[Illustration: _Portrait of a Lady. _

_From the Painting, possibly by Verrocchio, in the Poldi Museum atMilan. _]

THEFLORENTINE PAINTERSOF THE RENAISSANCE

WITH AN INDEX TO THEIR WORKS

BYBERNHARD BERENSON

AUTHOR OF "VENETIAN PAINTERS OF THE RENAISSANCE, ""LORENZO LOTTO, " "CENTRAL ITALIAN PAINTERS OF THE RENAISSANCE"

THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONSNEW YORK AND LONDONThe Knickerbocker Press

COPYRIGHT, 1896BYG. P. PUTNAM'S SONS_Entered at Stationers' Hall, London_

 * * * * *

COPYRIGHT, 1909BYG. P. PUTNAM'S SONS(For revised edition)

Made in the United States of America

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

Years have passed since the second edition of this book. But as most ofthis time has been taken up with the writing of my "Drawings of theFlorentine Painters, " it has, in a sense, been spent in preparing me tomake this new edition. Indeed, it is to that bigger work that I mustrefer the student who may wish to have the reasons for some of myattributions. There, for instance, he will find the intricate Carliquestion treated quite as fully as it deserves. Jacopo del Sellajo isinserted here for the first time. Ample accounts of this frequentlyentertaining tenth-rate painter may be found in articles by HansMakowsky, Mary Logan, and Herbert Horne. 

The most important event of the last ten years, in the study of Italianart, has been the rediscovery of an all but forgotten great master, Pietro Cavallini. The study of his fresco at S. Cecilia in Rome, and ofthe other works that readily group themselves with it, has illuminatedwith an unhoped-for light the problem of Giotto's origin anddevelopment. I felt stimulated to a fresh consideration of the subject. The results will be noted here in the inclusion, for the first time, ofCimabue, and in the lists of paintings ascribed to Giotto and hisimmediate assistants. 

B. B. 

_Boston, November, 1908. _

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The lists have been thoroughly revised, and some of them considerablyincreased. Botticini, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and Amico di Sandrohave been added, partly for the intrinsic value of their work, andpartly because so many of their pictures are exposed to publicadmiration under greater names. Botticini sounds too much likeBotticelli not to have been confounded with him, and Pier Francesco hassimilarly been confused with Piero della Francesca. Thus, Botticini'sfamous "Assumption, " painted for Matteo Palmieri, and now in theNational Gallery, already passed in Vasari's time for a Botticelli, andthe attribution at Karlsruhe of the quaint and winning "Nativity" to thesublime, unyielding Piero della Francesca is surely nothing more thanthe echo of the real author's name. 

Most inadequate accounts, yet more than can be given here, of PierFrancesco, as well as of Botticini, will be found in the Italian editionof Cavalcaselle's _Storia della Pittura in Italia_, Vol. VII. The latterpainter will doubtless be dealt with fully and ably in Mr. Herbert P. Horne's forthcoming book on Botticelli, and in this connection I amhappy to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Horne for having persuadedme to study Botticini. Of Amico di Sandro I have written at length inthe _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, June and July, 1899. 

FIESOLE, November, 1899. 

CONTENTS. 

 PAGETHE FLORENTINE PAINTERS OF THE RENAISSANCE 1

INDEX TO THE WORKS OF THE PRINCIPALFLORENTINE PAINTERS 95

INDEX OF PLACES 189

THE FLORENTINE PAINTERS OF THE RENAISSANCE

I. 

Florentine painting between Giotto and Michelangelo contains the namesof such artists as Orcagna, Masaccio, Fra Filippo, Pollaiuolo, Verrocchio, Leonardo, and Botticelli. Put beside these the greatestnames in Venetian art, the Vivarini, the Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, andTintoret. The difference is striking. The significance of the Venetiannames is exhausted with their significance as painters. Not so with theFlorentines. Forget that they were painters, they remain greatsculptors; forget that they were sculptors, and still they remainarchitects, poets, and even men of science. They left no form ofexpression untried, and to none could they say, "This will perfectlyconvey my meaning. " Painting, therefore, offers but a partial and notalways the most adequate manifestation of their personality, and we feelthe artist as greater than his work, and the man as soaring above theartist. 

[Page heading: MANYSIDEDNESS OF THE PAINTERS]

The immense superiority of the artist even to his greatest achievementin any one art form, means that his personality was but slightlydetermined by the particular art in question, that he tended to mould itrather than let it shape him. It would be absurd, therefore, to treatthe Florentine painter as a mere link between two points in a necessaryevolution. The history of the art of Florence never can be, as that ofVenice, the study of a placid development. Each man of genius brought tobear upon his art a great intellect, which, never condescending merelyto please, was tirelessly striving to reincarnate what it comprehendedof life in forms that would fitly convey it to others; and in thisendeavour each man of genius was necessarily compelled to create formsessentially his own. But because Florentine painting was pre-eminentlyan art formed by great personalities, it grappled with problems of thehighest interest, and offered solutions that can never lose theirvalue. What they aimed at, and what they attained, is the subject of thefollowing essay. 

