ENGLANDIN THENINETEENTH CENTURY.CHAPTER I.the peace of amiens.When the nineteenth century opened, on New Year's Day 1801, England was still engaged in the weary war with revolutionary France. The struggle had already raged for eight years, and seemed as far from an end as X!thSFra^ce! ever. It made little difference to its character that the government with which the contest had to be fought out was no longer the corrupt Directory of Barras. The military despotism of the new First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, was quite as hostile to England, and infinitely more formidable. Till he had tried his strength against her and learnt the limitations of his power, Bonaparte was not likely to come to terms.Moreover, we had just ascertained that we should have to fight him single-handed. The last of our powerful isoiatjon 0f continental allies was now about to withdraw from Great the struggle. Austria had already opened nego- Brita*n* tiations for peace with the First Consul: since Table of Contents CONTENTS; CHAPTER FAG*; I The Peace of Amiens 1801-1802 1; II The Struggle with Bonaparte: (i) The Naval; War '1803-1806 10; III The Struggle with Bonaparte : (2) The Conti-; nental System-The Peninsular War-Waterloo 1806-1815 27; IV From the Fall of Bonaparte to the Great Reform; Bill 1815-1832 53; V From the Great Reform Bill to the Crimean; War 1832-1853 80; VI Early Victorian England A Survey 109; VII From the Crimean War to the Death of Lord; Palmrrston 1853-1865 127; VIII Disraeli and Gladstone 1865-18S5 152; IX The Home Rule Question and Imperialism 1886-; 1899 186; X India and the Colonies-Imperial Federation-; Conclusion 212; Appendices-; Table of British Ministries of the Nineteenth Century 262 Population of the United Kingdom, 1801-1S91 264; The National Debt, 1800-1S99 264; Foreign Sovereigns of the Nineteenth Century 265; Typical Budgets of the Century: