with hares and conies, and withpartridges, which are scarce in other parts; but here the game ispreserved for the Prince's pleasure. 

The isle of Gothland is about fourteen Swedish miles in length, and fivein breadth. It anciently belonged to the Swedes till the Danes took itfrom them, and kept the possession of it till the late wars between thosetwo crowns, when the Swedes recovered it from the Dane; and by the peaceafter that war the treaty left it to the Swede, and allowed for it theisle of Bornholm to the Dane, being nearer his dominions. They reportthat heretofore Gothland (belonging to the Goths, from whom it hath thename) was famous for the traffic of all these quarters, and had in it alarge town called Wisby, where formerly certain laws were institutedtouching the sea, which are observed to this day. But Lübeck, and othertowns on that side, having got the trade from hence, and the sea byinundations having much diminished this isle, both it and the town arebecome but of small consideration. 

The wind was little and very variable, and this day was a calm, so thatthey could advance very little in their voyage. In the evening the windgrew fresh, and increased till three o'clock the next morning, so thatthey made good way in their course; but these deep seas began to rise, and the ship to roll and toss so much, that some of Whitelocke's people, sensible of it and of the increasing of the wind and waves, and of themariners' labour and disorder, began to be afraid and sick. ButWhitelocke cherished and comforted them the best he could, and gave orderfor attendance upon them, and that they should want nothing which theship could afford; the which was the more in his power, the command of itbeing wholly left to him by the Queen; and by his kindness, and ceasingof the storm, they began to recover their courage, the wind changed, andit grew more calm after the ruffling. 

_June 4, 1654. _

[SN: The voyage. --Bornholm. ]

_The Lord's Day. _--Still Whitelocke was toiling on the Baltic Sea. Afterthree o'clock in the morning he advanced a good way in his course; butabout ten o'clock they discovered land, which was the isle of Bornholm, distant from the point of south of Oeland eighteen German leagues. Itseemeth a plain and flat ground, about eight Swedish miles in length, andabout five in breadth; this isle is fruitful and well peopled, aboundingin pastures, so that it yields a good revenue in butter. Many witches areaffirmed to be in this isle, and no place in this sea hath moreshipwrecks than upon Bornholm. Some give the reason thereof from thestrait pass between this isle and the continent; yet is the coast cleanand without rocks, and hath good roads; others attribute the cause ofthese shipwrecks to the great and dangerous sands about this and theother isles of this sea, which (especially about this isle of Bornholm)do lie out far and shallow in the sea, on which many ships have beenstruck and lost; and here Whitelocke's ship was in some peril, but itpleased God still to preserve him. He floated in sight of this islandalmost all this day, the wind veering into most points of the compass, and he was turned back from his course and lost more than he gained ofhis way. 

About nine o'clock in the morning the ship's company, having a ministeron board with them, were at their exercises of devotion, which they haveevery morning, beginning with singing a psalm, as we do; then theminister prays, but not long, and the conclusion is to sing about twoverses of another psalm, and so they part; except on the Lord's Day, asthis was, their chaplain preached a short sermon in the morning inSwedish, but none in the afternoon. Whitelocke for his own company hadthe usual exercises of praying and preaching by his chaplain Mr. De laMarche, Mr. Ingelo being sick. 

Towards the evening the wind began to be fresh again; they kept theircourse near Bornholm, and might discern the castle. After Whitelocke wasgone to rest, Vice-Admiral Clerke, who was on board with him, followed aship to inquire if she heard any news of a Swedish ship laden with saltfrom Portugal; at which some of Whitelocke's company taking offence, theVice-Admiral desisted; but by this deviation, the 'Amarantha' (which isnot fleet of sail) lost three leagues, which she was cast back in hercourse, and was brought in great danger by sailing too near the shore;but the Lord guided them. 

_June 5, 1654. _

[SN: Meet an English ship. ]

In the morning Whitelocke was out of sight of Bornholm, and pursued hiscourse, the wind blowing a little in a good quarter. About nine o'clockthey descried some ships, of which one seemed to be a great one; andcoming nearer, they perceived an English ship to be with them. The'Amarantha' fired a gun to warn them to strike sail, she carrying theflag in her maintop, and being a man-of-war of Sweden. The Englishcaptain did not obey, and Clerke commanded to shoot again at him; butWhitelocke ordered Clerke first to send his boat with some ofWhitelocke's servants, to advertise the English captain that Whitelockewas in the Swedish ship. They coming on board found the captain incholer, preparing to fight with the Swede, denying their sovereignty onthese seas; but being informed by his countrymen that the EnglishAmbassador was on board the Swedish ship, he presently, and Mr. Fisher, amerchant, with him, came to Whitelocke, rejoicing to see him, and saidthat if he had not been there the Swedish Vice-Admiral should have hadhot work; but now he struck sail to the Ambassador, whom he acquaintedthat all was well in England; that he had brought in his ship thecommissioners to agree the differences between our Commonwealth andDenmark, who were now at Copenhagen; and that when they passed the Sound, the King of Denmark's officers were very friendly to them. He toldWhitelocke also that two English frigates, sent by the Protector forWhitelocke's transportation, were arrived at Hamburg, and waited forWhitelocke there; after giving him some wine, and discourse, Whitelockedismissed this Captain Morgan to proceed in his voyage to Danzic, whitherhe was bound. At his parting all were friends, and Clerke gave him twoguns, after the Swedish custom, but Morgan answered him with seven piecesof ordnance; then Clerke gave him two more guns, to which Morgan gave twoalso, and a third a little while after. 

The 'Amarantha' having loitered by reason of the calm, which continuedtill the evening, they were most part of this day within sight of theisle of Rügen, near the coast of Pomerland, and part of that Duchy whichfell in partage to one of the duke's sons, who there kept his court in afair castle, whereof somewhat yet remains. The island appears high tothose that sail by it, and hath in length about eight German miles, andabout five in breadth; the King Gustavus took it, and it hath sincecontinued in the possession of the Swedes, and was confirmed to them bythe late treaty of Munster; the coast is full of white sands, anddangerous to those who are not well acquainted with the passages, whichhereabout are strait, and a bank of sand comes far out into the sea, onwhich Whitelocke was in great peril, within four-fathom water in thenight; but they were glad to veer back again and tack about to escape thedanger. 

The wind blew fresh from the north-east, by which he continued his coursetill about midnight; when there came a hideous storm of wind, thunder, rain, and lightning, which caused them to furl their sails, and lastedabout three hours; but the waves continued very high above twelve hourstogether afterwards, it being the nature of this sea when it is oncestirred, that by reason of the great depth it will not be still again formany hours after. Some of Whitelocke's company were much affrighted withthis tempest, and not without cause; but it pleased God to cease thestorm, and give fair weather, and thereby more cause to remember theexperiences they have had of His divine goodness throughout their wholevoyage. 

_June 6, 1654. _

[SN: The coast of Pomerania. ]

In the morning; the wind continued fair, and they made good way tilltowards eight o'clock, when it grew calm till about seven o'clock in theevening. All this day they were upon the coast of Pomerland. One of themariners, from the top-gallant, espying land and a town, informed themthat it was Wismar; but coming nearer to the shore, they found it to beRostock, eight leagues further from Lübeck than Wismar is. Both thesetowns are subject to the Crown of Sweden, port towns, and of good trade;Rostock more famous to the High Dutch for their exceeding strong andthick beer. 

In the evening the wind blew fair north-west, but the sky grew thick, andthe night coming on, they, for fear of falling upon the coast, tacked offagain to sea, and out of their course. About eleven o'clock at night thestorm began much more violent than the night before, continuing about sixhours, to the imminent danger of the ship to be overset and foundered inthe sea, but still God preserved them. About midnight was a horriblenoise, the thunder fierce and strangely loud, the sky all in flames withthe wonderful lightnings; and though it be frequent to meet with greattempests of thunder and lightnings upon this sea, and much more dreadfulthan those in England, yet now the officers and mariners of the shipaffirmed that they never saw the like to this tempest, and that they werealmost blind with the shining and flashes of this lightning. They sawalso on the land houses burning, set on fire by the lightning, any flamewhereof fastening upon the combustible matter of the ship the same hadinstantly been fired and all within her inevitably had perished. Butstill God was their defence and deliverer. The tempest was so outrageousthat they were forced to take down their sails and let fall theiranchors. Here they found the difference between Sweden and this country:there, at midnight, one might plainly read without a candle; here, thoughnearer the summer solstice and the days at longest, they found at leastfour hours of dark night, as seeming near the winter. 

_June 7, 1654. _

[SN: Arrive at Lübeck. ]

The tempest began to cease about five o'clock in the morning, and it grewfair weather, the wind coming good for them to continue and finish theirvoyage. Thus God preserved them from the danger of the last night as ofmany times before, the which Whitelocke held himself obliged morelargely to describe as so many monuments, to him and his company, of thegoodness of God towards them, and to preserve the memory thereof asarguments to him and his, wholly to depend upon that God of whom theyhave had so much experience. 

The wind continued fair, and they sailed all along in the sight of land, drawing nearer and nearer to it, which was pleasant to those who had beenin such storms, and were not a little longing to be at their native home. They came about ten o'clock in the morning to the road at Lübeck, and nosooner was the ship settled there but the wind ceased and blew not atall, but it became a great calm; wherein also the providence and goodnessof God was seen, that had they not come to an anchor at this very moment, they must have been still roaming on the sea till the wind had come aboutagain for them, and perhaps might have been kept out at sea many dayslonger. They were all filled with joy, having passed one half of theirvoyage, and seeing the place of their first descent on land. The'Amarantha, ' having let fall her anchors, fired two guns, and a ship ofthe Duke of Courland's, in the road, answered them with three. This roadis a gulf between two arms of land, at the first entrance from oneanother about a league; but it becomes more narrow as one approachethnearer to the mouth of the river, which is called Trave, and divides thetwo Duchies of Mecklenburg and Holstein. This is the road or havenbelonging to the town of Lübeck, and is of good defence and safety tosecure the riding of ships, and of conveniency for the trade of that towninto the Baltic Sea. 

After this perilous voyage of eight days' sailing on the angry BalticSeas, --escaping the dismal, infinite, vast, craggy rocks, seen andunseen, and the covered sands and dangerous coasts, in the higheststorms, --it pleased Him who giveth bounds to the deep waters and stilleththe waves thereof, to conduct Whitelocke and all his people in safety tothis haven. They were not negligent to prepare for their going on shore, in order whereunto Whitelocke sent Colonel Potley and some of hisservants to land, to provide horses for his coach, and waggons for histrain and baggage; purposing to go that night to Lübeck, being but twoGerman leagues from Tremon, and the days now at longest. 

Potley, according to order, gave notice to the Governor of Tremon ofWhitelocke's coming on shore in the territories of his masters, the Lordsof Lübeck, and provided boats, horses, waggons, and all things necessary, with diligence and dexterity. Whilst this was doing, Whitelocke calls hiscompany together into his cabin, where they gave thanks to God for theirsafe arrival in this place, and humbly prayed for the continuance of hisblessing and presence with them, the rest of their journey yet to come. 

After dinner, Whitelocke sent for Vice-Admiral Clerke and CaptainSinclair into his cabin, where he gave them thanks for the care and painsthey had taken for him and his company, and for their particular respectsto himself and observance of his desires; whereof he said he would byletters acquaint his Majesty of Sweden, and report to the Protector theirrespects to him. He desired them to accept a small testimony of histhankfulness for their civilities. He gave the Vice-Admiral sixtydollars, to distribute to the mariners, and sixty dollars more to theofficers of the ship, --that is, the master and his mate, the boatswain, the constable (so they call the master gunner), the gunner's mate, andthe rest. To Captain Sinclair he gave eighty ducats, and to theVice-Admiral one hundred ducats, which were the best compliments, andthankfully accepted by them; and Whitelocke was the more liberal in theserewards, being to strangers, and for the honour of his nation. 

The boats being gone, with the coaches, baggage, and most of the people, and the rest not unwilling to be on shore, Whitelocke, with most of hisgentlemen, went in one of the ship-boats; the Vice-Admiral bare himcompany, and did him the honour to steer the boat himself; the rest ofthe company went in the other ship-boat. After Whitelocke was gone offthe length of two or three boats, and whilst the other boat lay by theside of the ship, they fired forty pieces of ordnance, which, being sovery near, did, with the wind, or fear of the cannon, strike down somethat were in the boat, who were more than frighted, insomuch that one ofthem, after he came to Lübeck, continued very ill with swooning fits; butby the care of Doctor Whistler and good cordials, through the blessing ofGod, he recovered, and was well again. 

They went about half a league by water from the ship to the mouth of theriver, where there is a little fort with some great guns mounted, andwithout that are small towers for lights to direct the seamen, and avillage called Tremon, where they landed, all belonging to the city ofLübeck. _Mon_, in High Dutch, signifies a mouth, and _Tre_ is the name ofthe river; so Tremon is the mouth of the river Tre. At their landingstood, ready to receive them, a tall old man, with a long, white, venerable beard; he wore a broad belt, with a long basket-hilted sword;he was a Colonel, and Governor of that fort. He spake to Whitelocke inHigh Dutch, which Potley interpreted to this effect:--

 "My Lord Ambassador, "In the name of my masters, the Lords of Lübeck, I bid your Excellence welcome on shore and to this place. "

Whitelocke answered him as shortly:--

 "Noble Colonel, "I heartily thank you for your civility, whereof I hope ere long to have the opportunity to acquaint your masters the Lords of Lübeck. "

As Whitelocke passed by they fired three guns from the fort. The Colonelconducted Whitelocke to his house, near the landing-place, multitudes ofpeople flocking together. The house was not stately, nor very convenient. There they were entertained with great store of very strong beer, whichthey call _mum_; and the Colonel was exceeding free to call for largeflagons of it for Whitelocke and for all his people; which Whitelockeapprehending to have been the generosity of the Governor, yet fearingsome disorder by it among the inferior sort, and being whispered byColonel Potley that the Governor expected to be paid for his drink, whichhe usually sold to the passengers, Whitelocke ordered the reckoning to bepaid, and hasted from this honourable alehouse to his coach. 

It was about four o'clock in the afternoon when Whitelocke went fromTremon, from whence to Lübeck is two Dutch miles, that is, eight of ourEnglish miles. And coming with such a train, and to pass the usualceremony in such cases to the Lords of Lübeck, Whitelocke sent Mr. Berkman and one of his servants before, to salute the Lords of Lübeck inthe name of the Protector, as friends to the Commonwealth of England, andto advertise them, that the English Ambassador having occasions to passthrough this city, and to be there this day, he thought it requisite togive them notice of it. In the midway between Tremon and Lübeck they cameto a ferry over the Trave; the boat was large enough to carry at once twocoaches and many horses. At each end of the ferryboat such artificialwork is made with planks that it serves both at the coming in and goingout of the boat, meeting with the planks on each side of the shore. Bythe weight of coach, horses, waggons, cattle, or men, the planks are sowrought that they rise and fall according to the weight upon them, and soas both those on the shore and the ends of the boat come to be even, andwithout more trouble in the passing over them than a bridge would be. 

The great company, and some mishap of tearing one of his coaches, hindered Whitelocke's journey; but they went on in good time. About anEnglish mile before they came to Lübeck, some company appearing on theroad, Whitelocke's lacqueys alighted out of their waggons, and Whitelockewas met upon the way by an ancient person of a good portly carriage, witha great white beard, and a greater ruff. He was attended with fourcoaches; the first had six good horses in it, and was handsome, but notrich. The gentleman, being alighted, and then Whitelocke also, he cameand saluted Whitelocke, and spake to him in the High Dutch, to thiseffect:--

 "My Lord Ambassador, "My masters, the Lords of Lübeck, have sent me with their coaches to conduct your Excellence into their city, and to bid you welcome hither; and to assure you likewise that whatsoever this city will afford shall be at your Excellence's service. "

Whitelocke returned this answer:--

 "Sir, "I esteem it an honour to receive this respect from the Lords of Lübeck, your masters, for which ere long I hope to have the opportunity to give them thanks; and in the meantime give me leave to acknowledge your civility. "

This person they call the Marshal of the town, whom the Lords sent tomeet Whitelocke, to answer his civility of sending to them, which theytook kindly. Then a young gentleman, well mounted and habited, metWhitelocke on the way with a packet of three weeks' letters from England, which he said Mr. Missenden, his father, received from Mr. Bradshaw, theProtector's Resident at Hamburg, with order to send them to Whitelocke toLübeck. 

Whitelocke went into the coach of the Lords of Lübeck; with him were theMarshal, and Colonel Potley to interpret for him. The country throughwhich they passed was pleasant and fruitful, stored with groves, andfields of corn not enclosed, but much like the champaign counties ofEngland, only more woody, and seemed the pleasanter to those who werelately come out of Sweden and from the Baltic Sea. Part of the countrywas the Duchy of Mecklenburg, and part of it Holstein. 

When they drew near the city Whitelocke ordered that his staffiers andlacqueys, in their liveries, should walk by his coach bare, and his pagesafter them; then his gentlemen and others in the other coaches andwaggons, in which equipage they entered the city. At the first fort theysaluted Whitelocke with three pieces of ordnance, and at the gates of thecity were good guards, with their muskets. The streets were filled withpeople, and many in the windows--not so many men as women; and those ofthe best rank and habit were with their bodies and smock sleeves, likethe maids in England in hot weather. Here the best women, whose age willbear it, are thus habited, and with it sometimes rich clothes and jewels. When they were come into the city, the Marshal took his leave ofWhitelocke, saying that he must go to the Lord, to advertise him ofWhitelocke's arrival. 

Whitelocke passed through a great part of the town before he came to theinn appointed for his reception, which was fairer without than withindoors, the rooms for eating and lodging neither handsome nor wellfinished. About half an hour after he was come to the inn, the Lords ofthe town sent one of their officers to him, to know what time he would bepleased to appoint for them to come and salute him. Whitelocke answered, that whensoever they thought fit to do him the honour to visit him theyshould be welcome, and left to them the time which should be mostconvenient for their own occasions. 

Being settled and at a little quiet, he read his letters from England. Thurloe acquaints him that the issue of his negotiation, and the prudentconduct of it, had very good acceptance in England, whither his returnwas much wished and prayed for. Then he informs him of all the news bothforeign and domestic, and the readiness of the Protector to send shipsfor him to Hamburg. From Mr. Cokaine he had several letters about hisbills of exchange, and other particular affairs. He had also letters fromMr. Taylor, from Resident Bradshaw, from his wife, and from severalloving friends in England. 

_June 8, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke receives the Senate of Lübeck. ]

In the morning the Lords of Lübeck sent again to Whitelocke, to know whattime they might come to visit him. He answered, at their own time, andthat they should be welcome to him within an hour. There came to himMartin Bokel, Doctor of the Laws, Syndic of the city, of good reputationfor his learning and abilities, Jerome Bilderbeck, and Matthew Rodde, Senators and Lords of the city. The Syndic spake in French to Whitelocketo this effect:--"That, by command of the Lords of this city, thosegentlemen, part of their number, and himself, were come in the name ofthe Lords of Lübeck to salute Whitelocke, and to bid him welcome to theircity; that they rejoiced at his safe arrival here, and for the goodsuccess of those affairs wherein he had been employed. " Whitelockeanswered them in French, the same language in which they spake to him, and which is expected in these parts, to this effect:--"That the Lords ofLübeck had testified much respect to the Protector of England by thehonour done to his servant, of which he would inform his Highness; and inthe meantime he thanked them for the favour of this visit. "

After many compliments, Whitelocke gave them the precedence into hislodging, which is the custom here, as in Sweden, and their discourse wasin French in these matters of ceremony. Being sat together in hisbedchamber, the Syndic told Whitelocke that he had a message to deliverto him from his Lords; and, according to the custom in matters ofbusiness, he desired to deliver what he had to say in Latin, and thenspake to him in the following oration:--

 "Illustrissime et Excellentissime Domine Legate, "Amplissimus Senatus Lubicensis grato animo recognoscit celeberrimam nationem Anglicanam multiplici favore à multis retro annis populum mercatoresque hujus civitatis affecisse, atque etiam sæviente inter utrasque respublicas durissimo bello, incolas nostras gratiam, et, ex occasione suarum navium ad mare captarum, justitiam accepisse: amplissimus Senatus humillimè gratias suas refert, quas melius testari non potuerunt, quam erga personam illius conditionis tantæque eminentiæ quantæ Excellentiam vestram esse acceperant, suo speciali respectu, ad hæc cum etiam Extraordinarii Legati munere à clarissimo illo statu nunc dignissimè fungatur. Gratulatur amplissimus Senatus negotiationis ab Excellentia vestra peractæ felicem successum, ut et tanti viri in suam civitatem adventum. Quod si apud se in sua civitate aliquid sit Excellentiæ vestræ acceptu dignum, illud quicquid sit offerre in mandatis habemus. 

 "Dolore etiam afficitur Senatus, se tam sero de Excellentiæ vestræ adventu certiorem esse factum, ut rationes unde tantus hospes, et qui in ipsius comitatu sunt, pro merito exciperentur; melius inire non potuerit, se tamen sperare à clementia vestra ipsis id crimini non datum iri. Per nos rogant hujus urbis magistratus, Excellentiæ vestræ placeat, cervisiæ Lubicensis vinique Rhenani (quod officiariis Excellentiæ vestræ tradi curaverant) parvulum utut munus boni consulere. 

 "Excellentissime Domine, candore vestro freti speramus, non nobis id vitio datum iri, si etiam hoc temporis articulo paucula ex rebus nostris vestræ Excellentiæ consideranda proponamus: intempestivè fatemur importuni sumus, sed certiores facti, non diuturnam fore vestram in civitate nostra moram, id solliciti timemus, ne aliquando nobis similis offeratur opportunitas; ideo à dominis nostris jubemur Excellentiam vestram certiorem facere, quam plures hujus urbis naves inter navigandum negotii causâ, occurrentes navibus præliaribus Anglis, ab iisdem examen subiisse, liberatas tamen extemplò et dimissas, quod nihil suppetiarum hostibus vestris contulisse deprehendebantur; nihilominus easdem naves à quibusdam privatis vestris captoribus, _capers_ dictis, non multò post apprehensas fuisse, et hucusque detentas esse, magno dominorum detrimento. 

 "Sperat amplissimus Senatus, intercedente Excellentia vestra, ex justitia et favore Domini Protectoris, restitutionem earundem secundum jus et æquum suo populo futuram, quem in finem, tam magistratus, quem hujusce civitatis populus suppliciter rogat favorem et amicitiam Celsitudinis suæ Domini Protectoris, et illustrissimæ reipublicæ Angliæ, in iis, quæ vel commercia vel etiam alia spectant, posse sibi continuari. "

After a little pause Whitelocke made answer in Latin to the Syndic'sspeech, to the effect following:--

 "Spectatissimi viri, "Rectè à vobis observatum est, antiquam fuisse inter populum Anglicanum civesque Lubicenses amicitiam et mutuam officiorum benevolentiam; nec defuisse unquam nobis, data occasione, Domini mei Domini Protectoris reipublicæ Angliæ, Scotiæ, et Hiberniæ, animum benevolentissimum, quem integrum adhuc à Serenissima sua Celsitudine erga vos conservari nullus dubito. Nec suspicio mihi est, quin amplissimus Senatus, hujusque celeberrimæ urbis liberi cives, Dominum meum Dominum Protectorem honore omni debito prosequentur, et benevolo affectu quotquot Anglorum, commercii aut conversationis causâ, apud vos appellere voluerint. 

 "Referte, quæso, meo nomine, amplissimo hujus civitatis Senatui, gratias ob respectum erga Dominum meum Dominum Protectorem rempublicamque Anglicanam, in honorificâ mei eorum ministri receptione significatum, tam in appulsu meo ad suum portum, quam ad civitatem suam aditu, necnon in munere quod mihi offerre ipsis placuit: honori duco quod per me, in suis negotiis, Dominum Protectorem compellare ipsis visum est, quod munus in me libenter recipio præstandum, quamprimum Deo placuerit ad Serenissimam suam Celsitudinem mihi reditum indulgere, cui id curæ est, ut unicuique quod est juris uniuscujusque tribuatur. Non equidem dubito, quin particularia favoris et respectûs erga hanc celeberrimam civitatem specimina reipsa effecta comperiamini. "

The Syndic replied in French, that they did give many thanks toWhitelocke, in that he was pleased to take in so good part the respect ofthis City to him, and desired that if there were anything here whichmight do him service, that he would command it. Whitelocke said he cameby this City in a desire to see it and the fortifications of it, which, if they pleased to give him leave to do, he should take it as a favour. They said, that even now the Senate had ordered Monsieur Bilderbeck andthe commander of their forces to wait upon Whitelocke at such time as heshould appoint, to view the city, with their fortifications andmagazines, and whatsoever here should be thought by him worthy of hissight. Whitelocke thanked them, and discoursed touching the government ofthe City, and what laws they used, to which the Syndic answered, thattheir government was chiefly and generally by the municipal laws andcustoms of the city. 