II. 

The first of the great personalities in Florentine painting was Giotto. Although he affords no exception to the rule that the great Florentinesexploited all the arts in the endeavour to express themselves, he, Giotto, renowned as architect and sculptor, reputed as wit andversifier, differed from most of his Tuscan successors in havingpeculiar aptitude for the essential in painting _as an art_. 

But before we can appreciate his real value, we must come to anagreement as to what in the art of figure-painting--the craft has itsown altogether diverse laws--_is_ the essential; for figure-painting, wemay say at once, was not only the one pre-occupation of Giotto, but thedominant interest of the entire Florentine school. 

[Page heading: IMAGINATION OF TOUCH]

Psychology has ascertained that sight alone gives us no accurate senseof the third dimension. In our infancy, long before we are conscious ofthe process, the sense of touch, helped on by muscular sensations ofmovement, teaches us to appreciate depth, the third dimension, both inobjects and in space. 

In the same unconscious years we learn to make of touch, of the thirddimension, the test of reality. The child is still dimly aware of theintimate connection between touch and the third dimension. He cannotpersuade himself of the unreality of Looking-Glass Land until he hastouched the back of the mirror. Later, we entirely forget theconnection, although it remains true, that every time our eyes recognisereality, we are, as a matter of fact, giving tactile values to retinalimpressions. 

Now, painting is an art which aims at giving an abiding impression ofartistic reality with only two dimensions. The painter must, therefore, do consciously what we all do unconsciously, --construct his thirddimension. And he can accomplish his task only as we accomplish ours, bygiving tactile values to retinal impressions. His first business, therefore, is to rouse the tactile sense, for I must have the illusionof being able to touch a figure, I must have the illusion of varyingmuscular sensations inside my palm and fingers corresponding to thevarious projections of this figure, before I shall take it for grantedas real, and let it affect me lastingly. 

It follows that the essential in the art of painting--as distinguishedfrom the art of colouring, I beg the reader to observe--is somehow tostimulate our consciousness of tactile values, so that the picture shallhave at least as much power as the object represented, to appeal to ourtactile imagination. 

[Page heading: GIOTTO]

Well, it was of the power to stimulate the tactile consciousness--of theessential, as I have ventured to call it, in the art of painting--thatGiotto was supreme master. This is his everlasting claim to greatness, and it is this which will make him a source of highest æsthetic delightfor a period at least as long as decipherable traces of his handiworkremain on mouldering panel or crumbling wall. For great though he was asa poet, enthralling as a story-teller, splendid and majestic as acomposer, he was in these qualities superior in degree only, to many ofthe masters who painted in various parts of Europe during the thousandyears that intervened between the decline of antique, and the birth, inhis own person, of modern painting. But none of these masters had thepower to stimulate the tactile imagination, and, consequently, theynever painted a figure which has artistic existence. Their works havevalue, if at all, as highly elaborate, very intelligible symbols, capable, indeed, of communicating something, but losing all higher valuethe moment the message is delivered. 

Giotto's paintings, on the contrary, have not only as much power ofappealing to the tactile imagination as is possessed by the objectsrepresented--human figures in particular--but actually more, with thenecessary result that to his contemporaries they conveyed a _keener_sense of reality, of life-likeness than the objects themselves! We whosecurrent knowledge of anatomy is greater, who expect more articulationand suppleness in the human figure, who, in short, see much less naïvelynow than Giotto's contemporaries, no longer find his paintings more thanlife-like; but we still feel them to be intensely real in the sensethat they still powerfully appeal to our tactile imagination, therebycompelling us, as do all things that stimulate our sense of touch whilethey present themselves to our eyes, to take their existence forgranted. And it is only when we can take for granted the existence ofthe object painted that it can begin to give us pleasure that isgenuinely artistic, as separated from the interest we feel in symbols. 

[Page heading: ANALYSIS OF ENJOYMENT OF PAINTING]

At the risk of seeming to wander off into the boundless domain ofæsthetics, we must stop at this point for a moment to make sure that weare of one mind regarding the meaning of the phrase "artistic pleasure, "in so far at least as it is used in connection with painting. 

