Transcriber's Note: In this text words surrounded by an _underscore_ are underlined. * * * * * A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA THE PALMER COLLECTION, 1887 BY WILLIAM C. MASSEY AND CAROLYN M. OSBORNE ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 16, No. 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Editors (Berkeley): J. H. Rowe, R. F. Millon, D. M. Schneider Volume 16, No. 8, pp. 339-364, plates 12-17, 7 figures in text, 2 maps Submitted by editors May 16, 1960 Issued May 12, 1961 Price, $1. 00 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles California Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America * * * * * PREFACE In 1888 an archaeological collection of material from Bahía de LosAngeles in Baja California was deposited in the United States NationalMuseum by Dr. Edward Palmer. Although the material was duly catalogued, together with Dr. Palmer's notes, it has gone undescribed until thepresent. Dr. Robert F. Heizer called this collection to the attention of thesenior author in 1948. At that time the archaeology of Baja Californiawas receiving emphasis at the University of California because ofthe interest of the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, under thechairmanship of Dr. C. O. Sauer. The late Professor E. W. Gifford, thenCurator of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, arranged with Dr. T. Dale Stewart of the United States National Museumfor a temporary study loan of the collection. From the beginning, the division of labor between the authors has beenprimarily in terms of "hard" and "soft" artifacts. Massey has handledthe analyses of the imperishable artifacts, their ethnographic andarchaeological distributions, and the distributions of all artifactsfor Baja California. Mrs. Osborne has dealt with the netting, textiles, and cordage, and the distribution of their techniques outside BajaCalifornia. Dr. Lila M. O'Neale began the analysis of the textilesand netting and directed it until her untimely death. Professor E. W. Gifford advised on the initial description of the imperishableartifacts. This presentation has been delayed for many reasons, but the interveningyears have added much detailed information to the original data, both inthe literature of anthropology and in subsequent field work. We are very grateful to friends, past and present, for their help andencouragement. We wish to acknowledge the support of the Department ofAnthropology, University of California, for the photographs of theimperishable materials. Thanks are due Bob Ormsby, a University ofWashington student, for the drawings of netting. All other drawings andthe maps were done by June M. Massey. We acknowledge with thanks theassistance of Mrs. Gene Marquez, whose services as a typist wereprovided by the Department of Biological Sciences of the University ofFlorida. Above all we wish to dedicate this small work to the memories of twotireless teachers and workers in anthropology--and in humanity: Dr. LilaM. O'Neale and Professor E. W. Gifford. W. C. M. C. M. O. CONTENTS Page Preface iii Introduction 339 Ethnographic background 339 The site 341 The burials 341 Artifacts 341 Stone 341 Bone 342 Shell 342 Midden potsherds 343 Wood 343 Cordage and textiles 345 Simplest uses of prepared cord 345 Haftings 346 Matting 346 Netting 347 Feathered apron or cape 349 Human hair cape 349 Tump band 350 Cotton cloth 351 Summary and conclusions 351 Bibliography 352 Explanation of plates 356 MAPS 1. Baja California, showing location of Bahía de Los Angeles 339 2. Linguistic groups of Baja California 340 FIGURES 1. Detail of arrow or dart (139587), showing sting-ray spine point and cuplike depression at butt end 344 2. Tie-twined matting technique 346 3. Square-knot technique 347 4. Method of beginning hairnets and carrying nets 347 5. Detail of lower, fitted edge of hairnet 348 6. Detail of lower, gathered edge of carrying net 348 7. Detail showing insertion of feathers in hitches of carrying net 349 [Illustration: Map 1. Baja California, showing location of Bahía de Los Angeles. ] * * * * * A BURIAL CAVE IN BAJA CALIFORNIA THE PALMER COLLECTION, 1887 BY WILLIAM C. MASSEY AND CAROLYN M. OSBORNE INTRODUCTION In December of 1887 Dr. Edward Palmer, the naturalist, set sail from theport of Guaymas in Sonora, crossed the Gulf of California, and landed atBahía de Los Angeles on the peninsula of Baja California. Then, as now, there was a modest gold-mining operation at the bay. During his briefstay at the mining station, Dr. Palmer excavated a small natural cavewhich had been used by the Indians who were then extinct in that partof the peninsula. Seven partially disturbed skeletons and a variety of associatedartifacts were collected and deposited at the United States NationalMuseum. The collection also included some potsherds and shells from amidden on the shores of the bay. All of these items were listed andbriefly described in the Annual Report of the United States NationalMuseum for the year 1888 (pp. 127-129). Aside from the intrinsic value of presenting archaeological materialfrom the little-known area of Baja California, the Palmer Collection hasparticular importance because of its immediate geographic source. Bahíade Los Angeles lies in that part of Baja California most accessible tothe Mexican mainland (map 1). Not only is there a relative physicalcloseness, but the Gulf islands form here a series of "stepping stones"from Bahía de Los Angeles across to Tiburon Island, home of the Seri, and thence to the adjacent mainland coast of Sonora. The bay lies in the north-central desert region of the peninsula, wherethe environment is especially difficult because of extreme aridity, scarcity of surface water, and the consequent dearth of plant and animallife. In view of these conditions, it has been suggested that the Seri may bedescendants of people who, hard-pressed by the environmental poverty ofthis section of Baja California, may have moved across the Gulf toTiburon Island and Sonora (Kroeber, 1931, pp. 5, 49-50). This hypothesishas appealed to one California archaeologist, although at present thereis insufficient evidence from archaeology or ethnography either tosupport or to deny it (Rogers, 1945, p. 194). However, thearchaeological collection from Bahía de Los Angeles does indicatetrade and some contact across the Gulf. In this paper emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the PalmerCollection with respect to the known archaeology and ethnography of BajaCalifornia. ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND The Indians who inhabited the area surrounding Bahía de Los Angelesspoke the Borjeño language of the Peninsular Yuman group, of the YumanFamily of languages (map 2). They were linguistically and historicallyrelated to other Yuman-speaking groups of the peninsula and areas to thenorth (Massey, 1949, p. 292). At the time of European contact thesepeople--like all other aboriginal groups on the peninsula--were hunters, fishers, and gatherers. The nearest agricultural tribes were on thelower Colorado River. Culturally, the Borjeño were like other Peninsular Yumans of relativelylate prehistoric and historic periods in central Baja California. However, they lived in more widely scattered groups because of thegreater scarcity of water in this part of the peninsula. Immediately tothe north of them at Bahía de San Luis Gonzaga--at approximately the30th parallel--a decided break with the Peninsular Yuman traditionoccurred. In 1746, during a voyage up the gulf coast from Loreto to the mouth ofthe Colorado River, Father Fernando Consag noted that (1) the Spanishand their "Cochimí" interpreters could not converse with the natives;(2) the natives had dogs; and (3) the Indians had pottery vessels(Venegas, 1944, III:107-109). The Hungarian Jesuit was the first to note the southeastern linguisticboundary of the California Yuman groups, a boundary which layimmediately north of Bahía de Los Angeles. At the same time he placedthe southernmost extent of dogs and the making or use of pottery on thepeninsula in the 18th century. In describing the collection from Bahía de Los Angeles, we have thebenefit of ethnographic descriptions from three periods of the Spanishoccupation of Baja California prior to 1769 and the expulsion of theJesuit missionaries. Some historical data derive from the initialvoyages of the Spanish along the gulf coast in the 16th century. Laterthere were occasional contacts with these natives by Jesuit explorersduring the first half of the 18th century. Finally, there was the periodof active missionization, beginning with the foundation of SantaGertrudis (1751) and continuing with San Borja (1762) and Santa María(1766). [Illustration: Map 2. Linguistic Groups of Baja California. ] Toward the end of the 18th century there are applicable descriptionsof Indians immediately to the north by the Dominican priest, Father LuisSales (1794). The ethnographic information contained in the documents bears out thefact that the cave artifacts belong in the cultural tradition of theBorjeño who inhabited the region at the time of European contact andconquest. THE SITE Bahía de Los Angeles is a semicircular bay, about four miles indiameter, on the gulf coast of Baja California at 28° 55' N. And 113°30' W. (map 1). On the northwest it is open to the waters of the Gulf ofCalifornia and to the Canal de las Ballenas, which runs between thepeninsula and Isla Ángel de la Guarda, some twelve miles distant. (Thisisland and the smaller Isla Smith obstruct a view of the outer gulf, and from the shore Bahía de Los Angeles appears to be completelylandlocked. ) Within a few hundred feet of the shore, sandy beaches giveway to the talus slopes of the mesas and peaks which edge the bay. Anarroyo enters the bay from the west. The cave excavated by Dr. Palmer is situated on a granitic hill to thewest of the bay, at an elevation of 30 ft. Above sea level. Just belowthe mouth of the narrow fissure is a spring which supplies water to thelittle mining community. The cave itself measures 9 ft. In depth; it is6 ft. Wide and 5 ft. High at the mouth. Before Dr. Palmer's excavations, miners of the Gulf Gold Mining Company had removed some stones--referredto in the Report as a "wall"--from the front of the fissure, thusexposing a few bones, which lay sun-bleached on the talus slope (AnnualReport, 1888, p. 127). THE BURIALS The small cave at Bahía de Los Angeles contained at least seven burials:six adults and "fragments of one or more infants" (Annual Report, 1888, p. 128). These burials were extended with an east-west orientationcorresponding to the axis of the fissure; the foot bones were to thewest, at the mouth of the cave, and the crania were in the taperedinterior. The published report does not indicate whether placement wasprone or supine. According to the Report the burials had been placed on a layer of sewnrush matting (139533[1]; see "Matting"), of which three bundles werecollected. [1] Numbers throughout this paper refer to catalogue numbers of the United States National Museum unless otherwise specified. The artifacts described here were found in direct association with theskeletons. There are few details as to actual associations. However, three hairnets (139534) were found on three of the crania. To date, the use of small caves for the specific purpose of burialappears to be characteristic only of the extreme south of BajaCalifornia, in the Cape Region. Interments there were customarilysecondary, although primary burials, usually flexed, do occur (Massey, MS 1). In the extensive area that lies between Bahía de Los Angeles andthe Cape Region, excavations have failed to produce cave cemeteries. Tojudge from published reports, such a custom was rare elsewhere inwestern North America. A variety of artifacts accompanied the burials, but while the range oftypes is large, the number of any one type is small. Preservation of allspecimens is generally good. We are fortunate in having perishablepieces--netting, matting, cloth, and wood. Certain general categories ofitems, such as household utensils and remains of foodstuffs, are absentand unreported. ARTIFACTS STONE _Tubular stone pipes. _--Two tubular sandstone pipes were recovered fromthe cave. They are dissimilar in size, and, in some particulars, inmanufacture. The larger specimen (139563; pl. 12, _e_) is a ground sandstone tube, 29. 8 cm. Long. In shape it tapers very gradually from the broad bowl endto the narrower mouth end. The conical bowl is 3. 5 cm. Deep; the mouthend has a depth of 1. 6 cm. A small (4 mm. ) drilled hole connects the twoends. The mouth end is filled by a plug of partially carbonized mattedcoarse fibers. There is a narrow carbonized strip, slightly in from thebowl end, which runs around the pipe; this appears to be the remnant ofa cord that had been tied around it. Since the pipe had been broken atthat end, it may have been repaired aboriginally with such a cord. The smaller pipe (139564; pl. 12, _d_) barely tapers from the bowl endto the mouth end. The ends of this pipe are conically drilled and theyinterconnect; there is no drilled hole connecting the bowl with themouth end, as in the larger specimen. A partially carbonized plug ofmatted coarse fibers also fills the mouth end of the smaller pipe. Although simple tubular stone pipes occur sporadically in thearchaeology of the Southwest, they are encountered frequently in centraland northern Baja California. Stone tubes or pipes, called _chacuacos_, are often mentioned in Spanish sources as part of the shaman'sparaphernalia in this Yuman-speaking area of the peninsula (Venegas, 1944, I:93, 95; Clavigero, 1937, p. 115). In the known areas of archaeological occurrence these pipes appear intwo distinct sizes, even as they are represented in the two Bahía de LosAngeles specimens. There is the long type, measuring more than 15 cm. , of which several specimens have been found in Baja California, at Bahíade Los Angeles, at a site near the Rosario Mission in the northwest, andthroughout the central part of the peninsula (Massey, field notes). Thistype has also been noted from Ortiz, Sonora (Di Peso, 1957, p. 288), andin a late prehistoric or historic level at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 331). The shorter type, usually about 7 cm. In length, is known to occur inthe general central region around Mulegé (Massey, MS 2) and at Bahía deLos Angeles. In the Southwest, the smaller type has been reported fromChiricahua-Amargosa II levels at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 329); LaCandelaria Cave, Coahuila (Aveleyra _et_ _al. _, 1956, pp. 174-175); SanCayetano Ruin (Di Peso, 1956, pp. 423-430); and from a series of sites, particularly in the Mogollon area (Martin _et_ _al. _, 1952, pp. 112-113, fig. 44). Similar pipes have also been found in the western Great Basin atLovelock Cave (Loud and Harrington, 1929, pl. 52) on the old shorelineof Humboldt Lake (ibid. , pl. 65), and at Humboldt Cave (Heizer andKrieger, 1956, p. 71; pl. 31, _e_, _f_). Ethnographically, pipes of straight tubular shape are characteristic ofCalifornia, the Great Basin, and the west coast of Mexico; however, theyare usually of pottery where pottery-making was known (Driver andMassey, 1957, pp. 262-263, map 70). In these areas they were used forsmoking, frequently in association with religious or curing ceremonies. In mission times tubular stone pipes were used throughout northern andcentral Baja California by shamans; they were smoked and the smoke wasblown on injured or diseased parts, or they were used as sucking andblowing tubes for the removal of disease-causing objects. _Miscellaneous stone artifacts. _--There are few stone artifacts besidesthe pipes. Among these is a worked piece of pumice (139613), 8 cm. By 4cm. , which has a bowl-like concavity ground through from one side to theother (pl. 12, _c_). There are two fragments of gypsum which have beenroughly chipped along one or more edges (139568, pl. 13, _f_; 139569). BONE _Bone awls or "daggers. "_--Two bone awls or "daggers" of identical typeare included in the collection (139589, a and b; pl. 12, _a_, _b_). Bothspecimens are made of the sawed and ground metapodials of some largemammal, presumably deer. The shorter of the two (139589a) retainsvestiges of a black adhesive for half the length of its convex surface. This is probably the result of hafting. Nothing precisely comparable tothese specimens has been reported so far in the archaeology of thepeninsula; however, similar artifacts do occur in near-by regions. Theyhave been reported from southern California (Gifford, 1940, p. 161), from Basketmaker sites in Arizona (Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 128), and from Ventana Cave, where they are concentrated in Level 4 (Haury, 1950, fig. 86J, p. 376, table 30). Other bone artifacts comprise two parts to flakers (139556, 139557), forwhich see "Wooden Artifacts. " SHELL A number of shell ornaments and a piece of coral were recovered from thecave. At the same time unworked specimens were found and collected bothfrom the cave and from the midden which occupies the bay shore just eastof the cave. _Abalone ornaments. _--Three abalone shell ornaments (139551-139553), identified as _Haliotis splendens_, were found. Two are complete, one(139553) is fragmental. They all appear to be examples of a single type. They are oval to circular, with the following dimensions: 139551 (pl. 13, _c_) is 4. 