The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898

 Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century, Volume XVII, 1609-1616

 Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. 

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII

 Preface 9 Documents of 1609

 Laws regarding navigation and commerce. Felipe II and Felipe III; 1583-1609 27 Jesuit missions, 1608-09. (From _Annuæ litteræ;_ Dilingæ, 1610. ) 53 Decree regulating services of Filipinos. Felipe III; Aranjuez, May 26 79

 Documents of 1610

 Petition of the Recollects. Dionisio de la Anunciacion, and others; Manila, June 30 85 Dominicans request suppression of the Audiencia. Baltasar Fort, O. P. , and others; Manila, June 30 89 Relation of 1609-1610. Gregorio Lopez, S. J. , ; Manila, July 1 100 Letter to Felipe III. Juan de Silva; Cavite, September 5 144 Letter to Silva. Felipe III; Madrid, December 7 151

 Documents of 1611

 Foundation of the college of Santo Tomás of Manila. Bernardo de Santa Catalina, O. P. , and others; Manila, April 28 155 Hospital at Nueva Cáceres. Pedro Arce, O. S. A. ; Manila, July 20 172 Letters to Juan de Silva. Felipe III; Guadarrama and Madrid, November-December 174 Letters to the Dominican provincial. Felipe III; Madrid, December 31 183

 Documents of 1612-1613

 Status of missions in the Philippines. Gregorio Lopez, S. J. , and others; [Manila, _ca. _ 1612] 189 Trade of the Philippines. Juan, marques de Montesclaros; Los Reyes, April 12, 1612 213 Letter from the bishop of Nueva Segovia [Domingo de Soria, O. P. ]; Manila, August 15, 1613 233 Letter to Silva. Felipe III; Pardo, December 2, 1613 237

 Documents of 1616

 Recommendations regarding the archbishopric of Manila. [Council of the Indias?]; Madrid, 1613-16 245 Letter to Felipe III. Valerio de Ledesma, S. J. ; Manila, August 20 249 Portuguese and Spanish expedition against the Dutch, 1615. Juan de Rivera and Valerio de Ledesma, S. J. ; [Manila, 1616?] 251

 Bibliographical Data 281 Appendix: Chronological list of the governors of the Philippines, 1565-1899, and the administration of the islands at different periods 283

Illustrations

 Title-page of _Annuæ litteræ Societatis Iesv_ (Dilingæ, M. DC. X); photographic facsimile, from copy in Library of Congress 51 Title-page of _Documentos, datos, y relaciones para la historia de Filipinas_--MS. Collection of transcripts from documents in Spanish archives, for the period 1586-1792, by Ventura del Arco (Madrid, 1859-1865), possession of Edward E. Ayer, Chicago; photographic facsimile 101 Autograph signature of Gregorio Lopez, S. J. ; facsimile from tracing of original, in Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library) 141

PREFACE

The present volume covers the seven years from 1609 to 1616, the leading subjects in the documents therein being commerce andnavigation, missions, and ecclesiastical affairs. The commercialand navigation laws covering a quarter of a century previous tothis period give incidentally much curious information on social andeconomic conditions in the islands. The outflow of silver from NuevaEspaña to China via Manila still causes alarm; but it is evidentthat the suppression of the trade between Acapulco and Manila isnot an infallible remedy for this difficulty. As it is, the islandsare suffering from the injuries to their trade that the Dutch haveinflicted, and from the ruinous expenses caused by their wars withthese persistent enemies. No less do the Indians suffer from theexactions levied upon them for the public works and defense; but thehome government attempts to lessen these burdens, and protect thenatives from oppression. The missions of the Jesuits are reportedas making rapid progress; and statistics of the work conducted bythem and by the other religious orders give a view of the generalmissionary field. The Dominicans begin their college of Santo Tomásat Manila; and their officials urge upon the king the suppression ofthe Audiencia. The relations between the various orders appear to benot strictly harmonious. The power of the Spaniards in the Orient, and the future of the Philippine colony, are seriously menaced bythe increasing gains of the Dutch in the Moluccas. 

Various laws regarding the navigation and commerce of the Philippinesare presented, in chronological order, dated 1583-1609. The sale ofmerchandise by _pancada_ is to be retained, and regulations are madetherefor. Trade between the American colonies with China or Filipinasis prohibited; and the citizens of Filipinas are granted a monopoly ofthe trade to Nueva España. But this is limited to a specified amountand only two ships may be sent annually. The goods thus sent to NuevaEspaña must be consumed there. Copies of the merchandise registers ofthese vessels must be sent to the Council of the Indias. Persons whohave been exiled to Filipinas must be compelled to reside there. Noslaves may be taken thence to Nueva España, except a small andspecified number allowed as servants of royal officials. The number ofofficers and men allowed to each ship is limited and specified. Thesoldiers sent must be effective and suitably equipped. The shipsmust not be stripped of their defenses by Filipinas officials. Pilotsmust undergo examination for this voyage. Information regarding themoney and goods carried on these vessels must be exchanged by theofficials at Manila and Acapulco. Ships must not be overladen. Noperson may go from Nueva España to the islands unless he give bondsfor becoming a permanent resident of them, or is sent thither as asoldier. Officials of the trading vessels may not engage in trade inany form. The fares paid by passengers thereon shall be regulated, and so adjusted that they shall pay their share toward the expensesof carrying on this commerce. Due inspection of merchandise shallbe made at Acapulco and in Mexico. No Chinese goods may be tradedor conveyed, in any way, between Nueva España and Peru. The duescollected at Acapulco on Filipinas merchandise shall be spent for theneeds of the islands. The amount of money which may be carried backfrom Mexico is strictly limited to five hundred thousand pesos; and inthis amount must be included, to avoid frauds, all amounts of legacies, and gifts for benevolent works, sent to Filipinas. No wrought silvermay be carried thither, except under close restrictions. The governorof Filipinas and the viceroy of Nueva España shall exchange reportsof the business carried on by these ships. A trustworthy person mustbe appointed at Manila to regulate the migration of Chinese and otherforeigners to the islands. Directions are given for the placing ofcargoes, marine stores, etc. , on the ships; and their rigging must beobtained at Manila instead of Acapulco. The ships and their crews mustbe suitably armed for defense; and the men may not carry any baggagesave what they actually need for the voyage. No slave women shall beallowed on the ships, nor any married woman who is not obliged tomake the voyage. The citizens of the islands may trade with Japan;but the Japanese shall not be allowed to go to the Filipinas. 

In _Annuæ litteræ_ for 1610 is a report of the Jesuit missions inthe Philippines. Beginning with some tabulated statistics, there arepresented separate accounts of the college at Manila and the variousmission stations. Two lay brethren in that college have died, whoselives and virtues are briefly reviewed. Religious zeal is growingamong the people of Manila. The Jesuit church has been greatly adornedand improved, and their Indian disciples have erected in a new churchseveral handsome statues. One of the Jesuit fathers devoted himselfto the care of the heretics captured in the battle with the Dutch, and secured recantations from twenty of these. The new governor, Juande Silva, has given to the Jesuits not only favor but substantialaid. In Antipolo and Taitai are many zealous and devout converts, of whom various incidents are related. The church at Antipolo hasbeen often burned, but again rebuilt. Several miraculous cures arerelated. At Zebu the Jesuits have done much to cultivate religionamong the Spanish residents, and to promote the peace and welfare ofthe community. In Bohol many conversions have taken place, and theheadmen have become most helpful to the missionaries. Even some of thepriests of the heathen are zealous converts to the true faith. TheIndian converts are displaying true faith and charity, and supporta hospital. No longer consulting their idols, they now invoke theVirgin Mary, an act which brings them great success in hunting. AtDulac much success has been obtained--sometimes impeded, however, bythe plots of the Evil One. Palapag has suffered from scarcity of food, but the Jesuits have from their own stores cared for the poor. A newchurch has been erected there, and many conversions are reported. Theexpedition to the Molucca Islands was accompanied by the Jesuits;there are many Christians there, who are oppressed by the Dutchheretics. Many of the reports in this document mention miraculouscures, and deliverances from danger; and state that in many casesthe Indian converts practice scourging as a token of devotion. 

A law dated May 26, 1609, regulates the services of the Indians. Whenpossible, the men needed for public works shall be hired from amongthe Chinese and Japanese; and the Filipino natives shall be expectedto work voluntarily. If these measures shall not provide sufficientlaborers, the natives may be forced to work, but only under certainconditions. Such work must be of absolute necessity; no one shall beforced when there are enough voluntary laborers; the conscription mustbe made as considerate and equitable as possible; the governor shallassign their hours of labor, and their wages shall be paid fairlyand promptly. Such requisitions shall be made at seasons when theydo not interfere with the agricultural labors of the natives. Thevessels shall be provided with shelter for the rowers against rain andstorm. Any ill-treatment received by the Indians shall be vigorouslypunished, especially when the offender is a royal official. 

The Augustinian Recollects write to the king (June 30, 1610) asking tobe released from the restrictions imposed upon them by the visitor ofthat order, claiming that otherwise their work will be ruined. Theyalso ask for royal bounty in its aid. The Dominicans at Manila, onthe same day, memorialize the home government for the suppressionof the Audiencia in the islands. They claim that the royal decreesare not obeyed as they should be. The royal fiscal is accused ofillegal traffic, and the opportunities and means of profit are givento relatives or friends of the auditors. The Dominicans suggest thatthe archbishop and the religious orders be authorized to serve as acheck on the governors, the only real use of the Audiencia. They askthe king to increase the income of the archbishop, and take occasion tocommend the honor and integrity of the royal officials at Manila. Theirletter is accompanied by a list of the reasons why the Audienciashould be suppressed in the islands. The number of lawsuits is muchgreater since the reestablishment of that court, and the prisons arecrowded; while many persons are neglected and languish in prison formany years. Justice is not done in the Indian lawsuits, the Spanishprocedure being entirely unsuitable for these cases; and the innocentsuffer the penalties, while the guilty escape. Dignities and officesare given to the unworthy and incompetent, and to relatives of theauditors. Criminals connected with the auditors go unpunished. Theauditors engage openly in trade, by which they have gained enormouswealth. The royal intention that they should advise the king regardingthe governor's conduct is frustrated, since they are in such relationswith the governor that they will not oppose him. 

The Jesuit Gregorio Lopez relates (July 1, 1610) events in the islandsfor the past year. Rumors of an invasion by the Dutch cause Silva tofortify Cavite, hitherto unprotected. Several disasters befall theSpaniards--among them the treacherous murder of a large number ofSpaniards by their Chinese and Japanese rowers; and the Chinese needto be pacified. During the latter part of 1609 and the early monthsof 1610 the Dutch squadron commanded by Francis de Wittert remainsnear Manila, capturing the Chinese and other vessels that trade withLuzon. Meanwhile, the Spaniards collect military supplies and makeall other preparations for defense. On April 24 the Spanish squadronencounters that of the Dutch at Playa Honda, outside Manila Bay;after a hot contest in which Wittert is killed, the Dutch flagshipsurrenders, as does their almiranta; another ship is destroyed byfire, and the rest take to flight. Many ceremonies, both religious andsecular, signalize the rejoicings in Manila over the victory of theSpaniards, as well at their mourning for the slain. Then the spoilsof the conquered are distributed, amounting to nearly four hundredthousand pesos. Many of the Dutch heretic captives are reconciled tothe Church through the ministrations of a Jesuit priest. Lopez relatesvarious incidents connected with this war, and gives a vivid account ofthe perils and hardships of the ocean voyages, especially in relatingthe shipwreck on the Japan coast of the galleon "San Francisco. " Aboat carrying supplies to the Jesuit mission at Maluco is capturedby the Dutch and with it Father Masonio; but he escapes their hands, after many dangers. His companion, Father Gabriel de la Cruz, diesafter a long sickness; and Antonio Pereira, sent to take his place, dies on the voyage. The Dutch pay a heavy ransom for their captivecommander van Caerden. 

Governor Silva advises the king (September 5, 1610) of affairs in theislands, especially of those in the Moluccas. The Dutch have regainedeverything there except the fort at Ternate; they have also secureda foothold in Japan, and are striving to do the same in China. Ifthey obtain control of the trade from those countries, the Spanishcolonies in India and the Philippines will be ruined. Accordingly, Silva is preparing to go, in conjunction with the Portuguese troopsfrom India, against the Dutch, to recover the Moluccas. He willalso take the captive Ternatan king back to his own country, as hepromises to become a vassal of Spain and to refuse intercourse withthe Dutch. Silva has, however, but little money for this expedition, for the royal treasury is heavily in debt. The king writes to Silva(December 7, 1610) ordering him to investigate the complaint of theIndians of Quiapo against the Jesuits. 

The establishment of the college of Santo Tomás at Manila is begunin 1611 by the Dominicans, its foundation being a bequest left forthis purpose by the late Archbishop Benavides, and certain otherlegacies. The articles of establishment and the endowment arepresented, showing the funds, location, management, and characterof the institution. It is provided, among other things, that if anyecclesiastical or secular power should claim jurisdiction over theconduct or property of the college, all the possessions of the collegeshall become the absolute property of the Dominican order and province. 

The bishop of Nueva Caceres asks the king (July 20, 1611) for aid forthe hospital there. In the same year, the king writes several lettersto Silva. He orders the governor (November 12) to restrain, but withprudence, the arrogance of the religious; to check evasions of thelaws regarding commerce, and to make certain regulations regarding theMexican trade; to continue the prohibition of Japanese from residing inthe islands; and to cease the military training hitherto given to thenatives. On November 20 he sends an order to Silva to set at libertyvan Caerden and other Dutchmen held captive in Manila, provided theyshall not have given any cause for being recaptured. On December19 he commands Silva to keep a squadron of ships on guard near theLuzón coast, to prevent the Dutch from plundering the vessels thatgo to the islands for trade. Letters from the king to the Dominicanprovincial at Manila (December 31) warn him to correct the lawlessand disobedient proceedings of certain of his friars; to maintainamicable relations with the governor; and not to allow his friars togo to Japan without the governor's permission (commands of like importwith this last being sent also to the provincials of the other orders). 

Interesting statistics of the houses and missions of the variousreligious orders in the islands are furnished (_ca_. 1612), atthe royal command, by their superiors. The Augustinians enumeratefifty-six houses with one hundred and fifty-five priests and thirteenlay brethren. The Jesuits maintain two colleges (Manila and Cebú), six residences and two missions; in these are forty-five priests, twenty-eight lay brethren, eight novices, and eleven scholastics--inall ninty-two religious. Each "residence" is a center of missionaryactivity for all the Indian villages around it, in some of which arechurches, and to others visits are paid more or less frequently by thefathers who live at the residence. The Franciscans have forty-eighthouses in their missions to the Indians, and four in the Spanishtowns; they also maintain six hospitals. They have one hundred and onepriests and thirty-eight lay brethren, besides twenty-one religiousin Japan. The Dominicans have eighteen houses, and one hospital, withsixty-two friars; besides these, they have three houses in Japan, withnine religious. The field occupied by the Augustinians is in WesternLuzón, Panay, and Cebú; and the villages in which they ministernumber 58, 800 tributes--which, at three persons to each tribute, means a population of 176, 400 souls. The Jesuits conduct missions inLuzón, Panay, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, and adjacent islands; they havesixty-eight churches, besides those in Manila and Cebú, and are incharge of about 50, 000 souls. The Franciscans have missions in Luzón, with 80, 000 souls; also some in Maluco and Japan. The Dominicans alsowork in Luzón, ministering to somewhat more than 16, 000 souls. 

The viceroy of Peru writes to Felipe III (April 12, 1612) in regardto the Philippine-Mexican trade, giving his report and opinion, atthe king's command, regarding the request of the Sevilla merchantsthat the Philippine trade be taken from Mexico and transferred toSpain and Portugal. This letter is an interesting exposition ofthe theories regarding colonial administration then held by certainSpanish statesmen--and, more or less, of the policy then pursued bythe Spanish government: for Montesclaros had already been a viceroyof Spanish colonies in America for nine years, at the time of thisreport, and was highly regarded by his home government. He describesthe progress of commerce since the colonization of the New Worldbegan, and shows that the markets of the latter are overstocked withEuropean merchandise, and thus the profits of the trade are greatlydecreased. The viceroy carefully analyzes the proposal to transferthe Philippine trade to Spain, and shows its probable results. TheManila merchandise is almost entirely silk; this could be replaced inMexico with the cotton fabrics made by the Indians in that country, and the silk industry might be introduced into Mexico and made asuccess there. Nevertheless, the Philippines would be injured bythe suppression of their Mexican trade, and there would not evenbe a corresponding benefit to Spain. He has not much confidence inthe disinterestedness of the Sevilla merchants, and refutes someof their arguments. The Spanish goods sent to Manila via Acapulcoare mainly articles of luxury, and in small quantity; and the clothstuffs of Spain are not desired in Japan or Luzón. He disapproves anycourse which would bring the Chinese silks into Spain, for thus thesilk industry of that country would be ruined; moreover, the Chinesegoods are poor and have little durability. Montesclaros emphaticallydenies that the stoppage of Philippine trade will materially affectthe outflow of silver from Nueva España, or benefit Spain; and advisesthe king not to favor the Seville merchants or the Portuguese of Indiato the neglect of his Castilian subjects. He compares the advantagesof the two routes between Manila and Spain, and considers that bythe Pacific Ocean the better. The viceroy discusses the matter ofsending reenforcements to the Philippines, and suggests that itmight be advantageous to send troops to Acapulco via the Isthmus ofPanama. He points out various dangers from the proposed suppressionof he Philippine-Mexican trade. 

The bishop of Nueva Segovia writes (August 15, 1613), apparentlyto some high official at the Spanish court, asking that aid may befurnished to the recently founded college of Santo Tomás. Soriacomplains of the Jesuits and the governor, who are opposing theDominicans. More priests of that order (to which the writer belongs)are needed in the islands. Soria makes various accusations againstthe Augustinians and their leading officials, and recommends Aduarteand his mission to his correspondent's favor. 

Felipe III writes to Silva (December 2, 1613), directing him to sendto Mexico all the quicksilver that he can procure in China. Theking approves Silva's acts in regard to Chinese immigration, andinvestigation of corrupt officials. He asks for further informationas to Japanese trade, the treatment of the Indians by the religious, etc. One of the royal councils makes recommendations to the king--bycommunications dated respectively June 28, 1613, and July 1, 1616--thatfor the aged archbishop of Manila shall be appointed a coadjutor, whoshall receive one-third of the former's stipend, with certain fees. Anabstract of a letter from the Jesuit Ledesma to Felipe III (August 20, 1616) presents a gloomy view of the condition of the islands. Theirtrade has greatly decreased; the expeditions against the Dutch havenearly ruined the citizens; the Indians are exhausted by the burdensand taxes levied upon them; and the islands are in constant periland are frequently harassed by their numerous enemies. The king isasked to send aid for the colony without delay. 

A prominent Jesuit in Manila, Juan de Ribera, writes (probably in 1616)an account of an expedition sent from India in 1615 for the aid ofthe Philippines. The Dutch are obtaining so firm a foothold in theOrient that the Spanish commerce is not only much decreased, but isin constant danger from the attacks of the "Dutch pirates. " Silvadespatches Ribera to India, to ask from the viceroy aid for thePhilippines; he sends with the envoy four galleons, which, aftera voyage of many delays and hardships, reach Malacca. There theyencounter a large Malay fleet, which they defeat, with great losson both sides. A few weeks later a Dutch fleet arrives at Malacca, intending to unite with these very Malays; a fierce battle ensues, in which the Portuguese galleons are destroyed. In February 1616, Silva arives at Malacca with his fleet; but soon afterward he isattacked by a fever which causes his death (April 19). To this isadded another version of Ribera's letter, and a letter by Valerio deLedesma--both obtained from Colin's _Labor evangelica_. These coverthe same ground as the preceding letter, but contain some matter notfound therein, including an account of the battle at Playa Honda. 

A biographical and chronological list of all the Spanish governorsof the Philippines, from 1565 to 1898, is here presented. It isprepared by a careful collation, sifting, and verification of dataobtained from the best authorities extant; and will be found useful forreference by general readers, as well as by students of history. Thisis followed by a law of 1664, providing for the government of theislands ad interim; and an extract from the _Historia_ of the JesuitDelgado (1751), "Some things worth knowing about the governors ofthe Filipinas Islands. " He says: "In no kingdom or province of theSpanish crown do the viceroys or governors enjoy greater privileges, superiority, and grandeur than in Filipinas. " Delgado moralizeson the qualifications necessary for such a post, illustratinghis remarks by historical examples. He outlines the intercourseand relations of the Philippines with the peoples about them, and the conquests made by the Spanish colonial governors. Next isgiven a chapter from the _Estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842_ ofSinibaldo de Mas--a Spanish diplomat who visited the islands--on "theadministration of government and the captaincy-general" therein. He, too, describes the great authority and privilege of the governor ofthe Philippines; and outlines the plan of the general, provincial, and local governments. The mestizos, when numerous in any community, have their own separate government. As the cabezas de barangay andsome members of their families are exempted from paying tributes, they form a privileged class which is a burden on the taxpayers--aserious defect in the system of government. A special arrangementis made for the Chinese residing in Manila, and they are enrolledand classified for the payment of taxes. Finally, a chapter on "thepolitical and administrative organization of Filipinas" is presented, from Montero y Vidal's _Archipiélago filipino_ (1886). He devotesspecial attention to the subject of local government in the nativetowns; and explains why the Filipino natives are so anxious to obtainthe post of gobernadorcillo. The writer describes the mode of dress andthe customs in vogue among these local dignitaries, as well as theirmethods of administration. There are certain other petty officials, whose functions are described; and he ends by stating the powersand functions of the provincial rulers and those of the governor andcaptain-general of the islands, and sharply criticising "the vicious, anomalous, and unsuitable organization of the provinces of Filipinas. "

_The Editors_

July, 1904. 

DOCUMENTS OF 1609

 Laws regarding navigation and commerce. Felipe II and Felipe III; 1583-1609. Jesuit missions, 1608-09. (From _Annuæ litteræ_; Dilingæ, 1610. ) Decree regulating services of Filipinos. Felipe III; May 26. 

_Sources_: Two of these documents are taken from _Recopilación deleyes_--the first from lib. Ix, tit. Xlv; the third, from lib. Vi. , tit. Xii (ley xl). The second is obtained from _Annuæ litteræ_(Dilingæ, 1610), pp. 507-532. 

_Translations_: The first and third of these documents are translatedby James A. Robertson; the second, by Henry B. Lathrop, of theUniversity of Wisconsin. 

LAWS REGARDING NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE

[The following laws are translated from _Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ix, tit. Xxxxv, "Concerning the navigation and commerce of theFilipinas Islands, China, Nueva España, and Perú. " [1] The various lawsof the _Recopilación_ are not arranged chronologically, but they arehere thus given--retaining, however, the number of each law. Those lawsgiven in the present installment range in date between 1583 and 1609, those beyond the latter date being reserved for a future volume. Someof the laws, as shown by various dates, were promulgated more thanonce, either in the original form, or possibly amended. When thereis more than one date, the chronological order follows the earliestof these. ]

Law LVIII

The appraisements and registers that shall be made of the merchandiseshipped in the vessels despatched from Filipinas to Nueva Españaand other places, shall be made solely by the officials of ourroyal exchequer. The distribution [of cargo] that shall be madein the vessels of the said islands, and of the merchandise shippedon our account, and the appointment and examination of the pilots, masters, and other officials, shall be made in the presence of theaforesaid persons; and the laws ordained by this titulo shall beobserved. [Felipe II--San Lorenzo, June 14, 1583. ]

Law XXXV

It having been committed to, and charged upon, the governorand captain-general of the Filipinas that he should endeavor tointroduce, in the exchange and barter for the merchandise of China, trade in other products of those islands, in order to avoid, whenpossible, the withdrawal of the great sums of reals which are takento foreign kingdoms, the governor executed it in the form and mannerthat he considered most fitting; and a method called _pancada_ [2]was introduced, which has been observed and executed until now. It isour will that that method be observed and kept, without any change, until we order otherwise. [Felipe II--Añover, August 9, 1589; Toledo, January 25, 1596. ]

Law LXVI

We order that a duty be collected on the first and subsequent salesor all the merchandise shipped from Filipinas to Acapulco, and thepesos per tonelada on freight according to custom; for this sum andmuch more is needed to pay the troops, and equip the vessels thatengage in commerce. In this there shall be no innovation. [FelipeII--Añover, August 9, 1589. ]

Law V

We ordain and order that there shall be no permission to trade ortraffic between Perú, Tierra-Firme, Guatemala, or any other parts ofthe Indias, and China or the Filipinas Islands, even though it be bylicense of the viceroys, audiencias, governors, or magistrates, underpenalty of confiscation of the merchandise that shall be shipped. Themasters and pilots shall also incur the confiscation of all theirproperty and ten years in the galleys. [Felipe II--San Lorenzo, December 18, and February 6, 1591. ]

Law I

Inasmuch as it is advisable to avoid trade between the West Indiasand China, and regulate that of Filipinas, as it has increasedconsiderably, thus causing the decrease of that of these kingdoms:therefore, we prohibit, forbid, and order, that no person of thenatives or residents of Nueva España, or any other part of the Indiastrade or be allowed to trade in the Filipinas Islands. Should anyonedo so, he shall lose the merchandise with which he shall trade, and it shall be applied, one-third each, to our royal exchequer, the denouncer, and the judge who shall sentence him. In order toshow favor to the citizens and inhabitants [of Filipinas] and thatthat trade may be preserved to sufficient extent, we consider it bestthat they alone may trade with Nueva España, in the manner ordainedby the other laws, with this provision, that they convey their goods, or send them with persons who shall come from the said islands. Theycannot send them by way of commission or in any other form to thosewho actually reside in Nueva España, in order to avoid the frauds ofconsigning them to other persons--unless it be because of the deathof those who should come with the goods from the said islands; for insuch case it can be done. And we also order that the inhabitants ofFilipinas cannot consign their merchandise to generals, commanders, captains, officials, soldiers, or sailors of the vessels of thatcommerce, or of any other vessels, even though these be inhabitants ofthe said islands as well as the persons above mentioned. [3] [FelipeII--Madrid, January 11, 1593. Felipe IV--Madrid, February 10, 1635. ]

Law VI

It is our will that the trade and commerce of the Filipinas Islandswith Nueva España be carried on for the present as ordained. Under noconsideration shall the amount of merchandise shipped annually fromthose islands to Nueva España exceed two hundred and fifty thousandeight-real pieces, nor the return of principal and profits in money, the five hundred thousand pesos which are permitted--under no pretext, cause, or argument that can be advanced, which is not expressed by alaw of this titulo; and the traders shall necessarily be citizens ofthe Filipinas, as is also ordained. [Felipe II--Madrid, January 11, 1593. Felipe III--December 31, 1604; Madrid, May 4, 1619; Lisboa, September 14, 1619. ]

Law XV

From Nueva España to Filipinas only two vessels can sail annually, up to three hundred toneladas' burden. In them shall be carried thereënforcements of men and supplies, and they shall bear a permit. Forthis purpose there shall be three ships, one of which shall remainin readiness at the port of Acapulco, while the other two make thevoyage. For the security of the voyage, those who go on account ofour royal treasury shall endeavor to see that the cost be drawn fromthe freights. From Nueva España not more than two hundred and fiftythousand pesos de tipusque shall be taken in the vessels during anyone year. Whatever above that amount is taken shall be confiscatedand applied in three equal parts to the exchequer, the judge, and thedenouncer. We order the governor of Filipinas to inspect the shipswhen they reach port, and execute the penalty. [Felipe II--Madrid, January 11, 1593. Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law XXXIV

We order and command that no person trade or traffic in the kingdomsor in any part of China, and that no goods be shipped from thatkingdom to the Filipinas Islands on the account of the merchants ofthose islands. The Chinese themselves shall convey their goods attheir own account and risk, and sell them there by wholesale. Thegovernor and captain-general with the council of the city of Manilashall annually appoint two or three persons, whom they shall deem bestfitted, to appraise the value and worth of the merchandise, and shalltake the goods at wholesale from the Chinese, to whom they shall paythe price. Then they shall distribute it among all the citizens andnatives of those islands, in accordance with their capital, so thatthey may all share in the interest and profit that arises from thistraffic and trade. The persons thus appointed shall keep a book, in which they shall enter the amount of money invested each time, the price at which each class of merchandise is valued, among whatpersons the merchandise is divided, and the amount that falls to theshare of each. The governor shall take particular pains to ascertainand discover how the said deputies make use of their commission. Heshall not allow them to be rechosen the following year. He shallsend annually a report, signed by them, of all the aforesaid toour council, and another to the viceroy of Nueva España. [FelipeII--Madrid, January 11, 1593. ]

Law XLIV

The apportionment of the permitted amount of two hundred and fiftythousand pesos, conceded to the inhabitants of the FilipinasIslands, must be made among them, and the whole amount must beregistered. Endeavor shall be made to have less than one third partreturn in gold; and the governor shall prevent and take precautionsagainst any fraud or deceit, and shall take what measures he deemsexpedient. This also we charge upon the viceroy of Nueva España inwhatever pertains to him. [Felipe II--Madrid, January 11, 1593. ]

Law LXVIII

We declare and order that the Chinese merchandise and articles whichhave been and shall be shipped from Filipinas to Nueva España, canand shall be consumed there only, or shipped to these kingdoms afterpaying the duties. They cannot be taken to Perú, Tierra-Firme, or anyother part of the Indias, under penalty of confiscation of all thosefound and apprehended in the possession of any person whatever, andshall be applied to our exchequer, the judge, and the denouncer. [4][Felipe II--Madrid, January 11, 1593; Felipe IV--Madrid, February10, 1635. ]

Law LXXI

We order and command, that under no consideration in any manner canany ship go from the provinces of Perú, Tierra-Firme, Guatemala, Nueva España, or any other part of our Western Indias, to China totrade or traffic, or for any other purpose; nor can any ship go tothe Filipinas Islands, except from Nueva España, in accordance withthe laws of this título: under penalty of the confiscation of theship; and its value, money, merchandise, and other things of itscargo shall be sent to these kingdoms in accordance with law 67 [5]of this título, and thus it shall be executed. We prohibit and forbidany merchandise being taken from Nueva España to the provinces of Perúand Tierra-Firme, that shall have been taken there from Filipinas, evenif the duties should be paid according to the rules and ordinances;for it is our purpose and will that no goods shipped from China andthe Filipinas Islands be consumed in the said provinces of Perú andTierra-Firme. Whatever shall be found in the possession of any person, we order to be confiscated, applied, and regulated, as containedin this law. [Felipe II--Madrid, January 11, 1593, and July 5, 1595. Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law LXIV

It is advisable for our service to have constant reports on what passesin the trade and commerce between the Filipinas and Nueva España, in order to ascertain and discover whether it continues to increase, and what kinds of merchandise are traded, their prices, and in whatmoney or material. Accordingly we order the viceroys of Nueva Españato send to our royal Council of the Indias in each trading fleet, a copy of the registers that the ships brought from those islands, and also of those of the ships sent thither; and all shall be madewith great distinctness and clearness. [Felipe II--Madrid, January 17, 1593; and Toledo, June 9, 1596. ]

Law XXVIII

The viceroys, presidents, and auditors, and all other officers ofjustice shall make efforts to find all those who shall have been sentto Filipinas to reside during the time of their obligation, who haveremained in Nueva España and other parts of their jurisdiction, andshall force them with all rigor to go to reside in those islands, proceeding against their persons and properties and executingthe penalties that they shall have incurred. The fiscals of ourAudiencia in Manila shall plead what is advisable in regard to theaforesaid. [Felipe II--Madrid, February 20, 1596. ]

Law LIV

We order that the governors of Filipinas shall not allow slaves tobe sent to Nueva España as a business transaction or for any otherreason--except that, when the governor goes there, his successor maygive him permission to take as many as six slaves with him; to each ofthe auditors who shall make the voyage, four; and to other respectedpersons, merchants with capital, and officials of our royal treasurywho go and do not return, two. We order the viceroy, alcalde-mayor andofficials of Acapulco, to see to the fulfilment and execution of thislaw, and to confiscate the slaves in excess of this number. [FelipeII--Madrid, April 10, 1597]

Law XL

We order that there be but one commander and one lieutenant (whoshall be admiral) for the two ships from Filipinas to Nueva España;that each ship shall take no more than one military captain, besidesthe ship master and as many as fifty effective and useful soldiersin each ship with pay, and the sailors necessary to make the voyageproperly each way--who shall be efficient and examined--and one pilotand assistant to each ship; for both ships one purser [_veedor_]and accountant. All appointments to the said posts shall be made bythe governor and captain-general alone, without the intervention ofthe archbishop, or of any other person, notwithstanding what shallhave been provided to the contrary. We order that choice be made fromamong the most respected and influential inhabitants of those islands, and of those most suitable for the said offices and the duties thatthe appointees must exercise. If they shall not be such, the mattershall be made an article in the governor's residencia. [FelipeIII--Barcelona, June 15, 1599; Valladolid, December 31, 1604; SanLorenzo, April 22, 1608; Madrid, May 23, 1620. ]

Law XXVII

We charge and order the viceroys of Nueva Espanña that the troopsthat they send to Filipinas be useful, and that they go armed; andthat the men go to the governor of the islands to ask for the pay thatthe captains take from their soldiers. In regard to this the governorshall take legal action and punish those whom it touches. [FelipeIII--Denia, August 16, 1599. ]

Law XXIII

The governors of Filipinas are wont to take the artillery and armsfrom the ships that sail from Nueva España. Inasmuch as the vesselsreturn unarmed and without the necessary defense, we order the saidgovernors not to take, or allow to be taken, from the said ships theartillery, arms, supplies, or war-materials that those ships carryfor their defense on the return voyage, for it is not advisable torisk what is so important. [Felipe III--Valladolid, July 15, 1601. ]

Law XXXIX

Since there are skilled and examined pilots for the Filipinas line, those who are not such shall not be admitted in our ships and othercraft. [Felipe III--Valencia, December 31, 1603. ]

Law XVI

The utmost diligence shall be taken in the port of Acapulco toascertain and discover the reals, silver, and other things taken tothe Filipinas, and our officials of the said port shall take accountof it all. They shall advise the governor and royal officials of theislands of it, sending them the registers, and notifying them of whatis advisable. The royal officials of Filipinas shall do the same withthose of Acapulco. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law XVII

Inasmuch as the ships of the Filipinas line have been overladen, many have been wrecked and their crews and cargoes lost; and, inasmuch as it is advisable to provide beforehand the remedy, therefore we order that great care be taken so that the toneladas[assigned] be those that the ships can carry, in accordance withtheir capacity. The things conveniently necessary for the crew, andthe necessary food, with a reserve in case the voyage be prolonged, shall be left in them. Especial care is to be taken that the shipsdo not sail overladen, or embarrassed, because of the danger ofbeing wrecked in any misfortune. They shall make the voyage eachway as lightly laden as is necessary for the chance of storms andenemies. Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law XXI

Illegal acts have been committed in taking more artillerymen andsailors than were necessary, and some of them useless, in the tradingships from Filipinas to Nueva España. We order that this be avoided andremedied. For each piece of artillery, only one artilleryman, and nomore, shall be taken and superfluous pay shall not be given. [FelipeIII--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law XXIX

Inasmuch as the majority of those going annually from Nueva España toFilipinas do not stop there, but return immediately, after investingtheir money: therefore, we order the viceroy of Nueva España to permitno one to go to Filipinas, unless he give bonds that he will becomea citizen and live there for more than eight years, or unless he besent as a soldier to the governor. [6] On those who violate this, and their bondsmen, shall be executed the penalties that they incur, without pardon. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law XLII

We order and command that the generals, captains, agents, and officialsof the Filipinas ships give bonds, to what sum the governor andcaptain-general shall deem best, for the greater security of what shallbe in their charge. They shall give their residencia of each voyagebefore the auditors of our royal Audiencia of Manila and shall rendersatisfaction in the aforesaid. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604; Madrid, May 23, 1620. Cárlos II (in this _Recopilación_)--1681, the date of first edition of _Recopilación de leyes_. ]

Law XLVIII

We prohibit and forbid, under any circumstance, commanders, admirals, and officials of the commerce between Filipinas and Nueva España fromtrading or trafficking, seizing, or lading anything, in any quantityin the ships during the voyage under their command, under their ownname or another's. Neither shall toneladas be apportioned to themas to the other citizens, nor can they take or buy them from others, under penalty of perpetual deprivation of the said posts of the saidline and the confiscation of what goods they lade, carry, or take, which shall be found to be theirs. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December31, 1604. Cárlos II (in this _Recopilación_)--1681; see preceding law. ]

Law LIX

We order the viceroy of Nueva España and the governor of Filipinas, each one as it pertains to him, to adjust and regulate the fares tobe paid by passengers, according to the place that each shall occupy, in the ship on which he sails, with men and goods; and what is to bepaid on the trips going and coming, according to the expense incurredby the ships, in accordance with their burden and crew. They shallapportion it in such manner that superfluous and useless expenses shallnot be caused. And unless it lacks what is necessary and requisite, it shall be unnecessary to supply anything from our treasury towardthe expenses of that fleet. We order that the advisable care andeffort be given to this by the overseer [_veedor_], accountant, androyal officials of the Filipinas Islands. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604; San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608. ]

Law LX

The registers of all shipments from Filipinas shall be opened inthe port of Acapulco, by the person to whom the viceroy of NuevaEspaña entrusts it, and the officials of our royal treasury of thesaid port. They together shall examine and investigate the balesand boxes, and shall make as close and careful an examination asshall be necessary to discover what may have come outside of theregister and permission. They shall send the registers to Méjico, as has been the custom, with all investigations made at the port ofAcapulco, by a sufficiently trustworthy person, or by one of oursaid officials. In Méjico everything shall be again investigated, and the duties appertaining to us shall be appraised and collected;and all other investigations requisite to ascertain and discoverwhat has come unregistered shall be made. All that shall have beensent without register and in violation of the prohibition shall beconfiscated. No permission shall be given by this means, pretext, and occasion, to cause any unreasonable injury to the owners ofthe goods. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604; San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608; clause xi. ]

Law LXIX

In the vessels that we shall permit to sail from Perú to Nueva Españaand the port of Acapulco or from Nueva España to Perú and its ports, no quantity of Chinese stuffs can be laden, sold, bought, or exchanged, even though it may be reported to be gratuitously as a gift or charity, or for the service of divine worship, or in any other quality or form, in order that the prohibition may not be evaded by such pretextsand frauds. In case that any shall be convicted of the above aschief factors, associates, or participants, or of aiding or givingadvice, they shall, besides the confiscation of their goods and boat, incur on their persons the civil and criminal penalties imposedon those who handle contraband goods, and of perpetual banishment, and deprivation of the post that they shall have obtained from usin the Indias. In regard to the above we charge the conscience andcare of our servants. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604 (?);San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608 (?); clauses 16 and 17. ] [7]

Law LXX

If any quantity whatever of Chinese stuffs be found in any boat sailingfrom Nueva España to Perú or in the opposite direction, the inspector, royal officials, and the other persons who take part in the registerand inspection shall be considered as perpetrators and offenders inthis crime; so that, taking example from them, others may abstain fromsimilar transgressions. The captains, masters, boatswains, and otherofficers whose duties extend to the management of vessels, shall alsobe considered as offenders and accomplices. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604 (?); San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608 (?); clause 18. ]

Law LXXIV

We order the viceroys of Nueva España to maintain very special careof the observance and execution of the ordinances for the commerceof the Filipinas line, established by the laws of this titulo; andto keep at the port of Acapulco, in addition to the royal officialswho shall be there, a person of great honesty and trustworthiness, with the title of alcalde-mayor, so that everything be done with verygreat caution, and justice be observed. He shall not permit moresilver to be taken to Filipinas than that conceded by these laws, with or without license. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law LXXV

The viceroy of Nueva España, and the governor and captain-generalof Filipinas, all other of our judges and magistrates, and privateindividuals, each one in what pertains to him, shall observe, and causeto be observed and fulfilled, the ordinances regarding this trafficand commerce, and shall execute them exactly without remission ordispensation. In their residencias, especial attention shall be paidto their omission and neglect. We charge the archbishop of Manila toexercise the same care in what shall be specially entrusted to him, which is not repealed or altered by these laws. Of all, advice shallbe given us. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law LXXVI

We charge and order the viceroys of Perú to see that all theordinances in regard to the prohibition of Chinese stuffs befulfilled and executed exactly. For their execution and fulfilment, they shall appoint an auditor of our royal Audiencia of Los Reyes, in whom they can place entire confidence. They shall see that heproceeds thoroughly and executes the penalties with the required rigor, without any dispensation. The auditor shall privately try these casesin the said city and its districts in so far as he shall have causeto invoke the law; and all other justices in their territories shalldo the same. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604. ]

Law LXXVIII

Permission was given for two ships to go to Nueva España annuallyfrom Perú for commerce and trade to the value of two hundredthousand ducados; which was afterward reduced to one ship, withcertain conditions. And inasmuch as the trade in Chinese stuffshas increased to excessive proportions in Perú, notwithstanding somany prohibitions expedient to our royal service, the welfare andutility of the public cause, and the commerce of these and thosekingdoms; and a final decision of the viceroy, Conde de Chinchon, [8]having preceded, and a vote of the treasury to suppress absolutely anyopportunity for this trade: therefore we order and command the viceroysof Perú and Nueva España to prohibit and suppress, without fail, thiscommerce and trade between both kingdoms, [9] by all the ways andmeans possible; and that it be not carried on by any other regions, for we by this present prohibit it. This prohibition shall be keptstrictly and shall continue to be so kept. [Felipe III--Valladolid, December 31, 1604; San Lorenzo, June 20, 1609; Madrid, March 28, 1620, clause 1. Felipe IV--Madrid, November 25, 1634; Madrid, March 29, 1636, a clause of a letter to the Conde de Chinchon. ]

Law XXIV

The inspection of ships sailing from Nueva España to Filipinas shallbe made by our royal officials, according to custom. They shallexamine in great detail the lists of soldiers and sailors of theships, in order to abolish the places that shall be found withoutjustification; and they may proceed by law, when they discover anyinfraction or fraud in this. Such shall be visited on the personcausing it, with the greatest severity. [Felipe III--Valladolid, January 25, 1605. Felipe IV--Madrid, October 16, 1626. ]

Law LXV

We order that the duties and freight customs collected in the portof Acapulco on the Filipinas merchandise, shall not be placed in theroyal treasury of Méjico, but shall be expended in things necessaryto those islands; and the sum lacking [for those necessities] shallbe sent from the treasury of Méjico. The viceroy and the governor ofFilipinas shall send us a particular report for each voyage of theamount of the duties and freight customs and what must be sent. [FelipeIII--Valladolid, February 19, 1606. ]

Law IX

We declare that in the five hundred thousand pesos granted bypermission [to be sent] from Nueva España to Filipinas, must andshall be entered the amounts of legacies, bequests, and charities[_obras pias_], with the wrought silver and all other things carriedthither; and nothing shall be reserved, except the pay of the sailors, as is ordered by the following law. [10] [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, August 19, 1606. ]

Law X

We grant permission to the sailors serving on the trading shipsbetween Nueva España and Filipinas to carry in money the actual andexact sum of their pay, in addition to the general permission. Thusshall the viceroys of Nueva España provide, unless they perceive someconsiderable objection. They shall see to it that the said sailorsor other persons shall not be allowed to exceed the amount permittedby this law. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, August 19, 1606. ]

Law XI

No wrought silver can be taken to Filipinas, even when for the serviceof those who shall go thither, or for any other purpose, unless bondsare first given to return it, or unless it shall have been includedin the permission. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, August 19, 1606. ]

Law XLVII

The governor of Filipinas shall send the viceroy of Nueva España areport of the apportionment of toneladas that he shall make, and whatis to be laden in the ships of that commerce. The viceroy shall sendthe former a report of the money that shall be sent in accordance withthe ordinance. The latter shall pay consideration and attention tothe reports sent him by the said governor, so that he may adjust moreequitably and circumspectly the licenses of this kind that he shallgive. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, August 19, 1606; Madrid, June 4, 1620. ]

Law IV

Inasmuch as it is advisable for the security and conservation ofthe Filipinas Islands that great care and vigilance be taken thereregarding the foreign nations and Sangleys who live in Manila;and inasmuch as there should be a trustworthy, influential, anddisinterested person in the said city, who should have chargeof purifying the country and giving license to those who mustremain there: therefore we order the governor to take charge ofhis appointment and to appoint for the said commission the personmost suitable for it in that community, of whose zeal for our royalservice and the common welfare, and of whose trustworthiness and care, he has the greatest assurance. The governor shall not appoint for thisoffice and employment any of his servants, inasmuch as we expresslyprohibit that. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, March 6, 1608. ]

Law XVIII

The cargo of the ships of the line, on both outward and returntrips between Nueva España and Filipinas, shall be stowed in thefore-hold; and only the sea stores, the sailors' and mess chests, the rigging, sails, and all the necessities, between decks. Likewiserigging shall be taken to the port of Acapulco, in consideration ofthe fact that the city of Manila has it at cheaper rates than theport of Acapulco--whither it is carried from San Juan de Ulua [11]at very great cost and expense. We order this to be so executed, providing there is no inconvenience; and if there should be any, weshall be advised in order to provide the advisable measures. [FelipeIII--San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608. ]

Law XX

The governor and captain-general of Filipinas shall furnish the shipsof that commerce from Nueva España with the arms needed for theirdefense, and shall see that the soldiers, sailors, and passengersgo well armed. He shall order each ship to carry a person to whosecare the arms shall be confided, and who shall have charge of them, and shall make efforts to preserve them, as is advisable. [FelipeIII--San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608. ]

Law LII

Great disorder has occurred in the Filipinas ships, and the sailorshave been permitted to take two or three very large boxes, underpretext that these contain wearing apparel, and thus cumber theships. We order that no irregularity be permitted in this, and thatthe utmost circumspection be exercised; and that the sailors be notallowed to carry more boxes or clothing on the said ships than thatindispensably needed for the voyage. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, April22, 1608. ]

Law LVI

It has been reported that the passengers and sailors of the tradingships of Filipinas transport and carry slave-women, who are the causeof very great offenses to God, and other troubles; this should beprohibited and reformed (and more reasonably so in a navigation so longand dangerous), and all occasions for offending God suppressed. Forthe remedy of this, we order and command the president and auditorsof our royal Audiencia of Manila not to permit any slave-women tobe transported or carried on those ships. They shall pay particularattention to the correction of the aforesaid evil, so that thosedifficulties may cease and be avoided. We also order and command thefiscal of the Audiencia to see to its execution. The senior auditorshall inspect the ships at the time of their sailing, and see ifany married woman is aboard, who has no necessity for making thevoyage. The trying of any cause shall be before the said presidentand auditors, who shall provide justice, and this shall be made aclause of their residencias. [Felipe III--San Lorenzo, April 22, 1608. ]

Law XII

After those who wish to go to the Filipinas have bound themselvesand given bonds to live in the islands for at least eight years, theviceroy of Nueva España shall permit them to take thence their ownproperty in money, outside of the general permission. He shall takeprecautions and ordain that there shall be no fraud; and that suchpersons shall not carry more than the value of their own property, under any consideration. In case of a violation of this, the penaltiesimposed shall be executed. [Felipe III--El Pardo, November 20, 1608. ]

Law II

The trade, commerce, and navigation from the Filipinas to Japon shallbe made by the citizens of the former islands, and the Japanese shallnot be allowed to go to the islands. On the merchandise carriedin the ships despatched on the account of our royal treasury, noless freight charges shall be collected than those caused in theships of private persons, so that the cost of the merchandise maybe assured. If there should be any inclination or substance in thistrade, so that the duties may be paid and our treasury relieved ofa portion of its costs and expenses that be paid from them, we orderthat they be collected and paid. [Felipe III--Segovia, July 25, 1609. ]

JESUIT MISSIONS, 1608-09

Province of the Philippine Islands

These islands have ninety-one [_sic_] members of the Order. Four havepassed away; and the same number have been received into the Order. 

 Total Priests Preceptors Scholastics Lay Brethren

Manila College XXXII XII XI IXSeminary of St. Joseph III I IIElementary School XI IX IIEstablishment at Silang II I IEstablishment at Antipolo VII IV IIICebu College VIII IV IVBohol Residence V IV ICarigara Residence VI IV IIDulac Residence VI IV IITinagon Residence V IV IPalapag Residence V IV IArevalo Mission II I I

Adults cleansed by holy baptism, two thousand three hundred andeight-three. Heretics condemned, twenty-three. 

Chastity protected against suitors or immodest women, fifteen times. 

Heretics reconciled, seven times. 

The sacred commentaries have been used by eleven. 

The Holy Cross and the recitation of the Gospel of St. John hasrescued thirteen persons from various dangers; the Blessed Virgin, two; the Blessed Ignatius and Xavier, five. 

The College at Manila

I. Since last year's letters regarding this college were very full, we shall deal with it now very briefly; we will begin with two brethrenwho have finished their course of life: Luis à Figueroa and Didacus deZarcuela. Luis was of noble birth, but of nobler nature. When he hadstudied the humanities, he could not be persuaded that he might beadmitted to sacred orders; and when the fathers hesitated to admithim into the Society because of a lack of strength in his feet, "Receive me, " he said, "I beg you, as a servant, to set fire to thewood others have cut; and, when the work is done, to cover the firewith ashes or put it out. " Being admitted in so humble a frame ofmind, he took care for the most part of the wardrobe, being bestsatisfied with the lot of Martha, which he praised wherever he hadthe opportunity. So powerful and effective was he in persuasion anddissuasion that one of his associates declared that he went to his workmore readily on account of Luis's words in conversation than throughthe formal speech of any orator whatsoever. He exhibited the virtueof charity in the highest degree; and although unable to tolerate theslightest deficiency in himself, he strove with love and prudence toeffect the same perfection in others. Receiving from Rome at the endof his illness letters by which he was formally enrolled among thelay brethren, he was so penetrated with joy that he had strength tooffer his vows in the church--after which, his illness increasingagain, he soon died. Didacus also attained the same vows, havingbeen two and twenty years a servant of the Society; of this numberhe devoted not a few to the seminary of St. Joseph. He was a man whoset a good example, and was of extraordinary diligence. So desirouswas he of the salvation of the Indian races that he said: "If Spainwere only two leguas away, I should not care to go thither. Nothingwould induce me to exchange my lot with any brother in Europe"--whichsaying he repeated oftener as death approached. He died of a fever, contrary to the expectation of the physicians, but not to his own;for he declared that he should die when his illness attacked him, and so he passed away. Some persons who took refuge from externaldanger, under the protection of the Blessed, our fathers Ignatiusand Xavier, were preserved alive. To three women Ignatius grantedeasy childbirth; and one Basque they relieved of toothache, when heprayed to them. Xavier came to the aid of a Spanish commander of abattalion of soldiers, who was near to death; and prolonged his lifein return for two wax candles promised him. 