What is the point at which ordinary pleasures pass over into thespecific pleasures derived from each one of the arts? Our judgment aboutthe merits of any given work of art depends to a large extent upon ouranswer to this question. Those who have not yet differentiated thespecific pleasures of the art of painting from the pleasures they derivefrom the art of literature, will be likely to fall into the error ofjudging the picture by its dramatic presentation of a situation or itsrendering of character; will, in short, demand of the painting that itshall be in the first place a good _illustration_. Those others who seekin painting what is usually sought in music, the communication of apleasurable state of emotion, will prefer pictures which suggestpleasant associations, nice people, refined amusements, agreeablelandscapes. In many cases this lack of clearness is of comparativelyslight importance, the given picture containing all thesepleasure-giving elements in addition to the qualities peculiar to theart of painting. But in the case of the Florentines, the distinction isof vital consequence, for they have been the artists in Europe who havemost resolutely set themselves to work upon the specific problems of theart of figure-painting, and have neglected, more than any other school, to call to their aid the secondary pleasures of association. With themthe issue is clear. If we wish to appreciate their merit, we are forcedto disregard the desire for pretty or agreeable types, dramaticallyinterpreted situations, and, in fact, "suggestiveness" of any kind. Worse still, we must even forego our pleasure in colour, often agenuinely artistic pleasure, for they never systematically exploitedthis element, and in some of their best works the colour is actuallyharsh and unpleasant. It was in fact upon form, and form alone, that thegreat Florentine masters concentrated their efforts, and we areconsequently forced to the belief that, in their pictures at least, formis the principal source of our æsthetic enjoyment. 

Now in what way, we ask, can form in painting give me a sensation ofpleasure which differs from the ordinary sensations I receive from form?How is it that an object whose recognition in nature may have given meno pleasure, becomes, when recognised in a picture, a source of æstheticenjoyment, or that recognition pleasurable in nature becomes an enhancedpleasure the moment it is transferred to art? The answer, I believe, depends upon the fact that art stimulates to an unwonted activitypsychical processes which are in themselves the source of most (if notall) of our pleasures, and which here, free from disturbing physicalsensations, never tend to pass over into pain. For instance: I am inthe habit of realising a given object with an intensity that we shallvalue as 2. If I suddenly realise this familiar object with an intensityof 4, I receive the immediate pleasure which accompanies a doubling ofmy mental activity. But the pleasure rarely stops here. Those who arecapable of receiving direct pleasure from a work of art, are generallyled on to the further pleasures of self-consciousness. The fact that thepsychical process of recognition goes forward with the unusual intensityof 4 to 2, overwhelms them with the sense of having twice the capacitythey had credited themselves with: their whole personality is enhanced, and, being aware that this enhancement is connected with the object inquestion, they for some time after take not only an increased interestin it, but continue to realise it with the new intensity. Precisely thisis what form does in painting: it lends a higher coefficient of realityto the object represented, with the consequent enjoyment of acceleratedpsychical processes, and the exhilarating sense of increased capacity inthe observer. (Hence, by the way, the greater pleasure we take in theobject painted than in itself. )

And it happens thus. We remember that to realise form we must givetactile values to retinal sensations. Ordinarily we have considerabledifficulty in skimming off these tactile values, and by the time theyhave reached our consciousness, they have lost much of their strength. Obviously, the artist who gives us these values more rapidly than theobject itself gives them, gives us the pleasures consequent upon a morevivid realisation of the object, and the further pleasures that comefrom the sense of greater psychical capacity. 

Furthermore, the stimulation of our tactile imagination awakens ourconsciousness of the importance of the tactile sense in our physical andmental functioning, and thus, again, by making us feel better providedfor life than we were aware of being, gives us a heightened sense ofcapacity. And this brings us back once more to the statement that thechief business of the figure painter, as an artist, is to stimulate thetactile imagination. 

The proportions of this small book forbid me to develop further atheme, the adequate treatment of which would require more than theentire space at my command. I must be satisfied with the crude andunillumined exposition given already, allowing myself this further wordonly, that I do not mean to imply that we get no pleasure from a pictureexcept the tactile satisfaction. On the contrary, we get much pleasurefrom composition, more from colour, and perhaps more still frommovement, to say nothing of all the possible associative pleasures forwhich every work of art is the occasion. What I do wish to say is that_unless_ it satisfies our tactile imagination, a picture will not exertthe fascination of an ever-heightened reality; first we shall exhaustits ideas, and then its power of appealing to our emotions, and its"beauty" will not seem more significant at the thousandth look than atthe first. 

My need of dwelling upon this subject at all, I must repeat, arises fromthe fact that although this principle is important indeed in otherschools, it is all-important in the Florentine school. Without its dueappreciation it would be impossible to do justice to Florentinepainting. We should lose ourselves in admiration of its "teaching, " orperchance of its historical importance--as if historical importance weresynonymous with artistic significance!--but we should never realise whatartistic idea haunted the minds of its great men, and never understandwhy at a date so early it became academic. 