8 cm. In diameter; 139552 (pl. 13, _a_) is 5. 3 by 4. 3 cm. ;and 139553 (pl. 13, _b_) appears to have been 3. 9 cm. In diameter. Thickness varies between 2 and 3 mm. In manufacture the originalexternal surface of the shell has been ground and polished to a nacreoussurface. In decoration of the two complete specimens there is a centralconically drilled hole from which short incisions radiate, and anadditional hole is drilled on one edge, probably for stringing. Thefragmental specimen (139553) has these holes, but in addition has threeother holes drilled near the original central hole. The originaldescription of the artifacts suggests that these holes may have beenintended as repairs (Annual Report, 1888, p. 129). All three shellspecimens are edge-incised, and two have punctate designs. Until the present, few shell ornaments have been noted in thearchaeology of Baja California. No specimens identical to those fromBahía de Los Angeles are known; however, all of the decorative elementsand techniques recorded here can be duplicated among specimens of oyster(_Pinctada mazatlanica_) shell ornaments from the Cape Region far to thesouth (Massey, MS 1). Since abalone do not occur in the Gulf ofCalifornia, these shells must have been obtained by the Bahía de LosAngeles people from the Pacific Coast, either directly or in trade. Specific mention of the use of abalone among the historic Indians of thepeninsula is rare in the documents; however, contemporary Kiliwa womenuse pieces of the shell for ornamentation (Meigs, 1939, p. 35). Abalone shell was commonly used by peoples of adjacent California. Boththe shell and, probably, the ornaments themselves were widely tradedinto the Southwest. Ornaments very similar to the Bahía de Los Angelesspecimens have been found in Basketmaker caves in Arizona (Guernsey andKidder, 1921, p. 49). _Olivella shell. _--Four broken strings of _Olivella_ shell beads (_O_. _biplicata_) (139546) were found with the burials. Two types arerepresented. There are three short strands, totaling 17 beads, in whichonly the spires have been ground from the shells for stringing (pl. 13, _e_). The fourth strand held 9 _Olivella_ shells, somewhat larger thanthe others, from which both the spires and bases had been ground (pl. 13, _d_). In addition to the strings of beads, _Olivella_ shell is recorded inuse with two other specimens in the collection. Fragments of shells arefound as inlay on a wooden artifact (139565); for a description see thesection on "Wooden Artifacts. " They are also found tied in with bundlesof human hair in a garment (139539). The use of _Olivella_ shells, with spires, bases, or both removed bygrinding in order to make beads, is known throughout Baja Californiaarchaeologically. Similar occurrences are even more frequent in thearchaeology of southern and central California (Gifford, 1947, p. 11). _Olivella_ shells inlaid in asphaltum have been found in southernCalifornia (ibid. , p. 36). The inlaid fragments of the shell from Bahíade Los Angeles duplicate this type of decoration. _Coral. _--There is a piece of coral (139566) which may have beenpurposefully smoothed into an elongate object, 10. 5 cm. In length. _Unworked shell. _--Dr. Palmer collected sample specimens of unworkedshell from the open midden on the bay to the east of the burial site, aswell as unworked shell in association with the burials in the cave(Annual Report, 1888, p. 129). These are listed below: Cave Specimens 139561-_Cardium_ _elatum_ Sby. 139562-_Pecten_ (_vola_) _dentata_ Sby. Midden Specimens 139590-_Cardium_ _pentunculus_ 139591-(_Aximea_) _gigantea_ 139592-_Strombus_ _gracilior_ Sby. 139593-_Strombus_ _tesselatum_ 139594-_Callista_ _chionaea_ 139595-_Chione_ _fluctifraga_ 139596-_Crucibulum_ _spinosum_ Sby. 139597-_Chione_ (?) _succinata_ 139598-_Neverita_ _reclugiana_ 139599-_Dosinia_ _ponderosa_ 139600-_Arca_ sp. 139602-_Pecten_ (_vola_) _dentata_ 139603-_Venus_ _guidia_ 139604-_Cardita_ (_Lazaria_) _californica_ 139605-_Avicula_ sp. 139606-_Tapes_ _grata_ Sby. And _histrionica_ 139607-_Solecurtus_ _californianus_ Com. 139608-_Spondylus_ _princeps_ 139609-_Ostraea_ _palmilla_ cpr. 139610-_Liacardium_ _elatium_ 139611-_Phyllontus_ sp. 139612-_Prinna_ sp. MIDDEN POTSHERDS In addition to the unworked shells there are body and rim sherds fromat least two pottery vessels which came from a shell midden on the bay. There is a single rim sherd (139614a) which comes from a shallow bowlwith a direct flat-topped rim. Color of both the interior and exteriorsurfaces is buff. The paste is fairly coarse, with a granitic sandtemper which has also some pumice inclusions. There is also evidence ofvegetable-fiber inclusions. There is no mica in the paste. The fragmentis 5 mm. Thick. The second fragment (139614b) is a large rim and body sherd from a largebowl which would have been 27 cm. In diameter and 17 cm. High. The rimis direct, with a grooved lip (pl. 18, _a_, _b_). The surface color isblack to dark gray. The paste is coarse, with sand and quartzinclusions, some of which are as large as 5 mm. In diameter. No mica ispresent. The surface is scarred by burned-away vegetable inclusions. Thespecimen is about 9 mm. Thick. This pottery could have been native-made pottery from the Missionperiod, or it could have been derived from pottery-making Indians tothe north. Neither source has been adequately studied on the peninsula. Comparable pieces have been seen, however, from mission ruins in centraland northern Baja California. WOOD _Flakers. _--Two compound flakers, made by securing pieces of ground boneto short wooden shafts, were found in the collection. In one specimen(139556) the entire flaker measures 12 cm. , and the projecting bone 3. 4cm. (pl. 14, _b_). The other specimen (139557) is 13. 1 cm. Long, with abone piece 5. 6 cm. Long (pl. 14, _c_). In both specimens the groundpieces of bone were laid in grooves in the round wooden shafts, andsecured to them with 2-ply Z-twist cordage (see "Haftings" for details). Both of the wood shafts are incised with lines encircling the handlearea. These lines may have been decorative, or they may have beenintended to supply friction to the grasp. Flakers of bone have been reported for the northern part of BajaCalifornia (Sales, 1794, I:49) and must have been known to all peopleson the peninsula despite the absence of direct evidence in thearchaeology and most of the historical sources. They were knownthroughout adjacent regions, although usually in the form of simpleantler tines. Specimens identical to those from Bahía de Los Angeles, except for the use of sinew lashing in place of the cordage, have beenreported from Basketmaker caves in Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p. 96; fig. 15c). _Cane whistles. _--Two cane, or _carrizo_, whistles were found in thecave. They are identical in form and mode of construction, but theydiffer in decorative details. In both the whistle hole is cut into thecane at a node, and is reinforced with a black adhesive, possiblyasphaltum. Around the whistle hole of the longer of the two specimens (139588a; pl. 15, _h_) are five pits which have been burned in; two are at one end ofthe hole, three at the other. As added decoration a series of incisionsencircles the shaft of the whistle, some of which, at the mouth end, arejoined by pairs of cut lines. All of these incisions are blackened, either by carbon or through handling. The shorter whistle (139588b; pl. 15, _g_) has no burned pits at thehole, but the encircling incisions, minus the connecting lines, arepresent. At the end of the whistle opposite the mouth is the remnant ofa hole in which there is a fragment of knotted cordage. No other whistles have been recorded for the archaeology of thepeninsula. Spanish documentary sources are unrefined in thedifferentiation of flutes and whistles; either or both were known to thehistoric tribes of Baja California. Use was restricted to ceremonialoccasions in all recorded instances. Directly to the north of Bahía de Los Angeles, in the 18th century, shamans used whistles in ceremonies performed several days after a death(Sales, 1794, I:79), just as the modern Kiliwa use a reed flute at the_ñiwey_ ceremony (Meigs, 1939, p. 45). In neighboring southernCalifornia, the use of flutes was nearly universal, while whistleswere used infrequently (Drucker, 1937, p. 25). _Bull-roarer_ (?). --One highly polished wooden artifact (139565) mayhave been used as a bull-roarer. This artifact, with a length of 23. 5cm. , a diameter of 5. 1 cm. , and a thickness of 6 mm. (pl. 15, _i_), ismade of a very hard dark wood--probably ironwood, _Olneva_ _tesota_. Itis concave on both faces. At each end, and at a right angle to the mainaxis of the specimen, is a groove filled with a hardened black substanceinlaid with fragments of _Olivella_ shell (_O_. _biplicata_). The holeat one end is biconically drilled. This artifact has been tentativelycalled a "bull-roarer" because no other purpose can be conjectured. Itis too large for a net-gauge, which it somewhat resembles because of itsconcave ends. There is no mention of bull-roarers in the Spanish sources for thepeninsula; however, one archaeological specimen has been recovered fromthe surface of a cave in the San Julio Basin, to the east of Comondú. This wooden bull-roarer has a conventional shape; it is a longoval-shaped piece of hardwood which is double-convex or lenticular incross section and has a length of 21. 5 cm. [2] [2] This specimen (3-10308) is in the University of California Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley. Location is from field notes, Massey, 1946. The use of bull-roarers for ceremonial purposes was nearly universal insouthern California (Drucker, 1937, p. 25). They have also been reportedfor the Kiliwa of northern Baja California, where they were used byshamans in the _ñiwey_ ceremony, and for placating ghosts by anyone inan emergency (Meigs, 1939, p. 45). _Projectiles. _--A single compound arrow (139587) or dart is in thePalmer Collection. Although it is broken, there can be no doubt that thetwo pieces of cane shaft form a single piece, 92. 5 cm. In length (pl. 15, _a_). There is no foreshaft. The sting-ray spine, which makes anexcellent natural projectile point, was let directly into the split endof the cane, and was secured by cord binding (see "Haftings"). Insteadof the usual nock in the butt end of the shaft for a bowstring, there isa cuplike depression (fig. 1). This suggests, of course, that this mayhave been a dart for use with a thrower or atlatl. Although that weaponis unreported in the Spanish sources on central and northern BajaCalifornia, dart-throwers were reported by Spanish explorers for thefirst quarter of the 17th century for the southern Cape Region; they arealso known archaeologically from the same area (Massey, 1957, pp. 55-62). [Illustration: Fig. 1. Detail of arrow or dart (139587), showing sting-ray spine point and cuplike depression at butt end. ] One smoothed wooden specimen (139560) appears to have been a foreshaft. It is sharply pointed at one end, and has a cuplike depression in theopposite, thicker end. It is straight and tapered, with a length of 38cm. (pl. 15, _f_). Similar specimens are common in historic levels ofcaves in the Sierra de La Giganta (Massey and Tuohy, MS). _Viznaga spines. _--A bundle of seven spines of the _Viznaga_ cactus(_Echinocactus_ _wislizeni_) was found (139547; pl. 14, _a_). Thesespines had all been straightened from their natural curved condition. They could have served a variety of piercing purposes. _Miscellaneous wooden artifacts. _--In addition to the artifacts ofvegetable origin that can be identified with certainty, there areseveral fragments and whole specimens which remain to be considered. There is a round straight piece of wood (139559), measuring 30. 5 cm. Inlength and 8 mm. In diameter, which has both ends blunted and rounded, apparently from use in grinding and pounding (pl. 15, _e_). Its exactuse is unknown. Two sticks, lashed together in two places, were found (139585a). Together they measure 50 cm. In length (pl. 15, _c_). The longer pointedstick has a notched end as for an arrow butt (see "Haftings" for detailsof the tying). There is also a round, sharply pointed, and tapered fragment of hardwoodwith a length of 8. 8 cm. The shape suggests that it may have been partof a digging stick; however, the specimen is very highly polished on allof its preserved surfaces. Two wooden fragments (139586) are listed in the catalogue of the UnitedStates National Museum as parts of a bow. Actually there is little abouttheir shape to suggest such a use (pl. 15, _b_). Both are round in crosssection, and they do not fit together. One piece (139586a), which is 58cm. In length, is slightly curved, with a knob carved on the completeend. There are faint indications that there had previously beenwrappings at this end. The other specimen (139586b), with a length of56. 5 cm. And a diameter of 1. 3 cm. , is fragmental at both ends. It hastwo places in which the shaft has been carved around. Incised diagonallines mark the surface in several places. CORDAGE AND TEXTILES In addition to the cordage used in the fabrication of articles ofapparel, household utensils, and for the hafting of tools, the cavecontained the usual miscellany of prepared fibers and knots (139544)usually of agave fiber. There is also a bundle of unspun hair tied inthe center with an overhand knot (139543). The bulk of the miscellaneouscordage is 2-ply cord--each single S-twisted with a final Z-twist. Sincethe spinning is so uniformly of this twisting, it is highly probablethat manufacture of the cordage followed that described by Kissell forthe Papago, and noted in many other places. This method of "downmovement" followed by an "up movement" to make the 2-ply gives apreliminary S-twist and a final Z-twist (Kissell, 1916, p. 229). Under the microscope, one of the specimens shows a single fiber, used asa tie at a position where a new bundle of fibers is added, weaving inand out of the old and new bundles. This gives the fibers much strongerbinding than does twisting together alone. The twist is normallymedium-hard to hard with an occasional crêpe twist. Fur-wrapped cord, of which only fragments were recovered, consists ofstrips of hide with fur attached, about 1 cm. Wide, wrapped around(S-twist) already prepared 2-ply _agave_ fiber cord. No articles werefound which had been constructed with fur-wrapped cord. Since these fragments are undoubtedly bits broken from finished articlesor remnants from the construction of articles, it is not surprisingthat, with one notable exception, they cover the range of preparedcordage for the other specimens. The exception is cotton cord, of whichno fragments were recovered. This strengthens the hypothesis that thecotton cloth (139537) was brought to the peninsula in its manufacturedstate. Both human-hair cord and palm-fiber cordage, common to cave collectionsfrom the Cape Region of southern Baja California, are missing here atBahía de Los Angeles. Square knots are most common in the collection of miscellaneous cordage. This is to be expected, in view of the square-knot construction of thehairnets and carrying nets found in the cave. Identifiable vegetal fibers include those of _Apocynum_ sp. (probably_cannabinum_) and _Agave_ sp. [3] [3] Identifications were made by Dr. Herbert Mason and Miss Annetta Carter, University of California Herbarium. On a comparative basis the cordage and miscellaneous knots from Bahía deLos Angeles are most like historic-period materials from central BajaCalifornia. Excavated sites and large private collections there containan overwhelming amount of cordage that is 2-ply Z-twist; both square andoverhand knots were found. Again like Bahía de Los Angeles, nets weremade by the square-knot technique (Massey and Tuohy, MS). The southern part of the peninsula, on the contrary, exhibits 2-plyZ-twist cordage only in slightly over 50 per cent of collectedspecimens. Both knots were known, but netting was made entirely bylark's-head knotting (Massey, MS 1). _Simplest Uses of Prepared Cord_ _Four-warp weaving. _--Many samples of 4-warp weaving were found in themiscellaneous fiber collection (139544) and in a group of wovenfragments (139554). None was found in connection with the finishedarticles of the collection, so that their use is purely conjectural. Thewarp is generally 2-ply, Z-twist, medium- to hard-twist cordage;the weft is the same, but generally lighter in weight than the warp. _Cord-wrapped sticks (bobbins?). _--There are two kinds of sticks wrappedwith cordage: single short sticks loosely wrapped around the midsection(bobbins?), and pairs of sticks tied together end-to-end tightly in twoplaces. The cord on these specimens is invariably of the common 2-plyZ-twist agave fiber. One of the pairs of sticks (139585a), with a total length of 50 cm. , consists of a pointed stick with a nocked butt end lashed tightly tothe second stick in two places (pl. 15, _c_). The stick with the nockappears to be the butt end of a projectile shaft. If it were, it wouldbe unusual for Baja California, where projectile shafts are usually ofcane. The second specimen (139558d) consists of two lengths of cane, 10. 