II. As for the rest. Among those of all ages, Christianityadvances daily throughout the population of Manila, so that thedevotion of youths cannot be affected by entreaties or overcomeby reward--especially among those who glory in the name of membersof sodalities; while women do not at all fall behind men in fervorand piety. Although on account of their sex they cannot join men'sassociations, they think that they have the right to perform the sameacts which would be praised in the members of sodalities. There aresome of the Spanish women who fast three times a week; they sleepon the ground; in their private chambers, among their intimatefriends, they scourge themselves until they draw blood. One womanwho was delivered by the Virgin from a grievous illness vowed thateverything she and her women could make with the needle should bewrought to adorn our church. She has already finished many articles;and, because she seemed to have vowed beyond her strength, she wasdirected to cease. Her answer was that she had taken her vow to dothis, so that if Ours refused the work she would bestow it on someother church. Other decorations have been added to this church, so thatit is almost unique in the islands; and, as a result, the religiousservices which are wont to be held on the three days of the Carnival[12] have been attended by much larger congregations. For, before, bare tiles scarcely covered it; and the dripping water penetratingwhen it rained, the church was defiled by a multitude of bats. By thecontributions of very many pious men a new ceiling has been added tothe roof, adorned and wrought with various decorations, so that itgives dignity and splendor to the place--a work worth many a pieceof gold, because it seems very great, considering the poverty of thecity. Those Indians, too, whom many years ago the Society supportednear this city, have now set up in a newly-built church a statue oftheir patron Saint Michael, together with a new and beautiful imageof the Virgin Mother of God, and other statues--marks of no smallpiety in a small town. 

III. The heretics among the prisoners taken in the Dutch fleet lastyear (they were over ninety) [13] have been visited and assisted byFather Andrea de la Camara very often, both those in prison and thewounded in hospitals. Of the Lutherans and Calvinists in both thoseplaces he taught over twenty to recant their heresies--and thosegenerally of the higher rank among them, masters, superintendents, surgeons, etc. , and (if he ought to be named in the same class) aminister of the Word. This man, ashamed of his ignorance, readilygave us his hand, and the letters which he had received from hisanti-bishop in testimony of his authority, having been in a mannerdragged from pitch and shoemaking to the ministry of the Word. Theseall are now as true lovers of our Society as before they were bitteradversaries of it. When on account of the scarcity of workers FatherCamara was sent to the Pintados Islands, these men went to the vicarof the Holy Inquisition, and asked him that he would not suffer themto be without some Jesuit, whose ministry they might enjoy--eventhrough an interpreter, if need be. For, they declared, they werepersuaded that Ours might differ in language, but not in character. 

In fact, many others have been reconciled to us, or at least, iffriends have been made, more friendly. Distinguished among them ishe who governs these islands in the royal name, Don Juan de Silva;for he has showed forth his love toward God and us in many ways. Hehas especially done so by the restoration, at no small expense, ofthe chapel in which the relics of the saints are kept, for which healso provided that a lamp should be kept constantly burning. He hasalso liberally assisted us with money and other things in a sicknesswhich afflicted us all for a short time. We have restored to not afew persons their friends, from whom they had been torn by covertgrudges; but I wish to avoid unpleasant allusions; and I only praisethe greatness of soul of one woman in forgiving injuries. She sailedall the way from Europe, first to Mexico, then to these PhilippineIslands, and finally to the Malucas, in search of her absent son. Shefound him at last in the island of Ternate, where he held an officialposition; but while she was rejoicing at finding her son, she wasdeprived of this brief joy also. For soon after her coming her son, pierced with many wounds, was slain in a quarrel; and she had againlost him whom she had found with so great efforts and after so manyjourneys. This misfortune the woman has borne in such a spirit that shehas not only freely forgiven the slayer, but, turning this grief to agood use, has begun to give herself wholly to the praises of God and toheavenly actions. Every day she devotes four hours to prayers; thricein the week she fasts; thrice she mortifies herself with a hair-shirt, thrice with scourging; and partaking on the Lord's Day of the divinefeast, she continues to this day in this most beautiful mode of life. 

Establishments at Silan and Antipolo, With the College of Cebu

IV. The town of Silan is accessibly and commodiously situated. Hence itis easily and frequently visited by sojourners, the more so becausethe inhabitants themselves are uncommonly humane and devoted toChristian piety. It happened that some Indians turned aside from theirjourney to visit one of the inhabitants; and as they were taking outof a little chest some clothes that they were carrying with them, packed up, it happened that they took out along with them a tinyidol formed of a twisted mass of hair. The people of Silan who werepresent were frightened when they saw this, and told one of Ours, who was stationed there, of it. He went to the house as if on anothererrand, and uncovered the deceit together with the idol. Then takingadvantage of the occasion, he made a serious address to the Indians, warning them against such wickedness; and he inspired in the ownerof the idol (who was a woman) a better mind. With the help of God sheabjured the impious worship of hair, which she had before pursued, andalso abandoned and corrected another sin of no small heinousness. Thedelights of a festival which had been announced were almost destroyedby a great misfortune which accidentally befell this place. For whileall were looking forward to the day sacred to All Saints, when allthe inhabitants had prepared themselves for the proper reception ofthe feast, behold, at the oncoming of night the fury of all the windsarose. The rain and storm which followed did not cease to rage untilthey had overthrown more than two hundred houses, to the incrediblealarm of the Indians, who left their own houses to take refuge asquickly as possible in our church, where nearly the whole night wasspent in hearing their confessions. But not even here were they safeenough, for the wind blew the boards off the walls and whirled themaway; so that the whole body of people took refuge in the sanctuary, where they waited for death and the last hour. 

V. At the proclamation of the same feast in the village of Antipoloninety persons received communion--sixty more than in that ofTaitai--which is a large number for new Christians. And among thesetribes, as has been elsewhere said, that cross is still much visitedto which in this year a woman brought a public attestation of therecovery, on two occasions, of her health. The inhabitants of thevillage have given a silver cup and other ornaments to the church. 

VI. The women of Taitai, who formerly surpassed all other Indians intheir worship of idols, are now as completely devoted to the pursuitof Christian rites and customs. Even those of high rank among them arenot ashamed to sweep the floor of our church, and to appear in publicwith broom and water, in order that they may be able to command theirservants to do the like. This is the praise due to the women; themen deserve another. A very old man dropped from his hands the slipof paper given to him monthly, on which was written the name of thesaint whom he had received by lot. Grieved at his loss, the good oldman ran back to the village of Taitai, which is about a mile from hisown; and thence (as he did not find the father who used to distributethat kind of slips of paper) he went on to Antipolo, over a rough andhilly road. When he reached there, after going four miles, he firstasked the father's pardon for his carelessness; and then begged himnot to refuse to give him another in place of his lost patron. Thisfact shows plainly enough with what zeal these tribes strive afterthe greater matters of salvation. In another place an Indian waslying sick, and had received communion and been anointed with theholy oil. Early in the evening he began to be in such agony thatthe people in the house took him for dead, and, after laying out thebody, put him on his ancestral bier. After they had watched the wholenight about his body, when dawn returned he returned also, stammeredsomething, and about noon uttered his words articulately. Then hesaid first that he seemed to have been dead three years, because ofthe cruel torments which he had himself suffered in hell, and whichhe had seen an infinite number of Indians suffer. There demons--as itwere, smiths--kindled forges with bellows, poured melted iron over thewretched souls, and in the midst of their pitiful howlings burnt themforever with never-ceasing tortures. After he had seen these things, he said, he had been led by a venerable old man away to a higher place, by reaching which (for he thought it was heaven) he was filled so fullof bliss that he was unwilling to leave it. But when he was commanded, he returned to life, to inform the living about each place to whichmen are consigned, that of the blessed and that of the damned; andthis command, he affirmed, was laid upon him under a heavy penalty;for there are among mortals not a few who by the pretense of virtuedeceive themselves and others, and although they are looked upon asgood, yet are very far from the service of God. Then he added thathis conductor told him to bid his fellow-townsmen be of good courage, for the church they were then engaged in building would be better andstronger than the others. The Indian, after he had said these things, recovered, and a general confession was appointed. He continues tothis day to show by his life and example that those things which hereported were no dreams. The improvement of morals which has followedin many others who heard of these things has almost entirely put anend to pretexts for doubt and suspicions of deceit. 

The prophecy, moreover, with regard to the church--that it should bestronger than the others--has been fulfilled. A few months before, thechurch of these Indians had burned down for the second time, togetherwith our house. The fire broke out in the following manner. Some ofthe townspeople were out hunting, and, a dispute arising among thebarbarians about the hunt, they came to blows. Soon after the quarrel, fire was thrown on our house, and destroyed the new church with almostall the furniture. The relics of the saints and the images were inpart saved from the fire by the dexterity of the Christians. But Oursafter no long delay bent themselves to the work again, and erectedanother church for themselves, at no trifling expense, and with nosmall labor on the part of the Indians. This is the seventh churcherected in the ten years since the founding of the town. A furtherfortune which befell an Indian woman confirmed many in the Christianfaith. She had ventured, without confessing her sins after the mannerof Christians, to receive Christ in the communion; after she went home, she began to suffer from such agony in her throat that she thoughtshe should choke to death. Thus she suffered, complained, an waileduntil, having recognized the cause of her suffering, she went to thechurch that very evening. She prayed and besought the father to holdback her soul, already departing; and to succor an unhappy woman, whose throat was burned by the host as if by a flaming torch. Whenthe father heard this, he instantly besought God, and God instantlyshowed mercy. She declared her sins, and thereupon all her tormentceased; and by this salutary remedy of confession the maladies ofmany Indians have been suddenly dispelled by Ours, the name of Godor of some saint being invoked. 

At the college of Zebu one of the Society, when in the town one day, heard weeping not far away; and when he followed it he discovered amother bitterly lamenting the death of her new-born infant. Touchedby her grief, the father went a short distance away, and entreatedGod, in the name of the Virgin Mother, to help this afflictedwoman. Instantly the child revived, without a trace of sickness leftupon him. Whether it was his senses or his soul that had left him, it is surely to the divine goodness that his sudden revival is to beattributed. The recitation of the Gospel of St. John has also benefitedmany sick persons; but Ours have found nothing so fit for removingthe sicknesses of souls as the salutary Exercises of our blessedFather [_i. E. _, Loyola], which the very heads of each magistracy, the sacred and the civil, have employed--not alone to private butalso to public advantage. Their example, imitated by some of thosein the higher ranks, has been followed by the same results. The restof the people have been marvelously stirred up by the renewed fervorof the members of the sodalities, among other things; and by the newconfidence given them by letters from Rome received this year, to thegreat delight and approval of all; which letters have much promotedthe worship of the most blessed Virgin, and have also kindled thosewho are reckoned among the first in the city to accept the adviceto join a sodality. By these means cares have been turned aside, and four bitter family quarrels, in which the very heart of life andsalvation was attacted, not without public scandal, were brought toan end with the desired success. 

Bohol Establishment

VII. The harvest of souls at Bohol has increased with the decreaseof the audacity of the enemy, and of the almost annual invasion bythe people of Mindanao. As many as a thousand have been baptized, ifchildren and adults are reckoned. In this number are several _bailans_, or priests of idols; and one there was who, before his baptism, didnothing but rage, and attack with teeth and nails those who passed by, who came forth from the waters of the sacred font, gentle and in hisright mind. And when some Indians saw this, snatching the cause fromthe fact, they went to the father and begged him to sprinkle a dyingIndian woman with the same healing waters. Our father, suspecting thatthey made this request with the the purpose of enabling the womanto avoid the trouble of learning the catechism refused, unless shewould first learn what Christians know. "Father, " said they, "thatought not to be the way in which you act; we want her baptized tokeep her alive. " "And I, " said one, "when I was lying near to death, was by the command of another father sprinkled by an Indian cantor, and as soon as I was sprinkled immediately I began to recover. Thenthat madman, as you know, washed away his madness in the same font; andthis companion of mine, who was already despaired of, when he receivedbaptism was restored to himself and his kinsfolk. " The father yieldedto all these arguments, ordered the sick woman to be carried into thechurch, and after putting the questions demanded by the occasion andthe need, cleansed her with that purifying sacrament: she immediatelybegan to improve, and soon recovered all her former strength. Everyday several feel the healing power of this font. An equally greatmiracle is that the chiefs of this tribe, who have been very illdisposed towards us, and from whom not even the lives of Ours weresafe, have been so suddenly changed at the sight of one of our fathersthat they not only--themselves, without being urged--have submittedto the Christian ordinances, but also seek out the barbarians, even in the mountains, where they wander and are dispersed likewild beasts; and partly by the exercise of their authority, partlyby persuasion, bring them down to the villages, and offer them tothe fathers for instruction and baptism. Together with these therewere once offered more than seventy idols, the spoils of the bailans, which were publicly burnt by Ours before the uplifted cross. The samething has been done again and again elsewhere, especially at Jalibon, Ingaon, Orion, and Canliron, where the joyful Indians in this mannertook vengeance upon the evil demon who had so often deceived them bythe delusions of idols. The bailans are conspicuous in this zealousattack upon the enemy. They go so far as to scourge themselves [14]until they draw blood, in order to atone for their sins; and thus theywho formerly opened the door to all kinds of impiety are now the meansabove all others by which the rest of the bailans who still work theirimpious sacrifices are led to the faith, for the art of these latterloses its power when the others reveal the deceit. Indeed the deceitnot seldom reveals itself by their predicting that which never comesto pass, or threatening terrors which injure no one. 

VIII. The members of the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin are devotingtheir attention to themselves, and striving to root out from theirsouls those sins which have grown old there. There was an Indianwoman who was seized by a suitor in her bed, and who, to protect herchastity, threw herself out of the window; there was a youth who, being unable to keep a crowd of wanton girls out of his cottage, so savagely scourged his own back with cords that they, alarmed atthe fierceness of the sounds, at last dispersed. There were some who, to avoid the sin of drunkenness, entirely denied themselves the useof wine. 

Of old there were among these Indians no bowels of compassion, nosigns of family affection. Nay, parents sold their very childrenfor food; children did the same by their parents; and this sort ofavarice (or rather of cruelty) was still more common among kinsmenby marriage or blood, so that they did no kindness without doingan injury. Now, by the grace of God, all these things are reversed, and these people delight in doing to others as they would be done by;and on that account the hospital which has been built never wants fornecessaries, and always has some, even of high rank, who rejoice ingiving themselves to the service of the poor. 

Moreover, this hospital is supported thus: during the week a basketis placed before the doors of the church, in which every one putswhat he pleases, according to his ability, either of food or herbs, to be carried to the hospital. On Sundays, besides, each village inturn serves the sick, after the following manner. Those whose turn itis go hunting boars or stags, and on the appointed day bring flesh, boiled or roasted, with rice, or bring some equivalent food, for thesick. Now this tribe, which is at this time so Christian, formerlyobserved the custom of never going hunting without consulting theiridols. When they perceived that the fathers of Ours detested thiscustom, and indeed wholly annulled it, some of them asked them whatthey ought to do then when they went out on such enterprises. When theywere told that they should go to some church and beseech God throughthe Virgin Mother of God to give them success in their hunting, theydid so; and at noon of that very day they killed twenty-two boarsand stags not far from the village. When they came home loaded withtheir game, every one marveled greatly; and they said: "Ah, Father, how good is the God of the Christians! The gods that we used to worshipwould scarcely grant us, in return for long continued implorations, at last two boars or stags, and most often nothing; but now the trueGod after having been barely prayed to has freely given us all thesebeasts in a short time. " The pious example of these people havingbeen followed by others in another village, they too had slain fiveand twenty of this kind of game within three or four hours; and theywent about shouting: "Away with you, lying bailans, who were aboutto destroy us and all that we had! For us there will be henceforthno God but Jesus Christ, who has displayed so great liberality to uswho have recently turned to Him. " I might say more as to the Gospelof St. John, the saving sign of the cross, and other mysteries of theChristians, whose marvelous efficacy these tribes have experienced;but I would not be prolix. Let it be enough to state that seven oreight sick persons at least have been cured by amulets of this sort. 

Establishment at Dulac, Carigara, Tinagon, and Palapag

IX. At the establishment at Dulac Ours have often had the better ofthe devil, and the devil of them. They certainly believe that what hashappened can have had no other author. They had appointed the festivalof which we have spoken above; and when they were all assembled inthe church and were waiting for divine service, a messenger suddenlyappeared and announced that the Mindanaos, their ancient enemies, wereat Carigara. As soon as the Indians heard that, they poured out of thechurch all together in consternation, each trying to pass the other;and leaving the priest, for the mass was not yet finished, they fledfrom the village and took refuge in the mountains. The priest, when hehad finished the divine office, and arranged his affairs as well astime permitted, began himself to think of flight, that the shepherdmight be with his flock. However, being detained by an Indian chief, whose wife he had been about to bury, he remained, and performed therites for the woman--one who had deserved well of the Christians, and who, as her husband testified, had been visited by the BlessedVirgin, In the mean time a messenger brought a more certain report, to the effect that a few small villages on the island had been visitedby some five or six ships at Caragara; and that they had capturedonly twenty Indians, the rest having taken refuge in flight. 

They all came back then from the mountains, and in a few days thework of many was accomplished. The number of those who confessed thefaith increased so rapidly that the long days seemed short. This, Iam sure, grieved the devil not a little; and no less did what FatherChristoforo Ximenez effected after he returned to Manila where he putinto print the catechism of Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino, translatedinto the Bisayan language. [15] He went by the order of his superiorsto Alongala, then without a priest. When he had remained there up tothe beginning of Holy Week, and had made the people ready and activein all works of piety, it happened that a certain idol-worshiper ofthat island, a man of very high rank, Malacaia by name--who owned oversixty slaves, and who was reverenced by all the Indians most highly, even as a father--was once looking on, and wondering to see many of thenatives busied in pious works, and so seriously engaged in scourgingthemselves. In amazement he said, "Shall I do that, Father?" "Do, "replied Ximenez, "what they are doing, and scourge thyself. " "Willthat scourging do me any good?" asked Malacaia. "It will do thee nolittle good, " answered the father. The other instantly took off histunic and girded himself for the work, and walking upon the stagewith the others, the Christians, he so tragically worked upon himselfthat, not content with one scourge, although it was rough with littlesharp studs, he also snatched the scourge from one standing near, and, as with a two-edged sword, fearfully smote himself upon the backas if with thunderbolts. These scourgings reached even to the man'ssoul, although at the time he knew not what he was doing; for thisnoble deed was an example of great profit to others, and he himself, moreover, received at this time the desire for baptism, for which heis now being prepared as a catechumen. 

X. The Christians taught by the fathers at the establishment at Cangarahave this in common with those at Dulac, that they receive a mightyprotection from the services of the church when duly celebrated. Foras the former, by setting up a cross in the fields and by the useof holy water, drive the swarms of locusts from their grain, sothe latter by bearing palm-branches and seeds to the church effectthe same result. An old custom of theirs has been condemned--namelysetting up in the fields great beams, which they call _Omalagars_, upon which they believe the souls of the dead to sit. Here fifty havebeen initiated in the Christian mysteries, and more would have beenif ministers had not been wanting. Forty couples have been joinedwith a more holy bond. Several persons were found by the marvelousprovidence of God (for it would be impious to regard that as a chancewhich was wrought for Ours, kept safe in so many perils), who, beingscattered over the mountains, so that they could have no one else, begged for a father to whom they might confess their sins. There werealso found in a little island forty lepers loathsome with filth andstench, unclothed, and without food, lacking everything. To all ofthem first the teaching of Christ, then baptism, and finally foodand clothes were given. But one man found God sterner, who, thoughwarned by Ours to desist from his impious habit of swearing, yet neverobeyed. He was often wont to use an expression by which he devotedhimself to the crocodile; and not long after, being made the prey ofone, he taught others by his evil fate to do that which he had refusedto do before. As compared with his death all the more happy was thatby which Father Alfonso Roderico was taken from us. He had professedthe four vows, and was dear alike to Spaniards and to Bisayans. Hewas so devoted to the good of both that he was not satisfied with thenarrow space of twenty-two years, during which he was permitted tolive among us, but at his death used the very words of St. Martin:"Lord, if I am still needed by thy people, I do not refuse to labor. "

XI. The attention of Ours at Tinagon has wisely been given to thewomen, since they are more ready to take an interest in sacred things, and are more seldom absent from the village--except when one or anothermakes her escape from the hands of some procurer, preferring to passthe nights in the forests and mountains in the midst of serpents, rather than at home to suffer danger to her chastity among men that areas deadly. As for the other affairs of this establishment, they maynearly all be included under two examples, one of divine compassion, the other of divine justice. An Indian woman was carelessly crossinga stream, and was carried off by a ferocious crocodile. She screamed, she cried, she prayed to God for pardon, and for only so much timeas should serve her to make her confession. Her husband, who wasnot far away, ran up quickly, threw himself into the water to attackthe monster, struck it, and at last dragged his wife from its claws;but she was so mangled and lacerated that there was no hope for herlife. What were the good people to do in a village without a priest, and far distant from the residence where the fathers lived? The womanwas in such a condition that it was impossible to take her there beforeher death. Yet a way out of all these difficulties was easily found bythe wise God of mercy, for by His guidance there came into the village, while they were still doubting what to do, a priest of our Order, quiteunaware of what had happened. As soon as the matter was reported tohim, he went to the dying woman, consoled her in her affliction, andsent her to Heaven, confessing and sorrowing for her sins. The othercase differs little from that which we recorded earlier as occurringat the Carigara establishment. A fellow whom no fear or warning couldimprove, and who would not control his wicked habit of swearing andblaspheming, was one day testifying in a legal case. He devoted hishead to the crocodile, if the matter were other than as he testified, adding that he could confirm his testimony by calling in others aswitnesses. As he was crossing a stream to summon them in behalf ofhis case, he was carried off by a crocodile; and--a certain proof ofthe damnation of the man--it was later discovered by the testimonyof others that he had borne false witness. 

XII. At the settlement at Palapag there has been a conflict with hungerand disease; yet the Indians have so conducted themselves that thesick have not lacked the necessary services. Likewise Ours have madesuch provision that the poor were cared for from the harvest; for attheir gate they daily served food to more than seventy persons. Theirnewly-built church and their sodality make them hopeful of greatgood, for their beginnings are such that six hundred of full agehave presented themselves at the sacred font for purification;while I should reckon the number of children at eight hundred, the greater part of whom have gone the straight way to heaven. Oneof Ours was called to a little infant which was said to be sick, to baptize it; and he refused, partly because he thought the matterwas not so pressing, partly because he wished to teach the Indiansthe custom of bringing their little ones to the churches. At last, overcome by the importunities of those who asked him, he went thither;but when he could perceive in the child not the least sign of illness, he was about to return without baptizing it. But when he looked atthe boy again he seemed to be silently warned by it not to deny itthat benefit. At last, when he had complied, and when everythinghad been performed duly and in order, the child expired in the veryarms of its sponsor. By this event the father was rendered joyful, but still more cautious not to think that time should be allowed anyadvantage in matters of this kind; for, as he said, he would rathersuffer all the ills of sea and land if he might open heaven to thissingle little boy. There have been seen other signs (not a few) ofthe singular care extended by divine providence to this tribe andOurs. Such a one was this. An Indian was wrapped in the folds of aserpent eight feet long, but, groaning forth the saving name of Jesus, he was released. Again: when there was a deficiency of that kind offood which it is lawful to eat in the days of Lent, a boat on thebeach, brought by I know not whom, freely supplied fishes of a kindnot usual there. Again, when a church was on the point of falling, the Indians were frightened out from it by a tremendous roar; and, because the mass had not been finished, it did not fall before thefather had taken refuge in the sacristy, the chalice being safe, withthe sacred images on the abandoned altar. These things we mention, passing over those persons to whom God has been pleased to grant goodof soul or body through Ours. To this establishment there was sent tenyears ago Francisco Simon, a lay brother; he died on the day on whichtwenty years before he had entered the Society. And although throughall this interval of time he had neglected none of the things forwhich a good religious may be praised, yet the nearer he approachedto death, the more content he seemed in doing them. The garden, thekitchen, the dining-room, the sacristy, the workshops, the other placesin which he labored, he regarded somehow as sanctuaries--sometimessaying his beads, sometimes holding colloquies with the Holy Trinity, Christ, and our Lady the Virgin. A naturally irritable temper hehad so completely overcome by virtue and diligence that the fatherswhom he accompanied on their missions wished for no one more kindly;they could hardly have had anyone more diligent and more ready to doanything. But as witnesses of his virtue Francisco had not only thepriests of his home but also those of other places; for when he diedhe was away among them, attending to the preparation of rice--offeringto all a good example, as he first sent to his superiors a reportof his business by letter; and, as he was to return no more, he senthis last farewell to his companions. A place of burial was given tohim by the priest who has in charge the village of Abla in Luzon, by whom the funeral rites also were performed most honorably, a greatmultitude of Indians attending them. 

The Missions at Octon and to the Malucas

XIII. In addition to our accustomed labors with the Spaniards andIndians of Arevalo, there has been another of no small importancewith a large force of troops, who undertook an expedition to theMalucas. No trifling benefit was carried to the foreigners by FatherFrancisco Gonzalez, who had been called back thence to the town ofZebu to take the four vows. On his journey he brought back into theway the Indians everywhere, who were turning aside to their madnessand their idols. He reestablished Christian customs, baptized childrenand adults, made stable their fickle and inconstant marriages, anddid many more things of the same kind--which, though unwritten, areunderstood. The following event should not lack a pen. A man entangledby lewd delights, but moved by the fact that he had no example amongthe repentant people, or by the influence of a festival just thenannounced, had settled himself to a proper life; but rising in themiddle of the night he went out from his house, and was longing forhis accustomed delights. While he was doing so, behold two specters, very large and horribly black, wrapped in hanging cloaks, appeared tohim. The unhappy man dared to annoy them by approaching and speakingto them. Without answering, they snatched him up and carried him highin air, filling everything with his screams and cries, and strugglingin vain. His neighbors, awakened and following the sound of the voice, went round the whole village without finding anything. At last at dawnthey found the man among the thick bramble-bushes on the mountains, his body all bruised, and himself half-dead and speechless. When theyfound him, they took him to our church, and the prayers of many wereoffered for him, and remedies were applied. At last he recovered hissenses and his speech, and cried aloud that he had been punished bythe just judgment of God, since he had for a long time neglectedthe precepts that he had received at confession, and had not donethe things becoming a Christian. He then went on to say that whenthe demons carried him off, they took him to a deep black cave; andjust as they were about to hurl him down into it, he was deliveredby the intervention of God, to whom he had commended himself. Thus, having confessed his sins, he put on a better way of living. 

XIV. The member of the Society who accompanied the general of thePhilippines on the expedition to the Malucas, Father Angelo Armano, [16] did his duty during the whole time of the voyage and the war, not without peril on land and sea. He did with energy what couldbe done in the midst of arms, the noise of artillery, the ambushesof the enemy, and the slaughter. And surely there was great hope ofextending religion by this expedition, for the native king himself, when detained at Manila with his son and other chiefs for five yearsoften used to promise the governor that if he would send a fleet to theMalucas again, he himself would give into subjection and obedience tohis Catholic Majesty all his vassals, who are estimated at about twohundred thousand souls. This has seemed the quickest way to liberatethe Malucan Christians from the new yoke of the Dutch heretics, bywhich they are oppressed. The multitude of those who have thus farprofessed the Christian faith there can be estimated only from theAmboynans, of whom the number reaches above twenty thousand. Therefore, although the general came back, home in glory from this expedition, after winning a victory, yet he has expressed his grief more than oncethat the welfare and salvation of all this great number of islandsand tribes should be insufficiently provided for on account of thelack of priests; and he has affirmed that he wishes more earnestlyfor nothing than that he might have the opportunity of sending forthmany of the Society of Jesus on this divine work. 

DECREE REGULATING SERVICES OF FILIPINOS

We order that, in the Filipinas Islands, no Indians be distributed inrepartimiento, in any number, for private or public means of gain;since for the cutting of wood, navigation of caracoas, and otherworks of this sort, in which our royal treasury is interested, and for the public convenience, the Chinese and Japanese found onany desired occasion in the city of Manila must be (as they are)hired; and, as is understood, there will be a sufficient number ofworkmen among them, who will engage in these services for the justprice of their toil. From them shall be employed those who wish tohire themselves out, in order to avoid the concourse of Indians [atManila]. In case that the repartimiento cannot be entirely avoided, as will be provided, and if the Chinese and Japanese are eitherunwilling or unable to satisfy the actual need of those public works, the governor and captain-general shall take measures with the Indiansso that they may aid in the works freely and voluntarily, making use ofthe means that seem advisable to him to effect it. But, granted thatthere be a lack of voluntary workers, we permit that some Indians beforced to work in these occupations, under the following conditions, but in no other manner. 

That this repartimiento shall be made only for necessary andunavoidable affairs; for in so odious a matter, the greater benefit toour royal treasury, or the greater convenience of the community, cannotsuffice; and all that which is not necessary for their preservation, weighs less than the liberty of the Indians. 

That the Indians in the repartimiento shall be lessened in numberas the voluntary workers shall be introduced, whether the latter beIndians or those of other nations. 

That they shall not be taken from distant districts, and from climatesnotably different from that of their own villages. The choice of allshall proceed without any partiality, and so that both the hardshipof distances, the burden of the occupations, and compensation for theother circumstances in which there will be more or less grievance, shall be shared and distributed equally, so that all may share thegreater and less toilsome services, so that the benefit and alleviationshown to some may not be changed into injury toward others. 

That the governor assign the number of hours that they shall workeach day, taking into consideration the lack of strength and weakphysical constitutions. 

That they be given in full the wages that they earn for their work. Andthey shall be paid personally each day, or at the end of the week, as they may choose. 

That the repartimientos be made at a time that does not embarrassor hinder the sowing and harvesting of land products, or the otheroccasions and periods upon which the Indians have to attend to theprofit and management of their property; for our intention is thatthey be not deprived of it, and that they may be able to attend toeverything. Therefore, we order the governor that, at the beginningof the year, he shall take note of the building and other mattersof our service in which the Indians have to be employed; for if thetime is chosen, it may be arranged in such a way that the Indiansmay receive no considerable injury to their property or persons. 

That, granting the poor arrangement and plan of the caracoas, andthat when remanded to them many Indians generally perish, because ofsailing without a deck, and exposed to the inclemencies of storms, we order that these craft be improved and built in such a manner thatthe Indians may manage the oars without risk of health and life. 

In all the above, and in all that may touch their preservationand increase, we order the governor to proceed with the care andvigilance that we expect, and that he punish signally and rigorouslythe ill-treatment received by the Indians from their caciques or fromthe Spaniards--especially should the latter be our officials, upon whomthe penalties must be more rigorously executed. We request and chargeboth the secular prelates and the provincials of the orders to exercisethe same attention in the punishment of offenses of this nature, committed by the ministers of instruction and other ecclesiasticalpersons. And we order that any omission of the governors, justices, and officials entrusted, in whole or in part, with the observanceand fulfilment of this law be made a matter of their residencia. 

[Law passed in the reign of Felipe III, and dated Aranjuez, May 26, 1609. ]

DOCUMENTS OF 1610

 Petition of the Recollects. Dionisio de la Anunciacion, and others; June 30. Dominicans request suppression of the Audiencia. Baltasar Fort, O. P. , and others; June 30. Relation of 1609-10. Gregorío Lopez, S. J. ; July 1. Letter to Felipe III. Juan de Silva; September 5. Letter to Silva. Felipe III; December 7. 

_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from the originalMSS. In the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The third is foundin the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library), i, pp. 273-340. 

_Translations_: The first three documents are translated by JamesA. Robertson; the fourth and fifth, by Robert W. Haight. 

PETITION OF THE RECOLLECTS

Sacred Royal Catholic Majesty:

In conformity with certain requirements of the visitor of theAugustinian order in these islands, we, the Recollect religiousof the same order, have all rendered obedience to the father intheir rule of life in this country. We are obeying very exactly theorders that you, Sire, have given, although we have received signalannoyance thereby, as we think they will prove in every way a greathindrance to our mode of life and its tranquillity. Especially dowe believe--and it is beyond doubt true--that if we are forced tocontinue the same obedience, it will mean not only a cessation ofthe forward movement of this special work, but the extinction of usall therein; for we have in no way been guilty of any fault wherebywe have merited such a penalty, as this action, under this form, must be considered. This will be shown by the evidence, for some ofus religious, who came to these so remote regions from that country[Spain] by order of your Highness, have died; and although othershave taken the habit, this is not a country where the orders can bepreserved by that method alone, without the reenforcement of thosewho can come from those kingdoms to help in this work. If we arekept subject to the rule, we shall lose this refuge, and we are onthe direct road to ruin without attaining that fruit through specialdesire of which we felt ourselves forced to leave our native land andthe association of our brother religious in our so prompt responseto the order of your Highness. Since our mode of living has been, and is, regulated by the care that we owe to our obligations, and isan example and to the edification of the town--and this it publicand well-known--to say nothing of our established rules and rigor;since this city and kingdom hold us in pious and especial affection;and since, in the service of your Highness we are laboring for theconversion and administration of a mission-field in a toilsome post, and one without any temporal consolation, and through not havingthe proper number of religious for another mission (namely, three)we left the latter, as well as many others to which attention shouldbe given, and which have been offered to us and are offered daily, but which we have not accepted for the above reasons: we believethat we can supplicate your Highness with proper confidence--as wedo supplicate you--in the submissive spirit of faithful vassals andthe humility of poor religious, to be pleased to favor this so piouscause, and one so to the service of our Lord. We ask, Sire, that youwill cause some Recollect religious to be sent from those kingdoms, so that with an increased number we may also increase in courage; forall must result in an increase of the service of the two majesties. Wedo not intend by this, in fundamentals to withdraw ourselves from theobedience that we have been ordered to give to the rule, but only topreserve our established laws, and to attend with greater leisure andassiduity to our obligations. The clemency of your Highness will bevery necessary to encourage this work, as has been done hitherto ineverything offered us. Hence we again supplicate it with the urgencydemanded by the importance of the matter. 

When we came to these regions, your Highness was pleased to grant usthe alms of wine and oil for the space of six years, as you did to theother orders. Inasmuch as--although, in accordance with your orders, the alms have been granted us hitherto--the limit assigned by yourHighness will soon expire, we humbly beseech your Highness to bepleased to have the said alms provided, as to the other religiousorders, and also the support for the religious of this convent, as may seem best to your Highness. We also beseech your Highness tohave medicines given us for our sick, as to the other convents. Willyour Highness grant us this with your accustomed piety; since we areas poor as the other convents, and are occupied in the same ministry. 

Don Juan de Silva, your governor, in your Highness's name granted usa site, where we have a church and convent, with the proviso that wesecure your Highness's confirmation thereto within forty years. Webeseech you with all due humility to be pleased to grant us the saidconfirmation. For that and for all the other matters contained inthis letter, our father master, Fray Pedro Solier, [17] provincial, who has been living under our rules in these islands, is delegated withour authority. In case of his death, we delegate our authority to theprior or procurator of the Recollect convent in your capital. We shallreceive most singular favor in whatever action your Highness takes indespatching our affairs with your most powerful hand. May God's favorbe ever with your Highness, and may He preserve and prosper you forHis greater service, and for the increase of our holy Catholic faith, as we, the humble chaplains in this your Majesty's convent of SantNicolas of the Recollects, desire. Manila, June the last, 1610. 

_Fray Dionisio de la Anunciacion_, prior. _Fray Andres del Spiritu Santo__Fray Francisco de la Madre de Dios__Frai Pedro de San Joseph_

[_Endorsed_: "Ascertain what the governor must have written in regardto the site given them. When Fray Pedro de Solier comes, everythingwill be examined. "]

DOMINICANS REQUEST SUPPRESSION OF THE AUDIENCIA

_Certain religious of the Order of St. Dominic declare that hisMajesty's decrees are not observed, and relate the evil behaviorof the fiscal of that Audiencia. They send a memorandum of theirarguments for the suppression of the Audiencia in those islands. _

Sire:

The Order of St. Dominic has been in these districts and islandsupwards of twenty-four years, and one of those who write this letteris one of the first who came to these districts to establish theorder. Here, by the grace of God, great service has been renderedto God and to your Majesty in the conversion of the provinces whichhave been entrusted to us--namely, the province of Pangasinan, andthat of Cagayan, and this. The conversion has ceased to progress forwant of ministers, and now is not being continued for the natives. Inall the above period of time, we have seen many things, and writeas eyewitnesses. Our first statement is that if this country weregoverned according to the orders and decrees despatched by yourMajesty for that purpose, it would be the most prosperous of allyour Majesty's kingdoms, for your Majesty's orders in regard tothis country seem truly to have had at the time of their orderingthe special help of the Holy Spirit. But the deplorable thing isthat your Majesty's orders and decrees are not observed; and worse, some say that your decrees do not bind the conscience. This is verygrievous, and brings in its train great difficulties. The pity is, that those who should be the agents and defenders of your decreesare the first to violate them. All that is done is contrary to yourMajesty's orders and commands. As this state of affairs should bepunished severely for the correction of other offenders, and there isno one to attend to that punishment, the Lord, who is supreme judge, advocates the cause thus, and punishes them, avenging by His handthe little respect given to your Majesty's just orders. This is seenin the great number of shipwrecks, one after another. Although thereare no prophets in this land, yet all prognosticate beforehand whatwill surely happen, since the vessels sail with so heavy a cargo ofinjustices; and accordingly they say that the voyages will not endwell, as we see by the outcome. But the pity is that, as the punishmentis public, and in the ships, it is necessary that the just should payfor the sinners. Of the truth of all the above, your Majesty wouldrest assured if you were to visit this country. This is daily goingfrom bad to worse, because until now, if those debarred therefromwere trading and engaging in commerce, they did so with some showof shame, and under some cover; but last year your Majesty's fiscalcame here, and all shame has been lost. For he has publicly traded andengaged in commerce, and has gone to Cavite to lade his exports. Thishas scandalized the entire community. Although the fiscal has beenadvised and corrected in a fraternal spirit, he has not turned overa new leaf. One of our number having told him that he had committeda heavy sin against the oath that he had given to your Majesty, he says that he knows his own business, and what he can do. And, as your Majesty is far away, they have no fear. 

A memorandum concerning your Majesty's Audiencia in this country, accompanies this letter. Therein are set forth the reasons why itis advisable for your Majesty to order it to be suppressed, and theyexplain how it would be to the service of God and of your Majesty, andto the advantage of your royal treasury were there no Audiencia. Forthe Audiencia serves but to take the profits of the country, in violation of your Majesty's orders in your royal decrees. For ifthere is any matter of gain it is given to the relatives or followersof the auditors, and in matters touching trade and commerce, theseare they who export most of the cargo. This is manifestly unjust, as it would be in Castilla, if any corregidor should unlawfullyreap the benefits of the whole returns of vineyards which were nothis. In this country there are no other vineyards or fields than thecargo which your Majesty has conceded to the inhabitants. As for theadvantage that could accrue from this Audiencia to this country, thatwas, to act as a check on the governor. This consideration has now nolonger any force, on account of the decrees brought by the governor, in which the auditors are ordered not to oppose him, but only to giveinformation to your Majesty. This can be done by many in this communitywho are free from covetousness (as are the archbishop and the religiousorders), if they were permitted to attend to this and to oppose theacts of the governor. The auditors are pledged to the said governor, because he has given the posts and advantageous positions to therelatives of the auditors; therefore the latter do not dare to talk, as experience has shown us in the past. If your Majesty reestablishedthe Audiencia--and we, your Majesty's vassals, requested it--it waswith hopes of the aforesaid. And since that result is lacking, it isvery much to the service of God and of your Majesty, and advantageousto your royal treasury, that there be no Audiencia. For any lawyercan conclude the cases here, as Licentiate Rojas and Doctor Morga didwhen there was no Audiencia here. We trust, through our Lord's mercy, that your Majesty will consider this so just proposal, and give itinspiration, so that it will be settled in a manner suitable to theservice of God and that of your Majesty, and the welfare of all theseyour vassals who live so far from your Majesty, and who are most loyal, as you have been made to see in the past. 

Archbishop Don Diego Vazquez de Mercado reached this city this monthof June, and was received with universal rejoicing and happiness;for he is well-known, and the people know his earnest zeal, and thatit is expended for the service of your Majesty and that of God, andthe increase of our holy faith. We trust that life will be given himto reestablish all this country that has remained without a shepherdfor so long. The pity is, that he has not the means with which toassist the poor, as their father which he is, and all are grievingover this. Will your Majesty encourage him to continue with holy zealin the future and not to become faint-hearted on account of poverty;and surely it is poverty to be an archbishop in this land. 

The royal officials, whose duty it is, by right, to inform yourMajesty of everything here, will inform you and attend to that. Theyare honorable men and fulfil their obligations, as we see. Especiallydoes the factor Juan Saenz de Hegoen attend in a very Christian andfaithful manner, and very assiduously and carefully, to what is in hischarge. He shows his zeal for the service of your Majesty and for theincrease of your royal treasury. He is deserving of favor from yourMajesty. Inasmuch as others will inform you of this, we shall notenlarge more on it, but beg from the Lord the life that we all wishfor your Majesty, even if it be taken from ours, for the welfare ofHis church, the glory of the Lord, and the increase of the estatesof your Majesty. Manila, June the last, 1610. 

_Fray Baltasar Fort_, [18] prior provincial. 

_Fray Francisco Miñayo_, [19] prior of St. Dominic, Manila. 

_Fray Bernardo De Santo Catalina_, commissary of the Holy Office. 

_Memorandum, in order that his Majesty may see why it is not advisableto have an Audiencia in the city of Manila. _

Many great disadvantages result from having an Audiencia in thePhilipinas Islands. Only those that appear to be the worst arementioned. 

1st. As to the first, it has been seen by experience that, since thearrival of the royal Audiencia, many more suits occur than before. Thejails are full of prisoners; that of Manila contains usually morethan one hundred prisoners. Some of them are there for a considerabletime, even for many years, because the auditors do not attend to theirduty. A Sangley infidel of those imprisoned during the war was sevenfull years in prison. After that, for want of galley criminals, hewas placed in the galleys, while his case was being investigated. Hewas one of those who afterward mutinied in the galley, and killed thecaptain, after which he and his companions went to China. There isat present an Indian woman of La Panpanga imprisoned in the Manilaprison. She was incarcerated there when a girl, for she was said tohave been accomplice in a murder. She has grown up in the prison, andis now a woman in years; and her case is still to be investigated. Inconclusion, it is an open fact that those imprisoned at the order ofthe governor or alcaldes are generally let out of prison quickly, and their affairs are soon concluded. But those imprisoned by theroyal Audiencia either have no hope of leaving, or else they leavethe prison only after a long period. 

2d. _Item_: That the said royal Audiencia not only is useless inthese islands, but a signal harm to, and destroyer of the peace andquiet of the natives of the islands, because of the Indians' methodof procedure and their characteristics. These are quite differentfrom the characteristics of the Spaniards, for when the Indians havequarrels and disputes, they do not come to knife-thrusts or blows, but present false testimony. For this the royal Audiencia's methodof procedure is very suitable. When an Indian is accused by a falsewitness whom they present, the Audiencia immediately have the accusedman arrested and thrust into prison, which is the end desired by hisopponent in order to avenge himself; for he knows quite well that theprisoner has entered the prison not for a few days or months. If theaccuser wishes to proceed with his investigation, he presents morewitnesses and proves whatever he desires. He can find witnesses foranything, as the Indian's nature is as facile in swearing falsehoodas truth. Cases like this are actually seen daily. In grave mattersthe innocent and guiltless are punished and condemned to the galleys, while the guilty and deceivers are left free and unpunished. Theministers of the gospel, who know the truth of the matter, and howthings are tending, seeing that those punished blaspheme the nameof God--saying that those who condemn them are Christians and menplaced there in the stead of the king to administer justice, but whoadminister injustice--the religious, then, incited by their zeal forthe honor of God, inform the judges. That the truth may be known, they go to give information of what they know. The judges answer thatthey have to judge _juxta allegata et probata_, without proceedingto inquire of the nature of the witnesses. Consequently insteadof administering justice they administer injustice. They condemnthe innocent, and allow the criminals to go free. False testimoniescontinue to increase. False witnesses have no fear of justice. Finally, the Indians declare that they punished like crimes better when theywere infidels, while the Sangley infidels assert that their law isbetter, for justice proceeds rigorously to punish false witnesses, which is not done by the royal Audiencia. 

3d. _Item_: The said royal Audiencia is the cause of the perversion ofdistributive justice. Dignities and offices are given to the unworthyand undeserving, thus causing those who have served his Majesty tocomplain. [20] For the appointive offices and offices of dignity, both of war and of the districts of alcaldes-mayor, are given tothe brothers, sons, or relatives of the said auditors. These are menwithout experience or merit. As a manifest and evident proof of this, it is not necessary to refer to the events of past years, but only towhat is now current in this city of Manila. There are five companies offoot-soldiers. Don Pedro de Almaçan, son of Auditor Almaçan, a youthof tender years, and inexperienced in military affairs, is captainof one company. Don Juan de la Vega, son of Auditor Vega, likewise aperson of tender years, has another company. Captain Madrid, brother ofAuditor Madrid--who has been in this country but one year, and beforecoming here was only a common soldier--has a third company. I do notmention many others--alferezes and sergeants who are immature boys--atwhom all laugh, and who would better be in school than occupyingsuch offices. They are the ridicule and plaything of the soldiers;for the latter see in them no other valor or sufficiency than tobe relatives of the auditors or fiscal. The same is true of otherhonorable and advantageous posts. Mateo de Heredia is alcalde-mayorof La Pampanga. He is the son-in-law of Licentiate Almacan, and thatoffice is the best appointment in this country. To be chief guardof the parián of the Sangleys is a position that needs especiallyqualified persons, and those who have served his Majesty for manyyears. For six or seven years it has been held by Diego Sanchez, acommon person, who is married to a mestizo woman of Nueva España. Hehas no greater merit therein than to be the brother-in-law of AuditorAlcaraz. The same is true of other provisions. 

4th. _Item_: That if any person connected with any of the auditorscommits a crime or crimes, such a one is not brought to justice for it, however grave and enormous his crime. This very year a very grave casehas happened in this city, in the person of a son of Auditor Vega, who committed adultery with a woman married to an inhabitant of thiscity, an honorable man, and of a good family. The woman betook herselfto a convent; and the adulterer fled. The aggrieved man begged justiceof the governor and the Audiencia. The said Auditor Vega not only didnot do his duty as judge, but defended his son with unfurled banners, to his own great infamy and censure as a person whom his Majestymaintains, to administer justice. The preachers have denounced him inthe pulpits, demanding that justice be done. The people are exceedinglyscandalized at so grave a matter remaining unpunished, only because thecriminal is the son of an auditor. Not only do they not punish him, but the said adulterer was even made captain of infantry in the warwith the Dutch, to the great offense of all. That appeared so unjustthat a grave religious, who was going to the said war, said thathe feared the wrath of God, and that the enemy would be victorious, because of so mischievous a man going on our side, who had offended Godso deeply. Yet he was not punished, for the sole reason of being theson of an auditor, and because his father defended him so earnestly. 

5th. _Item_: That the said auditors in this country can rather becalled honorable traders and merchants than ministers of justice, sincethey trade and engage in commerce quite openly. Under their protectiontheir sons, relatives, and connections trade very extensively. This isa cause of very great injury to the poor, and to the inhabitants ofthis city; and they are defrauded in the division of the cargo, forthe auditors' freight is better looked after. Hence it follows thatthe auditors possess very large estates. They build elegant houses, at a cost of twelve or fourteen thousand pesos. They generally keepembroiderers at work in their houses publicly, just as any merchantkeeps them. 

6th. Lastly, after the arrival of the governor last year with thedecrees that he brought from his Majesty, if the royal Audiencia wasbefore a harm or of little use, it is now useless; because then itspossible service was to oppose the said governor and to undo any injuryor violence committed by the governor, but now that is prohibited bythe said decrees of his Majesty. In them his Majesty orders the royalAudiencia not to contradict their president and captain-general inwhatever the latter wishes to do, but to advise him of the governor'sactions, without opposing the latter, in order to avoid scandals. Inorder to give information of the governor's want of prudence, noAudiencia is needed, for there are enough people here to advise you. 

During former years this city petitioned his Majesty that he would bepleased to order the establishment of an Audiencia, because it wasbelieved that it would be a check on the governor's actions, whichwere not so well considered. Now this ceases with the said precautionsbrought by the governor, in which his Majesty orders that the auditorsshall not oppose the governor, but that they only advise his Majestyof everything. As to the said Audiencia, their hands have not beentied by these new precautions, nor do the auditors pay any attentionto them, for they have so ingratiated themselves with the governor, because he has advantaged them and their relatives and followers, and his Majesty is so far away. 