[Page heading: GIOTTO AND VALUES OF TOUCH]

Let us now turn back to Giotto and see in what way he fulfils the firstcondition of painting as an art, which condition, as we agreed, issomehow to stimulate our tactile imagination. We shall understand thiswithout difficulty if we cover with the same glance two pictures ofnearly the same subject that hang side by side in the Florence Academy, one by "Cimabue, " and the other by Giotto. The difference is striking, but it does not consist so much in a difference of pattern and types, asof realisation. In the "Cimabue" we patiently decipher the lines andcolours, and we conclude at last that they were intended to represent awoman seated, men and angels standing by or kneeling. To recognise theserepresentations we have had to make many times the effort that theactual objects would have required, and in consequence our feeling ofcapacity has not only not been confirmed, but actually put in question. With what sense of relief, of rapidly rising vitality, we turn to theGiotto! Our eyes scarcely have had time to light on it before we realiseit completely--the throne occupying a real space, the Virginsatisfactorily seated upon it, the angels grouped in rows about it. Ourtactile imagination is put to play immediately. Our palms and fingersaccompany our eyes much more quickly than in presence of real objects, the sensations varying constantly with the various projectionsrepresented, as of face, torso, knees; confirming in every way ourfeeling of capacity for coping with things, --for life, in short. I carelittle that the picture endowed with the gift of evoking such feelingshas faults, that the types represented do not correspond to my ideal ofbeauty, that the figures are too massive, and almost unarticulated; Iforgive them all, because I have much better to do than to dwell uponfaults. 

But how does Giotto accomplish this miracle? With the simplest means, with almost rudimentary light and shade, and functional line, hecontrives to render, out of all the possible outlines, out of all thepossible variations of light and shade that a given figure may have, only those that we must isolate for special attention when we areactually realising it. This determines his types, his schemes of colour, even his compositions. He aims at types which both in face and figureare simple, large-boned, and massive, --types, that is to say, which inactual life would furnish the most powerful stimulus to the tactileimagination. Obliged to get the utmost out of his rudimentary light andshade, he makes his scheme of colour of the lightest that his contrastsmay be of the strongest. In his compositions, he aims at clearness ofgrouping, so that each important figure may have its desired tactilevalue. Note in the "Madonna" we have been looking at, how the shadowscompel us to realise every concavity, and the lights every convexity, and how, with the play of the two, under the guidance of line, werealise the significant parts of each figure, whether draped orundraped. Nothing here but has its architectonic reason. Above all, every line is functional; that is to say, charged with purpose. Itsexistence, its direction, is absolutely determined by the need ofrendering the tactile values. Follow any line here, say in the figure ofthe angel kneeling to the left, and see how it outlines and models, howit enables you to realise the head, the torso, the hips, the legs, thefeet, and how its direction, its tension, is always determined by theaction. There is not a genuine fragment of Giotto in existence but hasthese qualities, and to such a degree that the worst treatment has notbeen able to spoil them. Witness the resurrected frescoes in Santa Croceat Florence!

[Page heading: SYMBOLISM OF GIOTTO]

The rendering of tactile values once recognised as the most importantspecifically artistic quality of Giotto's work, and as his personalcontribution to the art of painting, we are all the better fitted toappreciate his more obvious though less peculiar merits--merits, I mustadd, which would seem far less extraordinary if it were not for the highplane of reality on which Giotto keeps us. Now what is back of thispower of raising us to a higher plane of reality but a genius forgrasping and communicating real significance? What is it to render thetactile values of an object but to communicate its materialsignificance? A painter who, after generations of mere manufacturers ofsymbols, illustrations, and allegories had the power to render thematerial significance of the objects he painted, must, as a man, havehad a profound sense of the significant. No matter, then, what histheme, Giotto feels its real significance and communicates as much of itas the general limitations of his art, and of his own skill permit. Whenthe theme is sacred story, it is scarcely necessary to point out withwhat processional gravity, with what hieratic dignity, with whatsacramental intentness he endows it; the eloquence of the greatestcritics has here found a darling subject. But let us look a moment atcertain of his symbols in the Arena at Padua, at the "Inconstancy, " the"Injustice, " the "Avarice, " for instance. "What are the significanttraits, " he seems to have asked himself, "in the appearance and actionof a person under the exclusive domination of one of these vices? Let mepaint the person with these traits, and I shall have a figure thatperforce must call up the vice in question. " So he paints "Inconstancy"as a woman with a blank face, her arms held out aimlessly, her torsofalling backwards, her feet on the side of a wheel. It makes one giddyto look at her. "Injustice, " is a powerfully built man in the vigour ofhis years dressed in the costume of a judge, with his left handclenching the hilt of his sword, and his clawed right hand grasping adouble hooked lance. His cruel eye is sternly on the watch, and hisattitude is one of alert readiness to spring in all his giant force uponhis prey. He sits enthroned on a rock, overtowering the tall wavingtrees, and below him his underlings are stripping and murdering awayfarer. "Avarice" is a horned hag with ears like trumpets. A snakeissuing from her mouth curls back and bites her forehead. Her left handclutches her money-bag, as she moves forward stealthily, her right handready to shut down on whatever it can grasp. No need to label them: aslong as these vices exist, for so long has Giotto extracted andpresented their visible significance. 