3 and 5. 4 cm. Long, which are loosely bound with a single-strandfiber (pl. 14, _f_). Four specimens of sticks wrapped with cord were recovered. Lengths ofthese specimens are as follows: 139558a, 22 cm. (pl. 15, _d_); 139558b, 15. 8 cm. (pl. 14, _e_); 139558c, 17. 3 cm. (pl. 14, _d_); and 139549, 11cm. _Strings for beads. _--Shell beads were strung on a very fine 2-ply cord, probably made of agave fiber; each ply consists of about three fibers, probably of agave also (139546; pl. 13, _d_). Both of these groups arefragments, so use is again problematical. _Miscellaneous. _--There is a piece of hide wrapped with a 2-ply cord, probably of agave fibers, loosely Z-twisted (139548; pl. 14, _g_). Thefirst end is secured by wrapping-over; the outer end is drawn under someof the cord and pulled tight. Noticeably lacking from the cave materials are sections of reed strungon cord, which formed the aprons of women throughout most of thepeninsula. Specimens of this type are abundantly reported for allof central and southern Baja California, and they have beenarchaeologically found in the central area (Massey, MS 1). _Haftings_ Five different types of hafting were found among the Bahía de LosAngeles artifacts. _Flakers (see "Wooden Artifacts"). _--One bone flaker (139556; pl. 14, _b_) is hafted with eight rounds of cord, of 2-ply Z-twist agave, medium- to hard-twist; each single consists of three to fivefibers, Z-twisted, loose-to-medium. The original end was secured bywrapping-over; the final end is broken and not secured at the presenttime. An overhand knot with no function occurs in the wrapping. A second bone flaker (139557; pl. 14, _c_) is hafted with a 2-ply agavecord, S-twist, medium, which is wrapped three times around the bone andwood. The end is drawn under the three wrappings and twisted to theoriginal end. _Darts or arrows. _--A third hafted specimen (139585) consists of whatappears to be broken parts of two arrows hafted together for greaterlength, wrapped in two places. The "rear" haftings, obviously the maintying, consist of a cord wrapped twelve times around the two pieces; thefirst end caught down by the succeeding wrappings and the final endpulled tight under the entire series and cut off. The same type of cordis used for the secondary "front" tie, where it is wrapped around fromthe middle and tied with a granny knot. The sting-ray spine point of the cane projectile (139587) was simplyinserted into the hollow cane shaft which had been split down to a node. The cord securing the point begins at the node on the shaft where thecord end is caught under three wrappings, carried up the split in thecane, wrapped three times around the end of the cane, and broken (fig. 1). It may once have been secured by drawing under the final wrappings, as were most of the Bahía de Los Angeles haftings. The cordage used is 2mm. In diameter of 2-ply agave (?) with a medium-to-hard Z-twist. Eachsingle is S-twisted and very loose. _Water bags (?). _--There is a cord wrapping around what may have beenthe neck of a bladder or skin water bag (139555; pl. 16, _b_). The pieceof skin had been folded together very evenly by accordion-pleating andwrapped for a length of 2 cm. With a 2-ply loosely twisted Z-twist cord, and finally secured with a granny knot. Skins of animals and fish bladders were in use as water containers inthis area in early historic times, as reported by Francisco Ulloa in1540 (Wagner, 1925, pp. 25, 28). Farther south on the peninsula similarwater bags were reported in use in the 18th century (Baegert, 1942, p. 85; W. Rogers, 1928, p. 208). _Matting_ Two pieces of matting of distinct types were preserved in thecollection. They probably were saved by Dr. Palmer as samples of thetypes in the cave. One of the pieces (139544) is sewed, or threaded, rush matting (pl. 16, _d_). The lengths of rush (_Juncus_ _acutus_ var. _phaerocarpus_), whichform the warp are pierced at intervals of about 10 cm. By the sewingthread which is a continuous length of cord, probably of _agave_. Thissewing element, which serves as the weft, consists of 2-ply Z-twist cordwith a medium-to-hard twist. Each single ply is Z-twisted in mediumdegree. Total size of this well-preserved fragment is about 50 cm. By 21cm. The one selvage which has been preserved would indicate that thewidth of the mat at least was set when the worker began the sewingprocess. Apparently threaded or sewed matting was not widely used in neighboringareas to the north. Such matting with a decorative selvage was found byCosgrove in a cave in the Upper Gila region (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 114). Distributions which he gives are confined to early Pueblo periodcultures in the Southwest. [4] The trait was specifically denied forHumboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 58). [4] He lists Tularosa Cave (Hough, 1914, p. 87, fig. 178) and Segi Canyon (Guernsey, 1931, pl. 58a). The second fragment of matting (139540) consists of bundles of unspunfibers secured by cord with a simple overhand knot which holds the fiberwarp closely together (fig. 2). In this tie-twined matting the wefts arespaced at intervals of 3. 2 cm. , and they consist of 2-ply _agave_ (?)cord with a loose to medium Z-twist, with each single strand S-twisted. The warp bundles, identified as grass, are not twisted. [Illustration: Fig. 2. Tie-twined matting technique. ] Although none of the Spanish accounts lists the use of matting by thenatives of Baja California, archaeological specimens of both the sewedand tie-twined types have been recovered from caves in the centralregion of the peninsula from Mulegé to Comondú (Massey and Tuohy, MS;Massey, MS 2). The tie-twined matting also occurs in the extreme southof the peninsula (Massey, MS 1). Mats are recorded as part of thehousehold furnishings of most southern Californians. Mats of _Juncus_sp. Are noted for the Mountain and Desert Diegueño. The Yuma do not usemats (Drucker, 1937, p. 21). The use of tie-twined matting appears to be an old trait in the DesertArea and its cultures. It is known throughout the peninsula, where oldtraits were retained, and also in archaeological collections fromvarious parts of the Great Basin and Southwest. A sampling of theliterature reveals the following occurrences: Lovelock Cave (Loud andHarrington, 1929, pp. 56-60); Humboldt Cave (Heizer and Krieger, 1956, p. 57); Danger Cave (Jennings _et_ _al. _, 1957, pp. 242-243); PromontoryPoint (Steward, 1937, p. 29); Hueco Area (Cosgrove, 1947, p. 113; seealso p. 114 for various other Southwestern locations); the GuadalupeMountain area (Ferdon, 1946, pp. 15-16); and portions of Texas(Jackson, 1937, p. 157). _Netting_ _Hairnets. _--Two complete hairnets (139534a and b) and one fragment(139534c) were found on crania in the cave (pl. 16, _a_, _c_). All ofthese were tied with a single-element square-knot technique (fig. 3). Cordage is of the 2-ply Z-twist type with each single S-twisted. Thecord is probably of agave fiber. [Illustration: Fig. 3. Square-knot technique. ] The two complete hairnets are begun with a center circle of discretetied yarn. Ten large loops are cast onto this. In the next round, eachof the large loops has three loops tied onto it with the continuouscord, making a total of 30 loops for the circumference of the net(fig. 4). The gauge of the succeeding 15 rows of knots is approximately2. 5 cm. In order to gather the lower edge of the net for fitting purposes, thecord was doubled and two loops were gathered together and tied with thesame square-knot technique (fig. 5). The third net (c) has eleven loops cast onto the original circle; thetechnique of tying is the same, but the mesh gauge of 1 to 1. 