[SN: The franchises of Lübeck. ]

Of these gentlemen and others Whitelocke learned this city is the chiefand most ancient of the Hanse Towns of Germany, and a kind of free State;that they have power to send Commissioners as public ministers to anyforeign prince or State, to treat and conclude with them about anymatters relating to their city, and that without the leave or knowledgeof the Emperor. 

The people of the city chiefly are the merchants and artificers, most ofthem tradesmen; and both they who are masters, and their servants, beingconstantly employed in trades and personal businesses, they are the lesstroublesome in the government of them; as to the criminal part, idleness, being the mother of mischief, causeth quarrels and debaucheries, fromwhence pilferings, robberies, fightings, and murders do arise; but wherepeople are kept to occupations, traffic, and employments, as they arehere, it breeds civility, peaceableness of disposition, desire of restand quiet, and a plentiful subsistence, and gives less occasion ofproceedings in criminal offences. But as to suits upon bargains andcontracts, they are the more, because there be so many contracts asmerchants and tradesmen must make; yet those suits are here brought to aspeedy determination within themselves by their ordinary judges, whichare three, and usually assisted with a doctor or licentiate in the laws, who are in great esteem in this country. These judges commonly sit thricea week, to determine civil controversies, which they do by their own lawsand customs, which also have much affinity to the civil law, especiallyas to the forms and manners of their proceedings; and where the mattercontended for exceeds the value of a thousand rix-dollars, there theparty grieved may, if he please, appeal from the sentence of these judgesto the Imperial Chamber at Spires, as they also do in capital causes; butcivil causes under the value of a thousand dollars are finally determinedwithin themselves, and no appeal lies from them. 

They acknowledge the Emperor as their protector, but afford him nogabels or taxes but what their deputies, whom they elect and send to thegeneral Diet of the Empire, do assent unto. Their chief officers are aBurgomaster, like our Mayor, twenty-four Senators, like our CommonCouncil, and a Syndic, as our Recorder. These are the chief Council andJudicatory of the city, and order all the public affairs thereof; only insome extraordinary occasions of making laws or foreign treaties, mattersof war and peace, the people of the town make choice of deputies, sometimes forty or fifty, --more or less, as they please, --who sit andconsult with the Senate, and by their votes by the people, who willinglysubmit thereunto. 

The town-house of their Guildhall is reasonably fair, not extraordinary. Their Court of Justice is below at the upper end of a large hall, madefour-square, with seats like the Court of Exchequer in England; abovethis is another Court or Council-house, greater than that below, which isfor the meeting of the Deputies of the Hanse Towns, who usually allassemble here; they have also several other chambers for the meetings andconsultations of their own Senators and officers about the affairs of thecity. 

[SN: Aspect of the city. ]

In the afternoon the Commander or Lieutenant-General of the forces of thetown, whom they call Obrist Lieutenant, Monsieur Andreas Keiser, and theSenator Bilderbeck, came, with four of the city coaches, to accompanyWhitelocke to see the town and fortifications of it. The Senator spokeonly Latin, the Lieutenant spoke good French. They went through mostparts of the town, and found the figure of it exactly done in painting ina table in their magazine, with the fortifications of it: upon the viewof the whole town, it seemed a pleasant and noble city. It is of greatantiquity, freedom, privileges, trade, polity, and strength, few in theseparts exceeding it; not unhealthful in the situation, beautiful in thebuildings, profitable in the commerce, strong in the fortifications, andrich in the inhabitants. 

The streets are large and fair, kept clean and sweet; the houses built ofbrick, generally uniform, most in the frontispieces, and covered withtile; at the entry into them, usually the first and lower room islargest, paved with Orland stone, full of streaks of red and white, andsome with black and white rich marble. In this first room they use to settheir best household stuff, as the chief room for entertainment; yet theywill also in some part of the room have a partition with boards, above aman's height, for a kitchen, where they dress meat and hang their baconand other provision{9}, which are not out of sight nor smell; and herealso, in this room, some of their goods of merchandise are placed; butthe better sort keep their houses more neat, and have kitchens andlarders out of view. In the second story are ordinarily thelodging-rooms, and some for entertainment; the third and fourth storiesare granaries and storehouses, which they hold better for such uses thancellars and lower rooms, which, they say, cause damage to thecommodities. 

The country about, for a league, and in some parts two leagues or more, belongs to the city, is within their jurisdiction, and is fruitful andpleasant, sweetly watered by the Trave, adorned by the groves andmeadows, and many pleasant summer-houses for the recreation of thecitizens. 

[SN: Fortifications and arsenal of Lübeck. ]

The town is regularly and strongly fortified, the more being situated ina plain and low country, with the rivers and waters about it; the graftsof the works are large and deep, full of water on all sides; between thebulwarks are large places, sufficient to draw together five hundred menin each vacant place; and on the banks of some of the ditches are lowthorn hedges, kept cut, as good for defence as palisades. There be manypieces of ordnance mounted on several parts of the works, chiefly on thebulwarks, and divers of them are demi-cannon: the fortifications areabout a league in compass; the Trave furnisheth water for all the grafts, and the earth with which the lines are made is of a good sort and wellturfed. They are well stored with arms and ammunition, which Whitelockewas admitted to see in their arsenal, which is a large house; in thelower room were twelve mortar-pieces of several sizes, and two hundredpieces of brass ordnance, founded in the town, some of them greatculverin, one of an extraordinary length; but there was neither powdernor ball--that was kept elsewhere; but here were the utensils to load andcleanse the guns, hung up in order, and the carriages were strong andgood. The story above this was furnished with arms, few for horse orpikemen, but many muskets and swords, disposed in ranks the whole lengthof the room, with bandoliers between, and cases for bullets beneath; atthe upper end of the room hung certain great swords, with which traitorshad been beheaded; at the lower end of the room were many halberds;divers of the muskets were firelocks, others for match, and some withdouble barrels. There was in all, by conjecture, arms for twelve thousandfoot, few pikes or horse-arms, but muskets, as most useful for a town, and according to the custom in these parts, where the companies in thetown militias are only musketeers, they holding pikes not proper but inthe field and against horse. 

The forces of this city constantly in pay are fifteen hundred men, besides twenty-five companies of the citizens, each company consisting oftwo hundred men, and two troops of horse of the citizens. Their chiefstrength, under God, consisting in the bodies of their citizens, properand stout men, who, if they come to fight _pro aris et focis_, forreligion, liberty, wives and children, and estates, for their all, arefull of courage; not like mercenary, unfixed, unfaithful men, whose tradeis in blood, and who are pests to mankind. 

[SN: Honours paid to Whitelocke. ]

At their Guildhall they entertained Whitelocke and his company with wineand sweetmeats, but not profusely. After a long and large tour, theybrought Whitelocke back to his inn, and did him the honour to sup withhim; and, with much respect and civility, the Obrist-Lieutenant andSenator after supper took their leaves of Whitelocke. Divers men andwomen of the best quality of the citizens came with their children toWhitelocke's inn to see him, and many of them would stand by whilst hewas at meals. He caused his people to show all civility to them, ashimself did, saluting the gentlemen and seeming to offer to kiss thewomen's hands, the salutation of the lip not being in these countriesallowed. 

The Lords sent a guard of twelve musketeers to attend Whitelocke, whichwere placed at his door and in the street, and relieved by others duringthe time of Whitelocke's stay here, as an expression of their respectsto him. The town musicians, who were masters, well accoutred and behaved, and played some English lessons, and the town trumpets and drums, camelikewise to show their respects to Whitelocke, but the more readily inexpectation of some reward from him, which expenses cannot honourably beavoided. Whitelocke's four pages, eight lacqueys, and four grooms, besides the gentlemen's lacqueys, in his livery, walked bare by hiscoach-side when he went abroad; himself was in his plain grey Englishcloth suit, with the Queen of Sweden's jewel at his breast. The peoplewere full of respect to him in their salutations as he passed by them. 

The secretary of the English company at Hamburg came to Whitelocke fromthe Resident and company there, to invite him to the English house there, with expression of much ceremony and respect to him as their countryman. Whitelocke was not willing to stay longer than one day in this town, andtherefore ordered his officers to make preparations of horses and waggonsto remove from hence tomorrow; and understanding that it was fortyEnglish miles from hence to Hamburg, and much of the way bad, he thoughtit too long a journey for him, with so great a train and hired horses, totravel in one day, and therefore ordered to go from hence tomorrow in theafternoon, to lie at a village midway between Lübeck and Hamburg. TheLords of Lübeck, with much courtesy, offered him to lodge in a house oftheirs three leagues from hence, and to make use of their horses; but hethought it not convenient, the house not being furnished and their horsesnot used to travel, and he having sent before to the village midway totake up his quarters; for which reasons he excused it to the Lords, yetwith many thanks for their courteous offers. 

_June 9, 1654. _

[SN: The Lutheran Church at Lübeck. ]

Several gentlemen of the English company at Hamburg, and among them hisnephew, Sir Humphry Bennett's son, came hither to visit and accompanyWhitelocke to Hamburg. The Senators and Syndic and Obrist-Lieutenant, whohad been before with Whitelocke, came to take their leaves of him. Fromthem and others Whitelocke learnt, that the religion professed in thiscity is after the doctrine of Luther and the Augsburg confession; yetsome Calvinists are permitted, though not publicly, among them, and somePapists are also connived at, though not publicly tolerated to exercisetheir worship; yet some of them live in a college of Canons, who have afair house and good revenues in this city. 

They have many images and crucifixes in their churches: one, made ofearth, of the Virgin Mary, very exactly, is believed by many goodwives ofthe town, that, upon worshiping and praying to it, they shall becomefruitful. In the same church is a rare tablet of the passion of ourSaviour, admired by artists for the rare painting and lineaments of it. Above the altar is a little image of our Lady, so contrived with wiresfastened to it, that one, being hid on the other side of it, may make itturn forward and backward, to the admiration of the multitude ofspectators, who know, by the motion of the image, whether the offeringswhich they make, and lay upon the altar, be acceptable or not; if onegives a small offering, the image turns away from it in disdain of it;if it be a fat offering, it turns towards it in token of acceptance; andthough they tell these stories themselves, yet still they retain theseimages and trumperies among them. This church is of a good length andbreadth, but the height is not proportionable: it hath few monuments ofnote, only some of their Bishops and Canons, among which one is indeedremarkable, which they will needs have to be believed, where a Canon wasburied some hundreds of years since, yet now sometimes is heard to knockin his grave, whereupon instantly some one or other of his survivingbrethren, the Canons, gives up the ghost, and comes to the dead Canon athis call. 

From hence Whitelocke went and viewed the other churches, all alikefurnished with images and crucifixes, and full of pews, fitted accordingto the quality of the parishioners. The churches are built of brick, andsome of them covered with copper, which they brought from Sweden in oldertimes. They use a liturgy, not much differing from our old Book of CommonPrayer; their ministers are grave and formal; they commend them for piousand learned and good preachers; but Whitelocke, not having the favour tosee one of them at his lodging, can give the less particular account ofthem. 

[SN: The trade of Lübeck. ]

Whitelocke also learnt that the trade of this city is the most of anytown on this side the Baltic Sea, having a convenient port or road atTremon, belonging to this city, from whence they send into all parts ofthat sea, and have the advantage for the commerce of copper, deal, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, and all the commodities of those parts; and by thisport, they save the trouble and charge of going about through the Sound, which southern merchants do. 

Before the Swedes had much traffic, and built their own ships, andemployed their own mariners, which is not ancient, Lübeck did moreflourish, and had the sole trade of Sweden, and of vending theircommodities again into all parts of the world; whereby the Lübeckers grewgreat and rich, especially by the copper and iron which they brought fromSweden hither, and wrought it into utensils and arms, and then carried itback to Sweden for the use of the inhabitants there; who, growing in timemore wise, and learning to work their own materials, and to build andemploy their own ships in trade, and the city of Hamburg growing up andincreasing in trade, and particularly by the staple for English clothbeing there settled, and those of Lübeck not admitting strangers amongthem, their town began to decay, and to lessen in their trade and wealth, and is not now so considerable as in former times, yet still they drive agood trade into the Baltic Sea and other parts, but not with so greatships as others use, which they build at home, of about a hundred andfifty and two hundred tons; and they affirm that they have built hereships of four hundred tons, but there is difficulty for them to go downto the river, by reason of the shallows, which yet serves to bring uptheir commodities in great boats by the river, from the ships to thistown. They find the smaller vessels useful for their trade, and to buildthem they are provided of good store of timber out of Germany, Denmark, and Sweden; and, by their consent, the King of Denmark doth sometimesmake use of their town and carpenters to build ships for himself. 

About three o'clock in the afternoon, the baggage and most ofWhitelocke's inferior servants went away. The Lords offered Whitelocke aparty of their horse for the guard of his person; but he, with thanks fortheir courtesy, refused it, having store of company well armed of his ownretinue, besides some English of Hamburg who were come to him. TheLübeckers commended the sobriety and plainness of Whitelocke and hiscompany; only they said his liveries were very noble; and they wonderedthat they saw no more drinking among them, and that he had so constantexercises of religious duties in his family. 

[SN: Whitelocke proceeds to Hamburg. ]

The Senators and Syndic came again to compliment Whitelocke for theLords, and to wish him a good journey; and, after ceremonies passed, about four o'clock in the afternoon, Whitelocke took his coach forHamburg; he had another coach and four waggons for his people. As hepassed through the streets, multitudes of all sorts stood to see him goby, respectively saluting him. At the gates were guards of soldiers, andhaving passed the last port, they saluted him with three pieces ofordnance, according to their custom, but with no volleys of small-shot;and so he took his leave of Lübeck. Being come into the road, and hispages and lacqueys in the waggons, he made what haste he could in hisjourney with hired horses, and so much company. 

The country was pleasant and fruitful, groves of wood, fields of corn, pastures, brooks, and meadows adorning it: it is an open champaign; fewhedges, but some little ones made with dry wood, like our hurdles, forfencing their gardens and dividing their corn-grounds. The way wasexceeding bad, especially for this time of the year, full of deep holesand sloughs in some places and of great stones in others. This Duchy ofHolstein seems to take its name from _holt_, which, with them and inSweden and with us, signifies wood, and _stein_, which is a stone; andthis country is very full of wood and stone; yet is it fruitful, and, like England, delightful to the view, but it is not so full of towns, there not being one in the way between Lübeck and this night's quarter, which is five German, twenty English, miles. But a few small houses liescattered by the way; and about four miles from Kettell, this night'slodging was a fair brick house by the side of a large pond, which is thehouse belonging to Lübeck, where they offered Whitelocke to beentertained, and he found cause afterwards to repent his not acceptingtheir courtesy. 

When they came to the lamentable lodging taken up for him this night, they found in all but two beds for their whole company. The beds weremade only of straw and fleas mingled together; the antechamber was like agreat barn, wherein was the kitchen on the one side, the stable on theother side; the cattle, hogs, waggons, and coaches were also in the samegreat chamber together. They made themselves as merry as they could inthis posture, Whitelocke cheering and telling them that it was in theirway home, and therefore to be borne with the less regret. They of thehouse excused the want of accommodations, because the war had ragedthere, and the soldiers had pillaged the people of all they had, whocould not yet recover their former happy and plentiful condition; whichwas not helpful to Whitelocke and his people, who must take things asthey were, and make the best shift they could. His officers had providedmeat sufficient for them; he caused fresh straw enough to be laid allover the room, which was the more tolerable in this hot season. Hehimself lay in one of his coaches, his sons and some of his servants instraw, near him; the rest of the company, men and women, on straw, wherethey chose to lie in the room, only affording place for the horses, cows, sheep, and hogs, which quartered in the same chamber together with thisgood company. 

_June 10, 1654. _

[SN: Journey through Holstein. ]

In his coach, through God's goodness, Whitelocke slept well, and all hispeople on the ground on fresh straw, yet not so soundly as to hindertheir early rising this morning, when they were quickly ready, nonehaving been put to the trouble of undressing themselves the last night. His carriages, twelve great waggons, went away about four o'clock thismorning, some of the gentlemen's servants in the van, one upon eachwaggon; his porter, butlers, and others, in a waggon in the rear, withstore of pistols, screwed guns, swords, and other arms, for theirdefence. Whitelocke came forth about six o'clock with his own twocoaches, and eight waggons for the rest of his followers. In some oftheir waggons they drive three horses on-breast, and each waggon willhold eight persons. They passed by better houses in this dorf than thatwhere they quartered, which the harbingers excused, coming thither lateand being strangers. 

The country was still Holstein, of the same nature as yesterday. In thelower grounds they saw many storks, one whereof was killed by one ofWhitelocke's company with his gun, --a thing not endured here, where theyare very superstitious, and hold it an ill omen where any of them iskilled. But Whitelocke, blessed be God! found it not so; yet he warnedhis people not to kill any of them, to avoid offence to the country, whoreport that these birds will not resort to any place but where the peopleare free, as in the United Provinces, where they have many of them, anddo carefully preserve them, and near to Hamburg and other Hanse Towns. 

About a mile from Kettell is a great gate cross the highway, where theytake toll for the Duke of Holstein of all the waggons and carriages, aloup-shilling apiece (that is, little more than an English penny). Thisgate they shut against Whitelocke, but being informed who he was, theypresently opened it again, and a gentleman came to Whitelocke'scoach-side, excusing the shutting of the gate, being before they knew whoit was that passed by. He told Whitelocke the custom and right of thistoll, but that nothing was demanded of ambassadors, who were to passfreely, especially the Ambassador of the Protector and Commonwealth ofEngland, to whom the Duke, his master, he said, was a friend. Whitelockethanked the gentleman for his civility, acknowledging the Protector to bea friend to the Duke, and so they passed on. 

About a mile and a half before they came to Hamburg, Captain Parkes, ofthe 'President' frigate, and Captain Minnes, of the 'Elizabeth' frigate, met Whitelocke on the way, and told him all was well in England, and thatby command of the Protector they had brought those two frigates into theElbe to transport him into England. Whitelocke told them he was very gladto see them, especially on this occasion. As they were walking anddiscoursing of the ships and their voyage, a great number of persons andcoaches, the Resident Bradshaw, with the treasurer, the doctor, theirminister, and almost all the English company, with twenty-two coaches, came to meet Whitelocke on the way, and to bring him with the morerespect to Hamburg. All alighted out of their coaches, and, aftersalutations, the Resident told Whitelocke that the occasion of theircoming forth was to testify their respects to Whitelocke, and to desirehim to do their company the honour to accept of the English house atHamburg for his entertainment. Whitelocke gave them hearty thanks fortheir respects to the Protector and to the Commonwealth whereof they weremembers, in this honour which they did to their servant. He accepted oftheir courteous offer, desiring the company and conversation of hiscountrymen above all others. They walked a little on foot together, wherethe Lord Resident (so they styled him) showed Whitelocke his last week'sletters from Thurloe, mentioning the imprisonment of many upon suspicionthat they were engaged in a plot against the Protector, and that theserious considerable malignants discovered it. He also delivered toWhitelocke private letters from his wife and other friends. 

About a mile from the place where they met was a fair inn by the wayside, where the Resident moved Whitelocke to make a halt and rest himself, because if he should then go directly to the town, he would come into itjust at dinner-time, which would not be convenient. Upon his persuasion, and perceiving that a preparation was here made, Whitelocke went in, where the English company entertained him with a plentiful dinner at along table holding above sixty persons. From hence, with Whitelocke'sapprobation, the Resident, as from himself, sent to the Governor of theMilitia at Hamburg, as Whitelocke had done before to the Lords, toadvertise them of his coming. The Governor returned thanks, and said thattwo senators were appointed to receive Whitelocke at the Port. Afterdinner they all took their coaches. With Whitelocke was the Resident andTreasurer; the rest in the other coaches, the pages and lacqueys ridingand walking by. 

The country is here low and rich, sprinkled with rivers, and adorned withmany neat and sweet houses belonging to the citizens of Hamburg, whoresort to those houses in the summer-time with their families to have thefresh air. 

[SN: Arrival at Hamburg. ]

Almost an English mile before they came to the town, the highway was fullof people come forth to see Whitelocke pass by. At the port were noSenators to receive him, but great guards of musketeers and multitudes ofall sorts of people, there and through all the streets unto his lodgingthronging so that the coaches could not pass till the guards made way. The people were very courteous, and Whitelocke answered to the meanesttheir civility, which is pleasing and not costly. The windows and doorswere also crowded, which showed the populousness of the place and theirexpectation as to the Commonwealth of England. They brought Whitelocke tothe English house, which is fair and large, the first room below, according to the fashion of Lübeck; the chambers, especially whereWhitelocke lay, handsomely furnished. 

[SN: Reception of the Senate of Hamburg. ]

Within half an hour after his arrival, an officer of the town, in thenature of a master of the ceremonies, came from the Lords of the town tobid Whitelocke welcome thither, and to know what hour he would appointfor admittance of some of the Lords to visit him. Whitelocke returnedthanks to the Lords for their respects, and prayed the gentleman to tellthem that whensoever they pleased to give him the honour of a visit, theyshould be welcome to him. Within half an hour after came two Senators, Herr Jurgen van Holtz and Herr Jacob Silm. After ceremonies passed, Holtzspake in French to Whitelocke, to this effect:--

 "Monseigneur, qui êtes Ambassadeur Extraordinaire de sa Sérénissime Altesse Oliver, par la grâce de Dieu Seigneur Protecteur de la République d'Angleterre; aussitôt que les Messieurs de cette ville ont été avertis de votre intention de passer par cette ville-ci, ils ont été désireux de témoigner leurs très-humbles respects à Monsieur le Protecteur et à votre personne en particulier, en suite de quoi{10} nous avons reçu commandement de vous venir saluer, et faire à votre Excellence la bienvenue en cette ville. Ils sont extrêmement aises de l'heureux succès que Dieu vous a donné en votre négociation en Suède, et qu'il lui a plu aussi vous donner un bon passage, et favoriser votre retour jusqu'en ce lieu, après avoir surmonté beaucoup de difficultés, et échappé beaucoup de dangers, et nous prions sa Divine bonté qu'il vous rende en sauveté dans votre pays. Nous sommes aussi commandés de reconnaître les faveurs que Monseigneur le Protecteur d'une si grande République a faites à notre ville et aux habitans d'icelle, et particulièrement durant la guerre entre l'Angleterre et les Pays Bas, en libérant et déchargeant nos navires. Nous souhaitons à ce fleurissant état la continuation et l'accroissement de la faveur Divine pour leur conservation et accroissement de plus en plus, et nous espérons que Monseigneur le Protecteur continuera avec la République ses faveurs envers notre ville, qui sera toujours prête de leur rendre tous offices et humbles respects. "

After a little recollection, Whitelocke answered in French to theSenator's speech thus:--

 "Messieurs, j'ai grande occasion de louer le nom de Dieu, de sa protection de moi et de ma suite, en notre long et périlleux voyage, et pour l'heureux succès qu'il m'a donné en ma négociation, et ma sauve arrivée en ce lieu, en mon retour en mon pays. Je vous désire de remercier Messeigneurs les Sénateurs de cette ville du respect qu'ils ont témoigné envers sa Sérénissime Altesse mon maître et la République d'Angleterre, par l'honneur qu'ils ont fait à leur serviteur, de quoi je ne manquerai d'en informer: j'avais grande envie de voir cette illustre ville, et mes compatriotes qui par accord vivent ici, desquels j'ai appris avec beaucoup de contentement que leurs priviléges ici étaient maintenus par Messeigneurs les magistrats, lesquels je désire d'être informés que son Altesse mon maître prendra en fort bon part le respect et la justice qu'on fera aux Anglais qui se trouvent ici, chose que je croie tournera en avantage aux uns et aux autres. Je vous rends grâces aussi de vos bons souhaits pour la prospérité de notre nation, à laquelle Dieu a donné tant de preuves de sa présence, et je prie le même Dieu aussi pour l'heureux succès de cette ville, et de tous les habitans d'icelle. "

After Whitelocke had done, the Senator again spake to him, desiring him, in the name of the Lords of the town, to accept a small present whichthey had sent, in testimony of their respects towards him, and said thatit was somewhat for his kitchen and somewhat for his cellar. The presentwhich they sent for his kitchen, and was laid upon the pavement in thehall, was this:--four great whole sturgeons, two great fresh salmons, one calf, two sheep, two lambs. The present for the cellar was a hogsheadof Spanish wine, a hogshead of claret wine, a hogshead of Rhenish wine, ahogshead of Hamburg beer, a hogshead of Serbster beer. Whitelocke orderedthe men that brought this present to be rewarded with ten rix-dollars. Hedesired the senators to return his hearty thanks to the Lords for thenoble present which they sent him; and after many compliments andceremonies Whitelocke, giving the Senators the right hand, conducted themto their coach, and so they parted. 

The English company entertained, with a great supper, Whitelocke and hiscompany, who had more mind to sleep than to eat. Monsieur HannibalSchestedt, late Viceroy of Norway, sent a gentleman to Whitelocke to knowwhat time he would appoint for him to come and visit Whitelocke, who gavethe usual answer, that whensoever he pleased to come he should bewelcome. 