[Page heading: GIOTTO]

Still another exemplification of his sense for the significant isfurnished by his treatment of action and movement. The grouping, thegestures never fail to be just such as will most rapidly convey themeaning. So with the significant line, the significant light and shade, the significant look up or down, and the significant gesture, with meanstechnically of the simplest, and, be it remembered, with no knowledge ofanatomy, Giotto conveys a complete sense of motion such as we get in hisPaduan frescoes of the "Resurrection of the Blessed, " of the "Ascensionof our Lord, " of the God the Father in the "Baptism, " or the angel in"Zacharias' Dream. "

This, then, is Giotto's claim to everlasting appreciation as an artist:that his thorough-going sense for the significant in the visible worldenabled him so to represent things that we realise his representationsmore quickly and more completely than we should realise the thingsthemselves, thus giving us that confirmation of our sense of capacitywhich is so great a source of pleasure. 

III. 

[Page heading: FOLLOWERS OF GIOTTO]

For a hundred years after Giotto there appeared in Florence no painterequally endowed with dominion over the significant. His immediatefollowers so little understood the essence of his power that somethought it resided in his massive types, others in the swiftness of hisline, and still others in his light colour, and it never occurred to anyof them that the massive form without its material significance, itstactile values, is a shapeless sack, that the line which is notfunctional is mere calligraphy, and that light colour by itself can atthe best spot a surface prettily. The better of them felt theirinferiority, but knew no remedy, and all worked busily, copying anddistorting Giotto, until they and the public were heartily tired. Achange at all costs became necessary, and it was very simple when itcame. "Why grope about for the significant, when the obvious is at hand?Let me paint the obvious; the obvious always pleases, " said some cleverinnovator. So he painted the obvious, --pretty clothes, pretty faces, andtrivial action, with the results foreseen: he pleased then, and hepleases still. Crowds still flock to the Spanish chapel in S. MariaNovella to celebrate the triumph of the obvious, and non-significant. Pretty faces, pretty colour, pretty clothes, and trivial action! Isthere a single figure in the fresco representing the "Triumph of St. Thomas" which incarnates the idea it symbolises, which, without itslabelling instrument, would convey any meaning whatever? One prettywoman holds a globe and sword, and I am required to feel the majesty ofempire; another has painted over her pretty clothes a bow and arrow, which are supposed to rouse me to a sense of the terrors of war; a thirdhas an organ on what was intended to be her knee, and the sight of thisinstrument must suffice to put me into the ecstasies of heavenly music;still another pretty lady has her arm akimbo, and if you want to knowwhat edification she can bring, you must read her scroll. Below thesepretty women sit a number of men looking as worthy as clothes and beardscan make them; one highly dignified old gentleman gazes with all hisheart and all his soul at--the point of his quill. The same lack ofsignificance, the same obviousness characterise the fresco representingthe "Church Militant and Triumphant. " What more obvious symbol for _the_Church than _a_ church? what more significant of St. Dominic than therefuted Paynim philosopher who (with a movement, by the way, as obviousas it is clever) tears out a leaf from his own book? And I have touchedonly on the value of these frescoes as allegories. Not to speak of theemptiness of the one and the confusion of the other, as compositions, there is not a figure in either which has tactile values, --that is tosay, artistic existence. 

While I do not mean to imply that painting between Giotto and Masaccioexisted in vain--on the contrary, considerable progress was made in thedirection of landscape, perspective, and facial expression, --it is truethat, excepting the works of two men, no masterpieces of art wereproduced. These two, one coming in the middle of the period we have beendwelling upon, and the other just at its close, were Andrea Orcagna andFra Angelico. 