5 cm. Isfiner. [Illustration: Fig. 4. Method of beginning hairnets and carrying nets. ] [Illustration: Fig. 5. Detail of lower, fitted edge of hairnet. ] [Illustration: Fig. 6. Detail of lower, gathered edge of carrying net. ] Among the historic tribes the wearing of hairnets, both plain anddecorated, was universal among the women of Baja California. Such usageamong southern Californians was denied by all of Drucker's informants(Drucker, 1937, p. 45). There appears to be no mention of them from theadjacent west coast of Mexico, but they are known archaeologically fromthe Great Basin. Loud and Harrington picture several from Lovelock Cave, but give no description of the knotting technique (1929, pl. 41). However, in their discussion of knots they mention that the "mesh knot"(weaver's knot) was the most common, and the square knot was littleused (ibid. , pp. 83-87). Actually the nets, as they appear in Loud andHarrington's plate, are very similar to the Baja California specimens inbeing knotted rather than being made by the more frequently foundcoil-without-foundation technique. Hairnets were also worn in ancient Peru. Some hairnets described bySinger from Pachacamac were constructed with square knots, but most ofthe 29 specimens she describes were made with the sheet-bend(fisherman's) knot (Singer, 1936). Hairnets of the square-knot construction from Bahía de Los Angeles pose, at the present time, an unanswerable question of origin andextrapeninsular distribution. _Carrying net. _--One fragmentary net (139535a), the original size ofwhich cannot be determined, is similar to the hairnets in construction, but probably was used for carrying. The bag is tied with the sameelement square knot; the mesh size is approximately 2. 4 cm. Both ends ofthis net, however, are gathered together. The net beginning is a smallcircular piece of cord. Four loops are cast onto this; the number ofworking loops is increased to 16 in the next course by the methodillustrated in figure 4. The square-knot tying begins with the nextcourse. At the lower end, the meshes are gathered together with a hitch (fig. 6). This may have been put through the loops at what would have been thetop of the bag to hold it shut. This would serve as a supplementarytying cord rather than being part of the structure of the net. This fragmentary net has one notably unique feature. Feathers, presumably decorative, were caught, not in the knots themselves, butbetween them (fig. 7). The knot used is identical to the "marline spikehitch" described by Graumont and Hensel (1946, p. 69; fig. 101; pl. 29). This type of knot--more properly called a hitch--has not been reportedelsewhere among the methods of attaching feathers. As can be seen in thereconstruction, the feather serves to hold the hitch, yet if the cordwere to be pulled tightly around it, the feather could be removed onlywith difficulty. It remains puzzling that the carrying net, rather thanthe hairnets, should be so decorated. [Illustration: Fig. 7. Detail showing insertion of feathers in hitches of carrying net. ] Turning to other archaeological examples of nets from the peninsula, welearn that specimens of square-knot netting have been found to the southin the central region from Mulegé to Comondú. Caves to the west ofMulegé have yielded two fragments of square-knot netting (Massey, MS2). Other examples derive from Caguama and Metate caves between Comondúand Loreto. In Metate Cave there was a single complete carrying net(Massey and Tuohy, MS). Elsewhere on the peninsula little is known ofthem except for the southern Cape Region, where netting was in thedistinct technique of lark's-head knotting (Massey, MS 1). On the ethnographic level, carrying nets were widely used by Indiansof western North America from Canada to Mexico, and again in CentralAmerica. As part of this general distribution they were used throughoutthe peninsula (Driver and Massey, 1957, pp. 274, 276, map 78). Among the Lower Californians nets were used for carrying suitablegathered products, and also, in the central part of the peninsula atleast, for carrying infants. For the latter purpose two portage methodswere in vogue: the net was suspended over the shoulders from a tump bandacross the forehead; or from the end of a pole held by one hand acrossthe shoulder, as a "bindle. " _Feathered "Apron" or "Cape"_ Even though this piece (139535b; pl. 17, _a_) is extremely fragmentary, it is one of the more interesting of the perishable artifacts. Atpresent it measures about 25 cm. By 17. 5 cm. Many of the tying cords andfeathers have disappeared or are incomplete. The original bundles ofbast fiber actually were probably little longer than in this fragment. The method of making the article has been reconstructed as follows. Theheavy "waist belt" cord is a bundle of unspun fibers and spun cord, 1. 5cm. In diameter. The origin of the spun cord is lost in the mass ofmaterial; it is probable that the cord itself was held by the wrappingcords from the bark units. The hanging bundles of shredded bark weredoubled over this "waist belt" and wrapped with unspun fibers to make arigid, tightly closed bundle. These fibers hold the feathers, which mayonce have covered the bundles completely for, on some, the wrappingcovers the entire length. The length of these bundles varies from 13 to17. 5 cm. These bundles are held in place on the heavy cord by a wrappingcord of 2-ply Z-twisted agave, which frequently appears to cross thebundles and the heavy cord in a haphazard manner; feathers are wrappedonto the heavy cord by this means. Although now there is considerablerigidity introduced into the fibers by dirt, the mass of ties alwaysprevented this from being a softly hanging piece. To date no like specimens are known from the archaeology of thepeninsula. We know of no similar articles in historic times in BajaCalifornia, nor to the north in southern California. _Human Hair "Cape"_ The human hair "cape" from the Palmer Collection (139539; also 139538, 139550) is fragmentary, but sufficiently intact to provide completeinformation on the technique of its construction and manufacture (pl. 17, _b_). The hanks of human hair forming this garment are from 12. 7 cm. To 27. 5cm. Long with the majority falling in midrange. The hanks are about 6mm. In diameter. Primarily, each bundle of hanks was held together bya light wrapping of single agave (?) fibers and some such adhesivematerial as pitch. In addition, these bundles are secondarily securedwith fine 2-ply cord, which is 1 mm. In diameter, with a hard Z-twist. This fine cord also serves to tie each bundle to the main cord ofsuspension. The bundles of hair were held together by the same tie-twining as in thematting (fig. 2). There is an overhand knot between each of the bundles. The twining cord itself is 2-ply, Z-twisted in a loose twist. Thismethod served to fasten the bundles to the cord, space them, and to holdthem closely. This tying consists of a basic cord and a wrapping cord. Athird cord, which formed the wrapping of the individual bundles, iscarried to the basic cord, wrapped around it, and in turn is wrapped bythe whipping cord. This wrapping is not accomplished neatly; thegarment--for all of this cord wrapping--is not a very stronglyconstructed article. In the Palmer Collection there are broken hanks of human hair, undoubtedly parts of this specimen, which are catalogued separately(139538). Among these is a string of _Olivella_ beads strung on 2-plycord, and wrapped in with the tying cord of a hair bundle. Thus shellbeads were probably part of the original garment. Other tied hanks ofhuman hair (139550) were undoubtedly parts of the specimen. There is no single item of native culture of Baja California sodiagnostic or characteristic as mantles of human hair used by shamans. Few European chroniclers who had a chance to observe them failed tomention this article. However, none have appeared in any other reportedarchaeological excavations on the peninsula. As part of the paraphernalia of the shaman, the cape or mask of humanhair was indispensable from the Guaicura north to the Kiliwa and WesternDiegueño. In all recorded cases the hair was obtained from relativesmourning the death of a recently deceased member of the family or fromthe dead themselves. Construction of the garments must have been in thehands of the shamans themselves, so secret were most aspects of themedicine-man's