_June 11, 1654. _

[SN: Divine service at Hamburg. ]

_The Lord's Day. _--The English company and the Resident Bradshaw desiredWhitelocke that one of his chaplains might preach in the chapel belongingto the English in their house, which they said was a respect to theAmbassador of England; and accordingly Mr. Ingelo preached in themorning, and a very pertinent and good sermon. The doctor, minister tothe company here, preached in the afternoon, who far exceeded Mr. Ingeloin the strength of his voice and lungs, the which was not necessary forthat chapel, not being large, but convenient and handsomely made up withpews and seats fit for their company. 

_June 12, 1654. _

[SN: Interview with the Swedish Envoy to the Emperor. ]

The Resident sent to the Governor to inform him that Whitelocke had adesire to see the fortifications of the town. He answered that he wouldsend one of his lieutenants to wait on Whitelocke for that purpose; butWhitelocke and the Resident took this for no great compliment thathimself came not to Whitelocke. Much company did Whitelocke the honour todine with him; and after dinner Monsieur Bernelow, who was Ambassadorfrom the Queen of Sweden to the Emperor, and was now upon his returnhome, came to visit Whitelocke, and they had this discourse in Latin. 

_Bernelow. _ I desire your Excellence to excuse me that I cannot expressmyself in French or Italian, but, with your leave, I desire to speak toyou in Latin. 

_Whitelocke. _ Your Excellence is welcome to me; and if you choose toexpress yourself in Latin, you have your liberty, and I shall understandsomething of it. 

_Bern. _ When I heard of your Excellence's arrival in this city, though Ipurposed to have gone from hence, yet I deferred my journey, to the end Imight see you, because I have heard in the Emperor's Court, as well byletters from her Most Serene Majesty of Sweden as from the Chancellor andother senators of that kingdom, what great satisfaction they had in theEnglish Ambassador, etc. Now the league of friendship being concludedbetween the two nations, I hold myself obliged to make this salutation toyour Excellence. 

_Wh. _ I have very many thanks to return to your Excellence for thehonour you have done me by this visit, and for these expressions ofaffection and respect to the Protector, my master. I do acknowledgemyself much engaged to the Ricks-Chancellor and senators of Sweden, andin the first place to her Majesty the Queen, for their favourable respecttowards me whilst I was in my negotiation with them, whom I found full ofhonour, wisdom, and justice, in their transactions with me. 

_Bern. _ I have been for some time in the service of the Queen, mymistress, in Germany. 

_Wh. _ You met some of my countrymen in the Court of the Emperor, particularly a noble lord, whom I have the honour to know. 

_Bern. _ I met there the Earl of Rochester, who was at the Diet atRatisbon. 

_Wh. _ What proposals did he make there?

_Bern. _ He made a kind of precarious proposal in the name of the King, his master. 

_Wh. _ Did he obtain what he desired?

_Bern. _ He did not much prevail in it, only he obtained a verbal promiseof some money, but had no performance. 

_Wh. _ What occasion hath drawn your General Koningsmark with his forcesat this time before Bremen?

_Bern. _ It was thus by mistake occasioned. The Earl of Lüneburg hadcovenanted with the Spanish Ambassador to levy some soldiers for theservice of the King of Spain, which levies he began without acquaintingthe Governor of that Circle with it, who taking this occasion, andbearing ill-will to the Earl, drew out some forces to oppose thoselevies. Koningsmark understanding this, and jealous that the Governor ofthe Circle designed to fall upon the fort of the Queen of Sweden in thoseparts, he drew out some forces to oppose the Governor. Those of Bremen, being informed that Koningsmark drew out his forces against them, sentsome troops, who forced the Queen's subjects to a contribution and builta fort upon the Queen's land, which coming to the knowledge ofKoningsmark, and that the Governor of the Circle of Westphalia intendedonly to suppress the levies of the Duke of Lüneburg, and not to opposethe Queen of Sweden, Koningsmark thereupon marched with his forces to thenew fort built by those of Bremen, took it in and finished it, and leftthere a garrison for the Queen, not disturbing the trade of that city. 

_Wh. _ Here were mistakes one upon another, which might have engaged thatcity and the neighbours, as well as the Crown of Sweden, in a troublesomewar. 

_Bern. _ All is now peaceable and well again. 

They had much other discourse touching the right of the Crown of Swedento the Duchy of Bremen; and after many compliments, the Ambassador tookhis leave. 

[SN: Whitelocke visits the fortifications of Hamburg. ]

About four o'clock in the afternoon the senator Holtz and an ancientgentleman, one of the captains of the town forces, came and accompaniedWhitelocke, to show him the town and the fortifications of it, and saidthat the Lords had commanded them to do him this service. Whitelocke wentout with them in his usual equipage, his gentlemen walking before thecoach, his pages and lacqueys by it, all bareheaded, and with theirswords. They viewed most parts of the city, the streets, buildings, public-houses, churches, the arsenal, the fortifications, the ships, thewaters, rivers, and what was remarkable throughout the town. Greatmultitudes of people, especially at their Exchange, came forth to seethem as they passed by, and all were very civil to them. To the works agreat many of people also followed them, and continued there with them. 

They brought him first to see their arsenal, which is a large house; inthe lower rooms thereof lay about two hundred pieces of ordnance mountedon good carriages, fitted and useful. They were not founded in thisplace, but brought from other parts; two of them were double cannon, eachcarrying a bullet of forty-eight pounds weight; most of the others weredemi-cannon and culverin. There were besides these many smaller piecesand divers mortar-pieces, some of which were near as large in thediameter as that at Stockholm. In another place were many shells ofgrenades and heaps of cannon-bullets. The pavement of the room was alllead, two feet deep, in a readiness to make musket bullets if thereshould be occasion. In the rooms above were arms for horse and foot, completely fixed and kept; the greatest part of them were muskets. Between every division of the arms were representations in painting ofsoldiers doing their postures, and of some on horseback. Here were manycuirasses and a great quantity of corselets, swords, bandoliers, pistols, and bullets. Here likewise hung certain old targets, for monuments ratherthan use, and many engines of war; as, a screw to force open a gate, aninstrument like a jack, with wheels to carry match for certain hours'space, and just at the set time to give fire to a mine, petard, or thelike. There were, in all, arms for about fifteen hundred horse andfifteen thousand foot. They keep a garrison constantly in pay of twelvehundred soldiers, and they have forty companies of their citizens, twohundred in each company, proper men; whose interest of wives, children, estate, and all, make them the best magazine and defence (under God) forthose comforts which are most dear to them. 

Some pains were taken by Whitelocke to view their fortifications, whichare large, of about two German (ten English) miles in compass; they arevery regular and well kept. Within the grafts are hedges of thorn, keptlow and cut, held by them of better use than palisades. The bulwarks areof an extraordinary greatness; upon every third bulwark is a house forthe guards, and they are there placed. There is also a building of brick, a great way within the ground upon the bulwark, and separate by itself, where they keep all their gunpowder; so that if by any mischance orwicked design it should blow up, yet it could do no hurt to the town, being so separated from it. On every bulwark there is space enough todraw up and muster a thousand men; beyond the grafts are divershalf-moons, very regularly made. The grafts are broad and deep, filledwith the Elbe on the one side, and with another smaller river on theother side. 

The works are stronger, larger, and more regular than those at Lübeck. Above the works is a piece of ground of above five hundred yards of lowground, gained by industry from the Elbe; here they have mills to keepout or let in more or less water, as they find useful for the town andworks. The lines of one side of the works are higher than on the otherside, and the works better and stronger made. Here are also mounds ofearth raised very high to command without; there wanted no pains norexpense to put together so great a mass of earth as is in thesefortifications. Upon every bulwark is mounted one demi-cannon, besidesother great guns; in other places are smaller pieces. Round about theworks are great store of ordnance, well fitted, mounted, and kept; andthe platforms are strong and well planked. 

Having made a large tour through the greatest part of the city, Whitelocke found it to be pleasantly situated in a plain low country, fertile and delightful, also healthful and advantageous for trade; andnotwithstanding the great quantity of waters on every side of it, yet theinhabitants do not complain of agues or other sicknesses to be more rifeamong them than in other parts. 

Upon one side is a small river, the which comes a great way down thecountry to this town, where it loseth itself in the Elbe, having firstsupplied the city with wood and other provisions brought down hither byboats, for which this river, though narrow, is deep enough and navigable. On the other side of the town is the stately river of Elbe, one of thechief of these parts of Germany, which also by boats brings down out ofthe country great store of all sorts of provisions and merchantablecommodities; and which is much more advantage to them, affords a passagefor merchants hither, and from hence to vent their merchandises to allparts of the world. It is the best neighbour they have, and the branchesand arms of it run through most of their streets by their doors, to thegreat advantage of their commerce; and although sometimes, upon anextraordinary rising of the Elbe to a great flood, these branches of itcover the lower rooms of the houses near them, to the damage of someowners, yet it makes amends by the constant benefit which it brings withit. The buildings here are all of brick, only some few of brick andtimber put together, and are generally fashioned and used as is beforedescribed touching the Lübeck houses. 

The district or territory belonging to the town is in some places two, inothers three, in some more, German miles distant from the city, in whichprecinct they have the jurisdiction and revenue; and near the town aremany pleasant little houses and seats, with gardens and accommodations, belonging to the citizens, to refresh themselves and their wives andchildren in the summer-time, to take the fresh country air, and to have adiversion for their health and pleasure. It may be said of this town, that God hath withheld nothing from them for their good. They have plentyof provisions, health, profit, and pleasure, to their full contentment, in a peaceable and just government, with freedom, strength in theirmagazines, fortifications, and bodies of men for their defence andprotection, conveniences for their habitation and commerce, and, which isabove all, a liberty to know the will of and to worship God, for thehealth of their own souls. 

_June 13, 1654. _

[SN: The Diet of Germany. ]

This morning Whitelocke returned a visit to the Swedes' Ambassador, Bernelow, at his lodging, where he learnt of him the manner of thesitting of the General Diet of Germany, at which he was present:--Thatthey have three colleges or chambers: the first is the College of theElectors, where they only assemble; the second is the College of thePrinces, where the Archbishops, Bishops, Dukes, Graves, and Barons meet, to the number of about one hundred and forty; the third is the College ofthe Free Cities, where their Deputies, about two hundred, do meet. Whenthey consult, the Chancellor of the Empire, the Archbishop of Mentz, sends the proposal in writing to each college severally. When they arerespectively agreed, then all the colleges meet together in the greathall, at the upper end whereof is a chair of state for the Emperor. Onthe right-hand of the chair the Electors sit, on the left-hand theprincipal officers of the Emperor's court; on the right side of the hall, upon seats, are the Ecclesiastic Princes, Bishops, and Abbots; on theleft-hand are the Temporal Princes, upon their seats; and on the seatsbelow, one before another, are the Deputies of the towns. 

The Archbishop of Mentz, as Marshal of the College of the Electors, begins and reads the proposal, and the resolution thereupon in writing ofthat college; after him, the Marshal of the College of the Princes doththe like; and lastly, the Marshal of the College of the Free Towns, whois always the chief magistrate of the place where the Diet sits. If theresolution of the three colleges agrees, or of the College of theElectors and one other of the colleges, the business is determinedaccordingly; if the colleges do not thus agree, then they meet alltogether and debate the matter; whereupon, if they come not to an accord, the business is remitted to another day, or the suffrage of the Emperordecides it. 

Whitelocke asked him, whether the advice of the Diet, being the supremepublic council, were binding to the Emperor. He said, that the Emperorseldom did anything contrary to that advice, but held himself bound inprudence, if not in duty, to conform thereunto. Whitelocke asked him whatopinion they had in the Emperor's court of the present King of Sweden. Heanswered, as was expected, and most true, that they have a great opinionof the King, especially for military affairs. Upon Whitelocke'sinvitation, he did him the honour to dine with him, and they had much andgood discourse together. 

[SN: Visit of M. Woolfeldt's brother-in-law. ]

In the afternoon Whitelocke received a visit from Monsieur HannibalSchestedt, whose wife was sister to Woolfeldt's lady, one of thedaughters of the late King of Denmark by his second wife, --as they termit, his left-handed wife; this relation, and his own good parts, broughthim in high esteem with the King, his brother-in-law, till by jealousies(particularly, as was said, in some matters of mistresses), distaste anddisfavour was against him, and he was put out of his office of Viceroy ofNorway, and other advantages; upon which he retired himself into theseparts, and lived upon a pension of six thousand dollars yearly, allowedby the King unto his lady. Whitelocke found him a gentleman of excellentbehaviour and abilities, which he had improved by his travels in mostcountries of Europe, and had gained perfectly the French, Italian, Dutch, English, and Latin tongues. His discourse was full of ingenuity andcheerfulness, and very free touching his own country and King, on whom hewould somewhat reflect; and he spoke much of the Queen of Sweden'sresignation, which he much condemned, and as much extolled the assumingof the Government by the Protector of England, and said he had a designshortly to see England, and desired Whitelocke, that when he came intoEngland he would move to the Protector to give him leave to come intoEngland to serve the Protector, which he would willingly do, being forbidhis own country; but he prayed Whitelocke, that none might know of thishis purpose but the Protector only. He told Whitelocke, that Williamson, the King of Denmark's Ambassador now in England, had been his servant, etc. 

When Monsieur Schestedt was gone, Whitelocke wrote to Secretary Thurloe, and to his other friends in England, to give them an account of his beingcome thus far in his voyage homewards, and of the two frigates beingarrived in the Elbe, that as soon as the wind would serve he would hastenfor England. 

[SN: A banquet to Whitelocke. ]

The Resident invited Whitelocke and several Senators to a collation thisevening, whither came the four Burgomasters, and five other Senators; athing unusual for so many of them to meet a foreign public minister, thecustom being in such case to depute two or three of their body, and nomore; but they were willing to do more than ordinary honour toWhitelocke. And of these nine Senators every one spoke French or Latin, and some both, a thing rare enough for aldermen of a town; but the reasonof it was given, because here, for the most part, they choose into thoseplaces doctors and licentiates of the laws, which employments theywillingly accept, being for life, attended with great authority, and asalary of a thousand crowns yearly, besides other profits. They had abanquet and store of wine; and the Senators discoursed much withWhitelocke touching England, and the successes of the Parliament party, and the many thanksgivings for them; of which they had heard withadmiration, and commended the return of thanks to God. 

Upon this occasion, Whitelocke gave them an account of many particulars, and of God's goodness to them, and exhorted these gentlemen, in all theiraffairs, to put their trust in God, to be thankful for his mercies, andnot to do anything contrary to his will. They asked how the Parliamentcould get money enough to pay their forces. Whitelocke told them that thepeople afforded money sufficient to defray the public charges both by seaand land; and that no soldiers were paid and disciplined, nor officersbetter rewarded, than those who have served the Parliament. 

Whitelocke asked them concerning the religion professed among them, andof their government and trade, wherein they gave him good information;and he told them he hoped that the agreement made by this city with themerchants, his countrymen, would be carefully observed, and theprivileges accorded to them be continued, which would be acceptable tothe Protector. They answered, that they had been very careful, and shouldbe so still, that on their part the agreement should be exactly observed. They desired Whitelocke to speak to the Protector in favour of a shipbelonging to this town, in which were some moneys belonging toHollanders, and taken by the English two years since. Whitelocke promisedto move the Protector in it, and assured them that his Highness wouldcause right to be done to them. 

At this collation Whitelocke ate very little, and drank only one glass ofSpanish wine, and one glass of small beer, which was given him by astranger, whom he never saw before nor after, and the beer seemed atthat instant to be of a very bad taste and colour; nor would he inquirewhat it was, his own servants being taken forth by the Resident's peoplein courtesy to entertain them. [371] After he came to his lodging he wastaken very ill, and grew worse and worse, extreme sick, with pains likethe strokes of daggers, which put him in mind of a former passage; andhis torment was so great that it was scarcely to be endured, the mostviolent that he ever felt. 

He was not well after his journey from Lübeck to Hamburg, having beenextremely jolted in the coach in that way full of holes and sloughs, madeby their great carriages in time of the war, and not yet amended: hisweariness when he came to Hamburg reprieved his pain, which highlyincreased this evening; and the last of his ill beer still remained withhim. 

_June 14, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke's indisposition. ]

The fierce torment continued on Whitelocke above thirteen hours togetherwithout intermission. About four o'clock this morning his secretary Earlewas called to him, who waited on him with care and sadness to see historment; nature helped, by vomits and otherwise, to give some ease, butthe sharpness of his pain continued. About five o'clock this morning Dr. Whistler was called to him, who gave him several sorts of physic, andamongst the rest a drink with a powder and a great quantity of oil ofsweet almonds, suspecting, by the manner of his sickness and some of thesymptoms, that he might have had poison given him, which was the jealousyof most about him; and whether it were so or not the Lord only knows, whonevertheless in his goodness preserved Whitelocke, and blessed the meansfor his recovery. The drink working contrary to what was intended, andturning to a vomit, the doctor, perceiving the operation of nature to bethat way, followed by giving of vomits, which within two hours gave someease and brought him to a little slumber, and in a few hours after torecovery. Thus it pleased God to exercise him, and to cast him down for alittle time; and when he had no expectation but of present death in astrange land, God was pleased suddenly, and above imagination, to restoreand recover him; the which, and all other the mercies of God, he praysmay, by him and his, be thankfully remembered. 

A doctor of physic, a Jew in this town, hearing of Whitelocke's beingsick, came to his lodging, and meeting with Dr. Whistler, told him inLatin, that, understanding the English Ambassador to be dangerously sick, and to have no physician about him but a young inexperienced man, therefore this Jew came to offer his service. Dr. Whistler, smiling, toldWhitelocke of this rencounter, who presently sent his thanks anddischarge to the Jewish doctor. Several Senators came and sent to inquireof Whitelocke's health, and to know if he wanted anything in their powerto supply him for his recovery, and offered the physicians of the town towait upon him. He returned thanks, but kept himself to the advice andcare of his own doctor, whose endeavours it pleased God to bless, so thatin two days Whitelocke was abroad again. 

[SN: Feast given by the English Company. ]

The English Company had invited divers to bear Whitelocke company atdinner this day, where they had a very great feast, and present at it thefour Burgomasters and ten Senators. So many of that number had scarcebeen seen at any former entertainment; which though purposely made to doWhitelocke honour, yet his sickness had brought him to an incapacity ofbearing them company; but whilst they were at the table, Whitelocke senthis secretary to the Resident, praying him to make his apology to theLords, that extremity of sickness the night before had prevented him ofthe honour of accompanying them at this meeting; that being now somewhatrecovered, he sent now to present his hearty thanks to their lordshipsfor this great favour they had done him, wished them all health, andentreated them to be cheerful. The Lords returned thanks to Whitelockefor his civility, and about an hour after the Resident came to Whitelockefrom the Lords to see how he did, to thank him for his compliment, and toknow if, without inconvenience, they might be admitted to come to hischamber to see him. Whitelocke said he should be glad to see them, butprivately told the Resident that he hoped they would not stay long withhim by reason of his indisposition. 

The Senators sat at the table from twelve o'clock at noon till sixo'clock in the evening, according to the fashion of Dutchland, and werevery merry, wanting no good meat or wine, nor sparing it. About sixo'clock they rose from dinner, and came to Whitelocke's chamber to visithim, with many compliments, expressing their sorrow for his sickness, their wishes for his health, and offers of anything in their power whichmight contribute to his recovery. Whitelocke used them with all civility, and heartily thanked them for this extraordinary honour they had donehim, by so many of their lordships affording him the favour of meeting atthis place, and excused by his violent sickness his not bearing themcompany. After many compliments and a short stay they left his chamber, praying for the recovery of his health again. 

Among this company of fourteen senators were no young men, but all graveand comely persons; and every one of them did particularly speak toWhitelocke, either in French or Latin, and some in both, which were hardto be met with in so many aldermen of towns in other countries. Divers ofthem staid in the English house till nine o'clock at night, making a verylong repast of nine hours together; but it was to testify the moreparticular respect and honour to the English Ambassador, and is accordingto the usage of these parts, where, at such public entertainments, theyeat and drink heartily, and seldom part in less than ten or twelve hours, cheerfully conversing together. Whitelocke took great contentment in thecivility and respects of these and other gentlemen to him in this place, and in the affection, care, and attendance of his children, friends, andservants, about him in his sickness. 

_June 15, 1654. _

[SN: The ecclesiastical state of Hamburg. ]

The Lords sent a gentleman to inquire of Whitelocke's health, withcompliments as before. He took some physic, yet admitted visits anddiscourse, from which, and those he formerly had with Senators andothers, he learned that as to matter of religion they are here verystrict to maintain a unity thereof, being of Plutarch's opinion, that"varietas religionis, dissolutio religionis;" and they permit no otherreligion to be publicly exercised by their own citizens among them butwhat in their government they do profess, which is according to theAugsburg confession; and Luther's opinions do wholly take place amongthem, insomuch that the exercise of religion in any other form or way isnot admitted, except to the English Company of Merchants in the chapel oftheir house, and that by stipulation. Thus every one who differs fromthem in matters of religion must keep his opinion to himself, withoutoccasioning any disturbance to the Government by practice or publicationof such different opinion; and although many are inclined to the tenetsof Calvin, yet their public profession is wholly Lutheran; answerablewhereunto Whitelocke observed in their churches many images, crucifixes, and the like (not far removed from the practice of the Popish churches);particularly in their great church, which is fair and large, built withbrick, are many images, rare tablets of painting, crucifixes, and aperspective of curious workmanship in colours. Their liturgy (as ours inEngland was) is extracted from the old Mass-book, and their divineservice celebrated with much ceremony, music, and outward reverence. Their ministers are pensioners, but, as themselves affirm, liberallydealt with, and have bountiful allowances if they are holy men and goodpreachers; whereof they much satisfy themselves that they are very wellprovided in this city, to the comfort and blessing of the inhabitants. 

[SN: The trade of Hamburg. ]

Touching the trade of this place, Whitelocke learnt that as they arevery populous, so few are suffered in idleness, but employed in some wayor other of trading, either as merchants, artificers, shopkeepers, orworkmen. They have an exchange here, though not a fair one, where theydaily meet and confer about their affairs and contracts. 

The several branches and arms of the river Elbe, which pass along bytheir houses, afford them the better means and advantages for bringing inand carrying forth their commodities. There is a partition between theold and the new town; the old is but a small part of it, and fewmerchants reside there. The ships of greatest burden come up within twomiles of the city; the lesser ships, whereof there be a great number, andthe great boats, come up within the town to the very doors of theirhouses, by the branches of the Elbe, to the great advantage of theirtrading. 

This city is much greater than Lübeck, fuller of trade and wealth, andbetter situated for commerce, being nearer to England, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and all the southern and western parts; and they are notto pass the Sound in coming home again. The staple of English cloth ishere, and the cloths being brought hither for the most part white, itsets on work many hundreds of their people to dress and dye and fit them;and the inhabitants of all Germany and other countries do send and buytheir cloth here. At this time of Whitelocke's being here, there lay inthe Elbe four English ships which brought cloth hither; one of themcarried twenty-five pieces of ordnance, the least fifteen, all of goodforce; and the English cloth at this time in them was estimated to beworth £200, 000 sterling. 

In consideration of this trade and the staple of English cloth settledhere, which brings wealth to this city, the Government here hath grantedgreat privileges to the English merchants residing in this place, andthey are part of the company or corporation of Merchant Adventurers ofEngland, --an ancient and honourable society, of which Whitelocke had thefavour honorarily to be here admitted a member. 

_June 16, 1654. _

[SN: The judicial institutions of Hamburg. ]

Whitelocke, being, through the goodness of God, well recovered of hisdistemper, went abroad this day, and was shown the Town-house, which is afair and handsome building, of the like fashion, but more large andbeautiful, than that at Lübeck, and much better furnished. Here are manychambers for public councils and tribunals; some of them have theirpillars covered with copper, and pavements of Italian marble; they havealso rich hangings, and chairs of velvet, blue, and green, and rarepictures. The Chamber of Audience, as they call it, is the court ofjustice, where the Right-herrs, who are in the nature of sheriffs, do sitto despatch and determine the causes of the citizens; and if the causeexceed the value of a hundred dollars, an appeal lies to the Senate, asit doth also in all causes criminal. 

From the Senate there is no appeal in cases of obligations, letters ofexchange, contracts, debts, and matters of merchandise, but therein aspeedy remedy is given for the advantage of trade; but in all othercases, where the value exceeds a thousand dollars, and in all causescapital, an appeal lies to the Imperial Chamber: and in the judicatoriesof the city, the proceedings are according to the municipal laws andcustoms thereof, which nevertheless have great affinity with the Imperialcivil laws, especially in the forms and manner of proceedings; and incases where the municipal laws and customs are defective, there theproceedings are according to the civil law. They do not proceed by juriesof twelve men to try the fact; but the parties contending are heard onboth sides, either in person or by their advocates or proctors, as theyplease, and the witnesses on either side are examined upon oath; afterwhich, the judges taking serious consideration of the whole matter and ofall circumstances and proofs therein, at a set time they pronounce theirsentence; and commonly the whole process and business is determined inthe space of three weeks, except in cases where an appeal is brought. Thejudges sit in court usually twice in every week, unless in festivaltimes, when they keep vacations, and with them their holidays are notjuridical: their equal and speedy administration of justice is commendedboth by their own people and by strangers who have occasion to make trialof it. 

[SN: Municipal Government of Hamburg. ]

Their public government, by which their peace is preserved, disordersrestrained, and men kept from being wolves to one another, makes them themore to flourish, and consists of four Consuls or Burgomasters and twentyother Senators, of whom twelve were called Overholts, and the othertwelve Ricks-herrs. Upon the death or removal of any Senator, the choiceof a new one is with the rest of the Senators. The choice of theOverholts is by the people, and they are as tribunes of the people; theyhave power to control the Senate through the supreme magistracy, but theydo it with all respect and tenderness, and no new law is made nor taximposed without their consent. But the execution of the present laws, andthe government of the people, and the last appeal in the city, is leftunto the Senate; as also negotiations with foreigners, the entertainmentsand ceremonies with strangers, and generally the care of the safety oftheir State. 

In cases of extraordinary concernment, as of war and peace, levying ofmoney, making of new laws, and matters of extraordinary weight andconsideration, of which the Senate are not willing to take the burdenwholly upon themselves, or to undergo the envy or hazard of theconsequences thereof; in such cases the Senate causeth the Overholt to beassembled, and, as the weight of the business may be, sometimes theycause to be summoned an assembly of the whole body of the burgesses ofthe city, before whom the business in the general is propounded, and theyare desired by the Senate to make choice of some deputies, to be joinedto the Senate and to assist them in the matters proposed. Then the wholebody of the freemen do commonly make choice of eight, sometimes more andsometimes fewer, as they please, out of their own number, and thesedeputies have full power given to them by this assembly to despatch anddetermine, together with the Senate and the Overholt, their matters thusproposed to the general consideration of that public assembly; and whatthis Council thus constituted do resolve in these matters, the same isput in execution accordingly, obligeth, and is freely submitted unto byall the citizens, who look upon themselves by this their election ofdeputies to have their own consents involved in what their deputiesdetermine. 

In the evening Mr. Stetkin, with whom Whitelocke had been acquainted inEngland, when he was there, a servant of the late King for his privatemusic, wherein he was excellent, came to Whitelocke, and with Maylard, one of Whitelocke's servants, made very good music for his diversion. 

This day the wind came about reasonable good for Whitelocke's voyage, whothereupon ordered the captains away to their frigates and his people toprepare all things in readiness for his departure tomorrow; his baggagewas carried down and put on board the frigates. He gave his most heartyand solemn thanks to the Resident, and to all the gentleman of theEnglish Company of Merchants here, who had very nobly and affectionatelyentertained Whitelocke at their own charge all the time of his being inthis city. He ordered his gratuities to be distributed among theirservants and to all who had done any service or offices for him, both ofthe English house and of the townsmen, and ordered all things to be inreadiness to proceed in his voyage. 

_June 17, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke takes leave of the Senate. ]

The baggage and inferior servants of Whitelocke being gone down beforeunto the frigates, and the wind being indifferent good, Whitelockeresolved this day to set forwards in his voyage, and to endeavour, if hecould, before night to reach the frigates, which did attend his coming inthe Elbe about Glückstadt. The Resident had provided boats for Whitelockeand his company to go down unto the frigates, and had given notice tosome of the Senators of Whitelocke's intention to remove this day;whereupon Monsieur Müller, the chief Burgomaster of the town, came toWhitelocke's lodging in the morning to visit him and to inquire of hishealth, as one that bare a particular respect to him, and was now come totake his leave of him. He was a wise and sober man, and of goodconversation, and testified much respect to the Protector andCommonwealth of England, and much honour to Whitelocke in particular. Whilst he was with Whitelocke, the two Senators who came first toWhitelocke to bid him welcome hither, came now also to him from theSenate, to bid him farewell. The elder of them spake to Whitelocke tothis effect:--

 "My Lord Ambassador, "The Senate hath commanded us in their name to salute your Excellence, and to give you thanks for taking in good part the small testimonies of their respect towards you, which they are ashamed were no better, and entreat your pardon for it. 

 "They understand that your Excellence is upon your departure from this town, which gives them great cause of sadness, as they had of joy at your arrival here; but since it is your good pleasure, and your great affairs oblige you to depart, all that we can do is to pray to God for your safe arrival in your own country, and we doubt not but that the same God who hath hitherto preserved you in a long and perilous voyage, will continue his goodness to you in the remainder of your journey. 

 "We have a humble request to make to your Excellence, that you will give us leave to recommend our town to your patronage, and that you would be pleased to peruse these papers, which concern some of our citizens; and that your Excellence will be a means to my Lord Protector and to the Court of Admiralty, that justice and favour may be shown to them. "

As this gentleman spake of the testimonies of respect from this city toWhitelocke, he looked back to the table, upon which stood a piece ofplate covered with sarsenet. A little after the Senator had donespeaking, Whitelocke answered him to this purpose:--

 "Gentlemen, "I have cause to acknowledge that God hath been very good and gracious to me, and to all my company, throughout our whole voyage unto this place; for which we desire to bless His name, and hope that He will be pleased to continue His goodness to us in the rest of our journey. I desire you to return my hearty thanks to my Lords the Senators, who have honoured me with their very great respects during the whole time of my being with them, and have bestowed noble testimonies thereof upon me. I shall not fail to inform the Protector, my master, hereof, to whom, and to the Commonwealth of England, this respect is given in my person. 

 "I have received much contentment in my being here, not only by the sight of so fair and flourishing a city as this is, so well fortified, and manned, and traded, and governed, but in your civilities, and the honour I have had to be acquainted with your worthy magistrates. And I have had a singular satisfaction to understand from my countrymen living amongst you that their privileges are by you entirely continued to them, which I recommend to you as a thing most acceptable to my Lord Protector, who takes care of the whole Commonwealth, and will expect that I give him an account of what concerns the English merchants and their commerce in this place. The wind being now good, I am obliged, according to the commands of the Protector, my master, forthwith to return for England, and do resolve this day to proceed in my voyage towards my ships. I hope my God will conduct me in safety to the place where I would be, and where I shall have the opportunity to testify my gratitude to the Lords and people of this city, and to take care of those affairs wherein they may be concerned, which I esteem as an honour to me. "

[SN: Presents of the Senate. ]

After Whitelocke had done speaking, the Senators, with the accustomedceremonies, took their leaves of him. The piece of plate which they nowpresented to him was a vessel of silver, like a little cabinet, wroughtwith bosses of beautiful figures, curious and rich, of the value, as someprized it, of about £150 sterling. Whitelocke was somewhat surprised withthis present of plate, and doubtful whether he should accept it or not;but considering that it was only a testimony of their respects to theProtector; and as to Whitelocke, he was not capable of doing them serviceor prejudice, but as their affairs should deserve; and if he shouldrefuse this present, it would be ill taken by the Lords. Upon theseconsiderations, and the advice of the Resident and other friends, Whitelocke took it, and returned his hearty thanks for it. 

Another Senator, one Monsieur Samuel, hearing that Whitelocke had alittle son at home, sent him a little horse for a present, the least thatone hath seen, yet very handsome, and managed to the great saddle, whichWhitelocke brought home with him; so full of civility and courtesy werethe magistrates of this place. 

After much difficulty to get away, and the earnest request of theResident and English merchants to the contrary, entreating him to staylonger, yet Whitelocke kept his resolution to leave the town; and boatsbeing in readiness, he went down to the water-side, accompanied with agreat number of his countrymen and his own people, and took his boats togo down the Elbe to his ships. The Resident and some others went in hisboat with him. Vice-Admiral Clerke would not yet leave him, saying thatWrangel had commanded him to see Whitelocke on board the Englishfrigates, either for a compliment or desiring to see the frigates, whichwere so much discoursed on in these parts, and thereby to be enabled togive an account to Wrangel of the dimensions and make of them, which helonged to know. 

[SN: Whitelocke embarks in boats on the Elbe, ]

The boat in which Whitelocke went was large, but not convenient, open, and went only with sails. The streets, as he passed to the water-side, and the windows, and on the bridges, were full of people to see him as hewent, and gave him courteous salutations at his farewell. In his own boathe had six trumpets, which sounded all along as he passed through thecity and the haven, which was then very full of ships, and they also verycivil to make way for Whitelocke's boats. Upon the bridges and bulwarkswhich he went by were guards of soldiers in arms; and the bulwarks onthat side saluted him with all their cannon, about twenty-one pieces, though they used not to give strangers above two or three guns. ThusWhitelocke parted from this city of Hamburg, recommending himself and hiscompany to the blessing and protection of the Almighty. 

A little below the city they came by a small village called by them _Allto nah_ (Altona), that is, "All too nigh, " being the King of Denmark'sterritory, within half a league, which they thought too near their city. When they came a little lower, with a sudden strong blast of wind theboat in which Whitelocke was, was in great danger of being overset; afterwhich it grew to be a calm; whereupon Whitelocke sent to the Englishcloth-ships, which lay a little below, to lend him some of theirship-boats and mariners with oars, to make better way than his boat withsails could do. This they did readily; and as Whitelocke passed by them, they all saluted him with their cannon. 

[SN: but lands at Stadt. ]

Having changed their boats and discharged the great ones, they went morecheerfully down the river till they came within half a league of the townof Stadt; when being almost dark, and the mariners not accustomed to theriver out of the channel, the boat in which Whitelocke was, struck uponthe sand, and was fast there. Presently the English mariners, seven oreight of them, leaped out of the boat into the river, "up to their chins, and by strength removed the boat from off the sands again; and they cameto their oars again, within an English mile of Stadt, when it was verylate, and the boats were two German miles from the frigates, and the tideturning. Whitelocke thought it impossible to reach his ships this night, and not prudent to proceed with unexperienced men upon this dangerousriver by night; and understanding by General Potley, and one of thetrumpets who had been formerly here, of a house upon the river that goesto Stadt, within a quarter of a mile of the place where they now were, Whitelocke ordered the mariners to make to that house, who, with muchdifficulty, found out the mouth of the river; but for want of water, being low tide, they had much trouble to get the boat up to the cruise, or in there. The master of the house had been a soldier and a cook; heprepared a supper for them of salt eels, salt salmon, and a littlepoultry, which was made better by the meat and wine that the Residentbrought with him; yet all little enough when the rest of Whitelocke'scompany, in three other boats, came to the same house, though they couldnot know of Whitelocke being there; but he was very ill himself, and thiswas a bad quarter for him, who had been so lately very sick at Hamburg;yet he contented himself without going to bed. His sons and company hadsome fresh straw, and God in his wonted mercy still preserved him and hiscompany. The host sent word to his General, Koningsmark, that the EnglishAmbassador was at his house this night. 

_June 18, 1654. _

[SN: Embarks in the President. ]

Whitelocke resolved to remove from the cruise early this morning, and therather because he was informed that Koningsmark intended to come hitherthis morning to visit him, which Whitelocke did not desire, in regard ofthe late accident at Bremen, where Koningsmark was governor, and that hisconferring with him, upon his immediate return from Sweden, might givesome jealousy to those of Bremen, or to the Hanse Towns, or some of theGerman Princes thereabouts. Whitelocke therefore held it best to take nonotice of Koningsmark's intention to come and visit him, but to avoidthat meeting by going early from hence this morning; which he had themore reason to do because of his bad entertainment here, and for that thetide served betimes this morning to get out of this river. He thereforecaused his people to make ready about two o'clock this morning, and tookboat within an hour after, the weather being very fair and the countrypleasant. On the right-hand was Holstein, on the left-hand was the Duchyof Lüneburg, and below that the Bishopric of Bremen; in which this rivercomes from Stadt near unto Bremen, more considerable heretofore when itwas the staple for the English cloth, but left by our merchants manyyears since, partly because they held themselves not well treated by theinhabitants of Stadt, and partly by the inconvenientness of this river tobring up their cloth to that town. 

Two miles from this cruise Whitelocke came to the frigates, where theylay at anchor. He himself went on board the 'President, ' who, at hisentry, saluted him with above forty guns, the 'Elizabeth' but withtwenty-one, and her Captain, Minnes, came on board to Whitelocke toexcuse it, because, not knowing Whitelocke's time of coming hither, hehad no more guns ready to bid him welcome. 

[SN: Glückstadt. ]

Right against the frigates lay the fort and town of Glückstadt, that isLuckystadt, or Lucky Town. Whitelocke being desirous to take a view of itand of the fortifications, and his baggage not being yet come to thefrigates, he with the Resident and several others went over in one of theship's boats to see it. The town is situate in a marsh, having no hillnear to command it. The fortifications about it are old, yet in goodrepair. It belongs to the King of Denmark, as Duke of Holstein, and hekeeps a garrison there at the mouth of a river running into the Elbe, like that of Stadt. The late King of Denmark built there a blockhouse inthe great river upon piles, to the end he might command the ships passingthat way, but the Elbe being there above a league in breadth, the shipsmay well pass notwithstanding that fort. 

At Whitelocke's landing in the town, which is about a bow-shot from themouth of the river, he sent to acquaint the Governor therewith, and thathe desired only to see the town and then to return to his ships. TheGovernor sent a civil answer, that he was sorry he could not accompanyWhitelocke, to show him the town, by reason of his being sick, but thathe had sent one of his officers to show him the fortifications, anddesired him to command anything in the town; for which civilityWhitelocke returned thanks. 

The town is not great nor well-built, but of brick, and some of thehouses very fair; chiefly one which they call the King's house, whichmight fit an English knight to dwell in. The town seems decaying, and thefortifications also in some places. The late King designed to have madethis a great town of trade, and by that means to have diminished, if notruined, his neighbours the Hamburgers; to whom this King having done someinjuries, and endeavouring to build a bridge over the Elbe near toHamburg, to hinder the ships coming up thither, and their trade, thecitizens pulled it down again, and came with about twenty vessels toGlückstadt upon a design against that town; but the King's ships of warbeing there, the Admiral of Hamburg cut his anchors and returned home inhaste. The King's men got up the anchors, and at this time Whitelocke sawthem hung up in their church as great trophies of a small victory thuseasily gained. At Whitelocke's return, Glückstadt saluted him with threepieces of cannon. 

When he was come back to his ships he found all his people and baggagecome up to him, whereupon he resolved to weigh anchor the firstopportunity of wind serving, and gave orders accordingly to his captains. The Resident Bradshaw, Vice-Admiral Clerke, the treasurer and secretaryof the English Company at Hamburg, who accompanied Whitelocke to hisships, now the tide serving, took their leaves of him, with much respectand wishes of a happy voyage to him; and so they parted. 

The wind came to north-east, flat contrary to Whitelocke's course, androse high, with violent storms and much rain, so that it was not possiblefor Whitelocke to weigh anchor and proceed in his voyage; but he hadcause to thank God that he was in a safe and good harbour. 

_June 19, 1654. _

The wind continued very tempestuous and contrary to Whitelocke's course, so that he could not budge, but lay still at anchor. The mariners, intheir usual way of sporting, endeavoured to make him some pastime, todivert the tediousness of his stay and of the bad weather. He learnedthat at Glückstadt the Hamburgers pay a toll to the King of Denmark, whosubmit thereunto as other ships do, rather than enter into a contest orwar with that King. 

[SN: Whitelocke writes to the Queen of Sweden. ]

Whitelocke thought it becoming him in civility and gratitude to give anaccount by letters to the Queen of Sweden of his proceeding thus far inhis voyage, for which purpose he had written his letters at Hamburg, andnow having too much leisure, he made them up and sent them toVice-Admiral Clerke to be presented to the Queen. The letters were tothis effect:--

 "_A sa Sérénissime Majesté Christine, Reine de Suède. _

 "Madame, "Les grandes faveurs que j'ai reçues de votre Majesté m'obligent à lui rendre compte de ce qui me touche, celui en qui vous avez beaucoup d'intérêt. Et puisque par votre faveur, sous Dieu, j'ai déjà surmonté les difficultés de la plus grande moitié du voyage que j'ai à faire par mer, j'ai pris la hardiesse d'entretenir votre Majesté de mon succès jusqu'en ce lieu. Le premier de Juin, le beau navire 'Amaranta' nous fit flotter sur la Baltique, et nonobstant les calmes, le vent contraire, et un terrible orage qui nous exercèrent, par l'adresse de l'Amiral Clerc, du Capitaine Sinclair (de l'honnêteté, respect, et soin desquels envers moi et ma suite, je suis redevable, comme de mille autres faveurs, à votre Majesté), comme par l'obéissance du navire à ses experts conducteurs, nous mîmes pied à terre à Tremon, le port de Lubec, Mercredi le 7 Juin. Samedi nous arrivâmes à Hambourg, où je suis à présent, dans la maison des Anglais. Ce matin j'ai pensé ne voir point le soir, ayant été travaillé d'un mal soudain, et tempête horrible qui m'a cuidé renverser dans ce port. Mais il a plu à Dieu me remettre en bonne mesure, ainsi j'espère que je ne serai empêché d'achever mon voyage. Je prie Dieu qu'il préserve votre Majesté, et qu'il me rende si heureux, qu'étant rendu en mon pays, j'aie l'opportunité selon mon petit pouvoir de témoigner en effet que je suis

 "De votre Majesté "Le très-humble et obéissant serviteur, "B. WHITELOCKE. "_Juin 14, 1654. _"

_June 20, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke detained by contrary winds. ]

The wind continued in the same quarter as before, very high and contraryto Whitelocke's course, both the last night and this morning, which gavehim and his company much trouble; but they must submit to the time andgood pleasure of God. 

About five o'clock this morning (an unusual hour for visits) Mr. Schestedt came on board Whitelocke's ship from Glückstadt, whither hecame the day before by land. They had much discourse together, whereinthis gentleman is copious, most of it to the same effect as at his formervisits at Hamburg. He told Whitelocke of the Lord Wentworth's being atHamburg and his carriage there, and that he spake with respect towardsthe Protector and towards Whitelocke, but was full of wishes of ruin tothe Protector's party. Whitelocke inquired of him touching the levies ofsoldiers by the Princes in the Lower Saxony now in action, with whom Mr. Schestedt was very conversant. He said that the present levies were noother than such as those Princes made the last year, and usually makeevery year for their own defence in case there should be any occasion, and that he knew of no design extraordinary. Whitelocke asked him severalquestions about this matter, that he might be able to give informationthereof to the Protector; but either there was nothing, or this gentlemanwould discover nothing in it. He was entertained in Whitelocke's cabin atbreakfast, where he fed and drank wine heartily, and at his going awayWhitelocke gave him twenty-one guns, and ordered the 'Elizabeth' to givehim nineteen, and sent him to shore in one of his ship-boats. The windbeing very high, and not changing all this day, to the trouble ofWhitelocke and hindrance of his voyage. 

In the evening, a messenger from Monsieur Schestedt brought to Whitelockethese letters:--

 "Monseigneur, "Votre Excellence aura reçu, par un de ses serviteurs, un petit billet de moi partant de Glückstadt, sur ce qu'avions parlé, suppliant très-humblement votre Excellence d'en avoir soin sans aucun bruit. Et si la commodité de votre Excellence le permettra, je vous supplie de vouloir écrire un mot de lettre au Résident d'ici pour mieux jouir de sa bonne conversation sur ce qui concerne la correspondance avec votre Excellence; et selon que votre Excellence m'avisera je me gouvernerai exactement, me fiant entièrement à la générosité de votre Excellence, et m'obligeant en homme d'honneur de vivre et mourir, "Monseigneur, de votre Excellence "Très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur, "HANNIBAL SCHESTEDT. "_20 Juin, 1654. _

 "Votre Excellence aura mille remercîmens de l'honneur reçu par ces canonades, et excusera pour ma disgrace de n'avoir été répondu. "

To these letters Whitelocke sent this answer:--

 "Monseigneur, "Je n'ai rien par voie de retour que mes humbles remercîmens pour le grand honneur que vous m'avez fait, par vos très-agréables visites, tant à Hambourg qu'en ce lieu, comme aussi en m'envoyant ce noble gentilhomme qui m'a apporté les lettres de votre Excellence. Je ne manquerai pas, quand il plaira à Dieu me ramener en Angleterre, de contribuer tout ce qui sera en mon pouvoir pour votre service, et j'espère que l'issue en sera à votre contentement, et que dans peu de temps je saurai vous rendre bon compte de ce dont vous me faites mention en vos lettres. Ce petit témoignage du respect que je porte à votre Excellence, que je rendis à votre départ de mon vaisseau, et qu'il vous plaît honorer de votre estime, ne mérite pas que vous en teniez aucun compte; je serai joyeux de vous témoigner par meilleurs effets que je suis

 "De votre Excellence "Le très-humble et très-obéissant serviteur, "B. WHITELOCKE. "_A bord le Président, Rade de Glückstadt, 20 Juin, 1654. _"

Many other letters passed between them, not necessary for a recital. 

_June 21, 1654. _

[SN: Still detained by the wind. ]

The wind continued in the same quarter as before, very high, and contraryto Whitelocke's course. The English cloth-ships came down to him, desiring to be in his squadron homewards. Whitelocke knew no reason whyhis ships might not as well have fallen down lower in the river as these;about which he consulted with the officers and pilot of his ship, whoagreed that this morning, the wind being come a little more moderate, theships might have fallen down with the tide, but that the time was nowneglected; which the officers excused because of the fog, which was sothick that they durst not adventure to go down the river. He resolved, upon this, to take the next opportunity, and went aboard the 'Elizabeth'to see his company there, who were well accommodated. 

Here a petition was presented to Whitelocke from two mariners in hold forspeaking desperate words, --that they would blow up the ship and all hercompany, and would cut the throat of the Protector, and of ten thousandof his party. One of them confessed, in his petition, that he was drunkwhen he spake these words, and had no intention of the least harm to theship, or to the Protector, or any of the State; both of them acknowledgedtheir fault, and humbly asked pardon. After Whitelocke had examined themseverally, and could get from them no confession of any plot against theProtector or State, but earnest asseverations of their innocences; yethaving news of a plot in England against the Protector and Government, heheld it not fit for him absolutely to release them; but, because hethought it only a business and words of drunkenness, he ordered them tobe had out of the hold, but their Captain to see that they should beforthcoming at their arrival in England, that the Council, beingacquainted herewith, might direct their pleasure concerning them. 

About noon the wind began again to blow with great tempestuousness, andflat contrary to Whitelocke's course. In the evening a gentleman cameaboard Whitelocke's ship, with letters from Monsieur Schestedt fromGlückstadt to the same effect, and with compliments as formerly, to whichWhitelocke returned a civil answer by the same messenger; and by him healso sent letters of compliment and thanks to the Resident Bradshaw, which likewise he prayed the Resident, in his name, to present to theEnglish Company of Merchants at Hamburg, for their very great civilitiesand noble respects to Whitelocke while he was with them. 

_June 22, 1654. _

[SN: A visit from Count Ranzau. ]

The wind continued contrary and extraordinary violent all the last nightand this morning; and Whitelocke had cause to acknowledge the favour ofGod to him, that during these rough storms he was in a good harbour andhad not put out into the open sea. 

Early in the morning a gentleman came from Glückstadt on board toWhitelocke, and told him that Grave Ranzau, the Governor of the Provinceof Holstein, had sent him to salute Whitelocke on his part, and to knowwhen he might conveniently come to Whitelocke; who answered that heshould be always ready to entertain his Excellence, but in regard thetime was now so dangerous, he desired the Governor would not exposehimself to the hazard for his sake. 

About an hour after came another, in the habit of a military officer, from the Grave to Whitelocke, to excuse the Grave's not coming by reasonof the very ill weather, and that no boat was to be gotten fit to bringthe Grave from shore to Whitelocke's ship; but he said, that ifWhitelocke pleased to send his ship-boats and mariners for the Governor, the wind being somewhat fallen, he would come and kiss his hand. Whitelocke answered in French to the gentleman, who spake Dutch, and wasinterpreted in French, that he was glad his Excellence was not in dangerof the violent storms in coming on board to him this morning, but heshould esteem it great honour to see the Governor in his ship, and thatnot only the boats and mariners, but all in the ship was at the serviceof his Excellence. The gentleman desired that one of the ship-boats andthe ship-mariners might carry him back to land, and so bring the Governorfrom thence to Whitelocke, who commanded the same to be done. And aboutan hour after came the Grave Ranzau, a proper, comely person, habited asa soldier, about forty years of age; with him was another lord, governorof another province, and three or four gentlemen, and other followers. 

Whitelocke received them at the ship's side, and at his entry gave himnine guns. The Grave seemed doubtful to whom to make his application, Whitelocke being in a plain sea-gown of English grey baize; but (as theGovernor said afterwards) he knew him to be the Ambassador by seeing himwith his hat on, and so many brave fellows about him bareheaded. Aftersalutations, the Governor spake to Whitelocke to this effect:--

 "Monseigneur, "Le Roi de Danemarck, mon maître, m'a commandé de venir trouver votre Excellence, et de la saluer de sa part, et la faire la bienvenue en ses hâvres, et lui faire savoir que s'il y a quelque chose dans ce pays-là dont le gouvernement m'est confié par sa Majesté, qu'il est à son commandement. Sa Majesté aussi a un extreme désir de voir votre Excellence, et de vous entretenir en sa cour, désirant d'embrasser toutes les occasions par lesquelles il pourrait témoigner le respect qu'il porte à son Altesse Monseigneur le Protecteur. "

Whitelocke answered in French to this purpose:--

 "Monseigneur, "Je rends grâces à sa Majesté le Roi de Danemarck, du respect qu'il lui à plu témoigner à sa Sérénissime Altesse mon maître, et de l'honneur qu'il lui à plu faire à moi son serviteur, de quoi je ne manquerai pas d'informer son Altesse. Je suis aussi beaucoup obligé à votre Excellence pour l'honneur de votre visite, qu'il vous plaît me donner en ce lieu, et principalement en un temps si fâcheux. J'eusse aussi grande envie de baiser les mains de sa Majesté et de voir sa cour, n'eût été que son Altesse a envoyé des navires exprès pour m'emporter d'ici en Angleterre, et que j'ai ouï dire que le Roi a remué sa cour de Copenhague ailleurs, à cause de la peste. Je suis très-joyeux d'entendre de la santé de sa Majesté, auquel je souhaite toute sorte de bonheur. "

[SN: Visit from the Dutch Agent. ]

After many compliments, Whitelocke gave, him precedence into his cabin;and after some discourse there, a servant of the Agent of Holland wasbrought in to Whitelocke, who said his master desired Whitelocke toappoint a time when the Agent might come on board him to saluteWhitelocke and to kiss his hand. He answered that, at any hour when hismaster pleased to do Whitelocke that honour, he should be welcome, andthat some noble persons being now with him, who, he hoped, would do himthe favour to take part of a sea-dinner with him, that if it would pleasethe Agent to do him the same favour, and to keep these honourable personscompany, it would be the greater obligation unto Whitelocke. The Grave, hearing this, began to excuse himself, that he could not stay dinner withWhitelocke, but, upon entreaty, he was prevailed with to stay. 

About noon the Dutch Agent came in one of Whitelocke's boats on board hisship, whom he received at the ship's side, and saluted with seven guns athis entry. The Agent spake to Whitelocke to this purpose:--"That, passingby Glückstadt towards Hamburg, he was informed of Whitelocke's being inthis place, and thereupon held it his duty, and agreeable to the will ofhis Lords, not to proceed in his journey without first giving a visit toWhitelocke to testify the respect of his superiors to the Protector andCommonwealth of England, as also to Whitelocke in particular. " Whitelockereturned thanks to the Agent for the respect which he testified to theProtector, and for the honour done to Whitelocke, and that it would beacceptable so the Protector to hear of this respect from my Lords theStates to him, whereof he should not fail to inform his Highness when heshould have the opportunity to be near him. 

[SN: Entertainment of Count Ranzau. ]

The Grave went first into Whitelocke's cabin, after him the Agent, andthen Whitelocke, who gave these guests a plentiful dinner on ship-board. The Grave desired that Whitelocke's sons might be called in to dine withthem, which was done, and Whitelocke asked the Grave if he would have anyof his company to dine with him. He desired one of the gentlemen, who wasadmitted accordingly. 

They were served with the States' plate, which Whitelocke had caused tobe taken forth on this occasion; and the strangers would often take upthe plates and dishes to look on them, wondering to see so many great andmassy pieces of silver plate as there were. They drank no healths, theGrave telling Whitelocke he had heard it was against his judgement, andtherefore he did forbear to begin any healths, for which civilityWhitelocke thanked him; and they had no want of good wine and meat, andsuch as scarce had been seen before on ship-board. They discoursed of theaffairs in Sweden, and of the happy peace between England and Denmark, and the like. Monsieur De la Marche gave thanks in French, because theyall understood it. 

After dinner Whitelocke took out his tobacco-box, which the Grave lookedupon, being gold, and his arms, the three falcons, engraven on it;whereupon he asked Whitelocke if he loved hawks, who said he was afalconer by inheritance, as his coat of arms testified. The Grave saidthat he would send him some hawks the next winter out of his master'sdominions of Iceland, where the best in the world were bred, which henobly performed afterwards. 

The Grave earnestly invited Whitelocke to go on shore with him to hishouse, which was within two leagues of Glückstadt, where he should meetMonsieur Schestedt and his lady, and the next day he would bringWhitelocke to the King, who much desired to see him; and the Graveoffered to bring Whitelocke back again in his coach to Glückstadt. Whitelocke desired to be excused by reason of his voyage, and an order ofhis country that those who had the command of any of the State's shipswere not to lie out of them until they brought them home again; otherwiseWhitelocke said he had a great desire to kiss his Majesty's hand and towait upon his Excellence and the noble company at his house; and hedesired that his humble thanks and excuse might be made to the King. TheGrave replied that Whitelocke, being an Extraordinary Ambassador, was notwithin the order concerning commanders of the State's ships, but he mightbe absent and leave the charge of the ships to the inferior officers. Whitelocke said that as Ambassador he had the honour to command thoseships, and so was within the order, and was commanded by his Highness toreturn forthwith to England; that if, in his absence, the wind andweather should come fair, or any harm should come to any of the ships, heshould be answerable for neglecting of his trust. Whitelocke also wasunwilling, though he must not express the same, to put himself under thetrouble and temptations which he might meet with in such a journey, andto neglect the least opportunity of proceeding in his voyage homewards. 

The Grave, seeing Whitelocke not to be persuaded, hasted away; and aftercompliments and ceremonies passed with great civility, he and the Agentand their company went into one of Whitelocke's ship-boats, with a crewof his men and his Lieutenant to attend them. At their going off, byWhitelocke's order only one gun was fired, and a good while after the'President' fired all her guns round, the 'Elizabeth, ' according tocustom, did the like; so that there was a continual firing of great gunsduring the whole time of their passage from the ship unto theshore--almost a hundred guns, and the fort answered them with all theguns they had. 

At the Lieutenant's return he told Whitelocke that the Grave, when heheard but one gun fired for a good while together, began to be highlyoffended, saying that his master, the King, was slighted and himselfdishonoured, to be sent away with one gun only fired, and he wondered theAmbassador carried it in such a manner; but afterwards, when the rest ofthe guns went off, the Grave said he would tell the King how highly theEnglish Ambassador had honoured his Majesty and his servant by the mostmagnificent entertainment that ever was made on ship-board, and by thenumber of guns at his going away, and that this was the greatest honourhe ever received, with much to the like purpose; and he gave to theLieutenant for his pains two pieces of plate of silver gilt, and tenrix-dollars to the boat's company, and twenty rix-dollars more to theship's company. 

_June 23, 1654. _

This was the seventh day that Whitelocke had lain on the Elbe, which wastedious to him; and now, fresh provisions failing, he sent Captain Crispeto Glückstadt to buy more, whose diligence and discretion carried himthrough his employments to the contentment of his master. He brought goodprovisions at cheap rates. 

[SN: Whitelocke agrees to convoy four English cloth ships. ]

The four captains of the English cloth-ships came on board Whitelocke tovisit him; they were sober, experienced sea commanders; their ships layat anchor close to Whitelocke. After dinner they told Whitelocke that iftheir ships had been three leagues lower down the river, they could nothave anchored in this bad weather without extreme danger, the sea beingthere much higher, and the tide so strong that their cables would nothave held their ships; and that if they had been at sea in this weather, they had been in imminent peril of shipwreck, and could not have returnedinto the river, nor have put into the Weser nor any other harbour. Whitelocke said that they and he were the more bound to God, who had soordered their affairs as to keep them, during all the storms wherein theyhad been, in a safe and good harbour; he wished them, in this and alltheir voyages, to place their confidence in God, who would be the sameGod to them as now, and in all their affairs of this life. 

The captains desired Whitelocke's leave to carry their streamers andcolours, and to be received by him as part of his fleet in their voyagefor England, and they would acknowledge him for their Admiral. Whitelocketold them he should be glad of their company in his voyage, and wouldwillingly admit them as part of his small fleet, but he would expecttheir observance of his orders; and if there should be occasion, thatthey must join with him in fight against any enemies of the Commonwealthwhom they should meet with, which they promised to do; and Whitelockementioned it to the captains, because he had received intelligence of aship laden with arms coming out of the Weser for Scotland, with a strongconvoy, with whom Whitelocke resolved to try his strength, if he couldmeet him. 

In the afternoon two merchants of the cloth-ships came to visitWhitelocke, and showed great respect to him; and they and the captainsreturned together to their ships, the wind being allayed, and come aboutto the south, which gave Whitelocke hopes to proceed in his voyage. 

_June 24, 1654. _

[SN: The convoy sails to Rose Beacon. ]

The wind being come to west-south-west, a little fallen, about threeo'clock in the morning they began to weigh anchor. By Whitelocke'scommand, all the ships were to observe this order in their sailing. Everymorning each ship was to come up and fall by Whitelocke, and salute him, that he might inquire how they all did; then they were to fall asternagain, Whitelocke to be in the van, and the 'Elizabeth' in the rear, andthe other ships in the middle between them; all to carry their colours;Whitelocke to carry his in the maintop, and all to take their orders fromhis ship. 

Thus they did this morning; the cloth-ships came all by Whitelocke, andsaluted him the first with nine guns. Whitelocke answered her with asmany. Then she gave three guns more, to thank him for his salutation. Each of the other ships gave seven guns at their passing by; then thefort of Glückstadt discharged all their ordnance to give Whitelocke thefarewell, who then fired twenty-one guns, and the 'Elizabeth' nineteen;then the cloth-ships fired three guns apiece, as thanks for theirsalutation; and so, with their sails spread, they committed themselves tothe protection of the Almighty. Though these things may be looked upon bysome as trivial and expensive, yet those who go to sea will find themuseful and of consequence, both to keep up and cheer the spirits of theseamen, who will not be pleased without them, and to give an honour toone's country among strangers who are taken with them; and it is become akind of sea language and ceremony, and teacheth them also the better tospeak it in battle. 

Some emulation happened between the captain of the 'President' andMinnes, because Whitelocke went not with him, but in the other's ship, which Whitelocke would have avoided, but that he apprehended the'President' sent purposely for him. 

Between seven and eight o'clock in the morning Whitelocke passed by avillage called Brown Bottle, belonging to the King of Denmark, upon theriver in Holstein, four leagues from Glückstadt; and four leagues fromthence he passed by a village on the other side of the Elbe, which theytold him was called Oldenburg, and belonged to the Duke of Saxony. Twoleagues below that, he came to anchor over against a village called RoseBeacon, a fair beacon standing by the water-side. It belongs to Hamburg;and by a late accident of a soldier's discharging his musket, it set ahouse on fire, and burnt half the town. Some of Whitelocke's people wenton shore, and reported it to be a poor place, and no provisions to behad there. 

The road here is well defended by a compass of land on the south andwest, but to the north and east it lies open. The sea there is wide, butfull of high sands. The river is so shallow in some places that there wasscarce three fathom water where he passed between Brown Bottle andOldenburg, where his ship struck upon the sand, and made foul water, tothe imminent danger of him and all his people, had not the Lord in mercykept them. They were forced presently to tack back, and seek for deeperwater. The pilot confessed this to happen because they lay too far togain the wind, which brought them upon the shallow. Whitelocke came toRose Beacon before noon, which is not very safe if the wind be high, asnow it was; yet much safer than to be out in the open sea, whither thepilot durst not venture, the wind rising and being contrary to them. 

_June 25, 1654. _

_The Lord's Day. _--Mr. Ingelo, Whitelocke's chaplain, preached in hisship in the morning. Mr. De la Marche, his other chaplain, was sick of adysentery, which he fell into by drinking too much milk on shore. Mr. Knowles, a confident young man, the ship's minister, preached in theafternoon. 

[SN: The cloth ships return to Glückstadt. ]

The wind blew very strong and contrary all the last night and thismorning, which made it troublesome riding in this place; insomuch thatthe four cloth-ships, doubting the continuance of this tempestuousweather, and fearing the danger that their cables would not hold, whichfailing would endanger all, and not being well furnished with provisions, they weighed anchor this morning flood, and sailed back again toGlückstadt road; whereof they sent notice to Whitelocke, desiring hisexcuse for what their safety forced them to do. But Whitelocke thought itnot requisite to follow their example, men of war having better cablesthan merchantmen; and being better able to endure the stress of weather, and he being better furnished with provisions, he resolved to try it outin this place. 

[SN: A present from Count Ranzau. ]

In the afternoon the wind was somewhat appeased and blew west-south-west. A messenger came on board Whitelocke, and informed him that Grave Ranzauhad sent a noble present--a boat full of fresh provisions--to Whitelocke;but by reason of the violent storms, and Whitelocke being gone fromGlückstadt, the boat could not come at him, but was forced to returnback, and so Whitelocke lost his present. The letters mentioning thiswere delivered to Whitelocke by this messenger, and were these:--

 "_A son Excellence Monsieur Whitelocke, Ambassadeur Extraordinaire d'Angleterre vers sa Majesté la Reine de Suède. _

 "Monseigneur, "Nous croyons être obligés de faire connaître à votre Excellence que Monseigneur le Comte de Ranzau, notre maître, nous avait donné commission de venir très-humblement baiser les mains de votre Excellence, et lui faire présenter quelques cerfs, sangliers, lièvres, perdrix, et quantité de carpes; la supplier de s'en rafraîchir un peu, pendant que l'opiniâtreté d'un vent contraire lui empêcherait une meilleure commodité, et d'assurer votre Excellence, de la part de Monseigneur le Comte, qu'il souhaite avec passion de pouvoir témoigner à votre Excellence combien il désire les occasions pour lui rendre très-humbles services, et contracter avec elle une amitié plus étroite; et comme son Excellence s'en allait trouver le Roi, son maître, qu'il ne laisserait point de dire à sa Majesté les civilités que votre Excellence lui avait faites, et que sa Majesté épouserait sans doute ses intérêts, pour l'assister de s'acquitter de son devoir avec plus de vigueur, lorsque la fortune lui en fournirait quelque ample matière. 

 "Mais, Monseigneur, nous avons été si malheureux d'arriver à Glückstadt cinq ou six heures après que votre Excellence avait fait voile et était descendu vers la mer; toutefois avons-nous pris vitement un vaisseau pour suivre, et n'étions guères loin du hâvre où l'on disait que votre Excellence était contrainte d'attendre un vent encore plus favorable, quand notre vaisseau, n'étant point chargé, fut tellement battu par une grande tempête, que nous étions obligés de nous en retourner sans pouvoir executer les ordres de Monseigneur le Comte, notre maître, dont nous avons un déplaisir incroyable. Votre Excellence a une bonté et générosité très-parfaite; c'est pourquoi nous la supplions très-humblement, d'imputer plutôt à notre malheur qu'à la volonté de Monseigneur le Comte, le mauvais succès de cette notre entreprise; aussi bien la lettre ici enfermée de son Excellence Monseigneur le Comte donnera plus de croyance à nos paroles. 

 "Nous demandons très-humblement pardon à votre Excellence de la longueur de celle-ci, et espérons quelque rencontre plus heureuse pour lui témoigner de meilleure grâce que nous sommes passionément, "Monseigneur, de votre Excellence "Très-humbles et très-obéissans serviteurs, "FRANÇOIS LOUIS VAN DE WIELE. "BALTH. BORNE. "

The enclosed letter from the Count, which they mentioned, was this:--

 "_Illustri et nobilissimo Domino Bulstrodo Whitelocke, Constabulario Castri de Windsor, et Domino Custodi Magni Sigilli Reipublicæ Angliæ, adque Serenissimam Reginam Sueciæ Legato Extraordinario; amico meo plurimum honorando. _

 "Illustris et nobilissime Domine Legate, amice plurimum honorande, "Quod Excellentia vestra me hesterno die tam magnificè et lautè exceperit, id ut pro singulari agnosco beneficio; ita ingentes Excellentiæ vestræ ago gratias, et nihil magis in votis habeo quam ut occasio mihi offeratur, quâ benevolentiam hanc aliquando debitè resarcire possim. 

 "Cum itaque videam ventum adhuc esse contrarium, adeo ut Excellentia vestra anchoram solvere versusque patriam vela vertere needum possit; partium mearum duxi aliquo modo gratum meum ostendere animum et præsentem ad Excellentiam vestram ablegare, simulque aliquid carnis, farinæ, et piscium, prout festinatio temporis admittere potuit, offerre, Excellentiam vestram obnixè rogans ut oblatum æqui bonique consulere dignetur. Et quamvis ex animo Excellentiæ vestræ ventum secundum, et ad iter omnia prospera exoptem, nihilo tamen minus, si forte fortuna in hisce locis vicinis diutius adhuc subsistere cogatur, ministris meis injungam, ut Excellentiæ vestræ in absentia mea (quoniam in procinctu sum me crastino mane ad regiam Majestatem dominum meum clementissimum conferre) ulterius inservire, et quicquid occasio obtulerit subministrare debeant. De cætero nos Divinæ commendo protectioni, et Excellentiæ vestræ filios dilectissimos meo nomine salutare obnixè rogo. 

 "Dabam in arce mea Breitenburos, 23 Junii, anno 1654. 

 "Excellentiæ vestræ "Observantissimus totusque addictus, "CHRISTIANUS, _Comes in Ranzau_. "

Whitelocke did the rather insert these letters, to testify the abilitiesof the gentlemen servants to this Grave, as also the grateful affectionof their master towards him, a stranger to them, upon one meal'sentertainment and acquaintance. 

About six o'clock at night Mr. Smith, son to Alderman Smith, of London, and two other young merchants of the English company at Hamburg, came onboard to Whitelocke, and brought letters to him from the ResidentBradshaw, with those the Resident received by this week's post fromLondon; wherein was little news, and no letters came to Whitelocke, because (as he supposed) his friends believed him to be upon the sea. Whitelocke wrote letters of thanks to the Resident, and enclosed in themletters of compliment to the Ricks-Chancellor, and to his son Grave Ericof Sweden, and to Sir George Fleetwood and others, his friends, andentreated the Resident to send them into Sweden. 

_June 26, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke weighs anchor. ]

The wind not being so high the last night nor this morning as formerly, but the weather promising fair, and Whitelocke longing to advance in hisvoyage, he weighed anchor about break of day, the 'Elizabeth' did thelike, and they were under sail about four o'clock this morning. As theycame out from Rose Beacon, they told above thirty fisher-boats at sea, testifying the industriousness of this people. 

About two leagues from Rose Beacon they passed in sight of anotherbeacon, and of a village which they call Newworke, in which is a smallcastle like unto that at Rose Beacon. Here the sea began to expatiate, and about three leagues from hence was the lowest buoy of the river. Andnow Whitelocke was got forth into the open German Ocean, a sea wide andlarge, oft-times highly rough and boisterous and full of danger, especially in these parts of it, and as Whitelocke shortly found it tobe. Suddenly the wind grew high and the sea swelled, and they were fainto take in their topsails; the ship rolled and tossed sufficiently tomake the younger seamen sick, and all fearful. 

From this place they might see an island on the starboard side of them, called Heligoland, standing a great way into the sea, twelve leagues fromRose Beacon; the island is about six miles in compass. The inhabitantshave a language, habit, and laws, different from their neighbours, andare said to have many witches among them; their shores are found verydangerous, and many ships wrecked upon them. 

About noon the wind came more to the west, and sometimes it was calm;nevertheless the sea wrought high, the waves raised by the former stormsnot abating a long while after the storm ceased. When they were goneabout two leagues beyond Heligoland, the wind and tide turning againstthem, they were driven back again near two leagues short of the island;but about four o'clock in the afternoon, the wind being come tosouth-south-east and a fresh gale, they went on well in their course, running about eight leagues in a watch. Before it was night they had leftHeligoland out of sight, and got about eight leagues beyond it; and the'Elizabeth' kept up with Whitelocke. 

From hence he came in sight of divers small islands upon the Dutch coast, which lie in rank from the mouth of the Elbe unto the Texel. In theevening they spied a sail to the leeward of them, but so far off thatWhitelocke held it not fit, being almost dark, to go so far as he must doout of his way to inquire after her, and she seemed, at that distance, tostand for the course of England. 

_June 27, 1654. _

[SN: At sea. ]

The last night, the wind, having chopped about, had much hinderedWhitelocke's course, and made him uncertain where they were, yet he wenton labouring in the main; but the seamen guessed, by the ship's makingway and holding it (though sometimes forward and sometimes backward), that this morning by eight o'clock they had gained thirty leagues fromHeligoland, from which to Orfordness they reckon eighty leagues, and the"Fly" to be midway. The ship, which they saw last night, coming near themthis morning, they found to be of Amsterdam, coming from the Soundhomewards: she struck her sails to Whitelocke, and so passed on hercourse. 

About noon Whitelocke came over-against the Fly, and saw the tower there, about five or six leagues from him. The wind lessened, and the sea didnot go so high as before; he went on his course about four or fiveleagues in a watch. About seven or eight Holland ships made their courseby them, as was supposed, towards the Sound, which now they did withoutfear or danger, the peace between the two Commonwealths being confirmed. 

Whitelocke's fresh provisions beginning to fail, and his biscuit lessenedby affording part of it to the 'Elizabeth, ' which wanted, he was enforcedto order that there should be but one meal a day, to make his provisionshold out. 

The most part of the afternoon they were taken with a calm, till aboutseven o'clock in the evening, when the wind came fresh again to the eastand towards the north, and then would again change; and sometimes theykept their course, and sometimes they were driven back again. The windwas high and variable, and they toiled to and again, uncertain where theywere. Divers took the opportunity to recreate themselves by fishing, andthe mackerel and other fish they took gave a little supply to their wantof victual. About nine o'clock in the evening they lost the 'Elizabeth, 'leaving her behind about three leagues; she used to keep a distance fromWhitelocke's ship, and under the wind of her, since they began theirvoyage; and, as a stranger, would not keep company with Whitelocke, beingdiscontented because he went not in that frigate. 

_June 28, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke's great deliverance. ]

This Wednesday was the day of Whitelocke's greatest deliverance. Aftermidnight, till three o'clock in the afternoon, was a great calm, andthough the 'President' were taken with it, yet the 'Elizabeth' had a goodwind; and notwithstanding that the day before she was left behind a greatdistance, yet this morning she came up near to him, and got before him;so great is the difference sometimes, and at so small a distance, at sea, that here one ship shall have no wind at all, and another ship a fewyards from her shall have her sails filled. Notwithstanding the calm, yetthe wind being by flashes large, they went the last night and the daybefore twenty leagues up and down, sometimes in their course andsometimes out of it. In the morning, sounding with the plummet, the pilotjudged that they were about sixteen leagues from the Texel, andtwenty-four from Orfordness, but he did not certainly know whereaboutsthey were. Between three and four o'clock in the afternoon the wind cameto north-north-west, which gave them hopes of finishing their voyage thesooner, and it blew a fresh gale. 

About five o'clock in the evening rose a very great fog and thick mist, so that it was exceeding dark, and they could not see their way a ship'slength before them. Whitelocke came upon the decks, and seeing theweather so bad and night coming on, and that all their sails were spread, and they ran extraordinary fast, he did not like it, but called togetherthe captain, the master, the pilot, and others, to consult what was bestto be done. He asked them why they spread all their sails, and desired tomake so much way in so ill weather, and so near to night. They said theyhad so much sail because the wind favoured them, and that notwithstandingthe bad weather they might safely run as they did, having sea-roomenough. Whitelocke asked them if they knew whereabouts they were. Theyconfessed they did not, because they had been so much tossed up and downby contrary winds, and the sun had not shined, whereby they might takethe elevation. Whitelocke replied, that, having been driven forward andbackward as they had been, it was impossible to know where they were;that the ship had run, and did now run, extraordinary fast, and if sheshould run so all night, perhaps they might be in danger of the Englishcoast or of the Holland coast; and that by Norfolk there were greatbanks of sand, by which he had passed at sea formerly, and which couldnot be unknown to them; that in case the ship should fall upon thosesands, or any other dangers of that coast, before morning, they should beall lost; and therefore he thought fit to take down some of their sailsand slacken their course till, by daylight, they might come to know morecertainly in what part they were. 

The officers of the ship continued earnest to hold on their course, saying they would warrant it that there was running enough for all night, and that to take down any sail, now the wind was so good for them, wouldbe a great wrong to them in their course. But Whitelocke was littlesatisfied with their reasons, and less with their warranties, which amongthem are not of binding force. His own reason showed him, that, notknowing where they were, and in such weather as this to run on as theydid, they knew not whither, with all their sails spread, might bedangerous; but to take down some of their sails and to slacken theircourse could be no danger, and but little prejudice in the hindrance oftheir course this night, which he thought better to be borne than toendanger all. 