RELATION OF 1609-1610

_Extract from the Relation of Events in the Filipinas During theYears 1609 and 1610, By Father Gregorio Lopez_ [21]

This country heard last year, by way of Joló and Mindanao, that theDutch were going to come in the year 1609, to harass it with a strongforce. Consequently Governor Juan de Silva entered upon his governmentwith the intention of fortifying the port of Cavite, where our shipsanchor, distant about three leguas from the city. For as Cavite wasunprotected, not having even a cavalier or rampart mounting a coupleof pieces with which to head off the Dutch ships, which might attemptto anchor in its harbor, the Dutchman could enter with all safetyto himself, and be quite secure. [If he should do so] it would bea great impediment to all the islands, and a very great nuisance, both for the despatch of the merchandise--which is the vineyards andolive-orchards of these regions--and for the easy preparation of someboats with which to drive the Dutch out of these regions. While thepeople remained in this dread, the news was confirmed by anothermessage, that came on November 3 from the town of Arevalo, eightyleguas from Manila. By this news it was learned that three Dutchships and one patache were near that island of Oton, [22] where theyhad seized some boats full of provisions, that were intended for therelief of Maluco; and that they were making for the port of Yloilo. Alarge amount of provisions was gathered in that place; and althoughthe Dutch did not attack it, all was lost. For our Spaniards, inorder not to let it fall into the hands of the enemy, broke the jarsof wine, and set fire to the rice. As soon as the governor receivedthis news, he sent the sargento-mayor of troops here, Cristobal deAzcueta Menchaca (master-of-camp elect of Terrenate), to Oton, inorder that he might attend to what seemed necessary for the defenseof that region, with the men under his command and those who werethere. Among the boats accompanying him was a champan, a Chinese craft;it contained a considerable number of soldiers. They encountered theDutch vessels, which were approaching this city. In the endeavor todefend themselves, if the enemy, who had perceived them, should tryto attack them the Spaniards began to take the cargo of the champanashore by means of lanchas, and with it to fortify themselves fortheir protection in a sort of bastion. Among the other things, theytook some barrels of powder ashore; while in others, which were leftaboard, fire was carelessly set, with very great injury to those whowere near it. Many were burned, but at the time only two or threedied there. The rest threw themselves into the water and gained theshore. One man only was left in the champan which was burning; for hehad been jammed among the beams. Although he cried out loudly for aid, he could not be helped, and was accordingly burned to ashes. Those whoescaped alive began to march overland toward this city, some leguasdistant from the place where the misfortune occurred. On the way, some persons died, and the others arrived in such condition thatall who saw them bemoaned their sad lot. Scarce did they seem men, but swollen cinders, full of maggots. Some even had maggots in thevery palms of their hands. They were treated with much care in thehospital here. Most of them recovered; but six or seven of them diedin the hospital. The Dutch did not try to harm them, which was a greatmercy of God, because of the facts above stated. On the contrary, theDutch continued their route until they reached the mouth of this bay, in sight of Manila. 

The governor was not careless at this time, especially in thefortification of Cavite. He sent thither the regular infantry of thiscamp, with 10, 000 musket-balls, 30, 000 arquebus-balls, 6, 000 brazasof musket-fuses, 14, 000 brazas of arquebus-fuses, and 40 barrels ofpowder. He also sent engineers and workmen with material for buildinga fort, wherein to mount artillery. To make the work move faster, hewent thither himself to take part in it. From Cavite he sent a summonsto some inhabitants, so that the Spaniards in Cavite numbered more thansix hundred. In this city, the citizens stood guard, and endured manyhardships in it. All lived with great vigilance, born of a fear of theSangleys--of whom rumors were circulating that they were restless andintended to revolt, because they imagined that the Spaniards, throughlack of confidence in them, were about to kill them. But the king'sfiscal, as their protector, went to their parían; and, calling a largemeeting, talked to them with manifestations of great affection. Hepromised them all kind treatment, in his Majesty's name. Accordingly, laying aside all their fear, the Sangleys became quiet. Assuredly, had they revolted at this time, they would have placed the country ingreat straits, for there is a considerable number of them. Besides, the Dutch were near by with their well-equipped and strong vessels;and the Spaniards are few. For the greater security and some reliefof the citizens, several companies of Pampangos were summoned. Amongall these islanders they have proved themselves most loyal to theSpaniards, and most fit for soldiers. 

In Cavite the care and diligence expended in fortifying it, wereof great importance; for the Dutch commander, one Francisco Witer, [23] although he had once before been in these islands as secretaryto Oliverio del Nort--the commander of the two vessels that anchorednear the city in the year 1600, and had returned defeated and disabled[_con las manos en la cabeza_; literally, "with his hands to hishead"]--yet he was determined to come to try his luck a second time. Hewas incited to this by certain traitors to his Majesty. These havinggone over to his side in Maluco, to the disservice of God and the king, recounted to him all the affairs of the Filipinas. They represented tohim the little resistance that he would encounter from large vessels;the weakness of the port of Cavite, which he could easily overpower, and burn whatever it contained; and the immense wealth that he couldseize, of silk, silver, and other merchandise, which come to Manilafrom Mejico, Macao, China, and Japon. Especially did one FranciscoAguirre inform him of the above, in detail. He brought this man withhim, promising him one thousand pesos to induce him to accompanythe Dutch, and to guide him faithfully on this expedition that hewas undertaking. Accordingly, as was reported, the Dutch commanderset sail in the afternoon of St. Martin's day, November 11, threeor four days after he had been seen from this city. With two shipsand his patache (for his flagship was left in the same location), he approached Cavite. However he was forced to retire because of theinnumerable cannon fired at him. Although these did him no damage, he did none, either, with the artillery that he fired. But henoted how slight were their forces for injuring him, for they hadno more than three very small vessels, which could scarcely carryany artillery; one old, dilapidated ship, called "Espiritu Santo, "which was already almost useless and broken-up from its voyagesto Nueva España, and was mastless and without rigging; and onegalley of twenty benches. Therefore not anticipating any troublewith Cavite, where he found the resistance that he did not expect, and preferring to effect his purpose bloodlessly, and quite safelyto himself, he returned to his post. Not long afterward, he had allfour of his vessels weigh anchor; and going out of sight of thecity, went to anchor at the port called El Fraile ["the Friar"], at a short distance from his former anchorage. There he began to robwhatever he could, and prevented the ingress of provisions broughtfrom all the islands to this city. Alférez Aldana was aboard one ofthe boats that he seized coming from a corregidor's district. He, thinking the Dutch to be Castilian vessels, went to them with greatjoy; but his joy was shortly changed into sad captivity, for he waspillaged and imprisoned. Shortly after this event, four Dutchmenfled from the Dutch fleet. Their arrival was singularly consolingfor full information was obtained from them of the Dutch force andobject. Not more than three slaves deserted from us to the Dutch;and, being slaves, they could give but little information regardingour affairs. Almost the same thing happened to captain Castillo asto Alférez Aldano; for having come from Japon, whither he had gonewith a fragata, he was sent, as one experienced in these coasts, toa certain place, to warn the ships from China and Japon of the Dutch, and that they commanded the sea. One day the [Dutch] patache went sofar in search of ships that Captain Castillo could not be persuadedthat it was not a friendly vessel; consequently he went to give itinformation, according to his orders. Although he was afterwardsundeceived, and tried to escape from the Dutch, who pursued him, hewas unable to do so. Their commander tried to learn from him whetherCavite had greater force than he had seen; but he always answered thathe knew of nothing else, and excused himself by saying that he had butrecently come from Japon. On the contrary, he belittled our affairs, in order to assure them the more. He managed to write a letter thenceand send it by a Sangley, in which he gave an account of the vessels, artillery, and men, thus making the battle easier. 

A fire broke out in Cavite at this juncture, and almost all theSpanish houses were burned. The fire nearly caught in the house wherethe powder was stored, a circumstance that placed the people in theutmost danger. Not one was bold enough to try to remedy matters, forthey all feared lest they be burned, until the governor personallyset to work. Then, incited by his example, a considerable number ofpeople began to drag the barrels to the seashore in order to throwthem into the sea, if the fire came near it. By this means the powderwas preserved, the loss of which would have been felt keenly, besidesthe damage that would have resulted from its explosion. 

Maluco was also in need of help, and could get it nowhere elseexcept from this country. Accordingly the master-of-camp, Azcueta, wasordered to enroll some men in Oton; and two galleys and several smallervessels, carrying money and other supplies important for the succorof that stronghold, went from Manila. All this, although necessary, meant a decrease of these islands' resources. The two galleys, bothof which were new, returned from Oton. One had been launched shortlybefore the arrival of the Dutch, and the other not long after. On thisreturn voyage, the flagship was in great danger of being lost, becausethe crew of rowers attempted to mutiny. This would have been done, hadnot a Japanese revealed the plot which they were conspiring. Thereuponthe guilty were punished, and suitable precautions taken. The consortwas more unfortunate. The Chinese and Japanese convicts conspiredto mutiny; and although those nations are like cats and dogs, theywere very much in concord on this occasion. They selected as themost appropriate time for their treason the hour for the siesta, when, as it was daytime, the Spaniards slept with less caution. Theyfirst aimed at the head, by striking Captain Cardoso (who was restingsoundly and carelessly) with an ax, which made him awake in the otherlife. The blow was given by a Chinaman whom he had favored. Afterhim some fifty convicts, who were freed from prison, began to workdestruction among the other Spaniards with whatever they could seize, and set out to kill them all--that is, all who were not of the abovenationalities. The Spaniards were unarmed, all except the sergeantof the company, who had a sword and executed considerable damagewith it, killing many. He was accompanied and encouraged by anotherSpaniard who wielded with both hands the ladle belonging to a pieceof artillery. Finally, the sergeant having impaled a furious Sangley, or Chinaman, on his sword, the latter was so cramped by the wound that, not having time to withdraw the weapon the sergeant was compelled toleave it sticking in the body, and jump into the water, where he savedhimself by swimming. Some others availed themselves of the same plan, while some took the galley's small boat. Thus some few escaped, tobear the unfortunate news. It caused universal and great sorrow, ashappening at a time of such need. Many Spaniards had been killed. Themutineers killed also the convicts themselves--from whom no harmcould be feared--who were not Chinese or Japanese; and although thepoor wretches tried to throw themselves into the sea, when the suddenassault came, their efforts were useless, for they were shackled, and hung by their chains [over the side of the galley]. There, with great cruelty, the mutineers cut off their legs and threw themoverboard, where they helplessly perished. It was feared and suspectedthat the galley would go over to the Dutch, but it did not. On thecontrary, it fled from them, so that, although the patache pursuedthe mutineers, it could not overtake them. It is yet unknown wherethe galley has stopped. Such was the unfortunate death of CaptainCardoso, whose brother, Alférez Cardoso, had died a few days before, among those burned on the champan, as related above. It seems thatthey have inherited such disasters, for their father--a Portuguesegentleman, and a gallant soldier--after serving his Majesty in Africa, had to flee to Ytalia, because of committing an atrocious crime, which was as follows. Another gentleman insulted a relative of thisgentleman. The insulted man, either for lack of ability to do more, or because he was a good Christian, did not take vengeance for theinsult. The father of these Cardosos was very angry, and, with theintention of avenging the injury, left his home. First going to hisrelative's house, he abused the latter with words, and even stabbedhim, because he had not taken vengeance. Then he went to the house ofthe insulter, and seizing him, thrust him forcibly into a bread-oven, under which a fire was lighted. Gagging the man, he left him thereuntil he was dead. After having fled to Ytalia, this gentleman hadcharge of a castle, in which was stored a quantity of powder. One dayfire caught in the powder, and a great portion of the castle was blownup. The Castellan Cardoso was killed, and buried in the ruins. Oneof his wife's legs was torn off at the thigh. Although these two boys(who were quite small then) received no hurt, they ended their livesin the so disastrous ways that I have related. 

The governor upon learning of the loss of this galley, had another puton the stocks, which was finished in two months. Seeing how leisurelythe Dutch were remaining in this country, he began to prepare a fleetto attack them. For that purpose great haste was given to finishinga vessel called "San Juan Baptista, " which had been commenced inthe island of Marinduque. Although the enemy heard of this, theirinformation was very confused, for they did not know to what placethe ship "Espiritu Santo"--which was so disabled, as I have depictedabove--had retreated. They were commencing to repair that vessel, andit cost even more trouble than if it had been built new. The Spaniardsalso equipped the two small vessels as well as they could. For lackof iron for nails, they removed the gratings of the windows, [24]While Manila was laboring under this anxiety, the strength of theenemy was increased by a good ship. That vessel came with food, andthus caused this community much distress. But greater suffering wouldhave been caused had the Dutch commander's resolution, made in Maluco, been carried out--namely, that a fortnight after his departure thisship and one other should follow him hither; and, besides these, a verylarge and well-equipped galleon named "The Devil from Holland" builton purpose to fight with the galleons of Eastern Yndia. The Dutch atMaluco considered it inexpedient to send more than the said vessel, andespecially so to send the galleon. They considered it very unadvisableto send it among islands where, if it were wrecked, its loss wouldbe great and irreparable. It was all the miraculous disposition ofHeaven, as will be seen later. With this new accession, the Dutchcommander determined to come again in sight of Manila. Accordingly heentered the bay on January 19, and without doing more than to gathernew information concerning our scarcity of vessels, he remained thereuntil the twenty-seventh of the said month. Then he again left thebay, and commenced to capture the Chinese vessels that were alreadycoming with the accustomed merchandise and food. The Dutch seized fromthe Chinese their hams and capons, and the choice wine. [25] And evenbefore the eyes of the Chinese themselves, they gave themselves up tothe wine to such an extent, that the Chinese observed it, and madejests at, and ridiculed them, talking of them and comparing them tothe most degraded Indians who were wont to become intoxicated. TheDutch usually threw all other articles of food into the sea, sayingthat the Spaniards had no need of them. They seized so many fowls thateven the lowest common seaman was given rations of them. And becauseof the number of fowls they established a poultry-yard on an islet, where they kept two or three thousand capons. They chose what silkwas most to their liking. In the matter of pay there was variety, forthe sailors and almost all the soldiers paid immediately for what theybought; but the commander and a few others gave the Chinese promisesto pay when they should capture the king's ship from Japon which theyhad been awaiting some days, and which was bringing a great amount ofwealth. Certain of these vessels from China escaped; and one, whilefleeing, was wrecked, and lost nearly all its cargo. Some Sangleys, fleeing overland from the Dutch, fell into the hands of Zambal Indians, expert archers and bowmen. The latter killed many of them, to our greatsorrow, although, as the said Indians were his Majesty's vassals, thisproceeding was checked as soon as possible. The Zambals also killed sixDutchmen, who had landed to get water; and brought their heads, with, great rejoicing, to show to the governor. Because of the misfortunesrecounted daily by the Chinese who came in plundered, and because ofthe fear lest the ship from Japon, that from Macao, that from Castilla, and some of the largest Sangley merchantmen which bring goods forthe Spaniards from China, should fall into the enemy's hands, greatefforts were made in preparing the supplies necessary for the war. Thewell-inclined Sangleys offered themselves for any toil, because oftheir rage against the Dutch. Public prayers were said throughout theislands, beseeching and importuning God for a successful outcome. Thegovernor built a new foundry, where he cast seven large and reenforcedcannon, which were of very great importance. A considerable quantityof powder was refined which was almost lost. A great number of ballswere cast. In short, the greatest care was exercised in everythingand great haste displayed; and they were able, as a consequence, tolaunch the finished and equipped vessel "San Juan Baptista" in thebay on March 22. That gave extraordinary consolation to the entirecity. It mounted several pieces, and carried some picked soldiers, who had been assigned for its defense in case the enemy tried to burnit on the stocks, or to come to meet it in order to seize it. But theenemy attached so little importance to this vessel, and to the forcesof this land, that they acted with as great security as if anchoredin Holanda. They reproached the Indians that they captured for theirsubjection to a people who did not dare to attack them [_i. E. _, theDutch], and who had no forces for that purpose. Freeing those Indians, the Dutch told them to sow a quantity of rice, and to rear many fowlsand swine, for they said that the following year they intended tocome with a greater force to make themselves absolute masters of theseislands, and it was necessary that they have plenty of food prepared. 

The preparation of the fleet in Cavite was finished, so that it wasready to sail by April 21. In the midst of the greatest efforts thatwere being made to furnish its rigging, news was received that theDutch had returned laden with wealth. This filled the whole citywith sadness, on seeing that the Dutch were continuing their ravageswithout any chastisement or punishment. But soon it was learnedfor certain that it was not so, whereupon the Spaniards were veryjoyous and happy. Such was the courage and spirit of our Spaniards, that they burned with desire to begin the fray. Finding that it couldnot be done so quickly, they manifested their anger, and raged likecaged and angry lions or tigers which cannot avenge an insult. A dayor so before our fleet sailed, a Japanese ship arrived at Cavite. Thedisastrous loss of the ship "San Francisco, " the flagship of threevessels that sailed hence for Nueva España, was learned from thatvessel. This was the most unfortunate thing that had yet happened;for by that blow this country was almost ruined, and the death of oneman was hastened, a few days after, by his sorrow. Many Spaniardsof those who escaped the wreck were aboard the said Japanese boat, and one Augustinian religious. The latter was seized by the Dutch, together with some of the wrecked Spaniards; but the Dutch did notharm the Japanese, in order to establish friendly intercourse withthem. Under shelter of the latter, others of the Spaniards were saved, and a considerable quantity of goods, although the Dutch stole someanchors and cables of the king's that were aboard the vessel, andsome two hundred sacks of flour from private persons, but nothingelse. At last, after diligent search for Castilian or Portuguesesilver, the Dutch allowed the vessel to continue its voyage, becauseof a present of three hundred pesos, given them by the Japanese. Inthe beginning of April an edict was issued for the men of the fleet tomake ready. As many as one thousand sailors and soldiers were enlisted, and many Indians for service and as common seamen. Besides these men, the governor intended to take two hundred other soldiers of greatcourage and valor; on those soldiers he placed great reliance. Theseare about two hundred martyrs, whose relics repose in the [church ofthe] Society of Jesus in a side chapel. The governor had the reliquarynewly fitted up, with great care; and placed himself with courage underthe care and protection of those martyrs, considering the victoryas his, with such volunteers. The fleet left Cavite on Wednesday, April 21, between ten and eleven, in search of the enemy, who were atPlayahonda, twenty leguas from Manila. The governor embarked in personin the fleet, as its commander. His presence inspired the soldiers nota little, and incited many volunteers to accompany him. On this andother accounts, which are deeply felt, they regarded his going as veryimportant, and almost absolutely necessary. His lieutenant was JuanJuarez Gallinato, who has come this year as master of this camp. Hisadmiral was Don Fernando de Silva, a courageous and spirited youth, nephew of the governor. As the admiral's lieutenant and captain ofthe almiranta went the sargento-mayor of Maluco, Pedro de Heredia, who last year overcame the galliot in which the Dutch commander, PabloBlancard, [26] was sailing, with seventy of his men. The captainsof the small vessels were: of the "San Yldefonso" (the largest), Juan Tello de Aguirre, regidor of this city; of the "San Pedro, "Captain Guillestigui--both of these men Biscayans; of the "San Pedro ySan Pablo, " Juan Pardos [27] de Losada, a Galician gentleman; of the"Santiago, " Moreno Donoso. Of the two galleys, Captain Romanico waslieutenant; and Captain Juan Rodriguez commanded the consort. 

The artillery was as follows. The flagship "San Juan Bautista" mountedtwenty-six pieces: four of the new guns, which were eighteen-pounders;and twenty-two good guns, from four to twelve pounders. 

The ship "Espiritu Santo, " the almiranta, twenty-two pieces: three ofthem of the said new guns; seventeen, from three to fourteen pounders;and two swivel-guns. 

The other four vessels carried four, five, or six medium-sized guns;the galleys, what they generally carry. 

Besides these vessels there were also two galliots and other smallboats laden with provisions, and sheltered by the fleet, and readyto render assistance should occasion arise. 

By day, and even by night, there was continual prayer and entreaty inthe city, in one place and another, for the successful outcome of theaffair. There was also a very solemn procession on Friday morning, in which our Lady of Guidance [_Nuestra Señora de Guia_] was carriedto the cathedral church from her chapel, which is about one-eighthof a legua distant. 

The fleet anchored outside the bay. Although they intended to sailat dawn on Friday to give the enemy a rude awakening, [28] theywere unable to do so; for on weighing anchor, at midnight, they weredelayed a long time, and happened to lose four anchors--one from thealmiranta, and three from the small vessels. This did not fail tocause uneasiness; but at last the Spaniards were able to sight theenemy on Saturday, between six and seven o'clock in the morning. Theenemy's flagship was riding with two anchors, and the other two vesselswere somewhat farther out to sea. At this juncture, our fleet beganto prepare for the battle. Orders were given for the crew to maketheir confessions to the religious aboard the vessels. There weresixteen of these from the religious orders which are in Manila--twofathers of St. Dominic, seven of St. Francis, three of St. Augustine, and four of the Society of Jesus. In addition there was anotherreligious, a Trinitarian, [29] who accompanied the governor, and asecular priest. The soldiers proved very valiant and devoted on thisoccasion. They uttered many expressions of joy at finding themselvesnear the enemy. It seemed as if they were about to attend weddingsand balls with great pleasure and delight, rather than to fight withvessels so powerful and well-equipped with artillery. Their greatestanxiety was lest the enemy should run away when he saw our fleet; butthere was nothing to fear, for they were encouraged doubly to fight forthe honor of God and the fame of the Spanish nation. Both of these, in a certain manner, depended on this battle in districts so remote:the honor of God, because the Chinese were looking on and saying, "Now we shall see who is more powerful, the God of the Castilians, or the God of the Dutch;" and besides this, as the Dutch were about totake a great part of the silk that they were intercepting, to Japon, where they already had a trading-post, their trade would be establishedfirmly in that land, and that new field of Christendom would be indanger of heresy (which spreads like a cancer), in addition to thedaily calamities to which it is subject under pagan lords. The honor ofthe Spanish nation was also concerned, because the temper of many ofthese peoples is, "Long live the conqueror!" and they do not dare tostir because of their idea of the Spaniards. If these nations shouldbecome insolent on seeing the Spaniards overwhelmed and conquered, their pacification would cost more blood than the first conquest cost, as has been experienced in Mindanao. Encouraged then, in this manner, the vessels approached. The Dutch, without any faint-heartedness, raised one anchor, and placed the other apeak, in order to go to meetour fleet. They made fun of our fleet, and encouraged their soldiersto fight by telling them that the Spaniards were coming to scare themwith egg-shells--alluding to the small size and slight force of thevessels that they had seen. They bore down upon our flagship. At thisjuncture, they did not omit to report a singular providence of Heaven, namely, that our two vessels, the flagship and the almiranta, had somegood pieces mounted low down, whose ports had to be shut, whenever thesea was choppy, as was experienced on one occasion of that sort. Onthat account the enemy had a great advantage, for all their guns weremounted high up. Accordingly it was our Lord's pleasure that there wasonly enough wind to sail by, and the sea was almost like milk [_i. E. _, calm and smooth]. Finally the vessels closed; and each fired heavydischarges of artillery and musketry. Our pieces--which, as I said, were mounted low--made the enemy's hull [30] tremble with the damagereceived from them. They killed men below decks, where they weresheltered under their rigging, so that scarcely a man appeared. Ourmen, who were above deck without a single shelter, also were injuredby their artillery and swivel-guns. However they did not lose any oftheir spirit. They grappled the Dutch vessel, and stayed there fightingmore than three hours; and amid balls, pikes, and broad-swords, theyboarded the hostile vessel, with such courage and valor, that the Dutchthemselves were amazed to see them placing themselves in so manifestdanger without shelter. There was one who, when his companions triedto make him retire by force, because he had received a ball in hisbody, and a nail from a swivel-gun in his throat, tore himself fromthose who were carrying him, and returned to the fight, with the furywith which a wounded boar turns to avenge itself. Our men continuedto decimate the enemy so thoroughly that they had scarcely five menon deck alive or unwounded. The commander was one of the first tobe killed. The enemy, seeing themselves without any power to resist, tried to burn the ship. And they would have done it, to the evidentloss of our men, but that was prevented by the master of the vessel, who, as he declared later, had always been a Catholic. He advised theDutch not to do such a thing, for, although they had already losttheir substance, they should not lose their souls. At this advicethey surrendered with fair conditions. Of the Spanish captives [aboardthe enemy's ship], only the Augustinian religious Fray Pedro Montejo[31] was killed, by a ball from our vessel. The others were safe andsound. Francisco Aguirre lost a leg in the battle, and being condemnedto be shot as a traitor one day after the victory, he died that samenight. The same that I have related of our flagship occurred in ouralmiranta. It grappled with another good vessel, and defeated it afterhaving fought with it with the same valor. The infantry captains, Don Pedro de Almazan and Don Juan de la Vega, [32] distinguishedthemselves greatly in the battle, showing great courage and valor, although they were very young. The others can also be praised withgood reason, for they proved themselves valiant captains. Such wereSoriano, Rosa, Don Antonio de Leos, and Captain Madrid. 

The third [Dutch] vessel was defeated by the two vessels "SanYldefonso" and "San Pedro. " However so complete a victory was notobtained as with the others; for when it caught fire, they could notextinguish the flames. Two excellent bronze pieces were melted by thefire; and when the flames reached the powder, it blew up the men andother things and set fire to the neighboring forests, where the firelasted for six days. However, they were able to take the artillery. TenChinese vessels witnessed the battle. That was of no little importance, because of the opinion that they formed of the Spaniards, and thefear of our men that struck them, besides that which they have alwayshad. Three of those vessels had already been plundered, and the otherseven expected the same thing. But seeing themselves free, they wentto the governor to thank him for his kindness in freeing them. Havingreceived permission, they proceeded to Manila immediately, where theymade great feasts for the governor after their arrival. 

The fourth Dutch vessel was outside and quite near a Japanese vesselthat it had captured, whose captain and pilot were inside the Dutchvessel. These having displayed a banner on which was written "VivaHolanda" ["Long live Holland!"], and a letter of safe-conduct from theDutch factors in Japon, the captain of the said vessel answered thatthe Japanese had nothing to fear, and that his commander would givethem the best of treatment. But the Dutch only wished to see if theyhad any Portuguese or Castilians aboard. But on hearing the sound offiring, they became anxious; accordingly, sending the said [Japanese]captain and pilot to their ship, and having crowded all sail in theirown, they commenced to flee in all haste. Others had come in thisJapanese vessel, Spaniards from the ship "San Francisco;" and amongthem was its commander, Juan de Esguerra. The Lord delivered themfrom this second peril by so signal a victory. The [Dutch] patachewas also looking for vessels. Coming in that night with a Chineseprize, it sent its boat ahead to reconnoiter the position. Findingdifferent signs from those that it had left, it became suspicious, and accordingly began to flee. The almiranta, the ship of Captain JuanPardos de Losada, and the flagship of the galleys went in pursuit ofit, but although they searched the neighboring coasts twice, they didnot sight the vessels, or discover what direction they took. The lasttime when they went to run along the coast, they met a ship; and, asit seemed to be the patache, the galley pursued it with sail and oar, but found it to be a vessel from Macao. The bishop of Macao, [33] ofthe Order of St. Dominic, was coming on business of great importancefor the welfare of that community. Thinking our vessels to be Dutch, they fled at their utmost speed, and threw overboard all their cargo, although it was valuable, in order to make the vessel lighter. 

News of the victory reached Manila at two in the morning. At that hourthe bells were loudly chimed and the people uttered many expressionsof joy. Next day a very solemn procession was made, as a token ofthanksgiving. The procession marched from the cathedral to our church, where a sermon was preached. It caused great consolation throughout thecity and in all those who were present. After the sermon the governorsent letters to each order, thanking them for the prayers that theyhad said for his success. The one that came to me read as follows:

"We discovered the enemy this morning, and the battle began at seveno'clock. It lasted about four hours, and during that time, our Ladyand the glorious St. Mark showed themselves favorable to us. For weobtained the victory with the surrender of their flagship to ours, and their almiranta to ours. Fire was set to the other ship, and itwas burned. Thus the battle was ended with but slight loss to us, and some wounded. I confess that this victory has been given me byreason of the prayers of your Paternity and those reverend fathers, whom I thank for their care in this, and assure them that I shallconsider the same in what pertains to my office, by aiding whatevermay be of pleasure to your Paternity. May our Lord preserve you, as I desire. From this vessel "San Juan Baptista, " April 24, 1610. 

_Don Juan de Silva_. "

And inasmuch as he makes mention of our Lady and St. Mark, I must notneglect to report a matter that seems worthy of consideration. At thebeginning when the war was discussed, the governor had a dream. In it, he saw a venerable man, who told him that he would obtain a gloriousvictory on St. Mark's day. Although it seemed too late to go toattack the enemy, as it was thought that he had already gone withhis ships full of plunder--which meant to go with shouts of victory, yet on this account the governor hastened to sail before the day ofthe holy evangelist, with the intent of punishing the enemy. However, he could not prepare the fleet as was necessary before April 21. Makingan attempt to attack the Dutch on Friday, the twenty-third, they couldnot, for the reason above stated, of losing their anchors. Consequentlythe time went by until the twenty-fourth, for us, Saturday, the dayof our Lady. The governor had had her image put on the royal standardand implored her aid by that verse, _Mostrate esse Matrem_ [_i. E. _, "Show thyself to be our Mother"]. This day was for those who camefrom Maluco the twenty-fifth of April, or St. Mark's day, as it wasalso for those from Japon. It is an extraordinary thing to find thisconflict in the days when they unite, namely, those who sail eastand those who sail west meet. [34] It appears that those days had, as it were, overlapped, so that the victory might be obtained on ourLady's day, for our favor; and on St. Mark's day for the ruin of theDutch--the saint warring upon them as on Calvinists, since Calvinistsmade spiritual warfare upon his state of Venecia. Besides, the victorywas gained past noon on St. Mark's day, when his day strictly begins. 

In the pocket of the dead commander was found a copy of the ordergiven to his vessels for their departure, which was to be withinone week after St. Mark's day. As a farewell, he had intended tomake a demonstration in Manila Bay with many streamers, pendants, and bannerets. But may our Lord decree that these heretics go to noplace where they may prosper better. 

Before the return of the fleet, they sent in the wounded on eitherside (who were numerous) to this city, where they were tended withgreat care. A Dutch surgeon helped in the treatment of the Dutch andSpaniards. That surgeon had been aboard the enemy's flagship, and hedisplayed great skill. The governor went to visit his soldiers upon hisarrival, and consoled them for their pains, and praised them as braveand valiant men. The sick men were greatly consoled at that. Beforeentering Cavite, the governor assembled the volunteers, and thankedthem in his Majesty's name for their toil, and for the good thatthey had achieved. He assured them that he would without fail assisttheir necessities, since they had also assisted the king's service. Tothose who had died in their services for all, his Lordship institutedcertain honors with a mass and sermon in [the church of] St. Francisin this city; and he erected for them a rich catafalque, elegantlyadorned. This catafalque had three square stories. On each corner wasa pyramid. On the last story was a tomb covered with crimson brocadefrom the spoil, instead of the pall. The rest of the catafalque wasfilled with tapers, and Latin and Spanish epitaphs, and with imagesof mortality [_muertes_], with appropriate inscriptions. The churchwas all hung with different colored silks, and displayed signs ofgladness rather than of weeping, because of the so glorious deathof those who perished. On them were conferred the following honors:the pontifical chant; the mass by the bishop of Macao, in the presenceof the governor, Audiencia, the ecclesiastical and secular cabildos, and all the orders. After that the spoils were distributed. They werevery rich, for the said vessels contained a quantity of silk and silver(not to mention the hulls of the vessels, the ammunition, and morethan fifty pieces of artillery), and other things such as wine, oil, etc. --all worth three or four hundred thousand pesos. 

Many of the Dutch who were wounded have confessed, and died reconciledto the Church. Among them was the master who, as I said above, hadprevented the fire, in order not to lose his soul. We hope that hegained his soul, for he died from a wound received in the flight fromthe battle, with signs of great repentance for his sins, and leavingexcellent pledges of his salvation. Father Andres de la Camara, ofthe Society of Jesus, attended to the Dutch. He was a native of Gante[_i. E. _, Ghent], and although he has seldom used his own language[_i. E. _, the Flemish] for eighteen or twenty years, one would believethat our God's mercy aided him with especial efficacy; for he conversedwith the Dutch elegantly and fluently of the divine mysteries. Suchis the outcome of the war. Now we shall recount something of othermatters concerning what I have thus far told. 

A ship of Chinese merchants went to Maluco to trade merchandise withthe Dutch. The latter gave the captain of the said vessel, calledCaichuan, a general, fourteen thousand pesos to invest in trust forthem. He returned to China, and thinking that it was a good sum, and that there was no one to bring suit against him, he kept thesaid money, as he never again expected to see the Dutch. Some ofthe interested persons were in these Dutch vessels, and they did notfail to ask, of every ship that they seized, after that of Cachuan, and threatened to punish him severely if they caught him. Had hebeen seized, it would have been a great loss to this city, for, as is affirmed, he brought fifty thousand pesos invested by ourcitizens. His time to come arrived, and when he least expected it, he found himself near the Dutch patache. He started to escape, andthe patache to pursue him. Cachuan, seeing himself closely pursued, cried out to his men that there was good hope of help, and advisedthem all to kneel down and ask protection of the God of the Castilas[_i. E. _, Castilians] as they call us--saying that He was sufficientlyable to deliver that ship from the Dutch, since it contained so muchproperty of those who adored and served Him. They prayed, whereupona fresh wind immediately came, which took them, against their wish, to an unknown islet, where the patache lost sight of them. TheChinese did not cease to pray as above for the space of five days, twice each day. At the end of that time, they had a favorable wind, with the aid of which they entered the channel used by the ships ofCastilla, many leguas from their right and usual path, and at lastreached port in safety after the victory. 

The ship from Japon for which the Dutch had so ardent a desire rangreat risk in its voyage. It arrived [in Japon] after a violent gale, almost under water, without rigging and masts. There it learned fromthe Dutch factors that their vessels were about to come to harassthese islands. On that account they did not return as quickly as theyintended, waiting until they believed that we had already driventhe Dutch away with our fleet. Although, when they had reached theprovince of Pangasinan, we had already obtained the victory, stillthey had no news of it. Accordingly, assured of finding enemies, they went into a safe river after landing their cargo, because of thebar, which was dangerous. Then when about to leave the river again, after hearing the good news, they were wrecked, and lost considerableproperty, besides their boat. 

The vessel from Macao, laden with wealth of amber, musk, pearls, and precious stones, and more than three hundred slaves, would havefallen into the hands of the Dutch, who were awaiting it, had nota shoal stopped it, and knocked it to pieces, and caused the deathof some hundred persons of the five hundred aboard it. Among thedrowned were two ecclesiastics who were returning from Macao, butrecently ordained priests; and Captain Tijon, who not a few timeshad escaped from similar shipwrecks. The rest of the people went toan uninhabited island, where the Lord had prepared for their supporta great number of turtles, and of the birds called boobies [_bobos, i. E. _, "stupid"], [35] to which this name is applied because theyallow themselves to be caught with the hand. After the wreck of thatship, Garci Perez de Baltasar, appointed sargento-mayor of this camp, embarked in a small boat which they fitted up, with as many peopleas it could carry, to beg that some one be sent from this city to getthe people on the island. After several days' voyage, they were seenand perceived by the Dutch, which obliged them to ground their boaton the beach and take to the woods inland. They all escaped overland, and arrived safely at Manila; their boat was burned by the Dutch. Whenthe expedition against the latter was ended, they sent for the peoplewho had been left on the island; but as yet they have not arrived. 

In the beginning of January, 1610, a fragata was sent to Macao withwarning for the said ship to remain there until the Dutch were drivenfrom these seas. As commander in it was the pilot, Juan Bernardo deFuentidueñas, who was sick with the fever. He went on the voyage, and before dawn of Thursday, January 28, ran foul of a reef, where noland could be seen in any direction, except a few rocky points at lowtide. The fever left the pilot at this sudden catastrophe, and at dawnthe Spaniards saw on the reefs a large ship, that looked like a Chinesevessel, which had been wrecked. They went to this vessel to get itssmall boats. Entering it, they found not a soul, living or dead. Butthey found considerable silver scattered about. Not content with whatthey found in the vessel, the Indians began to dive into the waterto see if they could find any more. Their efforts were not in vain, for they must have found in that way about eight thousand reals ofeight to the peso, although somewhat oxidized by the sea-water. Fromthe top of the little elevation, an islet was discovered, of not morethan one legua in circumference. They went thither in successive tripsof the small boat, and found three Lequian Indians, who had been therefor months. They were the only survivors of ten who had left theircountry. On this island, the Spaniards refitted, as well as possible, their boat and another one that the Lequians had at hand, althoughit was also small. They divided themselves between the two boats, andtaking as much of the money as they could carry, started for Macao. Ashort time after, a very violent vendaval struck and separated theboats. The boat of the pilot Fuentidueña, obedient to the waves, wasable to escape the danger and reach its destination. Nothing is knownof the other. It is regarded as certain that it has foundered, andthat its occupants have perished. The ship for which they were lookingin order to warn it had left Macao five days before for Manila, wherethe pilot himself returned many days after. Upon his relation of theevent, he was sent as pilot of the boat that went to look for the menof the wrecked ship. On the way, perhaps he will look for the reef orthe Chinese ship again, in order to finish getting what money it has. 

Three ships left here in July of 1609 for Nueva España, and all ofthem were exposed to dangers and storms. The ship "San Andres, "which was almiranta, and was the only one to reach Nueva España, encountered so terrific storms that its bow was under water duringmost of the voyage, and they were in so great danger that the pilotvowed never to embark again--a very rare thing. 

The ship "Santa Ana, " almost entirely dismantled by the violent windsand heavy seas, reached Japon, and its arrival there was through nota little of God's mercy. Although it remained thirteen days aground ina port of the kingdom of Bungo, [36] still it did not go to pieces. Onthe contrary it was able to refit, and intends to prosecute its voyagethis June of 1610. 

The ship "San Francisco" of the said two ships [that failed to reachNueva España] encountered a greater storm. From the first it gave thepassengers plenty of fear, both because of its dangerous leaks and apoor helm, and because of the disservices to the Divine Majesty whichwere committed. To narrate all its fortunes would be long, so I shallcontent myself by referring to some of them. In this country, leaveto return to Castilla is granted with difficulty. [37] Accordingly, certain persons desirous of returning are wont to go below deck andconceal themselves until the ship is fifteen or sixteen days at sea, at which time they open the hatchway and come out into the light ofday. Such people are called _llovidos_ [_i. E. _, stowaways; literally, "those rained down"], and feed themselves from the stores of thepassengers. While they remain hidden, they open jars of food andliquor, which causes not a little annoyance to their owners. Aftercoming out of their place of concealment, they accommodate themselvesone day with one mess, and next with another, and thus exist throughoutthe voyage. One day a passenger of high rank gave a blow to one ofthese persons. The aggrieved one was so overwhelmed with sadness andgrief from what had happened to him, that he appeared inconsolable. Oneof our fathers, talking to him in order to console him, found himlike one demented, and he seemed to rave. Finally, when it was leastexpected in the ship, the poor wretch cast himself into the sea. It wasnoted with wonder that, although he made no movement with his body ortried to swim--which he could have done, as the weather was fair--hefloated above water for half a legua. Later, during the last storm, a wave washed off the man who struck him, and he was found drownedon the strand, a most hideous and misshapen mass. During the firstgale the ship, at its beginning, because of obeying its helm poorly, was struck head on. The sails pulled with such force on the masts, that, as the captain dared not take them in, they were blown intoshreds. The pilots began to throw overboard whatever was above decks, until nothing was left on them. They threw overboard the boat, and theboxes and bales of merchandise On that account the sailors lost theirpoor possessions, and some of the passengers lost a goodly amount. Theship tossed and rolled frightfully, and dipped below the water on bothsides. Consequently it shipped so much water that it was generallyhalf an estado deep above decks. The waves were furious and high, and so great that the fore and after cabins shipped water. One wavecarried away a considerable portion of the stern gallery, togetherwith four little slave girls who were in it. In this way they passedone night, almost in despair of seeing the morrow. But day came, and they repaired the ship by binding other sails that were carriedfor that purpose. After this storm the ship was very crank, and evenin fair weather its sides were under water, although it had a highfreeboard. Consequently, it shipped so much water that the waveswashed over the decks with great noise and uproar, and entered theberths where the better-class passengers are generally quartered. Therigging had to be repaired piecemeal. Consequently, for those reasons, and as the vessel lacked other necessities, some tried to make them putback to Manila. However, this was without effect, and they proceededon their way with some storms; and in the last, which was frightful, the people had no safety, even inside the boat, for the waves torethem from it, and drew men after them. The ship leaked very badly, and consequently it was necessary to work the pumps continually. All, seeing the danger before their face, helped in this; even Don Rodrigode Bivero, [38] who had just completed his office as president ofthe Audiencia and governor and captain-general, assisted in his turn, as did Father Pedro de Montes and the other religious. 

Finally, at the end of this struggle, they were wrecked on the coastof the kingdom of Ouantu, at the head of Japon, in almost its extremeeast. That coast extends from the kingdom to the district of Ximo, where the port of Nangasaqui is located. Thence many vessels sail toManila annually, which is farther west. [39]

Almost four hundred persons went ashore--that is, all exceptsome twenty-five or thirty, who were drowned in the course of thevoyage. After a time the sea washed ashore some pieces of gorgoran, [40] satin, and velvet. Those who had gotten away with less clothingwrapped these about their bodies, while they made sandals from bitsof silk, like those of leather worn by shepherds in España, becauseof the sharp rocks upon which they were walking barefoot. They foundtwo Japanese in some fields, and were greatly comforted thereby;for they imagined that land to be a desert islet without any food, upon which fortune had cast them to die. However, they would havehad not a little mercy from God if they had been able to die afterconfessing at leisure. The Japanese guided them to a town near by, where they were given some rice for their support. There most of themwere kept carefully guarded for many days. The chief Japanese continuedto take charge of all the silk that could be saved, but did not giveit up until an edict therefor was granted to the Spaniards by theking. Consequently some of it was given to them; but the Japaneserebought it at what prices they wished, paying for it very impuresilver. Consequently the Spaniards were scarce able to get fiftythousand pesos in current Castilian money for it; although it isregarded as certain that if all that could have been saved had beendelivered to the Spaniards, and they had sold it at a just price, they would have received five hundred thousand pesos beyond alldoubt. Although General Juan de Esguerra tried to negotiate with theking for the return of some forty boxes which were held by one of theJapanese lords, he failed to do so. On the contrary, the counselorsadvised him to be content with what had been returned, unless hewished to keep nothing. In short they are pagans, who believe in onlythe law of might, and do not keep faith and friendship more than theythink advisable. Governor Don Rodrigo de Bivero visited the king inhis court at Suronga. The king received him and treated him with greathonor, and gave him one thousand taels as a concession. Each tael isworth ten reals when made into money. The general gave this money tothe people to provide for their journey to Nangasaqui, whence manyhave come to this city [_i. E. _, Manila]. Don Rodrigo de Bivero andFather Montes continued their voyage in the ship "Santa Ana, " whichwas in Bungo. The Japanese came very near attacking it, but they saythat they did not do so because such action was not expedient; forthey had injured their trade with Macao, by attacking the galleon enroute from that city to Japon with silk, until they had to burn it, with the loss of eight hundred thousand taels; and they would curtailtheir trade with this country and suffer great lack of silk. 

I will end this relation with the affairs of, and voyage to, Maluco, for whose relief, as I stated above, two galleys made anexpedition. The food and men were divided among various caracoas, fragatas, and champans, in Oton. After setting sail, they proceededwithout disaster as far as Sarragan in Siao. There one of the boats waswrecked by a fierce gale, although only one Spaniard and ten Indiansof its crew were drowned. The rest escaped without weapons or anythingelse besides their shirts. Those who escaped were given shelter inthe other boats. One afternoon while continuing their voyage, theydiscovered four Dutch vessels, in sight of the island of Maluco. Theyput to sea in order to escape them, with the intention of making portthat night. In this way some of them reached a place of safety. Butone fragata, which carried one of the captains, went toward the enemy, because our men had not reconnoitered the land well. Consequently, in the morning, it found itself surrounded by four ships and onepatache, and accordingly had to remain with them. Those [Dutch]ships also seized a large champan which had been left behind, andwhich carried a cargo of food and goods, belonging both to the kingand to private persons. 

These boats that were captured by the Dutch contained all that we weresending to the fathers at Maluco--namely, one hundred and two basketsof clean rice, thirty-one jars of wine, meat, and butter, which werevery necessary to them, in the condition of affairs there, for FatherMasonio having gone to visit the fort of Bachan, with nine slaveswho served him as a boat-crew, they were taken by the Dutch and theirTerrenatan allies. In the fight sixteen Spanish soldiers were killed, besides some of the natives. Of the slaves whom the father was takingwith him, three were killed and six were captured by the Dutch. Afterthe father confessed the wounded and entered their fort, he escapedand hid for a week in the woods; and, although many persons were paidby the Dutch to look for him, they could not find him. In that placethe father lost a large supply of food, besides other things. Itwas being sent to him there from Malaca, to whose province pertainsthe port of Maluco. Not the least of his losses was to be deprivedof his companion, by the death of Father Gabriel de la Cruz, [41]who was called Rengifo in España. The latter was his only associatein that exile. A long illness preceded his death, although during ithe continued to work as if he were healthy and alone. He died after along life of glorious labor in the islands of the Moros, so devoid ofhuman consolations, but so full of the consolations of heaven--as ourblessed Father Francisco Javier certified, who was the first to sowthere the seed of the gospel. His death caused great sorrow, becausethat field of Christendom remained without a shepherd. Although theytried to send a companion to Father Masonio from Malaca, over threehundred leguas away, sending by way of these islands Father AntonioPereira, they were not successful, for the latter died on the voyage, in the manner that I stated at the beginning. [42] But we hope, through our Father, that some day those seas will become free frompirates, so that Maluco may be supplied from its own province withmen and other necessities. 

Word is also received from Maluco that the Dutch commander, PabloBlancard, was ransomed this year. The Dutch gave eighty thousand pesosfor him last year; and now they have given fifty-two Spaniards heldcaptive among them, one hundred natives friendly to us, the fragataand all its cargo, and six thousand pesos in money. 

I have endeavored to make this relation very faithful for the greaterglory of God our Lord. May He preserve your Paternity [43] for thewelfare of all the Society. Manila, July 1, 1610. 

_Gregorio Lopez_

LETTER FROM SILVA TO FELIPE III

Sire:

In the capitana "San Juan Bautista, " which sailed from this port onthe twelfth of July last, I gave your Majesty an account of everythingthat had occurred up to that time; I likewise did so by the Dutchalmiranta, which left four days later. But as it was not so good asailing ship as the capitana, and did not weather the storms so well, it was delayed several days, without being able to get outside theisland of Fortun. I ordered it to return thence to this port, as itappeared that it was not fit for a freight ship, and because it wasnecessary for the service of your Majesty, owing to new developments, which I shall here detail. A fortnight after the ships were despatched, and when the almiranta was about to put out to sea, there arrivedhere a fragata belonging to your Majesty, which came from Goa, andhad sailed from Terrenate for Yndia, loaded with cloves. It broughtme a despatch from the viceroy, Ruy Lorenco de Tabora, in which heinformed me of his arrival in that kingdom, and in what desolation hefound the affairs of Yndia, and particularly the trade, on accountof the Dutch. And he said that, in order to make safe the voyagefrom Japon, he sent Don Diego de Vasconçelos de Meneses, with eightgalleons, well provided with men, artillery, and supplies of war, with orders that if I should advise him that he might accomplish somegood for the service of your Majesty, he should attend to it with hisfleet. Likewise General Diego de Vasconcelos wrote to me from Malaca, that he was crossing to Macan with six galleys and one urca; [44] andthat there he would await advices from me or from Maluco, so that, if anything could be accomplished for the service of your Majesty, he could be present with his fleet. The day after the arrival of thisfragata, there entered this port a Dutch patache, which had been takenby Captain Pedro de Avellaneda, with the galley "San Christobal, "close to the island of Tidore, after a fight of three hours; and init were General Pablos Brancaorden [_i. E. _, van Caerden], twentyothers, and five Dutch. This general is the one who was taken inanother galleota by Captain Pedro de Heredia, and who was ransomedby Master-of-camp Christobal de Axqueta for fifty of our soldiersand sailors, thirty Indian pioneers and artisans, and six thousandpesos in money. All the forces that the enemy has in Maluco and Bandawere in his command. The said master-of-camp advises me that onlya patache and one ship of the enemy's had remained in the islands;and that although he sent a vessel with persons acquainted with thelanguage to Ambueno to learn whether a fleet had come, there was nonews of one, and the enemy were greatly cast down and discouraged tosee that no fleet was coming to them, as there is little hope thatit will be here this year, for none thus far has waited longer thanMay or June to come. When the information was sent [to me] it wasthe thirtieth of July, and there was no word of a fleet. 

I have already informed your Majesty that the Dutch, our enemy, aremasters of all the Malucas Islands and Banda, and how important thisis. By a memorial and calculation which was found among other papersin the possession of General Pablos Brancaerden, lately captured, an account is given of the revenue, which amounts yearly to more thanfour million pesos. Nothing has remained for your Majesty throughoutall these islands, except the fort of Terrenate. All the nativesare with the Dutch, and having chosen as their king the younger sonof the one who is a prisoner here, they help the Dutch to fight andto fortify the islands, without one of them being on our side. Theking of Tidore is thus far in our favor, much to the disgust of hisvassals, and our fear lest they make an agreement with the enemy--inwhich case he would be ruined, and there would be no remedy for it. 

I have also informed your Majesty that the emperor of Japon hasassigned two ports and factories in his kingdom to the Dutch, andthe latter are making strenuous efforts to secure one in China. Ifthey succeed in this, and trade in silks, gold, quicksilver and otherriches from that great kingdom to Japon, and Europe, it will be worthto them every year more than the spice trade, in which case (may Godavert it!) this country and Yndia would be ruined. For, as is known, it is impossible to support them without the traffic and merchandise, particularly the spices and silk; and as the Dutch heretics are suchmortal enemies of the crown of España, and so rich, we may well fearthat, in league with other European princes, envious, and even fearfulof the power of your Majesty, they may claim rights over some of theterritories in your Majesty's possession, and attempt something thatwould give cause for anxiety. All these reasons have induced me touse all care and diligence, without sparing labor or danger, to bringabout a junction of forces; and, although they cannot be such as aredemanded by this undertaking, at least they will be such as to allow anattempt with the favor of God, toward driving the Dutch out of Maluco, and taking from them the fortresses that they have built in thoseislands. Accordingly, after having consulted with the Audiencia, thearchbishop, and the council of war, I ordered the master-of-camp, JuanXuarez Gallinato, to go to Macan and find Don Diego de Vasconcelos;and to represent to him by word of mouth what I had already informedhim of by letters, namely, all that I am informing your Majesty of, and how good the occasion is this year. May God further our efforts;for if we lose this chance, and await the coming of the fleet, although it might bring with it more strength, it is certain eitherthat the enemy would also have more, and that their forts would bebetter fortified, whereby the difficulty would be increased--or, asthey say, your Majesty will by some peace or arrangement concede tothem their continuance in what they possess, both there and here. And, in order that Don Diego may have no difficulty in the voyage here, themaster-of-camp was given money to provide that fleet with everythingnecessary. And if perchance Don Diego should hesitate in regard tothe authority of the command and the government, I have ordered thesaid master-of-camp to offer him on my behalf whatever he may ask. ForI desire so earnestly, with my heart and life, that so great a goodmay be attained, and so great a service accomplished for your Majestyand for Christendom, that, in order that it might be effected, I wouldgladly go and serve as a soldier. I believe indeed that Don Diego willnot stop for this last; but I am providing against anything that canhinder this expedition and the service of your Majesty. 

In this port I have ordered the equipment of the capitana and thealmiranta which were taken from the enemy, the ship "Spiritu Santo, "and the "San Andres, " two pataches, and three galleys; and I am busyproviding everything necessary for food, artillery, and supplies. Thuswhen the vessels of Don Diego de Vasconcelos arrive here, which Ithink will be at the end of November, they may start on the voyagetoward Terrenate; and it seems to me that they might be there by thebeginning of January, so as to have a chance to accomplish as much aspossible before the beginning of May, when the arrival of the enemyis to be feared. I trust in our Lord that, if no fleet has arrivedfor them, some good results may be obtained from the expedition. Ifa fleet should have come, I will try to ascertain their forces, insuch manner as not rashly to risk your Majesty's forces which I shalltake there. I shall try to send information as early as possible ofall that happens there, by way of Nueva España; and other advices viathe strait of Sunda, or that of Bali, and the Cape of Buena Esperanca. 

Considering that all the Terrenatans are on the side of the enemy, and not a single one of them for us, and that they all aid andserve the Dutch with their persons and property; and that they evenconsider as their king, and obey as such, the son of the king whom wehold prisoner here--it has appeared to me best, after consultation, to take with me on this expedition the chief king and the cachils whoare here. For he and they offer that, if I place them safely within thefort of Terrenate, they will bind themselves, being in those islandsin person, to bring over to the service of your Majesty the son andall his vassals; and that they will take up arms against the Dutch, and would serve in this way, or any other that might present itselfduring the expedition, with fidelity. If your Majesty were pleasedto leave him in that kingdom, he would be your vassal, would haveamity with none of our enemies, and would only barter the clovesto the factors whom your Majesty might have in that island. If hecarries out his promise, it will facilitate the expedition greatly, and diminish the forces of the enemy. I shall take him with me, andif it turns out as I trust in our Lord it will, and the king holds tohis promises, so that all his vassals there remain quiet and peaceful, I shall leave him and his son in the fortress at Terrenate, with thegreatest care and protection, until I have advised your Majesty of all, and you have given such orders as shall please you. 

For so costly an expedition, this royal treasury is in great need, for of two hundred thousand pesos that the viceroy of Nueva Españasent here, there were taken to Macan fifty thousand pesos to buyquicksilver; twenty-six thousand for provisions, powder, and othermunitions and supplies; thirty-five thousand paid to the fund ofprobated estates, and to citizens who had lent money the year pastfor the support of the fleet. So great were the arrears of debts toprivate persons, since the taking of Terrenate, and an entire year'spay that was owing to the troops, that it is greatly impoverished, having, as is the case, so many necessary matters to attend to. Themost important of these is a fort in this port, so that I may not findmyself in such risk and danger as the enemy placed me in this year, capturing the port from me, together with three unfinished galleons, as I have informed your Majesty. In the preparation for the expeditionthat I have resolved upon, it would not be possible to accomplish all, or even a small part of it, if it were not for forty-five thousandpesos that have been collected from the eight pesos that each Sangleygives for his license to remain in these islands. With all thisthere is such a lack of money that I must go with little enough onthe expedition. If there were any fund from which to get support, Ishould make use of it; but I promise your Majesty that there is noneanywhere, nor even a citizen from whom I can borrow a real. We shallhave to get along as best we can, until the viceroy of Nueva Españaprovides for us. May our Lord protect the Catholic person of yourMajesty for many years, according to the needs of Christendom. Cavite, September 9, 1610. 

Your Majesty's humble vassal and servant

_Don Juan de Silva_

LETTER FROM FELIPE III TO SILVA

_To the governor and Audiencia of Manila, directing them to giveinformation concerning the controversy that the natives of the villageof Quiapo have with the fathers of the Society concerning certainlands; and, in the meantime, that they provide what is expedient. _

The King: To my governor and captain-general, president and auditorsof my royal Audiencia of the city of Manila, of the PhilipinasIslands. Don Miguel Banal has informed me--in a letter of the fifteenthof July, six hundred and nine--that, at the instance of the nativesof the village of Aquiapo, the late archbishop of that city wrote tome that the fathers of the Society of Jesus, under pretense that themetropolitan dean of Manila sold them a piece of arable land [_verta_]which lies back of the said village, have appropriated it for theirown lands, taking from them more than the dean granted--to such anextent that there hardly remains room to plant their crops, or evento build their houses. And the said Miguel Banal, who is the chief ofthat village, having built a house, one of the Society, called Brother"Nieto, " came into his fields, together with many blacks and Indians, with halberds and other weapons; and they demolished the house, to thegreat scandal of all who saw them, and without paying any attention[to the remonstrances of] the alcalde-mayor of the village. Heentreats me, for assurance of the truth, to command you to make aninvestigation regarding it; and in the meantime not to disturb themin their ancient possession, which they have inherited from theirfathers and grandfathers. Having examined it in my Council for theYndias, it has appeared best to order and command you, as I do, to inform me of what has occurred in this matter, and is occurring, and in the meantime to take such measures as are expedient. Madrid, on the seventh of December of one thousand six hundred and ten. 

_I The King_

Countersigned by Juan Ruiz de Contreras. Signed by the Council. 

DOCUMENTS OF 1611

 Foundation of the college of Santo Tomás of Manila. Bernardo de Santa Catalina, O. P. , and others; April 28. Hospital at Nueva Cáceres. Pedro Arce, O. S. A. ; July 20. Letters to Juan de Silva. Felipe III; November-December. Letters to the Dominican provincial. Felipe III; December 31. 

_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from originalMSS. In the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The first one is foundin a pamphlet entitled _Algunos documentos relativos á la Universidadde Manila_ (Madrid, 1892), pp. 5-20. 

_Translations_: The first document is translated by James A. Robertson;the remainder, by Robert W. Haight. 

FOUNDATION OF THE COLLEGE OF SANTO TOMÁS OF MANILA

In the name of God Almighty, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and inhonor of Mary ever-virgin, who, under the advocacy [45] of hermost holy rosary, is proposed and accepted as patroness of the workwhich will be declared below, inasmuch as she is also patroness ofthe Order of Preachers of the patriarch St. Dominic, established inthese Filipinas Islands and the kingdom of China; and to his honorand glory and that of the consecrated doctor [46] of the holy Church, Saint Thomas Aquinas, by whose intercessions, protection, and aid thework described in this writing will have a good beginning and means, and proceed from good to better forever without end: by virtue ofwhich, I, father Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, [47] religious ofthe said order, and commissary-general of the Holy Office in theseislands, as executor of the most illustrious and reverend archbishopof this city of Manila in the islands, Don Fray Miguel de Benavides, now defunct, and [as the one] to whom his Lordship communicated theapplication of the remainder of his properties for the work andfoundation which will be hereunder declared--as appears from hislast will and testament, which he signed in this said city of Manilabefore Francisco de Alanis, former notary-public in this city, on thetwenty-fourth day of the month of July of the former year one thousandsix hundred and five; and the clause treating of this matter, copied, corrected and collated with the said will signed by the said notary, is of the following tenor:

_Item_: His most reverend Lordship said and declared that he made--andhe did so make--while still in life, a complete and irrevocable giftof all the remainder of his properties for a pious enterprise. Hehas conferred and communicated in regard to the same with the saidfathers--namely, the prior of Santo Domingo, Fray Domingo de Nieva, [48] and Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, commissary of the HolyOffice. In this charitable work all his properties remaining areto be applied and distributed, in what manner and form they ordainand consider advisable, in accordance with his communication andresolution in regard to it. For this work he said that he gave--andhe did so give--all the remainder of his properties gratuitously;and the institution was immediately and henceforth to be constitutedthe holder and possessor of them. He transferred to them [_i. E. _, theabove fathers] his rights and power of disposal [in the property]. Thisis the work of which mention was made above. 

And I, the said father commissary as executor of another bequest ofproperties, which Pablo Rodríguez de Araujo and Andrés de Hermosa, defunct, left to my distribution and discretion, in accordance withthe terms of their wills--that of the said Pablo Rodríguez de Araujoappears to have been signed in this city before Francisco de Valencia, notary-public, on the sixteenth day of the month of February, of theformer year six hundred and six; and that of the said Hermosa beforeFrancisco de Alanís, notary-public, on the fourth day of the month ofMay of the former year six hundred and four--[declare that] the tenorof the said clauses, one after the other, according to their copiescorrected by the wills signed by the said notaries, is as follows:"And in order to fulfil this my will and that herein contained, I leave and appoint as my executors and administrators father FrayBernardo de Santa Catalina, commissary of the Holy Inquisition ofthese islands, Captain Fructuoso de Araujo, and Francisco de Alanís, notary-public. To all three of them, and to each one of them singly, _in solidum_, I delegate power sufficient to adjust and inventory myproperties, and to sell and fulfil that herein contained. And forits fulfilment, I give, lengthen, and concede to them all the timeand limit that they declare to be necessary. And no ecclesiasticalor secular judge shall meddle with them to make them give accountof the said executorship, because of the confidence that I have inthe above-named persons. For this is my wish, and if such judgeshould undertake to demand from them the said account, in thatsaid event I constitute them my heirs. And when this my will isfulfilled and observed, and that herein contained, to that part ofmy properties remaining and its rights and disposal, inasmuch as Ihave no obligatory heir, either forbears or descendants, I establishand appoint my soul as heir of the said remainder of my properties, its rights and disposal, so that what pertains to that inheritance, shall be given into the power of the said father commissary, whoshall distribute it in doing good for my soul in pious works, alms, and other works of charity, as shall seem best to him. 

"And after this my will and that herein contained is fulfilledand observed, I assign as my only heir to all the remainder of myproperties, the said Inés de Sequera, my wife. However, she shall bindherself, before all else, to the sum of two thousand pesos net, whichsum shall be employed after the fulfilment of the said my will. Withthis condition, it is my will that she have all the remainder forherself after the legacies are completed, and the other contents ofthe said will, and after fulfilment, but in no other manner. Thisshe shall enjoy, and shall take also that portion that pertains toher from all the said properties, as they were all acquired duringour marriage. And after having made the reckoning and division indue form, should she refuse to accept the said inheritance with thesaid condition, I leave my soul as my heir to the whole of the saidremainder. My executors shall do with it as they deem best for thegood of my soul, in accordance with what I have contracted and agreedwith the said father commissary. And if the said my wife shall acceptthe said inheritance, and shall bind herself to the sum of the twothousand pesos, they shall be employed as is stated, and they shallbe distributed; for this is my intention, and as such I remit it. "

In accordance with the clause of the will of the said archbishop, I, the said father commissary, Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, inasmuch as the said father Fray Domingo de Nieva is dead, declarethat what his Lordship communicated to us (to myself and to him)was, that the said remainder of his properties be spent in aiding thefoundation and endowment of a college-seminary, where the religious ofthis said convent may pursue the study of the arts and of theology;and where the religious may instruct the novices and other religiouswho wish to avail themselves of their aid, others who are sons ofinhabitants of this city and the islands, and any other persons. Itis to be under the name and devotion of Nuestra Señora del Rosario[_i. E. _, Our Lady of the Rosary]; and to be established in thiscity, or where the religious of this said order should assign it, inasmuch as his Lordship and some of the first founders were ofthis city. And inasmuch as there are but one thousand five hundredpesos left of the properties of the said archbishop, it has been andis necessary, in order that a work so important for the welfare ofthis kingdom, and one that sheds so much luster on communities andpeople and directs them so greatly to the service of our God andLord, may not be without effect (I declare likewise that there haveremained and are left three thousand seven hundred and forty pesosfrom the properties of the said Pablo Rodríguez de Araujo; and thatfrom the properties of the said Andrés de Hermosa, six hundred andthirty-seven pesos of the two thousand pesos left at my disposition, have been collected): I establish, apply, unite, and set aside allthe aforesaid two thousand pesos--that collected and to be collectedof them--and the three thousand seven hundred and forty pesos fromthe properties of the said Pablo Rodríguez de Araujo, together withthe sum remaining from the properties of the said archbishop, forthe endowment and foundation of the said college. In their names, I declare that I have bought two houses and their grounds, which arelocated near the principal chapel of this convent, on a street half-wayto the corner of the street that runs from the said principal chapel tothe square and cathedral church of this said city, contiguous to thestreet running to the river gate; and on the one side, the houses ofAntonio de Espejo, and on the other those of Alonso Gómez--the placewhere the building of the said college-seminary must be located, and the instruction in the said branches take place, and where mustlive and remain the students and other things and persons pertainingto the said college and the use of it. And in case it is necessary, I, as such executor and administrator, delegate authority, cession, and transfer to the part of the said college, so that it may collectthe one thousand three hundred and sixty-three pesos thus owing fromthe properties of the said Andrés de Hermosa; and they shall givereceipts and take what steps are necessary for the collection untilthe money is obtained. And although I, the said father commissary, might make this foundation and endowment alone--by virtue of myauthority granted me by the said clauses, and that authority givenme by my superiors for the exercise of the said executorship--for itsgreater stability, and so that it may be firm and valid forever, sincethe very reverend father Fray Baltasar Fort, provincial of the saidprovince of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, is present, I beg the latter, in addition to the permission and license that I have had and have, for new permission and license to make and execute this foundationand endowment, and its articles and conditions. 

I, the said father provincial, grant, give, and concede everythingnecessary for the above. Exercising such permission and license, the said father commissary requested the said father provincialand father Fray Francisco Minayo, prior of this said convent, toaccompany him and assist him in sketching the plan and method whichought to be followed in the said foundation, both in appointing atpresent a patron and administrator of the said college, and in makingarrangements for the future in what they see makes for its profit andgrowth. For that purpose he places in the hands of the said provincialand prior, from this moment, the said alms and the properties abovestated and declared, in order that so holy and profitable a work maybe begun with them. That work will, I trust, through the intercessionof its principal patron, the holy rosary of our Lady, and the saidSt. Dominic and St. Thomas, its advocates, be of much service to ourLord, and to the growth of learning and wisdom in these kingdoms, sothat it will be a much greater institution in future times. Therefore, I, the said father provincial, exercising the power vested in me inaccordance with the statutes and privileges of the said province andorder, and especially of that granted me by the provincial chapter inthe name of the entire province, accept this endowment and foundation, as is and will be contained in this writ. And consequently, in themost sufficient form and greatest stability that we can employ, allwe three--the said father provincial, the prior, and the commissaryfather Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, in behalf of the said deceased, decide and acknowledge that we are making a foundation of the saidcollege-seminary in the form and under the conditions and articlesfollowing. 

First, in respect to the application made by the said father commissaryof the said properties, we apply them, according as they are assignedand declared, for the particular properties of the said college ofNuestra Señora del Rosario--which is to be its title and advocation--sothat a beginning may be made with them in its foundation. [This wedo] with hopes that others of the faithful, after seeing its goodeffects in these kingdoms, will augment those properties with muchmore, that will help in attaining the great fruit that will resultfrom the foundation. Consequently from now and henceforth forever, weerect and constitute the said house and lands, and their accessionsand improvements, and all other properties, which are at present tobe applied to the said college, and those which shall be applied toit in the future, and what it may have in ecclesiastical and spiritualproperties. And they shall be used as such for the benefit of the saidcollege, and for the good of the souls of the said archbishop, PabloRodríguez de Araujo, Andrés de Hermosa, and the other benefactors ofthe college. 

_Item_: That the said house and college with all the incomes andprofits pertaining to it at present, and that shall pertain toit in the future in any time or manner, shall be under the chargeand administration of the father provincial, and other prelates ofthe said order and province. But they shall be unable through thatauthority to dispose of anything in the general or special benefit ofthe order; but all must be used, spent, and consumed for the good andwelfare of the said college and for its greater utility, adornment, and growth. All ways and methods shall be tried for the advancementof this work, as it is just that this work, so urgently commended bythe laws and holy councils, which has so ennobled the cities thatenjoy such houses and colleges, should make progress. And inasmuchas this province of Nuestra Señora del Rosario has an ordinanceruling that the properties of the convents be at the disposal of thefather provincial, and that he may distribute them and give them tothe house that he thinks has need of them: since these properties ofthis said foundation do not belong to the said convents, or any one ofthem, but are to be applied to this one purpose; and since the saidcollege is not a monastery, and only in its administration is underthe patronage of the said father provincial and it being necessary, under that of the prior, the father provincial promises and bindshimself, for himself and for the other provincials succeeding him, to observe this article, and not dispose of the properties of thesaid college or any part of them, in any other thing than the benefit, growth and permanence of the college; and he renounces any ordinance, statute, or privilege concerning it which authorizes him in any waywhatever to make the said distribution. And for a more binding pledge, I thus swear, with my hand on my breast, _in verbo sacerdotis_. [49]

_Item_: Inasmuch as the aforesaid convent of Santo Domingo of thiscity, is the chief one of this province, both in antiquity and inall other things, which makes it the most prominent of them all; andsince it is a convent that receives no chaplaincies or other fundsas memorials of the deceased, but is sustained only by ordinary alms(as is notorious); and it has been built and rebuilt after the firesthat have happened in this city, by means of those alms, through theexceeding devotion with which the faithful citizens of the city assistthe welfare of the said convent; and since the convent has been, after the said archbishop, the first contriver and author of such awork as this, and founds it, and intends to preserve and increase it;and consequently, it is just that the prior of the said convent havesome prerogatives over the other priors of this province in the saidcollege: it is an express statute and condition of this foundation, that he who is, or shall be, now and henceforth, forever, priorof this said college [_sic_; _sc_. Convent] of Manila, shall havein his charge the government, discipline, and teaching of the saidcollege, and that he cannot be removed, suspended, or dismissed fromthe said administration, unless dismissed from the priorship of thesaid convent. 

_Item_: As such founders of the said charitable work and college, wedesire, and it is our will, that the said province of Nuestra Señoradel Rosario be its patroness. The provincial of the province shall havethe prerogative and privilege of appointing the lecturers necessary forthe efficient teaching of the branches that may be studied and taughtin the said college, and the officers and assistants advisable forits efficient administration and temporal government--both within thesaid house and outside it--and in all the other things advisable forthe growth and care of the properties, causes, and affairs of the saidcollege. However, if at any time any ecclesiastical or secular personshall desire to endow the said college copiously for the increase ofthe work and teaching for which it is founded, such person shall begiven the right of patronage whenever he shall have made a considerableendowment to the satisfaction of the definitors of the provincialchapter, together with four fathers of the province, those of longeststanding who may be present. Such person shall be admitted as patron, and shall be given the right of patronage; and this said provinceand provincial shall desist from exercising that right--providedthat such patron be not permitted to enact any statute or ordinance, or to change any of the conditions of that foundation contrary to theauthority of the said father provincial, in regard to the provisionof lecturers; or withdraw the said college from the said order andprovince; or remove the said prior from its administration. For itis advisable that there be no change from the aforesaid for its goodmanagement. [This shall be done] provided that the endowment thusmade for the right of patronage be without any injury to this work andbeginning; for we must always bear in mind and remember to look afterthe welfare of the souls of the said archbishop and other persons, with whose alms this holy work and foundation is begun; whether thesaid province, or any other individual patron of the same, whoeverhe be, shall exercise the right of patronage, and enjoy the favors, exemptions, prerogatives, and privileges, which are conceded by alllaw to such patrons. 

_Item_: As such founders, and in behalf of what pertains to the saidprovince and its religious, and those of this said convent, I, the saidfather provincial and the other fathers, do ordain that the branchesstudied and taught in the arts, theology, and other subjects, by thereligious of the said province and order of our father St. Dominic, shall be studied in the same college forever, and not those of anyother order, seculars, of whatever rank and quality they may be, bothto the religious of the said order, and any other persons whatever, ecclesiastical or secular, who shall go there to study--and especiallyand chiefly to the secular students who shall be reared and taughtthere; and they shall wear, as distinctive marks of being studentsthere, black gowns with white facings. 

_Item_: That the said father provincial--and, in his absence, the saidprior who shall be directing the said college--may accept fellowshipsto it, chaplaincies, legacies, and endowments, which may be made--withany obligation to say masses or other suffrages which shall have tobe fulfilled in this said convent by the religious of it. The collegeshall satisfy the said convent for the said suffrages, in the formdecided by the said father provincial or prior, with the advice ofthe fathers of the council who reside in this convent; and from thatmoment permission and authority shall be granted for it. 

_Item_: Whenever it may be deemed expedient, the provincial chapterof this said province--by which is understood the provincial ofthe province and four definitors--and two other religious of thesaid order of the highest rank and learning, may make statutes, ordinances, and new articles for the welfare of the said college--inthe distribution and administration of its properties and incomes;in what pertains to the ministry and teaching of the subjects thatshall be taught in it; and for the appointment of a rector, with theauthority and power that shall seem advisable. Such statutes shallbe made after the said college is finished and completed, and afterit is used for teaching the said branches, and as a residence forthe rector and collegiates. [They shall make statutes] regarding theadmission of the collegiates, and all else that may be desirable andnecessary. This shall be done as often as it may seem advisable; and, once made, such statutes cannot be added to, altered, or abrogatedwithout a special authority and order from his Holiness, which shallstate and declare distinctly that the statutes of the said collegeshall be changed, added to, or abrogated, and shall point out, forthis, one or several of the statutes. And such cannot be done, norshall it be done, by concessions and general orders now received or tobe received by the said province touching the affairs of its order, even though they be received and obtained after this foundation, or after the making of the said rules, statutes, and ordinances, or those that should be made by virtue of this article. 

_Item_: All the properties and effects owned or to be owned by thesaid college shall be kept in a box with two keys: one of whichshall be kept by the father provincial, and, in his absence bythe vicar-provincial; and the other by the prior of this convent ofManila. And should the said father prior happen to use the same in theabsence of the said father provincial and of the vicar-provincial, then the said provincial may appoint another religious of the sameorder and convent to keep the key. The said box is to be kept inthe convent for the greater security and safety that can be had forit. This regulation shall be observed until it is ruled and ordainedotherwise by the said statutes, which shall be made as aforesaid. 

_Item_: The properties possessed by the said college at present, and those that shall accrue hereafter from the said houses andpossessions--inasmuch as it is necessary to construct and reconstructthem for the aid of this foundation--shall be spent and used inthe said work, building, and rebuilding, in permanent form, how andas appears advisable to the said father provincial, and the prior, and the commissary; and in the absence of one of them to the othertwo, or in the absence of the holders of the keys of the said box, to those in whose charge is to be the payment and remuneration ofwhat pertains to the said works and buildings of the said house. 

_Item_: We enact and ordain that, inasmuch as the said college isfounded with the alms dedicated therefor by the said archbishop and theother deceased, as above declared, at the discretion of me, the saidfather Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, and with other alms that, Godhelping, shall be set aside and applied according to the said methodand plan, and in any other way; we desire and it is our will that, if at any time any ecclesiastical or secular prince should claim byact or right to possess any dominion, by way of patronage, or in anyother way should try to dispose of the properties and incomes of thesaid college, or to meddle with its administration and government, orto obstruct and disturb its purpose by any method and in any mannerwhatsoever, and through any judge or powerful person, or any otherperson whomsoever, who should do it: then immediately and for thetime being, the said property and possessions with which the saidcollege is founded, and all the rest collected and applied to it, that is obtained in any manner whatsoever, shall be applied by us tothe said province and religious of the said order, so that all of it, together with the said houses and college, and their additions andimprovements, may be possessed and enjoyed as their own properties, acquired with just and legal title; and we annul and render void thisfoundation, as if it had never been made. The said order shall beobliged with them to perform masses and other benefits and suffragesfor the souls of the said archbishop and the others, with whose almsand properties this foundation is begun; and of the others who, inany manner, shall hereafter bequeath and apply any other propertiesfor it. Consequently by this method the said province will rendersatisfaction for the said alms to their givers. 

We establish and found the said college with the above articlesand conditions. They shall be kept and observed, together withany others made hereafter in the manner above described; and theyshall not be violated or subverted, or opposed or contradicted, inwhole or in part. I, the said father provincial, by virtue of thesaid authority, vested in me as above stated, bind the religious ofthis said province and order to see to the fulfilment of whateverpertains to them, both in the administration of the said patronage, and in their exercise of the teaching of the said branches; and tokeep the said college under their rule and administration, as wellas the houses and other properties possessed by it now or in thefuture; and to do all their duty without any exception, excuse, orlimitation. [This I charge on] both the religious now present, and onall those who shall be here in the future henceforth and forever, andthey shall not be exempted from its fulfilment for any cause, reason, or law, which they may have to enable them to do it, or that may beconceded to them by laws and royal ordinances, statutes, or privileges, and concessions of this province and order, as yet given or to beconceded and given hereafter. I, the said father commissary, as suchexecutor and administrator of the properties of the said deceased, assert that this application and endowment that I make with them andfor their souls is, and will be, certain and assured; and I have notmade any donation, distribution, or any other application of them forany other purpose. The said properties will be certain and assuredunder the express obligation vested in me specially and specificallyfor this foundation and endowment of the said college. And all three, the said father provincial, the prior, and the commissary, authorizethe justices who can and ought to try this cause, so that they maycompel and force all on whom falls the fulfilment of this instrumentto observe it, as if they were condemned thereto by the definitivesentence of a competent judge, rendered in a case decided. We renouncewhatever laws and rights plead in our favor, and in this case, and thelaw and rule of law that says that a general renunciation of laws isinvalid. This is given in the said city of Manila, on the twenty-eighthday of the month of April of the year one thousand six hundred andeleven. The grantors, whom, I, the notary, testify to be known to me, signed this instrument--Captains Diego de Valdez, Gerónimo de Gamarra, and Melchor de Ayllón, all citizens of Manila, being witnesses. 

_Fray Baltasar Fort_, prior provincial. _Fray Francisco Minayo_, prior. _Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina_Before me:_Juan Illán_. His Majesty's notary. 

THE HOSPITAL AT NUEVA CACERES

Sire:

In the city of Cáceres there is a hospital where the religious ofSt. Francis attend with much charity to the treatment of the sick, Spaniards as well as natives. It is very poor, and on the vergeof ruin. May your Majesty be pleased to extend to it some alms, to erect another building for it, and provide it with some income, that it may aid in the maintenance of the sick who are being treatedin it, particularly the natives, who suffer great want on account ofhaving no income. The city furnishes very little to the aid of thesaid hospital, because the citizens are few and poor. Accordingly, I know of no other remedy but to have recourse to your Majesty, that, as you are so Catholic a king and a patron of all the churches andhospitals of these islands, you may supply this need, and give themthe aid which may appear most fitting to your Majesty, particularly inthe case of this hospital, which suffers such dire need. Although I amdesirous of alleviating this, I cannot, as I also am poor. AccordinglyI beg and beseech your Majesty to have pity upon it and aid it, andgive it what your Majesty may judge sufficient. It seems to me thatyour Majesty might order the governor of these islands to assign someof the Indians from vacant encomiendas, to apply to this purpose, and give to this hospital to aid it. In this your Majesty will do agreat service to our Lord, and a very gracious favor and good to thesaid hospital, and to me who am seeking this in its name. As it isa work of such piety and service for our Lord, I have dared to makethis request. May He protect your Majesty many happy years, for thegood of His church. Manila, the twentieth of July, of the year onethousand six hundred and eleven. 

_Fray Pedro Arce_, bishop-elect of Nueva Cáceres. 

[_Endorsed_: "Manila; to his Majesty, 1611; the bishop-elect of NuevaCáceres, July 22. Let the governor and royal officials of Manila sendinformation, together with their opinion. June 15, 1612. "]

LETTERS FROM FELIPE III TO SILVA

The King: To Don Juan de Silva, knight of the Order of Santiago, mygovernor and captain-general of the Filipinas Islands, and president ofmy royal Audiencia there. Your letter of July 24, 609, was received andexamined in my Council of the Yndias, and I was glad to learn by it ofyour arrival in those islands, and that you had a prosperous voyage. Asfor what you say concerning the anxious efforts of certain religiousto cause the governmental and military offices in their districtsto pass through their hands, and the disturbances and troubles whichhave occurred among the natives, and the assemblages of people, andthe reduction of villages which has been accomplished, when therewas an opportunity for the same to hinder the royal jurisdiction byopposing the corregidors and others who are governing--as happeneda short time before you arrived, in a district of the province ofNueva Segobia, where you found it necessary to send troops of warwith the sargento-mayor Christoval de Axqueta to pacify and punishsome Indians who had rebelled because the religious had tried tounite them and make them sedentary without giving account to thegovernor: it has seemed best to me to charge you, as I do charge you, that you shall endeavor that such measures be taken in these mattersthat suitable provision be made against such troubles, and manageaffairs considerately and prudently; for we confide in you to avoidthe difficulties which you describe, and others which may occur. 

The bishoprics of Cibu and that of Nueva Cáceres are already providedfor, as you will be informed. [50]

In the lading of the ships for that trade it is understood that therehas been great evasion of the law, as you likewise say in your letter;and because this, as is known, causes much trouble, I order you totake great care to observe inviolably, in regard to this matter, what is ordained by the decree which treats thereof--causing it tobe fulfilled and executed, without infraction in any case, whateverit may be, as this is expedient for the general good. 

What you have done in regard to the matter of the three per centfrom the Chinese is well, and accordingly its collection will becontinued; and likewise all the current dues from the two per centwhich was recently imposed upon the merchandise of the natives whichgoes to Nueva España will be collected from those who shall owe it. Infuture, you will comply with the orders given you in regard to this, endeavoring to have both imposts collected with as much gentlenessas possible. 

What you say concerning the proposition by the agents of the Mindanaosregarding the settlement of peace with them has been examined, andis being considered; and you will be promptly advised of the decisionwhich will be made. 

In the post of alcayde and governor of the troops of the force inTerrenate a person has been appointed to serve, on account of thedeath of Juan de Esquibel, as you will have already been informed. 

As it seems to me that the administration of the clove productand other property which I hold in Terrenate should be suitablyplaced, in charge of a person of intelligence and the necessarytrustworthiness, and that these qualities are combined in Pedro deBaeza, I have appointed him as my factor there, subordinate to theinstructions which you will give him, which will be in accordancewith the confidence that we have in your prudence and zeal, as youhave the matter near at hand, and can be informed so punctually ofwhat is expedient therein. In the meantime, until the formal decisionis made as to who shall take charge of the cloves for the future, youwill observe what has been decreed in regard to this. You will adviseme minutely of what it has brought into my royal treasury--not onlythrough the trade with the Portuguese and other nations in Maluco, but what has been carried to those islands for the crown of Castilla;and what is the net result, to whom that merchandise has been given, and where it has been consumed, so that, having this information, I may decree and order whatever is fitting. 

It is very well that care has been taken, as you say, and an orderissued to the effect that Japanese should not reside in those islands;and you will continue this procedure with the attention which thematter demands. 

As it proves difficult for the natives to conduct warfare after themanner of the Spaniards, you will issue decrees dispensing with it;and will provide for safety as you suggest in your letter. 

The decree in regard to the time when the ships on that trade-routeshall depart for Nueva España you will cause to be carefully executed, as you know the importance of this for the safety of the voyage. 

On occasions when any prebends of the metropolitan church of that cityshall be vacant, you shall propose, as is expected, conjointly withthe archbishop thereof, three persons for each of them, according tothe orders. 

You shall see that the cargo which will be carried on the ships inthat traffic be always placed in the first hold; and, between decks, the ship's stores, sailors' chests, and rigging, as you say. Youwill do this in accordance with the order that has been given. Youwill likewise take care, as you suggest, and as I charge you to do, to provide that the common seamen take the provisions necessary forthe voyage, that they may not suffer want. 

As you know how important it is that the said ships should not gooverloaded, you will fulfil, with the care which may be expected fromyou, what has been ordered in regard to this. For if at any time itshould happen that they threw overboard any cloth from these ships, you will take such measures as may be best for all, making provisionthat the damage shall be shared among all in equal parts, so that thosewho are interested can demand satisfaction and no one remain injured. 

The results of the accounts [51] of these islands, and errors in them, you will examine as I have ordered you, and place them in my royaltreasury if you have not already done so, concerning all items whichare not justified by vouchers, advising me by the first opportunityof what you may do. 

In conformity with what you say, my viceroy of Nueva España has alreadybeen ordered not to allow any married man to pass to your islands;and if any of them shall go thither it must be with the permissionof their wives for a limited time, and with guarantees given thatthey shall come back within the appointed time; I have thought bestto advise you thereof, so that you may be informed of it, and on yourpart execute the same rule in so far as it concerns you. 

The duties have been examined, in order that my royal treasury in thoseislands should have a surplus, thus saving what is carried from NuevaEspaña for the expenses there. This is now being considered, and ina short time you will be advised of the decision made. [Guadarrama, November 12, 1611. ]

_I The King_By order of the king, our lord:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_

_To Don Juan de Silva, governor of the Philipinas, informing himof the decree that your Majesty has commanded to be given to thedeputy from Olanda, directing him to set at liberty Pablo Bancardinand other Dutchmen, as they have not given any provocation for theirsecond capture. _

The King: To Don Juan de Silva, knight of the Order of Santiago, mygovernor and captain-general of the Filipinas Islands, and presidentof my royal Audiencia there. At the instance of Teodoro Rodemburg, who is present at my court on certain business concerning the islandsof Olanda and Celanda, I despatched an order to you, by a decreeof the same date as this (which has been delivered to that envoy), commanding that the admiral, Paulo Brancardin, and the seventy-fourDutch who, according to your letter, have been captured with him inan oared vessel, by Captain Pedro de Heredia, while voyaging fromTerrenate to the island of Morata, should be set free, if it hasnot already been done, in conformity with clause thirty-four of thetruce with Flandes. But if, after being freed from this captivity, he or any of the others should give any occasion for capturing themagain, then (since in this case the fault would be theirs) you willadvise me without setting them free. This I have thought best toinform you of, so that with this understanding, if they are againtaken with cause--which they have given, as has been said, and as hasbeen learned by a letter from Sargento-mayor Christoval de Asquelta, and by what you wrote to the viceroy, Marques de Salinas, in a letterof the fourth of September, 610, a copy of which he sent to me--andshould they wish to negotiate their freedom by means of a ransom, orany other means, before or after the use of said decree, you will notadmit of it, nor give them freedom in any manner, either to the saidadmiral or to the others; but you shall hold them prisoners with thegreatest care, until you receive further orders from me. Madrid, on thetwentieth of November of the year one thousand six hundred and eleven. 

_I The King_By command of the king our lord:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_Signed by the members of the Council. 

_To Don Juan de Silva, governor of the Philipinas, ordering him tobuild and collect immediately a squadron of ships, to cruise in thatsea, about the point of Manila, to make sure thereby that the Dutchdo not rob the ships and other vessels which go to those islands fromNueva España, China, and other regions. _

The King: To Don Juan de Silva, knight of the Order of Santiago, mygovernor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, and presidentof my royal Audiencia there. By letters from you and other personszealous in my service, I have learned that the king of Japon hasadmitted the Dutch to commerce with his realms, for their havingoffered to carry him a great quantity of silk, which is the chiefcommodity in which they deal there; and because those rebels had robbedthe Chinese, from whose ports they procure the silks, they dare notgo to that kingdom for them. Accordingly, to keep the terms of theiroffer, and not lose that trade, it will be necessary for them to awaitthe vessels of the Chinese near that city of Manila, which are goingthere with silk, in order to rob them of it. And not only will theydo this damage, but they may also do the same with the ships whichgo to Nueva España, and other vessels from Malaca and Macan. It hasbeen represented to me that, both in order to avoid this danger to myships and my vassals, and likewise for the importance of keeping thesaid Dutch from fulfilling their offer to that king--for if they donot do it he will drive them out of his lands, where it is important[for us] that they should not secure a foothold--it would be well tohave a squadron cruise close to the port of that city [of Manila];and to secure this result, it will not be necessary to have largeships. I have thought it best to approve this; and, considering thatwhen you receive this you will already have made the expeditions ofwhich you wrote me in the letter of the fifth of September of sixhundred and ten, if you have good success in them, with the help ofour Lord, I command you that, with the ships that may remain to you ofthe fleet which you were engaged in collecting, you will keep thosenecessary for a squadron sufficient to cruise in that sea, and withit will attend to the matters above mentioned. And if there are notenough ships by using these, you will make and build, with all possibledespatch, what may appear to you expedient for this purpose; and willinform me, at the first opportunity, of the number and kind of ships, and how they are supplied and equipped, with both men and artillery, and with all else necessary; until I may give a different order; assuch is my will. These presents will be registered by my auditorsof accounts who are in my Council of the Yndias. Dated at Madrid, the nineteenth of December of the year 1611. 

_I The King_

By command of the king our lord:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_Signed by the Council of War for the Yndias. 

LETTERS TO THE DOMINICAN PROVINCIAL

_To the provincial of the Order of St. Dominic for the Philipinas, directing him to apply to certain actions of the religious thereof, the correction which he ought and is bound to apply, maintainingfriendly relations with the governor. _

The King: To the venerable and devout father provincial of the Orderof St. Dominic for the Philipinas Islands. By a letter from Don Juande Silva, my governor and captain-general there, of the fifth ofSeptember, 610, I have learned that several religious of your order, from various motives, usually oppose the things that are orderedfor the sake of good government. At times this has gone so far thatincidents such as to cause anxiety have occurred. Such was the casein Nueva Segovia, regarding the Indian whom the alcalde-mayor heldprisoner, on appeal condemned to death by the Audiencia, who hadordered the sentence to be executed there. When the day before theexecution arrived two friars went to the prison, saying that they weregoing to confess him. They succeeded in being left alone with theprisoner in a room with a window opening on the street; and, havingprovided some one to take him to their convent, they thrust him out ofthe window, without the knowledge of the persons about the building, which resulted in a very scandalous affair. The alcalde-mayor, onlearning of it, went to the convent to get possession of the prisoner;and found that for his greater security they had placed him upon thealtar--which, as may be seen, was an improper action. When he attemptedto take away the prisoner, the friars treated the alcalde-mayor veryscurvily; and when he had removed the Indian they proceeded againsthim with censures and interdicts, in such wise that he had to returnto the church, unpunished, the man whom they themselves had deliveredup, when he was seized--demanding his death, and saying that itwas best to execute him there as an example for all. Although it isunderstood that you made the proper remonstrances in this case, yet, as I wish to know what they were, I charge you to advise me of it;and from this time forth to continue, with the care which I am sureyou will exercise, to apply in all cases due remedy, as you are boundto do. I also charge you to maintain very friendly relations with thesaid Don Juan de Silva, my governor, to whom I am writing to maintainthe same relations with you, on account of the importance of thisfor the service of God and my own. Madrid, on the twenty-first ofDecember of the year one thousand six hundred and eleven. 

_I The King_

By order of the king our lord:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_Signed by the Council. 

_To the provincial of the Order of St. Dominic of the Philipinas, directing him to see to it that the religious of the order do not crossover to Japon without permission from the governor, as is ordered. _

The King: To the venerable and devout father provincial of the Orderof St. Dominic in the Philipinas Islands. By a letter from Don Juande Silva, my governor and captain-general there, of the fifth ofSeptember, 610, I have learned that several religious have passedover to Japon without his permission, claiming that that of theirown superiors was sufficient. As it is expedient for my service thatthe decrees regarding this should be executed by my said governor, as he is again ordered to do, by another decree bearing this date, I charge you that, with the diligence which I trust you will use, you will take such action that the religious of your order shallnot contravene this decree; and that you will, so far as possible, secure the observance of the orders which I have issued, as thatis so important for the service of God and my own, and for the goodgovernment of the islands. Madrid, on the thirty-first of Decemberof the year 1611. 

_I The King_

By command of the king our lord:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_Signed by the members of the Council. 

[_Endorsed_: "_Idem_, to the provincial of the Order of St. Augustinefor Philipinas. " "_Idem_, to the provincial of the Society of Jesusthere. " "_Idem_, to the provincial of St. Francis for Philipinas. "]

DOCUMENTS OF 1612-13

 Status of missions in the Philippines. Gregorio Lopez. S. J. , and others; [_ca_. 1612]. Trade of the Philippines. Juan, marques de Montesclaros; April 12, 1612. Letter from the bishop of Nueva Segovia. [Domingo de Soria, O. P. ]; August 15, 1613. Letter to Silva. Felipe III; December 2, 1613. 

_Sources_: All these documents save one are obtained from originalMSS. In the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The second is takenfrom _Doc ined. Amér. Y Oceanía_, vi, pp. 298-314. 

_Translations_: The first and second are translated by JamesA. Robertson; the remainder by Robert W. Haight. 

STATUS OF MISSIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Order of St. Augustine

_List of the convents and ministrations of the Order of our fatherSt. Augustine in these Philipinas Islands, and the religious andministers necessary for them. _

_Spanish towns_

In the convent of the city of Manila, twenty priests and ten brethren. 

In the convent of the city of Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, five priestsand two brethren. 

In the convent of our Lady of Guadalupe, three priests and one brother. 

_Province of Tagalos_

 Tributes Indians Ministers

In the convent of Batangas and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister to eighthundred tributes, or two thousand four hundred[souls] in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Taal and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand five hundred tributes, or fourthousand five hundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 3

In the convent of Tanavan and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Sant Sebastian and itsvisitas there are two ministers, who ministerto one thousand tributes, or three thousandin confession. 1, 000 3, 000 2

In the convent of Bay and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 2

In the convent of San Pablo and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister totwo thousand tributes, or six thousand inconfession. 2, 000 6, 000 3

In the convent of Tagui and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tofive hundred tributes, or one thousand fivehundred in confession. 500 1, 500 2

In the convent of Pasig and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand five hundred tributes, or fourthousand five hundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 3

In the convent of Palañac and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Tongdo and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

In the convent of Caruyan and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Bulacan and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Malolos and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toseven hundred tributes, or two thousand onehundred in confession 700 2, 100 2

In the convent of Quingua and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tosix hundred tributes, or one thousand eighthundred in confession. 600 1, 800 2

In the convent of Calompit and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 2

In the convent of Agonoy and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

_Province of Panpanga_

 Tributes Indians Ministers

In the convent of Apalit and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tosix hundred tributes, or one thousand eighthundred in confession. 600 1, 800 2

In the convent of Macabibi there are threeministers, who minister to two thousandtributes, or six thousand in confession. 2, 000 6, 000 3

In the convent of Lubao and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 3

In the convent of Guava and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

In the convent of Bacolor and its visitasthere arc four ministers, who minister toone thousand three hundred tributes, or fourthousand in confession. 1, 300 4, 000 4

In the convent of Mexico and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tofive hundred tributes, or one thousand fivehundred in confession. 500 1, 500 2

In the convent of Betis and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tofive hundred tributes, or one thousand fivehundred in confession. 500 1, 500 2

In the convent of Poray and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister to sixhundred tributes, or one thousand six hundredin confession. 600 1, 600 2

In the convent of Ayumbon and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister to sixhundred tributes, or one thousand six hundredin confession 600 1, 600 2

In the convent of Candava and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

_Province of Ylocos_

 Tributes Indians Ministers

In the province of Alingayen and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or one thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 1, 400 2

In the convent of Agoo and its visitas thereare two ministers, who minister to one thousandfive hundred tributes, or four thousand fivehundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 2

In the convent of Bavan and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

In the convent of Purao and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 2

In the convent of Tagurin and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 2

In the convent of Santa Cruz and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tonine hundred tributes, or two thousand sevenhundred in confession. 900 2, 700 2

In the convent of Candon and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Bantay and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 3

In the convent of Sinay and its visitas thereare two ministers, who minister to one thousandtwo hundred tributes, or three thousand sixhundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 2

In the convent of Batac and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand five hundred tributes, or fourthousand five hundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 3

In the convent of Dinglas and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand five hundred tributes, or fourthousand five hundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 3

In the convent of Ylavan and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand four hundred tributes, or fourthousand two hundred in confession. 1, 400 4, 200 3

In the convent of Bacarra and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

_Province of Pintados_

 Tributes Indians Ministers

In the convent of Hibahay and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister totwo thousand tributes, or six thousand inconfession. 2, 000 6, 000 3

In the convent of Aclan and its visitas thereare two ministers, who minister to one thousandtwo hundred tributes, or three thousand sixhundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 2

In the convent of Batan and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Panay and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand two hundred tributes, or threethousand six hundred in confession. 1, 200 3, 600 3

In the convent of Marlousao and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand five hundred tributes, or fourthousand five hundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 3

In the convent of Pasig and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister tothree thousand tributes, or nine thousand inconfession. 3, 000 9, 000 3

In the convent of Laglag and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or six thousand inconfession. 1, 000 6, 000 2

In the convent of Baong and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

In the convent of Dumangas and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tonine hundred tributes, or two thousand sevenhundred in confession. 900 2, 700 2

In the convent of Salop and its visitas thereare two ministers, who minister to one thousandfive hundred tributes, or four thousand fivehundred in confession. 1, 500 4, 500 2

In the convent of Otong and its visitasthere are three ministers, who minister toone thousand tributes, or three thousand inconfession. 1, 000 3, 000 3

In the convent of Antique and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister tosix hundred tributes, or one thousand inconfession. 600 1, 800 2

In the convent of San Nicolas de Cubu and itsvisitas there are two ministers, who ministerto one thousand tributes, or three thousandin confession. 1, 000 3, 000 2

In the convent of Sian and its visitasthere are two ministers, who minister toeight hundred tributes, or two thousand fourhundred in confession. 800 2, 400 2

Society of Jesus

In this province of the Society of Jesus of Filipinas, there are atpresent ninety-two religious--forty-five priests, seven theologicaland four philosophical students, twenty-eight lay-brethren of longstanding, and eight novices (counting students and lay-brethren). 

They are distributed among two colleges, and one seminary of secularstudents, six residences under direct charge of the provincial, and one mission. 

_Manila_

There are forty-three religious in Manila--sixteen priests, elevenstudents, eight lay-brethren, and eight novices--counting among thepriests the father provincial and his associate, Father Valerío, whoare now about to go on a visit, with one brother already counted;and Father Alonso de Humanes, who is now about to go to Roma withanother brother of Manila; and counting also the three religious inthe seminary of San Joseph. Consequently they attend not only topreaching to and confessing the Spanish in Manila, and the otherduties usual in the professed houses; but also to the principalobject, the studies of Latin, arts, and theology, and the training ofnovices. They have charge of the seminary for the secular students;and attend to the Indians of San Miguel and the others of the city, with frequent confessions and sermons. 

_Mission of Silan_

One father and one brother--sometimes two fathers--generally residein this mission [_doctrina_] in subordination to the college ofManila. The tributes of the village of Silan are about four hundred, and those of the village of Malabag, a visita, lying one-half leguaaway, about seventy tributes. 

_Octon_

The mission [_mision_] of Octon has one father and one brother. Thenovitiate of San Pedro, which is being founded and instituted, hastwo brethren. 

_Residence of Antipolo_

There are four fathers and three brethren in this residence. Thevillages of this residence where the fathers always officiate numberthree, and have three churches: Antipolo, with two visitas, namely, Santa Cruz and Mahayay; Taytay, with one visita, namely, Caynta;and the village of Santiago de la Cruz, which has no visita, butattracts savage Indians from the forests. The souls in confession ofthis residence number about five thousand, already well instructedChristians, and they give much occupation to the fathers. 

The churches and tributes in charge of the fathers of the Society ofJesus in the province of Pintados are as follows. 

_Zebu_

The college of Zebu has in charge an Indian village situated one leguafrom the city, which has eighty tributes. It has three fathers andthree brethren, who are busily occupied with the Spanish inhabitantsand soldiers, the Indians of the city and of the neighborhood, andthe boys' school. It needs many more laborers. 

_Residence of Dulac_

Part of the island of Leyte and part of that of Ybabao--on that sidewhere those two islands almost join--have four fathers and two brethrenin charge. This [_i. E. _, the waterway between the islands] has beena great convenience for conducting the instruction. This residencecomprises a circuit of about thirty leguas or so. In that space ithas in charge the following villages, each village having one church. 

 Tributes

Village of Dulac, with three hundred and seventy-onetributes. 371Village of Barugo, with one hundred and seventy-twotributes. 172Village of Buraguen, with five hundred and ninety-fivetributes. 595Village of Vincay, with four hundred and tentributes. 410Village of Bito, with two hundred and forty-onetributes. 241Village of Abuyog, with two hundred and seventy-sixtributes. 276Village of Palo, with two hundred and seventytributes. 270Village of Malaguicay, with three hundred andthirty-six tributes. 336Village of Dagami, with three hundred and eighty-twotributes. 382Village of Basay, with four hundred and thirtytributes. 430Village of Hubung, with two hundred and fortytributes. 240Village of Guiguan, with one hundred and eightytributes. 180Village of Pamhoan, with two hundred tributes. 200

Consequently they have in charge in this residencefour thousand one hundred and three tributes. 4, 103 and 13 churches. 

_Residence of Carigara_

This residence is likewise situated in the island of Leyte, and includes the adjacent islands of Poro and Panan. Although theprincipal part of it (namely, five villages) is included in a narrowcircuit, the remaining part, because of the paucity of inhabitants, and their destruction by the Mindanaos, extends for sixty leguas--andmore rather than less. Throughout its extent it has the followingvillages, each village having its church. 

 Tributes

Village of Carigara, with about three hundred andsixty tributes. 360Village of Barugo, with one hundred and eightytributes. 180Village of Alangalan, with four hundred tributes. 400Village of Xaro, with three hundred and fiftytributes. 350Village of Leyte, with two hundred and twentytributes. 220Village of Ogmuc, with one hundred and sixtytributes. 160Village of the island of Camotes, called Poro, withone hundred and fifty tributes. 150Village of Baybay, with one hundred and eightytributes. 180Village of Canamucan, with one hundred and twentytributes. 120Village of Ymasava, with forty tributes. 40Village of Cabalian, with one hundred and fiftytributes. 150Village of Panaon, with fifty tributes. 50Village of Nonangan, with sixty tributes. 60

 2, 420 tributes and 13 churches. 

Consequently, the said residence has in charge thirteen churches inwhich are instructed two thousand four hundred and twenty tributes;these are administered by four priests, aided by two brethren. 

_Residence of Tinagon_

This residence is located in the island of Ybabao and includes theislets of Cavayan and Capul. Twelve villages with their churches areinstructed in it. They are as follows, lying within a distance oftwenty leguas. 

 Tributes

Village of Tinagon, with three hundred and thirtytributes. 330Village of Bangaun, with one hundred and eighty-seventributes. 187Village of Paranas, with two hundred and twentytributes. 220Village of Malulubug, with three hundred tributes. 300Village of Caluigan, with one hundred and eighty-fivetributes. 185Village of Libunao, with three hundred and tentributes. 310Village of Cotay, with ninety-four tributes. 94Village of Cavayan, with two hundred and ninetytributes. 290Village of Ybatan, with three hundred and thirtytributes. 330Village of Boloneto, with one hundred and fortytributes. 140Two villages in the island of Capul, called Sucar andSavan where there are four hundred and thirty-seventributes 437

 2, 823 tributes and 12 churches. 

Consequently this residence embraces twelve churches, in which twothousand eight hundred and twenty-three tributes are instructed byfour priests of our Society, aided by two brethren. 

_Residence of Cabo de Spirita Santo, or Palapac_

This residence extends for forty leguas more rather than less--withinthe island of Ybabao, and includes the two adjacent islets of Lavanand Biri. The following villages are instructed in it, and eachvillage has its own church. 

 Tributes

Village of Biri, with sixty tributes 60Village of Calatman, with three hundred and thirtytributes 330Village of Pamboan, with three hundred and fortytributes 340Village of Laguan, with one hundred and eightytributes 180Village of Catabig, with four hundred and tentributes 410Village of Palapac, with four hundred tributes 410Village of Gamay, with two hundred tributes 200Village of Bacor, with one hundred and fiftytributes 150Village of Bolor, with one hundred and thirtytributes 130Village of Unasan, with two hundred tributes 200Village of Tubig, with one hundred and twentytributes 120Village of Boronga, with two hundred tributes 200Village of Libas, with two hundred and thirtytributes 230

 2, 950 tributes and 13 churches. 

Consequently this residence embraces thirteen churches, in whichtwo thousand nine hundred and fifty tributes are instructed by fourpriests of our Society, aided by two brethren. 

_Residence of Bohol_

Only this island of Bohol, which is forty leguas in circumference, and the islet of Bacacay belong to the king, our sovereign, in allthe territory in charge of the Society. The Society has likewisecharge of the islet of Panglao and that of Siquior, or Isla de Fuegos["Island of Fires"]. This residence includes the following villagesand their churches. 

 Tributes

Village of Loboc, with six hundred tributes, where there isalso a seminary for Indians 600Village of Tubor, with one hundred and fifty tributes 150Village of Baclayon, with three hundred tributes 300Village of Dita, with three hundred tributes 300Village of Tubigan, with fifty tributes 50Village of Hinabangan, with two hundred tributes. 200Village of Bacacay, with thirty tributes. 30Village of Talibon, with two hundred tributes. 200Village of Bauliron, with one hundred tributes. 100Village of Yngaon, with one hundred and twenty tributes. 120Village of Panglao, with sixty tributes. 60Village of Siquior, with eighty tributes. 80

 2, 200 tributes and 12 churches. 

Consequently this residence instructs two thousand two hundredtributes, of which two thousand and fifty belong to the king, oursovereign. Four fathers and two brethren minister to all of them. 

As your Lordship ordered, the Society of Jesus presents this paper, inwhich are recorded faithfully its ministers, the villages where theyare stationed, the churches, tributes, and extent of its field. Fromit two things are apparent: the first, how necessary is a greaterunion and settlement of the Indians, in such form as your Highnessmay judge best; the second, that the need of help by a great numberof new ministers is extreme. For where there are four priests, ten areregularly needed, because the indicated number of tributes correspondsto a very much greater number of souls, either now confessing or beingcatechised for baptism as is apparent from the report of a residencethat accompanies this present. 

Therefore I entreat your Highness to petition his Majesty the king, our sovereign, to send a considerable number of fathers of the Societyof Jesus from Europe--at least about fifty, considering that it is manyyears since any have been asked for, and on this occasion a procuratoris going for that purpose. It will, moreover, be important for hisMajesty to issue there very urgent orders, so that the superiorsin Europe may not be illiberal and refuse to furnish ministers. Ifhe considers the pacification of Mindanao, and, besides that, if weshould have to provide Maluco with ministers from here with the newgovernment which is coming, it is necessary to provide beforehandfor an increase in the number of workers. I hope for all the abovefrom the great foresight of your Highness, with grace and justice. 

_Gregorio Lopez_

Order of St. Francis

Very potent Sire:

Since I am ordered, in your Majesty's name, to give a minute of theconvents in this province of San Gregorio, of the discalced friars andreligious in it, and the number of souls to whom they administer theholy sacraments and instruction, by virtue of that command I declarethat this province has forty-eight convents with their visitas, where religious live; and four convents where they do not minister toIndians--namely, Sant Francisco of Manila, Sant Francisco del Monte, Sant Francisco of Caceres and Sant Diego of Cavite. Further it has six[_sic_] hospitals: the royal hospital of Manila; that for the natives;that of La Misericordia; that at Los Baños ["the baths"]; and that atCavite. There are one hundred and one priests, counting well, sick, andold. There are thirty-eight lay-brethren, who serve and act as nursesat the hospitals, infirmaries, and convents generally. We have incharge as many as eighty thousand souls or so. In Maluco there is oneconvent where the native Indian Christians are instructed, both thoseliving there and those who go thither from these regions. There is alsoa hospital where the soldiers are cured. From the aforesaid conventstwelve religious have been taken since last year (when some came here), and religious of our order are requested in many other places. 

In [the districts of] some of these convents there are few Indians, because they refuse to join the chief settlements; nor can thosepeople be well instructed, as they are very remote, unless theyhave religious. Moreover, there are fifteen priests in Japon and sixlay-brethren, busied in the conversion and in hospital work. 

_Fray Marcos de Lisboa_, [52] vice-provincial. 

Order of St. Dominic. 

_List of the houses and missions of the Order of St. Dominic in thesePhilipinas Islands. _

It has one convent in the city of Manila, with sixteen friars--sixpriests and six lay brethren. 

It has a mission [_doctrina_] in the town of Binondoc and Baybaywith two ministers for six hundred Sangleys, or a trifle less. Forthe hospital of San Gabriel it has two religious--one a priest andthe other a lay-brother--and there the Sangley infidels are nursedand instructed. 

It has a mission in the district of Batan with four priests for onethousand six hundred Indians. 

It has four missions in the province of Pangasinan. The first is calledBina Lato-gan and has four religious, three of whom are lay-brethren, and one who is not, for one thousand three hundred Indians. 

The second is in Calasiao and has two ministers for one thousandand thirty Indians. The third is Magaldan and has two ministers fornine hundred Indians. The fourth is Mauazuag and has two religious, one a lay-brother and one who is not, for four hundred Indians, or a trifle less, and the new conversion in the tingues. 

It has eleven missions in the province of Cagayan. The first iscalled Pata and has two ministers for eight hundred Indians. Thesecond is called Tular and has two ministers for one thousand onehundred Indians or a trifle more. The third is called Potol and hastwo ministers for three hundred Indians and the new conversion laidopen on the creek of Mandayas. The fourth is called Camaluyuga and hasthree ministers for six hundred Indians, or a few more or less. Thefifth is that of Nueva Segovia where the Spanish live. There is aconvent there that has charge of the mission of Bagunbaya, which hastwo ministers for one hundred Indians, or a few more or less. It is tobe noted that this house receives no alms, either from his Majesty orfrom encomenderos, or from Indians, and consequently it is in greatneed. The sixth is called Tocolana and has three ministers for onethousand Indians. The seventh is called Asiping and has two ministersfor seven hundred Indians or a trifle more. The eighth is called Piaand is situated on the creek of Lobo. It has three ministers for twothousand Indians. The ninth is called Malaguey and has two ministersfor one thousand Indians. The tenth is called Tuguiguerao. For onethousand three hundred Indians it has three ministers. The eleventhis called Pititan and has four ministers for one thousand six hundredIndians and for the new conversion among the tingues of Zinbuey. 

_Fray Baltasar Fort_, prior provincial. 

_Item_: We have three houses in Japon. One is in Nangasaqui, andhas three priests and one lay-brother; another in Sanga, which issituated in the kingdom of Figen, with three religious--two priestsand one lay-brother, the third in Meaco, the residence of the Dayfo, with two priests. 

_[Endorsed:_ "List given by the convent of St. Dominic in accordancewith his Majesty's order. "]

TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINES

_Official letter from the Marques de Montesclaros, [53] viceroy ofPeru, directed to his Majesty, in regard to changing to España thetrade between Mexico and Filipinas. _

In behalf of the consulate [54] and corporation of the merchantsof Sevilla, your Majesty was entreated to have the trade betweenNueva España and Philipinas suppressed, and to order that it shouldbe carried on only from those kingdoms [i. E. , España and Portugal]with the said islands. Your Majesty upon hearing those merchants, waspleased to order me to make investigation and give my opinion in thematter. For that purpose you despatched your decree of September 1, 610, and I received it by these last mails. 

The arguments which, it seems, were presented to your Majesty by thesaid letter and an enclosed memorial, for this purpose, are reducedto the exaggeration of the general and individual inconveniencesand losses with which the voyage is attended at present in the routethat is followed; and that those inconveniences and losses would allcease, and great and recognized blessings to the universal benefit ofyour Majesty's kingdoms would result, if measures of the sort thatthose merchants desire were to be taken. Although one might satisfythe originator of the idea with less, we shall enlarge the reply togreater length bearing in mind that the dimensions of this scheme arenot measured by his yard-rule; nor can the advantages resulting fromit compare with the hundred per cent of their profits. We especiallyconsider that we are talking with your Majesty through councilorsand ministers of such high standing, among whom any state argument, however great, has its due consideration and place. 

It is recognized, Sire, that the chief means of keeping these kingdomstranquil is to make them dependencies of España, in what pertains notonly to distributive and commutative justice, but also to whatever elseis necessary for the preservation of life, in the spiritual as wellas the temporal. But dependence of this sort, when viewed entirely andonly from the sovereigns' standpoint, is regulated by what is necessaryand requisite that the vassals of regions so distant may live in thesubjection, and render the obedience and loyalty that are due fromthem. Although this argument, since it is the most substantial, whenit encounters the others most justly takes precedence of any other andprivate advantage of the vassals themselves and the kingdom, it would[not] be excusable to molest and vex the subjects with what is notactually necessary, if the above purpose could be attained at lesscost and vexation to them. Accordingly, in the matter of restrictingthe mutual trade of certain kingdoms, and directing that trade toEspaña alone, one must proceed with very great caution, and withmeasures adapted only to what the attainment of the chief end demands, in order that we may avoid as far as possible the harm that mightresult; since, if this body saw itself so disunited that it couldnot even avail itself of its own members, it might become desperate, and the whole might fall into decay, as is usual with those in despair. 

They are persuading your Majesty that the trade of these kingdomswith España is decreasing. I, Sire, feel differently, and am persuadedthat never were the profits resulting from it greater; nor am I lesscertain that such result must necessarily follow, in this manner. 

It was known in the beginning that neither wine nor oliveoil was produced in Nueva España, but these were brought fromCastilla. Inspired by the example of the profits made by somepersons, all--especially the inhabitants of Andalucía--began to plantvineyards and olive-orchards. He who had esteemed any kind of trade adegradation twenty years before, now, with the incentive of sendingaway his crops, shipped greater cargoes than would a whole fair ofmerchants. Consequently, the ocean trade increased, in a short time, from at most fifty or one hundred casks of wine and a few more jarsof olive-oil--carried by one or two vessels, unauthorized and withoutregister--to cargoes which fill thirty or forty vessels, that sailannually in a trading fleet. The vessel in which this is receivedis earthen, and of limited capacity; and what was slowly filling itcontinued to increase. Now this vessel is full to the brim, but stillthey obstinately continue to pour in more. Is it not evident that whatis more than enough to fill it must overflow, and be the same as lost?

Thus was the land conquered in Perú. True reports were publishedconcerning its so great abundance of wealth--that it was consideredeasier and cheaper to arm men and shoe horses with silver than withiron; and that for one quire of paper ten pesos of gold were paid, for one cloth cloak one hundred pesos, and for one horse three orfour thousand pesos. At this report, various kinds of merchandise werebrought, and had a continual good outlet and sale; and they were takenin the necessary quantity. Years passed, and the treasure--which wastoo plentiful, because it was in possession of people who had no usefor it--came into the hands of those who finally saw it disseminatedthrough the world--and for this reason the share of each part isless. The account that should be taken of reason and common sense isforgotten, and men persuade themselves blindly that, since they geta thousand for five hundred, with one million they must make two:And as if they could expect the same profit from supplying necessityand from adding to abundance, they multiply their trading-fleets anddouble their investments. Is it not evident that if their shipments arein excess, their profits must fall short, and that the ratio betweenthe two cannot be equal to what it was before? Let the records of thecustoms duties belonging to your Majesty be examined, where thosewho profit and those who lose pay on account of what they produce;and they will tell how not only the commerce has not declined, butalso that rather, through its having increased so greatly, the dangerof losing the invested money results. 

What their provinces can digest and assimilate, Sire, should beexported to the Indias, and a limit should be set to the hope oftheir increase, and endeavor should be made to preserve them in theextremely flourishing condition which they reached; and if effortspass those limits, then, instead of causing the Indias to increase, it will be a greater blow, whereby they will slip back more quicklyalong the coast of decline. 

Coming then to the particular matter, the question is one ofsuppressing the commerce now carried on with the Philipinas Islands byway of the South Sea. This may be advantageous to España in two ways:in making the kingdom of Méjico absolutely dependent on España'said, without leaving it any other recourse: and in increasing theproportions of their present trade by adding to that kingdom [_i. E. _, España] that commerce from those islands by way of the Ocean Sea, [55] to which it is desired to direct the trade-route. 

In the first place, it will be considered that Nueva-España passedmany years without any communication with the Philipinas, and thatthe same will happen now if that commerce be taken away, althoughat the outset there may be some ill-feeling among them; and thatthe prevention of a thing so temporary, and in one province only, ought not to over-balance what is of so different an importance, asthat España (the seat of your Majesty's monarchy) should have plentyof money. For all that México sends to Manila will go to España, and should have an outlet for its merchandise, since from that mustbe supplied what Nueva-España now receives from the islands. 

In order that Nueva-España may preserve itself if this trade besuppressed, the years while it lived without that trade have noconsequence; for it would be a mistake to compare a period when thatkingdom was in so early an infancy [56] that the royal incomes thereinscarcely amounted to thirty or forty thousand ducados, and when in thewhole kingdom the amount of outside capital employed did not surpasstwo hundred thousand, with what El Cerro [57] now alone produces, where one reckons the product by millions and takes no account ofthe tens and hundreds. From all this one may infer that whoever sitsdown to a meal, however plentiful, when he sees it growing less woulddoubtless have sufficient strength to call out and plead his hunger;and much more when we baptise business with the name of diet. 

But this has not much force, since it is not intended to suppress, but only to change the mode of this supply. In order to see whetherit be feasible, one should consider, that, barring certain articlesof adornment and luxury, the chief exports from España to Méjico arewine, oil, and linen, and from the Philipinas woven and raw silk. 

The former products, in whatever quantity needed, must always bebought from España. There is no other region that can supply them, nor does Méjico itself produce them; therefore its enforced dependenceon España follows. However, in what pertains to linen, Méjico maysupply itself in part by using the cloth that the Indians make fromcotton. The rest (namely, silks supplied by Manila) may be obtained ingreat abundance, without begging it from anyone, by only encouragingthe industry in any of Méjico's provinces. These are very suitablefor it, especially the province of Misteca, [58] where it could becultivated and woven admirably. 

Admitting the above, my opinion is that, allowing that Nueva-Españacould be maintained, although with difficulty, without trade withthe Philipinas, it must be by means that would prove harmful to thoseislands alone--which would lose this aid without any resultant goodto España; since they would not ask for those products of Españawhich they at present demand, or increase those which they are nowexporting because of the increase of money [in Nueva España]. And wehave already stated that Nueva-España is incapable of consuming morewine and oil than it now uses. 

But if all this should cease, and España should have to supply theabove-mentioned necessities because of shutting the door to the tradein the Philipinas, the bulk of silk stuffs would have to be broughtfrom Francia and Flandes, to whom España always gives her treasuresin exchange for this merchandise. For Constantinopla is so far fromItalia, and so little do gold and silver suit that route--or elsethe French and the rebels [59] are so skilful in getting this productaway from us, that one may doubt whether they do not take it all withthem. According to this, he who is not suspicious enough to believethat the merchants of Sevilla alone consider as enemies prejudicialto your Majesty's crown those who do not trade much with them, shouldbe astonished that they direct and regulate the reform so that theChinese cannot avail themselves of the silver of Nueva España. Forit is a fact that the Chinese do us no other harm than to keep thesilver; and that the merchants do not consider that by that otherroad all tends to come into the hands of him who exerts himself withit in order to attempt and compass to acquire what remains. 

Let us examine, then, what interest would accrue to España inthe other point, the appropriation to itself of the trade withthe Philipinas. The consulate says that España will be enrichedwith the exportation, to Manda [60] and Xapon, of its products andother merchandise that will go to those islands, where they alsodesire so ardently to have an abundance of what is brought from there[España?] and from China; and this will easily prevent the loss of thegreat quantities of silver that pass by this road from Nueva España. 

To the first, sufficient answer is made with what experience, thatgreat teacher in such matters, has taught us to the contrary--to me, at least, during the time while I governed in México. For, sinceyour Majesty was pleased to order me in a decree, dated December 17, 604, to give my opinion as to whether export duties would better belevied on the merchandise sent to the Philipinas from the port ofAcapulco--since all the other merchandise sent thence, to Guatimalaand Perú, pays two and one-half per cent--and that in order to do thisI should investigate the quality and nature of the said merchandise, I made special efforts to ascertain these facts. After examining theregisters of several years I found that, even if the duty should becollected from the Philipinas exports as from the others, it would notamount to two hundred pesos of eight reals each year; for all thosegoods were articles of luxury, and in very small quantity. I sentyour Majesty an official report of this in my letter of February 17, 606. On August 19 of the same year, I received a reply, ordering me tomake no change so long as the trade did not increase to such an extentthat I thought it inadvisable; and in such case to advise your Majestyof it confidentially. Consequently, since there will be no greaterexportation from Nueva España of like commodities from that kingdom[_i. E. _, España]--where there are no others, and whence only thesewould be sent--the same thing would result. [61] One errs in sayingthat those goods are desired in Manila and Xapon, since cloth stuffs(the only thing lacking to them) besides being a merchandise of sogreat value that he who would export them so far to the Philipinaswould lose them--are not used, because of the heat; and in Xapon, where the cold might make them sought, they cost very little, forthe natives clothe themselves with the taffetans of that country, anduse cotton quilts. Consequently, I have also answered what was allegedconcerning the increase of the duties that would accrue to your Majestyfrom the export duties in España and the import duties at Manila. 

The other argument namely, that España would be filled with productsfrom China and Xapon--may be conceded to them; but it remains forthem to show us the utilty that would accrue to them, after the goodshad been obtained. For I, on the contrary, regard them as a verygreat harm, since with those goods would cease the present industry[in España] of the raising of silk, its weaving and trade; and allthis would be exchanged for what is so much poorer and of so littledurability. It is a fact that even now we are experiencing that, and are discovering here the harm caused by even the small quantityof silk of this class [_i. E. _, the Chinese silk]; it comes mixed withthat of España, in almost all the velvets and taffetans brought fromEspaña, for in but two days' time they become useless. 

That by this means would be prevented the exportation of silver fromNueva-España, is an opinion that one might value and thank them for, if they were not trying to withdraw the silver from another and moreimportant region, where the harm would be greater. But, supposingthat what now goes from México will be sent later from Castilla andAndalucía, it seems that the only utility will be found in the lessoccasion [for buying Chinese goods] that each of those provinces wouldhave, so that the export of silver would be in smaller quantity. Thatis to be regulated by the wealth of each province, and by theirfacilities for diverting it. All the silver that Nueva-España obtainsnow comes from its own provinces, or is brought from the provinces ofPerú. The bulk of it is used in the trade with España, some in thatwith the Philipinas, and very little in the retail trade of its owncities and towns; for although Nueva-España has intercourse with Perú, it never uses more than the products of the country for that. What issent to the islands goes by way of Acapulco, which is the only portin all the South Sea where this despatch is made or can be made. ThatEspaña would have more silver if it retained within its bounds whatit receives, seems to be undeniable, since therein is gathered thesilver of México, Perú, and all the Indias. But the gates by whichthat silver issues [from España]--now it is known whether there areany--are, to speak correctly, as many as there are seaports and steriledistricts, with the usual and accustomed communication between them. 

Accepting this as true--on which is based assertions of those whosay that less silver will be sent to Manila from a kingdom whereconditions are such [_i. E. _, España] than México [now] gives--I, at least, no matter how long may be the argument, do not comprehendso obscure a secret; on the contrary, I am persuaded that Españawill be no poorer thereby. For, if this mouth be stopped, Españamust be drained, by those that remain (as is done today), of all ofthis article that other kingdoms are offering it, as in a flood. Butwith equal certainty, I understand that incomparably more money willgo to the Philipinas by this road than now goes by the other. And toassert that this loss will cease because, with the increase of tradewith Xapon, the merchandise which must go to España will come fromthat country, is a statement without foundation. For if this argumentwere worth anything, it must have the same force, in preventing whatis today carried from México; since trade with Xapon from Manila isopen and permitted to all who wish it. 

The consulate is trying also to strengthen its proposition with theimprovements that it pretends to find in the voyage, if it were to bemade by the cape of Buena-Esperanza. But, discussing that point by whatI have been able to learn of it, I find that the emperor and king oursovereign, of glorious memory, your Majesty's grandfather, having beenpersuaded that the discovery and conquest of the Spice Islands--thename then given to those islands today included in the name ofPhilipinas or Malucas--pertained to the crown of Castilla, inasmuchas they were within the line drawn by his Holiness, Alexander VI, forthe division of the world, ardently desired, and made extraordinaryefforts, so that his vassals might make that voyage without touchingat the ports and lands of the kingdom of Portugal. For that purposehe made an agreement with Fernando de Magallanes to discover [sucha route]. The latter discovered and gave name to the strait inthis region at the south. Although by the result [of Magallanes'sexpedition] one could recognize the great difficulty and danger ofthe voyage, his Majesty would not desist from the undertaking. On thecontrary, he immediately sent, in the year 25, two other fleets bythat way while, at the same time, he sent a ship under command of anintelligent man to find a new entrance by the coast of Labrador andthe Bacallaos. [62] Following up the attempt, he ordered Don FernandoCortés, conqueror of Nueva-España, to attempt this expedition fromNueva-España. He would not have ceased like means until attaining it, had not he made that contract or agreement concerning those islandswith the king of Portugal in the year 29. [63] That put an end tothe enterprise until afterward, when Don Antonio de Mendoza, viceroyof Nueva-España, took up again the same search in the year 42, andcontinued to persevere in it, so that it was realized during thelatter years of the governorship and life of Don Luis de Velasco, who succeeded the said Don Antonio in that office. 

I would, Sire, narrate in minute detail to your Majesty these labors, and those of many others, who lost their lives and possessions atvarious times to see the accomplishment of so important a matter, if I were not afraid of making a history of this letter--in order toentreat you that, since God our Lord ordained that a good desiredby so many should be enjoyed with so great quietness in these mostfortunate days of your Majesty, you will not permit the glory ofthis happiness to be disturbed and obscured; for the motives andefforts of so suspicious a people embarrass it. They, in order togain their own private interests, try to cover them with this cloakof convenience and conservation of so superior authority. And althoughit appears that a great part of the former injuries are lacking today, since the kingdom of Portugal (although by light of a separate crown)is under the universal domain of your Majesty, still, the zeal andaffection that your Majesty has always felt in greater proportionfor the inhabitants of Castilla ought not on that account to cease;since there is also no cessation of the rancor and hostility withwhich the Portuguese, in all the Indias where they rule, withhold thefriendly intercourse that they owed to the Castilians as the vassalsof the same sovereign. 

I am quite persuaded that there is little difference between these tworoutes as regards the weather and dangers of the sea. For, although theNueva-España vessels consume not longer than sixty days, and sometimesless, the return voyage is of longer duration, and the whirlwinds andgales more continuous. And although I believe that voyages made byway of the cape of Buena Esperanza take more than the three monthsthat the prior and consuls assert (especially since the vesselshave to stop at one or two way-stations), yet, in regard to this, I estimate the two routes as equal. But in point of certain security, the advantage lies greatly with the voyages made by way of the SouthSea, as it is at all times so free from enemies. No further proof isnecessary regarding this statement than the fact that not a singlevessel going to and fro between Acapulco and Cavite and the port ofManila has been captured; [64] while very many vessels take that otherroute, which are so heavily armed that, in comparison with the first, one may consider them as more than fortresses. The warning that theDutch make use of this route [_i. E. _, through the Strait of Magellan]cannot force me to believe the contrary; and by it without so manyadvantages as those enjoyed by your Majesty's ships they have madethemselves almost complete masters of all the Spice Islands, for theyhad no other routes from which to select this one. I assert fromthe prudence with which the Dutch consider what is of advantage tothem, that if they could enjoy so great convenience as Nueva-Españapossesses, they would not take the risk of running by the coast andports of your Majesty as they do today by the open sea, where theymight meet one who would resist their progress. An excellent proof ofthis truth is their so-oft repeated effort to find a passage throughthe strait of Anian. [65] For they consider it more conducive to thepeace of their voyage to experience rough and unknown seas, than tobe liable to the sudden surprises to which those that are milder andmore traversed are liable. The mastery that I know them to exercise inthose districts, is to enter for pillage and barter, as they usuallydo, even in the very kingdoms of your Majesty which are nearest tothe defense and power of your fleets And if, in addition, the Dutchhave any trading-posts, established and manned with soldiers, it isnot necessary that España should trouble itself to dislodge them, but the governor of the Philipinas, and the soldiers and ships ofMalaca and of the viceroy of India, should attempt it; and it willbe easy to drive them out at once. In truth, however, (that I mayalways discuss a similar case), our design must be more difficult toattain than theirs; for they content themselves with going where theyare received, and of receiving what they are given, without caringmuch whether others enter that district, while your Majesty desires, as is right, to be absolute and sole ruler, and to shut the gate toall who do not enter under the name and title of vassals. 

As to the difficulty and delay of sending aid to the islands, althoughit is understood that the enemy is attempting some entrance in theislands, I can easily comprehend that it would be easier to build afleet in España, and that it would be despatched much more quicklythan from these provinces. But I have always considered that, in thisregard, Sire, he who has so extensive a monarchy as your Majesty, must see that each part of it have all the force necessary forits sole defense, without being dependent for so costly and remotereenforcement, as would necessarily be the case did your Majesty sendit from the the ports of that kingdom. Consequently, I presume that, if the islands should find themselves in a like necessity, eitherthey would have to resist an attack with their presidios and walls, or (to extend the hope farther) that they would not have need formore aid than what they could secure from Malaca with the galleonsof that crown. The aid that is not so pressingly needed, and which, it seems, must necessarily come from España--such as infantry for thepresidios--is sent there with some difficulty, because of the longdistance overland from Veracruz to the port of Acapulco, in a landso open that the companies necessarily lose some men. But it wouldprove more costly should your Majesty, in order to avoid this, have toform a fleet on occasions when it would be necessary. However, I havethought that an effort might be made, some time, to send the soldierswho must go to the islands in the trading fleet or galleons sailing toPuertobelo; [66] and to advise the president [of the Audiencia there], somewhat earlier, to have small boats provided to take the soldiersby river from Chagre to Cruces. Since from that point to Panama it isonly five leguas overland, the men might be taken there easily and atlittle expense. The viceroy of Peru, having been notified beforehand, should, without any expense to your Majesty, have a vessel at Panamá, where the soldiers could embark and go to Acapulco. There they couldchange ships for those in the Philipinas line. By this method someof the greatest inconveniences could be avoided. 

And lastly, as the concluding argument of this discourse, I remind yourMajesty that since the Philipinas Islands are surrounded by enemies sopowerful as are Xapon and China--one because of its strength and valor, and the other because of its incredible multitude of inhabitants--withonly the seven hundred Spaniards that the islands had, duringmy government of Nueva España, who could bear arms (a number nowincreased somewhat by the presidios of Terrenate and Thidore), theyare preserved solely for this reason, that by their means the tradeof those countries is opened to your Majesty's kingdoms. Thus saidthe emperor of Xapon, when he was advised to conquer Manila. TheChinese king wrote the same words to Don Pedro de Acuña, when thelatter suspected that the insurrection made in those islands by theChinese king's vassals had been made by his orders. And it must beconsidered seriously that if the trade be carried on by way of the capeof Buena Esperanza, it would be quite possible that the Chinese--who, in order to go to Manila, have to sail, both in the open and amongislands, with some risk and danger because of the smallness of theircraft--after seeing that the Spanish ships had to make a way-stationat Malaca or Xava, would go from the river of Canton, which is thegateway from which the Chinese ships set out, coasting from land toland along their own country, and would change the bulk of theirtrade to Portuguese ports, and thus deserting Manila. If they didthis, the principal support and defense of Manila would fail, andits enemies would change their opinion, since they would no longerenjoy the benefits that now attract them. 

For all the above, Sire, my opinion is that, if the matter were in itsbeginnings, from no other part could this trade be directed than fromNueva España; for it is nearer the islands, and is the region fromwhich less silver can go. And should this cease, without doubt thatkingdom would be greatly weakened, and the Philipinas destroyed--andnone of this to España's advantage. On the contrary it would beto España's greater loss, since that country would be filled withmerchandise of little value, at double the money that would be derivedfrom its sale. The dependence of all the other kingdoms, which is nowsure and not uncertain, would possibly be endangered by venturing uponthe execution of this plan; and your Majesty would also be obliged, in order to make the sea safe in this route, to have two war vesselsto accompany every trading vessel, notwithstanding the extraordinarycost which this would involve. 

The other things mentioned in the memorial, namely, [_originalMS. Broken_; the appointment(?)] of officials, soldiers, andsailors now engaged in this despatch do not seem of such naturethat they oblige me to answer them in detail. It is certain thatthe viceroys appoint very suitable persons, and will always do so, since they rely on their honor; and the commander does not careto overload the vessels, since he is not interested in the freightcharges. Consequently, when the auditor of Manila obliges them toload much cargo in Cabite, they usually unload and leave goods onthe shoals that they meet, whence arise innumerable complaints andsuits. The pilots and sailors are examined in what is necessary forthem, and the soldiers are sufficient for a navigation route of sogreat safety. If it is true that the latter are lazy and vagabonds, few times have I seen men enlisted in any region who are not such, or who do not desire to be such. Although there may be things tocorrect in all matters, there are other reforms less costly and easier. 

Your Majesty might wish to have these arguments in briefer form;but, although I have omitted some things, the matter is of so greatmoment that I have not been able to pass over anything that I judgeessential for your proper decision in this matter. 

May God preserve your Majesty as Christendom has need. Los Reyes, April 12, 1612. 

LETTER FROM THE BISHOP OF NUEVA SEGOVIA

_Jesus_

I hold it certain that our Lord has placed your very reverend Paternityin this place--as he did Joseph, for the good of his fatherland andhis brothers--in the government of the kingdoms of this provinceof Philipinas, which is one of the most religious that exist atpresent, I understand, in our holy order. Although it is one of themost remote of those therein, it is at present in the greatest needthat your very reverend Paternity extend to it your protection ina matter which is most just, and which his Majesty is in consciencebound to aid. It is a fact that the foundation of a college has beenbegun in connection with the convent of Santo Domingo in Manila, in which is to be studied the teaching of our father, St. Thomas, which is pure and righteous. This enterprise has been so thoroughlyapproved in this city that several of the citizens, even before thewalls of the college were finished, began to endow scholarships of ahundred pesos of income each per annum, wherewith the students maybe supported and clothed, and the more virtuous and worthy can beselected. As a copy of the rest of the reasons will accompany this, I do not choose to set them down here, lest I tire your very reverendPaternity, whose time is so fully occupied. 

The fathers of the Society of Jesus some years ago established anothercollege, which is of no use for the public good; since those whoenter it to study have to clothe themselves at their own expense, and give a hundred pesos a year for their board, which only the veryrich can do. Accordingly, though many have entered, thus far none havebeen ordained priests and ministers; for all turn to the fleshpots ofEgypt. These blessed fathers, it is understood, have made oppositionto our college, and have caused his Majesty to issue a decree to hisgovernor, Don Juan de Silva, to give information as to whether it isdesirable to continue further the said college. This knight is verymuch opposed to the order, because its religious have done their dutyby preaching the truth, and persuading to observance of the royaldecrees of his Majesty, which he has with so much wisdom issued forthe good government of these islands. And even I have suffered a partof the persecution, because I preached the same thing at the feastof the Rosary, in the year 612; they took from me my stipend for ayear, and the archbishop sent the sermon to his Majesty. Just now twoother copies are being sent for examination, for he persecutes thepreachers and bishops; accordingly, we may dread information fromthe governor--although, on the other hand, the truth has so greatpower that I think he will utter it, and particularly as at presentwe have peace, thanks be to the Lord. Your very reverend Paternityshould be informed that although this governor is a good soldier, in matters of government he lacks the best qualification, which isexecutive ability and exemplary conduct. Accordingly this country isin a wretched condition, and he is rich indeed who has the means tostop the mouths of all that complain. 

This province is in great need of religious, as they are the bestministers, and on account of their vow of poverty are best likedby the Indians, and those who are most desired; but it seems thatthe Council is deliberating whether to give permission for them tocome. As all we who are bishops are informing his Majesty, thosefrom whom that permission could with justice be taken away are thecalced Augustinian friars; for this province of that order is verylax, and all who come from there become inactive, and most of thembecome traders, and skin the natives. There is a Master Solier there[_i. E. _, in España]--who, it is said, is confessor to the presidentof the Indias, Marques de Salinas--who is said to have carried [fromhere] more than thirty thousand pesos, and to be claiming a greatbishopric. May God free His church from such prelates. This yearthere goes from these islands, sent by the governor on his affairs, another friar of the Augustinians, named Fray Diego de Gevara, who has been confessor to the said governor, to the great scandalof this community. He also made visitation of this his province, and it is public report that he visited the purses. I believe it isbeyond doubt that he is taking letters very favorable to himself, and he is so kind a man that he promises bishoprics. I write this toyour very reverend Paternity for the relief of my conscience, for Iknow that this matter of the bishoprics must rest in your hands; andbishops may cause great injury here if they are not very exemplary, fathers of the poor, and free from all avarice. 

Father Fray Diego Duarte went to that court as procurator for thisprovince to bring religious here, which he did in the manner of amessenger of God. Now, after he had come with the second reenforcementof them to help carry the burdens of this province, at the command ofhis obedience he is returning again to bring more religious; for hisvirtue is already recognized in that court, and he too is acquaintedwith those who have influence there. I beseech your very reverendPaternity to receive him as one recommended, and favor him on anyoccasions that may arise. May our Lord protect your very reverendPaternity for many long years, for the good of His church, with manygifts from His divine favor. Manila, August 15, 1613. 

_The Bishop of Nueba Segobia_ [67]

LETTER FROM FELIPE III TO SILVA

The King: To Don Juan de Silva, knight of the Order of Santiago, mygovernor and captain-general of the Philipinas Islands, and presidentof my royal Audiencia there. Your letters of July 20, 612, have beenreceived and examined in my Council of the Yndias, and I was pleased tolearn that you had sent to Nueva España, by the ships going that year, the two hundred quintals of quicksilver [68] of which you informed me;also of the friendly reception and kind feeling that you encounteredamong the Chinese in the matter of selling this metal and bringingit to Macan, where you say there is established a factory [_i. E. _, trading-post] for this purpose. I feel gratified at the diligence andcare that you have exercised in the matter, and earnestly charge youto advance this matter, and strive that the quantity of quicksilverthat you shall purchase and send to Nueva España may be as large aspossible, in accordance with the request of the viceroy. You willkeep in close correspondence with him, and not draw on any moneythat he may have sent you or shall send you in the future for thispurpose, for any of your own needs, however great. You will try tofoster this trade in such manner that it may be at as little cost aspossible. It has been thought best to advise you to consider whetherit would be possible to procure the quicksilver by having the Chinesebring it with a clearance direct to the Philipinas, and thus do awaywith the factory in Macan. For with the latter there cannot failto be difficulties, as the Portuguese merchants do not trade in thequicksilver; besides, it would seem that the metal would be furnishedby this method at a lower price. I do not mention other objectionsthat have been considered. However, the documents that you mentionwill be sent through the Council of Portugal. 

What you mention in regard to the eight pesos paid by the Sangleyswho last year remained in the country, for each license, is well;and I charge you to exercise the care which is of so much importance, that no difficulties shall result from their presence and intercoursein those islands. 

All the papers that you send regarding the violations of law that areimputed to the royal officials have been examined in my said Council;and provision has been made therefor, as you are already aware bythe despatches which were sent to you. In view of the fact that theinvestigation and process concerning their guilt, which you wrote meyou would send, is at present being awaited, and you have not done so, I order you to comply with the orders that you received by the saiddespatches (duplicates of which accompany this) so that, if you havenot received the originals, you may by these understand what is to bedone regarding the appointment of persons which you say you have made, to serve in their offices in the interim. 

What you say concerning the measures you have taken to regulatethe dues which the encomenderos of those islands enjoy, from theencomiendas which they possess, has been considered, and the resultwill be awaited at the first opportunity. 

You did well to advise me of what the king of Japon wrote you tothe effect that he can not obstruct the friendship into which he hasentered with the Dutch, and the desire that he also has to maintainfriendly relations with my vassals. The matter is being looked into, and at the proper time the result will be written to you. 

It was likewise proper to give me an account of all you mention inregard to the permission that Sebastian Vizcayno gave in Japon fora ship to go thence laden with merchandise for Nueva España; and thedifficulties that in your opinion may result from the opening of thistrade, of which I am informed. 

In the matter of the assessments and contributions which you say theIndians pay, and the annoyances which they suffer on this account fromthe religious who are instructing them, you speak in general terms ofall the orders in those islands; whereas it would have been best towrite to me particularly as to which orders have thus transgressed, and to send the investigations that have been made. And, sincethe protection and guardianship of the Indians is in your charge, you should attend to them, in so far as lies in your department, so that they may not receive any injury or grievance. You shouldalways carry out the provisions and ordinances in their favor, proceeding with the religious by discreet and legal measures, andadvising with the Audiencia. You will strive to deal prudently withthe archbishop of that city, maintaining amicable relations with him, so that from the government of both may follow the good results thatare desirable; for any lack of harmony between those who govern mustalways result in evil, besides the general scandal and the bad examplethat is furnished. The same is being written to the archbishop, and he is ordered to avoid the exercise of censures in the casesthat you describe in your letter, since it is not proceeding againstthe religious to give me information concerning occurrences. You areinformed of this, that you may understand the matter. As for what yousay regarding the entrance of the said archbishop in his pall, in spiteof the decree sent him which directs the contrary, I have written tohim that he should not have done this, but should have complied withthe decree, and observed the custom in these kingdoms; of this, too, you are informed so that, being aware of it, you may take care that thesaid decree is complied with as I command you to do. As to the othermatters contained in your letters, decisions will soon be reached, and the result will be written to you soon. Pardo, December 2, 1613. 

_I The King_

Countersigned by:_Juan Ruiz de Contreras_Signed by the members of the Council. 

DOCUMENTS OF 1616

 Recommendations regarding the archbishopric of Manila. [Council of the Indias?]; 1613-16. Letter to Felipe III. Valerio de Ledesma, S. J. ; August 20. Portuguese and Spanish expedition against the Dutch, 1615. Juan de Rivera and Valerio de Ledesma, S. J. ; [1616?]. 

_Sources_: The first document is obtained from the original MS. In theArchivo general de Indias, Sevilla. The second, and the first part ofthe third, are found in the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library), i, pp. 403-429; the remainder of the third, in Colin's _Labor evangélica_(Madrid, 1663, ) pp. 802-810. 

_Translations_: The first document is translated by Robert W. Haight;the remainder, by James A. Robertson. 

RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE ARCHBISHOPRIC OF MANILA

Sire:

Licentiate Diego Vazquez de Mercado, archbishop of the metropolitanchurch of the city of Manila in the Philipinas Islands, by aletter written your Majesty on the first of July, 610, submitsthat, as that church has been without a prelate for a long time, he finds the affairs of the church in a condition far from whatthey should be, and much in need of correction; but, owing to hisgreat age and the hardships he has undergone, he is very deficientin health and strength to fulfil the obligations of a good prelate, and that therefore he finds it necessary to appeal to your Majesty, that you may be pleased to relieve him from that burden, and receivehis resignation of the archbishopric, which he tenders. And he asksthat, in case this favor is not extended to him, there be named andappointed a person of suitable qualifications as his coadjutor, with the future succession, and this should be done as soon aspossible. This has been examined in the Council; and they regard asactual and valid the hindrances which he represents. Considering theurgent request which he makes in the letter to your Majesty and inothers which he has written to private persons to the same effect;his advanced age and his failing health, and the great distance fromEspaña to that church, where a person would have to be sent to takehis place in case he should fail; and the great inconvenience thatwould result if it was so long without a prelate as has been seen byexperience--it has appeared very expedient to appoint for him, withthe future succession a coadjutor, of the requisite qualifications, age, and vigor, so that he can fulfil the obligations of a prelate, and attend to the pastoral ministration. It is recommended that hehe given, for his fitting support, a third part of the income of thearchbishopric, besides the occasional fees [_ovenciones_] and itsvisitation--it being understood that the archbishops of that churchare granted a decree to the effect that if the returns do not amount tothree thousand ducados a year, what is lacking will be furnished themfrom the royal exchequer. If your Majesty be pleased to approve this, the persons who appear best fitted for that church will be proposedto you, so that at the same time when you write to his Holiness onthe matter, the presentation of the person whom your Majesty wouldnominate, may be sent to him. Madrid, June 28, 1613. 

[_Endorsed_: "In order not to institute coadjutorships in such cases, let the Council ascertain whether there is any person for those regionswho, being appointed in his own right, might aid in performing thearchbishop's duties; and if such a one be found, advise me of it, andof what is to be done regarding the resignation of the archbishop. "]

Sire:

In the year 613, your Majesty was given an account of the reasonsset forth by Licentiate Don Diego Vazquez de Mercado, archbishopof the metropolitan church of the city of Manila in the PhilipinasIslands, why he should be given a coadjutor. The Council was ofopinion that your Majesty might command it to be examined, with theenclosed advice; and your Majesty was pleased to answer: [Here isrepeated the endorsement on the letter preceding this]. In orderto give better satisfaction to your Majesty, and to report on thestate of affairs in those islands, we have waited for the coming ofthe letters. As for himself, the archbishop persisted in his claim, which was explained to your Majesty in writing on the fourth of May, 614, and the second of August, 615. He considers himself of no usein the government of his church, as he is more than seventy years ofage, with many infirmities; and he is anxious over the failure thatgives cause for regarding him as remiss, and the fact that he can notfulfil his obligations, nor make easy the conscience of your Majesty, and is burdening his own. As a result of this his jurisdiction isbecoming every day less; and owing to his inability to punish them, and take needful measures, there is cause to fear that there may beincrease of certain sins. It is but right that this should be remediedin due time, by sending a successor. Again he beseeches your Majestyto appoint one, so that he may continue to fulfil the obligations ofthat office; and that, for his own support, he be left two thousandof the three thousand ducados which your Majesty has commanded tobe given him. In the letters from the religious orders of theseislands it is evident how fitting and just it is to concede to thearchbishop what he asks. Having considered and examined into this, the Council is of the same opinion as in the said advice of 613;and thinks that your Majesty, conformably thereto, may consider itdesirable to ask his Holiness to grant the archbishop a coadjutor withthe future succession, who will be given a third of the stipend of thatarchbishopric--namely, one thousand ducados--besides the occasionalfees and the visitation of the archbishopric, leaving to the archbishopthe other two-thirds. It should be through a coadjutorship, becausein this form it appears more suitable, and in accordance with thepetition he makes, and with the customary action in similar cases. Ifyour Majesty be pleased to approve, persons in that region and in thearchbishopric will be considered in regard to the qualifications thatare required for that church. Madrid, the first of July, 616. 

LETTER FROM LEDESMA TO FELIPE III

_Abstract of a letter from the provincial of the Society of Jesus, Valerio de Ledesma, to the king, informing him of the condition ofthe Filipinas Islands. _ [69]

In this letter Father Valerio made complaint to the king that thecondition of the country was most unhappy and unfortunate, andresembled a sick man in the throes of death. He declared that thetrade of the ships from China and Nueva España, which was sustainingand enriching the islands, had fallen off in great measure, and muchmore in its profits; for in the year 1616 no more than seven shipshad gone there, although formerly as many as fifty or sixty werewont to go; and as for Acapulco, no ships had been sent in eitherdirection. Even if they should be despatched, they were in dangernot only from corsairs but from stormy weather. 

Great armaments had been organized in a short time, to drive out theDutch; but for that very reason, the inhabitants had been compelled tomake vast sacrifices at the cost of their fortunes. Hence they werein so ruined a condition that the three or four wealthiest citizenshad been unable to equip a ship to be sent to Acapulco. The Indianswere so exhausted and harassed with tributes, new impositions, andpersonal services, [70] that it became necessary for many, after theyhad nothing more to give (since they had given all their possessions), to give their persons to others, as slaves, so that the latter mightgive for them what they themselves did not possess. 

The enemies with whom the Spaniards had to contend were numerousand gave them no respite--namely, the Mindanaos, Caragas, Sanguils, Joloans, Dutch, and English and of these last, all those easterndistricts were full of their boats, so that no voyage could be madewithout meeting them; and there was no security from them. 

To these calamities was due the death of Governor Juan de Silva, who, all had hoped, was to free these islands and those of Malucofrom the invasions and piracies of the Dutch. 

He closed by petitioning the king to send forces to sustain thedeclining colony, as it was so important, and so precious a portionof the Spanish monarchy. 

[Dated Manila, August 20, 1616, and signed _Valerio de Ledesma_, [71] provincial of the Society of Jesus. ]

PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH EXPEDITION AGAINST THE DUTCH, 1615

After the Dutch pirates began to sail the seas of Eastern Indiaand the archipelago of Filipinas, and to carry cloves from Maluco, silks from China, and drugs from the adjacent islands, they beganalso to cripple the cities that were sustained by the trade, whichare the principal cities; because the seas were infested, and therewas little security on them from those pirates. They, from the firstyear of their entrance into the Orient, coasted the shores, soundedthe ports, and established trading-posts in the chief places, whichthey filled with people whom they brought from Holanda. Consequently, by the year 1614, the Dutch had eighteen armed galleons in the SouthSea, and they burned the city of Arevalo, where the food for Maluco wasstored, and committed many other depredations, which obliged Don Juande Silva, governor and captain-general of the Filipinas Islands, toprepare a large fleet to attack them and drive them from our seas. But, thinking that the forces of the Filipinas were insufficient to attendto so many things at once--the support of the camp in Maluco; thedefense of the city of Manila, which is in sight of twenty thousandChinese (who had already, in 1603, risen against it and incited awar); and sallies to fight the enemy--it was determined to ask helpfrom the viceroy of India and to join the two forces, Castilian andLusitanian, who are especially being attacked by the Dutch. Indeed, the letters-patent given to them by Count Mauricio read that they areto make war on the Castilians and Portuguese. Besides this argument, it is evident that Yndia is not less interested in driving out thoseenemies than are the Filipinas. 

Father Juan de Rivera, [72] then rector of the residence of theSociety of Jesus at Manila, was appointed to negotiate this league andreenforcement. He prepared himself in a few days and left for Yndia onNovember 21 of the year 1615. He reached Malaca on Tuesday, December 9, by Manila reckoning, but Wednesday by that of Malaca; for the date forthose sailing west is later, and earlier for those sailing east. [73]

From Malaca he journeyed to Cochin, and from Cochin to Goa, at thetime when Yndia was engaged in the wars of the north; because peacewith the great Mogor [74] had been broken. The viceroy had gone witha powerful fleet to capture, if possible, four English ships anchoredat Surate, where he received the letters belonging to our voyage andembassy. Considering the importance of the matter, he hastened hisreturn and went to Goa. There he furnished four galleons for the saidhelp, and three hundred or more soldiers, appointing as commander ofthe latter Don Francisco de Miranda Enrriquez. [75]

The latter left Goa May 12. The voyage, which is generallythirty days, lasted three and one-half months. We ran short ofwater in the middle of the open stretch, and thought that we werelost, on account of having been despatched with broken tanks andhogsheads. Together with this was the disorder among the soldiers ofYndia, who surreptitiously took with them many servants of their ownand of other people, so that it was necessary to support these peopleaboard the vessel. These afterward consumed the food, and then caughtand spread a pestilence. Although there were only one hundred andten soldiers in our galleon, there were about seven hundred persons, mostly negroes and Cafres; of these many were free, although nominallyslaves, as Don Gonzalo de Silva, bishop of Malaca, who was aboardthe same galleon, testified. He declared that many lads were free, even some whom they were taking as captives. This is a general sin, wherefore some Portuguese authors say, with Father Hernando Rabelo, that God is punishing Yndia and the Portuguese nation, which alonehas more slaves than any other nation of the world. 

July 30 we met two Dutch ships, which were apparently going fromPalliacate [_i. E. _, Palicat] to carry aid to Maluco. Our galleon foughtsinglehanded with those two ships, because the other galleons werefar to leeward. The enemy had waited two days between us, without ourknowing it, in order to show themselves at a favorable opportunity. Sogreat is the confidence of the Portuguese that they did not fearthem. They said that they were ships from Cochin, and that, had theyknown in time that they were enemies, they could have captured themeasily. In short they remained a cannon-shot from the flagship, and sofought until night, when they made off badly battered--as we learnedlater from the people of Achen, on whose coast one of the ships wasimmediately wrecked, having sprung a leak through the effect of ourballs and their own firing. They only killed two of our men. After thebattle, our galleon ran aground on a shoal, on the eve of our Lady ofthe Assumption, near Pulo Parcelar. At the first shock, the helm wasshifted seaward, and all that night we tossed up and down dreadfullyuntil, next morning, we miraculously got off the shoal. We reachedthe strait of Sincapura on August 10, where, as the pilots said theManila monsoon was over, we determined to run to Malaca. 

In Malaca the ships were very inhospitably received, for soldiers arewont to commit depredations. But within a few days they were made tosee that the landing there of the galleons was for their relief andthe salvation of their city; for a month after their arrival the kingof Achen came with sixty thousand men to besiege it. Information ofthis number and of the other things that will be related, was given bythe Portuguese who were captives in Achen and returned to Malaca. Theyhad three hundred and fifty sail--among them sixty galleys, each withthree pieces in the bows; the piece in the midship gangway fired ballsof sixty libras, as we saw in those found in the galleons after thewar. Along the sides they carried five falcons, firing balls of sixlibras. In the royal galley, called "Espanto del mundo" [_i. E. _, Fearof the world] by the people of Achen, were sixteen hundred soldiersand one hundred and fifty falcons and half-sized falcons. That king ofAchen, the most powerful on the sea of all this Orient, had concertedwith the Dutch that both should take Malaca. Consequently they took afew days in arriving. The king of Achen arrived first at the bay ofMalaca with a squadron of eighteen galleys, in order to reconnoiterthe place. Finding our four galleys anchored in the port, and learningthat they were war-vessels, they put to sea to await the Dutch. Whenour men saw them depart and go toward the strait, where they mightcapture the boats from China and unite with the Dutch, they resolvedto set sail and give battle. They did so with the four galleons andsix galliots--ten small vessels. They encountered the Achen boats onNovember 15, and fought for two and one-half days. The enemy carrieda considerable force. They burned one galliot, so that the soldiersabandoned it and went to the galleons. The flagship grappled elevengalleys. Fire was set to it many times, but our men extinguishedit. The enemy grappled the galleon of Don Juan de Silveira, whichcarried twenty-two pieces of artillery, and set fire to it. They wereunable to extinguish the fire, and so it was entirely burned. 

Don Juan de Silvera and Antonio Rodriguez de Gamboa, son of thecommander-in-chief of that fortress of Malaca, and forty otherPortuguese, took to the water; but all were captured by the kingof Achen and placed aboard his galley. A fresh wind began to blow, wherewith the vessels separated and the men of Achen went to theircountry with something less than thirty craft, counting large andsmall boats, and with two thousand men killed. Although we did themdamage, it was not so great as that which we received. Accordingly theyregarded it as a victory and entered their kingdom in triumph--wherethey feasted the captains, whom they treated courteously, and thenloosed them and gave them liberty. 

On December 7 of the same year of 1615, the Dutch reached the bay ofMalaca with seven ships and one patache, coming to join the king ofAchen. They found our three galleons, which, for greater security, had been anchored between a sandbank made by the sea and a smallisland near Malaca. There they said that they were invincible, forentrance could be had only by a channel near the rampart, which, by means of its pieces of artillery, would refuse entrance. On thesea side they were defended by the sandbank and shoals. But the enemysounded the port that night with its lanchas and found a new channel, where they entered without being hindered by the rampart. This wasattributed to the fault and negligence of those who could and oughtto have prevented the lanchas from making soundings, because of themany galliots in the port. 

The enemy having entered and coming within cannon range, openeda fierce bombardment, which lasted two and one-half days. At thistime our vessels defended themselves with three pieces that couldbe fired, and no more, because they were anchored, and the currentthrew them in a line toward the Dutch; although had the people onshore been diligent, they could have brought the vessels about withcables. The enemy tacked at will and played the majority of theirpieces. We discovered that our galleons were stronger than theirships, for their balls did not pass through the sides of the galleons, especially of the almiranta and flagship. The damage inflicted by themwas through the open ports; while we saw that our balls passed throughthe Dutch ships from side to side, and then went bounding throughthe water. Nevertheless, distrusting the Dutch and their battery, the men of the galleons began to edge away and to leave them at theapproach of night, especially when they saw Captain Juan Pinto andAdmiral Alfonso Vaez fall; they were killed with four others, by aball that entered through a port. 

First they abandoned the galleon called "Plata, " without taking theprecaution to set it afire when they left, so that the enemy couldnot approach with their artillery. This the enemy did, entering andcapturing it, as was well seen; and afterward they set it afire. 

When the enemy saw that the soldiers were deserting the almiranta, they lowered their lanchas and entered it. One Dutchman, climbing up tothe maintopsail, lowered the banner of Christ and ran up that of CountMauricio, the sight of which caused us great anguish. Throughout thatbattle our men did not fire a musket or espingarda, [76] and they hadnone on the second day, for they tried to escape by swimming. Our menset fire to this galleon, the almiranta; and when the Dutch saw that itwas burning, they left it, and the fire did its duty until it convertedthe vessel into ashes. The flagship held out longer, but the soldiersdid not wait for the Dutch to board, for some of them escaped fromthe galleon by swimming. Thirteen or fourteen of them were drowned, among them Christobal de Fegueredo. Some jumped into a small skiffbelonging to the galleon, for they had taken all the boats from thecity, so that they had none in which to come thence. The galleon wasleft with a few men, who were no longer firing and were silent. At thisjuncture, the general left by a port, as best he could. Reaching shore, he ordered the galleon to be set afire, which was done. It began toburn, to our very great sorrow and to the exultation of the enemy, for it was an unusually fine vessel; it carried thirty-six piecesof artillery and a quantity of ammunition. When the fire reached thepowder-magazine, so great was the noise made, that the island of Malacatrembled and the houses shook. A cloud of smoke arose to the heavenswhich hid the clouds, and in that instant we lost sight of the galleon. 

In the four galleons ninety-two pieces of artillery were lost. Thewounded and dead reached one hundred. The enemy were insolentand victorious, and, although we had done them some damage, theynevertheless attained their purpose, not only of preventing therelief of Maluco, but of destroying the Portuguese squadron--and thatwithout the necessity of boarding any galleon, for which there wasno such need; because, before they could reach the galleys, thesewere abandoned. 

As soon as the enemy were discovered, many said that it would beadvisable to mount some pieces on the island, with some gabions, inorder to attack the enemy, and defend the galleons, which would havebeen an admirable relief. But it did not have the desired effect, for only one piece was mounted, and that late; and no one cared toguard it, until Antonio Pinto de Fonseca, inspector of forts and onewho insisted urgently that the pieces be mounted, found a homicide, who with other criminals, guarded the piece. He did considerableinjury to the enemy, for he fired from a short distance and withsafety. Had there been six guns, they would have sunk the enemy;but that was not the first or the last act of carelessness. 

On the twelfth of the month, the galleons were converted into ashes, and the Maluco relief expedition was destroyed. After the battle anddisaster many quarrels arose among the nobles by land and sea, overthe question who was to blame. Each one blamed the other, attributingthe loss to many excesses that they mentioned. The truth is that suchexcesses existed, and they and our sins were the cause of so greata chastisement. 

On February 25, Don Juan de Silva, governor and captain-general ofthe Filipinas, reached the strait with ten galleons, four galleys, and one patache. The Dutch were informed of his coming, for havingcaptured Juan Gallegos, a pilot who came from Macao in a patache, hetold them the plans of the governor. Thereupon the enemy took refuge aweek beforehand. They had been awaiting two vessels that were comingfrom China with all the wealth of Yndia; and the Portuguese consideredit a foregone conclusion that these would fall into the hands of theenemy. They had resolved to land on the island of Bintan or PuloTimón and burn the galleons, so that the enemy should not benefittherefrom. For that purpose they sent Captain Fernando Acosta toMalaca. But at the news of the governor's coming, the enemy abandonedtheir station and left a free passage to the ships, which arrived oneday after the governor. It is reported that the two vessels had tendays of contrary southeast winds which prevented them from reaching thestrait sooner, where their danger was. But God our Lord did better, and He deprived the enemy of the prize, which would have enrichedthem enormously, and allowed them to make war on Europe. 

For that good result and benefit given to all Yndia by Don Juan deSilva, the Portuguese were extremely thankful, and accordingly receivedhim in Malaca under a pall and with great acclamation. On March 26all confessed that God had delivered them from the Dutch by his means;and they hoped that he would drive the enemy from these seas later. Butdeath, which comes when God pleases, finished all their hopes; for itbrought him to his bed, and from that to a grave on April 19, 1616, of a fever that carried him off in eleven days. During the course ofhis sickness, the city made a procession from the _asse_ or cathedralto [the church of] La Misericordia, [77] praying our Lord for hishealth. At his death, they bewailed him with extreme sorrow. 

Before dying he saw that his end was near, and accordingly preparedhimself by acts of faith and penitence, receiving the sacraments. Heordered his body to be embalmed, and taken on the royal galley toManila, and thence to Jerez de los Caballeros, [78] where he foundeda convent of discalced Carmelite nuns. In the meanwhile the bodyshould be deposited in the residence or houses of the Society ofJesus. Accordingly, in the residence of Malaca they celebrated thechurch services for him. At the end of nine days, the body was taken tothe galleys anchored in the strait of Sincapura. There it was receivedwith a salute on May 2. On the fourth, sail was set toward Manila. 

The fleet was composed of ten galleons, four galleys, one patache, andthree frigates. It carried three hundred pieces of artillery, eightcompanies of Spanish soldiers, five hundred Japanese, two hundredvolunteers, sixty artillerymen, and two hundred sailors. [Withoutsignature. [79]]

_Letter from Father Juan de Ribera, [80] rector of the residence ofthe Society of Jesus at Manila, in which he gives account of hisvoyage to and from India, and of the unfortunate fate of the fourgalleons that he took thence. _

We set sail at Cabite November twenty-one, the day of the Virgin. Ina fortnight we entered the strait of Sincapura, having followedthe new route, which is called that of China. It is a very widechannel, some forty or fifty brazas deep. We anchored at Malaca onTuesday, December nine, by our account, but on Wednesday by that ofMalaca. We left there on Christmas eve, with favorable weather. Inthe neighborhood of Punta de Gale [or Galle], which is located inCeylan, we experienced a heavy storm. When that had subsided, thecurrents carried us to the islands of Mal-Divar [_i. E. _, Maldives], a voyage from which few emerge in safety. We lost our reckoning, and were in great need of wood and water. But by God's help, afterhaving approached one of those islands, our necessity was relievedby some Malabar pirates for money. We were sailing among that greatforest of islands when we became becalmed, the peril most feared bypilots. When we were all grieving over that, the chief of the Lascars, a Moro by nation, and religion, arose. Taking a dish in his hand, he begged us all for an alms for our Lady of Guadalupe of the cityof Cochin, [81] assuring us that she would give us wind. He pledgedhimself to give double the alms collected, even if she did not givethe wind. Much surprised in so great confidence in a Moro, and allof us being encouraged, he collected in a short time eighteen pesos, and after folding them in a cloth, he tied them to the mizzen-mastheadbegging the Virgin to fulfil her promise. The fact was that from thatday the wind to navigate (little or much) never failed us, until wereached Cochin. That was on January twenty-three, and on entering thebar there, we met a fleet of Malabar pirates who were sufficientlypowerful to oppose us. But God so disposed that we came upon themwhen they were tired out, as we afterward learned, by a battle thatthey had waged for the space of two days with another pirate, also aMalabar--who, conquered by them at last, scuttled his ship and wentdown with all on board, in order not to fall into their hands. Forthat reason they did not attack us so quickly, and we had time toenter Cochin. 

The fathers provincial received us on the beach--the present fatherFrancisco, [82] and the past Alberto Laercio [83]--accompanied bythe most grave fathers with music and other kindnesses. We stayedtwo months in Cochin, where we received singular kindness andentertainment from all. They took me to Caranganor, five leguas fromthere, along very pleasant rivers, in a boat like a house, belonging tothe archbishop of Sierra, Father Don Francisco Ros [84] of our Society, a native of the city of Girona in the principality of Cataluña, whosehand I desired to kiss. We found him at Peru. He seemed a saint tome. When I remarked to him, à propos of the retirement and povertyin which I found him, at the first salutation, "_Qui Episcopatumdesiderat, bonum opus desiderat_, " he replied, "Our Chaldean answers, _Bonam servitulem querit_. " [85] He is learned in that language, in which his priests pray and celebrate the mass with peculiarceremonies. We found him living so apostolic a life that he did nothave room to entertain the eight of our Society who were there--amongwhom was the rector of Cochin, Father Gaspar Fernandez [86]--nor didhe have any food to give us. Consequently we returned to the boat, which was more comfortable than the house. We went to Caranganor, aPortuguese fortress, and a residence of ours, just opposite Samorin. Isaw some doors and windows that had been broken with volleys, andthey told me that a father who was praying in the window had beenkilled. The father rector of the residence there had a carved imageof the child Jesus asleep in a little gilded bed, which had beensent him by a pagan Malabar pirate, who stole it from a Portuguese, believing it to be gold. But when he had carried it to his house, he found that it was only gilded wood, and gave it to his childrenfor a toy. The sleeping Child, however, did not allow his owner tosleep, for according to his account, He kept him awake every night, and placing Himself in front of him, said to him, "Take me to theland of the Christians. " He communicated the matter to his wife, and by her counsel sent Him to the father rector of Caranganor. Wewent to Vaypicota, a residence of our Society, which formerly had agreater number of our members. That field of Christendom has becomelessened through the little favor [shown to the Christians by] thepagan king to whom it is subject. It is a wonder to me that withina stone's throw of our church is a Moro mosque, a pagan temple, anda Jewish synagogue, without one harming another, although they annoyus greatly by their shouting, when they invoke the devil. 

From Cochin we went to Goa on April three of this year, one thousandsix hundred and fifteen, in a galley of the fleet. We coasted alongthe shore and visited the fortresses of Malabar. We spent Holy Weekin Mangalor. We lodged in the convent of St. Francis, and helpedconfess the soldiers. We spent forty days in the voyage, until wereached Goa, where Father Francisco Vergara, rector of the college, and all the others received us with great charity. Four of themtook me to visit the viceroy, who showed us great courtesy. After Ihad been talking with him for almost an hour, the chief chancellorentered, who is at the same time auditor for the reports in causes, and is a knight of the habit. Having given him a seat of honor, suchas we were occupying, the viceroy said to him: "I am surprised, sir, that all the fathers of the Society are all so much alike; for thefather rector of Manila, whom we have here, is just like the fathershere, even in speech. " He determined immediately what could be done inaccordance with the present state of India, in respect to the aid thatI was come to request--namely, to give four well-equipped galleons, with as many as four hundred soldiers and ninety pieces of artilleryamong them all. As commander of this fleet, he assigned Francisco deMiranda Enriquez, a gentleman who has had good fortune in war; and, as admiral, Alfonso Vaez Coutiño. 

We left Goa on the twelfth of May. We were one hundred and two dayson the voyage for the lack of good weather, and on account of thepoor route chosen by the pilot, who took us to the land of Achan; andas its inhabitants are hostile to the Portuguese, the latter did notdare land there. The men were dying with thirst, and had it not beenfor some showers, and the final resolution to get water on a desertisland, we would have suffered even death. We had many _samatras_, or hurricanes, on the coast of that great land, which broke topmasts, tore sails, and broke moorings, causing us to lose anchors and othernecessary articles. 

On July thirty, on the eve of our Father St. Ignatius, in the districtof Pulu Parcelar, our capitana galleon fought two Dutch vessels, without the other galleons being able to render aid, as they were toleeward. Our galleon made two vain attempts to grapple--one becauseof too much wind, and the other for lack of wind--for the one wasa samatra or hurricane, and the other so great a calm, that neitherwe nor the Dutch could manage our ships. But inasmuch as we remainedwithin cannon-shot of one another, we fought until night deepened, and they fled battered to pieces; for our balls had gone clear throughthem, while theirs made scarcely any impression on us. Accordinglywe only lost two men in the fight. 

On the eve of the Assumption [87] we ran upon a shoal three brazasunder water, where the galleon remained all night, tossing up and downfrightfully. In the morning a boat came from one of our other shipsin response to the numerous pieces that we discharged, and helped usget off the shoal; but we were in so bad condition that from then onthe boat made thirty palmos of water every twenty-four hours. 

We finally reached Malaca August twenty-two. Although it was thoughtthat the monsoon or favorable wind was already ended, we attemptedto make the voyage to Manila. We passed the strait of Sincapura, and on the fifth of September, because of the little progress thatwe made, called a council, in which we all resolved to winter atMalaca. However, on the next day, the commander attempted to continuethe voyage to Manila, until the soldiers and sailors mutinied andforced him to put in at Malaca, on the nineteenth of the same month. 

The fleet was very ill received by the inhabitants there, becauseof the harm that soldiers generally do. But our going there was soonseen to have been a providence of God; for within one month the kingof Achen came to attack that city with a fleet of one hundred andfifty sail and forty thousand men, and had not he found our galleysthere would surely have captured it. And further, according to rumors(and as was shown in the result), he had agreed with the Dutch to jointhem, since they came only twenty days apart, as I shall immediatelyrelate. In my opinion the same thing that had happened to the prophetAbacuc [_i. E. _, Habakkuk] happened to me. For he having preparedthe food for his reapers, the angel bore him by the hair to Babylon, to relieve the necessity of Daniel, who had been locked in the denof lions. I took that aid from Goa for Manila, and the Lord took usto Malaca, and conveyed us as if by the hair, since we put in withgreat repugnance; and at last all that reinforcement was consumed inhelping Malaca. 

A squadron of galleys came ahead to reconnoiter. Finding our galleonsanchored, and taking note of the soldiers in them and in the city, it went ahead to the strait to await (as was heard) the Dutch. Ourmen feared lest they should attack the trading ships which generallycome at that time from China. Accordingly it was resolved that fourgalleons, six galliots, and other oared craft should sail out to drivethe enemy from the coast. They engaged on the fifteenth of November, and fought all that day, and the one following. The enemy's forcewas large. They burned one galliot and forced the men to desert theothers and enter the galleons, which now were in need of men. The enemyattacked our flagship and surrounded it with twelve large galleys. Itcaught fire many times, but our men always extinguished the fireand defended themselves valiantly. They attacked the galleon of DonJuan de Silveyra, which was a fine vessel, and a fort of twenty-twocannons. It caught fire and burned so furiously that the flames couldnot be extinguished; and it was accordingly burned to ashes. The saidDon Juan de Silveyra and Antonio Rodriguez Gamboa--his brother-in-law, and son of Juan Cayado de Gamboa, commandant of that fortress ofMalaca--leaped overboard. They and thirty or forty other Portuguesewere captured by the people of Achen and taken to their king, whotreated them courteously and gave them liberty. Those gentlemendeclared to me, in writing, in Malaca that the fleet of the peopleof Achen consisted of three hundred and fifty craft, among which weresixty large galleys, each with three pieces of artillery at the bow, while that of the midship gangway had the caliber of sixty libras;that the royal galley carried one thousand six hundred men, with onehundred and twenty falcons and half-falcons; and that they lost tenlarge galleys in the fight, besides twenty other lesser craft. Theyalso stated that after returning to his country the king punishedcertain of his captains because they had not burned all the galleys;and that having given liberty to the captives he sent them to Malaca, with che message that he desired peace with his brother, the king ofCastilla and Portugal. 

Our good fortune resulted in his not having effected a meeting with theDutch, who arrived the next month, on the seventh of December, withseven ships and one patache. Our three galleons had been stationedin a cove between the small island of Malaca and a sandbank--aplace that seemed impregnable, as it was defended on the sea sideby the sandbank and shoals, and on the land side by the artilleryof its ramparts. But the enemy, having thoroughly reconnoitered thesandbank and shoals, discovered a channel where they could enter, and thereupon entered on the morning of the next day, flying theirred rear-admiral's banners. The flagship remained outside, althoughwithin cannon-shot. Then began a cruel bombardardment that lastedthree days. Our galleons could not play all their artillery, for theywere anchored, and the currents were dragging them toward the Dutch, who were free, and maneuvered at will. Our artillery was heavier thantheirs, consequently the few pieces that we fired did them greatdamage. The building of a protection for the cannon was discussed, and the planting of some pieces on the island, in order to defendthe galleons. That would doubtless have been of great importancefor they would have fired from a covered battery and at very closerange, as was seen by the effect produced by only one piece thatwas mounted there. It was fired by a man who had been condemned todeath, and who was awaiting justice for having pillaged two Chinesevessels. He was promised pardon if he would take charge of that piece, as he did, to the damage of the enemy. But as he was alone and theenemy were bringing to bear all the artillery of their ships, theyfinally prevailed. On the first day, Juan Pinto, captain of a galley, being killed, and his uncle, a valiant soldier, having broken his leg, his men were disheartened, and deserted the galleon; but they did nottake the precaution to burn it, so that the enemy could not profit, as they did, by its artillery, food, and other things that it wascarrying; afterward the enemy set it on fire. 

At dawn of the next day, December ten, the heretics began to attackthe almiranta. At the first volleys the admiral and five other menwere killed. The men were so disheartened by that event that theybegan to jump overboard, and it was impossible for certain commandersand brave soldiers, who were trying to defend the galleon, to preventthem. But, as the enemy perceived them deserting the vessel, theysent their lanchac and entered it; they first lowered the flag ofChrist from the masthead and placed it on their ship below that ofCount Mauricio. The vessel was already burning from the fire set byour men, and accordingly the enemy deserted it quickly. 

Our flagship kept up the fight longer, but at last men were lacking;for, as the land was near, they tried to reach it in boats or byswimming. The commander Francisco de Miranda Enriquez was leftwith very few men; and they even, seeing that it was impossible todefend themselves, were forced to land, after having set fire to thegalleon. It was a very fine and strong boat. It earned thirty-sixcannon, and had so much ammunition that when the fire reached thepowder magazine, the vessel blew up with so great a din, that it madethe entire city and the island of Malaca shake, and the vessel wasseen no more. This was different from the almiranta, which, when itspowder had been spent, was two days in burning. The dead and wounded onour side number about one hundred. The enemy lost one of its vessels, but was at last victorious. Then they went to the strait to await theships expected from China. In the city was little harmony, those ofthe fleet and those of the city accusing one another of the fault [ofthe defeat]. I reverenced the judgments of God, and considered that, although there was some excess on both sides, the chief cause of sogreat a loss was our sins. _Quia peccavimus tibi Domini_, etc. [88]

The largest fleet ever seen in these islands or perchance in theIndias was prepared that year of 1615 in the port of Cabite. [89]It seems a miraculous circumstance that so large a number of shipscould be gathered together in a land so recently conquered and peopledwith Spaniards, and the most remote and distant in all the Spanishmonarchy. It was the peculiar offspring of the magnanimous courage, valor, and energy (never sufficiently praised) of Governor Don Juande Silva. It consisted of ten galleons, four galleys, one patache, and other smaller craft: the flagship of the galleons, called "LaSalvadora, " of two thousand tons burden; the almiranta, by name"San Marcos, " of one thousand seven hundred; "San Juan Bautista, "and the "Espiritu Santo, " of one thousand three hundred; "San Miguel"and "San Felipe, " of eight hundred; "Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, "and "Santiago, " one hundred less; "San Andres, " five hundred; and"San Lorenco" (the smallest one), four hundred. The galleys were allunder the advocacy and name of the Virgin Mary, our Lady. Those craftwere armed and equipped with five thousand men, two thousand, or afew less, being Spaniards; three hundred pieces of artillery--theflagship alone carrying forty-six (the smallest of eighteen, whilethe majority of them were twenty-two libras' caliber, and some werethirty), and all were bronze, and it carried nine hundred men;the almiranta seven hundred men, and thirty-two pieces; and theother vessels in proportion. Of powder, they carried four thousandfive hundred arrobas; of biscuits, five thousand; of clean rice, three thousand fanegas; and so on, in all the other war-supplies, ammunition, and food. All this was at the king's account, not tomention the private persons who embarked. 

Among the other precautions that the governor took in order toaccomplish a successful result was one, namely, to ask the provincialsof the orders and their religious to aid--the one with their prayersand continual sacrifices in their convents; and the other by religiouswho were priests, to act as chaplains of the vessels. Six fell tothe share of the Society, two of whom embarked in the flagship, in which were the chief Japanese of a company of that nation whichhad been raised to serve as volunteers on that expedition, throughthe vigilance of Father Garcia Garces, [90] a Castilian, one of theexiles, whom the governor esteemed highly. Accordingly, the latterordered that the father should embark on the flagship, and withhim another religious of the Japanese nation, a person respectedbecause of his worth. In the galleon "San Juan Bautista" was FatherPedro Gomez, rector of Maluco. He had gone to India, and returnedwith the news of the four Portuguese galleons which were coming tounite with our ten. As his associate went Father Manuel Ribeyro ofthe province of Cochin and its subject. In the ship "San Felipe" wasFather Miguel Ignacio, at present rector of the residence of Zebu, who, without urging the obligation of his office or the ill-healththat he was enjoying _[la poca salud, que gozaua]_, offered himselfso fervently to the superiors for that perilous mission, that theyhad to yield to him. The commander of that ship has declared in hismany letters the talent of the said father as a preacher, and hisopinion of his sanctity; and how great was the esteem of the soldiersand sailors for the abundant fruit that he had gathered in Cabite byhis apostolic preaching. His associate was Father Melchor de Vera, [91] who had been in the expedition and victory of the year 10. Ofthe other religious orders there were also some prominent members, divided among the other boats. 

That noble fleet could not set sail until the last day of that year of1615. It had been collected with the intention of going straightwayin search of the enemy in their own forts and the chief strongholdof Malayo. But as the galleons from India did not arrive, which theyhad heard were wintering in Malaca; and knowing that at that timesome ships were generally awaiting in its strait the trading-shipsfrom China which pass that way, and that some good fortune could besecured from them: the governor considered it advisable to lay hiscourse toward Malaca--whence he supposed that after the destructionof the enemy that he would cause there, and after having joined thePortuguese galleons, he would go straight to Malayo. It was a wellfounded idea, but founded on an uncertain end as are all human ideasand considerations. For besides that there were then no galleons inMalaca, because they had been burned in the manner above related, if the governor had not left these coasts, or at least had he saileddirectly to those of Maluco, and even without leaving the bay ofManila, he would have had in a short time a victory equal to thepast, and would have destroyed the help that came, because of hispreparations, from Olanda by way of the coasts of Pirú and Nueva-Españato these islands. For it happened that at the same time that Don Juande Silva was going out by way of Miriveles with his fleet, one of thefour governors of the state of Olanda was entering by way of Capulco[i. E. , Capul] with four large ships--his flagship being one called "Solde Olando" [i. E. , "The sun of Holland"]--and two pataches. Those shipswere coming straight to anchor at the same entrance of Mariveles, bywhich the fleet that we had fitted out had sailed one month previously. 

That unlooked-for event caused great confusion in this city of Manilaand the port of Cabite. Licentiate Andres de Alcaraz and the gentlemenof the royal Audiencia were governing. They put aside their togas andgirded on their swords. They divided the most dangerous and importantposts. One of them was charged with the fortification of Cabite, andthe repair of three galleys and other boats that had been going torack and ruin there; another with the casting of new pieces from thelittle metal remaining in the royal magazines, and he, because by itsscarcity the sudden need for artillery could not be supplied, triedto use the waste left from former castings, by digging and sifting theearth around the ancient foundry. That was so excellent a scheme thatthree thousand arrobas of metal were collected in a few days. It isa cause for wonderment, and could not have been accomplished exceptby Spanish activity, stimulated by necessity and the energy of theChinese, sharpened by the reward of three reals given them for eacharroba. More than one thousand five hundred persons worked at thesifting, and at the casting of new pieces. As a result the necessarycannon for the defense of Cabite and Manila were manufactured in ashort time. 

To that and other temporal precautions and efforts, were addedat the same time the spiritual--acts of prayer and supplications, the most holy host being exposed in the cathedral, the convents, and the parochial churches, with the effect and devotion thatexigency and need are wont to stimulate. The image of our Lady ofGuidance was carried in solemn and devout procession from her church(which is located in the suburbs of this city) to the cathedral, where it was visited continually by the inhabitants, who could nottear themselves from it. In our residence the most holy host was alsoexposed to all the town; with the solemnity of service and sermon onthe day that belonged to it; while on all other days it was especiallyexposed by Ours at the hour of prayer and devotion. Each priest wasordered to say a novena of masses, and those who were not priestsa novena of rosaries, penitences, and other devotions. Similar andeven advantageous action was taken in the other convents, churches, and communities of the city and surrounding villages. 

The Lord, whose providence is always most notable in the greatestexigencies, was pleased to hear the united voice of this community, and induced our enemy, after they had lain at anchor for a fortnightin the bay in sight of Manila, to hoist their sails; and without doingmore than seize one champan and send two letters by a prisoner--oneto the commander of their nation [i. E. , van Caerden] who was aprisoner here, and the other to the royal Audiencia, asking for hisransom. But that could have no effect, for the miserable man haddied a short time before in his perfidy, exchanging his temporalfor the eternal prison. [After sending these letters] the enemyreturned to Terrenate, ridding this city of its great anxiety. Onthat occasion the religious served not only with spiritual weapons, but also with what temporal arms they could use and those that theyknew how to manage. Among others was one of our brethren, whom theroyal Audiencia charged with the management of the artillery of theport of Cabite, because of his skill in the art and of his bravery, which the occasion required. Another religious, also ours, by hisgood management prevented the soldiers of Cabite from burning thatsettlement, for they had already commenced at one of the houses, where were collected the goods of the Portuguese commander, who hadcome from España the year before as commander of certain caravels withreenforcements from the kingdoms of España. They considered it lesswrong for us to burn them ourselves than to let the enemy make useof them. But that religious with his arguments and good managementhindered it, and inspired them all to extinguish the fire. That wasa cause of rejoicing afterward, when they saw the enemy go away andleave us, without forcing us to so costly a precaution. 

While the above was passing in Manila, our fleet reached Malaca, and entered the strait February twenty-five. The enemy had leftit one week previous, fleeing with all sails set, because of thesecret advice that they had received that our fleet was going insearch of them. The day following the arrival of our galleons, the two Chinese trading-ships entered the same strait, bearing allthe wealth of India It was a most fortunate event and was worthilycelebrated by the public acclamations of the inhabitants of Malaca, who called Governor Don Juan de Silva their redeemer. They receivedhim in their city under the pall, with demonstrations of joy andhonors as if he were a viceroy, for as such did they regard him;and they assured themselves that with his valor and powerful fleet, they were to deliver India from the inopportune war and the continuouspillaging of the Dutch. But (O human misery!) fortune changed within afew days, and all those hopes were frustrated; it brought the governorto his bed with a mortal burning fever, which killed him in elevendays. During the course of those eleven days the city made a publicprocession from the cathedral church to the Misericordia, prayingGod for his health. On the day of his death--namely, April nineteen, 1616--there were general mourning and tears from men, women, and evenchildren, as if each one of them had lost a father. 

Recognizing the approach of death, he received the holy sacraments, and performed many acts of faith and penitence, protesting that he wasdying in the service of his king, and, as he hoped, in that of God, for his intent had been none but the conservation and increase of theCatholic faith and the destruction of heresy in those districts. Andhe said that if the natives had been harassed any, those molestationshad not been intended and were unavoidable, for war brings them. Heordered his body to be embalmed and carried to this city of Manilain the flagship galley. From here he ordered his body to be carriedto Xerez de los Cavalleros, where he ordered a convent of discalcedCarmelites to be founded; and that his remains should be depositedin the residences of the Society. Thus was it done in Malaca, andafterward here in Manila, where all that fleet arrived in the firstpart of June, on the eve of Corpus Christi, in the year of 1616. Themission and ministry of Ours and of the other religious who tookpart in the campaign had lasted for four months, in which they had avery abundant harvest of souls, discomforts and hardships; for theyhad been two months below the equator itself, where they sufferedincomparable heat and drank poor water, which was the cause of themen catching the plague. And hence there was considerable to do, and in which to employ their fervor, particularly during Lent andHoly Week, which they spent at sea. [92]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Many documents in this volume are obtained from MSS. In the Archivogeneral de Indias, Sevilla; their pressmarks are indicated as follows:

1. _Petition of the Recollects. _--"Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencìa deFilipinas; cartas y expedientes de personas eclesiasticas de Filipinas;años 1609 á 1644; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 43. "

2. _Dominicans, in re Audiencia. _--The same as No. 1. 

3. _Letter from Juan de Silva. _--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia deFilipinas; cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de dichaAudiencia vistos en el Consejo; años 1607 á 1626; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 20. "

4. _Letters from Felipe III to Silva. _--"Audiencia de Filipinas;registros de oficio; reales ordenes dirigidas a las autoridadesdel distrito de la Audiencia; años 1597 á 1634; est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 1. "--except that of November 12, 1611, noted below. 

5. _Hospital at Nueva Cáceres. _--"Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencia deFilipinas; cartas y expedientes de los obispos sufraganeos de Manila;años de 1594 á 1698; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 34. "

6. _Letters to Dominican Provincial. _--The same as No. 4. 

7. _Status of missions. _--The same as No. 3. 

8. _Letter from Soria. _--The same as No. 5. 

9. _Recommendations regarding archbishopric ofManila. _--"Simancas--Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas; consultasoriginales correspondientes á dicha Audiencia; años 1586 á 1636;est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 1. "

The following is obtained from the Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid:

10. _Letter from Felipe III to Silva_, November 12, 1611. --"CedularioIndico, tom. 38, fol. 143, no. 108. "

The following are found in _Recopilación de leyes de Indias_ (Madrid, 1841):

11. _Laws regarding commerce. _--In lib. Ix, tit. Xlv. 

12. _Decree regulating services. _--In lib. Vi, tit. 12, ley 40. 

The following are taken from the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library):

13. _Relation of 1609-10. _--In vol. I, pp. 273-340. 

14. _Letters from Ledesma and Rivera. _--In vol. I, pp. 403-429. 

The remaining documents are obtained from the following sources:

15. _Jesuit missions, 1608-09. _--From _Annuæ litteræ_ (Dilingæ, 1610), pp. 507-532. 

16. _Foundation of the college of Santo Tomás. _--From _Algunosdocumentos relativos á la Universidad de Manila_ (Madrid, 1892), pp. 5-20. 

17. _Trade of the Philippines. _--From _Doc. Inéd. Amér. Y Oceania_, vi, pp. 298-314. 

18. _Account of the battle of Playa Honda_ (in "Expedition againstDutch, 1615"). --From Colin's _Labor evangélica_ (Madrid, 1663), pp. 802-810. 

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE GOVERNORS OF THE PHILIPPINES 1565-1899 ANDTHE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ISLANDS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS

List of Philippine Governors

_Miguel Lopez de Legazpi_--Native of Zubarraja (Zumárraga), Guipúzcoa, born in early part of sixteenth century; goes to Mexico in 1545, wherehe becomes clerk of the cabildo; appointed in 1561 to lead expeditionto discover western islands; lands at Cebu April 27, 1565; begins fortand takes possession of Cebu and neighboring islands for Spain, May 8, 1565; takes possession of Manila, May 19, 1571; erects city of Manila, June 3, 1571, and appoints regidors, etc. , June 24, 1571; death, August20, 1572; term as governor February 13 (date of first anchorage nearCebu)-August 20, 1572; also adelantado or governor of the Ladrones. 

_Guido de Labezares_--Biscayan; accompanies Villalobos expeditionof 1542; appointed royal treasurer of Legazpi's expedition, 1564;appointed by Mexico Audiencia by sealed instructions to succeedLegazpi in case of the latter's death; succeeds to governorship, August 20 (?), 1572; orders Salcedo to subdue Ilocos and found townof Fernandina (now Bigan), and orders subjection of Camarines, 1573;defends Manila against pirate Limahon, 1574; apportions encomiendas;term as governor (_ad interim_), August 20 (?), 1572-August 25, 1575; given appointment for life as master-of-camp, by Felipe II, andencomiendas of which he has been deprived by Sande, restored to him. 

_Doctor Francisco de Sande_--Native of Cáceres; serves as attorney, criminal judge, and auditor in Mexico; succeeds Labezares, August 25, 1575; founds city of Nueva Cáceres; arrival of first Franciscans, 1577;expedition to Borneo, 1578; term as governor, August 25, 1575-April, 1580; becomes auditor in Mexico Audiencia. 

_Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa_--Native of Arevalo; alguazil-mayor inMexico; contracts with king to colonize islands, for which to receivegovernorship for life; arrives at Manila, April, 1580; arrival ofbishop and first Jesuits, 1581; founds Arévalo, 1581 or 1582; foundsNueva Cáceres, 1582; expedition to Maluco, 1582; imposes import andexport duties, 1582; conflict between the bishop and Augustinians, 1582; sends Gabriel Rivera to Spain; death, March 10, 1583; term asgovernor, April, 1580-March 10, 1583. 

_Diego Ronquillo_--Nephew of preceding; appointed governor _ad interim_by royal decree, succeeding to government, March 10, 1583; first greatManila fire, March 19, 1583; term as governor March 10, 1583-May, 1584. 

_Doctor Santiago de Vera_--Native of Alcalá de Henares; alcalde ofMexico; arrives at Manila, May 16, 1584; establishes first Audienciaof Manila, 1584; sends Diego Ronquillo prisoner to Spain, 1585; sendsexpedition to Maluco, 1585; Father Sanchez leaves for Spain, June 28, 1586; arrival of Dominicans for their first mission, 1587; constructsfirst stone fort, 1587; Candish captures "Santa Ana, " November 4, 1587; insurrection in the Bisayas, 1588; term as governor, May 16, 1584-May, 1590; appointed auditor in Mexico Audiencia. 

_Gomez Perez Dasmariñas_--Native of Galicia, and knight of Order ofSantiago; corregidor of Murcia and Cartagena, 1589; appointed governorof Philippines, 1589; sails for Mexico, December 8, 1589; sails fromAcapulco, March 1, 1590; arrives at Manila, May (June 1, according tohis own letter, q. V. , Vol. VIII, p. 268), 1590; suppresses Audiencia, 1590; establishes regular camp, and fortifies and walls Manila;quarrels with bishop; contracts with Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroato conquer Mindanao, May 12, 1591; correspondence with Japan, 1592;Bishop Salazar goes to Spain, 1592; embassy from Camboja, 1593; sailson Maluco expedition, October 19, 1593; murdered by Chinese rowers, October 25, 1593; term as governor, May (or June 1), 1590-October25, 1593. 

_Licentiate Pedro de Rojas_--Auditor of Manila Audiencia, 1584;lieutenant-assessor, 1590; governor (_ad interim_), October-December(forty days) 1593; war affairs of islands in charge of Diego Ronquillo;appointed alcalde of Mexico, 1593. 

_Luis Perez Dasmariñas_--Son of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, and knight ofOrder of Alcántara; receives governorship _ad interim_, by virtue ofappointment of father, December (Zúñiga says 3), 1593; foundation inManila of Confraternity of La Misericordia, 1594; arrival in Manila ofChinese mandarins, 1594; embassy from Siam, 1595; Figueroa's expeditionto Mindanao, 1595; Morga arrives at Manila as lieutenant-governor, June 11, 1595; expedition to Camboja under Gallinato, 1596; term asgovernor, December 3, 1593-July 14, 1596 (San Antonio says the lastof June). Some historians and chronologists say that Dr. Antonio deMorga acted as governor _ad interim_ from his entrance into Manila, June 11, 1595, until Tello's arrival July 14, 1596, but he merelyfulfilled the duties of his office of lieutenant-governor. In hisletters after his arrival, and in his book, he distinctly states thatLuis Perez Dasmariñas was governor. Tello says in a letter of July 17, 1596 (see _Vol_. IX, pp. 274-277), "In respect to the person of DonLuys Perez Dasmariñas, whom I found acting as governor. " ConsequentlyMorga is given no place in this list. 

_Francisco de Tello de Guzmán_--Native of Sevilla, and knight of Orderof Santiago; treasurer of India House of Trade; appointed governorand president of Audiencia, which he is ordered to reestablish, by royal decree, November 26, 1595; enters Manila, July 14, 1596;martyrdom of Franciscans in Japan, February 5, 1597; arrival offirst archbishop, May 1598; Audiencia reestablished, May 8, 1598;arrivals of first suffragan bishops, 1598-1600; Moro invasions, 1599-1600; Morga's fight with Oliver van Noordt, December 14, 1600;Jesuit seminary of San José founded, 1601; term as governor, July 14, 1596-May, 1602; death in Manila, April 1603. 

_Pedro Bravo de Acuña_--Knight of the Order of St. John, and comendadorof Salamanca; appointed governor of Cartagena in West Indies, 1593;appointed governor of the Philippines as early as January 16, 1600(see _Vol_. XI, p. 312); instructions issued for, February 16, 1602;arrives at Manila, May, 1602; second fire in Manila, April 30, 1603;first Chinese insurrection, 1603; expedition to Maluco, January15-May 31, 1606; Audiencia rules during his absence; first Japaneseinsurrection, 1606; death, June 24, 1606. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs, and Auditor_Cristobal Tellez de Almansa_ of military affairs, June 24, 1606;arrival of first Recollect mission, 1606; secoad insurrection ofJapanese, 1607; Audiencia governs, June 24, 1606-June 15, 1608. 

_Rodrigo de Vivero_--Native of Laredo; page to queen in Spain, and official in Nueva España; appointed governor (_ad interim_)by royal decree, July 7, 1607; arrives at Manila, June 15, 1608;issues instructions to alcaldes-mayor; term as governor, June 15, 1608-April (Easter), 1609; appointed count of Valle, and governorand captain-general, and president of Audiencia of Panama. 

_Juan de Silva_--Native of Trujillo, and knight of the Order ofSantiago; arrives in Manila April (Easter), 1609; brings reenforcementsof five companies; victory over Wittert, April 25 (San Antonio says24), 1610; arrival of fourth archbishop, Diego Vazquez de Mercado, June 4, 1610; fruitless expedition against Dutch, 1611; expeditionin conjunction with Portuguese against Dutch, February 4, 1616-April19, 1616; death, April 19, 1616; Audiencia governs during absence;term as governor, April, 1609-April 19, 1616. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs, and AuditorLicentiate _Andres Alcaraz_ of military affairs, as substitute forJeronimo (uncle of Juan) de Silva, who is appointed governor (_adinterim_) in case of Juan de Silva's death, by royal decree of March20 (Delgado) or 28 (San Antonio), 1616 (Alcaraz having been left incharge by Juan de Silva on his departure to Malaca); return of fleet, June 1, 1616; Spielberg bombards Iloílo, September 29, 1616, andis defeated next day; his defeat at Playa Honda by Juan Ronquillo, April 14, 1617; Jeronimo de Silva arrives from Maluco and takescharge of military affairs, September 30, 1617; Audiencia governs(after Juan de Silva's death), April 19, 1616-June 8 (Delgado), 1618. 

_Alonso Fajardo y Tenza_--Native of Murcia, knight of the Order ofAlcantara, and seigneur of Espinardo; arrives at Cavite, July 2, 1618, and takes charge of government on the day following (but June 8 isthe erroneous date given by Buzeta and Bravo); foundation of conventof Santa Clara, August-November 1, 1621; kills wife for adultery, 1621; checks insurrection in the Visayas, 1623; death from melancholy, July 11 (Delgado) or before July 23, 1624; term as governor, July 3, 1618-July, 1624. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs, and_Jeronimo de Silva_ of military affairs at death of Fajardo; Silvaimprisoned by Audiencia for failure to pursue Dutch whom he puts toflight near Playa Honda, 1624; Audiencia governs, July, 1624-June, 1625. 

_Fernando de Silva_--Native of Ciudad-Rodrigo, knight of the Orderof Santiago, and former ambassador to Persia; appointed governor(_ad interim_) by viceroy of Mexico; arrives at Manila, June, 1625;term as governor, June 1625-June 29, 1626. 

_Juan Niño de Tabora_--Native of Galicia, comendador of Puerto Llano, and knight of Order of Calatrava; master-of-camp in Flanders; arrivesat Manila, June 29 (Retana, _Estadismo_, says wrongly July 29), 1626;despatches expedition against Moros, 1627-1630; builds Manila bridgeand strengthens fortifications; death, July 22, 1632; term as governor, June 29, 1626-July 22, 1632. 

_Vacant_--The Audienca takes charge of political affairs, and _Lorenzode Olaza_ (or Olaso) of military affairs, being appointed by viceroyof Mexico; Audiencia governs July 22, 1632-about the middle of 1633. 

_Juan Cerezo de Salamanca_--Appointed governor (_ad interim_) byviceroy of Mexico; expeditions against Moros, 1634-1635; term asgovernor, about middle of 1633-June 25, 1635. 

_Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera_--Native of Berbenda (Berguenda) inthe mountains of Burgos (some say of Vitoria, in province Alava), knight of the Order of Alcantara, and ex-governor of Panama; arrivesin Manila, June 25, 1635; term notable for troubles with archbishopand ecclesiastics; expeditions against Moros, 1637-1638; Chineseinsurrection, November, 1639-March, 1640; Formosa captured by Dutch, August 24, 1642; gives first ordinances for good government in thePhilippines, 1642; term as governor, June 25, 1635-August 11, 1644;arrested and held prisoner for five years by successor; released byorder of king and appointed (1659) governor of Canaries; death atTenerife, August 12, 1660. 

_Diego Fajardo_--Knight of the Order of Santiago; takes office, August 11, 1644; dominated by secretary Eustacio de Venegas, untilSeptember 15, 1651; naval battles with, and victories over, Dutch, March, July, and August, 1646; fortifies city; term as governor, August 11, 1644-July 25, 1653. 

_Sabiniano Manrique de Lara_--Native of Málaga, knight of the Orderof Calatrava, and ex-castellan of Acapulco; arrives at Cavite, July 22, 1653; takes possession of government, July 25 (Retana, _Estadismo_, says July 28), 1653; earthquake in Manila, August 20, 1658; insurrections among natives 1660-1661; Chinese insurrection, 1662; term marked by partial cessation in ecclesiastical troublesand outbreaks of Moros; term as governor, July 25, 1653-September 8, 1663; returns to Malaga after residencia and becomes priest. 

_Diego de Salcedo_--Native of Brussels, an army officer; appointedgovernor by royal provision, December 2, 1661; arrives at Manila, overland from Cagayan, September 8, 1663; troubles with archbishop andecclesiastics lead to his arrest by the Holy Office of the Inquisition, September 28, 1668; term as governor, September 8, 1663-September 28, 1668; sent to Mexico for trial in 1669, but dies at sea; Inquisitionof Mexico exonerates. 

_Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz_--Junior auditor of Manila Audiencia;succeeds as governor (_ad interim_) by trickery, September 28(?), 1668; term as governor September 28(?), 1668-September 24, 1669;takes refuge in Recollect convent. [93]

_Manuel de Leon_--Native of Paredes de Nava, and military officer;appointed by royal provision June 24, 1668; arrives in Manila, September 24, 1669; conflict with archbishop, 1673; death, April 11, 1677; term as governor, September 24, 1669-April 11, 1677. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs, and Auditors_Francisco Coloma_ and _Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla_, successively, of military affairs; death of former, September 25, 1677; term oflatter, September 25, 1677-September 21, 1678 (Delgado says September22, 1679); Audiencia governs, April 11, 1677-September 21, 1678. 

_Juan de Vargas Hurtado_--Native of Toledo, knight of the Order ofSantiago, and military officer; appointed by royal provision, June 18, 1677; arrives at Manila, September 21, 1678 (Retana, _Estadismo_, says that he took charge of the government September 29); rebuildscollege of Santa Potenciana; trouble with Archbishop Felipe Pardo; termas governor, September 28, 1678-August 24, 1684; is excommunicated;residencia lasts four years; dies at sea on way to Mexico, 1690. 

_Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola_--Knight of the Order of Santiago, naval officer, member of council of war, and twenty-fourth regidor ofSevilla; arrives at Manila, August, 24, 1684; reinstates archbishop, and exiles auditors; death, April 17 (Delgado and San Antonio) or 27(Zúñiga), 1689; term as governor, August 24, 1684-April 17 or 27, 1689. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs and Auditor_Alonso de Avila Fuertes_, knight of the Order of Alcántara; Audienciagoverns, April 17 or 27, 1689-July 19 (Delgado, and Buzeta and Bravo)or 25 (Zúñiga and Montero y Vidal), 1690. 

_Fausto Cruzat y Gongora_--Native of Navarra of a distinguishedPamplona family, and knight of the Order of Santiago; appointedby royal provision, January 15 (Delgado) or 31 (San Antonio), 1686; arrives at Manila, July 19 or 25, 1690; issues ordinancesof good government, October 1, 1696; rebuilds governor's palace;term characterized by ecclesiastical troubles; term as governor, July 19 or 25, 1690-December 8, 1701. 

_Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri_--Knight of the Order of Santiago, and military officer; appointed governor, September 18, 1694; arrivesat Manila, December 8 (San Antonio says September), 1701; attends topublic works; receives papal legate to China, Carlos Tomás MaillardTournon, without credentials (which leads to his dismissal by theking), September, 1704; term as governor, December 8, 1701-August 25, 1709; returns to Spain, 1710. 

_Martin de Urzua y Arismendi_--Count of Lizarraga, and knight of theOrder of Santiago; appointed by royal provision, August 19, 1704;arrives at Manila, August 25, 1709; diminishes number of Chinese atManila; schism between Recollects, and other ecclesiastical troubles;death, February 4, 1715; term as governor, August 25, 1709-February4, 1715. 

_Vacant_--The Audiencia takes charge of political affairs, and AuditorDoctor _José Torralba_ of military affairs; carries on public works;Audiencia governs, February 4, 1715-August 9, 1717; Torralba arrestedby next governor for deficit and misuse of funds; dies in Philippinesin poverty, with sentence by Council of Indies of exile from Madridand Manila. 

_Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamente y Rueda_--Usually called the"Mariscal, " because he was the first mariscal-de-campo to govern theislands; ex-alcalde-mayor of Trascala, in Nueva España; appointedgovernor by royal provision, September 6, 1708; arrives at Manila, August 9, 1717; severe in judgments; reestablishes garrison atZamboanga; his troubles with the ecclesiastics lead to arrest ofarchbishop, and to his assassination by a mob (said by some to havebeen instigated by Jesuits), October 11, 1719; term as governor, August 9, 1717-October 11, 1719. 

_Fray Francisco de la Cuesta_--Of the Order of San Gerónimo; nativeof Colmenar de Oreja; elected archbishop of Manila, August 12, 1712;arrested by Bustillo Bustamente; becomes governor (_ad interim_), on refusal of auditors to serve, October 11, 1719; term as governor, October 11, 1719-August 6, 1721; transferred to bishopric of Mechocan, Mexico, entering, April 18, 1724; death, May 30 (Retana) or 31(Buzeta and Bravo), 1724. 

_Toribio José Cosío y Campo_--Marquis of Torre Campo, knight of theOrder of Calatrava, and ex-governor of Guatemala; appointed governorby royal provision, June 30, 1720; ordered by royal instructions toinvestigate death of Bustamente, October 6, 1720; arrives at Manila, August 6, 1721; does not investigate Bustamente's death, althoughordered again (1724) to do so by the king, acting on the advice ofthe Franciscan Totanes and the Jesuits; troubles with Moros continuethroughout his rule; term as governor, August 6, 1721-August 14, 1729. 

_Fernando Valdés y Tamon_--Colonel and brigadier, and knight of theOrder of Santiago; appointed by royal provision, October 25, 1727;arrives at Manila, August 14, 1729; unsuccessfully attempts conquestof Palaos 1730--1733; reforms army and engages in other public works;receives royal decree of April 8 1734, deciding suit favorablyto islands with merchants of Cádiz and Sevilla over Chinese tradebetween American colonies and islands; term as governor, August 14, 1729, -July, 1739; returns to Spain and appointed mariscal-de-campo. 

_Gaspar de la Torre_--Native of Flanders, brigadier of royal armiesand gentleman of the king's bedchamber; arrives at Manila, July, 1739; expedition of Admiral George Anson occurs during his rule;harsh in government; death, September 21 (Buzeta and Bravo say 29), 1745; term as governor, July 1739-September 21, 1745. 

_Fray Juan Arrechederra_--Native of Caracas, Dominican, bishop-electof Nueva Segovia; becomes governor (_ad interim_), September 21, 1745;quells insurrection in Batangas; fortifies Manila and Cavite againstEnglish; term as governor, September 21, 1745-July 20 (Buzeta andBravo, and Mas say June), 1750; death, November 12, 1751 (Delgado;Retana, _Estadismo_, says wrongly 1755). 

_José Francisco de Obando y Solís_--Native of Cáceres inEstremadura, marquis of Obando, member of his Majesty's council, andmariscal-de-campo of royal armies; in Lima when receives appointment;arrives at Manila, July 20, 1750; troubles with Audiencia andarchbishop; troubles with Moros; term as governor, July 20, 1750-July, 1754; annoying residencia; death at sea, while on his way from Manilato Acapulco, 1755. 

_Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban_--Native of Ceuta, of Biscayandescent, knight of the Order of Calatrava, gentleman of bedchamber ofthe king of the Two Sicilies, captain of the royal Spanish guards, and mariscal-de-campo of the royal armies; arrives at Manila, July(Retana, _Estadismo_, says June), 1754; reforms army and therebyincurs enmities; troubles with Moros continue; expels infidel Chineseand builds alcaicería of San Fernando; troubles with Audiencia andarchbishop; death, May 31, 1759; term as governor, July, 1754-May31, 1759. 

_Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta_--Native of Manila, and bishop of Cebú;becomes governor (_ad interim_), against consent of part of Audiencia, June (Mas says July), 1759; archbishop claims governorship on hisarrival at Manila, but opposed successfully by Ezpeleta; revokesordinances of good government made by Arandía; brings suit againstSantiago Orendaín, favorite of Arandía; royal decree gives governorshipto archbishop, July, 1761; term as governor, June, 1759-July, 1761. 

_Manuel Rojo_--Native of Tala, Nueva España, and archbishop of Manila;takes possession of church, July 22, 1759; becomes governor (_adinterim_), July 1761; quashes case against Orendaín; bombardment, taking, and sack of Manila by English, and cowardice and imprisonmentof archbishop, October, 1762; term as governor July, 1761-October, 1762, although maintained as governor by English until death; deathas prisoner, January 30, 1764. 

_Simon de Anda y Salazar_--Native of Subijana, born October 28, 1701; auditor; appointed by Audiencia lieutenant of the governor andcaptain-general; leaves Manila, October 4, 1762; establishes capitalin Bacolor, Pampanga, and has himself proclaimed governor; Britishmaintain archbishop as governor until his death, who cedes islands tothem; insurrections of natives and Chinese, 1762-1764; negotiationswith English, 1763-1764; term as governor (_ad interim_), October, 1762-March 17, 1764; receives keys to city from British, April, 1764. 

_Francisco Javier de la Torre_--Military officer; becomes governor(_ad interim_), March 17, 1764; British evacuate Manila, April, 1764;tries to restore order; term as governor, March 17, 1764-July 6, 1765. 

_José Raon_--Native of Navarra, and mariscal-de-campo; arrives inManila, July 6, 1765; Le Gentil arrives at Manila, October, 1766;Archbishop Santa Justa y Rufina takes his seat July 12, 1767; hisconflicts with regular clergy; Raón revises ordinances of Arandía;expulsion of Chinese, 1769; expulsion of Jesuits and Raón's collusionwith them; term as governor, July 6, 1765-July, 1770; death, duringresidencia at Manila. 

_Simon de Anda y Salazar_--Well received at court on return after 1764, and made councilor of Castilla; directs letter to king complaining ofcertain disorders in the Philippines, enumerating among them a numberagainst the friars, April 12, 1768; arrives at Manila as governor, July, 1770; proceeds against predecessor and others; rouses oppositionof regulars; reforms army and engages in other public works; troubleswith Moros continue; opposes king's order of November 9, 1774, tosecularize curacies held by regulars, and the order repealed, December11, 1776; rule characterized by his energy, foresight, honesty, andconflicts with the regulars; death, October 30, 1776, at seventy-sixyears of age; term as governor, July, 1770-October 30, 1776. 

_Pedro Sarrio_ (Soriano: Buzeta and Bravo)--Official in Manila; becomesgovernor (_ad interim_), October 30, 1776 (Mas says July); continuesoperations against Moros; royal order to Indians to cultivate flaxand hemp, January 12, 1777; term as governor, October 30-July 1778. 

_José Basco y Vargas_--Born of an illustrious Granada family, andnaval officer; arrives at Manila, July, 1778; Chinese allowed toreturn to Manila, 1778; opposed by Audiencia, some of whom, withcertain military officers, he arrests for conspiracy, October, 1779;increases army and strengthens fortifications; tobacco monopolyestablished February 9, 1780-March 1, 1782; _Sociedad Económica deAmigos del Pais_ ("Economic Association of Friends of the Country")established, 1781; insurrection in Ituy and Paniqui, 1785; royalapproval of powder monopoly, November 4, 1786; various innovationsoccur during his term; encourages agriculture and other industries;asks to be relieved because of opposition from Audiencia; at king'spermission sails for Spain, in the latter part of November, 1787;term as governor, July, 1778-November, 1787; appointed rear-admiral, governor of Cartagena, and count of the Conquest of the Batanes Islands(which he had conquered)

_Pedro de Sarrio_--Appointed governor _(ad interim)_ for the secondtime, November 22, 1787, on departure of Basco; insurrection in Ilocosbecause of tobacco monopoly, 1787; death of archbishop Santa Justa yRufina, December 15, 1787; term as governor, November 22, 1787-July1, 1788. 

_Félix Berenguer de Marquina_--Naval officer; arrives at Manila July 1(Buzeta and Bravo, and Retana say May), 1787; opposed by Audiencia;Manila becomes an open port for all but European products, by royaldecree of August 15, 1789; proposes plans for government reforms inthe Philippines; term as governor, July 1, 1788-September 1, 1793. 

_Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de Leon_-- Knight of the Orderof Alcántara, military officer, and gentleman of the bedchamber;arrives at Cavite, August 28, 1793; enters government, September1, 1793; strengthens fortifications, levies native troops, andinculcates various reforms; conflicts with Moros continue, andshipyard established (1794) at Binondo to build boats for Moro war;receives title of mariscal-de-campo; energetic and tireless; hands overgovernment to king's deputy or _segundo cabo_, August 7, 1806; termas governor, September 1, 1793-August 7, 1806; death, August 8, 1806. 

_Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras_--Native of Galicia; becomes governor(_ad interim_), August 7, 1806; insurrection in Ilocos, 1807; Englishcommercial house given permission to establish itself in the islands, 1809; term as governor, August 7, 1806-March 4, 1810. 

_Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar_--Knight of the Order of Santiago, andmilitary officer; arrives at Manila, March 4, 1810; in accordance withroyal decrees of January 29 and February 14, 1810, permitting deputiesfrom the colonies to be chosen for the Spanish Cortes, Philippinedeputies are present in that of September 24, 1810; proposes cessationof Acapulco ship, 1810; insurrection (anti-friar and to establish newreligion) in Ilocos, 1811; first newspaper established in Philippines, August 8, 1811; Spanish constitution of 1812 publicly received inManila, April 17, 1813; Aguilar's term marked by various commercialmovements; term as governor, March 4, 1810-September 4, 1813. 

_José Gardoqui Jaraveitia_--Naval officer; arrives at Manila, September 4, 1813; cessation of Acapulco ship; term marked by variousgovernmental changes in consequence of decrees issued by FernandoVII, by certain commercial changes, and troubles with Moros; death, December 9, 1816; term as governor, September 4, 1813-December 9, 1816. 

_Mariano Fernandez De Folgueras_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_)for the second time, December 10, 1816; province of Ilocos Nortecreated, February 2, 1818; orders reestablishment of _Real SociedadEconómica de Filipinas_ ("Royal Economic Association of Filipinas"), December 17, 1819; massacre of foreigners by natives, October9-10, 1820; establishment of three short-lived newspapers in 1821;term marked by closer connection with Spain; term as governor, December 10, 1816-October 30, 1822; assassinated in insurrection ofSpanish-Americans and Filipinos, 1823. 

_Juan Antonio Martínez_--Native of Madrid, and mariscal-de-campo;arrives at Manila, October 30, 1822; accompanied by many new officialsfrom Spain; insurrection of Filipinos and Spanish-Americans inconsequence; newspaper founded by El Sociedad de Amigos del Pais, 1724;reactionary movements of Spain affect Philippines; term as governor, October 30, 1822-October 14, 1825; death, at sea while on way to Spain. 

_Marinao Ricafort Palacín y Ararca_--Native of Murcia, mariscal-de-campo, and perpetual ambassador of the city of Paz, Peru;arrives at Manila, October 14, 1825; forbids foreigners to sell goodsat retail, February 4, 1828; makes laws in many different directions;gives instructions for government of Mariana Islands, December 17, 1828; foundation of Dominican college in Ocaña, Spain, as a feeder forChina and the Philippines, May 2, 1830 (approved, August 15, 1831);returns to Spain, December 23, 1830; term as governor, October 14, 1825-December 23, 1830. 

_Pascual Enrile y Alcedo_--Native of Cadiz, military officer andsegundo cabo of, the Philippines; becomes governor, December 23, 1830; expedition to Igorrotes, 1831-1832; lottery established, July3, 1833; royal tribunal of commerce created in Manila, January 1, 1834; _Guia de Forasteros_ (Guide book for strangers) first printed, 1834; Compañía de Filipinas dissolved by royal order of September 6, 1834; royal order of November 3, 1834, substitutes segundo cabo inoffice of governor, in case of latter's absence, sickness, or death;many useful laws passed and islands prosper during this term; termas governor, December 23, 1830-March 1, 1835. 

_Gabriel de Torres_--Native of Valladolid province, and segundo caboof the Philippines; becomes governor, March 1, 1835; death, April 23, 1835; term as governor, March 1, 1835-April 23, 1835. 

_Juan Crámer_ (Montero y Vidal) Juaquin de Crame (Mas, and Buzeta andBravo)--Native of Cataluña; becomes governor (_ad interim_) as officeof segundo cabo vacant, April 23, 1835; term as governor, April 23, 1835-September 9, 1835. 

_Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona_--Native of Ibrillos(Rioja), and military officer; comes to Manila with appointment assegundo cabo; becomes governor (_ad interim_), September 9, 1835;royal council of Spain and the Indies abolished by royal decree, September 28, 1836; by the promulgation in Madrid (June 18, 1837) ofthe political constitution of the Spanish monarchy, the Philippineslose their representation in the Cortés; term as governor, September 9, 1835-August 27, 1837. 

_Andrés García Camba_--Knight of the Order of Santiago, andmariscal-de-campo; captured with royal army at battle of Ayacucho, Peru, December 9, 1824; residence in Manila April, 1825-March, 1835;receives royal approbation to appointment as commander-in-chiefof military forces at Manila, May 22, 1826; appointed director of_La Sociedad Económica de Amigos del Pais_; elected to representthe Philippines in Spanish Cortés, 1834; appointed secretary of war(_ad interim_), August 15, 1836; elected to Cortés to represent Lugo(but did not sit), October 2, 1836; arrives at Manila, August 24, 1837;takes charge of government, August 27, 1837; given name of "El Deseado"("the desired"); is opposed politically and by the ecclesiastics;term as governor, August 27, 1837-December 29, 1838; after return toSpain, elected senator for Valencia; minister of the marine, commerce, and government of the colonies, May 21, 1841-May 25, 1842. 

_Luis Lardizábal_--Arrives at Manila, December 26, 1838; entersupon government, December 29 (Montero y Vidal) or 30 (Mas), 1838;first issue of weekly paper, _Precios corrientes de Manila_ ("Pricescurrent in Manila") in Spanish and English, July 6, 1839; provinceof Nueva Vizcaya created, 1839; project for monument to Magalhães onthe islet of Mactan submitted to supreme government, 1840; solicitsrecall; term as governor, December 29, 1838-February, 1841; death atsea on return voyage to Spain. 

_Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri_--Native of Navarra, andlieutenant-general; arrives at Manila, February, 1841; insurrectionsamong Tagáls, the second of native soldiers, 1841 and 1843; newspaper_Seminario filipino_ first published, 1843; term as governor, February, 1841-June 17, 1843. 

_Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre_--Native of Extremadura, andlieutenant-general; becomes governor, June 17 (Buzeta and Bravo say12), 1843; Isabel II declared of age and received as queen of Spain, December 1, 1843; Alcalá makes laws regulating commerce, the army, andwelfare of the islands; term as governor, June 17, 1843-July 16, 1844. 

_Narciso Clavería y Zaldua_--Native of Gerona (but of Biscayanorigin), and lieutenant-general; becomes governor, July 16, 1844;calendar in Philippines corrected, 1844; makes reforms in officeof alcalde-mayor, 1844; founds casino called "Sociedad de recreo"("Recreation Association"), October 31, 1844; his proposal to establishmilitary library approved, February 15, 1846; first steam war-vesselsin the Philippines bought (in London), 1848; conquest of island ofBalanguingui, 1848, for which he receives the titles of count of Manilaand viscount of Claveria, and the cross of San Fernando, besides otherrewards; regular clergy forbidden to alienate property, January 15, 1849; surnames given to natives, November 11, 1849; his term markedby intense activity, and the number of papers founded, among thembeing the first daily of Manila, _La Esperanza_ (December 1, 1846), and _Diario de Manila_ (1848); asks retirement and returns to Spain, December 26, 1849; term as governor, July 16, 1844-December 26, 1849. 

_Antonio María Blanco_--Segundo cabo; becomes governor (_ad interim_), December 26, 1849; monthly lottery established in Manila, January 29, 1850; creates province of Unión, March 2, 1850; term as governor, December 26, 1849-June 29, 1850. 

_Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía_--Native of San Sebastián, and marquisof Solana; formerly a Carlist; becomes governor June 29, 1850; leperhospital founded in Cebú, 1850; bank Español-filipino established, August 1, 1851, and begins operations, 1852; expedition to, andconquest of, Joló, 1851; term characterized by many administrativelaws; solicits retirement; term as governor, July 29, 1850-December20, 1853; appointed minister of war by royal decree, October 12, 1856. 

_Ramon Montero y Blandino_--Segundo cabo of the Philippines; becomesgovernor (_ad interim_), December 20, 1853; term as governor, December20, 1853-February 2, 1854. 

_Manuel Pavía y Lay_--Marquis de Novaliches, lieutenant-general, headof department of infantry; appointed without previous consultation, September, 1853; arrives at Manila, February 2, 1854; reëquips army;mutiny of portion of native troops suppressed; monthly mail betweenManila and Hongkong established; leaves Manila, October 28, afterthanking religious orders (October 27) for coöperation; term asgovernor, February 2-October 28, 1854. 

_Ramon Montero y Blandino_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_) for thesecond time, October 28, 1854; term as governor, October 28-November20, 1854. 

_Manuel Crespo y Cebrián_--Native of Extremadura, and formerlysegundo cabo of the Philippines; becomes governor, November 20, 1854;expedition against Igorrotes, December, 1855-February, 1856; resignsDecember 5, 1856; term as governor, November 20, 1854-December 5, 1856. 

_Ramon Montero y Blandino_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_), forthe third time, December 5, 1856; term as governor, December 5, 1856-March 9, 1857. 

_Fernando Norzagaray y Escudero_--Native of San Sebastian, andlieutenant-general; enters upon office, March 9, 1857; authorizesestablishments of houses of exchange, June 18, 1857; sends expeditionto Cochinchina to aid French, 1858; reforms in local administrationordered, August 30, 1858; infantry reorganized by order of September23, 1859; first Jesuit mission after reinstatement of order, reachesPhilippines in middle of 1859; several papers founded during his term;encourages agriculture; solicits recall because of ill-health; termas governor, March 9, 1857-January 12, 1860. 

_Ramon María Solano y Llanderal_--Native of Valencia, mariscal-de-campo, and segundo cabo of Philippines; becomes governor(_ad interim_), January 12, 1860; pawnshop authorized in Manila, January 18; issues decree for civil government of province of Manila, January 31; functions of bank Español-filipino extended, February 16;Jagor travels through the Bisayas; term as governor January 12-August29, 1860; death from fever (with rumor in Manila of poisoning), August 30. 

_Juan Herrera Dávila_--Sub-inspector of artillery; becomes governor(_ad interim_), August 29, 1860; civil administration of provincesof the colonies organized, and Audiencia in Manila reformed, July 9, 1860; printing of _Coleccion de autos acordados_ authorized, January10, 1861; regularly appointed governor, general of marine Mac-Crohon, dies in Red Sea while on way to Philippines; term as governor, August29, 1860-February 2, 1861. 

_José Lemery é Ibarrola Ney y González_--Senator of the kingdom;becomes governor, February 2, 1861; politico-military governmentsinstalled in Bisayas and Mindanao, April 1, 1861; Jesuits givenMindanao as mission field, and opposed by Recollects; operationsagainst Moros; delivers command to segundo cabo, July 7, 1862; termas governor, February 2, 1861-July 7, 1862. 

_Salvador Valdés_--Segundo cabo; becomes governor (_ad interim_), July 7, 1862; term as governor, July 7-9, 1862. 

_Rafael de Echague y Berminghan_--Native of San Sebastián, lieutenant-general, and governor at Puerto Rico; arrives at Manila, July 9, 1862; various insurrections, 1863; earthquake, June 3, 1863;creation of ministry of colonies, 1863; normal school established, January 23, 1865; term marked by various calamities; term as governor, July 9, 1862-March 24, 1865. 

_Joaquin del Solar e Ibáñez_--Segundo cabo of the Philippines; becomesgovernor (_ad interim_), March 24, 1865; reforms in various branchesof government, 1865; term as governor, March 24, 1865-April 25, 1865. 

_Juan de Lara é Irigoyen_--Native of Navarra, lieutenant-general, andex-minister of war; assumes office, April 25, 1865; Antonio Cánovas delCastillo appointed minister of the colonies, July 3, 1865; erection ofbishopric of Jaro, by bull of Pius IX, 1865; establishment of Jesuitinstitution Ateneo Municipal at Manila, 1865; recalled for corruptionof government; term as governor, April 25, 1865-July 13, 1866. 

_José Laureano de Sanz y Posse_--Mariscal-de-campo, and segundo caboelect because of former incumbent of that office having left islandswith Lara; term as governor (_ad interim_), July 13-September 21, 1866. 

_Antonio Osorio_--Naval officer; becomes governor (_ad interim_), September 21, 1866; term as governor, September 21-September 27, 1866. 

_Joaquin del Solar_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_), for the secondtime, September 27, 1866; term as governor, September 27-October26, 1866. 

_Jose de la Gándara y Navarro_--Lieutenant-general; becomes governor, October 26, 1866; uniform monetary system adopted; reforms primaryeducation, 1867-1868; resigns office; term as governor, October 26, 1866-June 7, 1869. 

_Manuel Maldonado_--Segundo cabo of islands; becomes governor (_adinterim_), June 7, 1869; term as governor, June 7-June 23, 1869. 

_Cárlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada_--Native of Cuenca, andlieutenant-general; becomes governor, June 23, 1869; constitution of1869 sworn to, September 21, 1869; projects monument to Anda y Salazar;question of removing the monopoly on tobacco; _guardia civil_ created;radical in government; term as governor, June 23, 1869-April 4, 1871. 

_Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutierrez_--Native of Santander, andlieutenant-general; becomes governor, April 4, 1871; insurrectionsin Cavite and Zamboanga, 1872; reforms in army; opening of steamshipline and telegraph lines; governor resigns because of ill-health;term as governor, April 4, 1871-January 8, 1873. 

_Manuel Mac-Crohon_--Naval officer, becomes governor (_ad interim_), as office of segundo cabo vacant, January 8, 1873; term as governor, January 8-24 (?), 1873. 

_Juan Alaminos y de Vivar_--Becomes governor, January 24 (?), 1873;conflict with archbishop and other ecclesiastics; steamship lineestablished between Manila and Spain; various ports opened forcommerce; term as governor, January 24 (?), 1873-March 17, 1874. 

_Manuel Blanco Valderrama_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_), March 17, 1874; repulse of Joloans; hands over government to regularly appointedgovernor, June 18, 1874. 

_Jose Malcampo y Monje_--Marques de San Rafael and rear-admiral;becomes governor, June 18, 1874; conquest of Joló, 1876; given titleof count of Mindanao, December 19, 1876; mutiny of artillerymen;term as governor, June 18, 1874-February 28, 1877; given titles ofcount of Joló and viscount of Mindanao, July 20, 1877. 

_Domingo Moriones y Murillo_--Marquis of Oroquieta, andlieutenant-general; becomes governor, February 28, 1877; takes drasticmeasures against mutinous artillery regiment, 1877; prevents sale oftobacco monopoly, 1877; constructs Manila water-works, 1878; term asgovernor, February 28, 1877-March 18 or 20, 1880. 

_Rafael Rodríguez Arias_--Naval officer; becomes governor (_adinterim_), March 18 or 20, 1880; term as governor, March 18-April15, 1880. 

_Fernando Primo de Rivera_--Marquis of Estella; becomes governor, April15, 1880; cable opened between Luzón and Spain, 1880; royal decreeorders repeal of tobacco monopoly, 1881; term marked by corruptionin public offices; term as governor, April 15, 1880-March 10, 1883. 

_Emilio Molíns_--Segundo cabo of Philippines; governor (_ad interim_), March to April 7, 1883. 

_Joaquín Jovellar_--General; becomes governor, April 7, 1883; decreaseof annual period of personal services from forty to fifteen days, andcreation of provincial tax, 1883; plan for railroads in Luzón approved, 1883; visits southern islands, 1884; tribute abolished and tax of_cédula personal_ substituted, 1884; Jesuit observatory at Maniladeclared official, 1884; term as governor, April 7, 1883-April 1, 1885. 

_Emilio Molíns_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_), for second time, and rules three days, April 1-4, 1885. 

_Emilio Terrero y Perinat_--Lieutenant-general; becomes governor, April 4, 1885; leads expedition in person against Moros, 1885; disputebetween Spain and Germany as to ownership of Carolinas, 1885; termas governor, April 4, 1885-1888. 

_Antonio Molto_--Segundo cabo, term as governor (_ad interim_), 1888. 

_Federico Lobaton_--Naval officer; term as governor (_ad interim_), only one day in 1888. 

March 1, 1888, a petition signed by eight hundred and ten natives andmestizos demands immediate expulsion of the friars of the religiousorders and of the archbishop, the secularization of benefices, andthe confiscation of the estates of Augustinians and Dominicans. 

_Valeriano Weyler_--Native of Majorca, marquis of Tenerife, and sonof a German doctor; becomes governor, 1888; said to have purchasedoffice from minister's wife; school of agriculture establishedin Manila, 1889; practical school of arts and trades established, 1890; telephone system established in Philippines, 1890; Dominicansecondary school established in Dagupan, 1891; said to have receivedmoney from religious orders for armed support against their tenants;term as governor 1888-1891; later minister of war at Madrid. 

_Eulogio Despujol_--Native of Cataluña, and count of Caspe; becomesgovernor, 1891; Liga filipína (Philippine League) founded in Manila byRizal, 1892; introduces many reforms; popular with natives; arouseswrath of religious orders, who are said to have paid $100, 000 forhis dismissal; term as governor, 1891-1893. 

_Federico Ochando_--Governor (_ad interim_), 1893. 

_Ramon Blanco_--Becomes governor, 1893; electric light established inManila, 1895; formation of Katipunan society; outbreak of insurrection, August 30 1896; Blanco opposed by ecclesiastics; term as governor, 1893-December 9 (date of royal decree removing him), 1896. 

_Camilo Polavieja_--General; becomes governor, December 13, 1896(Algué); Rizal executed, December 30, 1896; Tagál republic proclaimed, October, 1896; insurrection spreads; operations against insurgentsby General Lachambre, 1897; Polavieja issues amnesty proclamation, January 11, 1897; efficient service of loyal Filipino troops; termas governor, December 13, 1896-April 15, 1897. 

_Jose de Lachambre_--General; governor (_ad interim_), April 15-23, 1897. 

_Fernando Primo de Rivera_--Becomes governor for the second time, April 23, 1897; insurgents scattered, and more than thirty thousandnatives said to have been killed in one province; pact of Biaknabatosigned, December 14, 1897; re-occurrence of insurrections in Luzon, 1898; term as governor, April 23, 1897-April 11, 1898. 

_Basilio Augustin_--Becomes governor, April 11, 1898; Dewey's victory, May 1, 1898. 

_Fermin Jaudens_--Becomes governor (_ad interim_), 1898; peacepreliminaries, surrender of Manila, and entrance of Americans (August13) into Manila. 

_Francisco Rizzo_--General; becomes governor (_ad interim_), 1898. 

_Diego de los Ríos_--Becomes governor, with capital at Iloilo, 1898;treaty of Paris signed, December 10, 1898; term as governor, afterAugust 13, 1898-December 10, 1898; leaves Manila, January 1, 1899. [94]

Law Regarding Vacancies in the Government

[_Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ii, tit. Xv, ley lviii, contains thefollowing law on vacancies in the government. It is dated Madrid, April 2, 1664. ]

Inasmuch as representation has been made to us of the inconveniencesresulting from the viceroys of Nueva España anticipating appointmentsamong persons who reside in the Filipinas Islands, so that, in caseof the absence of the president and governor and captain-general ofthe islands, those persons may enter upon and exercise those chargesuntil the arrival of the person who is to govern--_ad interim_or by royal appointment, according as we may decide: therefore weorder and command that, in case of the absence of the governor andcaptain-general of those islands, by death or any other accident, our royal Audiencia resident in the city of Manila shall govern themin political affairs, and the senior auditor in military. The latter, in any cases of war arising for the defense and conservation of thesaid islands, and in any preparations or other precautions that itshall be advisable to make for this purpose, shall take the advice ofthe military leaders there, and shall communicate with them for thebetter direction of matters. We order the viceroy of Nueva-España touse no longer the authority that he has had hitherto by virtue of ourdecree of September thirteen, one thousand six hundred and eight, andthe other decrees given to him, to have persons appointed by means ofthe ways hitherto practiced. Those we now revoke by this our law, andannul, but he shall still be empowered to send the person who shallexercise the said duties _ad interim_. And as it is advisable thatthe Audiencia of Manila regulate in conformity to this the executionof the contents of this our law, we order the said Audiencia that, in case of the death of the president, it shall maintain that statein all peace, quiet and good government, administering justice to allparties. The senior auditor who shall exercise the president's dutiesduring his absence, shall exercise very especial care and vigilancein all that pertains to military matters, and shall try to keep thepresidios well manned, and supplied with the defenses necessary fortheir conservation, and the soldiers well disciplined for any occasionthat may arise. 

Some Things Worth Knowing About the Governors of the Filipinas Islands

[Juan José Delgado, in his _Historia_ (chapter xvii, pp. 212-215), makes the following remarks about the governors. ]

In no kingdom or province of the Spanish crown do the viceroys orgovernors enjoy greater privileges, superiority, and grandeur than inFilipinas. That is advisable because of the long distance from thecourt, and their proximity to so many kingdoms and nations, some ofthem civilized but others barbaric. Consequently those assigned tothis government should be well tested and picked men; for, becauseof the difficulty of appeal, as so many seas and lands have to bepassed, where shipwrecks are continually suffered, there are greatsetbacks. Therefore it is very difficult and at times impossibleto remedy quickly the disadvantages which may arise (and which havebeen experienced) from an absolute and selfish governor--who has noone to oppose him in his cupidity, cruelty, headlong disposition, or other vices to which the disordered condition of these sodistant lands inclines one. Father Alonso Sánchez of the Societyof Jesus, ambassador of this community at the two courts [_i. E. _, Spain and Rome], presented to his Majesty Don Felipe II a standardor description of the qualities which should adorn the person whoshould be appointed governor of Filipinas. That most judicious monarchthought it so difficult to find a man of so many and such gifts, thathe bargained with the father, and arranged that the latter himselfshould seek and select the man. Those same gifts and qualities mustbe found in those appointed as governors, especially in these times, [95] when it seems as-if cupidity, ambition, pride, and haughtinesshave fortified themselves in these lands. For it often happens thatthe governor is so facile, that he allows himself to be governedby one whom he should not [allow to do so]. Consequently it is veryadvisable that he should have great courage, in addition to goodnessand disinterestedness, so that he may act and judge in his governmentwithout subjecting himself to any private person--whether he need suchfor his temporal advancement, or, through friendship or relationship, incurs that disadvantage by undue intimacy. 

Thus it happened to Governor Don Diego Fajardo during his term, asis read in various provincial histories; but the experience that hecontinued to gain daily opened his eyes to the recognition of hiserror. Seeing certain disadvantages arising from his protection ofcertain individuals, he dismissed them from his favor to the prisonin the redoubt of Santiago, and confiscated their property, withoutrespect to, or fear of, the influence that they had acquired in thecommunity because of their wealth and support. A governor, whom I knewand with whom I was familiar, was told in México that he would cometo kiss the hand of a certain citizen distinguished for his wealthand rank. But he, being a man of great courage and spirit, who knewhow to hold every one in his own position, without permitting himto rise to greater, immediately upon his arrival in these islandsordered that man in the king's name to perform a certain necessaryand useful service. As he, trusting in his favor among the citizens, did not obey the order, the governor condemned him to be beheaded. Forthat purpose he tore him from the church in which he had sought refuge, and would have executed the sentence, had not the ecclesiastical estateinterposed all its influence by pointing out several disadvantages, upon which his punishment was lessened and the penalty commuted. Thusdid he hold each one to his post, and all praised his rectitude, disinterestedness, and magnanimity; and he left his government withgreat honor and reputation. 

These islands need disinterested military governors, not merchants;and men of resolution and character, not students, who are more fit togovern monasteries than communities of heroes. They should be men whocan make themselves feared and respected by the enemies who surroundus on all sides, and who can go in person to punish their opponents(as did the former ones, with so great glory to God and credit to theSpanish arms), so that in that way the islands may be conserved inpeace and be respected and feared by the Moro and Indian chiefs--andthose who are called kings or sultans of Joló and Mindanao, who gowith feet and legs bare, and have to go to sea to cast their fishingnets in order to live, are that and nothing more. But if a governorcomes to these islands with the intention of escaping his naturalpoverty by humoring the rich and powerful, and even obeying them, the wrongs accruing to the community are incredible, as well as thoseto Christianity, and to the country--which is at times on the pointof being lost because of this reason--and especially since appeal isso distant, as was seen and experienced in the year of 1719. [96]

The governors of these islands are almost absolute, and like privatemasters of them. They exercise supreme authority by reason of theircharge, for receiving and sending embassies to the neighboring kingsand tyrants, for sending them gifts and presents in the name of theirking, and for accepting those which those kings and tyrants sendthem. They can make and preserve peace, declare and make war, and takevengeance on all who insult us, without awaiting any resolution fromcourt for it. Therefore many kings have rendered vassalage and paidtribute to the governors, have recognized them as their superiors, have respected and feared their arms, have solicited their friendship, and tried to procure friendly relations and commerce with them; andthose who have broken their word have been punished. The legitimateking of Borney, who had been dispossessed of his kingdom, because hisbrother, who had no right to it, had usurped it, begged help fromDoctor Don Francisco de Sande, governor of these islands. GovernorSande went with his fleet, fought with and drove away the tyrant, and put the legitimate king in possession [of his throne]; thelatter rendered obedience to the governor, appointed in the place ofthe king of España, and subjected himself to this crown as vassaland tributary. The same happened during the term of Gómez PérezDasmariñas, to whom the king of Siao came to render homage. GovernorDon Pedro de Acuña went to Ternate with a fleet, fought, conquered, and took the king of that island [97] prisoner to Manila, as a pledgethat the Ternatans would not again admit the Dutch and English--who, with their consent, were beginning to engage heavily in that commerce, and were seizing the country. Although Don Juan Niño de Tabora had aroyal decree ordering that that king be restored to his kingdom, hedid not execute it, as that seemed unadvisable to him. Consequentlythe king died in Manila. One of his sons was also a prisoner of war, and the governor appointed a cachil to govern in his stead. That king, the king of Tidore, and others in the same islands of Ternate renderedhomage to Don Pedro de Acuña, and became friends of the Spaniards. Thesaid governor received them under the canopy in the name of the kingof España, and took them under his protection and care. In the year of1618, the same governor [_i. E. _, Alonso Fajardo y Tenza] made peaceand treaties with the king of Macasar, who also placed himself underEspaña's protection, so that the governor might protect him in hisneeds and necessities. 

The country formerly had very peaceable relations with the emperorof Japón, and also a very rich and useful commerce; and his Majestyordered by a royal decree of June 4, 1609, that it be preserved, although at the expense of gifts and presents of considerable price andvalue. That friendship lasted until the year 1634, when the Japanesewere found lacking in it because of the Dutch--who, always followingin our footsteps, introduced their commerce into that empire. 

Friendship and commerce have been maintained from the beginning ofthe conquest with Great China, and are still preserved. The emperorof China ordered a port to be assigned so that the people of Luzoncould establish a city and factory under the same conditions asthe Portuguese in Macao. His Majesty also ordered, by a decree ofApril 9, 1586, Doctor Francisco de Sande to sustain the friendship, and prohibited him from making war; for, as some authors say, Sandehad the intention of conquering that empire. [98] That does not seemto me so certain, for that empire had so many millions of men, withinnumerable cities, forts, and walls, and fleets that guard the portswith great vigilance. Moreover at that time the soldiers in theseislands did not number five hundred, and were scarcely sufficient toguard them; and it was very difficult to transport them from NuevaEspaña and other kingdoms. Although it might be that that idea wassimply speculative, the council prohibited it, and ordered themthenceforth to observe what was prescribed. 

The king of Siam captured two ships of these islands in his portsin 1629. Don Juan Niño de Tabora, who was governor at that time, immediately despatched two warships to punish so great violence, and they made many prizes and inflicted many injuries along thosecoasts. After that he sent ambassadors to the king to ask satisfactionfor what the latter had done, and the restoration of the Spanishships. Although the king who had had the ships seized was dead, hisson was forced to return them, and did so. The Mindanaos and Joloans, chastised because of the fleets that they were sending to plunder theseislands, have been subdued and have made peace several times. But, whenever it appears good to them, they break the peace, make war on us, and sack and burn the towns of the Christians, capturing many thousandsof them; this is done not only by the Mindanaos, but by their vassals, the Camucones and Tirones. Consequently, one can and ought to make waron them very justifiably, until they are destroyed and annihilated, if necessary--as was done before, and is being done in this year of1751. [99] During this and previous years the king of Joló lived inManila, was baptized, and made a subject of the Spanish crown. Hesolicited aid against one of his brothers named Bantilan, by sayingthat the latter had revolted with the kingdom. However it is hopedthat the truth of the whole thing will be discovered in time. [100]It was resolved by a royal provision of May 29, 1720, that all theprisoners made among those nations during the war should be declaredslaves forever. 

Besides the above, the governors of these islands have absoluteauthority privately to provide and attend to all that pertains tothe royal estate, government, war, and consultations in difficultaffairs of the auditors of this royal Audiencia; to try in the firstinstance the criminal causes of the soldiers; and to appoint alcaldes, corregidora, deputies, and chief justices of all the islands for theexercise of government, justice, and war, together with the chiefscrivener appointed by his Majesty for government and war matters. Thegovernor also enjoys the privilege of a permanent body-guard of twelvehalberdiers, with a captain of the guard, who always accompany him, besides many other preeminences conceded by royal decrees to thepresidency of the royal Audiencia and Cnancillería. He is, finally, captain-general of all the archipelago. For these his employments, his Majesty assigns him annually a salary of eight thousand pesosde minas--or thirteen thousand one hundred and thirty-five pesos, three granos of common gold--besides the many profits and gainsassigned to him by domestic and foreign fees and privileges, whichamount annually to great sums of money. 

Administration of Government and the Captaincy-General

[The following is taken from Sinibaldo de Mas, [101] _Informesobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842_ (Madrid, 1843), tomoii. Portions of it are apparently embodied in translation and abstractin Bowring's _Visit to the Philippine Isles_ (London, 1859), p. 87-93. ]

The government of the Filipinas Islands, together with the group ofthe Marianas, is in charge of a military chief, who, to the titleof governor, joins those of president of the Audiencia, and royalvice-patron; subdelegate judge of the revenue, and of post-offices, posts, and express [_correos, postas y estafeta_]; and director ofthe troops, captain-general, and commander-in-chief of the navy. Hisauthority, then, embraces all the powers derived from these titles, both for administration and for the security and defense of theterritory. 

To discharge these duties he has three secretaryships--one ofgovernment, another of the captaincy-general, and the third of thenavy--one military auditor, one adviser in government matters, onefiscal, and one scrivener. One may appeal from his gubernatorialmeasures to the royal Audiencia, which often alters or annuls thosemeasures by means of sentence. But there is a law that provides thatin case that the governor-general undertakes to have his order putinto effect, it must be observed until the superior decision, so thatno uneasiness and confusion may result from it in the country. Thecollection of taxes and the disbursement of money is in charge ofa superintendent of the treasury [_hacienda_], under the immediateorders of the government at Madrid. In sudden or doubtful cases, theresolutions of the superior council [_junta_] of the treasury--composedof the superintendent, the accountant-in-chief of accounts [_contadormayor de cuentas_], the accountant of the army and treasury, thenewest auditor of the Audiencia, and the fiscal of the treasury--decidethe matter. 

The islands are divided by provinces, in each of which there isa subordinate chief who is styled governor or alcalde-mayor. Theseexercise jurisdiction in the first instance, in matters of governmentand litigation. They are military captains, and have in charge thecollection of the royal revenues, under a responsibility guaranteed bybonds to the satisfaction of the accountant-general of the army androyal treasury. The province of Cavite is an exception to this rule, for the collection of the tribute there is now made by an assistantof the chief justice. Therefore he who rules in a province exercisesall the attributes of political chief, and as such is subject tothe governor-general; those of judge of first instance, and as suchis dependent on the Audiencia; those of subdelegate of treasury(although he does not have the disposal of the monopolized incomes), and as such has to render accounts, bonds, and obedience to thechiefs of the treasury; and finally, if he is of military rank, he is commandant-of-arms, and subaltern of the captain-general;and even though he be not of military rank he obtains the rank ofmilitary commander [_capitan á guerra_] by virtue of his rank ofalcalde-mayor. He has charge of the company assigned to his province, and, in the absence of his Majesty's troops, he commands the troopsthat he equips upon extraordinary occasions. 

Each province is subdivided into a greater or less number oftowns. Each town has a gobernadorcillo [i. E. , little or pettygovernor], with assistants and alguacils of justice, whose number isfixed. They discharge various functions, among them the administrationof justice in regard to fields and palm-trees, and that of police. Insome towns where there are a sufficient number of Sangley mestizos(who are the descendants of the Chinese), they form, when theyobtain permission from the government, a separate community, with agobernadorcillo and other members of the magistracy taken from theirown midst. In the towns which are the capitals of the province thereis often a gobernadorcillo for mestizos and one for natives. Thislatter always takes command of the province in case of the sicknessor absence of the alcalde-mayor. The gobernadorcillos have in theirtowns all the municipal responsibility proper to the authority whichis conferred upon them by their appointment. They are especially boundto aid their parish priests in everything pertaining to worship andthe observance of religious laws. They try civil causes up to thevalue of two taels of gold, or forty-four pesos. They take action incriminal cases by collecting the preliminary evidence, which theysubmit to the provincial chiefs. They are under obligation to seeto the collections of the royal revenue, and further to give noticeof the ordinances for good government. They are permitted to collectcertain dues that are specified in their own credentials. Each townhas also other citizens known under the name of cabezas [_i. E. _, heads]de barangay. Each cabeza is obliged to look after forty-five or fiftytributes which comprise as many families, and that is the significationof barangay. The cabezas must reside with them in the district orstreet assigned; must attend in person to the good order and harmonyof their individuals; must apportion among them all the servicesthat are due from them collectively; must settle their disputes; andmust collect the tribute under a fixed bond, in order to effect itsdelivery afterward in entirety to the gobernadorcillo, or directlyto the provincial chief, as happens in that of Tondo. The cabezas areex-officio attorneys for their barangays in all matters that concernthem collectively, and electors of the gobernadorcillos and otherofficials of justice. For that interesting function, only the twelveoldest men of each town or the substitutes whom the ordinance assigns, have a vote. In some provinces the cabezas appoint only the three whohave to compose the _terna_ [i. E. , three nominees for any office] forthe gobernadorcillo. These, with the outgoing gobernadorcillo, proceedto the election of the deputies, alguacils, and their committees. Thecabecerías [_i. E. _, headships], much more ancient in origin thanthe reductions [_i. E. _, native villages of converts], were doubtlesshereditary. At present they are hereditary and elective. When theyfall vacant, whether for want of an heir or through the resignation ofthe regularly appointed incumbent, the substitute is appointed--by thesuperintendent, in the provinces near the capital; and in those distantfrom it by the respective subdelegate chief, but at the proposal ofthe gobernadorcillo and other cabezas. This same plan is followedin the creation of any cabecería in proportion to the increase inpopulation, and as the number of tributarios in each town demandsit. The cabezas, their wives, and first-born sons (who are theirassistants in the collection of the royal revenues), enjoy exemptionfrom the payment of tribute. The cabezas in some provinces serve in thecabecerías for three years; and, if they do not prove defaulters, theyare recognized as chiefs in the towns, with the titles of ex-cabezaand don. Such system offers the serious disadvantage of multiplyingthe privileged class of chiefs, which, being exempted from personalservices, increases the tax for the common people or the _polistas_[102] in proportion to the increase of the privileged class. 

The offices of gobernadorcillo, deputies, and alguacils of justiceare elective, and last one year, with superior approbation. It isstipulated that the elections take place exactly at the beginningof each year, in the royal houses or halls of justice in the towns, and not elsewhere. The electors are the outgoing gobernadorcillo andthe twelve senior cabezas de barangay. For gobernadorcillo threeindividuals have to be nominated by a plurality of votes, and therespective place of each one in the terna must be expressed. It is tobe noted that the nominee must be able to speak, read, and write theSpanish language. If he cannot do that, the election of the one wholacks this express condition will be considered null and void, wheresuch election has been made. For the other officials of justice, thoseneeded by the town are elected by the same convention. The ballotingmust be secret, and is authorized by the notary and presided over bythe provincial chief. The parish priest may be present, if he wishes, to express what opinions he may consider fitting, but for no otherpurpose. In sealed envelopes the election returns are sent to thesuperior governments of the provinces of Tondo, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite, so thatafter choosing one of those proposed as gobernadorcillo, the respectivegovernment orders the credentials corresponding to each class to bedespatched. In the other provinces, because of their distance fromthe capital, the chief of each one appoints the nominee in the firstplace, and making use of the blank credentials entrusted to him bythe superior government, writes therein the names of those interested, and places them in possession [of their offices]. 

The cabezas of barangay can be elected, if they preserve theircabecerías and the collection of tributes, by the rule in the royaldecree of October 17, 1785. 

The Chinese community may elect from among its Christian individuals, and in a meeting presided over by the alcalde-mayor of Tondo, one man as gobernadorcillo, one as chief deputy, and a third asalguacil-mayor. The government grants those elected the propercredentials, by virtue of which they exercise jurisdiction. Theofficials of justice in this community are called _bilangos_, and areappointed by the new gobernadorcillo. The electors are also thirteenin number, and are composed of the outgoing gobernadorcillo, theex-captains, and the petty chiefs [_cabecillas_] of the tribute andof champans, both past and present. When any number is lacking, it ismade up from the petty heads of the trades. At present the collectionof tribute or the poll-tax from the Chinese is in direct charge ofthe alcalde-mayor in the province of Tondo, with a supervisor chosenfrom among the officials of administration of the royal treasury. Inthe other provinces it is attended to in person by the chief of eachprovince. This levy of taxes is managed by a register, where theChinese are enrolled and classified, and that register determinesthe quota of each, who contributes according to his class. 

The gobernadorcillos and officials of justice deserve the greatestconsideration from the government. The provincial chiefs are underobligation to show them the honor corresponding to their respectiveduties. They are allowed to sit in the houses of the latter, and inany other place, and are not suffered to remain standing. Neitheris it permitted to the parish priests to treat these officials withless consideration. 

Political and Administrative Organization

[Montero y Vidal's _Archipiélago Filipino_(Madrid, 1866), pp. 162-168, contains the following chapter. ]

The municipal organization of Filipinas differs widely from thatof España. 

Some native functionaries, improperly called gobernadorcillos, [103]exercise command in the towns; they correspond to the alcaldes andmunicipal judges, of the Peninsula, and perform at once functionsof judges and even of notaries, with defined powers. As assistantsthey elect several lieutenants and alguacils, proportionate innumber to the inhabitants. Those assistants, together with threeex-gobernadorcillos to whom are referred the duties of judges ofcattle, fields, and police, constitute a sort of town council. Manilais the only place that has that corporation [_i. E. , ayuntamiento_]with an organization identical with those of the same class in España. 

Even when the gobernadorcillos are recompensed with a certainpercentage for the collection of contributions, and they collectsome other dues, the total sum that they finally receive is so smallthat their office is considered honorary. In spite of this, theduty is an onerous one, and they are subject to annoyances, fines, and imprisonment, if the gubernative, judicial, and administrativeauthorities, etc. , are rigorous. The Indians covet it with a desirethat is astonishing, and avail themselves of all possible means inorder to obtain it. The secret of the motive that impels them lies intheir fondness for prominence, and in the fact that nearly all of themsucceed in becoming rich, or in attaining independent means, afterthe two years of their office. For the _polistas_, or individualswho are obliged to labor on the public works of the state, buildtheir houses for them free of cost, bringing the materials from theforest or the points where they are found; there are the _fallas_, or the amount of the aliquot sum that is to make good the deficiencyin public works [i. E. , in the services on public works rendered bythe natives], in the collection of which there is opportunity forthe gobernadorcillo to figure, by supporting all or the majority ofthose who should perform that work, and himself using that money;the innumerable bribes and illegal exactions that they impose, andthe taxes that they collect through numberless separate judgments:[all these] make the office sufficiently lucrative, although inthat country, scarcely any importance is attached to many of theseirregularities (even by those who are injured by them), which customhas almost sanctioned as law. 

The election of corporate members is carried on under the presidencyof the provincial chief by twelve of the most prominent menin the town--half of them drawn by lots cast by those who weregobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay, and the other six fromthe cabezas in actual office; while he who is gobernadorcillo at thetime of election votes also. The individual who obtains most votesis proposed to the general government as being first on the list; hewho follows him in the number of votes, in the second; and the actual_pedanéo_ [i. E. A subordinate officer, here the gobernadorcillo], in the third. From that list of three [_terna_], the governor-generalappoints one, after seeing the report of the president of the election. 

The cabezas de barangay are chiefs of fifty families, those fromwhom are collected the contributions that form part of the revenuesof the treasury and government. This institution, antedating theconquest, is most useful, the more, for the same reasons, sincethe gobernadorcillos come to be to their members of barangays orthose they rule, the same that those pedáneos [i. E. ], the cabezas]are to the generality of the inhabitants. The actual cabezas or theex-cabezas, with the gobernadorcillo and the ex-captains (as thosewho have exercised that office are designated), form the _principalia_[i. E. , chieftain class, or nobility]. 

Their usual dress is a black jacket, European trousers, mushroomhat, and colored slippers; many even wear varnished [i. E. , patentleather] shoes. The shirt is short, and worn outside the trousers. Thegobernadorcillo carries a tasseled cane [_baston_], the lieutenantswands [_varas_]. On occasions of great ceremony, they dress formallyin frock coat, high-crowned hat--objects of value that are inheritedfrom father to son. 

On the day on which the gobernadorcillo takes his office, his townhas a great festival [_fiestajan_]. All eat, drink, smoke, and amusethemselves at the expense of the _munícipe_ [i. E. , the citizen whois elected gobernadorcillo], and the rejoicing is universal. Inthe tribunal (city hall) he occupies a large lofty seat, which isadorned with the arms of España and with fanciful designs, if hissocial footing shows a respectable antiquity. 

On holy days the officials go to the church in a body. Theprincipalia and the _cuadrilleros_ form in two lines in front of thegobernadorcillo and the music precedes them. In the church the latteroccupies a seat in precedence of those of the chiefs, who have benchesof honor. After the mass, they usually go to the convent to pay theirrespects to the parish priest; and they return to the tribunal in thesame order, the musicians playing a loud double quick march. [104]There they hold a meeting, at which the gobernadorcillo presides, inwhich he, in concert with the cabezas, determines the public servicesfor the week. 

The tributarios of many towns go, after mass, to hear orally the ordersthat the cabezas communicate to them. In order to summon any of themwhen necessity requires, they have adopted certain taps of the drum;and on hearing it they go to the tribunal. 

If the gobernadorcillo is energetic or has a bad temper, the cabezasfear and respect him highly; but if he is irresolute they abusehim. When he goes out on the street, an alguacil with a long wandprecedes him. 

Since the majority of these pedáneos do not talk Spanish, they areauthorized to appoint _directorcillos_ [i. E. , petty directors], who receive very slender pay. The directorcillo--who has generallystudied for several years in the university or the colleges of Manilawithout concluding his course--writes the judicial measures, andthe answers to the orders of the provincial authorities; serves asinterpreter to the pedáneo, when the latter has to talk to Europeans;and exercises entire influence in all matters. By virtue of that hesometimes commits abuses that the gobernadorcillo finds it necessaryto tolerate, in order not to lose his services; for there are townswhere one cannot possibly find another inhabitant to take his place, because of their ignorance of Castilian. All that redounds to the hurtof the honest administration of the towns, and even the prestige ofthe government, since the said directorcillos are wont to ascribe tothe superior orders their own exactions and annoyances. 

Each town of Filipinas contains a number of cuadrilleros, proportionalto its citizenship. They are under obligation to serve for three years, and only enjoy exemption from the payment of tribute and _polos_. [105]The cuadrilleros are armed with old guns and spears, perform policeduty, and guard the tribunal, prison, and the royal or governmenthouse. They also go in pursuit of criminals. 

Some provinces (for instance, the majority of those in Luzon) areruled by legal alcaldes-mayor who are lawyers, who exercise thecivil government, and are at the same time judges of first instance, sub-delegates of the treasury and of local departments, administratorsof the posts, military commandants, and presiding officers of themeetings for auctions and for primary instruction. They were alsoformerly collectors of tobacco, in the provinces where that plant iscultivated. [106]

Other provinces, such as those of Visayas and Mindanao, are ruledby politico-military governors, belonging to the army and fleet, who also unite duties identical to those of the alcaldes-mayor--withthe difference that in these provinces there are judges for theadministration of justice; while in the provinces of Luzón thegovernors conduct the court of justice, with a lawyer as advisoryassistant [_asessor_], who is the judge of the next province. Inthose provinces where no department of the public treasury exists, they are also directors of economic matters. 

A governor and captain-general exercises the supreme authority inFilipinas. In his charge is the direction of all civil and militarymatters, and even the direction of ecclesiastical matters in so faras they touch the royal patronage. Until 1861, when the council ofadministration was created, he also had charge of the presidency ofthe royal Audiencia and Chancillería there. 

The authority, then, of the governor-general is complete, and sucha number of attributes conferred on one functionary (incompetent, as a general rule, for everything outside of military matters), is certainly prejudicial to the right exercise of his duty. 

Until the year 1822, private gentlemen, magistrates, military men, sailors, and ecclesiastics, without any distinction, were appointedto fill so lofty a post; and they have borne the title and exercisedthe functions of captain-general to suit their own convenience. 

During the vacancies, political authority resided in the royalassembly--the Audiencia in full [107] and the military authority in anauditor (magistrate), with the title of captain-general _ad interim_. 

From the said year of 1822, the government has always devolved uponan official, a general; in case of his death, the segundo cabo, a general, is substituted for him; and in case of the death of thelatter, the commandant-general of the naval station. 

The captain-general is, as we have indicated, supreme chief of alldepartments, and the sum total of his pay amounts to forty thousandpesos annually. 

A command of so great importance, superior to the viceroyalties ofour former American colonies, ought not to be given exclusively to onespecified class; and the election of governor should be free, althoughwith the limitation that only ex-ministers and high dignitaries ofthe army or of any other institution, who merit through their loftytalents, known competence, and proved morality, that España shouldentrust to them its representation and the exercise of its sovereigntyin so precious a portion of its domains, should be eligible to it. Thusjointly do the prestige of the Spanish name the complications ofpolitical life in modern society, and the progress and welfare ofeight millions of Spanish Indians--worthy under all concepts on whichgovernments now fix their attention more than they have hitherto done, in a matter of so transcendent importance--demand this with urgency. 

It is also advisable to change the vicious, anomalous, and unsuitableorganization of the provinces of Filipinas, assimilating them, so faras possible, to those of España. The separation of the gubernatorialand judicial duties, the suppression of politico-military commands, and the appointment of civil governors, under excellent conditionsand unremovable for six years, are urgent; all these are measuresthat will positively redound to the benefit of the country. 

NOTES

[1] The earliest compilation of laws regarding the Spanish colonies ofNueva España was made, by royal command, by Vasco de Puga (an auditorof the Audiencia of Mexico), and printed in 1563. Francisco de Toledo, viceroy of Peru from 1569 to 1581, prepared a code of ordinances forthat country (see Markham's _Hist. Peru_, pp. 149, 156-159, 538). In1570, Felipe II ordered that a revised compilation of the laws andordinances for the government of all the Indias be made. After manyefforts and delays, this was accomplished in 1628, but the work wasnot printed until 1681. It is the fifth edition (_i. E. _, reprint)of this compilation from which we obtain the laws presented in thisdocument; it was printed in Madrid in 1841. 

[2] See _Vol_. VIII, p. 253. 

[3] "The present state of affairs in that which relates to this titulois that set forth by the decree of March 10, 1785, establishing theCompany of Filipinas. In regard to this law and those following inthis titulo, the reader should remember that a royal order of July 20, 1793, permitted the Company of Filipinas to trade directly betweenthose islands and the ports of South America in one or two voyages, to the amount of five hundred thousand pesos apiece, on condition ofpaying the foreign duty and the 9 1/2 per cent on the silver takenback. This permit, which was limited during the war with France, was, by a new royal order of September 24, 1796, made general forall succeeding wars, if carried on with maritime powers. " The abovenote is translated from the _Recopilación_, where it follows law1. Space permitting, the decree of March 10, 1785, mentioned above, will be given in this series. 

[4] This law and all those treating of the prohibition of commercebetween Perú and Méjico, Tierra-Firme, etc. , were completely supersededby a royal decree dated El Pardo, January 20, 1774. That decree wasordered to be kept and observed by the superior government of Lima, August 1, of the same year; and separate copies were ordered to bedrawn, so that all might know that his Majesty had repealed and revokedthe general prohibition of reciprocal commerce by the South Sea betweenthe four kingdoms of Perú, Nueva España, Nueva Reíno de Granada, andGuatemala. " We transfer this note from law ix, of this título of the_Recopilación_, an editorial note to law lxviii referring to law ix. 

[5] Such a citation as this shows the hand of the editors or compilersof the _Recopilación_. Law lxvii bears as its earlier date March 3, 1617, and refers to the sending of contraband Chinese goods to theHouse of Trade of the Indias in Sevilla. 

[6] The governors of the Filipinas grant permission to those who goto those islands under condemnation of crime to return. Inasmuch ason that account many convicts hide away from the judges who exiledthem, we order the governors, under no circumstances, to permitthem to return to Nueva España or to go to Perú during the period oftheir exile. And should they be condemned to the galleys or to otherservices, they shall fulfil the condemnation, --[Felipe III--Aranjuez, April 29, 1605. Felipe IV--Madrid, January 27, 1631. In _Recopilaciónde leyes_, lib. Vii, tit. Viii, ley xxi. ]

[7] The _Recopilación_ is not clear as to the date of this law and theone immediately following. Law lix bears both dates (as also does lawlx), and is designated as clause 11. Laws lxix and lxx bear no date(probably through error of the compiler or printer), but are designatedas clauses 16 and 17, and clause 18, of a decree by Felipe III. Hencethe above dates with queries have been assigned to these laws. 

[8] Luis Geronimo de Cabrera, fourth Conde de Chinchon, became viceroyof Peru in 1628, holding that office until 1639. During his termthere was made known the efficacy of a medicine--previously in useamong the Indians--the so-called "Jesuit's bark, " or "Peruvian bark, "obtained from a tree found only in Peru and adjoining countries, named_Chinchona_ by Linnæus, in honor of the viceroy's wife (who, havingbeen cured by this medicine, introduced its use into Spain). Fromthis bark is obtained the drug known at quinine. 

[9] Whenever any ships sail from the port of Acapulco and otherports of Nueva España to make the voyage to Perú on the opportunitiespermitted, it is our will and we order our officials of those portsto visit and inspect those ships with complete faithfulness andthe advisable rigor. They shall endeavor to ascertain whether suchships are carrying any Chinese silks or merchandise, or any from theFilipinas Islands. They shall seize such, and declare those foundas smuggled goods. They shall divide them, and apply them as iscontained in the laws of this titulo. [Felipe IV--Madrid, April 9, 1641. In _Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Viii, tit. Xvii, ley xv. ]

[10] See note to law lxviii, p. 33. 

[11] See _Vol_. XIV, note 12, p. 99. 

[12] Latin, _Bacchanalia_. In Latin countries, the three days beforeAsh Wednesday are given up to boisterous outdoor merriment, whichfrequently degenerates into coarse and licentious revelry. Hence, the expression "Bacchanalia" Carnival. In order to counteract theseabuses, the Jesuits at Macerata in Italy, introduced, in 1556, some special devotions during the three days. The Exposition of theBlessed Sacrament was held in the church, this custom was adopted bySt. Charles Borromeo, in Milan; and it gradually extended to otherplaces, and was developed subsequently into "The Devotion of theForty Hours, " which is not confined to the Carnival season. This isthe explanation of the term "Bacchanalia, " in connection with thatchurch ceremony--_Rev. E. I. Devitt, S. J. _

[13] Evidently referring to the capture of van Caerden's fleet byHeredia (see note 26, _post_). 

[14] Flagellation in the Philippines was a custom probably takenfrom the early Spanish friars, but it has been so discouraged of lateyears by the church that it is performed only in the smaller villagesof the interior and in the outlying _barrios_ of the larger towns, more or less secretly, away from the sight of white men. Especiallyis it prevalent during Holy Week. Although the Philippine flagellantsare called "_penitentes_" the flagellation is not done in penance, but as the result of a vow or promise made to the diety in returnfor the occurrence of some wished-for event, and the "_penitentes_"are frequently from the most knavish class. The fulfillment of thevow is a terrible ordeal, and begins back of the small chapel called"_visita_" that exists in every village. The "_penitente_" wears onlya pair of loose thin white cotton trousers, and is beaten on the backby another native first with hands and then with a piece of wood withlittle metal points in it until the blood flows freely. Thus he walksfrom _visita_ to _visita_, with covered face, beating himself witha cord, into the end of which is braided a bunch of sticks about thesize of lead pencils. He prostrates himself in the dust and is beatenon the back and soles of his feet with a flail. At every stream heplunges into it, and grovels before every _visita_. From all the housesas he passes comes the chant of the Passion. (Lieut. Charles NortonBarney, who was an eye-witness of the flagellation--"Circumcision andflagellation among the Filipinos, " in the _Journal_ of the Associationof Military Surgeons, September, 1903. )

[15] See _Vol_. IX, note 13. Roberto Bellarmino, born in 1542, enteredthe Jesuit order in 1560, becoming one of its most famous theologicalwriters. He was long connected with the college at Rome, and laterwas successively provincial of Naples, a cardinal of the Roman church(from 1599), and archbishop of Capua (1602-05); he died at Rome, September 17, 1621, Perhaps the most widely known of his works is the_Doctrina christiana_ (Rome, 1598); it passed through many editions, abridgments, and translations, having been rendered into more thanfifty languages. See account of these in Sommervogel's _Bibliothèquede la Compagnie dé Jésus_, art. "Bellarmino. " "He was the first Jesuitwho had ever taken part in the election of a pope"--Cretineau-Joly's_Hist. Comp. De Jésus_ (Paris, 1859), iii, p. 106. This refers tothe election of Paul V (1605). 

[16] In the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer library) i, pp. 341-381, is a copy of a letter (dated June 11, 1611) from Father Armano tohis provincial, Gregorio Lopez, detailing the achievements of Silva'sexpedition to the Moluccas in 1611--on which occasion Silva restoredto his throne Zayri, king of Ternate, who had been kept as a prisonerat Manila for five years. Rizal says in his edition of Morga, p. 247, note 1, that this king did not return to his island. He was probablytaken back to Manila shortly after this restoration. 

[17] Pedro Solier was born about 1578; he entered the Augustinian orderin 1593 at Salamanca, where he remained five years, and then joined thePhilippine mission. In 1603 he went to Spain on business of his order, returning to the islands in 1606. Elected provincial of his order in1608, he held that office for two years; and in 1610, "on account ofthe deposal of Father Lorenzo de León, journeyed to Spain to make areport of that unpleasant incident" (Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 57). 

[18] Baltasar Fort was a native of Moto in Valencia, though somesay of Horcajo in the diocese of Tortosa. He studied Latin grammarat Villa de San Mateo. At Valencia he studied philosophy. He tookhis vows at the Dominican convent of San Esteban at Salamanca, May 2, 1586. After serving as prior and as master of novitiates inAragonese convents, he went to Manila in 1602. Mart of his ministrythere was passed in the province of Pangasinam. He served as prior ofthe Manila convent, and then as provincial, after which he was sentto Japan as vicar-provincial, whence he was exiled in 1614. He wasdefinitor several times and once rector of the college of Santo Tomás, after which he was again prior of the Manila convent. He died in thatconvent without the last sacraments, October 18, 1640, being overseventy years of age. --See _Reseña biográfica_, part i, pp. 311, 312. 

[19] Francisco Minayo was a native of Arévalo. After arriving at thePhilippines in 1598, he labored extensively in Cagayán, where hisministry had good results. He was accused of the sin against nature, but after arrest and trial was released. Later he was prior of theManila convent, and after his three years' term returned to Cagayán, where he died at Lallo-c, August 25, 1613. See _Reseña biográfica_, part i, pp. 302-303. 

[20] The following law was passed at Lerma July 23, 1605; and atMadrid December 19, 1618, and is found in _Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Iii, tit. X, ley xiv: "The governor and captain-general of theFilipinas Islands shall take care to reward the soldiers who shallhave served us there, and their sons, with the posts and profitsthat shall fall to his appointment, in accordance with the ordinance, and with full justification, so that they may have some remuneration, observing in everything the laws issued upon this matter. "

[21] Father Gregorio Lopez was a native of the town of Alcocer, inthe bishopric of Cuenca. He studied theology at Alcalá de Henares, but took the Jesuit habit in Mexico. He filled in Mexico the chairsof the arts and of theology, and was master of the novitiates. Aftersixteen years' residence in Mexico he went to the Philippines, where he became a teacher of Christian doctrine, and rector of theseminary at Manila. He was later vice-provincial and then provincialof his order for eight years, being the first provincial. He died atthe age of fifty-three, on July 21, 1614. He spent fourteen years inthe Philippines. 

[22] La Concepción says (_Hist. De Philipinas_, iv, p. 284) that theDutch unexpectedly encountered at Panay a Spanish force, on its wayto the Moluccas, who compelled the invaders to retreat. 

[23] Francois de Wittert. See _Vol_. XV, pp. 323-328. 

[24] "The bells of the churches were cast into heavy cannon" (LaConcepcion, _Hist. De Philipinas_, iv, p. 286). 

[25] _Vino de Mandarin_; literally, "mandarin wine. "

[26] Paul van Caerden (Pablo Blanchardo), who had made several voyagesto the East Indies, was captured by Sargento-mayor Pedro de Herediaafter a fierce fight near Terrenate, the seat of the new Dutch postsin the Malucos. Juan de Esquivel, Spanish governor of the Malucos, allowed him to pay a ransom of fifty thousand pesos; but was severelyrebuked by the Manila Audiencia then in power, for doing so withoutfirst advising them. Esquivel took the censure so much to heartthat he fell into a melancholy, and died soon after. His successor, Sargento-mayor Azcueta Menchaca, anxious to please the Audiencia, pursued van Caerden and captured him a second time, although the Dutchtried to burn their ship to escape such an ignominy. He was sent toManila, and his ransom promised on certain conditions. Twenty-twoSpanish prisoners at Ternate were given; but, the other conditionsnot being met, the Dutch officer was kept prisoner at the expense ofthe royal treasury until his death, in Manila. See La Concepción's_Hist. De Philipinas_, iv, pp. 112-114. 

[27] La Concepción and Montero y Vidal make this name Faxardo (orFajardo) instead of Pardos; and the latter gives the following nameas Luis Moreno Donoso. 

[28] The original is _malos días_, literally, "a bad'good-morning. '" It is used as the term _buenos días_, or "goodmorning. "

[29] The Trinitarian order was founded at Rome in 1198 by St. Johnof Matha, a native of Provence, and Felix of Valois, an aged Frenchhermit, in order to redeem Christian captives from the infidels. Theorder received sanction from Innocent III. Their rule was that ofSt. Augustine, with particular statutes; and their diet was one ofgreat austerity. The habit in France was a soutane and scapular ofwhite serge, with a red and blue cross on the right breast. The firstmonastery was established at Cerfroy, France, and continued to bethe mother-house, until the French Revolution. At one time the orderhad two hundred and fifty houses, and by the seventeenth centuryhad rescued 30, 720 Christian captives. At the dissolution they hadeleven houses in England, five in Scotland, and one in Ireland. Thereligious were often called Red or Maturin friars in England, fromthe color of the cross on their habit and because of their famoushouse at Paris near the chapel of St. Maturin. 

A reformation made by Father Juan Baptista was approved by the HolySee in 1599, and resulted in the erection of the congregation ofdiscalced Trinitarians in Spain. Their houses, as well as those ofthe unreformed portion of the order, were suppressed in Spain in thereign of Isabella II. 

See Addis and Arnold's _Catholic Dictionary_, p. 810. 

[30] The Ventura del Arco copy reads _concera_, which may be amistranscription for _cascara_, hull. 

[31] Pedro Montejo took his vows at the Toledo Augustinianconvent. After his arrival at Manila he was master of novitiates andsuperior of the Manila convent of San Pablo until 1607. In that yearhe was assigned to the Japan missions at his own request. He probablydid not go to that empire, however, for shortly afterward he was inManila again on business for the province, where he embarked. He wascaptured by the Dutch and killed, as stated in the text, by a ballfrom the Spanish fleet. See Peréz's _Catálogo_. 

[32] For quite another estimate of these youthful commanders, see_ante_, p. 97. 

[33] This was Fray Juan Pinto de Fonseca. 

[34] This difference in time when sailing east and west, was commentedon by many early writers. Acosta (_History of the Indies_, HakluytSociety's publications, London, 1880) says "seeing the two Crownes ofPortugall and Castille, have met by the East and West, ioyning theirdiscoveries together, which in truth is a matter to be observed, thatthe one is come to China and Iappan by the East, and the other to thePhilippines, which are neighbours, and almost ioyning vnto China, bythe West; for from the Ilands of Lusson, which is the chiefe of thePhilippines, in the which is the city of Manilla, vnto Macao, whichis in the Ile of Canton, are but foure score or a hundred leagues, and yet we finde it strange, that notwithstanding this small distancefrom the one to the other, yet according to their accoumpt, there isa daies difference betwixt them. .. . Those of Macao and of China haveone day advanced before the Philippines. It happened to father AlonsoSanches, . .. That parting from the Philippines, he arrived at Macaothe second daie of Maie, according to their computation, and goingto say the masse of S. Athanasius, he found they did celebrate thefeast of the invention of the holy Crosse, for that they did thenreckon the third of Maie. " Acosta then gives the reason for thisdifference. See _Vol_. I of this series, p. 22, note 2. 

[35] A species of pelican (_Pelicanus sula_). 

[36] The modern province of Bungo is located on the eastern side ofthe island of Kyushu, on the Bungo Channel. 

[37] It is prohibited by us that the Audiencia of Filipinas shouldgrant licenses [for anyone] to go to the provinces of Peru. We orderthat all the audiencias of Nueva España keep and observe this law, andthat those of Peru do the same in regard to Nueva España. " Ordinance27, Toledo, May 25, 1596. (_Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ix, tit. Xxvi, ley lxi. )

"The governor of Filipinas shall not concede leave to any soldieror any other person who shall have gone there at the cost of ourroyal treasury, to leave or go out of those islands unless there bevery urgent causes; and in this he shall proceed with great cautionand moderation. " Madrid, March 29, 1597. (_Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ix, tit. Xxvi, ley lxii. )

"It is advisable that the citizens of the Filipinas Islands shallnot leave them, and especially those who are rich and influential. Inconsideration of this, we order the governors to proceed with greatmoderation in giving passports to come to these kingdoms or thoseof Nueva España, for thus it is important for the preservation ofthe people of those islands. And in consideration of the fact thatthe passengers and religious who come are numerous, and consume thefood provided for the crews of the vessels, we order the governorsthat they avoid as far as possible the giving of passport to the saidpassengers and religious, in order to avoid the inconveniences thatresult and which ought to be considered. " Segovia, July 25, 1609;and San Lorenzo, August 19, 1609. (_Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ix, tit. Xxvi, ley lxiii. )

[38] On the death of Pedro de Acuña, Rodrigo de Vivero was appointedgovernor ad interim of the Philippines, by viceroy Luis de Velascoof Mexico. He landed at Manila, June 15, 1608, and governed untilApril of the following year. He was a native of Laredo (Santander), and was experienced in the political life of the Indies. He introducedimportant reforms and laws among the alcaldes-mayor and corregidors. Hewas given the title of Conde dela Valle, and made governor andcaptain-general of Panama. See La Concepción's _Hist. De Philipinas_, vi, pp. 114-116. 

[39] The following description of Japan it taken from _Recuril desVoyages_ (Amsterdam, 1725), ii, p. 84: "These islands look towardNew Spain on the east; Tartary on the north, besides other countriesunknown; China on the west, and unknown lands on the south; witha large sea between them. They comprise 66 petty kingdoms, and aredivided into three chief parts. The most considerable, and the onealways named first, is Japan, which contains 53 seigniories, or pettykingdoms, the most powerful of which are Méaco and Amagunce. Theking of Méaco has under him 24 or 26 kingdoms, and he of Amagunce 12or 13. The second of these three parts is called Ximo, and contains9 kingdoms, chief of which are Bungo and Figeu. The third part iscalled Xicoum, and contains 4 kingdoms or seigniories. " J. J. Rein(_Japan_, London, 1884), gives four divisions in modern Japan, namely, Japan proper, the Riukiu Islands, Chigima or the Kuriles, and Ogasawara-shima or Munitô, commonly called Bonin Islands. 

[40] A kind of silk grograin. 

[41] Gabriel de la Cruz (in the Moluccas as early as 1605), together with Lorenzo Masonio (Laurent Masoni) wrote a relationentitled _Relacion de la toma de las islas de Ambueno y Tidore queconsigueiron los Holandes en este año de 1605_, which is publishedby Colin in his _Labor Evangélica_, lib. Iv, chap. Ii. Masoni wasborn at Campolleto (Naples), February 27, 1556. He entered the Jesuitorder when already a priest, in 1582. In 1586 he went to the Indies, where he died at Amboina, July 19, 1631. He wrote also a letter fromthat island, which is published in _Lettera annuæ di Giappone_ (Roma, 1605), pp. 113-121; also in _Hist. Univers. Des Indes orientales_, by Antoine Magín (Sommervogel). 

[42] The author of the present relation precedes the portion herepresented, which appears to be complete, by a notice of the death ofFather Antonio Pereira. This notice appears to have been abridgedby Ventura del Arco, who copied the document from the archives. LaConcepción states (vol. Iv of his history) that after Acuña hadrecovered the Malucos, all but two of the Jesuit priests there wereordered to Malaca. This included Pereira, who was stationed on theisland of Siao. The authorities at Malaca contended that the careof these religious devolved upon the Philippines, hence they wereordered to go there. Pereira left Malaca in July, 1608, for Manilain a Portuguese vessel, but they were wrecked after twenty days'voyage. The Portuguese and Father Pereira started for Borneo nextmorning in the small boat, leaving 130 slaves who were in the vesselto their fate. After four days the boat reached a desert island, withits occupants famished. Father Pereira, having a knowledge of theregion, procured water from one of the hollow canes growing on theisland. There they were captured by Moro or Malay pirates and soldby them to the Borneans. They were sent to Manila in a small boatby the sultan; but, in a storm, Father Pereira died. He was a son ofGonzalo Pereira, who had also lived at Siao. Father Pereira had aidedChirino in various labors in Cebú, whence he later returned to Siao. 

[43] This phrase, the usual epithet of the general of the Jesuit order, would indicate that Lopez was addressing that official--who was thenClaudio Aquaviva; he died on January 31, 1615. 

[44] A vessel built like a pink--that is, with a very narrow stern--andsloop-rigged. 

[45] By metaphor, the instrument is here used for the person; thereference is to the advocacy of the Virgin as obtained throughthe rosary, the instrument of the chief devotion to Mary. Assuch, many churches and other institutions are dedicated to therosary. --_Rev. Patrick B. Knox_ (Madison, Wisconsin). 

[46] Thomas Aquinas, born in 1227, belonged to a noble family, descended from the kings of Aragón and Sicily. Enteringthe ecclesiastical life, he soon became noted as a scholar anddivine. He was professor of divinity in several universities, andauthor of numerous theological works. He died on March 7, 1274, andwas canonized in 1323. Various epithets have been bestowed upon him:"the Angelic Doctor, " "the Universal Doctor, " "the Dumb Ox" (alludingto his taciturnity), "The Angel of the School, " and "the Eagle ofTheologians. " "It was in defense of Thomas Aquinas that Henry VIII [ofEngland] composed the book which procured him from the pope the titleof Defender of the Faith" (Blake's _Biographical Dictionary_, p. 66). 

[47] Argensola says mistakenly that this father was killed by theChinese in the insurrection of 1603. 

For sketch of his life see _Vol_. XIII, note 43. 

[48] Domingo de Nieva was a native of one of the three towns ofVilloria in Castilla, and professed in the Dominican convent of SanPablo at Valladolid. On going to the Philippines he was sent firstto the mission of Bataan, where his labors were uninterrupted andsevere. He became fluent in the Tagil language, after Which he wasassigned to the Chinese mission near Manila; and he composed andpublished several devotional treatises in both those languages. Hewas elected prior of Manila, but before his three years in that officewere finished, he was sent as procurator to Madrid. He died at sea, atthe end of 1606 or the beginning of 1607, after having spent nineteenyears in the Philippines. See _Reseña biográfica_, part i, pp. 108-110. 

[49] That is "by my priestly word. "

[50] The see of Cebú was made vacant by the death of Bishop Agurto(September 14, 1608), and that of Nueva Cáceres (in 1607) by the deathof its second bishop, Baltasar Corarrubias, O. S. A. The reference inour text is to the appointment of new bishops for these sees--for Cebú, Pedro Matías, O. S. F. ; and for Nueva Cáceres, Pedro de Arce, O. S. A. But, as Matías did not understand the Visayan language, these appointmentswere finally exchanged; Matías was transferred to Nueva Cáceres, whichhe administered for two years and until his death, and Arce to Cebú. 

[51] Because of the difficulty that has been represented to us in goingor sending from very distant provinces, separated by the sea, to givetheir accounts, we have determined and resolved that the accounts ofChile and Filipinas shall be examined as hitherto, in accordance withthe ordinances of the Audiencias--notwithstanding what is ordainedby others--given to the accountants. The accounts shall have to bebrought and given in the tribunal of accounts. We order that thosethus examined in Chile be sent to the tribunal of accounts in Lima, and those of the Filipinas to that of Méjico. Our royal officialsof those treasuries shall also send at the beginning of each yearthe lists and muster-rolls of the soldiers to the said tribunals, signed also by the governor and captain-general. The accountantsof the above-mentioned tribunals shall send a report of the saidaccounts, with its lists, to our council of the Indias. " Felipe III, San Lorenzo, August 17, 1609, ordinance 24. (_Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Viii, tit. I, ley lxxix). A decree dated San Lorenzo, October 19, 1719, ordered this law to be observed, and ordered also inspectionof the treasuries every week. See note in _Recopilación de leyes_to the above ordinance. 

[52] Marcos de Lisboa was born of a noble family in Lisboa, Portugal. At an early age he was sent to India to engage in itscommerce. Establishing himself at Malacca, he took the vows in 1582, in the Franciscan convent established there in the preceding yearby Juan Bautista Pisaro. In 1586 he went to the Philippines, wherehe projected and later helped to found (1594) the Confraternity ofLa Misericordia at Manila. He later spent a number of years in theprovince of Camarines, where he labored extensively. He was electedthree times as definitor (1602, 1608, and 1616), and once (January 16, 1609), as vicar-provincial. In 1618 he went to Mexico, whence (July 16, 1622), he went to Madrid, and then to Rome to take part in the generalchapter of his order. At the conclusion of the chapter he retired tothe convent of San Gil at Madrid, where he died in the beginning of1628. Lisboa left a number of written works, among them four in theBicol language, which he was the first to write. See Huerta's _Estado_, pp. 447, 448. 

[53] The Marquis de Montesclaros (third marques of the title, see_Vol_. XIII, p. 228) was born posthumously probably at Sevilla;and was a knight of the Order of Santiago, and gentleman of thebedchamber. Throughout his offices as viceroy of Nueva España andof Peru, he showed ability and determination, and his policy wasapproved. See Moreri's _Dictionnaire_, vi, p. 268; and Bancroft's_History of Mexico_, iii, pp. 5, 6. 

[54] The consulate (see _Vol_. XIII, p. 57) of Sevilla was formedin accordance with a law dated August 23, 1543; it authorized theexporting merchants of that city to meet annually for the election ofprior and consuls to administer, regulate, and guard the commercialinterests of those merchants. See the laws enacted regarding thisinstitution, in _Recopilación de leyes_, lib. Ix, tit. Vi. 

[55] The Atlantic Ocean; the new trade-route opened by the Portuguesea century before led to the Atlantic via the Cape of Good Hope. 

[56] Spanish, _tan en las mantillas_, _i. E. _, the long outer garmentsin which an infant is dressed. 

[57] Referring to the Cerro Gordo ("rich hill") of Potosi; see_Vol_. XIV, p. 306. 

[58] Perhaps the region known as Miztecapan, which has fertile valleys. 

[59] A truce of eight months, to begin with May, 1607, was arrangedbetween Spain and the United Provinces, in which for the firsttime Spain gave up its claims to control the latter. This pavedthe way to the long truce of twelve years signed at the meeting ofthe States-General at Bergen-op-Zoom, in April, 1609, in which theindependence of the United Provinces was recognized (see _Vol_. XI, p. 166, note 27). But that independence was completely recognizedand assured only by the treaty of Westphalia or Münster (in October, 1648), which also opened to the Dutch the ports of the Eastern andWestern Indias. 

[60] Thus in the text, according to the editor of _Docs. Inéditos_;apparently an error for Manila. 

[61] That is, if the Philippine trade to Nueva España were suppressedthe commodities from Spain which are now shipped to Manila viaAcapulco, and are mainly articles of luxury, would not find anygreater sale in the Orient than before. 

[62] In 1525 Esteban Gomez--who had been one of Magalhães's pilots(_Vol_. 1, pp. 263, 319) was sent by Charles V "to find a route toCathay" north of Florida. He had but one caravel with which to makethis voyage, but he went to the Bacalaos (New-foundland coast), and thence as far south as Florida. His discoveries were noted onthe map of the cosmographer Diego Ribero (1529). Gomez's voyage isdescribed by Peter Martyr. 

[63] Referring to the treaty of Zaragoza (_Vol_. II, pp. 222-240). 

[64] Montesclaros has forgotten the capture of the "Santa Ana" byCandish. See _Vol_. VI, p. 311, and _Vol_. XV, appendix A. 

[65] The fictitious strait of Anian (for which name see Bancroft's_History of Northwest Coast_, i, pp. 53-56), was the supposedwestern terminus of the northwest passage, whose eastern terminusCortereal was thought to have found in Hudson Strait. A kingdommarked Anian is shown On Ortelius's map (_Theatrum orbis terrarum_, Antwerp, 1574), with the strait just north of it, above 60°. Both thekingdom and district are shown on a number of old maps. Du Val's map(Paris, 1684) of North America, which shows California as an island, portrays the strait of Anian directly north of it, between 45° and50° of latitude. Vaugondy's map (that of 1750 corrected), Paris, 1783, shows the strait between 50° and 55°. Comparing the latter withRussel's general map of North America, 1794, the Anian strait appearsto coincide with the strait between Queen Charlotte's Island and themainland, the modern Hecate Strait. Vizcaino had orders to look forthis strait on his voyage, and explore it. 

[66] Puertobelo, now called Porto Bello, is situated on the isthmusof Panama, almost directly north of Panama--in the old department ofPanama of the United States of Colombia; but now (as the other placesherein named) in the independent state of Panama--and but little westof Aspinwall, the Atlantic terminus of the Panama Canal. Chagre isthe modern Chagres, and lies on the Atlantic side of the isthmussouthwest of Porto Bello; there empties the Chagres River, whichcan be ascended to Cruces, which is twenty miles north of Panama, the Pacific terminus of the canal, capital of the old department ofPanama, and of the present state of Panama. 

[67] Diego de Soria entered the Dominican order at Ocaña. He came tothe Philippines in the first mission of that order (1587), end heldvarious dignities and official positions in the province; he alsodid missionary work in Cagayán and other regions of Luzón. About1597 he went to Spain and Rome on business of his order; and laterwas appointed bishop of Nueva Segovia, taking possession of thatsee in 1604. He died in 1613, at Fernandina (now Vigan). See _Reseñabiográfica_, i, pp. 69-77. 

[68] The reduction of silver ore by amalgamation with mercury wasdiscovered (although mercury had been used long before for obtaininggold) by a Spanish miner in Mexico, Bartholomé de Medina, in 1557. Fromthat time, enormous quantities of mercury have been continuallyrequired for the mining operations in the silver-producing districtsof Spanish America. Efforts were occasionally made by the Mexicanviceroys to procure it in China; but "the Chinese mercury obtainedfrom Canton and Manilla was impure, and contained a great deal oflead; and its price [1782] amounted to 80 piastres the quintal. " SeeHumboldt's account, descriptive and historical, of this use of mercury, in his _New Spain_ (Black's trans. ), iii, pp. 250-288. 

In this connection, see the interesting statement by Santiago de Vera(_Vol_. VI, p. 68) that as early as 1585 the Japanese (who then had butlittle communication with the Spaniards) were using Chinese quicksilverin the silver mines of Japan. Some of the Chinese mercury had beenbrought to Manila in 1573 (_Vol_. III, p. 245), and Sande mentions(_Vol_. IV. P. 54) the mines of silver and quicksilver in China. 

[69] This document is simply an abridgment or summary made by Venturadel Arco from the letter of Ledesma. 

[70] Cf. This statement with the royal decree of May 26, 1609, whichis presented in this volume, p. 79, _ante_. 

[71] Valerio de Ledesma was born at Alaejos. March 23, 1556, andbecame a novitiate in the Jesuit order in 1571-1572. He was sentto the Philippines, where he served as rector of Cebú, associate ofthe provincial, rector of Manila, provincial, rector and master ofnovitiates at San Pedro Macati, and again rector at Manila, where hedied, May 15, 1639. See Sommervogel, Barrantes (_Guerros piraticas_), and Pardo de Tavera (_Biblioteca Filipina_, Washington, 1903) asto his authorship. See also Murillo Velarde's _Historia_ (Manila, 1749), book ii, ch. Vii, pp. 260-266, for a notice regarding him. Inthe Ventura del Arco MSS. , at the end of this summary of Ledesma'sletter appears a tracing of his autograph signature. 

[72] According to Sommervogel, Juan de Ribera was born at Pueblade los Angeles in 1565, and entered upon his novitiate at Rome in1582. He was sent to the Philippines in 1595, and taught theologyand was rector at Manila, where he died June 5, 1622. Besides thepresent letter, Father Ribera was the author of the _Lettera annua_from the Philippines for 1602-1603, which was printed at Venice andParis, in Italian and French respectively, in 1605. 

[73] In regard to the correction of Manila time, see _Vol_. I, p. 22, note 2. 

[74] That is, "the Great Mogul, " meaning "the ruler of Mogor, " a nameapplied to Hindostan. The monarch here referred to is Jáhangír (orJehanghir), the tenth of the Mogul emperors, who in 1605 succeeded tothe throne by the death of his father, Akbar the Great. See accountof his power and wealth, by Pyrard de Laval (publications of HakluytSociety, London, 1888-90) ii, pp. 250-253; also _The Hawkins' Voyages_and _Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe_ (published by the same society in 1878and 1899, respectively). Roe and William Hawkins successively residedat Jáhangír's court between 1610 and 1620. An interesting sketch ofJáhangír's life is given by Valentyn in his _Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën_(Dordrecht and Amsterdam, MDCCXXIV), part iv, sec. Ii, pp. 218-230;it is part of a series of the sketches, "Lives of the Great Moguls. "

[75] According to Montero y Vidal (_Hist. Filipinas_, i, p. 161)this expedition was under the orders of Alonso Váez Coutiño. 

[76] A small piece of ordnance; or, a long musket or matchlock. 

[77] The plan of Malaca in Bellin's _Atlas maritime_ (Paris, 1764), iii, 46, indicates this church, stating that it was then a magazinewithin the fort. Other public buildings are located--the Chinesepagoda and bazar, the Mahometan mosque, etc. See Valentyn's account, descriptive and historical, of "Malakka, " in his _Oud en NieuwOost-Indiën_, part v, book vi, pp. 308-360; it contains a largeengraving, a view of the city of Malaca. 

[78] A small city in the province of Badajoz, Spain. 

[79] Cf. La Concepción's account (_Hist. De Philipinas_, iv. Pp. 330-366) of the ravages committed by the Dutch; the despatchof a fleet from India at Silva's request (made through the JesuitsGomez and Ribera), and its conflicts with Malays and Dutch at Malacca;Silva's preparations for the joint expedition; his journey to Malacca, and death there; and the return of his fleet to Manila, and failure ofall this costly enterprise. La Concepción mentions Ribera's account(p. 344), and says (p. 337); "We have a complete diary, written bythe rector of Manila [Ribera], from the twenty-first of November, when they hoisted sail at Cavite"--that is, when he went on theembassy to India in 1614. Apparently his account, as here presented, has been synopsized and abridged by Ventura del Arco, who has alsoborrowed somewhat from Ledesma's letter (_post_). 

[80] This part of the document is the version of Ribera's letterwhich appears in Colin's _Labor evangelica_, pp. 802-806. It is herepresented as containing some matter not in the other copy, and asshowing the methods of the respective editors. 

[81] _i. E. _, Kocchi. As in all foreign words ending with a vowel, the Portuguese have nasalised the "i. " In 1505 it was written"Coxi. " See A. C. Burnell's note in _Voyage of Linschoten_ (HakluytSociety's publications, London, 1885), i, p. 68. This city lies somethirty miles north of Cape Comorin. 

[82] Pedro de Francisco, S. J. , was born at Mala, in the Zaragozadiocese, in 1607. He was admitted to the Society in 1626, and went tothe Indias, where he taught grammar, and for seven years theology. Helabored at Cochin, and became rector of the Macao seminary, whencehe was driven by the Dutch. He was at Macassar in 1652, but hisname does not appear in the catalogue for 1655. See Sommervogel's_Bibliographie_. 

[83] Alberto Laercio or Laerzio, S. J. , was born at Orte in 1557, admitted to the Society in 1576, and set out for the Indies, wherehe made his profession at Goa, July 9, 1590. For twelve years he wasmaster of the novitiates, rector of Salsette, and associate-visitor, for three years vice-provincial, and for six years provincial. Hedied at Cochin in 1630. See Sommervogel's _Bibliographie_. 

[84] Francisco Roz, S. J. , was born at Gerona in 1557, became anovitiate in 1575, and went to the Indies in 1584, where he laboredin the Malabar mission. In 1601 he was appointed bishop of Angamala, and in 1605, archbishop of Cranganore. He died at Parur, February 16, 1624. He wrote a number of treatises and letters. See Sommervogel's_Bibliographie_. 

[85] The two Latin phrases read in English, respectively: "He whodesires an episcopate, desires a good work;" and "He gets a hard andfast slavery. "

[86] Sommervogel mentions only that this Jesuit was a Portuguesemissionary at Goa in 1608, in which year (December 18) he wrote aletter from Goa. 

[87] The Assumption of the Virgin is August 15. 

[88] That is, "Because we have sinned against thee, O Lord, " etc. 

[89] This is a letter by Valerio de Ledesma, S. J. , according to Colin(from whose _Labor evangélica_, pp. 806-810, we obtain it). Comparewith the first version of Ribera's letter, _ante_, in which theaccount of Silva's death is similar to that by Ledesma. Colin hasevidently edited both letters more or less, and it is difficult toascertain what the exact original text was. 

[90] Garcia Garcès, S. J. , was born in 1560 at Molina, in the dioceseof Segovia, and entered the Society October 23, 1574. Going tothe Indias in 1588, he labored for several years in the missionsof Japan. He was rector at Nagasaki, whence he was exiled with hiscompanions. He went to Manila and later to Macao, where he died in1628. See Sommervogel's _Bibliographie_. 

[91] Melchor de Vera, S. J. , was born at Madrid in 1585, and afterbeing received into the Society in 1604, went to the Philippinesin 1606, where he labored in the missions of the Bisayas and inMindanao. He served as rector of Carigara, and superior at Bapitanand Zamboanga. His death occurred at the residence at Cebú, April13, 1646. He was a good civil and military architect, and plannedand directed the building of the fortifications at Zam boanga, andconstructed the church of his residence at Cebú. See Sommervogel's_Bibliographie_ and Murillo Velarde's _Historia_, book ii, chap. Xxi. 

[92] An account of this expedition is given in the first chapter ofMurillo Velarde's _Historia_ (Manila, 1749), evidently taken in partfrom the present account. 

[93] Inasmuch as Bonifaz, although junior auditor, obtained the officeby trickery he was a true governor _ad interim_, and the Audienciadid not have charge of political affairs. 

[94] The following authorities were used in compiling the above listof governors: Morga, _Sucesos de las Islas Filipinos_ (Mexico, 1609);Argensola, _Conquistas de las Malucas_ (Madrid, 1609); Colin, _Laborevangelica_ (Madrid, 1663)--who mentions as authorities the authorsMorga, Grijalva, and Chirino; San Antonio, _Chronicas_, parte primera(Manila, 1738); Murillo Velarde, _Historia_, (Manila, 1749); Delgado, _Historia general_ (Manila, 1892); La Concepcion, _Historia general_(Sampaloc, 1788-1792); Zúñiga, _Historia de las islas Filipinos_(Sampaloc, 1803), and _Estadismo_ (Retana's ed. , Madrid, 1893);Mas, _Informe de las Islas Filipinos_ (Madrid, 1843); Buzeta andBravo, _Diccionario_ (Madrid, 1851); Montero y Vidal, _Historiageneral_ (Madrid, 1887), and _Historia de la pirateria_ (Madrid, 1888); Combés, _Historia de Mindanao y Jolo_ (Retana's ed. , Madrid, 1897); _Católogo de la exposition general de las Islas Filipinos_(Madrid, 1887); Algué, _Archipiélago Filipino_ (Washington, 1900);Sawyer, _Inhabitants of the Philippines_ (New York, 1900); Calkins, "Filipino Insurrection of 1896" in _Harper's Monthly_, vol. Xcix, pp. 469-483; and various documents already published in this series. 

[95] Delgado's work was written during 1751-54. 

[96] Referring to the dissensions and conflicts between the secularand ecclesiastical authorities which culminated in the assassination(October 11, 1719) of Governor Bustamente. 

[97] See account of this expedition in Argensola's _Conquistas_(_Vol_. XVI of this series), book x. The king seized by Acuña was SaídBerkatt, the twenty-sixth king of Ternate; he came to the throne in1584 and reigned until made a captive by Acuña--who treated him well, but later governors made Saíd the subject of shameful neglect andeven cruelty. He died at Manila in February or March, 1627. AfterSaíd was carried away from Ternate, his son Modafar became king;the ruler of Tidore at that time was Cachil (or Prince) Mole. SeeValentyn's history of the Moluccas, in his _Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën_, in the annals of Saíd's reign and life are recorded in pp. 208-255therein (a separate pagination, after the introductory sketch of theNetherlands dominion). On pp. 3, 4 are listed the islands subjectto Temate; they include Mindanao, the Talaut or Tulour group, Ceram, Amboina, Solor, the Moluccas proper, and many others. 

[98] In regard to this, see Sande's own letters and reports in_Vol_. IV of this series. 

[99] See account of the expeditions made in that year against theMoro pirates, under the governor, Francisco de Ovando, in Montero yVidal's _Hist. De piratería, _ pp. 290-299. 

[100] Ali-Mudin, sultan of Joló, claimed that he was dethroned by hisbrother Bantilan, in 1748; and, with the Jesuit missionaries who hadjust before arrived in Joló, Ali-Mudin went to Manila. In 1750 he wasbaptized in the Catholic faith, and was named Fernando I. A Spanishexpedition was sent to reinstate him on his throne; but it was foundthat Ali-Mudin was an apostate and a traitor, and the Spanish governorof Zamboanga seized him and all his family and retinue, sending themto Manila, where they were held as prisoners. All except Ali-Mudin andhis heir Israel were sent home in 1755; but these remained captivesuntil 1763, when the English conquerors conveyed them back to Joló, and Ali-Mudin abdicated his throne in favor of Israel. 

See Montero y Vidal's _Hist. De piratería_, pp. 279-299, 307-309, 317-320, 322, 338. 

[101] This writer was minister-plenipotentiary from Spain to Pekin;and during that term of office made a voyage to Manila, of which thisbook is a result. 

[102] _i. E. _, those who pay the tax called _polo_--a personal serviceof forty days in the year; see Montero y Vidal's note, _post_. 

[103] The services of these municipal officers, which--barring certainabuses, to which their small remuneration and excessive officialobligations force them--are of undeniable worth in the Philippines, and their functions, which carry importance and respectability, demand much rather that there be substituted for the ridiculousname of gobernadorcillo, by which they are officially designated, another name more serious and more in harmony with their praiseworthyministry. This is now being done among themselves in the moreenlightened villages, where they are called _capitán_ ["captain"]instead of gobernadorcillo. --_Montero y Vidal_. 

Cf. Bourne's account of these officials, _Vol_. I, of this series, pp. 55, 56. 

[104] The Spanish is _paso doble_, a term used also as the name ofa dance, the equivalent of the "two-step. "

[105] This tribute is the contribution that the Indians and mestizospay in order to aid in the maintenance of the burdens of the state. The_polos_ means the obligation to work a certain number of days inneighborhood works. --_Montero y Vidal_. 

[106] The tobacco monopoly was arranged by Governor Basco y Vargas inpursuance of a royal order of February 9, 1780. Although opposed bycertain classes, especially the friars, the monopoly was organizedby March 1, 1782, and approved by royal order May 15, 1784. Underthe monopoly, however, quantities of tobacco always escaped thevigilance of the government, and could be bought at much cheaperrates than the government tobacco. The monopoly was repealed in theprovince of Unión October 25, 1852; and in all the archipelago, bya royal order in 1881. The order was applied in the islands in 1882, and the suppression of the monopoly was completed in 1884. 

Tobacco was introduced into the islands by missionaries in thelast quarter of the sixteenth century. The best brands come from theprovinces of Isabela and Cagayán. Its cultivation and export has been, and is, of great importance, immense quantities both of cigars andleaf tobacco being shipped chiefly to China, Japan, the East Indies, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Australasia. About thirty thousandpeople were employed in making cigars and cigarettes in the provinceof Manila, most of them women. See Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 295, 296, iii, p. 165; Bowring, pp. 309, 310; Sawyer, pp. 131-133, 158;_Report_ of Philippine Commission (1901), iii, pp. 267-269; and_U. S. Philippine Gazetteer_, pp. 75, 76. 

[107] The royal assembly was the council whom the governor-generalhad to assist him in his decisions, and they shared with him, to acertain point, the authority. They counterbalanced his powers, and, during the vacancy, took his place in the command. --_Montero y Vidal_.