lore. Although the cultural and tribal identification of masks or capes ofhuman hair with the shaman is general for the Peninsular Yumans(Cochimí), such capes were found as far south as the Guaicura inhistoric times (Baegert, 1942, p. 123). Both of the major sources forthe historic ethnography of the Yuman-speaking peoples of central BajaCalifornia attest to the use of this device by native medicine-men(Venegas, 1944, I:95-96, 100; Clavigero, 1937, p. 114). For the areanearest Bahía de Los Angeles, the best description of the use of thesegarments is that of the 18th-century Dominican, Father Luis Sales, whospeaks of the capes as follows (1794, pp. 76-77): When all are gathered, ornamented with charcoal and yellow, the old man places himself in the center of the circle. Under his arm he has a doubled mat of rushes in which he hides the rain cape from the _fiesta_. [5] On another little stick he has the hair of the dead man suspended. He indicates silence, puts on the rain cape of the hair of the dead, and causes as much horror as when a bear appears. He plays a whistle and tells them that the dead man is coming; but, however much they look, they do not see him coming. Nevertheless they believe it. Then he shows them the little stick with the hair of the dead man, and tells them that he is there, that they see him--and they see nothing. However they give cries, they pull their hair, and make other ridiculous actions. Finally, relieved by crying, the old man comforts them. He puts a thousand questions to the head of hair, and he himself answers them to his liking. [5] Sales, 1794. P. 69. In this, his first reference to the cape of human hair in use at another ceremony, Sales says, "The old man makes something like a rain cape from the hair of the dead. " This 18th-century description of Indians to the north of Bahía de LosAngeles, on the Frontera, has its exact counterpart in a 20th-centurydescription of the ñiwey ("Talking with the Dead") Ceremony of theKiliwa (Meigs, 1939, pp. 50-57). _Tump Band_ The tump band (139536) is made with the twining technique used sofrequently in such constructions. Fragments of both ends are present, but the intervening central portion is missing so the original length ofthe specimen is not known. The largest section is 25 cm. Long and 7. 7cm. Wide (pl. 17, _d_). The original warps were three heavy cords which were loosely Z-twistedof two plys of 2-ply cord; each 2-ply single is S-twisted. The fiber isprobably of some species of agave. The outer two of the three heavycords form the selvage cords. The center cord was split into its twocomponent yarns, and forms the beginning of the inner warp threads. Two-ply cords were introduced rapidly to make a maximum of the 27present at its greatest width. Introduction of the warp elements wasaccomplished very evenly, producing no distortion of the flat surface. Twining was done with the pitch up-to-the-right. The weft was also of2-ply agave (?) cord. The one peculiar feature of this twined band is the form of the selvage, which gives the appearance of a sewing running-stitch along the heavyouter cords. It is extremely unlikely that this was a sling or belt. The band seemstoo rigid to have been used for either of these two purposes, and slingsare not recorded historically from Baja California. The only similar specimen know in the archaeology of the peninsula is afragment of a tump band from the upper or historic level of Metate Cavenear Comondú. [6] This fragment is identical with the tump band fromBahía de Los Angeles in weave, selvage, and cordage. Even the count issimilar: 9 warps and 15 wefts per inch for the Bahía de Los Angelesexample, and 10 by 22 for the Metate Cave specimen. Either of these ismuch coarser than Basketmaker bands, like those from Segi Canyon withtheir 24 warps and wefts per inch (Guernsey, 1931, p. 9). [6] University of California. Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology, specimen 3-13586. The tump band was used for portage with carrying nets among the historicIndians of central Baja California (see "Carrying Nets"). The modernKiliwa of the north supported nets on the back by a band which passedacross the forehead. At the forehead this band consisted of 20 "parallelcords" (Meigs, 1939, p. 38; twined or simple cords are not stipulated). Woven packstraps were used by all southern California Indians (Drucker, 1937, p. 21). Babies and general burdens were carried in nets supportedby the forehead tumpline in the central and northern areas of thepeninsula (Clavigero, 1937, p. 106). _Cotton Cloth_ Since woven cotton (_Gossypium_ sp. ) was unknown in aboriginal BajaCalifornia at the time of European contact, its provenience must bebeyond the peninsula. Presumably this specimen is a piece ofpre-Columbian trade goods from the mainland of Mexico, and so belongs inthe cultural inventory of the cotton-weaving cultures of the Oasis Area. The weave of this fragment (139537) is Plain (over-one-under-one) (pl. 17, _c_). The piece, which measures 25. 5 cm. Long (warp) by 30 cm. (weft), consists of one loomstring end and neither selvage. The warp iswhite cotton cord, 1 mm. In diameter, in a loosely twisted 2-plyZ-twist. The weft of the same material has a diameter of 2 mm. Of singleply, very loosely Z-twist cord. This weft is about the equivalent ofcommercial slub with no tensile strength. The thread count of the clothis virtually square (6 x 5 per cm. ), although the greater diameter ofthe tightly beaten weft makes it the predominant feature of the textile. The warp ends carry a decorative strengthening feature known toSouthwestern textiles, both ancient and modern. Two whipping cords thatare like the weft secure the end warp loops. They were structural andwere probably inserted while the warp was being set up. One side of the cloth has a whipped edge holding irregularly broken weftends. This rough mending was accomplished with the usual native 2-plycordage. Depth of the stitch into the material varies considerably--anindication of expedience rather than ornamentation. Since cotton cloth and cotton are absent from the pre-Columbianarchaeology and the historic ethnography of the peninsula, this specimenmust have been obtained through trans-Gulf trade with mainland Mexico. The Seri of Tiburon Island and Sonora were probably the intermediarytraders. These Indians are well aware of the peninsula opposite them tothe west (Griffen, 1959). Although the weave of this specimen is the simplest of all weavingtechniques, it is lacking among other textile materials of BajaCalifornia, such as basketry and matting. The precise mainlandderivation of this specimen must remain in doubt; all the tribes ofSonora--except the Seri--wove cotton (Driver and Massey, 1957, p. 216). Plain cotton cloth was extremely widely distributed in the prehistoricOasis area, and dates at least from Pueblo I times in the AmericanSouthwest (Kent, 1957, p. 491). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This small collection of archaeological materials has a marked diversityof types, with little duplication. Compared to similar artifacts fromhabitation caves, the specimens of the Palmer Collection are completewith the exception of the fragile garments and the netting. There are few household goods of any variety. Most of the specimens areornamental or have a ceremonial significance. A number of artifacts, specifically the tubular stone pipes, human hair cape, cane whistles, and the probable bull-roarer, were associated with shamans among thehistoric peoples of the peninsula. It is most likely that one of theburials was a shaman, who had been interred with his paraphernalia inthis burial cave. Most of the material from Bahía de Los Angeles can be duplicated fromvarious sites in the Desert Area; however, a few have been recorded onlyin the archaeology or ethnography of Baja California. These include thehuman hair cape and the exclusive square-knot netting. The majority of the artifacts and traits occur in the archaeologicalcollections from Baja California and are mentioned in the ethnographicaccounts for that region and for the north of the peninsula. Only thefeathered cape and the specific type of bone awl, or "dagger, " are notrecorded. This material bears little resemblance to the collections orethnographic descriptions from the extreme south of the peninsula. There is absolutely nothing in this collection and in the affiliation ofits artifacts with cultural materials from central Baja California tosupport the contentions of Malcolm Rogers (1945, p. 191 passim). Withouta doubt the Yumans of the peninsula entered long before the advent ofpottery-making in the Colorado Desert region. Neither the PalmerCollection nor identical materials from historic levels in the centralpart of the peninsula can be explained as being due to a post-1450invasion of Baja California by peoples representing the last phase ofthe Yuman sequence in southern California. * * * * * BIBLIOGRAPHY Aveleyra-Arroyo de Anda, L. , M. Maldonado-Koerdell, and P. Martínez del Río 1956. La Cueva de La Candelaria. Tomo I. Mexico. Baegert, J. (Pedro Hendrichs, trans. ) 1942. Noticias de la Península Americana de California. Mexico. Clavigero, F. J. (S. E. Lake and A. A. Gray, trans. , eds. ) 1937. The History of Lower California. Stanford. Cosgrove, C. B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. And Ethnol. , Vol. XXIV, No. 2, Cambridge, Mass. Di Peso, C. C. 1956. The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori. The Amerind Foundation Inc. , No. 7. Dragoon, Arizona. 1957. A Tubular Stone Pipe from Sonora. Amer. Antiquity, XXII(3):288-290. Salt Lake City. Driver, H. E. , and W. C. Massey 1957. Comparative Studies of North American Indians. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. , 47(pt. 2):165-456. Philadelphia. Drucker, P. 1937. Culture Element Distributions: V, Southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Anthro. Rec. , 1(1):1-52. Berkeley. Ferdon, Jr. , E. N. 1946. An Excavation of Hermit's Cave, New Mexico. School of American Research. Monograph No. 10. Univ. New Mexico Press. Albuquerque. Gifford, E. W. 1940. Californian Bone Artifacts. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec. , 3(2):153-238. Berkeley. 1947. Californian Shell Artifacts. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec. , 9(1):1-132. Berkeley. Graumont, R. , and J. Hensel 1946. Encyclopedia of Knots and Fancy Rope Work. New York. Griffen, W. B. 1959. Notes on the Seri Indian Culture, Sonora, Mexico. Latin American Monographs Series, No. 10. Univ. Of Florida, Gainesville. Guernsey, S. J. 1931. Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. And Ethnol. , Vol. XXII, No. 1. Cambridge, Mass. Guernsey, S. J. , and A. V. Kidder 1921. Basket-Maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. And Ethnol. , Vol. VIII. Cambridge, Mass. Haury, E. 1950. The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona. Universities of Arizona and New Mexico, Albuquerque. Heizer, R. F. , and A. D. Krieger 1956. The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch, and Ethn. , 47(1):1-190. Berkeley and Los Angeles. Hough, W. 1914. Culture of the Ancient Pueblos of the Upper Gila River Region, New Mexico and Arizona. U. S. Nat. Mus. , Bull. 87. Washington, D. C. Jackson, A. T. 1937. Exploration of Certain Sites in Culbertson County, Texas. Bull. Texas Archaeol. And Paleontol. Soc. , 9:146-193. Abilene. Jennings, J. D. 1957. Danger Cave. Mem. Soc. Amer. Archaeol. , No. 14. Salt Lake City. Kent, K. P. 1957. The Cultivation and Weaving of Cotton in the Prehistoric Southwestern United States. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. , Vol. 47, Pt. 3. Philadelphia. Kidder, A. V. , and S. J. Guernsey 1919. Archaeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. , Bull. 65. Washington. Kissell, M. L. 1916. Basketry of the Pima-Papago. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. , Anthro. Pap. , No. 17, pp. 115-264. New York. Kroeber, A. L. 1931. The Seri. Southwest Mus. Pap. , No. 6. Los Angeles. Loud, L. L. , and M. R. Harrington 1929. Lovelock Cave. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. And Ethn. , 25:1-183. Berkeley. Martin, P. S. , and J. B. Rinaldo, E. Bluhm, H. C. Cutler, R. Granger, Jr. 1952. Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change. The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 40. Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago. Massey, W. C. 1947. Brief Report on Archaeological Investigations in Baja California. Southwestern Jour. Anthro. , 3(4):344-359. Albuquerque. 1949. Tribes and Languages of Baja California. Southwestern Jour. Anthro. , 5(3):272-307. Albuquerque. 1957. The Dart-Thrower in Baja California. Davidson Jour. Anthro. , 3(1):55-62. Seattle. MS 1. Culture History in the Cape Region of Baja California, Ph. D. Diss. (1955), Univ. Calif. , Berkeley. MS 2. The Castaldí Archaeological Collection, Baja California. Massey, W. C. , and D. Tuohy MS. Caves of the Sierra de La Giganta. Meigs III, P. 1939. The Kiliwa Indians of Lower California. Univ. Calif. Ibero-Americana: 15. Berkeley. Rogers, Malcolm 1945. An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Jour. Anthro. , 1(2):167-198. Albuquerque. Rogers, Captain Woodes 1928. A Cruising Voyage Around the World (1712). New York. Sales, L. 1794. Noticias de la Provincia de California. 3 vols. Valencia. Singer, E. W. 1936. The Techniques of Certain Peruvian Hairnets. Revista del Museo Nacional, V(1):16-24. Lima, Peru. Steward, J. H. 1937. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. , Bull. 116. Washington, D. C. United States National Museum 1889. Annual Report, 1888. Washington. (Cited as Annual Report, 1888. ) Venegas, M. 1944. Noticia de la California y de su Conquista (1757). 3 vols. Mexico. Wagner, H. R. 1925. California Voyages: 1539-1541. San Francisco. * * * * * PLATES EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 12 _a. _ Bone awl or "dagger" (139589b), 16. 5 cm. Long, 2. 2 cm. Maximumwidth, _b. _ Bone awl (139589a), 13. 5 cm. Long, 2. 6 cm. Maximum width. _c. _ Worked pumice piece (139613), 8 cm. X 4 cm. _d. _ Tubular stone pipe(139564), sandstone, 7. 7 cm. Long, 3. 7 cm. Diameter. _e. _ Tubular stonepipe (139563), sandstone, 29. 8 cm. Long, 4. 4 cm. Diameter. PLATE 13 _a. _ Abalone (_Haliotis_ sp. ) ornament (139552), 5. 3 cm. Long, 4. 3 cm. Wide. _b. _ Fragmentary abalone (_Haliotis_ sp. ) ornament (139553), 2. 1cm. Present length, 3. 9 cm. Wide. _c. _ Abalone (_Haliotis_ sp. ) ornament(139551), 4. 6 cm. X 4. 8 cm. _d. _ _Olivella_ shell beads (139546), samescale as ornaments, with bases and spires ground. _e. _ _Olivella_ shellbeads with only spires ground. _f. _ Fragment of gypsum (139568). PLATE 14 _a. _ Spines of _Viznaga_ cactus (_Echinocactus_ _wislizeni_) (139547), which have been straightened. _b. _ Bone flaker (139556), over-alllength, 12 cm. ; wood, 11. 2 cm. Long; bone, 3. 4 cm. Long. _c. _ Boneflaker (139557), over-all length, 13. 1 cm. ; wood, 11. 5 cm. Long; bone, 5. 6 cm. Long. _d. _ Cord-wrapped stick (139558c), 17. 3 cm. Long. _e. _Cord-wrapped stick (139558b), 15. 8 cm. Long. _f. _ Cord-wrapped cane(139558d), 10. 3 cm. And 5. 4 cm. Long. _g. _ Cord-wrapped hide (139548). PLATE 15 _a. _ Cane arrow or dart with sting-ray spine point (139587), totallength of two pieces 92. 5 cm. _b. _ Two wooden fragments (139586), roundin cross section; lengths 58 cm. And 56. 5 cm. _c. _ Two sticks lashedtogether (139585a), total length 50 cm. _d. _ Cord-wrapped stick(139558a), length 22 cm. _e. _ Wooden piece (139559), length 30. 5 cm. , diameter 8 mm. _f. _ Tapered wooden piece (139560), length 38 cm. _g. _Cane whistle (139588b), length 13. 5 cm. , maximum diameter 1. 3 cm. _h. _Cane whistle (139588a), length 22 cm. , maximum diameter 1. 7 cm. _i. _Bull-roarer (?) (139565), length 23. 5 cm. , diameter 5. 1 cm. , thickness6 mm. PLATE 16 _a. _ Side view of hairnet (139534a). _b. _ Cord wrapping on piece ofaccordion-pleated skin (139555). _c. _ Top view of hairnet (139534a). _d. _ Fragment of sewed rush matting (139544), about 50 cm. X 21 cm. PLATE 17 _a. _ Feathered "apron" or "cape" (139535b), 25 cm. X 17. 5 cm. _b. _ Humanhair "cape" (139539), hanks of hair about 6 mm. In diameter, lengthsvarying from 12. 7 cm. To 27. 5 cm. _c. _ Cotton cloth (139537), warp 25. 5cm. , weft 30 cm. _d. _ Tump band (139536), largest section 25 cm. Long, 7. 7 cm. Wide. PLATE 18 _a. _ Rim sherd (139614b). _b. _ Reconstruction of pot, diameter 27 cm. , height 17 cm. , thickness about 9 mm. [Illustration: PLATE 12. STONE AND BONE ARTIFACTS] [Illustration: PLATE 13. SHELL AND STONE ARTIFACTS] [Illustration: PLATE 14. VEGETABLE AND BONE ARTIFACTS] [Illustration: PLATE 15. WOODEN ARTIFACTS] [Illustration: PLATE 16. NETTING, CORDAGE, AND MATTING] [Illustration: PLATE 17. FEATHERED APRON; HUMAN HAIR CAPE; COTTON CLOTH; TUMP BAND] [Illustration: PLATE 18. MIDDEN POTSHERD ARTIFACTS]