[SN: He orders sail to be taken in. ]

But chiefly it was the goodness of God to put it strongly uponWhitelocke's heart to overrule the seamen in this particular, though intheir own art, and though his own desires were sufficiently earnest tohasten to his dear relations and country; yet the present haste he fearedmight hinder the seeing of them at all. Upon a strange earnestness in hisown mind and judgement, he gave a positive command to the captain tocause all the sails to be taken down except the mainsail only, and thatto be half-furled. Upon the captain's dispute, Whitelocke with quicknesstold him that if he did not presently see it done he would cause anotherto do it, whereupon the captain obeyed; and it was a great mercy that thesame was done, which God directed as a means to save their lives. 

[SN: The ship strikes. ]

After the sails were taken down, Whitelocke also ordered them to soundand try what water and bottom they had. About ten o'clock in the eveningsounding, they found eighteen fathom water; the next sounding they hadbut fifteen fathom, and so lessened every sounding till they came toeight fathom, which startled them, and made them endeavour to tack about. But it was too late, for within less than a quarter of an hour after theyhad eighteen fathom water, the ship struck upon a bank of sand, and therestuck fast. Whitelocke was sitting with some of the gentlemen in thesteerage-room when this happened, and felt a strange motion of thefrigate, as if she had leaped, and not unlike the curveting of a greathorse; and the violence of the striking threw several of the gentlemenfrom off their seats into the midst of the room. The condition they werein was quickly understood, and both seamen and landsmen discovered it bythe wonderful terror and amazement which had seized on them, and moreupon the seamen than others who knew less of the danger. 

It pleased his good God to keep up the spirits and faith of Whitelocke inthis great extremity; and when nothing would be done but what he inperson ordered, in this frightful confusion God gave him extraordinaryfixedness and assistance, a temper and constancy of spirit beyond whatwas usual with him. He ordered the master-gunner presently to fire somepieces of ordnance, after the custom at sea, to signify their being indistress. But the gunner was so amazed with the danger, that he forgot tounbrace the guns, and shot away the main-sheet; and had not the ship beenstrong and staunch, the guns being fired when they were close braced, they had broke the sides of her. Whitelocke caused the guns to beunbraced and divers of them fired, to give notice to the 'Elizabeth, ' orany other ship that might be within hearing, to come in to theirassistance; but they heard no guns again to answer theirs, though theylonged for it, hoping that the 'Elizabeth, ' or any other ship coming into them, by their boats might save the lives of some of them. Whitelockealso caused lights to be set up in the top-gallant, used at sea by thosein distress to invite help; but the lights were not answered again by anyother ship or vessel; particularly they wondered that nothing was heardor seen from the 'Elizabeth. '

Whitelocke then ordered the sails of the ship to be reversed, that thewind, being high, might so help them off; but no help was by it, nor byall the people's coming together to the stern, then to the head, then tothe sides of the ship, all in a heap together; nothing would help them. Then Whitelocke ordered the mariners to hoist out one of the boats, inwhich some of the company would have persuaded Whitelocke to put himselfand to leave the rest, and seek to preserve his own life by trusting tothe seas in this boat; and they that advised this, offered willingly togo with him. 

But Whitelocke knew that if he should go into the boat, besides thedishonour of leaving his people in this distress, so many would strive toenter into the boat with him (a life knows no ceremony) that probablythe boat would be sunk by the crowding; and there was little hope ofescaping in such a boat, though he should get well off from the ship andthe boat not be overladen. He therefore ordered the captain to take a fewof the seamen into the boat with him, and to go round the ship and soundwhat water was on each side of her, and what hopes they could find, andby what means to get her off, himself resolving to abide the same fortunewith his followers. 

The captain found it very shallow to windward, and very deep to leeward, but no hopes of help; and at his return the master advised to lighten theship by casting overboard the goods in her. Whitelocke held it best tobegin with the ordnance, and gave order for it. Mr. Earle was contrivinghow to save his master's jewels, which were of some value; his mastertook more care to save his papers, to him more precious jewels; but therewas no hope of saving any goods or lives. Whitelocke put in his pocket atablet of gold of his wife's picture, that this, being found about hisdead body when it should be taken up, might show him to have been agentleman, and satisfy for his burial. One was designing to get upon aplank, others upon the masts, others upon other fancies, any way topreserve life; but no way was left whereby they could have the leastshadow or hopes of a deliverance. 

The captain went up to the quarter-deck, saying, there he lived and therehe would die. All the officers, sadly enough, concluded that there wasnot the least show of any hopes of preservation, but that they were alldead men, and that upon the return of the tide the ship wouldquestionless be dashed in pieces. Some lay crying in one corner, otherslamenting in another; some, who vaunted most in time of safety, were nowmost dejected. The tears and sighs and wailings in all parts of the shipwould have melted a stony heart into pity; every swelling wave seemedgreat in expectation of its booty; the raging waves foamed as if theirprey were too long detained from them; every billow threatened presentdeath, who every moment stared in their faces for almost two hourstogether. 

[SN: Exhorts his sons. ]

In this condition Whitelocke encouraged his two sons to undergo thepleasure of God with all submission. He was sorry for them, being youngmen, who might have lived many years to do God and their country service, that they now should be snatched away so untimely; but he told them, thatif father and sons must now die together, he doubted not but they shouldgo together to that happiness which admits no change; that he did not somuch lament his own condition, being an old man, in the course of naturemuch nearer the grave than they: but he besought God to bless them andyet to appear for their deliverance, if it were His will, or else to givehim and them, and all the company, hearts willing to submit to His goodpleasure. 

[SN: Discourse with the boatswain. ]

Walking on the decks to see his orders executed for throwing the ordnanceoverboard, the boatswain met him and spake to him in his language:--

_Boatswain. _ My Lord, what do you mean to do?

_Whitelocke. _ Wherein dost thou ask my meaning?

_Bo. _ You have commanded the ordnance to be cast overboard. 

_Wh. _ It is for our preservation. 

_Bo. _ If it be done, we are all destroyed. 

_Wh. _ What reason have you to be of this opinion? Must we not lighten theship? and can we do it better than to begin with the ordnance?

_Bo. _ It may do well to lighten the ship, but not by throwing overboardthe ordnance; for you can but drop them close to the ship's side, andwhere the water is shallow they will lie up against the side of the shipand fret it, and with the working of the sea make her to spring leakspresently. 

_Wh. _ I think thou speakest good reason, and I will try a little longerbefore it be done. 

_Bo. _ My Lord, do not doubt but God will show Himself, and bring you offby His own hand from this danger. 

_Wh. _ Hast thou any ground to judge so, or dost thou see any probabilityof it?

_Bo. _ I confess there is no probability for it; but God hath put it intomy heart to tell your Excellence that He will appear our Deliverer whenall other hopes and helps fail us, and He will save us by His own power;and let us trust in Him. 

Upon this discourse with the honest boatswain, who walked up and down asquite unconcerned, Whitelocke forbade the throwing of the ordnanceoverboard; and as he was sitting on the deck, Mr. Ingelo, one of hischaplains, came to him, and said that he was glad to see him in so good atemper. 

_Whitelocke. _ I bless God, who keeps up my spirit. 

_Ingelo. _ My Lord, such composedness, and not being daunted in thisdistress, is a testimony of God's presence with you. 

_Wh. _ I have cause to thank God, whose presence hath been with me in allmy dangers, and most in this greatest, which I hope and pray that Hewould fit us all to submit unto. 

_Ing. _ I hope He will; and I am glad to see your sons and others to haveso much courage left in so high a danger. 

_Wh. _ God hath not suffered me, nor them, nor yourself, to be dejected inthis great trial; and it gives me comfort at this time to observe it, nordoth it leave me without some hopes that God hath yet a mercy in storefor us. 

_Ing. _ There is little hopes of continuance in this life, it is good toprepare ourselves for a better life; and therefore, if you please thatthe company may be called together into your cabin, it will be good tojoin in prayer, and recommending our souls to Him that gave them; Ibelieve they are not to remain long in these bodies of clay. 

_Wh. _ I hope every one doth this apart, and it is very fit likewise tojoin together in doing it; therefore I pray send and call the people intomy cabin to prayer. 

Whilst Mr. Ingelo was gone to call the people together, a mariner camefrom the head of the ship, running hastily towards Whitelocke, and cryingout to him, which caused Whitelocke to suspect that the ship had sprung aleak or was sinking. The mariner called out:--

[SN: The ship moves, ]

_Mariner. _ My Lord! my Lord! my Lord!

_Whitelocke. _ What's the matter, mariner?

_Mar. _ She wags! she wags!

_Wh. _ Which way doth she wag?

_Mar. _ To leeward. 

_Wh. _ I pray God that be true; and it is the best news that ever I heardin my life. 

_Mar. _ My Lord, upon my life the ship did wag; I saw her move. 

_Wh. _ Mr. Ingelo, I pray stay awhile before you call the people; it maybe God will give us occasion to change the style of our prayers. Fellow-seaman, show me where thou sawest her move. 

_Mar. _ My Lord, here, at the head of the frigate, I saw her move, and shemoves now, --now she moves! you may see it. 

_Wh. _ My old eyes cannot discern it. 

_Mar. _ I see it plain, and so do others. 

[SN: and rights. ]

Whilst they were thus speaking and looking, within less than half aquarter of an hour, the ship herself came off from the sand, andmiraculously floated on the water. The ship being thus by the wonderfulimmediate hand of God, again floating on the sea, the mariners would havebeen hoisting of their sails, but Whitelocke forbade it, and said hewould sail no more that night. But as soon as the ship had floated a goodway from the bank of sand, he caused them to let fall their anchors, thatthey might stay till morning, to see where they were, and spend the restof the night in giving thanks to God for his most eminent, mostmiraculous deliverance. 

Being driven by the wind about a mile from the sand, there they castanchor, and fell into discourse of the providences and goodness of God tothem in this unhoped-for preservation. One observed, that if Whitelockehad not positively overruled the seamen, and made them, contrary to theirown opinions, to take down their sails, but that the ship had run withall her sails spread, and with that force had struck into the sand, ithad been impossible for her ever to have come off again, but they mustall have perished. Another observed, that the ship did strike so upon thebank of sand, that the wind was on that side of her where the bank washighest, and so the strength of the wind lay to drive the ship from thebank towards the deep water. 

Another supposed, that the ship did strike on the shelving part of thebank of sand, and the wind blowing from the higher part of the bank, theweight of the ship thus pressed by the wind, and working towards thelower part of the shelving of the bank, the sand crumbled away from theship, and thereby and with the wind she was set on-float again. Anotherobserved, that if the ship had struck higher on the bank or deeper, whenher sails had been spread, with the force of her way, they could not inthe least probability have been saved. 

Another observed, that through the goodness of God the wind rose higher, and came more to that side of the ship where the bank of sand washighest, after the ship was struck, which was a great means of her comingoff; and that, as soon as she was floated, the wind was laid and cameabout again to another quarter. Another observed, that it being at thattime ebbing water was a great means of their preservation; because theship being so far struck into the sand, and so great a ship, a flowingwater could not have raised her; but upon the coming in of the tide shewould questionless have been broke in pieces. 

The mariners said, that if God had not loved the landmen more than theseamen they should never have come off from this danger. Every one madehis observations. Whitelocke concluded them to this purpose:

[SN: Whitelocke orders a thanksgiving to God. ]

 "Gentlemen, "I desire that we may all join together in applying these observations and mercies to the praise of God, and to the good of our own souls. Let me exhort you never to forget this deliverance and this signal mercy. While the love of God is warm upon our hearts, let us resolve to retain a thankful memory of it to our lives' end, and, for the time to come, to employ those lives, which God hath now given to us and renewed to us, to the honour and praise of Him, who hath thus most wonderfully and most mercifully revived us, and as it were new created us. Let us become new creatures; forsake your former lusts in your ignorance, and follow that God fully, who hath so eminently appeared for us, to save us out of our distress; and as God hath given us new lives, so let us live in newness of life and holiness of conversation. "

Whitelocke caused his people to come into his cabin, where Mr. Ingeloprayed with them, and returned praises to the Lord for this deliverance:an occasion sufficient to elevate his spirit, and, meeting with hisaffections and abilities, tended the more to the setting forth His glory, whose name they had so much cause more than others to advance and honour. 

Many of the seamen came in to prayers, and Whitelocke talked with diversof them upon the mercy they had received, who seemed to be much movedwith the goodness of God to them; and Whitelocke sought to make them andall the company sensible of God's gracious dealings, and to bring it hometo the hearts of them. He also held it a duty to leave to his own familythis large relation, and remembrance of the Lord's signal mercy to himand his; whereby they might be induced the more to serve the God oftheir fathers, to trust in Him who never fails those that seek Him, andto love that God entirely who hath manifested so much love to them, andthat in their greatest extremities; and hereby to endeavour that agrateful acknowledgment of the goodness and unspeakable love of God mightbe transmitted to his children's children; that as God never forgets tobe gracious, so his servants may never forget to be thankful, but toexpress the thankfulness of their hearts by the actions of their lives. 

Whitelocke spent this night in discourses upon this happy subject, andwent not to bed at all, but expected the return of day; and, the more toexpress cheerfulness to the seamen, he promised that as soon as light didappear, if they would up to the shrouds and top, he that could firstdescry land should have his reward, and a bottle of good sack advantage. 

_June 29, 1654. _

[SN: They make the coast of Norfolk. ]

As soon as day appeared, the mariners claimed many rewards and bottles ofsack, sundry of them pretending to have first discovered land; andWhitelocke endeavoured to give them all content in this day of rejoicing, God having been pleased to turn their sorrow into joy, by preserving themin their great danger, and presently after by showing them theirlonged-for native country; making them, when they were in their highestexpectation of joy to arrive in their beloved country, then to disappointtheir hopes by casting them into the extremest danger--thus making themsensible of the uncertainty of this world's condition, and checkingperhaps their too much earthly confidence, to let them see His power tocontrol it, and to change their immoderate expectation of joy into abitter doubt of present death. Yet again, when He had made them sensiblethereof, to make his equal power appear for their deliverance when vainwas the help of man, and to bring them to depend more on him, then was Hepleased to rescue them by his own hand out of the jaws of death, and torestore them with a great addition to their former hopes of rejoicing, byshowing them their native coast, --the first thing made known to themafter their deliverance from perishing. 

The day being clear, they found themselves upon the coast of Norfolk, and, as they guessed, about eight leagues from Yarmouth, where theysupposed their guns might be heard the last night. The wind being good, Whitelocke ordered to weigh anchor, and they sailed along the coast, sometimes within half a league of it, until they passed Orfordness andcame to Oseley Bay, where they again anchored, the weather being so thickwith a great fog and much rain that they could not discern the marks andbuoys to avoid the sands, and to conduct them to the mouth of the river. A short time after, the weather began to clear again, which invited themto weigh anchor and put the ship under sail; but they made little way, that they might not hinder their sounding, which Whitelocke directed, thebetter to avoid the danger of the sands, whereof this coast is full. 

Near the road of Harwich the 'Elizabeth' appeared under sail on-head ofthe 'President, ' who overtaking her, Captain Minnes came on board toWhitelocke, who told him the condition they had been in the last night, and expostulated with him to this purpose. 

_Whitelocke. _ Being in this distress, we fired divers guns, hoping thatyou, Captain Minnes, could not but hear us and come in to our relief, knowing this to be the order of the sea in such cases. 

_Minnes. _ My Lord, I had not the least imagination of your being indistress; but I confess I heard your cannon, and believed them to befired by reason of the fog, which is the custom of the sea in suchweather, to advertise one another where they are. 

_Wh. _ Upon such an occasion as the fog, seamen use to give notice to oneanother by two or three guns, but I caused many more to be fired. 

_Minnes. _ I heard but four or five in all, and I answered your guns byfiring some of mine. 

_Wh. _ We heard not one of your guns. 

_Minnes. _ That might be by reason we were to windward of you threeleagues. 

_Wh. _ Why then did you not answer the lights which I caused to be set up?

_Minnes. _ My Lord, those in my ship can witness that I set up lightsagain, and caused squibs and fireworks to be cast up into the air, thatyou might thereby discern whereabouts we were. 

_Wh. _ It was strange that we could neither see yours nor you our lights. 

_Minnes. _ The greatness of the fog might occasion it. 

_Wh. _ The lights would appear through the fog as well as in the night. 

_Minnes. _ My Lord, I did all this. 

_Wh. _ It was contrary to my orders for you to keep so far off from me, and to be on-stern of me three leagues; but this hath been your practicesince we first came out to sea together; and if you had been under thecommand of some others, as you were under mine, they would have expectedmore obedience than you have given to my orders, or have taken anothercourse with you, which I can do likewise. 

_Minnes. _ My Lord, I endeavoured to get the wind of you, that I mightthereby be able to keep in your company, which otherwise I could not havedone, you being so much fleeter than the 'Elizabeth;' but in the eveningsI constantly came up to your Excellence. 

_Wh. _ Why did you not so the last night?

_Minnes. _ The fog rose about five o'clock, and was so thick that we couldnot see two ships' length before us. In that fog I lost you, and, fearingthere might be danger in the night to fall upon the coast, I went off tosea, supposing you had done so likewise, as, under favour, your captainought to have done; and for my obedience to your Excellency's commands, it hath been and shall be as full and as willing as to any person living. 

_Wh. _ When you found by my guns that you were so far from me to thewindward, you might fear that I was fallen into that danger which you hadavoided by keeping yourself under the wind more at large at sea. 

_Minnes. _ If I had in the least imagined your Excellence to have been indanger, we had been worse than Turks if we had not endeavoured to come into your succour; and though it was impossible, as we lay, for our ship tocome up to your Excellence, yet I should have adventured with my boats tohave sought you out. But that you were in any danger was never in ourthoughts; and three hours after your guns fired, sounding, I found by thelead the red sand, which made me think both your Excellence and we mightbe in the more danger, and I lay the further off from them, but knew notwhere your Excellence was, nor how to come to you. 

After much more discourse upon this subject, Captain Parkes pressing itagainst Minnes, who answered well for himself, and showed that he was thebetter seaman in this action and in most others, and in regard of thecause of rejoicing which God had given them, and that they now were nearthe end of their voyage, Whitelocke held it not so good to continue theexpostulation as to part friends with Captain Minnes and with all hisfellow-seamen, and so they proceeded together lovingly and friendly intheir voyage. 

The wind not blowing at all, but being a high calm, they could advance nofurther than the tide would carry them, the which failed them when theycame to a place called Shoe, about four leagues from the mouth of Thames. Having, through the goodness of God, passed by and avoided many banks ofsands and dangerous places, the wind failing them and the tide quitespent, they were forced about seven o'clock in the evening to come to ananchor, Captain Minnes hard by the 'President, ' where, to make somepastime and diversion, he caused many squibs and fireworks to be cast upinto the air from the 'Elizabeth, ' in which Minnes was very ingenious, and gave recreation thereby to Whitelocke and to his company. 

_June 30, 1654. _

[SN: Reach the Nore and Gravesend. ]

Friday, the last of this month, was the fifth and last day ofWhitelocke's voyage by sea from the mouth of the Elbe to the mouth ofthe Thames. About twelve o'clock the last night the wind began to blowvery strong in the south-west, and by daybreak they had weighed anchor;and though the wind was extreme high and a great tempest, yet such wastheir desire of getting into the harbour, that, taking the benefit of thetide and by often tacking about, they yet advanced three leagues in theircourse; and when the tide failed, they were forced to cast anchor at thebuoy in the Nore, the same place where Whitelocke first anchored when hecame from England. The pilots and mariners had much ado to manage theirsails in this tempestuous weather; and it was a great favour of God thatthey were not out at sea in these storms, but returned in safety to theplace where the kindness of God had before appeared to them. 

In the afternoon the wind began to fall, and they weighed anchor, puttingthemselves under sail and pursuing their course, till for want of day andof tide they were fain to cast anchor a little above Gravesend, and itbeing very late, Whitelocke thought it would be too troublesome to go onshore; but to keep his people together, and that they might all be thereadier to take the morning tide, he lay this night also on ship-board, but sent Earle and some others that night to shore, to learn the news, and to provide boats against the morning for transportation of Whitelockeand his company the next day to London. 

Thus, after a long, most difficult, and most dangerous journey, negotiation, and voyage from south to north in winter, and from north tosouth in summer, after the wonderful preservations and deliverances whichthe Lord had been pleased to vouchsafe to them, He was also pleased, inHis free and constant goodness to His servants, to bring them all insafety and with comfort again to their native country and dearestrelations, and blessed with the success of their employment, and with thewonderful appearances of God for them. 

May it be the blessed portion of them all, never to forget theloving-kindness of the Lord, but by these cords of love to be drawnnearer to Him, and to run after Him all the days of their lives! To theend that those of his family may see what cause they have to trust in Godand to praise his name for his goodness, Whitelocke hath thought fit, hereby in writing, and as a monument of God's mercy, to transmit thememory of these passages to his posterity. 

FOOTNOTES:

[371] [Another instance of the fear of assassination or of death bypoison, which at that time haunted the Envoys of the Commonwealthabroad. ]

JULY. 

_July 1, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke lands, and proceeds to his house at Chelsea. ]

About three o'clock this morning good store of boats came from Gravesendto Whitelocke's ships, to transport him, his company, and goods toLondon. By the help of the mariners, without much delay the baggage wasput on board the boats; and Whitelocke's people, after a perilous andtedious voyage, were not backward to leave their ships and to set forwardto London. Earle was sent before to Greenwich, to acquaint Whitelocke'swife with his coming, lest sudden joy and apprehensions might surpriseher to her prejudice. 

Whitelocke having distributed his rewards to the officers and seamen ofboth the frigates, much to the same proportion as when he went forth, andgiving them all his hearty thanks, he went into a boat of six oars, histwo sons and some of the gentlemen with him, the rest in other boats. When they were gone about a musket-shot from the ships, both the frigatesand the fort fired their cannon for a parting salutation. The weather wascold, wet, and windy, as if it had been still winter, but it wascheerfully endured, being the conclusion of a bad voyage. Near GreenwichEarle met them, and informed Whitelocke that his family was at Chelsea, whither he had sent advertisement of his coming. 

Many of the company being much tired, sick, and wanting sleep, by theirdesire and for their refreshment he staid a little time at the 'Bear' onthe bridge-foot, and from thence to Whitehall, where not finding theProtector, who was gone to Hampton Court, yet many of his friends meetinghim there, he was embraced by them with much show of joy, and heartilybid welcome home, blessing God for his safe return and good success inhis business. 

From Whitehall Whitelocke went to his own house at Chelsea, where hefound his wife and family in good health, but in no small passion, surprised with the great and sudden joy, which ofttimes brings no lessdisturbance to the tempers of people, especially of the more tender andaffectionate sex, than other surprises do; sudden fear, grief, and joy, are often equal in their operation upon constitutions and affections. Norwas Whitelocke's wife alone in this surprise; another with her, at thereturn of her husband, could not forbear, in all that company, herextraordinary expressions of joy at the happy meeting of her own mostnear relation. 

From the time of Whitelocke's departure from hence, to his entry intoUpsal, Whitelocke spent forty-seven days; five months he staid there, andin his return from Upsal to this place cost him forty-three days; and inall these eight months' time of his absence from his dear relations andcountry the Lord was pleased so to own him and his, and so graciously topreserve and prosper them, that himself and a hundred persons in hiscompany, after so long a journey, so great a change of climate andaccommodations, such hardships endured, such dangers surmounted throughHis goodness, the business effected beyond the expectation of those whoemployed him, Whitelocke and all his company were through mercy returnedto their country and relations, in as good condition and health as whenthey went forth, not one of them left behind dead or sick or impaired intheir health, but some improved and bettered therein. Only Whitelocke, being ancient, will have cause to remember the decay of his strength andhealth by the hardships and difficulties of this service; but more causehath he to remember the wonderful goodness of God to him and his companyabroad and to his wife and family at home, in His blessing andpreservation of them, and in the comfort and safety of their meetingafter so long and perilous a separation, for which he is obliged topraise the name of God for ever. 

After ceremonies past at his coming to his own house, Whitelocke sentCaptain Beake to Hampton Court, to acquaint the Protector with hisreturn, to present his duty, and to receive his commands when Whitelockeshould wait upon his Highness to kiss his hand, and to give him anaccount of his negotiation. Beake returned this evening from HamptonCourt to Whitelocke with this answer:--that the Protector expressed muchjoy at the news of the safe arrival of Whitelocke and of his company inEngland; that he looked upon it as a mercy, and blessed God for it; andthat he much desired to see Whitelocke, and hoped, on Monday next, atWhitehall, to have his company, who should be very welcome to him. 

A little while after this message returned, there came two of theProtector's gentlemen, sent by him to Chelsea in his name, to visitWhitelocke and to bid him welcome home, to inquire of his health, and totestify the contentment the Protector received by Whitelocke's happyreturn home, and that he hoped on Monday next to see him. Whitelockedesired the gentlemen to present his humble thanks to the Protector forthis great favour to inquire after so mean a servant, who hoped to havethe honour to wait upon his Highness at the time appointed by him. 

_July 2, 1654. _

[SN: The Protector compliments Whitelocke on his return. ]

_The Lord's Day. _--Whitelocke began to enjoy some more privacy andretirement than he had been lately accustomed unto, and was at the publicchurch with his wife and family, and courteously saluted and bid welcomehome by many. In the evening the Protector sent another compliment toWhitelocke by Mr. Strickland, one of his Council, who came toWhitelocke's house, and told him that he was sent by the Protector tosalute him, and to inquire of his health after his long and dangerousvoyage, and to assure him of the great joy his Highness received byWhitelocke's safe arrival in England, and the desire he had to see him, and personally to entertain him. Whitelocke desired his most humblethanks might be returned to his Highness for this great favour, givinghim the opportunity of seeing so honourable a person as Strickland was, and for taking such care of so poor a servant as Whitelocke, and to lethis Highness know that he should obey his Highness's commands in waitingon him the next day as he appointed. 

_July 3, 1654. _

[SN: His audience of the Protector. ]

Whitelocke came to Whitehall about nine o'clock this morning, where hevisited Mr. Secretary Thurloe, who brought him to the Protector, and hereceived Whitelocke with great demonstration of affection, and carriedhim into his cabinet, where they were together about an hour, and hadthis among other discourses:--

_Protector. _ How have you enjoyed your health in your long journey, bothby sea and land? and how could you endure those hardships you were putunto in that barren and cold country?

_Whitelocke. _ Indeed, Sir, I have endured many hardships for an old crazycarcase as mine is, but God was pleased to show much mercy to me in mysupport under them, and vouchsafed me competent health and strength toendure them. 

_Prot. _ I have heard of your quarters and lodging in straw, and of yourdiet in your journey; we were not so hardly nor so often put to it in ourservice in the army. 

_Wh. _ Both my company and myself did cheerfully endure all our hardshipsand wants, being in the service of our God and of our country. 

_Prot. _ That was also our support in our hardships in the army, and it isthe best support, indeed it is, and you found it so in the very greatpreservations you have had from dangers. 

_Wh. _ Your Highness hath had great experience of the goodness of God toyou, and the same hand hath appeared wonderfully in the preservation ofmy company and myself from many imminent and great dangers both by seaand land. 

_Prot. _ The greatest of all other, I hear, was in your return home uponour coast. 

_Wh. _ That indeed, Sir, was very miraculous. 

_Prot. _ I am glad to see you safe and well after it. 

_Wh. _ I have cause to bless God with all thankfulness for it as long as Ilive. 

_Prot. _ I pray, my Lord, tell me the particulars of that greatdeliverance. 

Thereupon Whitelocke gave a particular account of the passages of thatwonderful preservation; then the Protector said:--

_Prot. _ Really these passages are full of wonder and mercy; and I havecause to join with you in acknowledgment of the goodness of the Lordherein. 

_Wh. _ Your Highness testifies a true sense thereof, and your favour toyour servant. 

_Prot. _ I hope I shall never forget the one or the other, --indeed I hopeI shall not; but, I pray, tell me, is the Queen a lady of such rare partsas is reported of her?

_Wh. _ Truly, Sir, she is a lady excellently qualified, of rare abilitiesof mind, perfect in many languages, and most sorts of learning, especially history, and, beyond compare with any person whom I haveknown, understanding the affairs and interest of all the States andPrinces of Christendom. 

_Prot. _ That is very much; but what are her principles in matters ofreligion?

_Wh. _ They are not such as I could wish they were;[435] they are too muchinclined to the manner of that country, and to some persuasions from mennot well inclined to those matters, who have had too much power with her. 

_Prot. _ That is a great deal of pity; indeed I have heard of somepassages of her, not well relishing with those that fear God; and this istoo general an evil among those people, who are not so well principled inmatters of religion as were to be wished. 

_Wh. _ That is too true; but many sober men and good Christians among themdo hope, that in time there may be a reformation of those things; and Itook the boldness to put the Queen and the present King in mind of theduty incumbent upon them in that business; and this I did with becomingfreedom, and it was well taken. 

_Prot. _ I think you did very well to inform them of that great duty whichnow lies upon the King; and did he give ear to it?

_Wh. _ Yes truly, Sir, and told me that he did acknowledge it to be hisduty, which he resolved to pursue as opportunity could be had for it; buthe said, it must be done by degrees with a boisterous people, so longaccustomed to the contrary. And the like answer I had from the Archbishopof Upsal, and from the Chancellor, when I spoke to them upon the samesubject, which I did plainly. 

_Prot. _ I am glad you did so. Is the Archbishop a man of good abilities?

_Wh. _ He is a very reverend person, learned, and seems very pious. 

_Prot. _ The Chancellor is the great wise man. 

_Wh. _ He is the wisest man that ever I conversed with abroad, and hisabilities are fully answerable to the report of him. 

_Prot. _ What character do you give of the present King?

_Wh. _ I had the honour divers times to be with his Majesty, who did thatextraordinary honour to me as to visit me at my house; he is a person ofgreat worth, honour, and abilities, and not inferior to any in courageand military conduct. 

_Prot. _ That was an exceeding high favour, to come to you in person. 

_Wh. _ He never did the like to any public minister. But this, and allother honour done to me, was but to testify their respects to yourHighness, the which indeed was very great, both there, and where I passedin Germany. 

_Prot. _ I am obliged to them for their very great civility. 

_Wh. _ Both the Queen, and the King, and his brother, and the Archbishop, and the Chancellor, and most of the grandees, gave testimony of verygreat respect to your Highness, and that not only by their words, but bytheir actions likewise. 

_Prot. _ I shall be ready to acknowledge their respects upon any occasion. 

_Wh. _ The like respects were testified to your Highness in Germany, especially by the town of Hamburg; where I endeavoured, in yourHighness's name, to confirm the privileges of the English merchants, who, with your Resident there, showed much kindness to me and my company. 

_Prot. _ I shall heartily thank them for it. Is the Court of Swedengallant, and full of resort to it?

_Wh. _ They are extreme gallant for their clothes; and for company, mostof the nobility and the civil and military officers make their constantresidence where the Court is, and many repair thither on all occasions. 

_Prot. _ Is their administration of justice speedy? and have they manylaw-suits?

_Wh. _ They have justice in a speedier way than with us, but morearbitrary, and fewer causes, in regard that the boors dare not contendwith their lords; and they have but few contracts, because they have butlittle trade; and there is small use of conveyances or questions oftitles, because the law distributes every man's estate after his deathamong his children, which they cannot alter, and therefore have the fewercontentions. 

_Prot. _ That is like our gavelkind. 

_Wh. _ It is the same thing; and in many particulars of our laws, in casesof private right, and of the public Government, especially in theirParliaments, there is a strange resemblance between their law and ours. 

_Prot. _ Perhaps ours might some of them be brought from thence. 

_Wh. _ Doubtless they were, when the Goths and Saxons, and those northernpeople, planted themselves here. 

_Prot. _ You met with a barren country, and very cold. 

_Wh. _ The remoter parts of it from the Court are extreme barren; but atStockholm and Upsal, and most of the great towns, they have store ofprovisions; but fat beef and mutton in the winter-time is not soplentiful with them as in the countries more southerly; and their hotweather in summer as much exceeds ours, as their cold doth in winter. 

_Prot. _ That is somewhat troublesome to endure; but how could you passover their very long winter nights?

_Wh. _ I kept my people together and in action and recreation, by havingmusic in my house, and encouraging that and the exercise of dancing, which held them by the ears and eyes, and gave them diversion withoutany offence. And I caused the gentlemen to have disputations in Latin, and declamations upon words which I gave them. 

_Prot. _ Those were very good diversions, and made your house a littleacademy. 

_Wh. _ I thought these recreations better than gaming for money, or goingforth to places of debauchery. 

_Prot. _ It was much better. And I am glad you had so good an issue ofyour treaty. 

_Wh. _ I bless God for it, and shall be ready to give your Highness aparticular account of it, when you shall appoint a time for it. 

_Prot. _ I think that Thursday next, in the morning, will be a good timefor you to come to the Council, and to make your report of thetransactions of your negotiation; and you and I must have many discoursesupon these arguments. 

_Wh. _ I shall attend your Highness and the Council. 

_July 4, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke's friends celebrate his return. ]

This day was spent in visits, very much company resorting to Whitelocke'shouse to bid him welcome into England, so that, by the multitude ofcompany, he had not any opportunity of recollecting himself and histhoughts, touching the matters which he was to communicate to the Councilthe next day; but it could not be avoided, and he must take such time aswould be afforded him. 

_July 5, 1654. _

[SN: A solemn thanksgiving for his safe return. ]

By Whitelocke's appointment, all his company who were with him inSweden, came this day to his house at Chelsea, where divers others of hisgood friends met them, to the intent they might all join together inreturning humble and hearty thanks to God for his great mercy andgoodness to them, in their preservation and wonderful deliverances intheir voyage, in blessing them with health and with success in theirbusiness, and bringing all of them in safety and comfort to their nativecountry and most dear relations. 

Being for this end met together in a large room prepared for them, theybegan the duty; and first, Mr. Peters acquainted them with the occasionof the meeting, recommending all to the direction and assistance of theLord. He spoke to them upon the Psalm pertinent to the occasion, and tothe mention of the voyage, hardships, dangers, and difficulties, whereinGod had delivered them; and what sense these things ought to work upontheir hearts, and what thankfulness they ought to return to God for hismercies. 

After a psalm sung, Mr. Ingelo, one of Whitelocke's chaplains, prayedwith them, and then amplified the favours and deliverances which God hadwrought for them, the great difficulties and dangers wherein He hadpreserved them, and their unworthiness of any mercy; he exhorted them toall gratitude to the Author of their mercies: in all which he expressedhimself with much piety, ingenuity, and with great affection. Mr. GeorgeDowning, who had been a chaplain to a regiment in the army, expounded aplace of Scripture very suitable to the occasion, and very ingeniouslyand pertinently. After him, Mr. Stapleton prayed very well, and spakepertinently and feelingly to the rest of the company, hisfellow-travellers. Then they sang another psalm; and after that, Mr. Cokaine spake very well and piously, and gave good exhortations on thesame subject. 

[SN: Whitelocke's address to his company. ]

When all these gentlemen had ended their discourses proper for theoccasion, Whitelocke himself spake to the company to this effect:--

 "Gentlemen, "You have heard from our worthy Christian friends many words of precious truth, with which I hope all our souls are refreshed, and do pray that our practice may be conformed. The duty of this day, and of every person, is _gratiarum actio_: I wish we may all act thankfulness to our God, whereunto we are all obliged who have received so great benefits from Him. In a more peculiar manner than others I hold myself obliged to render thanks--

 "1. To our God, who hath preserved us all, and brought us in safety and comfort to our dear country and relations. 

 "2. To our Christian friends, from whom we have received such powerful instructions this day, and prayers all the days of our absence. 

 "3. To you, Gentlemen, who have shown so much affection and respect in bearing me company in a journey so full of hardships and dangers. 

 "I am of the opinion of the Roman soldier who told Cæsar, 'I have in my own person fought for thee, and therefore that the Emperor ought in his own person to plead for the soldier' (which he did); and have in your own persons endured all the hardships, difficulties, and dangers with me: and were I as able as Cæsar, I hold myself as much obliged in my own person to serve you, and, to the utmost of my capacity, shall do all good offices for any of you, who have, with so much affection, respect, and hazard, adventured your persons with me. 

 "I am obliged, and do return my hearty thanks, to our worthy friends who have so excellently performed the work of the day, and shall pray that it may be powerful upon every one of our hearts, to build us up in the knowledge of this duty; and I should be glad to promise, in the name of all my company, that we shall give a ready and constant observance of those pious instructions we have received from you. 

 "Some here have been actors with us in our story; have gone down to the sea in ships and done business in great waters; have seen the works of God and His wonders in the deep; His commanding and raising the stormy wind, lifting up the waves thereof, which mount up to the heavens and go down again to the deep, whose souls have melted because of trouble, and have been at their wits' end: then have cried unto the Lord in their distress, and He hath brought them out of trouble. We have seen Him make the storm a calm, and the waves thereof still: then were we glad, and He brought us to our desired harbour. Oh that we would praise the Lord for His goodness, for His wonderful works! Let us exalt Him in the congregation of the people, and praise Him in the assembly of the elders. 

 "These my companions, who have been actors, and others, I hope will give me leave to make them auditors of some special providences of the Lord, wherein we may all reap benefit from the relation. The Apostle saith, 2 Pet. I. , 'Wherefore I will not be negligent to put you always in remembrance of these things, though you know them, and be established in the present truth. ' To all I may say, with the wise man (Prov. Viii. ), 'Hear! for I will speak of excellent things, ' free mercies, great deliverances, wonderful preservations: excellent things to those who were sharers of them in action, and for the contemplation of those who are hearers of them; therefore I may shortly recite some of the most eminent of them. 

 "In the first day of our voyage with a fair wind, at night it changed, and we were stopped till comfortable letters came to me, which otherwise could not have come, and were no sooner answered but the wind came fair again. When we toiled in the open sea with cross winds and tempests, driven near to our own coast back again, God sent us then fair weather and a good gale for our voyage. How was He pleased to bring us so very near great danger on the Riff, and then bring us safe off from it and hold on our course again!

 "When we were in no small danger in the tempestuous seas on the back of the Skaw, when the anchors dragged a league in one night with the storm, and every moment _we_ expected to be devoured by the raging waves, there the Lord was also our deliverer; as He also was upon the rocky coast of Norway and in the difficult passage to the harbour of Gothenburg. Throughout our voyage the providence of God watched over us and protected us. Thus did He in our land journey, where the extreme hardships we were put unto are sufficiently known to all of us, and will to our life's end be felt by some of us. 

 "My particular preservation was wonderful from an intended assassination by one who thrust himself into my company to have the better opportunity to execute it; but, overcome with kindness, his heart relented, and he forsook his purpose and my company. 

 "If the snow had fallen (as in other years) in the time of our travel, we could not have passed our journey; but He who rules the heavens and the earth restrained it till we came within half a day of our journey's end, and in safety He conducted us to Upsal. The same Providence kept us there, and when some of our company were sick and hurt, restored health again. 

 "It was marvellous and unexpected, that in a foreign country, at such a distance from friends and acquaintance, God should raise us up friends out of strangers, namely the Queen, foreign ministers, and great officers, in whose sight we found wonderful favour, to our preservation under God and a great means of effecting what we came about, maugre the labours and designs of our enemies against it, and their plots and attempts for our destruction, had not our Rock of Defence secured us. 

 "I should detain you very long, though I hope it would not be thought too long, to recite all our remarkable mercies; and it is an excellent thing that they are so numerous. We are now coming homewards. How did our God preserve us over the Baltic Sea from innumerable dangers of the rocks, sands, coasts, islands, fierce lightnings, storms, and those high-swelling waters! Such was our preservation in the Elbe, when our countrymen leaped into the water to bring us off from danger, and when the tempests hurried us up and down, by Heligoland, then towards Holland, then to the northward, then to the southward, in the open breaking rough seas, when we had lost our course and knew not where we were. 

 "Above all other was that most eminent deliverance near our own coast, when our ship was stuck upon the sand twelve leagues from any shore, when no help nor human means were left to save us, when pale death faced us so long together, when no hopes remained to escape his fury or the rages of the waves, which we expected every instant to swallow us; even then, to show where our dependence ought to be, our God would make it His own work to deliver us. He it was that raised the wind, and brought it from the higher part of the bank, to shake our fastened ship, and crumble the loose sands; and no sooner had we taken a resolution of praying and resigning our souls to God, but He gave us our lives again, moving our ship by His powerful arm, making it to float again, none knowing how or by what means, but by the free act of His mercy, and not a return of ours, but of the prayers of some here present, and divers others our Christian friends, who at that very time were met together to seek the Lord for us and for our safe return. 

 "Methinks the hearts of us who were partakers of these mercies should rejoice in the repetition of them, and those that hear them cannot but say they hear excellent things; and certainly never had any men more cause than we have of returning humble and hearty thanks to God who hath thus saved us. 

 "And having received these mercies, and been delivered out of these distresses, I may say to you, as Jacob said to his household (Gen. Xxxv. ), 'Let us arise and go to Bethel;' let us serve God and praise His name who answered us in the day of our distress, and was with us in the way which we went. Let us also keep Jacob's vow: 'The Lord hath been with us and kept us in our way, and brought us again to our fathers' house in peace; let the Lord be our God. ' Let not any of our former vanities or lusts, or love of the world, be any more our God, but let the Lord be our God; let our thanksgiving appear in owning the Lord for our God, and in walking answerable to our mercies; let our prayers be according to the counsel of the Apostle (Eph. V. ), 'See then that ye walk circumspectly, giving thanks always for all things. ' How much more are we bound to do it from our special mercies!

 "Gentlemen, give me leave to conclude with my particular thanks to you who accompanied me in my journey, and have manifested very much respect, care, diligence, courage, and discretion. You have, by your demeanour, done honour to our profession of religion, to our country, to yourselves, to your Ambassador, who will be ready to testify the same on all occasions, and to do you all good offices; chiefly in bearing you company to return praises to our God, whose mercies endure for ever. "

After these exercises performed, wherein Whitelocke was the more large inmanifesting the abounding of his sense of the goodness of God towardshim, and was willing also to recollect his thoughts for another occasion, the company retired themselves; and Whitelocke complimented hisparticular friends, giving them many thanks who had shown kindness tohis wife and family, and had taken care of his affairs in his absence. 

[SN: A banquet held in State, as in Sweden. ]

He bid them all welcome, and desired them to accompany company him thenext day to his audience before the Protector and Council. Then he ledthem into a great room, where the table was spread, and all things in thesame state and manner as he used to have them in Sweden, that his friendsmight see the fashion of his being served when he was in that condition, and as his farewell to those pomps and vanities. 

The trumpets sounding, meat was brought in, and the mistress of the housemade it appear that England had as good and as much plenty of provisionsas Sweden, Denmark, or Germany. His friends and company sat down to meatas they used to do in Sweden; the attendants, pages, lacqueys, andothers, in their liveries, did their service as they were accustomedabroad. Their discourse was full of cheerfulness and recounting of God'sgoodness; and both the time of the meat and the afternoon was spent inrejoicing together for the present mercy, and for the whole series ofGod's goodness to them; and in the evening they parted, every one to hisown quarters. 

_July 6, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke give an account of his Embassy to the Council. ]

Whitelocke went in the morning early to Whitehall. At Secretary Thurloe'slodging he found most of his company, the gentlemen in their habits, theothers in their liveries; and in a short time they were all cometogether, to attend their Ambassador to his last audience, who was put tothe patience of staying an hour and a half at Master Secretary's lodgingbefore he was called in to his Highness; then, being sent for, he went, attended in the same manner as he used to go to his audiences in Sweden. Being come to the outward room, he was presently brought into theCouncil-chamber, where the Protector sat in his great chair at the upperend of the table, covered, and his Council sat bare on each side of thetable. After ceremonies performed by Whitelocke, and great respect shownhim by the Protector and his Council, Whitelocke spake to this effect:--

 "May it please your Highness, "I attend, by your command, to give an account of the discharge of that great trust and weighty burden which, through the assistance of God, I have undergone in my employment to Sweden, and with the success of that negotiation, wherein I shall not waste much of your time, for which you have other great affairs; but, in as few words as I can, I shall with clearness and truth acquaint your Highness and your Honourable Council with those matters which I apprehend most fit and worthy of your knowledge. 

 "After the receipt of my commission and instructions from the Parliament then sitting, to go Ambassador to Sweden, I neglected no time, how unseasonable soever, to transport myself to that country. Upon the 5th of November I embarked at the Hope, and after ten days' voyage, through many storms, enemies, and dangers, it pleased God on the 15th of November to bring me in safety, with all my company, into the port of Gothenburg. The next day I despatched two of my servants to the Court with letters to Prince Adolphus, the Grand Master, and to the Ricks-Chancellor of Sweden, to advertise them of my arrival, and to desire their advice whither to direct my journey to attend the Queen. 

 "In this city I received many civilities and testimonies of respect to your Highness and this Commonwealth from the magistrates, officers, and others there; and a small contest I had with a Dutchman, a Vice-Admiral of her Majesty's, about our war with his countrymen, and about some prizes brought in by me, wherein I took the liberty to justify the proceedings of this State, and ordered, upon submission, the release of a small Dutch prize taken by me. 

 "Having refreshed myself and company some days, I began my land journey the last day of November. The military officers accompanied me out of town; the citizens and garrison-soldiers stood to their arms, and with many volleys of great and small shot (the bullets passing somewhat too near for compliments) they gave me an honourable farewell. 

 "In our journey we met with extreme hardships, both in the weather and in want of necessary accommodations. The greater towns where we quartered showed much respect to your Highness and this Commonwealth; only in one town a little affront was given in words by a prætor, who acknowledged his fault, and it appeared to proceed more from drink than judgement. In all places the officers took great care, with what the country would afford, to furnish what I wanted; the ways were prepared, waggons and horses brought in, and all things requisite were done by the country, upon command of her Majesty. 

 "After twenty-one days in our land-journey, near four hundred miles from Gothenburg up into the country, in that climate in December, it pleased God through all our difficulties to bring us safe to Upsal the 20th of December. About half a league from the town, the Master of the Ceremonies, and after him two Senators with two coaches of the Queen's, and those of the Spanish Resident and of divers grandees, met me, and with more than ordinary ceremony conducted me to a house in the town, by the Queen's order taken up and furnished for me. Divers compliments passed from the Queen herself and many of her Court, expressing much respect to your Highness and this Commonwealth, in the person of your servant. 

 "By favour I obtained my first audience from the Queen the 23rd of December, the particular passages whereof (as of most other matters which I have to mention) were in my letters imparted, as they arose, to Mr. Secretary Thurloe, and by him, I presume, to your Highness and the Council. Two or three days after this I procured a private audience from her Majesty, when I showed her my commission, and took time to wait on her with my proposals. 

 "The Spanish Resident, Don Piementelle, now in this Court, expressed high respects for your Highness and this Commonwealth, and particular affection to me; and I, knowing his great favour with the Queen and his own worth, contracted an intimacy of friendship with him, as I had also with M. Woolfeldt, the King of Denmark's brother-in-law, with Field-Marshal Wrangel, Grave Tott, the Queen's favourite, and with divers senators and great men, but especially with the old Chancellor. 

 "I found very useful for your Highness's service there Mr. Lagerfeldt, Secretary Canterstein, Mr. Ravius, and others; and I had good assistance from my countrymen, General-Major Fleetwood, a true friend to England, my Lord Douglas, Colonel Hamilton, and others. 

 "And having now given your Highness some account of persons, I come to the matter of my negotiation, which I laid the best I could. 

 "By advice I made my applications to the Queen herself, and, as much as I could, put the business upon her personal determination, which she liked, and it proved advantageous. I presented to her at once all my articles, except three reserved. The articles proposed a league offensive and defensive; whereupon she objected the unsettledness of our Commonwealth, the present peace of her kingdoms, and our being involved in a war. To which I answered, that her kingdoms could not long continue in peace, and would have as much need of our assistance as we of theirs; and our war and successes against Holland were arguments that our friendship merited acceptance; that I hoped our Commonwealth was settled, and that leagues were between nations, not governments. 

 "This debate was very large with her Majesty, who seemed satisfied with my answers, and appointed her Chancellor to treat with me; who much more insisted upon the unsettledness of our Commonwealth and upon the same objections which the Queen had made, and received from me the same answers; which proved the more satisfactory after the news of your Highness's accession to the Government, which made this treaty proceed more freely. 

 "I had often and long disputes with the Chancellor upon the article touching English rebels being harboured in Sweden; most of all, touching contraband goods, and about reparation of the losses of the Swedes by prizes taken from them in our Dutch war by us, besides many other objections, whereof I have given a former account by letters. The Chancellor being sick, his son Grave Eric was commissioned to treat with me in his father's stead, and was much more averse to my business, and more earnest upon the objections, than the old man, whom, being recovered, I found more moderate, yet we could not agree one way or other. And when I pressed for a conclusion, both the Queen and her Chancellor did ingenuously acknowledge, that they desired first to see whether the peace would be made between us and Holland, before they came to a determination upon my treaty; wherein I could not but apprehend reason: and when the news came that the peace between your Highness and the Dutch was concluded, I urged a conclusion of my treaty; and what the Chancellor and I differed in, the Queen was pleased to reconcile, and so we came to the full agreement contained in this instrument, signed and sealed by the Queen's Commissioners, which I humbly present to your Highness and this Honourable Board; and which I hope, through the goodness of God, may be of advantage to this Commonwealth, and to the Protestant interest. "

Here Whitelocke, making a little pause, delivered into the Protector'shand the instrument of his treaty, fairly written in Latin, in a book ofvellum, with the hands and seals to it of the Ricks-Chancellor and hisson Grave Eric, which being done, Whitelocke went on in his speech. 

 "I cannot but acknowledge the great goodness of God to me in this employment, in my preservation from attempts against my person, raising me up such eminent friends, giving me so much favour in the eyes of strangers, inclining the Queen's heart to an extraordinary affection and favour towards me, and giving this good success to my business, notwithstanding the designs and labours of many enemies to the contrary. The treaty with me being thus finished, the business came on of the Queen's resignation of the Crown, wherein she was pleased to express a great confidence in a stranger, by imparting it to me many weeks before, whereof I took the boldness to certify your Highness. 

 "The Prince who was to succeed the Queen was sent for to Upsal, and their Ricksdag, or Parliament, was to meet there in the beginning of May. Your Highness will not expect many arguments of your servant's longing desires of returning, when he had advice that your frigates sent for him were in the Elbe; yet, judging it might conduce to your service to salute the Prince, I staid till his entry (which was in great state) into Upsal, where I saluted him from your Highness, and acquainted him with my negotiation, which he well approved; and, to testify his great respect to your Highness and this Commonwealth, he came in person to visit me at my house, and used me with so much extraordinary favour and ceremony, that never the like had been done before to any ambassador. We had several conferences at large, much discourse of your Highness and of this Commonwealth, with the particulars whereof I shall acquaint you at your better leisure. 

 "The time of the Queen's resignation being near, I thought it not convenient for me to be then upon the place, but removed to Stockholm; where I was when the resignation and new coronation were solemnized at Upsal. The magistrates of Stockholm expressed good respect to your Highness and this Commonwealth. From hence I embarked the 1st of June, in a good ship of the Queen's, to cross the Baltic Sea. She sent one of her Vice-Admirals, Clerke, to attend me; and, after a dangerous voyage and bad weather, the Lord gave us a safe arrival at Lübeck, on the 7th of June. The magistrates, by their Syndic, here bid me welcome and expressed some respect, and made some requests by me to your Highness. 

 "From Lübeck I travelled over Holstein and Lüneburg, and came the 10th of June to Hamburg; where I was also very civilly saluted by some of the magistrates and Syndic; and most of the Lords came afterwards to me, and testified extraordinary respect and service to your Highness and this Commonwealth. My countrymen, the company of Merchant Adventurers there, showed very much kindness to me, and I endeavoured to do them service to the Lords of the town, making use of your Highness's name therein. 

 "I departed from Hamburg the 17th of June; Mr. Bradshaw, your Highness's worthy Resident there, and others of my countrymen, showing much kindness to me, both whilst I was there and at my departure from this city. I embarked in your Highness's frigate, near Glückstadt, but was detained for some days in the Elbe by cross winds, and in some danger, but in more when we came into the open sea. But above all, the Lord was pleased to appear for us on the 28th day of June, when our ship stuck upon the sands, above twelve leagues off from the coast of Yarmouth: and when there was no means or help of men for our escape, but we expected every moment to be drowned by the waves, then it pleased God to show his power and free mercy by his own hand to deliver us, and, after two hours' expectation of death, to reprieve us, to set our ship on float again, and to bring us all in health and safety to your Highness's presence, and to our dear country and relations. 

 "The Queen and the new King were pleased to honour me with jewels off their pictures, and a gift of copper, I having bestowed my horses (of more worth) on them and whom they appointed, and which I refused to sell, as a thing uncomely for my condition in your Highness's service. 

 "Thus, Sir, I have given you a clear and full account of my transactions; and, as I may justify my own diligence and faithfulness therein, so I cannot but condemn my many weaknesses and failings; of which I can only say that they were not wilful, and make a humble demand to your Highness and this honourable Council, that I may obtain your pardon. "

When Whitelocke had ended his speech and a little pause made, theProtector, pulling off his hat and presently putting it on again, desiredWhitelocke to withdraw, which he did, and within a quarter of an hour wascalled in again. The Protector, using the same ceremony as before, spaketo him to this effect:--

[SN: Cromwell's answer to his speech. ]

 "My Lord, "The Council and myself have heard the report of your journey and negotiation with much contentment and satisfaction, and both we and you have cause to bless God for your return home with safety, honour, and good success, in the great trust committed to you; wherein this testimony is due to you, that you have discharged your trust with faithfulness, diligence, and prudence, as appears by the account you have given us, and the issue of the business. Truly, when persons to whom God hath given so good abilities, as He hath done to you, shall put them forth as you have done, for His glory and for the good of His people, they may expect a blessing from Him, as you have received in an ample measure. 

 "An acknowledgment is also due to them from their country, who have served their country faithfully and successfully, as you have done. I can assure your Lordship it is in my heart, really it is, and, I think, in the hearts of all here, that your services in this employment may turn to an account of advantage to you and yours; and it is just and honourable that it should be so. 

 "The Lord hath shown extraordinary mercy to you and to your company, in the great deliverances which he hath vouchsafed to you; and especially in that eminent one which you have related to us, when you were come near your own country, and the enjoyment of the comforts of your safe return. It was indeed a great testimony of God's goodness to you all, --a very signal mercy, and such a one as ought to raise up your hearts and our hearts in thankfulness to God, who hath bestowed this mercy on you; and it is a mercy also to us as well as to you, though yours more personally, who were thus saved and delivered by the special hand of Providence. 

 "The goodness of God to you was also seen in the support of you, under those hardships and dangers which you have undergone in this service; let it be your comfort that your service was for God, and for his people, and for your country. And now that you have, through his goodness, passed them over, and he hath given you a safe return unto your country, the remembrance of those things will be pleasant to you, and an obligation for an honourable recompense of your services performed under all those hardships and dangers. 

 "For the treaty which you have presented to us, signed and sealed by the Queen's Commissioners, I presume it is according to what you formerly gave advice to us from Sweden. We shall take time to peruse it, and the Council have appointed a committee to look into it, together with your instructions, and such other papers and things as you have further to offer to them: and I may say it, that this treaty hath the appearance of much good, not only to England, but to the Protestant interest throughout Christendom; and I hope it will be found so, and your service thereby have its due esteem and regard, being so much for public good, and so discreetly and successfully managed by you. 

 "My Lord, I shall detain you no longer, but to tell you that you are heartily welcome home; that we are very sensible of your good service, and shall be ready on all occasions to make a real acknowledgment thereof to you. "

When the Protector had done speaking, Whitelocke withdrew into theoutward room, whither Mr. Scobell, Clerk of the Council, came to him witha message from the Protector, that Whitelocke would cause those of hisretinue, then present, to go in to the Protector and Council, which theydid; and the Protector spake to them with great courtesy and favour, bidding them welcome home, blessing God for their safe return to theirfriends and native country, and for the great deliverances which He hadwrought for them. He commended their care of Whitelocke and their gooddeportment, by which they had testified much courage and civility, andhad done honour to religion and to their country; he gave them thanks forit, and assurance of his affection to them when any occasion should beoffered for their good or preferment. They withdrew, full of hopes, everyone of them, to be made great men; but few of them attained any favour, though Whitelocke solicited for divers of them who were very worthy ofit. 

This audience being ended, and with it Whitelocke's commission, hewillingly parted with his company and greatness, and contentedly retiredhimself with his wife and children in his private family. After hisreturn from the Council, Whitelocke dismissed his company and went tothose gentlemen whom he had desired to act as a committee for him beforehis going out of England; these he desired to examine the state of hisaccounts with his officers, to satisfy what remained due to any, and tomake up his account, to be given in tomorrow to the Council's committee. 

_July 7, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke renders a minute account of the negotiation to aCommittee of Council. ]

According to the appointment of the Protector and Council, signified tohim by a letter from Mr. Jessop, Clerk of the Council, Whitelockerepaired to Whitehall, to the Lord Viscount Lisle and Colonel NathanielFiennes, the Committee of the Council, appointed to peruse and examinehis proceedings: to them he produced his commission, orders, credentials, and instructions; and all was sifted into, by virtue whereof he actedthroughout by his whole Embassy. 

He deduced his negotiation from the beginning of his Treaty to theconclusion of it, with all the reasons and circumstances of histransactions. They took cognizance of all, narrowly searched into andexamined everything, comparing all particular passages and actions withthe rules and instructions given him; and upon the whole matter theyacknowledged that Whitelocke had given them full satisfaction in everypoint, and all his proceedings were by them, and upon their report to theProtector and Council afterwards, fully approved and commended by them. 

_July 8, 1654. _

[SN: The Committee of Council audits his accounts. ]

Whitelocke again solicited the Committee of the Council that his accountsmight be examined and stated, and order given for the payment of whatremained due to him, which he had expended out of his own purse in theirservice, and was reasonable for him to expect a reimbursement of it. TheCommittee were pleased to take great pains in pursuing and examining hispapers, books, and accounts, not omitting (with strictness enough) anyparticular of his actions and expenses; and after all their straitinquisition and narrow sitting, they again acknowledged, which upon theirreport was confirmed by the Council, that his management of this affairhad been faithful and prudent, his disbursements had been just andnecessary, his account was clear and honest, and that he ought to besatisfied with what remained upon his accounts due to him. The remainderdue to him was above £500, and, notwithstanding all their promises, Whitelocke could never get it of them. 

The sum of all was, that for a most difficult and dangerous work, faithfully and successfully performed by Whitelocke, he had little thanksand no recompense from those who did employ him; but, not long after, wasrewarded by them with an injury: they put him out of his office ofCommissioner of the Great Seal, because he would not betray the rights ofthe people, and, contrary to his own knowledge and the knowledge of thosewho imposed it, execute an ordinance of the Protector and his Council asif it had been a law. But in a succeeding Parliament, upon the motion ofhis noble friend the Lord Broghill, Whitelocke had his arrears of hisdisbursements paid him, and some recompense of his faithful serviceallowed unto him. 

His hopes were yet higher, and his expectation of acceptance was from asuperior to all earthly powers; to whom only the praise is due, of allour actions and endeavours, and who will certainly reward all hisservants with a recompense which will last for ever. 

_July 9, 1654. _

[SN: A familiar letter. ]

I received this letter from my brother Willoughby:--

 "_For my Lord Whitelocke, at Chelsea, humbly these. _

 "My Lord, "I being this day commanded by the two within-named persons in your letter to consummate their nuptials, and in that to bear the part of a father, am so confident of my power, as (were it not my Lord Whitelocke's request, whose interest with them exceeds a mock father) he might be assured of not failing of his commands; but that done which this morning I am going about, I am by them desired to jog on to Stanstead, so that I fear I shall by that means be disappointed of attending you upon Wednesday; and that, I assure you, will go to Nancy's heart, she being yesterday resolved to have visited you this morning at Chelsea, had she not apprehended your early being in town; but wherever we are, our thankfulness to God for your safe return you shall not fail of, nor of the keeper tomorrow night. So I rest, "My Lord, "Your affectionate brother to serve you, "WILL. WILLOUGHBY. "_July. _"

I have inserted this and other letters, that you may observe the changeof styles and compliments in the change of fortunes and conditions. 

_July 10, 1654. _

I had been several times to visit my Lord Lambert since my coming home, he being a person in great favour with the army, and not without someclose emulation from Cromwell; but his occasions were so great, that Icould not meet with him. I therefore desired the Earl of Clare, who wasvery intimate with Lambert, to contrive a conveniency for my meeting withmy Lord Lambert, whereupon he sent me this letter, directed

 "_For the Lord Whitelocke, at Chelsea. _

 "My Lord, "Hearing your Lordship had been several times to see my Lord Lambert and missed, and I desiring that there should be no mistakes between you, I sent Mr. Bankes to signify so much to his cousin Lambert, who, being come this morning to town, says he will be very glad to see your Lordship about two this afternoon, and Mr. Bankes will wait on your Lordship to him, if you please to be in the Park, in the walk between the elms on this side the water. So I rest

 "Your Lordship's humble servant, "CLARE. "

I met Mr. Bankes at the time appointed, who brought me to my LordLambert, and he received me with great civility and respect; we had muchdiscourse together about Sweden, and Germany, and Denmark, and thebusiness of my treaty; and we parted with all kindness, and he desired tohave my company often. 

_July 11, 1654. _

I received this letter from my Lady Pratt:--

 "_For my ever-honoured friend the Lord Whitelocke, these humbly. _

 "My Lord, "Hearing that it is absolutely in your power to dispose of the time of the Assizes, and an unexpected accident being fallen out, which, will make them extremely prejudicial to us if they begin so soon, my humble suit to your Lordship is to defer them till, etc. This favour, as it will be an extraordinary great one, so it will lay a suitable obligation upon, "My Lord, your most humble servant, "MARGARET PRATT. "

I could not gratify this lady's desire, being not yet sworn aCommissioner of the Great Seal; but I returned her a civil answer andexcuse; and I have inserted the more letters, that you may see the styleand compliments of divers persons, and note their change upon the changeof times. 

_July 12, 1654. _

[SN: A more formal letter. ]

I received this letter from the Lord Chief Baron Wylde:--

 "_For the Right Honourable the Lord Ambassador Whitelocke, these, at Chelsea. _

 "Right Honourable and my very good Lord, "It is not my happiness to be in place or condition to wait upon your Lordship, as I would, to present my humble service to you, and the gratulations due for your safe and happy return, for your long and hazardous, but I hope successful journey, wishing the honour and happiness which belongs to your most known deservings may ever attend you, with a reward from above for those inestimable favours by which you have for ever obliged me to you and all that is mine; who, after the long course I have run, through all the degrees of my laborious calling, my services to my country and the Commonwealth, my great losses and sufferings for the public, and the discharge of my duty in all my several trusts and employments, have now the hoped-for comfort of all removed from me, and a dark shadow cast upon me, with all the sad consequences thereof to me and mine, and many others that have dependence on me. But God gives and takes, and is able to restore; His help I trust in, and shall still desire the continuance of your Lordship's undoubted favours, whose health and happiness I shall ever pray for, who am, "My Lord, "Your Lordship's most faithful servant, "JOHN WYLDE. "_Hampstead, 12th July, 1654. _"

This gentleman was very laborious in the service of the Parliament, andstiff for them, and had sustained great losses and hatred by adhering inall matters to them. He was learned in his profession, but of morereading than depth of judgement; and I never heard of any injustice orincivility of him. The Parliament made him Lord Chief Baron of theExchequer, which place he executed with diligence and justice; yet uponthe alteration made by Cromwell, when he assumed the Protectorship, inthe nomination of officers he left out Mr. Sergeant Wylde from beingChief Baron or any other employment, --a usual reward, in such times, forthe best services. He entreated me to move the Protector on his behalf, which I did, but to no effect, the Protector having a dislike of theSergeant, but the ground thereof I could not learn. 

[SN: Whitelocke's influence in Oxfordshire. ]

Most places were full of trouble about their elections of Parliament men. I had recommended my son James to some of my friends in Oxfordshire, forone of the knights for that county, myself being chosen for the city ofOxford and for the borough of Bedford, and one of the knights for Bucks. I had at this time such an interest in Oxfordshire, that upon my accountmy son James was chosen for one of their knights for the Parliament, asappears by this letter to me:--

 "_For the Right Honourable his dear Father the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke, at Chelsea, these. Haste, haste. _

 "Dear Sir, "I held it my duty, upon the instant of the conclusion of the elections at this place, to acquaint you that I am chosen one of the knights for the county in the next Parliament. I am told that the number of voices might justly have given the first place to me; but I freely resigned it to Lieutenant-General Fleetwood, not suffering it to be brought to trial by the poll, which many of the country desired. The persons elected are Lieutenant-General Fleetwood, Mr. Robert Jenkinson, Colonel Nathaniel Fynes, Mr. Lenthall, Master of the Rolls, and myself. 

 "Many of your friends appeared really for me, amongst which I can experimentally say none acted more effectually than my cousin Captain Crooke, his father, and brother. The city of Oxford was prepared very seasonably for me, wherein my cousin Richard Crooke's affections did particularly appear; and I conceive that if you shall be pleased to waive the election for the city of Oxford, no truer friend could be commended by you for their choice than my cousin Richard Crooke, in regard of his interest there, if you think it fit. I shall say no more at present in this haste, but expect your commands in all things, who am

 "Your most obedient son, "J. WHITELOCKE. "_Oxford, July 12, 1654. _"

The gentlemen of Oxfordshire did generally manifest great civility andrespect to me in this business of my son; so did the citizens of Oxford;and the scholars were not behindhand in the expression of their favourand good opinion of me and my son, and they stood stoutly and generallyfor my son to be one of the knights for the county. Thus was my interestat this time sufficient to make another to be knight of the shire; yetwhen my condition fell, my interest fell with it, and I was looked uponas a stranger among them. Such is the course and vicissitude of worldlythings; therefore put no trust in them. 

_July 13, 1654. _

[SN: Whitelocke summoned to resume the Commissionership of the GreatSeal. ]

This Order of the Council was brought unto me:--

 "_Thursday, the 13th of July, 1654. _

 "AT THE COUNCIL AT WHITEHALL: _Ordered_, by his Highness the Lord Protector and the Council, that the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke do attend the Council tomorrow morning, to take his oath as one of the Lords Commissioners for the Great Seal, and that the rest of the Lords Commissioners do then also attend with the Seal. 

 "HENRY SCOBELL, "Clerk of the Council. "

Some of my friends thought it very long before this order was made, andlooked upon it as some neglect to me, whereof I was likewise sensible, but had no remedy; only it seemed hard that after so perilous anundertaking, performed, through the blessing of God, faithfully andsuccessfully on my part, my requital should be a neglect of me and myservices. Yet it pleased God to give me much patience and temperance tobear this slighting and ingratitude, and I knew the condition of him fromwhom it came, who, when his turn was served, usually forgot theinstruments. 

_July 14, 1654. _

[SN: Receives the Seal. ]

According to the Council's Order, the Lords Commissioners Lisle andWiddrington attended with the Seal at Whitehall, and I was there also. Wewere all called into the Council, where the Protector himself wassitting at the upper end of the table with his hat on, and the Councilall uncovered. He made a short and grave speech, how much I had deservedfrom the Commonwealth by the great and faithful services I had performedfor them, particularly in the treaty with Sweden. That in my absence, thecustody of the Great Seal being to be disposed of, the Council andhimself having good experience of my fidelity and abilities for thatgreat trust, and as a testimony of their favour to me, they thought fitto nominate me for one of the Commissioners of the Seal. And I being now, through the mercy of God, safely returned again into this Commonwealth, they had appointed this time for me to take the oath of a Commissioner ofthe Great Seal, as the rest of the Commissioners had done before. 

I then desired to see the oath, which was shown to me, and finding it tobe the same that I had taken before, I took it now again; and after that, the Protector took the Great Seal in his hand and delivered it to me andthe other Commissioners, and so we did withdraw with it. Sir ThomasWiddrington seemed a little distasted that I was the first Commissioner, named before him, which was done when I was out of England, and, Isuppose, because I was then Ambassador Extraordinary in their actualservice. We went away together to consult about the business of the Seal, and I sought to win Sir Thomas Widdrington by my civility to him. 

_July 15, 1654. _

[SN: Entry of certain goods. ]

I employed my brother Wilson to the Commissioners of the Customs, to getthe copper which I had brought from Sweden, and some deal boards, to bedischarged of paying custom, they being my particular goods, concerningwhich my brother Wilson gave me this account by his letter; and also, touching the arrears of my salary as Commissioner of the Great Sealduring my absence out of England, and for one term since my coming home. 

 "_For the Right Honourable the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke, these; Chelsea. _

 "May it please your Lordship, "This morning I waited on the Commissioners of the Customs with your Lordship's letter, who expressed much readiness to answer your expectation about the Customs of the copper and deal boards, had it been in their power, their commission not exceeding a bill of store for forty shillings. But I am to wait on the Commissioners at Whitehall for regulating the Customs, on Tuesday morning (who sit not till then); they have power to grant the custom thereof, and carrying the letter from your Lordship, I question not but will take effect, and so they have acquainted me; which letter I send enclosed, that you may please in the superscription to add to the word Commissioners, 'for regulating, etc. , ' which then will be fit to present to the said committee. In the meantime I have procured an order to go to work upon the small vessel, which cannot well be done until you are pleased to send word what shall be done with the deals, they being uppermost. If the barge be not ready, if you think fit, I will hire a lighter and load her therewith, which may convey them to Queenhithe or Chelsea, otherwise it will be less charge for a barge to take them in from the ship; your Lordship's pleasure shall be observed in all. 

 "I acquainted the Commissioners of the Customs of an order your Lordship had for £1000, which they acquainted me should be paid as soon as brought to them; since which I have received it from Mr. Earle, which I also send enclosed, that you may please to put your name underneath it, that so receipt may be made over it after their form, and on Monday it will be paid. 

 "My humble service to my Lady, I beseech you, present. I shall await your Lordship's answer, and ever remain

 "Your Lordship's most obliged servant, "SAMUEL WILSON. "_London, this 15th July, 1654. _"

I ordered a Henley barge to take in the deal boards from the ship, and tocarry them to Fawley Court, which was done; and there I made use of themfor new flooring my hall and for wainscoting of it. They wereextraordinary good boards, and those of the floor were about two inchesthick. There they are, and there may they long continue, for the use ofme and my children; and may they put us in mind to bless God for hisgoodness to me in that voyage, and in my safe return to that place, andof all his preservations and mercies to me and my company!

I returned order to my brother Wilson, to be careful of receiving mymoney from the Commissioners of the Customs. 

_July 16, 1654. _

I had some conference with Major G. Disborough, one of the Commissionersfor the Ordnance, about his buying for the State the copper which theQueen of Sweden gave me, and I brought over from thence, being twohundred and fifty ship-pound. I desired that some merchants might lookupon it, who had experience in that commodity; and what they should agreeto be a reasonable price for it, I should be content to take it; and sowe concluded. 

_July 17, 1654. _

[SN: Sale of copper. ]

My brother Wilson gave me this account touching my moneys and copper:--

 "_For the Right Honourable the Lord Commissioner Whitelocke, these; at Chelsea. _

 "_London, the 17th July, 1654. _

 "May it please your Lordship, "I sent this morning to receive your moneys at the Custom-house, and they say there is no more due to your Lordship than £750 for three terms, as is expressed in the receipt enclosed, which they have made. I would not receive it until I knew your pleasure, which, if this sum doth agree with what is your due, you may please to put your name to the enclosed receipt from them, and it will be paid in the morning. The order also I send back, that you may please to take off your name from it and send it again by the bearer. 

 "In the morning we shall work upon the ship, and I shall wait on the Committee at Whitehall, for the custom and excise of the copper to be free, which will come to £240. I hope I shall prevail, and shall always remain

 "Your Lordship's humble servant, "SAMUEL WILSON. "

There was a mistake by the Commissioners of the Customs about my money, which I rectified, and had the £1000 paid to my brother Wilson for myuse. Touching the copper, I at length contracted with Major G. Disborough, who bought it for the Protector, and gave me £2500 for it, which was justly paid unto me; and the copper was employed to make brassordnance for the ships, and was excellent good, and no ill bargain. 

[SN: Mr. Henry Elsing. ]

I received a letter from Mr. Henry Elsing, late Clerk of theParliament, and the best clerk in my judgement that ever I knew, to takethe sense of the House and put it in apt terms. He was an excellentscholar, --had the Italian, French, and Latin languages; a very honest andingenious man, and fitter for much better employment than to be Clerk ofthe Parliament. He was my faithful and kind friend, and I owe very muchof affection and gratitude to the memory of this worthy gentleman. He wasin great and deserved favour of the House of Commons, and gave over hisplace because he would not meddle in the business about the trial of theKing. He often invited Mr. Selden and me together to his house to dinner, where we had great cheer, and greater learning in excellent discourse, whereof himself bore a chief part. I was the more frequent with him, being godfather to one of his sons, and Mr. Selden the other godfather, which brought us two the oftener together to his house, to see ourgodson; and even in such meetings as these I gained very much ofknowledge from the most learned and rational discourses of Mr. Selden. 

FOOTNOTES:

[435] [Yet Whitelocke seems to have entertained no suspicions of theQueen's design to join the Church of Rome. Piementelle and Montecuculiwere however aware of her intention on this point, and were afterwardspresent at her abjuration. ]

THE END. 

JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, PRINTER, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. 

{Transcriber's notes. 

1 Original reads "of our father"; changed to "of your father". 

2 Original reads "more prejudical to Sweden"; changed to "moreprejudicial to Sweden". 

3 Original reads "contrabrand goods"; changed to "contraband goods". 

4 "Sunnandag" not italicised in original. 

5 Original reads "Grave Eric's requst"; changed to "Grave Eric'srequest". 

6 Original reads "unto the Prinee"; changed to "unto the Prince". 

7 Original reads "and and that"; changed to "and that". 

8 Original reads "Whitleocke"; changed to "Whitelocke". 

9 Original reads "bacon and other provison"; changed to "bacon and otherprovision". 

10 Original reads "en suite dequoi"; changed to "en suite de quoi". }