[Page heading: ORCAGNA]

Of Orcagna it is difficult to speak, as only a single fairly intactpainting of his remains, the altar-piece in S. Maria Novella. Here hereveals himself as a man of considerable endowment: as in Giotto, wehave tactile values, material significance; the figures artisticallyexist. But while this painting betrays no peculiar feeling for beauty offace and expression, the frescoes in the same chapel, the one inparticular representing Paradise, have faces full of charm and grace. Iam tempted to believe that we have here a happy improvement made by therecent restorer. But what these mural paintings must always have had isreal artistic existence, great dignity of slow but rhythmic movement, and splendid grouping. They still convince us of their high purpose. Onthe other hand, we are disappointed in Orcagna's sculptured tabernacleat Or Sammichele, where the feeling for both material and spiritualsignificance is much lower. 

[Page heading: FRA ANGELICO]

We are happily far better situated toward Fra Angelico, enough of whoseworks have come down to us to reveal not only his quality as an artist, but his character as a man. Perfect certainty of purpose, utter devotionto his task, a sacramental earnestness in performing it, are what thequantity and quality of his work together proclaim. It is true thatGiotto's profound feeling for either the materially or the spirituallysignificant was denied him--and there is no possible compensation forthe difference; but although his sense for the real was weaker, it yetextended to fields which Giotto had not touched. Like all the supremeartists, Giotto had no inclination to concern himself with his attitudetoward the significant, with his feelings about it; the grasping andpresentation of it sufficed him. In the weaker personality, thesignificant, vaguely perceived, is converted into emotion, is merelyfelt, and not realised. Over this realm of feeling Fra Angelico was thefirst great master. "God's in his heaven--all's right with the world" hefelt with an intensity which prevented him from perceiving evilanywhere. When he was obliged to portray it, his imagination failed himand he became a mere child; his hells are bogy-land; his martyrdoms areenacted by children solemnly playing at martyr and executioner; and henearly spoils one of the most impressive scenes ever painted--the great"Crucifixion" at San Marco--with the childish violence of St. Jerome'stears. But upon the picturing of blitheness, of ecstatic confidence inGod's loving care, he lavished all the resources of his art. Nor werethey small. To a power of rendering tactile values, to a sense for thesignificant in composition, inferior, it is true, to Giotto's, butsuperior to the qualifications of any intervening painter, Fra Angelicoadded the charm of great facial beauty, the interest of vividexpression, the attraction of delicate colour. What in the whole worldof art more rejuvenating than Angelico's "Coronation" (in theUffizi)--the happiness on all the faces, the flower-like grace of lineand colour, the childlike simplicity yet unqualifiable beauty of thecomposition? And all this in tactile values which compel us to grant thereality of the scene, although in a world where real people arestanding, sitting, and kneeling we know not, and care not, on what. Itis true, the significance of the event represented is scarcely touchedupon, but then how well Angelico communicates the feeling with which itinspired him! Yet simple though he was as a person, simple andone-sided as was his message, as a product he was singularly complex. Hewas the typical painter of the transition from Mediæval to Renaissance. The sources of his feeling are in the Middle Ages, but he _enjoys_ hisfeelings in a way which is almost modern; and almost modern also are hismeans of expression. We are too apt to forget this transitionalcharacter of his, and, ranking him with the moderns, we count againsthim every awkwardness of action, and every lack of articulation in hisfigures. Yet both in action and in articulation he made great progressupon his precursors--so great that, but for Masaccio, who completelysurpassed him, we should value him as an innovator. Moreover, he was notonly the first Italian to paint a landscape that can be identified (aview of Lake Trasimene from Cortona), but the first to communicate asense of the pleasantness of nature. How readily we feel the freshnessand spring-time gaiety of his gardens in the frescoes of the"Annunciation" and the "Noli me tangere" at San Marco!

IV. 

[Page heading: MASACCIO]

Giotto born again, starting where death had cut short his advance, instantly making his own all that had been gained during his absence, and profiting by the new conditions, the new demands--imagine such anavatar, and you will understand Masaccio. 

Giotto we know already, but what were the new conditions, the newdemands? The mediæval skies had been torn asunder and a new heaven and anew earth had appeared, which the abler spirits were already inhabitingand enjoying. Here new interests and new values prevailed. The thing ofsovereign price was the power to subdue and to create; of sovereigninterest all that helped man to know the world he was living in and hispower over it. To the artist the change offered a field of the freestactivity. It is always his business to reveal to an age its ideals. Butwhat room was there for sculpture and painting, --arts whose firstpurpose it is to make us realise the material significance of things--ina period like the Middle Ages, when the human body was denied allintrinsic significance? In such an age the figure artist can thrive, asGiotto did, only in spite of it, and as an isolated phenomenon. In theRenaissance, on the contrary, the figure artist had a demand made on himsuch as had not been made since the great Greek days, to reveal to ageneration believing in man's power to subdue and to possess the world, the physical types best fitted for the task. And as this demand wasimperative and constant, not one, but a hundred Italian artists arose, able each in his own way to meet it, --in their combined achievement, rivalling the art of the Greeks. 

