[ Transcriber's Note: This e-book belongs to Tolstoy's Plays (Complete Edition). The front matter, including the table of contents, can be found in e-book #26660; it lists the other plays in the collection. Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible; changes (corrections of spelling and punctuation) made to the original text are listed at the end of this file. ] THE LIGHT SHINES IN DARKNESS DRAMA CHARACTERS NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH SARÝNTSOV. MARY IVÁNOVNA SARÝNTSOVA. His wife. LYÚBA. Their daughter. STYÓPA. Their son. VÁNYA. A younger son. MISSY. Their daughter. THE SARÝNTSOVS' LITTLE CHILDREN. ALEXANDER MIKÁYLOVICH STARKÓVSKY. (Lyúba's betrothed in Act IV). MITROFÁN ERMÍLYCH. Ványa's tutor. THE SARÝNTSOVS' GOVERNESS. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA KÓHOVTSEVA. Mary Ivánovna's sister. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH KÓHOVTSEV. Her husband. LISA. Their daughter. PRINCESS CHEREMSHÁNOV. BORÍS. Her son. TÓNYA. Her daughter. A YOUNG PRIEST. THE SARÝNTSOVS' NURSE. THE SARÝNTSOVS' MEN-SERVANTS. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. A peasant. A PEASANT WOMAN. His wife. MALÁSHKA. His daughter (carrying her baby-brother). PETER. A peasant. A RURAL POLICEMAN. FATHER GERÁSIM. A priest. A NOTARY. A CARPENTER. A GENERAL. HIS ADJUTANT. A COLONEL. A REGIMENTAL CLERK. A SENTINEL. TWO SOLDIERS. A GENDARME OFFICER. HIS CLERK. THE CHAPLAIN OF THE REGIMENT. THE CHIEF DOCTOR IN A MILITARY ASYLUM. AN ASSISTANT DOCTOR. WARDERS. AN INVALID OFFICER. PIANIST. COUNTESS. ALEXANDER PETRÓVICH. PEASANT MEN AND WOMEN, STUDENTS, LADIES, DANCING COUPLES. THE LIGHT SHINES IN DARKNESS ACT I SCENE 1 The scene represents the verandah of a fine country-house, in front of which a croquet-lawn and tennis-court are shown, also a flower-bed. The children are playing croquet with their governess. Mary Ivánovna Sarýntsova, a handsome elegant woman of forty; her sister, Alexándra Ivánovna Kóhovtseva, a stupid, determined woman of forty-five; and her husband, Peter Semyónovich Kóhovtsef, a fat flabby man, dressed in a summer suit, with a pince-nez, are sitting on the verandah at a table with a samovár and coffee-pot. Mary Ivánovna Sarýntsova, Alexándra Ivánovna Kóhovtseva, and Peter Semyónovich Kóhovtsev are drinking coffee, and the latter is smoking. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. If you were not my sister, but a stranger, andNicholas Ivánovich not your husband, but merely an acquaintance, Ishould think all this very original, and perhaps I might even encouragehim, _J'aurais trouvé tout ça trčs gentil_;[1] but when I see that_your_ husband is playing the fool--yes, simply playing the fool--then Ican't help telling you what I think about it. And I shall tell yourhusband, Nicholas, too. _Je lui dirai son fait, ma chčre. _[2] I am notafraid of anyone. [1] I should have considered it all very pretty. [2] I will tell him the plain fact, my dear. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I don't feel the least bit hurt; don't I see it allmyself? but I don't think it so very important. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. No. You don't think so, but I tell you that, if youlet it go on, you will be beggared. _Du train que cela va ... _[3] [3] At the rate things are going. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Come! Beggared indeed! Not with an income liketheirs. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, beggared! And please don't interrupt me, mydear! Anything a _man_ does always seems right to you! PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Oh! I don't know. I was saying---- ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But you never do know what you are saying, becausewhen you men begin playing the fool, _il n'y a pas de raison que çafinisse_. [4] I am only saying that if I were in your place, I should notallow it. _J'aurais mis bon ordre ŕ toutes ces lubies. _[5] What does itall mean? A husband, the head of a family, has no occupation, abandonseverything, gives everything away, _et fait le généreux ŕ droite et ŕgauche_. [6] I know how it will end! _Nous en savons quelque chose. _[7] [4] There is no reason for it to stop. [5] I should put an end to all these fads. [6] And plays the bountiful left and right. [7] We know something about it. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH [to Mary Ivánovna]. But do explain to me, Mary, whatis this new movement? Of course I understand Liberalism, CountyCouncils, the Constitution, schools, reading-rooms, and _tout ce quis'en suit_;[8] as well as Socialism, strikes, and an eight-hour day; butwhat is this? Explain it to me. [8] All the rest of it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But he told you about it yesterday. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. I confess I did not understand. The Gospels, theSermon on the Mount--and that churches are unnecessary! But then how isone to pray, and all that? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes. That is the worst of it. He would destroyeverything, and give us nothing in its place. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. How did it begin? MARY IVÁNOVNA. It began last year, after his sister died. He was veryfond of her, and her death had a very great effect on him. He becamequite morose, and was always talking about death; and then, you know, hefell ill himself with typhus. When he recovered, he was quite a changedman. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But, all the same, he came in spring to see us againin Moscow, and was very nice, and played bridge. _Il était trčs gentilet comme tout le monde. _[9] [9] He was very nice, and like everybody else. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But, all the same, he was then quite changed. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. In what way? MARY IVÁNOVNA. He was completely indifferent to his family, and purelyand simply had _l'idée fixe_. He read the Gospels for days on end, anddid not sleep. He used to get up at night to read, made notes andextracts, and then began going to see bishops and hermits--consultingthem about religion. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And did he fast, or prepare for communion? MARY IVÁNOVNA. From the time of our marriage--that's twenty yearsago--till then he had never fasted nor taken the sacrament, but at thattime he did once take the sacrament in a monastery, and then immediatelyafterwards decided that one should neither take communion nor go tochurch. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. That's what I say--thoroughly inconsistent! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, a month before, he would not miss a single service, and kept every fast-day; and then he suddenly decided that it was allunnecessary. What can one do with such a man? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I have spoken and will speak to him again. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Yes! But the matter is of no great importance. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. No? Not to you! Because you men have no religion. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Do let me speak. I say that that is not the point. The point is this: if he denies the Church, what does he want theGospels for? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, so that we should live according to the Gospels andthe Sermon on the Mount, and give everything away. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. But how is one to live if one gives everything away? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And where has he found in the Sermon on the Mountthat we must shake hands with footmen? It says "Blessed are the meek, "but it says nothing about shaking hands! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, of course, he gets carried away, as he always usedto. At one time it was music, then shooting, then the school. But thatdoesn't make it any the easier for me! PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Why has he gone to town to-day? MARY IVÁNOVNA. He did not tell me, but I know it is about some trees ofours that have been felled. The peasants have been cutting trees in ourwood. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. In the pine-tree plantation? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, they will probably be sent to prison and ordered topay for the trees. Their case was to be heard to-day, he told me of it, so I feel certain that is what he has gone about. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. He will pardon them, and to-morrow they will come totake the trees in the park. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, that is what it leads to. As it is, they break ourapple-trees and tread down the green cornfields, and he forgives themeverything. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Extraordinary! ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. That is just why I say that it must not be allowedto go on. Why, if it goes on like that, _tout y passera_. [10] I think itis your duty as a mother to _prendre tes mesures_. [11] [10] Everything will be lost. [11] To take measures. MARY IVÁNOVNA. What can I do? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. What indeed! Stop him! Explain to him that thiscannot go on. You have your children! What sort of an example is it forthem? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Of course, it is hard; but I go on bearing it, and hopingit will pass, like his former infatuations. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, but "_Aide toi et Dieu t'aidera!_"[12] You mustmake him feel that he has not only himself to think of, and that onecan't live like that. [12] God helps those who help themselves. MARY IVÁNOVNA. The worst of all is that he no longer troubles about thechildren, and I have to decide everything myself. I have an unweanedbaby, besides the older children: girls and boys, who have to be lookedafter, and need guidance. And I have to do it all single-handed. He usedto be such an affectionate and attentive father, but now he seems nolonger to care. Yesterday I told him that Ványa is not studyingproperly, and will not pass his exam. , and he replied that it would beby far the best thing for him to leave school altogether. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. To go where? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Nowhere! That's the most terrible thing about it;everything we do is wrong, but he does not say what would be right. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. That's odd. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. What is there odd about it? It is just _your_ usualway. Condemn everything, and do nothing yourself! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Styópa has now finished at the University, and ought tochoose a career; but his father says nothing about it. He wanted to takea post in the Civil Service, but Nicholas Ivánovich says he ought not todo so. Then he thought of entering the Horse-Guards, but NicholasIvánovich quite disapproved. Then the lad asked his father: "What am Ito do then--not go and plough after all?" and Nicholas Ivánovich said:"Why not plough? It is much better than being in a Government Office. "So what was he to do? He comes to me and asks, and I have to decideeverything, and yet the authority is all in his hands. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, you should tell him so straight out. MARY IVÁNOVNA. So I must! I shall have to talk to him. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And tell him straight out that you can't go on likethis. That you do your duty, and he must do his; or if not--let him handeverything over to you. MARY IVÁNOVNA. It is all so unpleasant! ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I will tell him, if you like. _Je lui dirai sonfait. _[13] [13] I'll tell him the truth. Enter a young priest, confused and agitated. He carries a book, and shakes hands all round. PRIEST. I have come to see Nicholas Ivánovich. I have, in fact, come toreturn a book. MARY IVÁNOVNA. He has gone to town, but will be back soon. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. What book are you returning? PRIEST. Oh, it's Mr. Renan's _Life of Jesus_. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Dear me! What books you read! PRIEST [much agitated, lights a cigarette] It was Nicholas Ivánovichgave it to me to read. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA [contemptuously] Nicholas Ivánovich gave it you! Anddo you agree with Nicholas Ivánovich and Mr. Renan? PRIEST. No, of course not. If I really did agree, I should not, in fact, be what is called a servant of the Church. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But if you are, as it is called, a faithful servantof the Church, why don't you convert Nicholas Ivánovich? PRIEST. Everyone, in fact, has his own views on these matters, andNicholas Ivánovich really maintains much that is quite true, only hegoes astray, in fact, on the main point, the Church. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA [contemptuously] And what are the many things thatNicholas Ivánovich maintains that are quite true? Is it true that theSermon on the Mount bids us give our property away to strangers and letour own families go begging? PRIEST. The Church, in fact, sanctions the family, and the Holy Fathersof the Church, in fact, blessed the family; but the highest perfectionreally demands the renunciation of worldly advantages. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Of course the Anchorites acted so, but ordinarymortals, I should imagine, should act in an ordinary way, as befits allgood Christians. PRIEST. No one can tell unto what he may be called. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And, of course, you are married? PRIEST. Oh yes. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And have you any children? PRIEST. Two. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Then why don't you renounce worldly advantages, andnot go about smoking a cigarette? PRIEST. Because of my weakness, in fact, my unworthiness. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Ah! I see that instead of bringing NicholasIvánovich to reason, you support him. That, I tell you straight out, iswrong! Enter Nurse. NURSE. Don't you hear baby crying? Please come to nurse him. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I'm coming, coming! [Rises and exit]. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I'm dreadfully sorry for my sister. I see how shesuffers. Seven children, one of them unweaned, and then all these fadsto put up with. It seems to me quite plain that he has something wronghere [touching her forehead. To Priest] Now tell me, I ask you, what newreligion is this you have discovered? PRIEST. I don't understand, in fact ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Oh, please don't beat about the bush. You know verywell what I am asking you about. PRIEST. But allow me ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I ask you, what creed is it that bids us shake handswith every peasant and let them cut down the trees, and give them moneyfor vódka, and abandon our own families? PRIEST. I don't know that ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. He says it is Christianity. You are a priest of theOrthodox Greek Church, and therefore you must know and must say whetherChristianity bids us encourage robbery. PRIEST. But I ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Or else, why are you a priest, and why do you wearlong hair and a cassock? PRIEST. But we are not asked ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Not asked, indeed! Why, I am asking you! He told meyesterday that the Gospels say, "Give to him that asketh of thee. " Butthen in what sense is that meant? PRIEST. In its plain sense, I suppose. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And I think not in the plain sense; we have alwaysbeen taught that everybody's position is appointed by God. PRIEST. Of course, but yet ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Oh, yes. It's just as I was told; you take his side, and that is wrong! I say so straight out. If some young school teacher, or some young lad, lickspittles to him, it's bad enough--but you, inyour position, should remember the responsibility that rests on you. PRIEST. I try to ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. What sort of religion is it, when he does not go tochurch, and does not believe in the sacraments? And instead of bringinghim to his senses, you read Renan with him, and interpret the Gospels ina way of your own. PRIEST [excitedly] I cannot answer. I am, in fact, upset, and will holdmy tongue. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Oh! If only I were your Bishop; I'd teach you toread Renan and smoke cigarettes. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. _Mais cessez, au nom du ciel. De quel droit?_[14] [14] But do stop, for heaven's sake. What right have you? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Please don't teach me. I am sure the Reverend Fatheris not angry with me. What if I have spoken plainly. It would have beenworse had I bottled up my anger. Isn't that so? PRIEST. Forgive me if I have not expressed myself as I should. [Uncomfortable pause]. Enter Lyúba and Lisa. Lyúba, Mary Ivánovna's daughter, is a handsome energetic girl of twenty. Lisa, Alexándra Ivánovna's daughter, is a little older. Both have kerchiefs on their heads, and are carrying baskets, to go gathering mushrooms. They greet Alexándra Ivánovna, Peter Semyónovich, and the priest. LYÚBA. Where is Mamma? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Just gone to the baby. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Now mind you bring back plenty of mushrooms. A littlevillage girl brought some lovely white ones this morning. I'd go withyou myself, but it's too hot. LISA. Do come, Papa! ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, go, for you are getting too fat. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Well, perhaps I will, but I must first fetch somecigarettes. [Exit]. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Where are all the young ones? LYÚBA. Styópa is cycling to the station, the tutor has gone to town withpapa. The little ones are playing croquet, and Ványa is out there in theporch, playing with the dogs. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, has Styópa decided on anything? LYÚBA. Yes. He has gone himself to hand in his application to enter theHorse-Guards. He was horribly rude to papa yesterday. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Of course, it's hard on him too.... _Il n'y a pas depatience qui tienne. _[15] The young man must begin to live, and he istold to go and plough! [15] There are limits to human endurance. LYÚBA. That's not what papa told him; he said ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Never mind. Still Styópa must begin life, andwhatever he proposes, it's all objected to. But here he is himself. The Priest steps aside, opens a book, and begins to read. Enter Styópa cycling towards the verandah. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. _Quand on parle du soleil on en voit lesrayons. _[16] We were just talking about you. Lyúba says you were rude toyour father. [16] Speak of the sun and you see its rays. STYÓPA. Not at all. There was nothing particular. He gave me hisopinion, and I gave him mine. It is not my fault that our views differ. Lyúba, you know, understands nothing, but must have her say abouteverything. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, and what have you decided on? STYÓPA. I don't know what Papa has decided. I'm afraid he does not quiteknow himself; but as for me, I have decided to volunteer for theHorse-Guards. In our house some special objection is made to every stepthat is taken; but this is all quite simple. I have finished my studies, and must serve my time. To enter a line regiment and serve with tipsylow-class officers would be unpleasant, and so I'm entering theHorse-Guards, where I have friends. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes; but why won't your father agree to it? STYÓPA. Papa! What is the good of talking about him? He is now possessedby his _idée fixe_. [17] He sees nothing but what he wants to see. Hesays military service is the basest kind of employment, and thattherefore one should not serve, and so he won't give me any money. [17] Fixed idea. LISA. No! Styópa. He did not say that! You know I was present. He saysthat if you cannot avoid serving, you should go when you are called; butthat to volunteer, is to choose that kind of service of your own freewill. STYÓPA. But it's I, not he, who is going to serve. He himself was in thearmy! LISA. Yes, but he does not exactly say that he will not give you themoney; but that he cannot take part in an affair that is contrary to hisconvictions. STYÓPA. Convictions have nothing to do with it. One must serve--andthat's all! LISA. I only say what I heard. STYÓPA. I know you always agree with Papa. Do you know, Aunt, that Lisatakes Papa's side entirely in everything? LISA. What is true ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Don't I know that Lisa always takes up with any kindof nonsense. She scents nonsense. _Elle flaire cela de loin. _[18] [18] She scents it from afar. Enter Ványa running in with a telegram in his hand, followed by the dogs. He wears a red shirt. VÁNYA [to Lyúba]. Guess who is coming? LYÚBA. What's the use of guessing? Give it here [stretching towards him. Ványa does not let her have the telegram]. VÁNYA. I'll not give it you, and I won't say who it is from. It'ssomeone who makes you blush! LYÚBA. Nonsense! Who is the telegram from? VÁNYA. There, you're blushing! Aunty, she is blushing, isn't she? LYÚBA. What nonsense! Who is it from? Aunty, who is it from? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. The Cheremshánovs. LYÚBA. Ah! VÁNYA. There you are! Why are you blushing? LYÚBA. Let me see the telegram, Aunt. [Reads] "Arriving all three by themail train. Cheremshánovs. " That means the Princess, Borís, and Tónya. Well, I am glad! VÁNYA. There you are, you're glad! Styópa, look how she is blushing. STYÓPA. That's enough--teasing over and over again. VÁNYA. Of course, because you're sweet on Tónya! You'd better cast lots;for two men must not marry one another's sisters. [19] [19] In Russia the relationships that are set up by marriage debar a marriage between a woman's brother-in-law and her sister. STYÓPA. Don't humbug! Shut up! How often have you been told to? LISA. If they are coming by the mail train, they will be here directly. LYÚBA. That's true, so we can't go for mushrooms. Enter Peter Semyónovich with his cigarettes. LYÚBA. Uncle Peter, we are not going! PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Why not? LYÚBA. The Cheremshánovs are coming directly. Better let's play tennistill they come. Styópa, will you play? STYÓPA. I may as well. LYÚBA. Ványa and I against you and Lisa. Agreed? Then I'll get the ballsand call the boys. [Exit]. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. So I'm to stay here after all! PRIEST [preparing to go]. My respects to you. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. No, wait a bit, Father. I want to have a talk withyou. Besides, Nicholas Ivánovich will be here directly. PRIEST [sits down, and lights another cigarette]. He may be a long time. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. There, someone is coming. I expect it's he. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Which Cheremshánova is it? Can it be Golitzin'sdaughter? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, of course. It's the Cheremshánova who lived inRome with her aunt. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Dear me, I shall be glad to see her. I have not mether since those days in Rome when she used to sing duets with me. Shesang beautifully. She has two children, has she not? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, they are coming too. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. I did not know that they were so intimate with theSarýntsovs. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Not intimate, but they lodged together abroad lastyear, and I believe that _la princesse a des vues sur Lyúba pour sonfils. C'est une fine mouche, elle flaire une jolie dot. _[20] [20] The princess has her eye on Lyúba for her son. She is a knowing one, and scents a nice dowry. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. But the Cheremshánovs themselves were rich. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. They _were_. The prince is still living, but he hassquandered everything, drinks, and has quite gone to the dogs. Shepetitioned the Emperor, left her husband, and so managed to save a fewscraps. But she has given her children a splendid education. _Il fautlui rendre cette justice. _[21] The daughter is an admirable musician;and the son has finished the University, and is charming. Only I don'tthink Mary is quite pleased. Visitors are inconvenient just now. Ah!here comes Nicholas. [21] One must do her that much justice. Enter Nicholas Ivánovich. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. How d'you do, Alína;[22] and you, Peter Semyónovich. [To the Priest] Ah! Vasíly Nikanórych. [Shakes hands with them]. [22] Alína is an abbreviation, and a pet name, for Alexándra. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. There is still some coffee left. Shall I give you acup? It's rather cold, but can easily be warmed up. [Rings]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, thank you. I have had something. Where is Mary? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Feeding Baby. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Is she quite well? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Pretty well. Have you done your business? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I have. Yes. If there _is_ any tea or coffee left, Iwill have some. [To Priest] Ah! you've brought the book back. Have youread it? I've been thinking about you all the way home. Enter man-servant, who bows. Nicholas Ivánovich shakes hands with him. Alexándra Ivánovna shrugs her shoulders, exchanging glances with her husband. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Re-heat the samovár, please. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That's not necessary, Alína. I don't really wantany, and I'll drink it as it is. Missy, on seeing her father, leaves her croquet, runs to him, and hangs round his neck. MISSY. Papa! Come with me. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [caressing her]. Yes, I'll come directly. Just let meeat something first. Go and play, and I'll soon come. Exit Missy. Nicholas Ivánovich sits down to the table, and eats and drinks eagerly. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, were they sentenced? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes! They were. They themselves pleaded guilty. [ToPriest] I thought you would not find Renan very convincing ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And you did not approve of the verdict? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [vexed]. Of course I don't approve of it. [To Priest]The main question for you is not Christ's divinity, or the history ofChristianity, but the Church ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Then how was it? _They_ confessed their guilt, _etvous leur avez donné un démenti_?[23] They did not steal them--but onlytook the wood? [23] And you contradicted them. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [who had begun talking to the priest, turnsresolutely to Alexándra Ivánovna]. Alína, my dear, do not pursue me withpinpricks and insinuations. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But not at all ... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And if you really want to know why I can't prosecutethe peasants about the wood they needed and cut down ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I should think they also need this samovár. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, if you want me to tell you why I can't agreewith those people being shut up in prison, and being totally ruined, because they cut down ten trees in a forest which is considered to bemine ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Considered so by everybody. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Oh dear! Disputing again. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Even if I considered that forest mine, which Icannot do, we have 3000 acres of forest, with about 150 trees to theacre. In all, about 450, 000 trees--is that correct? Well, they have cutdown ten trees--that is, one 45-thousandth part. Now is it worth while, and can one really decide, to tear a man away from his family and puthim in prison for that? STYÓPA. Ah! but if you don't hold on to this one 45-thousandth, all theother 44, 990 trees will very soon be cut down also. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But I only said _that_ in answer to your aunt. Inreality I have no right to this forest. Land belongs to everyone; orrather, it can't belong to anyone. We have never put any labour intothis land. STYÓPA. No, but you saved money and preserved this forest. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. How did I get my savings? What enabled me to saveup? And I didn't preserve the forest myself! However, this is a matterwhich can't be proved to anyone who does not himself feel ashamed whenhe strikes at another man-- STYÓPA. But no one is striking anybody! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Just as when a man feels no shame at taking tollfrom others' labour without doing any work himself, you cannot prove tohim that he ought to be ashamed; and the object of all the PoliticalEconomy you learnt at the University is merely to justify the falseposition in which we live. STYÓPA. On the contrary; science destroys all prejudices. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. However, all this is of no importance to me. What isimportant is that in Yefím's[24] place I should have acted as he did, and I should have been desperate had I been imprisoned. And as I wish todo to others as I wish them to do to me--I cannot condemn him, but dowhat I can to save him. [24] Yefím was the peasant who had cut down the tree. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. But, if one goes on that line, one cannot possessanything. Alexándra Ivánovna and Styópa-- Both speak together { ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Then it is much more profitable to steal than to { work. { { STYÓPA. You never reply to one's arguments. I say that a man who { saves, has a right to enjoy his savings. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [smiling] I don't know which I am to reply to. [ToPeter Semyónovich] It's true. One should not possess anything. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But if one should not possess anything, one can'thave any clothes, nor even a crust of bread, but must give awayeverything, so that it's impossible to live. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And it should be impossible to live as we do! STYÓPA. In other words, we must die! Therefore, that teaching is unfitfor life.... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No. It is given just that men may live. Yes. Oneshould give everything away. Not only the forest we do not use andhardly ever see, but even our clothes and our bread. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. What! And the children's too? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, the children's too. And not only our bread, butourselves. Therein lies the whole teaching of Christ. One must strivewith one's whole strength to give oneself away. STYÓPA. That means to die. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, even if you gave your life for your friends, that would be splendid both for you and for others. But the fact is thatman is not solely a spirit, but a spirit within a body; and the fleshdraws him to live for itself, while the spirit of light draws him tolive for God and for others: and the life in each of us is not solelyanimal, but is equipoised between the two. But the more it is a life forGod, the better; and the animal will not fail to take care of itself. STYÓPA. Why choose a middle course: an equipoise between the two? If itis right to do so--why not give away everything and die? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That would be splendid. Try to do it, and it will bewell both for you and for others. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. No, that is not clear, not simple. _C'est tiré parles cheveux. _[25] [25] It's too fine spun. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, I can't help it, and it can't be explained byargument. However, that is enough. STYÓPA. Yes, quite enough, and I also don't understand it. [Exit]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [turns to Priest] Well, what impression did the bookmake on you? PRIEST [agitated] How shall I put it? Well, the historic part isinsufficiently worked out, and it is not fully convincing, or let ussay, quite reliable; because the materials are, as a matter of fact, insufficient. Neither the Divinity of Christ, nor His lack of Divinity, can be proved historically; there is but one irrefragable proof.... During this conversation first the ladies and then Peter Semyónovich go out. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You mean the Church? PRIEST. Well, of course, the Church, and the evidence, let's say, ofreliable men--the Saints for instance. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Of course, it would be excellent if there existed aset of infallible people to confide in. It would be very desirable; butits desirability does not prove that they exist! PRIEST. And I believe that just _that is_ the proof. The Lord could notin fact have exposed His law to the possibility of mutilation ormisinterpretation, but must in fact have left a guardian of His truth toprevent that truth being mutilated. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Very well; but we first tried to prove the truthitself, and now we are trying to prove the reliability of the guardianof the truth. PRIEST. Well here, as a matter of fact, we require faith. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Faith--yes, we need faith. We can't do withoutfaith. Not, however, faith in what other people tell us, but faith inwhat we arrive at ourselves, by our own thought, our own reason ... Faith in God, and in true and everlasting life. PRIEST. Reason may deceive. Each of us has a different mind. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [hotly] There, that is the most terrible blasphemy!God has given us just one sacred tool for finding the truth--the onlything that can unite us all, and we do not trust it! PRIEST. How can we trust in it, when there are contradictions? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Where are the contradictions? That twice two arefour; and that one should not do to others what one would not likeoneself; and that everything has a cause? Truths of that kind we allacknowledge because they accord with all our reason. But that Godappeared on Mount Sinai to Moses, or that Buddha flew up on a sunbeam, or that Mahomet went up into the sky, and that Christ flew therealso--on matters of that kind we are all at variance. PRIEST. No, we are not at variance, those of us who abide in the truthare all united in one faith in God, Christ. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, even there, you are not united, but have allgone asunder; so why should I believe you rather than I would believe aBuddhist Lama? Only because I happened to be born in your faith? [The tennis players dispute] "Out!" "Not out!" VÁNYA. I saw it ... : During the conversation, men-servants set the table again for tea and coffee. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You say the Church unites. But, on the contrary, theworst dissensions have always been caused by the Church. "How oftenwould I have gathered you as a hen gathers her chickens. " ... PRIEST. That was until Christ. But Christ did gather them all together. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, Christ united; but we have divided: because wehave understood him the wrong way round. He destroyed all Churches. PRIEST. Did he not say: "Go, tell the Church. " NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. It is not a question of words! Besides those wordsdon't refer to what we call "Church. " It is the spirit of the teachingthat matters. Christ's teaching is universal, and includes allreligions, and does not admit of anything exclusive; neither of theResurrection nor the Divinity of Christ, nor the Sacraments--nor ofanything that divides. PRIEST. That, as a matter of fact, if I may say so, is your owninterpretation of Christ's teaching. But Christ's teaching is allfounded on His Divinity and Resurrection. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That's what is so dreadful about the Churches. Theydivide by declaring that they possess the full indubitable andinfallible truth. They say: "It has pleased us and the Holy Ghost. " Thatbegan at the time of the first Council of the Apostles. They then beganto maintain that they had the full and _exclusive_ truth. You see, if Isay there is a God: the first cause of the Universe, everyone can agreewith me; and _such_ an acknowledgment of God will unite us; but if I saythere is a God: Brahma, or Jehovah, or a Trinity, such a God divides us. Men wish to unite, and to that end devise all means of union, butneglect the one indubitable means of union--the search for truth! It isas if people in an enormous building, where the light from above shonedown into the centre, tried to unite in groups around lamps in differentcorners, instead of going towards the central light, where they wouldnaturally all be united. PRIEST. And how are the people to be guided--without any really definitetruth? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That's what is terrible! Each _one_ of us has tosave _his own_ soul, and has to do God's work _himself_, but instead ofthat we busy ourselves saving _other people_ and teaching _them_. Andwhat do we teach them? We teach them now, at the end of the nineteenthcentury, that God created the world in six days, then caused a flood, and put all the animals in an ark, and all the rest of the horrors andnonsense of the Old Testament. And then that Christ ordered everyone tobe baptized with water; and we make them believe in all the absurdityand meanness of an Atonement essential to salvation; and then that herose up into the heavens which do not really exist, and there sat downat the right hand of the Father. We have got used to all this, butreally it is dreadful! A child, fresh and ready to receive all that isgood and true, asks us what the world is, and what its laws are; and we, instead of revealing to him the teaching of love and truth that has beengiven to us, carefully ram into his head all sorts of horribleabsurdities and meannesses, ascribing them all to God. Is that notterrible? It is as great a crime as man can commit. And we--you and yourChurch--do this! Forgive me! PRIEST. Yes, if one looks at Christ's teaching from a rationalisticpoint of view, it is so. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Whichever way one looks, it is so. [Pause]. Enter Alexándra Ivánovna. Priest bows to take his leave. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Good-bye, Father. He will lead you astray. Don't youlisten to him. PRIEST. No. Search the Scriptures! The matter is too important, as amatter of fact, to be--let's say--neglected. [Exit]. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Really, Nicholas, you have no pity on him! Though heis a priest, he is still only a boy, and can have no firm convictions orsettled views.... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Give him time to settle down and petrify infalsehood? No! Why should I? Besides, he is a good, sincere man. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But what will become of him if he believes you? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. He need not believe _me_. But if he saw the truth, it would be well for him and for everybody. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. If it were really so good, everyone would be readyto believe you. As it is, no one believes you, and your wife least ofall. She _can't_ believe you. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Who told you that? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, just you try and explain it to her! She willnever understand, nor shall I, nor anyone else in the world, that onemust care for other people and abandon one's own children. Go and try toexplain that to Mary! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, and Mary will certainly understand. Forgive me, Alexándra, but if it were not for other people's influence, to which sheis very susceptible, she would understand me and go with me. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. To beggar your children for the sake of drunkenYefím and his sort? Never! But if I have made you angry, please forgiveme. I can't help speaking out. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I am not angry. On the contrary, I am even glad youhave spoken out and given me the opportunity--challenged me--to explainto Mary my whole outlook on life. On my way home to-day I was thinkingof doing so, and I will speak to her at once; and you will see that shewill agree, because she is wise and good. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, as to that, allow me to have my doubts. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But I have no doubts. For you know, this is not anyinvention of my own; it is only what we all of us know, and what Christrevealed to us. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Yes, you think Christ revealed this, but I think herevealed something else. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. It cannot be anything else. Shouts from the tennis ground. LYÚBA. Out! VÁNYA. No, we saw it. LISA. I know. It fell just here! LYÚBA. Out! Out! Out! VÁNYA. It's not true. LYÚBA. For one thing, it's rude to say "It's not true. " VÁNYA. And it's rude to say what is not true! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Just wait a bit, and don't argue, but listen. Isn'tit true that at any moment we may die, and either cease to exist, or goto God who expects us to live according to His will? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, what can I do in this life other than what thesupreme judge in my soul, my conscience--God--requires of me? And myconscience--God--requires that I should regard everybody as equal, loveeverybody, serve everybody. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Your own children too? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Naturally, my own too, but obeying all that myconscience demands. Above all, that I should understand that my lifedoes not belong to me--nor yours to you--but to God, who sent us intothe world and who requires that we should do His will. And His willis ... ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And you think that you will persuade Mary of this? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Certainly. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. And that she will give up educating the childrenproperly, and will abandon them? Never! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Not only will she understand, but you too willunderstand that it is the only thing to do. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Never! Enter Mary Ivánovna. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, Mary! I didn't wake you this morning, did I? MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, I was not asleep. And have you had a successful day? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, very. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Why, your coffee is quite cold! Why do you drink it likethat? By the way, we must prepare for our visitors. You know theCheremshánovs are coming? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, if you're glad to have them, I shall be verypleased. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I like her and her children, but they have chosen arather inconvenient time for their visit. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA [rising] Well, talk matters over with him, and I'llgo and watch the tennis. A pause, then Mary Ivánovna and Nicholas Ivánovich begin both talking at once. MARY IVÁNOVNA. It's inconvenient, because we must have a talk. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I was just saying to Aline ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. What? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, you speak first. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, I wanted to have a talk with you about Styópa. After all, something _must_ be decided. He, poor fellow, feelsdepressed, and does not know what awaits him. He came to me, but how canI decide? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Why decide? He can decide for himself. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But, you know, he wants to enter the Horse-Guards as avolunteer, and in order to do that he must get you to countersign hispapers, and he must also be in a position to keep himself; and you don'tgive him anything. [Gets excited]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Mary, for heaven's sake don't get excited, butlisten to me. I don't give or withhold anything. To enter militaryservice of one's own free will, I consider either a stupid, insensateaction, suitable for a savage if the man does not understand the evil ofhis action, or despicable if he does it from an interested motive.... MARY IVÁNOVNA. But nowadays everything seems savage and stupid to you. After all, he must live; you lived! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [getting irritable] I lived when I did notunderstand; and when nobody gave me good advice. However, it does notdepend on me but on him. MARY IVÁNOVNA. How not on you? It's you who don't give him an allowance. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I can't give what is not mine! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Not yours? What do you mean? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. The labour of others does not belong to me. To givehim money, I must first take it from others. I have no right to do that, and I cannot do it! As long as I manage the estate I must manage it asmy conscience dictates; and I cannot give the fruits of the toil of theoverworked peasants to be spent on the debaucheries of Life-Guardsmen. Take over my property, and then I shall not be responsible! MARY IVÁNOVNA. You know very well that I don't want to take it, andmoreover I can't. I have to bring up the children, besides nursing themand bearing them. It is cruel! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Mary, dear one! That is not the main thing. When youbegan to speak I too began and wanted to talk to you quite frankly. Wemust not go on like this. We are living together, but don't understandone another. Sometimes we even seem to misunderstand one another onpurpose. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I want to understand, but I don't. No, I don't understandyou. I do not know what has come to you. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well then, try and understand! This may not be aconvenient time, but heaven knows when we shall find a convenient time. Understand not me--but yourself: the meaning of your own life! We can'tgo on living like this without knowing what we are living for. MARY IVÁNOVNA. We have lived so, and lived very happily. [Noticing alook of vexation on his face] All right, all right, I am listening. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, I too lived so--that is to say, withoutthinking why I lived; but a time came when I was terror-struck. Well, here we are, living on other people's labour--making others work forus--bringing children into the world and bringing them up to do thesame. Old age will come, and death, and I shall ask myself: "Why have Ilived?" In order to breed more parasites like myself? And, above all, wedo not even enjoy this life. It is only endurable, you know, while, likeVánya, you overflow with life's energy. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But everybody lives like that. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And they are all unhappy. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Not at all. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Anyhow, I saw that I was terribly unhappy, and thatI made you and the children unhappy, and I asked myself: "Is itpossible that God created us for this end?" And as soon as I thought ofit, I felt at once that he had not. I asked myself: "What, then, has Godcreated us for?" Enter Man-servant. MARY IVÁNOVNA [Not listening to her husband, turns to Servant] Bringsome boiled cream. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And in the Gospels I found the answer, that wecertainly should not live for our own sake. That revealed itself to mevery clearly once, when I was pondering over the parable of thelabourers in the vineyard. You know? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, the labourers. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That parable seemed to show me more clearly thananything else where my mistake had been. Like those labourers I hadthought that the vineyard was my own, and that my life was my own, andeverything seemed dreadful; but as soon as I had understood that my lifeis not my own, but that I am sent into the world to do the will ofGod ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. But what of it? We all know that! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, if we know it we cannot go on living as we aredoing, for our whole life--far from being a fulfilment of His will--is, on the contrary, a continual transgression of it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But how is it a transgression--when we live without doingharm to anyone? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But are we doing no harm? Such an outlook on life isjust like that of those labourers. Why we ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, I know the parable--and that he paid them allequally. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [after a pause] No, it's not that. But do, Mary, consider one thing--that we have only one life, and can live it well, orcan waste it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I can't think and argue! I don't sleep at night; I amnursing. I have to manage the whole house, and instead of helping me, you say things to me that I don't understand. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Mary! MARY IVÁNOVNA. And now these visitors. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, let us come to an understanding. [Kisses her]Shan't we? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, only be like you used to be. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I can't, but now listen. The sound of bells and an approaching vehicle are heard. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I can't now--they have arrived! I must go to meet them. [Exit behind corner of house. Styópa and Lyúba follow her]. VÁNYA. We shan't abandon it; we must finish the game later. Well, Lyúba, what now? LYÚBA [seriously] No nonsense, please. Alexándra Ivánovna, with her husband and Lisa, come out on to the verandah. Nicholas Ivánovich paces up and down wrapt in thought. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Well, have you convinced her? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Alína, what is going on between us is veryimportant. Jokes are out of place. It is not I who am convincing her, but life, truth, God: they are convincing her--therefore she cannot helpbeing convinced, if not to-day then to-morrow, if not to-morrow ... Itis awful that no one ever has time. Who is it that has just come? PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. It's the Cheremshánovs. Catiche Cheremshánov, whom Ihave not met for eighteen years. The last time I saw her we sangtogether: "La ci darem la mano. " [Sings]. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Please don't interrupt us, and don't imagine that Ishall quarrel with Nicholas. I am telling the truth. [To NicholasIvánovich] I am not joking at all, but it seemed to me strange that youwanted to convince Mary just when she had made up her mind to have itout with you! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Very well, very well. They are coming. Please tellMary I shall be in my room. [Exit]. Curtain. ACT II SCENE 1 In the same country-house, a week later. The scene represents a large dining-hall. The table is laid for tea and coffee, with a samovár. A grand piano and a music-stand are by the wall. Mary Ivánovna, the Princess and Peter Semyónovich are seated at the table. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Ah, Princess, it does not seem so long ago since youwere singing Rosina's part, and I ... Though nowadays I am not fit evenfor a Don Basilio. PRINCESS. Our children might do the singing now, but times have changed. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. Yes, these are matter-of-fact times ... But yourdaughter plays really seriously and well. Where are the young folk? Notasleep still, surely? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, they went out riding by moonlight last night, andreturned very late. I was nursing baby and heard them. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. And when will my better-half be back? Have you sentthe coachman for her? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, they went for her quite early; I expect she will behere soon. PRINCESS. Did Alexándra Ivánovna really go on purpose to fetch FatherGerásim? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, the idea occurred to her yesterday, and she was offat once. PRINCESS. _Quelle énergie! Je l'admire. _[26] [26] What energy, I do admire her. PETER SEMYÓNOVICH. _Oh, pour ceci, ce n'est pas ça qui nous manque. _[27][Takes out a cigar] But I will go and have a smoke and take a strollthrough the park with the dogs till the young people are up. [Exit]. [27] Oh, as far as that goes, we are not lacking. PRINCESS. I don't know, dear Mary Ivánovna, whether I am right, but itseems to me that you take it all too much to heart. I understand him. Heis in a very exalted state of mind. Well, even supposing he does give tothe poor? Don't we anyway think too much about ourselves? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, if that were all, but you don't know him; nor all heis after. It is not simply helping the poor, but a complete revolution, the destruction of everything. PRINCESS. I do not wish to intrude into your family life, but if youwill allow me ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. Not at all--I look upon you as one of thefamily--especially now. PRINCESS. I should advise you to put your demands to him openly andfrankly, and to come to an agreement as to the limits ... MARY IVÁNOVNA [excitedly] There are no limits! He wants to give awayeverything. He wishes me now, at my age, to become a cook and awasherwoman. PRINCESS. No, is it possible! That is extraordinary. MARY IVÁNOVNA [takes a letter out of her pocket] We are by ourselves andI am glad to tell you all about it. He wrote me this letter yesterday. Iwill read it to you. PRINCESS. What? He lives in the same house with you, and writes youletters? How strange! MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, I understand him there. He gets so excited when hespeaks. I have for some time past felt anxious about his health. PRINCESS. What did he write? MARY IVÁNOVNA. This [reading] "You reproach me for upsetting our formerway of life, and for not giving you anything new in exchange, and notsaying how I should like to arrange our family affairs. When we begin todiscuss it we both get excited, and that's why I am writing to you. Ihave often told you already why I cannot continue to live as we havebeen doing; and I cannot, in a letter, show you why that is so, nor whywe must live in accord to Christ's teaching. You can do one of twothings: either believe in the truth and voluntarily go with me, orbelieve in me and trusting yourself entirely to me--follow me. " [Stopsreading] I can do neither the one nor the other. I do not consider itnecessary to live as he wishes us to. I have to consider the children, and I cannot rely on him. [Reads] "My plan is this: We shall give ourland to the peasants, retaining only 135 acres besides the orchards andkitchen-garden and the meadow by the river. We will try to workourselves, but will not force one another, nor the children. What wekeep should still bring us in about Ł50 a year. " PRINCESS. Live on Ł50 a year--with seven children! Is it possible! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, here follows his whole plan: to give up the houseand have it turned into a school, and ourselves to live in thegardener's two-roomed cottage. PRINCESS. Yes, now I begin to see that there is something abnormal aboutit. What did you answer? MARY IVÁNOVNA. I told him I couldn't; that were I alone I would followhim anywhere, but I have the children.... Only think! I am still nursinglittle Nicholas. I tell him we can't break up everything like that. After all, was that what I agreed to when I married? And now I am nolonger young or strong. Think what it has meant to bear and nurse ninechildren. PRINCESS. I never dreamed that things had gone so far. MARY IVÁNOVNA. That is how things are and I don't know what willhappen. Yesterday he excused the Dmítrovka peasants their rent; and hewants to give the land to them altogether. PRINCESS. I do not think you should allow it. It is your duty to protectyour children. If he cannot deal with the estate, let him hand it overto you. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But I don't want that. PRINCESS. You ought to take it for the children's sake. Let him transferthe property to you. MARY IVÁNOVNA. My sister Alexándra told him so; but he says he has noright to do it; and that the land belongs to those who work it, and thatit is his duty to give it to the peasants. PRINCESS. Yes, now I see that the matter is far more serious than Ithought. MARY IVÁNOVNA. And the Priest! The Priest takes his side, too. PRINCESS. Yes, I noticed that yesterday. MARY IVÁNOVNA. That's why my sister has gone to Moscow. She wanted totalk things over with a lawyer, but chiefly she went to fetch FatherGerásim that he may bring his influence to bear. PRINCESS. Yes, I do not think that Christianity calls upon us to ruinour families. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But he will not believe even Father Gerásim. He is sofirm; and when he talks, you know, I can't answer him. That's what is soterrible, that it seems to me he is right. PRINCESS. That is because you love him. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I don't know, but it's terrible, and everything remainsunsettled--and that is Christianity! Enter Nurse. NURSE. Will you please come. Little Nicholas has woke up and is cryingfor you. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Directly! When I am excited he gets stomach ache. Coming, coming! Nicholas Ivánovich enters by another door, with a paper in his hand. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, this is impossible! MARY IVÁNOVNA. What has happened? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Why, Peter is to be imprisoned on account of somewretched pine-trees of ours. MARY IVÁNOVNA. How's that? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Quite simply! He cut it down, and they informed theJustice of Peace, and he has sentenced him to three months'imprisonment. His wife has come about it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, and can't anything be done? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Not now. The only way is not to possess any forest. And I will not possess any. What is one to do? I shall, however, go andsee whether what we have done can be remedied. [Goes out on to theverandah and meets Borís and Lyúba]. LYÚBA. Good morning, papa [kisses him], where are you going? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I have just returned from the village and am goingback again. They are just dragging a hungry man to prison because he ... LYÚBA. I suppose it's Peter? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, Peter. [Exit, followed by Mary Ivánovna]. LYÚBA [sits down in front of samovár] Will you have tea or coffee? BORÍS. I don't mind. LYÚBA. It's always the same, and I see no end to it! BORÍS. I don't understand him. I know the people are poor and ignorantand must be helped, but not by encouraging thieves. LYÚBA. But how? BORÍS. By our whole activity. By using all our knowledge in theirservice, but not by sacrificing one's own life. LYÚBA. And papa says, that that is just what is wanted. BORÍS. I don't understand. One can serve the people without ruiningone's own life. That is the way I want to arrange my life. If onlyyou ... LYÚBA. I want what you want, and am not afraid of anything. BORÍS. How about those earrings--that dress ... LYÚBA. The earrings can be sold and the dresses must be different, butone need not make oneself quite a guy. BORÍS. I should like to have another talk with him. Do you think Ishould disturb him if I followed him to the village? LYÚBA. Not at all. I see he has grown fond of you, and he addressedhimself chiefly to you last night. BORÍS [finishes his coffee] Well, I'll go then. LYÚBA. Yes, do, and I'll go and wake Lisa and Tónya. Curtain. SCENE 2 Village street. Iván Zyábrev, covered with a sheepskin coat, is lying near a hut. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Maláshka! A tiny girl comes out of the hut with a baby in her arms. The baby is crying. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Get me a drink of water. Maláshka goes back into the hut, from where the baby can be heard screaming. She brings a bowl of water. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Why do you always beat the youngster and make him howl?I'll tell mother. MALÁSHKA. Tell her then. It's hunger makes him howl! IVÁN ZYÁBREV [drinks] You should go and ask the Démkins for some milk. MALÁSHKA. I went, but there wasn't any. And there was no one at home. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Oh! if only I could die! Have they rung for dinner? MALÁSHKA. They have. Here's the master coming. Enter Nicholas Ivánovich. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Why have you come out here? IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Too many flies in there, and it's too hot. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Then you're warm now? IVÁN ZYÁBREV. Yes, now I'm burning all over. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And where is Peter? Is he at home? IVÁN ZYÁBREV. At home, at this time? Why, he's gone to the field to cartthe corn. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And I hear that they want to put him in prison. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. That's so, the Policeman has gone to the field for him. Enter a pregnant Woman, carrying a sheaf of oats and a rake. She immediately hits Maláshka on the back of the head. WOMAN. What d'you mean by leaving the baby? Don't you hear him howling!Running about the streets is all _you_ know. MALÁSHKA [howling] I've only just come out. Daddy wanted a drink. WOMAN. I'll give it you. [She sees the land-owner, N. I. Sarýntsov]Good-day, sir. Children are a trouble! I'm quite done up, everything onmy shoulders, and now they're taking our only worker to prison, and thislout is sprawling about here. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. What are you saying? He's quite ill! WOMAN. He's ill, and what about me? Am I not ill? When it's work, he'sill; but to merry-make or pull my hair out, he's not too ill. Let himdie like a hound! What do I care? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. How can you say such wicked things? WOMAN. I know it's a sin; but I can't subdue my heart. I'm expectinganother child, and I have to work for two. Other people have theirharvest in already, and we have not mowed a quarter of our oats yet. Iought to finish binding the sheaves, but can't. I had to come and seewhat the children were about. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. The oats shall be cut--I'll hire someone, and tobind the sheaves too. WOMAN. Oh, binding's nothing. I can do that myself, if it's only mowndown quick. What d'you think, Nicholas Ivánovich, will he die? He isvery ill! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I don't know. But he really is very ill. I think wemust send him to the hospital. WOMAN. Oh God! [Begins to cry] Don't take him away, let him diehere. [28] [To her husband, who utters something] What's the matter? [28] The woman, for all her roughness, is sorry to part from her husband. IVÁN ZYÁBREV. I want to go to the hospital. Here I'm treated worse thana dog. WOMAN. Well, I don't know. I've lost my head. Maláshka, get dinnerready. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. What have you for dinner? WOMAN. What? Why, potatoes and bread, and not enough of that. [Entershut. A pig squeals, and children are crying inside]. IVÁN ZYÁBREV [groans] Oh Lord, if I could but die! Enter Borís. BORÍS. Can I be of any use? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Here no one can be of use to another. The evil istoo deeply rooted. Here we can only be of use to ourselves, by seeing onwhat we build our happiness. Here is a family: five children, the wifepregnant, the husband ill, nothing but potatoes to eat, and at thismoment the question is being decided whether they are to have enough toeat next year or not. Help is not possible. How can one help? Suppose Ihire a labourer; who will he be? Just such another man: one who hasgiven up his farming, from drink or from want. BORÍS. Excuse me, but if so, what are you doing here? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I am learning my own position. Finding out who weedsour gardens, builds our houses, makes our garments, and feeds andclothes us. [Peasants with scythes and women with rakes pass by and bow. Nicholas Ivánovich, stopping one of the Peasants] Ermíl, won't you takeon the job of carting for these people? ERMÍL [shakes his head] I would with all my heart, but I can't possiblydo it. I haven't carted my own yet. We are off now to do some carting. But is Iván dying? ANOTHER PEASANT. Here's Sebastian, he may take on the job. I say, DaddySebastian! They want a man to get the oats in. SEBASTIAN. Take the job on yourself. At this time of year one day's workbrings a year's food. [The Peasants pass on]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. They are all half-starved; they have only bread andwater, they are ill, and many of them are old. That old man, forinstance, is ruptured and is suffering, and yet he works from four inthe morning to ten at night, though he is only half alive. And we? Is itpossible, realising all this, to live quietly and consider oneself aChristian? Or let alone a Christian--simply not a beast? BORÍS. But what can one do? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Not take part in this evil. Not own the land, nordevour the fruits of their labour. How this can be arranged, I don't yetknow. The fact of the matter is--at any rate it was so with me--I livedand did not realise how I was living. I did not realise that I am a sonof God and that we are all sons of God--and all brothers. But as soon asI realised it--realised that we have all an equal right to live--mywhole life was turned upside down. But I cannot explain it to you now. Iwill only tell you this: I was blind, just as my people at home are, butnow my eyes are opened and I cannot help seeing; and seeing it all, Ican't continue to live in such a way. However, that will keep tilllater. Now we must see what can be done. Enter Policeman, Peter, his wife, and boy. PETER [falls at Nicholas Ivánovich's feet] Forgive me, for the Lord'ssake, or I'm ruined. How can the woman get in the harvest? If at least Imight be bailed out. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I will go and write a petition for you. [ToPoliceman] Can't you let him remain here for the present? POLICEMAN. Our orders are to take him to the police-station now. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [to Peter] Well then go, and I'll do what I can. Thisis evidently my doing. How can one go on living like this? [Exit]. Curtain. SCENE 3 In the same country-house. It is raining outside. A drawing-room with a grand piano. Tónya has just finished playing a sonata of Schumann's and is sitting at the piano. Styópa is standing by the piano. Borís is sitting. Lyúba, Lisa, Mitrofán Ermílych and the young Priest are all stirred by the music. LYÚBA. That andante! Isn't it lovely! STYÓPA. No, the scherzo. Though really the whole of it is beautiful. LISA. Very fine. STYÓPA. But I had no idea you were such an artist. It is real masterlyplay. Evidently the difficulties no longer exist for you, and you thinkonly of the feeling, and express it with wonderful delicacy. LYÚBA. Yes, and with dignity. TÓNYA. While _I_ felt that it was not at all what I meant it to be. Agreat deal remained unexpressed. LISA. What could be better? It was wonderful. LYÚBA. Schumann is good, but all the same Chopin takes a stronger holdof one's heart. STYÓPA. He is more lyrical. TÓNYA. There is no comparison. LYÚBA. Do you remember his prelude? TÓNYA. Oh, the one called the George Sand prelude? [Plays thecommencement]. LYÚBA. No, not that one. That is very fine, but so hackneyed. Do playthis one. [Tónya plays what she can of it, and then breaks off]. TÓNYA. Oh, that is a lovely thing. There is something elemental aboutit--older than creation. STYÓPA [laughs] Yes, yes. Do play it. But no, you are too tired. As itis, we have had a delightful morning, thanks to you. TÓNYA [rises and looks out of window] There are some more peasantswaiting outside. LYÚBA. That is why music is so precious. I understand Saul. Though I'mnot tormented by devils, I still understand him. No other art can makeone so forget everything else as music does. [Approaches the window. ToPeasants] Whom do you want? PEASANTS. We have been sent to speak to Nicholas Ivánovich. LYÚBA. He is not in. You must wait. TÓNYA. And yet you are marrying Borís who understands nothing aboutmusic. LYÚBA. Oh, surely not. BORÍS [absently] Music? Oh no. I like music, or rather I don't dislikeit. Only I prefer something simpler--I like songs. TÓNYA. But is not this sonata lovely? BORÍS. The chief thing is, that it is not important; and it rather hurtsme, when I think of the lives men live, that so much importance isattached to music. They all eat sweetmeats, which are standing on the table. LISA. How nice it is to have a fiancé here and sweetmeats provided! BORÍS. Oh that is not my doing. It's mamma's. TÓNYA. And quite right too. LYÚBA. Music is precious because it seizes us, takes possession of us, and carries us away from reality. Everything seemed gloomy till yousuddenly began to play, and really it has made everything brighter. LISA. And Chopin's valses. They are hackneyed, but all the same ... TÓNYA. This ... [plays]. Enter Nicholas Ivánovich. He greets Borís, Tónya, Styópa, Lisa, Mitrofán Ermílych and the Priest. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Where's mamma? LYÚBA. I think she's in the nursery. Styópa calls the Man-servant. LYÚBA. Papa, how wonderfully Tónya plays! And where have you been? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. In the village. Enter servant, Afanásy. STYÓPA. Bring another samovár. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [greets the Man-servant, and shakes hands withhim[29]] Good-day. [Servant becomes confused. Exit Servant. NicholasIvánovich also goes off]. [29] People shake hands much more often in Russia than in England, but it is quite unusual to shake hands with a servant, and Nicholas Ivánovich does it in consequence of his belief that all men are brothers. STYÓPA. Poor Afanásy! He was terribly confused. I can't understand papa. It is as if we were guilty of something. Enter Nicholas Ivánovich. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I was going back to my room without having told youwhat I feel. [To Tónya] If what I say should offend you--who are ourguest--forgive me, but I cannot help saying it. You, Lisa, say thatTónya plays well. All you here, seven or eight healthy young men andwomen, have slept till ten o'clock, have eaten and drunk and are stilleating; and you play and discuss music: while there, where I have justbeen, they were all up at three in the morning, and those who pasturedthe horses at night have not slept at all; and old and young, the sickand the weak, children and nursing-mothers and pregnant women areworking to the utmost limits of their strength, so that we here mayconsume the fruits of their labour. Nor is that all. At this verymoment, one of them, the only breadwinner of a family, is being draggedto prison because he has cut down one of a hundred thousand pine-treesthat grow in the forest that is called _mine_. And we here, washed andclothed, having left the slops in our bedrooms to be cleaned up byslaves, eat and drink and discuss Schumann and Chopin and which of themmoves us most or best cures our ennui? That is what I was thinking whenI passed you, so I have spoken. Consider, is it possible to go on livingin this way? [Stands greatly agitated]. LISA. True, quite true! LYÚBA. If one lets oneself think about it, one can't live. STYÓPA. Why? I don't see why the fact that people are poor shouldprevent one talking about Schumann. The one does not exclude the other. If one ... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [angrily] If one has no heart, if one is made ofwood ... STYÓPA. Well, I'll hold my tongue. TÓNYA. It is a terrible problem; it is the problem of our day; and weshould not be afraid of it, but look it straight in the face, in orderto solve it. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. We cannot wait for the problem to be solved bypublic measures. Every one of us must die--if not to-day, thento-morrow. How can I live without suffering from this internal discord? BORÍS. Of course there is only one way; that is, not to take part in itat all. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, forgive me if I have hurt you. I could nothelp saying what I felt. [Exit]. STYÓPA. Not take part in it? But our whole life is bound up with it. BORÍS. That is why he says that the first step is to possess noproperty; to change our whole way of life and live so as not to beserved by others but to serve others. TÓNYA. Well, I see _you_ have quite gone over to Nicholas Ivánovich'sside. BORÍS. Yes, I now understand it for the first time--after what I saw inthe village.... You need only take off the spectacles through which weare accustomed to look at the life of the people, to realise at once theconnection between their sufferings and our pleasures--that is enough! MITROFÁN ERMÍLYCH. Yes, but the remedy does not consist in ruining one'sown life. STYÓPA. It is surprising how Mitrofán Ermílych and I, though we usuallystand poles asunder, come to the same conclusion: those are my verywords, "not ruin one's own life. " BORÍS. Naturally! You both of you wish to lead a pleasant life, andtherefore want life arranged so as to ensure that pleasant life for you. [To Styópa] You wish to maintain the present system, while MitrofánErmílych wants to establish a new one. Lyúba and Tónya whisper together. Tónya goes to the piano and plays a nocturne by Chopin. General silence. STYÓPA. That's splendid; that solves everything. BORÍS. It obscures and postpones everything! While Tónya is playing, Mary Ivánovna and the Princess enter quietly and sit down to listen. Before the end of the nocturne carriage bells are heard outside. LYÚBA. It is Aunt. [Goes to meet her]. The music continues. Enter Alexándra Ivánovna, Father Gerásim (a priest with a cross round his neck) and a Notary. All rise. FATHER GERÁSIM. Please go on, it is very pleasant. The Princess approaches to receive his blessing, and the young Priest does the same. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I have done exactly what I said I would do. I foundFather Gerásim, and you see I have persuaded him to come--he was on hisway to Koursk--so I have done my part; and here is the Notary. He hasgot the deed ready; it only needs signing. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Won't you have some lunch? Notary puts down his papers on the table, and exit. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I am very grateful to Father Gerásim. FATHER GERÁSIM. What else could I do--though it was out of my way--yetas a Christian I considered it my duty to visit him. Alexándra Ivánovna whispers to the young people. They consult together and go out on to the verandah, all except Borís. The young Priest also wants to go. FATHER GERÁSIM. [30] No. You as a pastor and spiritual father must remainhere! You may benefit by it yourself, and may be of use to others. Stayhere, if Mary Ivánovna has no objection. [30] Father Gerásim is modelled on the lines of the celebrated Father John of Cronstadt. MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, I am as fond of Father Vasíly as if he were one ofthe family. I have even consulted him; but being so young he has notmuch authority. FATHER GERÁSIM. Naturally, naturally. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA [approaching] Well, you see now, Father Gerásim, thatyou are the only person who can help and can bring him to reason. He isa clever, well-read man, but learning, you know, can only do harm. He issuffering from some sort of delusion. He maintains that the Christianlaw forbids a man to own any property; but how is that possible? FATHER GERÁSIM. Temptation, spiritual pride, self-will! The Fathers ofthe Church have answered the question satisfactorily. But how did thisbefall him? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, to tell you everything ... When we married he wasquite indifferent to religion, and we lived so, and lived happily, during our best years--the first twenty years. Then he began to reflect. Perhaps he was influenced by his sister, or by what he read. Anyhow, hebegan thinking and reading the Gospels, and then suddenly he grewextremely religious, began going to church and visiting the monks. Thenall at once he gave all this up and changed his way of life completely. He began doing manual labour, would not let the servants wait on him, and above all he is now giving away his property. He yesterday gave awaya forest--both the trees and land. It frightens me, for I have sevenchildren. Do talk to him. I'll go and ask him whether he will see you. [Exit]. FATHER GERÁSIM. Nowadays many are falling away. And is the estate his orhis wife's? PRINCESS. His! That's what is so unfortunate. FATHER GERÁSIM. And what is his official rank? PRINCESS. His rank is not high. Only that of a cavalry captain, Ibelieve. He was once in the army. FATHER GERÁSIM. There are many who turn aside in that way. In Odessathere was a lady who was carried away by Spiritualism and began to domuch harm. But all the same, God enabled us to lead her back to theChurch. PRINCESS. The chief thing, please understand, is that my son is about tomarry his daughter. I have given my consent, but the girl is used toluxury and should therefore be provided for, and not have to dependentirely on my son. Though I admit he is a hard-working and anexceptional young man. Enter Mary Ivánovna and Nicholas Ivánovich. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. How d'you do, Princess? How d'you do? [To FatherGerásim] I beg your pardon. I don't know your name. [31] [31] He knows that the priest is Father Gerásim, but wishes to address him not as a priest, but by his Christian name and patronymic, as one gentleman would usually address another. FATHER GERÁSIM. Do you not wish to receive my blessing? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, I don't. FATHER GERÁSIM. My name is Gerásim Sédorovitch. Very pleased to meetyou. Men-servants bring lunch and wine. FATHER GERÁSIM. Pleasant weather, and good for the harvest. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I suppose you came, at Alexándra Ivánovna'sinvitation, to divert me from my errors and direct me in the path oftruth. If that is so, don't let us beat about the bush, but let us getto business at once. I do not deny that I disagree with the teaching ofthe Church. I used to agree with it, and then left off doing so. Butwith my whole heart I wish to be in the truth and will at once accept itif you show it to me. FATHER GERÁSIM. How is it you say you don't believe the teaching of theChurch? What is there to believe in, if not the Church? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. God and His law, given to us in the Gospels. FATHER GERÁSIM. The Church teaches that very law. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. If it did so, I should believe in the Church, butunfortunately it teaches the contrary. FATHER GERÁSIM. The Church cannot teach the contrary, because it wasestablished by the Lord himself. It is written, "I give you power, " and, "Upon this rock I will build my Church; and the gates of hell shall notprevail against it. " NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That was not said in this connection at all, andproves nothing. But even if we were to admit that Christ established theChurch, how do I know that it was _your_ Church? FATHER GERÁSIM. Because it is said, "Where two or three are gatheredtogether in my name, there am I in the midst of them. " NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That, too, was not said in this connection, andproves nothing. FATHER GERÁSIM. How _can_ one deny the Church? It alone providessalvation. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I did not deny the Church until I found it supportedeverything that is contrary to Christianity. FATHER GERÁSIM. It can make no mistakes, for it alone has the truth. Those who leave it go astray, but the Church is sacred. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I have already told you that I do not accept that. Ido not accept it because, as is said in the Gospels, "By their deedsshall ye know them, by their fruit shall ye know them. " I have found outthat the Church blesses oaths, murders and executions. FATHER GERÁSIM. The Church acknowledges and sanctifies the Powersordained by God. During the conversation, Styópa, Lyúba, Lisa and Tónya at different times enter the room and sit or stand listening. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I know that the Gospels say, not only "Do not kill, "but "Do not be angry, " yet the Church blesses the army. The Gospelsays, "Swear not at all, " yet the Church administers oaths. The Gospelsays ... FATHER GERÁSIM. Excuse me. When Pilate[32] said, "I adjure thee by theliving God, " Christ accepted his oath by replying "I am. " [32] Father Gerásim attributes to Pilate what was said by Caiaphas the high priest. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Dear me! What are you saying? That is really absurd. FATHER GERÁSIM. That is why the Church does not permit everyone tointerpret the Gospel, lest he should go astray, but like a mother caringfor her child gives him an interpretation suitable to his strength. No, let me finish! The Church does not lay on its children burdens too heavyfor them to bear, but demands that they should keep the Commandments:love, do no murder, do not steal, do not commit adultery. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes! Do not kill me, do not steal from me my stolengoods. We have all robbed the people, we have stolen their land and havethen made a law forbidding them to steal it back; and the Churchsanctions all these things. FATHER GERÁSIM. Heresy and spiritual pride are speaking through you. Youought to conquer your intellectual pride. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. It is not pride. I am only asking you what should Ido according to Christ's law, when I have become conscious of the sin ofrobbing the people and enslaving them by means of the land. How am I toact? Continue to own land and to profit by the labour of starving men:putting them to this kind of work [points to Servant who is bringing inthe lunch and some wine], or am I to return the land to those from whommy ancestors stole it? FATHER GERÁSIM. You must act as behoves a son of the Church. You have afamily and children, and you must keep and educate them in a waysuitable to their position. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Why? FATHER GERÁSIM. Because God has placed you in that position. If you wishto be charitable, be charitable by giving away part of your property andby visiting the poor. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But how is it that the rich young man was told thatthe rich cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven? FATHER GERÁSIM. It is said, "If thou wouldest be perfect. " NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But I _do_ wish to be perfect. The Gospels say, "Beye perfect as your Father in Heaven ... " FATHER GERÁSIM. But we have to understand in what connection a thing issaid. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I do try to understand, and all that is said in theSermon on the Mount is plain and comprehensible. FATHER GERÁSIM. Spiritual pride. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Where is the pride, since it is said that what ishidden from the wise is revealed to babes? FATHER GERÁSIM. Revealed to the meek, but not to the proud. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But who is proud? I, who consider myself a man likethe rest of mankind, and one who therefore must live like the rest byhis own labour and as poorly as his brother men, or those who considerthemselves to be specially selected sacred people, knowing the wholetruth and incapable of error; and who interpret Christ's words their ownway? FATHER GERÁSIM [offended] Pardon me, Nicholas Ivánovich, I did not comehere to argue which of us is right, nor to receive an admonition, but Icalled, at Alexándra Ivánovna's request, to talk things over with you. But since you know everything better than I do, we had better end ourconversation. Only, once again, I must entreat you in God's name to cometo your senses. You have gone cruelly astray and are ruining yourself. [Rises]. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Won't you have something to eat? FATHER GERÁSIM. No, I thank you. [Exit with Alexándra Ivánovna]. MARY IVÁNOVNA [to young Priest] And what now? PRIEST. Well, in my opinion, Nicholas Ivánovich spoke the truth, andFather Gerásim produced no argument on his side. PRINCESS. He was not allowed to speak, and he did not like having a kindof debate with everybody listening. It was his modesty that made himwithdraw. BORÍS. It wasn't modesty at all. All he said was so false. It wasevident that he had nothing to say. PRINCESS. Yes, with your usual instability I see that you are beginningto agree with Nicholas Ivánovich about everything. If you believe suchthings you ought not to marry. BORÍS. I only say that truth is truth, and I can't help saying it. PRINCESS. You of all people should not talk like that. BORÍS. Why not? PRINCESS. Because you are poor, and have nothing to give away. However, all this is not our business. [Exit, followed by all except NicholasIvánovich and Mary Ivánovna]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [sits pondering, then smiles at his own thoughts]Mary! What is all this for? Why did you invite that wretched, erringman? Why do those noisy women and that priest come into our mostintimate life? Can we not settle our own affairs? MARY IVÁNOVNA. What am I to do, if you want to leave the childrenpenniless? That is what I cannot quietly submit to. You know that I amnot grasping, and that I want nothing for myself. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I know, I know and believe it. But the misfortune isthat you do not trust the truth. I know you see it, but you can't makeup your mind to rely on it. You rely neither on the truth nor on me. Yetyou trust the crowd--the Princess and the rest of them. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I believe in you, I always did; but when you want to letthe children go begging ... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That means that you do not rely on me. Do you thinkI have not struggled and have not feared! But afterwards I becameconvinced that this course is not only possible but obligatory, and thatit is the one thing necessary and good for the children themselves. Youalways say that were it not for the children you would follow me, but Isay that if we had no children we might live as we are doing; we shouldthen only be injuring ourselves, but now we are injuring them too. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But what am I to do, if I don't understand? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. And what am I to do? Don't I know why that wretchedman--dressed up in his cassock and wearing that cross--was sent for, andwhy Alexándra Ivánovna brought the Notary? You want me to hand theestate over to you, but I can't. You know that I have loved you all thetwenty years we have lived together. I love you and wish you well, andtherefore cannot sign away the estate to you. If I sign it away at all, it can only be to give it back to those from whom it has been taken--thepeasants. And I can't let things remain as they are, but must give it tothem. I'm glad the Notary has come; and I will do it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, that is dreadful! Why this cruelty? Though you thinkit a sin, still give it to me. [Weeps]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You don't know what you are saying. If I give it toyou, I cannot go on living with you; I shall have to go away. I cannotcontinue to live under these conditions. I shall not be able to look onwhile the life-blood is squeezed out of the peasants and they areimprisoned, in your name if not in mine. So choose! MARY IVÁNOVNA. How cruel you are! Is this Christianity? It is harshness!I cannot, after all, live as you want me to. I cannot rob my ownchildren and give everything away to other people; and that is why youwant to desert me. Well--do so! I see you have ceased loving me, and Ieven know why. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Very well then--I will sign; but, Mary, you demandthe impossible of me. [Goes to writing-table and signs] You wished it, but I shall not be able to go on living like this. Curtain. ACT III SCENE 1 The scene is laid in Moscow. A large room. In it a carpenter's bench; a table with papers on it; a book-cupboard; a looking-glass and pictures on the wall behind, with some planks leaning in front of them. A Carpenter and Nicholas Ivánovich wearing a carpenter's apron are working at the bench, planing. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [takes a board from the vice] Is that all right? CARPENTER [setting a plane] Not quite, you must do it more boldly--likethis. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. It is easy to say boldly, but I can't manage it. CARPENTER. But why should your honour trouble to learn to be acarpenter? There are such a lot of us nowadays that we can hardly get aliving as it is. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [at work again] I'm ashamed to lead an idle life. CARPENTER. Yours is that kind of position. God has given you property. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That's just where it is. I don't believe that Godgave it, but that some of us have taken it, and taken it from ourbrother men. CARPENTER [taken aback] That's so! But still you've no need to do this. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I understand that it must seem strange to you thatwhile living in this house where there is such superfluity, I shouldwish to earn something. CARPENTER [laughs] No. Everybody knows that gentlefolk want to mastereverything. Well, now go over it again with the smoothing plane. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You won't believe me and will laugh, but still Imust tell you that formerly I was not ashamed to live in this way, butnow that I believe in Christ's law, which tells us we are allbrothers--I am ashamed to live so. CARPENTER. If you are ashamed of it, give away your property. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I wanted to, but failed, and gave it to my wife. CARPENTER. But after all it would not be possible for you to do it--youare too used to comforts. [Voice outside the door] Papa, may I come in? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You may, you always may. Enter Lyúba. LYÚBA. Good-day, Jacob! CARPENTER. Good-day, Miss! LYÚBA. Borís has gone to his regiment. I am afraid of what he may do orsay there. What do you think? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. What can I think? He will do what is natural to him. LYÚBA. It is awful. He has such a short time to serve[33] and may go andruin his whole life. [33] The period of compulsory service for a University graduate would be short in any case. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. He did well not to come to see me. He understandsthat I can't say anything to him but what he knows himself. He told methat he handed in his resignation because he sees that not only is thereno more immoral, lawless, cruel and brutal occupation than this one, theobject of which is to kill, but also that there is nothing moredegrading and mean than to have to submit implicitly to any man ofhigher rank who happens to come along. He knows all that. LYÚBA. That's just why I am afraid. He knows that, and may want to takesome action. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. His conscience--the God that dwells within him--willdecide that. Had he come to me I should have given him only one piece ofadvice: not to do anything in which he is guided by his reasonalone--nothing is worse than that--but only to act when his whole beingdemands it. Now I, for instance, wished to act according to Christ'sinjunction: to leave father, wife and children and to follow Him, and Ileft home, but how did it end? It ended by my coming back and livingwith you in luxury in town. Because I was trying to do more than I hadstrength for, I have landed myself in this degrading and senselessposition: I wish to live simply and to work with my hands, but in thesesurroundings, with lackeys and porters, it seems a kind of affectation. I see that, even now, Jacob Nikonórych is laughing at me. CARPENTER. Why should I laugh? You pay me, and give me my tea. I amgrateful to you. LYÚBA. I wonder if I had not better go to him. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. My dear, my darling, I know you find it hard and arefrightened, though you should not be so. After all, I am a man whounderstands life. Nothing evil can happen. All that appears evil reallymakes one's heart more joyful; only understand that a man who hasstarted on that path will have to choose, and it sometimes happens thatGod's side and the Devil's weigh so equally that the scales oscillate, and it is then that the great choice has to be made. At that point anyinterference from outside is terribly dangerous and tormenting. It is asthough a man were making such terrible efforts to draw a weight over aridge that the slightest touch would cause him to break his back. LYÚBA. Why should he suffer so? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That is as though a mother were to ask why sheshould suffer. There can be no childbirth without suffering, and it isthe same in spiritual life. One thing I can tell you. Borís is a trueChristian, and consequently is free, and if you cannot as yet be likehim, or believe in God as he does, then believe in God through him. MARY IVÁNOVNA [behind door] May I come in? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You may always come in. What a reception I'm havinghere to-day. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Our priest, Vasíly Nikonórovich, has come. He is going tothe Bishop, and has resigned his living! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Impossible! MARY IVÁNOVNA. He is here! Lyúba, go and call him! He wants to see you. [Exit Lyúba]. I had another reason for coming. I want to speak to youabout Ványa. He behaves abominably, and does his lesson so badly that hecan't possibly pass; and when I speak to him he is rude. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Mary, you know I am out of sympathy with the wholemanner of life you are all leading, and with the education you aregiving to the children. It is a terrible question for me, whether I havea right to see them perishing before my very eyes ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. Then you should suggest something else, somethingdefinite. But what do you offer? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I cannot say what. But can only say that first weshould get rid of all this depraving luxury. MARY IVÁNOVNA. So that they should become peasants! I cannot agree tothat. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Then don't consult me. The things that grieve youare natural and inevitable. Enter Priest and Lyúba. The Priest and Nicholas Ivánovich kiss[34] one another. [34] It is not unusual among Russians for men-friends to kiss one another; but it is quite unusual for a man of position to kiss a village priest who calls as a visitor--and it indicates great intimacy or great emotion. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Is it possible that you have thrown it all up? PRIEST. I could stand it no longer. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I did not expect it so soon. PRIEST. But it was really impossible. In our calling we cannot beindifferent. We have to hear confessions, and to administer theSacrament, and when once one has become convinced that it is all nottrue ... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, and what now? PRIEST. Now I am going to the Bishop to be questioned. I am afraid hewill exile me to the Solovétsk Monastery. At one time I thought ofasking you to help me to escape abroad, but then I considered that itwould seem cowardly. Only, there is my wife! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Where is she? PRIEST. She has gone to her father's. My mother-in-law came and took ourboy away. That hurt me very much. I should much like ... [pauses, restraining his tears]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, may God help you! Are you staying with us? PRINCESS [running into the room] There now, it has happened. He hasrefused to serve, and has been put under arrest. I have just been therebut was not admitted. Nicholas Ivánovich, you must go. LYÚBA. Has he refused? How do you know? PRINCESS. I was there myself! Vasíly Andréevich, who is a Member of theCouncil, told me all about it. Borís just walked in and told them hewould serve no longer, would take no oath, and in fact said everythingNicholas Ivánovich has taught him. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Princess! Can such things be taught? PRINCESS. I don't know. Only this is not Christianity! What is youropinion, Father? PRIEST. I am no longer "Father. " PRINCESS. Well, all the same. However, you are also one of them! No, Icannot leave things in this state. And what cursed Christianity it isthat makes people suffer and perish. I hate this Christianity of yours. It's all right for you, who know you won't be touched; but I have onlyone son, and you have ruined him! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Do be calm, Princess. PRINCESS. Yes you, you have ruined him! And having ruined him, you mustsave him. Go and persuade him to abandon all this nonsense. It's allvery well for rich people, but not for us. LYÚBA [crying] Papa, what can be done? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I will go. Perhaps I can be of some use. [Takes offhis apron]. PRINCESS [helping him on with his coat] They would not let me in, butnow we will go together and I shall get my way. [Exeunt]. Curtain. SCENE 2 A Government office. A Clerk is seated at a table, and a Sentinel is pacing up and down. Enter a General with his Adjutant. The Clerk jumps up, the Sentinel presents arms. GENERAL. Where is the Colonel? CLERK. Gone to see that new conscript, Your Excellency. GENERAL. Ah, very well. Ask him to come here to me. CLERK. Yes, Your Excellency. GENERAL. And what are you copying out? Isn't it the conscript'sevidence? CLERK. Yes, sir, it is. GENERAL. Give it here. The Clerk hands General the paper and exit. The General hands it to his Adjutant. GENERAL. Please read it. ADJUTANT [reading] "These are my answers to the questions put to me, namely: (1) Why I do not take my oath. (2) Why I refuse to fulfil thedemands of the Government. (3) What induced me to use words offensivenot only to the army but also to the Highest Authorities. In reply tothe first question: I cannot take the oath because I accept Christ'steaching, which directly and clearly forbids taking oaths, as in St. Matthew's Gospel, ch.  5 vv.  33-37, and in the Epistle of St. James, ch.  5 v.  12. " GENERAL. Of course he must be arguing! Putting his own interpretations! ADJUTANT [goes on reading] "The Gospel says: 'Swear not at all, but letyour yea be yea, and your nay, nay; and what is more than these is ofthe evil one!' St. James's Epistle says: 'Before all things, brethren, swear not by the heavens nor by the earth, nor by any other oath; butlet your yea be yea, and your nay, nay, that ye fall not intotemptation!' But apart from the fact that the Bible gives us such clearinjunctions not to swear--or even if it contained no such injunctions--Ishould still be unable to swear to obey the will of men, because as aChristian I must always obey the will of God, which does not alwayscoincide with the will of men. " GENERAL. He must be arguing! If I had my way, there would be none ofthis. ADJUTANT [reading] "I refuse to fulfil the demands of men callingthemselves the Government, because ... " GENERAL. What insolence! ADJUTANT. "Because those demands are criminal and wicked. They demand ofme that I should enter the army, and learn and prepare to commit murder, though this is forbidden both in the Old and the New Testaments, andabove all by my conscience. To the third question ... " Enter Colonel followed by Clerk. The General shakes hands with Colonel. COLONEL. You are reading the evidence? GENERAL. Yes. Unpardonably insolent language. Well, go on. ADJUTANT. "To the third question: What induced me to use offensive wordsbefore the Court, my answer is: that I was induced to do so by the wishto serve God, and in order to expose the fraud carried on in His name. This desire, I hope to retain till I die, and therefore ... " GENERAL. Come; that's enough; one can't listen to all this balderdash. The fact is all this sort of thing must be eradicated, and action takento prevent the people being perverted. [To Colonel] Have you spoken tohim? COLONEL. I have been doing so all the time. I tried to shame him, andalso to convince him that it would only be worse for himself, and thathe would gain nothing by it. Besides that, I spoke of his relations. Hewas very excited, but holds to his opinions. GENERAL. A pity you talked to him so much. We are in the army not toreason, but to act. Call him here! Exit Adjutant with Clerk. GENERAL [sits down] No, Colonel, that's not the way. Fellows of thiskind must be dealt with in a different manner. Decisive measures areneeded to cut off the diseased limb. One maggoty sheep infects the wholeflock. In these cases one must not be too squeamish. His being a Prince, and having a mother and a fiancée, is none of our business. We have asoldier before us and we must obey the Tsar's will. COLONEL. I only thought that we could move him more easily bypersuasion. GENERAL. Not at all--by firmness; only by firmness! I have dealt withmen of that sort before. He must be made to feel that he is anonentity--a grain of dust beneath a chariot wheel, and that he cannotstop it. COLONEL. Well, we can try! GENERAL [getting irritable] No need to try! I don't need to try! I haveserved the Tsar for forty-four years, I have given and am giving my lifeto the service, and now this fellow wants to teach me and wants to readme theological lectures! Let him take that to the Priest, but to me--heis either a soldier or a prisoner. That's all! Enter Borís guarded by two Soldiers and followed by Adjutant and Clerk. GENERAL [pointing with a finger] Place him there. BORÍS. I need no placing. I shall stand or sit where I like, for I donot recognise your authority. GENERAL. Silence! You don't recognise authority? I will make yourecognise it. BORÍS [sits down on a stool] How wrong it is of you to shout so! GENERAL. Lift him, and make him stand! Soldiers raise him. BORÍS. That you can do, and you can kill me; but you cannot make mesubmit ... GENERAL. Silence, I tell you. Hear what I have to say to you. BORÍS. I don't in the least want to hear what you have to say. GENERAL. He is mad! He must be taken to the hospital to be examined. That is the only thing to do. COLONEL. The order was to send him to be examined at the Gendarmes'office. GENERAL. Well, then, send him there. Only put him into uniform. COLONEL. He resists. GENERAL. Bind him. [To Borís] Please hear what I have to say to you. Idon't care what happens to you, but for your own sake I advise you, bethink yourself. You will rot in a fortress, and not do any good toanyone. Give it up. Well, you flared up a bit and I flared up. [Slapshim on the shoulder] Go, take the oath and give up all that nonsense. [To Adjutant] Is the Priest here? [To Borís] Well? [Borís is silent] Whydon't you answer? Really you had better do as I say. You can't break aclub with a whip. You can keep your opinions, but serve your time! Wewill not use force with you. Well? BORÍS. I have nothing more to say, I have said all I had to. GENERAL. There, you see, you wrote that there are such and such texts inthe Gospels. Well, the Priest knows all about that. Have a talk with thePriest, and then think things over. That will be best. Good-bye, and Ihope "au revoir, " when I shall be able to congratulate you on havingentered the Tsar's service. Send the Priest here. [Exit, followed byColonel and Adjutant]. BORÍS [To Clerk and Convoy Soldiers] There you see how they deceive you. They know that they are deceiving you. Don't submit to them. Lay downyour rifles and go away. Let them put you into the DisciplinaryBattalions and flog you; it will not be as bad as it is to serve suchimpostors. CLERK. But how could one get on without an army? It's impossible. BORÍS. That is not for us to consider. We have to consider what Goddemands of us; and God wants us. ONE OF THE SOLDIERS. But how is it that they speak of "the Christianarmy"? BORÍS. That is not said anywhere in the Bible. It's these impostors whoinvented it. Enter a Gendarme Officer with Clerk. GENDARME OFFICER. Is it here that the conscript, Prince Cheremshánov, isbeing kept? CLERK. Yes, sir. Here he is. GENDARME OFFICER. Come here, please. Are you Prince Borís SiménovichCheremshánov, who refuses to take the oath? BORÍS. I am. GENDARME OFFICER [sits down and points to a seat opposite] Please sitdown. BORÍS. I think our conversation will be quite useless. GENDARME OFFICER. I don't think so. At any rate not useless to you. Yousee it's like this. I am informed that you refuse military service andthe oath, and are therefore suspected of belonging to the RevolutionaryParty, and that is what I have to investigate. If it is true, we shallhave to withdraw you from the service and imprison you or banish youaccording to the share you have taken in the revolution. If it is nottrue, we shall leave you to the military authorities. You see I expressmyself quite frankly to you, and I hope you will treat us in the sameway. BORÍS. In the first place I cannot trust men who wear this sort of thing[pointing to the Gendarme Officer's uniform]. Secondly, your veryoccupation is one I cannot respect, and for which I have the greatestaversion. But I do not refuse to answer your questions. What do you wishto know? GENDARME OFFICER. In the first place, tell me your name, your calling, and your religion? BORÍS. You know all that and I will not reply. Only one of the questionsis of great importance to me. I am _not_ what is called an OrthodoxChristian. GENDARME OFFICER. What then is your religion? BORÍS. I do not label it. GENDARME OFFICER. But still?... BORÍS. Well then, the Christian religion, according to the Sermon on theMount. GENDARME OFFICER. Write it down [Clerk writes. To Borís] Still yourecognise yourself as belonging to some nationality or rank. BORÍS. No, I don't. I recognise myself as a man, and a servant of God. GENDARME OFFICER. Why don't you consider yourself a member of theRussian Empire? BORÍS. Because I do not recognise any empires. GENDARME OFFICER. What do you mean by not recognising? Do you wish tooverthrow them? BORÍS. Certainly I wish it, and work for it. GENDARME OFFICER [To Clerk] Put that down. [To Borís] How do you workfor it? BORÍS. By exposing fraud and lies, and by spreading the truth. When youentered I was telling these soldiers not to believe in the fraud intowhich they have been drawn. GENDARME OFFICER. But beside this method of exposing and persuading, doyou approve of any others? BORÍS. No, I not only disapprove, but I consider all violence to be agreat sin; and not only violence, but all concealment and craftiness ... GENDARME OFFICER. Write that down. Very well. Now kindly let me knowwhom you are acquainted with. Do you know Ivashénko? BORÍS. No. GENDARME OFFICER. Klein? BORÍS. I have heard of him, but never met him. Enter Priest (an old man wearing a cross and carrying a Bible). The Clerk goes up to him and receives his blessing. GENDARME OFFICER. Well, I think I may stop. I consider that you are notdangerous, and not within our jurisdiction. I wish you a speedy release. Good-day. [Presses Borís's hand]. BORÍS. One thing I should like to say to you. Forgive me, but I can'thelp saying it. Why have you chosen this wicked, cruel profession? Ishould advise you to give it up. GENDARME OFFICER [smiles] Thank you for your advice, but I have myreasons. My respects to you. [To Priest] Father, I relinquish my placeto you [Exit with Clerk]. PRIEST. How can you so grieve the authorities by refusing to fulfil theduty of a Christian, to serve the Tsar and your Fatherland? BORÍS [smiling] Just because I want to fulfil my duty as a Christian, Ido not wish to be a soldier. PRIEST. Why don't you wish it? It is said that, "To lay down one's lifefor a friend" is to be a true Christian.... BORÍS. Yes, to "lay down one's life, " but not to take another man's. That is just what I want to do, to "lay down my life. " PRIEST. You do not reason rightly, young man. John the Baptist said tothe soldiers ... BORÍS [smiling] That only goes to prove that even in those days thesoldiers used to rob, and he told them not to! PRIEST. Well, but why don't you wish to take your oath? BORÍS. You know that the Gospels forbid it! PRIEST. Not at all. You know that when Pilate said: "I adjure thee bythe living God, art thou the Christ?" the Lord Jesus Christ answered "Iam. " That proves that oaths are not forbidden. BORÍS. Are not you ashamed to talk so? You--an old man. PRIEST. Take my advice and don't be obstinate. You and I cannot changethe world. Just take your oath and you'll be at ease. Leave it to theChurch to know what is a sin and what is not. BORÍS. Leave it to you? Are you not afraid to take so much sin uponyourself? PRIEST. What sin? Having been brought up firmly in the faith, andhaving worked as a priest for thirty years, I can have no sins on myshoulders. BORÍS. Whose then is the sin, when you deceive such numbers of people?What have these poor fellows got in their heads? [Points to Sentinel]. PRIEST. You and I, young man, will never settle that. It is for us toobey those placed above us. BORÍS. Leave me alone! I am sorry for you and--I confess--it disgusts meto listen to you. Now if you were like that General--but you come herewith a cross and the Testament to persuade me in the name of Christ, todeny Christ! Go [excitedly]. Leave me--Go. Let me be taken back to thecell that I may not see anyone. I am tired, dreadfully tired! PRIEST. Well, if that is so, good-bye. Enter Adjutant. ADJUTANT. Well? PRIEST. Great obstinacy, great insubordination. ADJUTANT. So he has refused to take the oath and to serve? PRIEST. On no account will he. ADJUTANT. Then he must be taken to the hospital. PRIEST. And reported as ill? That no doubt would be better, or hisexample may lead others astray. ADJUTANT. To be put under observation in the ward for the mentallydiseased. Those are my orders. PRIEST. Certainly. My respects to you. [Exit]. ADJUTANT [approaches Borís] Come, please. My orders are to conductyou---- BORÍS. Where to? ADJUTANT. First of all to the hospital, where it will be quieter foryou, and where you will have time to think things over. BORÍS. I've thought them over long ago. But let us go! [Exeunt]. Curtain. SCENE 3 Room in Hospital. Head Doctor, Assistant Doctor, an Officer-Patient in a dressing-gown, and two Warders wearing blouses. PATIENT. I tell you that you are only leading me to perdition. I havealready several times felt quite well. HEAD DOCTOR. You must not get excited. I should be glad to sign an orderfor you to leave the hospital, but you know yourself that liberty isdangerous for you. If I were sure that you would be looked after ... PATIENT. You think I should take to drink again? No, I have had mylesson, but every extra day I spend here only does me harm. You aredoing [gets excited] the opposite of what you ought to do. You arecruel. It's all very well for _you_! HEAD DOCTOR. Don't get excited. [Makes a sign to Warders; who come upfrom behind]. PATIENT. It's easy for you to argue, being at liberty; but how about uswho are kept among madmen! [To Warders] What are you after? Be off! HEAD DOCTOR. I beg of you to be calm. PATIENT. But I beg and I demand that you set me free. [Yells, and rushesat the Doctor, but the Warders seize him. A struggle; after which he istaken out]. ASSISTANT DOCTOR. There! Now it has begun again. He nearly got at youthat time. HEAD DOCTOR. Alcoholic ... Nothing can be done. But there is someimprovement. Enter Adjutant. ADJUTANT. How d'you do. HEAD DOCTOR. Good morning! ADJUTANT. I have brought you an interesting fellow, a certain PrinceCheremshánov, who has been conscripted, but on religious grounds refusesto serve. He was sent to the Gendarmes, but they say he does not comewithin their jurisdiction, not being a political conspirator. The Priestexhorted him, but also without effect. HEAD DOCTOR [laughing] And then as usual you bring him to us, as thehighest Court of Appeal. Well, let's have him. Exit Assistant Doctor. ADJUTANT. He is said to be a highly educated young man, and he isengaged to a rich girl. It's extraordinary! I really consider this isthe right place for him! HEAD DOCTOR. Yes, it's a mania. Borís is brought in. HEAD DOCTOR. Glad to see you. Please take a seat and let's have a chat. [To Adjutant] Please leave us. [Exit Adjutant]. BORÍS. I should like to ask you, if possible, if you mean to lock me upsomewhere, to be so good as to do it quickly and let me rest. HEAD DOCTOR. Excuse me, we must keep the rules. Only a few questions. What do you feel? What are you suffering from? BORÍS. Nothing. I am perfectly well. HEAD DOCTOR. Yes, but you are not behaving like other people. BORÍS. I am behaving as my conscience demands. HEAD DOCTOR. Well, you see you have refused to perform your militaryservice. On what grounds do you do so? BORÍS. I am a Christian, and therefore cannot commit murder. HEAD DOCTOR. But one must defend one's country from her foes, and keepthose who want to destroy the social order from evil-doing. BORÍS. No one is attacking our country; and there are more among thegovernors who destroy social order, than there are among those whom theyoppress. HEAD DOCTOR. Yes? But what do you mean by that? BORÍS. I mean this: the chief cause of evil--vódka--is sold by theGovernment; false and fraudulent religion is also fostered by theGovernment; and this military service which they demand of me--and whichis the chief means of demoralising the people--is also demanded by theGovernment. HEAD DOCTOR. Then, in your opinion, Government and the State areunnecessary. BORÍS. That I don't know; but I know for certain that I must take nopart in evil-doing. HEAD DOCTOR. But what is to become of the world? Is not our reason givenin order to enable us to look ahead. BORÍS. It is also given in order to enable us to see that social ordershould not be maintained by violence, but by goodness; and that oneman's refusal to participate in evil cannot be at all dangerous. HEAD DOCTOR. Well now, allow me to examine you a bit. Will you have thegoodness to lie down? [Begins touching him] You feel no pain here? BORÍS. No. HEAD DOCTOR. Nor here? BORÍS. No. HEAD DOCTOR. Take a deep breath, please. Now don't breathe. Now allow me[takes out a measure and measures forehead and nose]. Now be so good asto shut your eyes and walk. BORÍS. Are you not ashamed to do all this? HEAD DOCTOR. What do you mean? BORÍS. All this nonsense? You know that I am quite well and that I amsent here because I refuse to take part in their evil deeds, and becausethey have no answer to give to the truth I told them; and that is whythey pretend to think me mad. And you co-operate with them. It ishorrid and it is shameful. Don't do it! HEAD DOCTOR. Then you don't wish to walk? BORÍS. No, I don't. You may torture me, but you must do it yourself; Iwon't help you. [Hotly] Let me alone! [The Doctor presses button ofbell. Enter two Warders]. HEAD DOCTOR. Don't get excited. I quite understand that your nerves arestrained. Will you please go to your ward? Enter Assistant Doctor. ASSISTANT DOCTOR. Some visitors have just come to see Cheremshánov. BORÍS. Who are they? ASSISTANT DOCTOR. Sarýntsov and his daughter. BORÍS. I should like to see them. HEAD DOCTOR. There is no reason why you shouldn't. Ask them in. You maysee them here. [Exit, followed by Assistant and Warders]. Enter Nicholas Ivánovich and Lyúba. The Princess looks in at the door and says, "_Go in, I'll come later. _" LYÚBA [goes straight to Borís, takes his head in her hands and kisseshim] Poor Borís. BORÍS. No, don't pity me. I feel so well, so joyful, so light. How d'youdo. [Kisses Nicholas Ivánovich]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I have come to say chiefly one thing to you. Firstof all, in such affairs it is worse to overdo it than not to do enough. And in this matter you should do as is said in the Gospels, and notthink beforehand, "I shall say this, or do that": "When they deliver youup, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it is not ye thatspeak, but the Spirit of your Father who speaketh in you. " That is tosay, do not act because you have reasoned out beforehand that you shoulddo so and so, but act only when your whole being feels that you cannotact otherwise. BORÍS. I have done so. I did not think I should refuse to serve; butwhen I saw all this fraud, those Mirrors of Justice, those Documents, the Police and Officers smoking, I could not help saying what I did. Iwas frightened, but only till I had begun, after that it was all sosimple and joyful. Lyúba sits down and cries. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Above all, do nothing for the sake of being praised, or to gain the approval of those whose opinion you value. For myself Ican say definitely, that if you take the oath at once, and enter theservice, I shall love and esteem you not less but more than before;because not the things that take place in the external world arevaluable, but that which goes on within the soul. BORÍS. Of course, for what happens within the soul must make a change inthe outside world. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, I have said my say. Your mother is here. Sheis terribly upset. If you can do what she asks, do it--that is what Iwished to say to you. From the corridor outside hysterical weeping is heard. A Lunatic rushes in, followed by Warders who drag him out again. LYÚBA. How terrible! And you will be kept here? [Weeps]. BORÍS. I am not afraid of it, I'm afraid of nothing now! I feel sohappy, the only thing I fear is what you feel about it. Do help me; I amsure you will! LYÚBA. Can I be glad about it? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Not glad, that is impossible. I myself am not glad. I suffer on his account and would gladly take his place, but though Isuffer I yet know that it is well. LYÚBA. It may be well; but when will they set him free? BORÍS. No one knows. I do not think of the future. The present is sogood, and you can make it still better. Enter the Princess, his mother. PRINCESS. I can wait no longer! [To Nicholas Ivánovich] Well, have youpersuaded him? Does he agree? Bórya, my darling, you understand, don'tyou, what I suffer? For thirty years I have lived but for you; rearingyou, rejoicing in you. And now when everything has been done and iscomplete--you suddenly renounce everything. Prison and disgrace! Oh no!Bórya! BORÍS. Mamma! Listen to me. PRINCESS [to Nicholas Ivánovich] Why do you say nothing? You have ruinedhim, it is for you to persuade him. It's all very well for you! Lyúba, do speak to him! LYÚBA. I cannot! BORÍS. Mamma, do understand that there are things that are as impossibleas flying; and I cannot serve in the army. PRINCESS. You think that you can't! Nonsense. Everybody has served anddoes serve. You and Nicholas Ivánovich have invented some new sort ofChristianity which is not Christianity, but a devilish doctrine to makeeverybody suffer! BORÍS. As is said in the Gospels! PRINCESS. Nothing of the kind, or if it is, then all the same it isstupid. Darling, Bórya, have pity on me. [Throws herself on his neck, weeps] My whole life has been nothing but sorrow. There was but one rayof joy, and you are turning it into torture. Bórya--have pity on me! BORÍS. Mamma, this is terribly hard on me. But I cannot explain it toyou. PRINCESS. Come now, don't refuse--say you will serve! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Say you will think it over--and do think it over. BORÍS. Very well then. But you too, Mamma, should have pity on me. It ishard on me too. [Cries are again heard from the corridor]. You know I'min a lunatic asylum, and might really go mad. Enter Head Doctor. HEAD DOCTOR. Madam, this may have very bad consequences. Your son is ina highly excited condition. I think we must put an end to thisinterview. You may call on visiting days--Thursdays and Sundays. Pleasecome to see him before twelve o'clock. PRINCESS. Very well, very well, I will go. Bórya, good-bye! Think itover. Have pity on me and meet me next Thursday with good news! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [shaking hands with Borís] Think it over with God'shelp, and as if you knew you were to die to-morrow. Only so will youdecide rightly. Good-bye. BORÍS [approaching Lyúba] And what do you say to me? LYÚBA. I cannot lie; and I do not understand why you should tormentyourself and everybody. I do not understand--and can say nothing. [Goesout weeping. Exeunt all except Borís]. BORÍS [alone] Oh how hard it is! Oh, how hard, Lord help me! [Prays]. Enter Warders with dressing-gown. WARDER. Please change. Borís puts on dressing-gown. Curtain. ACT IV SCENE 1 In Moscow a year later. A drawing-room in the Sarýntsov's town house is prepared for a dance. Footmen are arranging plants round the grand piano. Enter Mary Ivánovna in an elegant silk dress, with Alexándra Ivánovna. MARY IVÁNOVNA. A ball? No, Only a dance! A "Juvenile Party" as they onceused to say. My children took part in the Theatricals at the Mákofs, andhave been asked to dances everywhere, so I must return the invitations. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I am afraid Nicholas does not like it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I can't help it. [To Footmen] Put it here! [To AlexándraIvánovna] God knows how glad I should be not to cause himunpleasantness. But I think he has become much less exacting. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. No, no! Only he does not show it so much. I saw howupset he was when he went off to his own room after dinner. MARY IVÁNOVNA. What can I do? After all, people must live. We have sevenchildren, and if they find no amusement at home, heaven knows what theymay be up to. Anyhow I am quite happy about Lyúba now. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Has he proposed, then? MARY IVÁNOVNA. As good as proposed. He has spoken to her, and she hassaid, Yes! ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. That again will be a terrible blow to Nicholas. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Oh, he knows. He can't help knowing. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. He does not like him. MARY IVÁNOVNA [to the Footmen] Put the fruit on the side-board. Likewhom? Alexander Mikáylovich? Of course not; because he is a livingnegation of all Nicholas's pet theories. A nice pleasant kindly man ofthe world. But oh! That terrible night-mare--that affair of BorísCheremshánov's. What has happened to him? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Lisa has been to see him. He is still there. Shesays he has grown terribly thin, and the Doctors fear for his life orhis reason. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Yes, he is one of the terrible sacrifices caused byNicholas's ideas. Why need he have been ruined? I never wished it. Enter Pianist. MARY IVÁNOVNA [to Pianist] Have you come to play? PIANIST. Yes, I am the pianist. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Please take a seat and wait a little. Won't you have acup of tea? PIANIST [goes to piano] No, thank you! MARY IVÁNOVNA. I never wished it. I liked Bórya, but still he was not asuitable match for Lyúba--especially after he let himself be carriedaway by Nicholas Ivánovich's ideas. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. But still, the strength of his convictions isastonishing. See what he endures! They tell him that as long as hepersists in refusing to serve, he will either remain where he is or besent to the fortress; but his reply is always the same. And yet Lisasays he is full of joy and even merry! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Fanatic! But here comes Alexander Mikáylovich! Enter Alexander Mikáylovich Starkóvsky, [35] an elegant man in evening dress. [35] Alexander in his Christian name, Mikáylovich (= son of Michael) is his patronymic, and Starkóvsky in his surname which is seldom used in ordinary social life. STARKÓVSKY. I am afraid I have come too soon. [Kisses the hands of bothladies]. MARY IVÁNOVNA. So much the better. STARKÓVSKY. And Lyúbov Nikoláyevna?[36] She proposed to dance a greatdeal so as to make up for the time she has lost, and I have undertakento help her. [36] Lyúbov Nikoláyevna (= Love daughter of Nicholas) is the courteous way of naming Lyúba. The latter is a pet name. MARY IVÁNOVNA. She is sorting favours for the cotillion. STARKÓVSKY. I will go and help her, if I may? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Certainly. As Starkóvsky is going out he meets Lyúba in evening, but not low-necked, dress carrying a cushion with stars and ribbons. LYÚBA. Ah! here you are. Good! Now you can help me. There are three morecushions in the drawing-room. Go and fetch them all. STARKÓVSKY. I fly to do so! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Now, Lyúba; friends are coming, and they will be sure tohint and ask questions. May we announce it? LYÚBA. No, Mamma, no. Why? Let them ask! Papa will not like it. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But he knows or guesses; and he will have to be toldsooner or later. I think it would be better to announce it to-day. Why, _C'est le secret de la comédie_. [37] [37] It is only a comedy secret. LYÚBA. No, no, Mamma, please don't. It would spoil our whole evening. No, no, you must not. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, as you please. LYÚBA. All right then: after the dance, just before supper. Enter Starkóvsky. LYÚBA. Well, have you got them? MARY IVÁNOVNA. I'll go and have a look at the little ones. [Exit withAlexándra Ivánovna]. STARKÓVSKY [carrying three cushions, which he steadies with his chin, and dropping things on the way] Don't trouble, Lyúbov Nikoláyevna, I'llpick them up. Well, you have prepared a lot of favours. If only I canmanage to lead the dance properly! Ványa, come along. VÁNYA [bringing more favours] This is the whole lot. Lyúba, AlexanderMikáylovich and I have a bet on, which of us will win the most favours. STARKÓVSKY. It will be easy for you, for you know everybody here, andwill gain them easily, while I shall have to charm the young ladiesfirst before winning anything. It means that I am giving you a start offorty points. VÁNYA. But then you are a fiancé, and I am a boy. STARKÓVSKY. Well no, I am not a fiancé yet, and I am worse than a boy. LYÚBA. Ványa, please go to my room and fetch the gum and the pin-cushionfrom the what-not. Only for goodness' sake don't break anything. VÁNYA. I'll break everything! [Runs off]. STARKÓVSKY [takes Lyúba's hand] Lyúba, may I? I am so happy. [Kisses herhand] The mazurka is mine, but that is not enough. One can't say much ina mazurka, and I must speak. May I wire to my people that I have beenaccepted and am happy? LYÚBA. Yes, to-night. STARKÓVSKY. One word more: how will Nicholas Ivánovich take it? Have youtold him? Yes? LYÚBA. No, I haven't; but I will. He will take it as he now takeseverything that concerns the family. He will say, "Do as you thinkbest. " But he will be grieved at heart. STARKÓVSKY. Because I am not Cheremshánov? Because I am a Maréchal de laNoblesse? LYÚBA. Yes. But I have struggled with myself and deceived myself for hissake; and it is not because I love him less that I am now doing not whathe wants, but it is because I can't lie. He himself says so. I do sowant to _live_! STARKÓVSKY. And life is the only truth! Well, and what of Cheremshánov? LYÚBA [excitedly] Don't speak of him to me! I wish to blame him, toblame him whilst he is suffering; and I know it is because I feel guiltytowards him. All I know is that I feel there is a kind of love--and Ithink a more real love than I ever felt for him. STARKÓVSKY. Lyúba, is that true? LYÚBA. You wish me to say that I love you with that real love--but Iwon't say it. I do love you with a different kind of love; but it is notthe real thing either! Neither the one nor the other is the realthing--if only they could be mixed together! STARKÓVSKY. No, no, I am satisfied with mine. [Kisses her hand] Lyúba! LYÚBA [pushes him away] No, let us sort these things. They are beginningto arrive. Enter Princess with Tónya and a little girl. LYÚBA. Mamma will be here in a moment. PRINCESS. Are we the first? STARKÓVSKY. Some one must be! I have suggested making a gutta-perchadummy to be the first arrival! Enter Styópa, also Ványa carrying the gum and pin-cushion. STYÓPA. I expected to see you at the Italian opera last night. TÓNYA. We were at my Aunt's, sewing for the charity-bazaar. Enter Students, Ladies, Mary Ivánovna and a Countess. COUNTESS. Shan't we see Nicholas Ivánovich? MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, he never leaves his study to come to our gathering. STARKÓVSKY. Quadrille, please! [Claps his hands. The dancers take theirplaces and dance]. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA [approaches Mary Ivánovna] He is terribly agitated. He has been to see Borís, and he came back and saw there was a ball, andnow he wants to go away! I went up to his door and overheard him talkingto Alexander Petróvich. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well? STARKÓVSKY. _Rond des dames. Les cavaliers en avant!_[38] [38] Starkóvsky, directing the dance, says: "Ladies form a circle. Gentlemen advance!" ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. He has made up his mind that it is impossible forhim to live so, and he is going away. MARY IVÁNOVNA. What a torment the man is! [Exit]. Curtain. SCENE 2 Nicholas Ivánovich's room. The dance music is heard in the distance. Nicholas Ivánovich has an overcoat on. He puts a letter on the table. Alexander Petróvich, dressed in ragged clothes, is with him. ALEXANDER PETRÓVICH. Don't worry, we can reach the Caucasus withoutspending a penny, and there you can settle down. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. We will go by rail as far as Túla, and from thenceon foot. Well, I'm ready. [Puts letter in the middle of the table, andgoes to the door, where he meets Mary Ivánovna] Oh! Why have you comehere? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Why indeed? To prevent your doing a cruel thing. What'sall this for? Why d'you do it? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Why? Because I cannot continue living like this. Icannot endure this terrible, depraved life. MARY IVÁNOVNA. It is awful. My life--which I give wholly to you and thechildren--has all of a sudden become "depraved. " [Sees AlexanderPetróvich] _Renvoyez au moins cet homme. Je ne veux pas qu'il soittémoin de cette conversation. _[39] [39] At least send that man away. I don't wish him to be a witness of our conversation. ALEXANDER PETRÓVICH. _Comprenez. Toujours moi partez. _[40] [40] Alexander Petróvich replies in very bad French: "I understand! I am always to go away!" NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Wait for me out there, Alexander Petróvich, I'llcome in a minute. Exit Alexander Petróvich. MARY IVÁNOVNA. And what can you have in common with such a man as that?Why is he nearer to you than your own wife? It is incomprehensible! Andwhere are you going? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I have left a letter for you. I did not want tospeak; it is too hard; but if you wish it, I will try to say it quietly. MARY IVÁNOVNA. No, I don't understand. Why do you hate and torture yourwife, who has given up everything for you? Tell me, have I been going toballs, or gone in for dress, or flirted? My whole life has been devotedto the family. I nursed them all myself; I brought them up, and thislast year the whole weight of their education, and the managing ouraffairs, has fallen on me.... NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [interrupting] But all this weight falls on you, because you do not wish to live as I proposed. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But that was impossible! Ask anyone! It was impossible tolet the children grow up illiterate, as you wished them to do, and forme to do the washing and cooking. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I never wanted that! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Well, anyhow it was something of that kind! No, you are aChristian, you wish to do good, and you say you love men; then why doyou torture the woman who has devoted her whole life to you? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. How do I torture you? I love you, but ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. But is it not torturing me to leave me and to go away?What will everybody say? One of two things, either that I am a badwoman, or that you are mad. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Well, let us say I am mad; but I can't live likethis. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But what is there so terrible in it, even if once in awinter (and only once, because I feared you would not like it) I do givea party--and even then a very simple one, only ask Mánya and BarbaraVasílyevna! Everybody said I could not do less--and that it wasabsolutely necessary. And now it seems even a crime, for which I shallhave to suffer disgrace. And not only disgrace. The worst of all is thatyou no longer love me! You love everyone else--the whole world, including that drunken Alexander Petróvich--but I still love you andcannot live without you. Why do you do it? Why? [Weeps]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But you don't even wish to understand my life; myspiritual life. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I do wish to understand it, but I can't. I see that yourChristianity has made you hate your family and hate me; but I don'tunderstand why! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You see the others do understand! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Who? Alexander Petróvich, who gets money out of you? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. He and others: Tónya and Vasíly Nikonórovich. Buteven if nobody understood it, that would make no difference. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Vasíly Nikonórovich has repented, and has got his livingback, and Tónya is at this very moment dancing and flirting with Styópa. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. I am sorry to hear it, but it does not turn blackinto white, and it cannot change my life. Mary! You do not need me. Letme go! I have tried to share your life and to bring into it what for meconstitutes the whole of life; but it is impossible. It only results intorturing myself and you. I not only torment myself, but spoil the workI try to accomplish. Everybody, including that very Alexander Petróvich, has the right to tell me that I am a hypocrite; that I talk but do notact! That I preach the Gospel of poverty while I live in luxury, pretending that I have given up everything to my wife! MARY IVÁNOVNA. So you are ashamed of what people say? Really, can't yourise above that? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. It's not that I am ashamed (though I am ashamed), but that I am spoiling God's work. MARY IVÁNOVNA. You yourself often say that it fulfils itself despiteman's opposition; but that's not the point. Tell me, what do you want ofme? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Haven't I told you? MARY IVÁNOVNA. But, Nicholas, you know that that is impossible. Onlythink, Lyúba is now getting married; Ványa is entering the university;Missy and Kátya are studying. How can I break all that off? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Then what am I to do? MARY IVÁNOVNA. Do as you say one should do: have patience, love. Is ittoo hard for you? Only bear with us and do not take yourself from us!Come, what is it that torments you? Enter Ványa running. VÁNYA. Mamma, they are calling you! MARY IVÁNOVNA. Tell them I can't come. Go, go! VÁNYA. Do come! [He runs off]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. You don't wish to see eye to eye--nor to understandme. MARY IVÁNOVNA. It is not that I don't wish to, but that I can't. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No, you don't wish to, and we drift further andfurther apart. Only enter into my feelings; put yourself for a moment inmy place, and you will understand. First, the whole life here isthoroughly depraved. You are vexed with the expression, but I can giveno other name to a life built wholly on robbery; for the money you liveon is taken from the land you have stolen from the peasants. Moreover, Isee that this life is demoralising the children: "Whoso shall cause oneof these little ones to stumble, " and I see how they are perishing andbecoming depraved before my very eyes. I cannot bear it when grown-upmen dressed up in swallow-tail coats serve us as if they were slaves. Every dinner we have is a torture to me. MARY IVÁNOVNA. But all this was so before. Is it not done byeveryone--both here and abroad? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. But _I_ can't do it. Since I realised that we areall brothers, I cannot see it without suffering. MARY IVÁNOVNA. That is as you please. One can invent anything. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [hotly] It's just this want of understanding that isso terrible. Take for instance to-day! I spent this morning at Rzhánov'slodging-house, among the outcasts there; and I saw an infant literallydie of hunger; a boy suffering from alcoholism; and a consumptivecharwoman rinsing clothes outside in the cold. Then I returned home, anda footman with a white tie opens the door for me. I see my son--a merelad--ordering that footman to fetch him some water; and I see the armyof servants who work for us. Then I go to visit Borís--a man who issacrificing his life for truth's sake. I see how he, a pure, strong, resolute man, is deliberately being goaded to lunacy and todestruction, that the Government may be rid of him! I know, and theyknow, that his heart is weak, and so they provoke him, and drag him to award for raving lunatics. It is too dreadful, too dreadful. And when Icome home, I hear that the one member of our family who understood--notme but the truth--has thrown over both her betrothed to whom she hadpromised her love, and the truth, and is going to marry a lackey, aliar ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. How very Christian! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Yes, it is wrong of me, and I am to blame, but Ionly want you to put yourself in my place. I mean to say that she hasturned from the truth ... MARY IVÁNOVNA. You say, "from the truth"; but other people--themajority--say from "an error. " You see Vasíly Nikonórovich once thoughthe was in error, but now has come back to the Church. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. That's impossible ---- MARY IVÁNOVNA. He has written to Lisa! She will show you the letter. That sort of conversion is very unstable. So also in Tónya's case; Iwon't even speak of that fellow Alexander Petróvich, who simplyconsiders it profitable! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [getting angry] Well, no matter. I only ask _you_ tounderstand me. I still consider that truth is truth! All this hurts mevery much. And here at home I see a Christmas-tree, a ball, and hundredsof roubles being spent while men are dying of hunger. I cannot live so. Have pity on me, I am worried to death. Let me go! Good-bye. MARY IVÁNOVNA. If you go, I will go with you. Or if not with you, I willthrow myself under the train you leave by; and let them all go toperdition--and Missy and Kátya too. Oh my God, my God. What torture!Why? What for? [Weeps]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [at the door] Alexander Petróvich, go home! I am notgoing. [To his wife] Very well, I will stay. [Takes off his overcoat]. MARY IVÁNOVNA [embracing him] We have not much longer to live. Don't letus spoil everything after twenty-eight years of life together. Well, I'll give no more parties; but do not punish me so. Enter Ványa and Kátya running. VÁNYA and KATYA. Mamma, be quick--come. MARY IVÁNOVNA. Coming, coming. So let us forgive one another! [Exit withKátya and Ványa]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. A child, a regular child; or a cunning woman? No, acunning child. Yes, yes. It seems Thou dost not wish me to be Thyservant in this Thy work. Thou wishest me to be humiliated, so thateveryone may point his finger at me and say, "He preaches, but he doesnot perform. " Well, let them! Thou knowest best what Thou requirest:submission, humility! Ah, if I could but rise to that height! Enter Lisa. LISA. Excuse me. I have brought you a letter from Vasíly Nikonórovich. It is addressed to me, but he asks me to tell you. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Can it be really true? LISA. Yes. Shall I read it? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Please do. LISA [reading] "I write to beg you to communicate this to NicholasIvánovich. I greatly regret the error which led me openly to stray fromthe Holy Orthodox Church, to which I rejoice to have now returned. Ihope you and Nicholas Ivánovich will follow the same path. Pleaseforgive me!" NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. They have tortured him into this, poor fellow. Butstill it is terrible. LISA. I also came to tell you that the Princess is here. She cameupstairs to me in a dreadfully excited state and is determined to seeyou. She has just been to see Borís. I think you had better not seeher. What good can it do for her to see you? NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. No. Call her in. Evidently this is fated to be a dayof dreadful torture. LISA. Then I'll go and call her. [Exit]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [alone] Yes--could I but remember that life consistsonly in serving Thee; and that if Thou sendest a trial, it is becauseThou holdest me capable of enduring it, and knowest that my strength isequal to it: else it would not be a trial.... Father, help me--help meto do Thy will. Enter Princess. PRINCESS. You receive me? You do me that honour? My respects to you. Idon't give you my hand, for I hate you and despise you. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. What has happened? PRINCESS. Just this, that they are moving him to the DisciplinaryBattalion; and it is you who are the cause of it. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Princess, if you want anything, tell me what it is;but if you have come here merely to abuse me, you only injure yourself. You cannot offend me, for with my whole heart I sympathise with you andpity you! PRINCESS. What charity! What exalted Christianity! No, Mr. Sarýntsov, you cannot deceive me! We know you now. You have ruined my son, but youdon't care; and you go giving balls; and your daughter--my son'sbetrothed--is to be married and make a good match, that you approve of;while you pretend to lead a simple life, and go carpentering. Howrepulsive you are to me, with your new-fangled Pharisaism. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Don't excite yourself so, Princess. Tell me what youhave come for--surely it was not simply to scold me? PRINCESS. Yes, that too! I must find vent for all this accumulatedpain. But what I want is this: He is being removed to the DisciplinaryBattalion, and I cannot bear it. It is you who have done it. You! You!You! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Not I, but God. And God knows how sorry I am foryou. Do not resist this will. He wants to test you. Bear the trialmeekly. PRINCESS. I cannot bear it meekly. My whole life was wrapped up in myson; and you have taken him from me and ruined him. I cannot be calm. Ihave come to you--it is my last attempt to tell you that you have ruinedhim and that it is for you to save him. Go and prevail on them to sethim free. Go and see the Governor-General, the Emperor, or whom youplease. It is your duty to do it. If you don't do it, I know what Ishall do. You will have to answer to me for it! NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Teach me what to do. I am ready to do anything. PRINCESS. I again repeat it--you must save him! If you do not--beware!Good-bye. [Exit]. Nicholas Ivánovich (alone). Lies down on sofa. Silence. The door opens and the dance music sounds louder. Enter Styópa. STYÓPA. Papa is not here, come in! Enter the adults and the children, dancing in couples. LYÚBA [noticing Nicholas Ivánovich] Ah, you _are_ here. Excuse us. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH [rising] Never mind. [Exit dancing couples]. NICHOLAS IVÁNOVICH. Vasíly Nikonórovich has recanted. I have ruinedBorís. Lyúba is getting married. Can it be that I have been mistaken?Mistaken in believing in Thee? No! Father help me! Curtain. Tolstoy left the following notes for a fifth act which was neverwritten. ACT V Disciplinary Battalion. A cell. Prisoners sitting and lying. Borís isreading the Gospel and explaining it. A man who has been flogged isbrought in. "Ah, if there were but a Pugachev[41] to revenge us on suchas you. " The Princess bursts in, but is turned out. Conflict with anofficer. Prisoners led to prayers. Borís sent to the Penitentiary Cell:"He shall be flogged!" [41] Pugachev was the leader of a formidable rebellion in Russia in the eighteenth century. Scene changes. The Tsar's Cabinet. Cigarettes; jokes; caresses. The Princess isannounced. "Let her wait. " Enter petitioners, flattery, then thePrincess. Her request is refused. Exit. Scene changes. Mary Ivánovna talks about illness with the doctor. "He has changed, hasbecome more gentle, but is dispirited. " Enter Nicholas Ivánovich andspeaks to Doctor about the uselessness of treatment. But for his wife'ssake he agrees to it. Enter Tónya with Styópa. Lyúba with Starkóvsky. Conversation about land. Nicholas Ivánovich tries not to offend them. Exeunt all. Nicholas Ivánovich with Lisa. "I am always in doubt whetherI have done right. I have accomplished nothing. Borís has perished, Vasíly Nikonórovich has recanted. I set an example of weakness. Evidently God does not wish me to be his servant. He has many otherservants--and can accomplish his will without me, and he who realisesthis is at peace. " Exit Lisa. He prays. The Princess rushes in andshoots him. Everybody comes running into the room. He says he did ithimself by accident. He writes a petition to the Emperor. Enter VasílyNikonórovich with Doukhobors. [42] Dies rejoicing that the fraud of theChurch is exposed, and that he has understood the meaning of his life. [42] Tolstoy did not fully realise the facts (described in _A Peculiar People_) of the Doukhobors' submission to their leader, or of their belief in him as an incarnation of the Deity. In fact, when he wrote this play, Tolstoy regarded the Doukhobors as a type of what all Christians should be. _This play was begun in the 'eighties, and continued in 1900 and 1902. _ END OF "THE LIGHT SHINES IN DARKNESS. " [ Transcriber's Note: The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one. forty-five; and her husband, Peter Semyónovich Kóhovstsef, a fat forty-five; and her husband, Peter Semyónovich Kóhovtsef, a fat on the verandah at a table with a samovar and coffee-pot. Mary on the verandah at a table with a samovár and coffee-pot. Mary [9] He was very nice, and like everybody else [9] He was very nice, and like everybody else. is your duty as a mother to _prendre tes mésures_. [11]is your duty as a mother to _prendre tes mesures_. [11] MARY IVÁNOVNA. I'm coming, coming? [Rises and exit]. MARY IVÁNOVNA. I'm coming, coming! [Rises and exit]. for vodka, and abandon our own families. For vódka, and abandon our own families? ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Re-heat the samovar, please. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. Re-heat the samovár, please. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I should think they also need this samovar. ALEXÁNDRA IVÁNOVNA. I should think they also need this samovár. other 44, 990 trees will very soon be cut down also. There are 449, 990 trees remaining. This might either be a typesetting mistake or an error made by Styópa. can be proved historically; there is but one irrefragible proof.... Can be proved historically; there is but one irrefragable proof.... PRIEST. How can we trust in it, when there are contradictions. PRIEST. How can we trust in it, when there are contradictions? [Enter Nurse]. Enter Nurse. comingcoming! LYÚBA. Yes, do, and I'll go and wake Lisa and Tánya. LYÚBA. Yes, do, and I'll go and wake Lisa and Tónya. what I feel. (To Tónya) If what I say should offend you--who are ourwhat I feel. [To Tónya] If what I say should offend you--who are our SCENE 2. [in ACT II]SCENE 2 STARKÓVSKY. And Lyubóv Nikoláyevna?[36] She proposed to dance a greatSTARKÓVSKY. And Lyúbov Nikoláyevna?[36] She proposed to dance a great [36] Lyúbov Nikolávna (= Love daughter of Nicholas) is the courteous [36] Lyúbov Nikoláyevna (= Love daughter of Nicholas) is the courteous]