In sculpture Donatello had already given body to the new ideals whenMasaccio began his brief career, and in the education, the awakening, ofthe younger artist the example of the elder must have been ofincalculable force. But a type gains vastly in significance by beingpresented in some action along with other individuals of the same type;and here Donatello was apt, rather than to draw his meed of profit, toincur loss by descending to the obvious--witness his _bas-reliefs_ atSiena, Florence, and Padua. Masaccio was untouched by this taint. Types, in themselves of the manliest, he presents with a sense for thematerially significant which makes us realise to the utmost their powerand dignity; and the spiritual significance thus gained he uses to givethe highest import to the event he is portraying; this import, in turn, gives a higher value to the types, and thus, whether we devote ourattention to his types or to his action, Masaccio keeps us on a highplane of reality and significance. In later painting we shall easilyfind greater science, greater craft, and greater perfection of detail, but greater reality, greater significance, I venture to say, never. Dust-bitten and ruined though his Brancacci Chapel frescoes now are, Inever see them without the strongest stimulation of my tactileconsciousness. I feel that I could touch every figure, that it wouldyield a definite resistance to my touch, that I should have to expendthus much effort to displace it, that I could walk around it. In short, I scarcely could realise it more, and in real life I should scarcelyrealise it so well, the attention of each of us being too apt toconcentrate itself upon some dynamic quality, before we have at allbegun to realise the full material significance of the person before us. Then what strength to his young men, and what gravity and power to hisold! How quickly a race like this would possess itself of the earth, andbrook no rivals but the forces of nature! Whatever they do--simplybecause it is they--is impressive and important, and every movement, every gesture, is world-changing. Compared with his figures, those inthe same chapel by his precursor, Masolino, are childish, and those byhis follower, Filippino, unconvincing and without significance, becausewithout tactile values. Even Michelangelo, where he comes in rivalry, has, for both reality and significance, to take a second place. Comparehis "Expulsion from Paradise" (in the Sixtine Chapel) with the one hereby Masaccio. Michelangelo's figures are more correct, but far lesstangible and less powerful; and while he represents nothing but a manwarding off a blow dealt from a sword, and a woman cringing with ignoblefear, Masaccio's Adam and Eve stride away from Eden heart-broken withshame and grief, hearing, perhaps, but not seeing, the angel hoveringhigh overhead who directs their exiled footsteps. 

Masaccio, then, like Giotto a century earlier, --himself the Giotto of anartistically more propitious world--was, as an artist, a great master ofthe significant, and, as a painter, endowed to the highest degree with asense of tactile values, and with a skill in rendering them. In a careerof but few years he gave to Florentine painting the direction it pursuedto the end. In many ways he reminds us of the young Bellini. Who knows?Had he but lived as long, he might have laid the foundation for apainting not less delightful and far more profound than that of Venice. As it was, his frescoes at once became, and for as long as there werereal artists among them remained, the training-school of Florentinepainters. 

V. 

Masaccio's death left Florentine painting in the hands of three menolder, and two somewhat younger than himself, all men of great talent, if not of genius, each of whom--the former to the extent habits alreadyformed would permit, the latter overwhelmingly, felt his influence. Theolder, who, but for Masaccio, would themselves have been the soledetermining personalities in their art, were Fra Angelico, PaoloUccello, and Andrea del Castagno; the younger, Domenico Veneziano andFra Filippo. As these were the men who for a whole generation afterMasaccio's death remained at the head of their craft, forming the tasteof the public, and communicating their habits and aspirations to theirpupils, we at this point can scarcely do better than try to get somenotion of each of them and of the general art tendencies theyrepresented. 

[Page heading: PAOLO UCCELLO]

Fra Angelico we know already as the painter who devoted his life topicturing the departing mediæval vision of a heaven upon earth. Nothingcould have been farther from the purpose of Uccello and Castagno. Different as these two were from each other, they have this much incommon, that in their works which remain to us, dating, it is true, fromtheir years of maturity, there is no touch of mediæval sentiment, nonote of transition. As artists they belonged entirely to the new era, and they stand at the beginning of the Renaissance as types of twotendencies which were to prevail in Florence throughout the whole of thefifteenth century, partly supplementing and partly undoing the teachingof Masaccio. 

Uccello had a sense of tactile values and a feeling for colour, but inso far as he used these gifts at all, it was to illustrate scientificproblems. His real passion was perspective, and painting was to him amere occasion for solving some problem in this science, and displayinghis mastery over its difficulties. Accordingly he composed pictures inwhich he contrived to get as many lines as possible leading the eyeinward. Prostrate horses, dead or dying cavaliers, broken lances, ploughed fields, Noah's arks, are used by him with scarcely an attemptat disguise, to serve his scheme of mathematically converging lines. Inhis zeal he forgot local colour--he loved to paint his horses green orpink--forgot action, forgot composition, and, it need scarcely be added, significance. Thus in his battle-pieces, instead of adequate action ofany sort, we get the feeling of witnessing a show of stuffed figureswhose mechanical movements have been suddenly arrested by some clog intheir wires; in his fresco of the "Deluge, " he has so covered his spacewith demonstrations of his cleverness in perspective and foreshorteningthat, far from bringing home to us the terrors of a cataclysm, he at theutmost suggests the bursting of a mill-dam; and in the neighbouringfresco of the "Sacrifice of Noah, " just as some capitally constructedfigures are about to enable us to realise the scene, all possibility ofartistic pleasure is destroyed by our seeing an object in the air which, after some difficulty, we decipher as a human being plunging downwardfrom the clouds. Instead of making this figure, which, by the way, ismeant to represent God the Father, plunge toward us, Uccellodeliberately preferred to make it dash inward, away from us, therebydisplaying his great skill in both perspective and foreshortening, butat the same time writing himself down as the founder of two families ofpainters which have flourished ever since, the artists for dexterity'ssake--mental or manual, it scarcely matters--and the naturalists. Asthese two clans increased rapidly in Florence, and, for both good andevil, greatly affected the whole subsequent course of Florentinepainting, we must, before going farther, briefly define to ourselvesdexterity and naturalism, and their relation to art. 

[Page heading: ART FOR DEXTERITY'S SAKE]

The essential in painting, especially in figure-painting, is, we agreed, the rendering of the tactile values of the forms represented, because bythis means, and this alone, can the art make us realise forms betterthan we do in life. The great painter, then, is, above all, an artistwith a great sense of tactile values and great skill in rendering them. Now this sense, though it will increase as the man is revealed tohimself, is something which the great painter possesses at the start, sothat he is scarcely, if at all, aware of possessing it. His consciouseffort is given to the means of rendering. It is of means of rendering, therefore, that he talks to others; and, because his triumphs here arehard-earned and conscious, it is on his skill in rendering that heprides himself. The greater the painter, the less likely he is to beaware of aught else in his art than problems of rendering--but all thewhile he is communicating what the force of his genius makes him feelwithout his striving for it, almost without his being aware of it, thematerial and spiritual significance of forms. However--his intimateshear him talk of nothing but skill; he seems to think of nothing butskill; and naturally they, and the entire public, conclude that hisskill is his genius, and that skill _is_ art. This, alas, has at alltimes been the too prevalent notion of what art is, divergence ofopinion existing not on the principle, but on the kind of dexterity tobe prized, each generation, each critic, having an individual standard, based always on the several peculiar problems and difficulties thatinterest them. At Florence these inverted notions about art wereespecially prevalent because it was a school of art with a score of menof genius and a thousand mediocrities all egging each other on toexhibitions of dexterity, and in their hot rivalry it was all the greatgeniuses could do to be faithful to their sense of significance. EvenMasaccio was driven to exhibit his mere skill, the much admired and byitself wonderfully realised figure of a naked man trembling with coldbeing not only without real significance, but positively distracting, in the representation of a baptism. A weaker man like Paolo Uccelloalmost entirely sacrificed what sense of artistic significance he mayhave started with, in his eagerness to display his skill and knowledge. As for the rabble, their work has now the interest of prize exhibitionsat local art schools, and their number merely helped to accelerate themomentum with which Florentine art rushed to its end. But out of evenmere dexterity a certain benefit to art may come. Men without feelingfor the significant may yet perfect a thousand matters which makerendering easier and quicker for the man who comes with something torender, and when Botticelli and Leonardo and Michelangelo appeared, theyfound their artistic patrimony increased in spite of the fact that sinceMasaccio there had been no man at all approaching their genius. Thisincrease, however, was due not at all so much to the sons of dexterity, as to the intellectually much nobler, but artistically even inferiorrace of whom also Uccello was the ancestor--the Naturalists. 

[Page heading: NATURALISM IN ART]

What is a Naturalist? I venture upon the following definition:--A manwith a native gift for science who has taken to art. His purpose is notto extract the material and spiritual significance of objects, thuscommunicating them to us more rapidly and intensely than we shouldperceive them ourselves, and thereby giving us a sense of heightenedvitality; his purpose is research, and his communication consists ofnothing but facts. From this perhaps too abstract statement let us takerefuge in an example already touched upon--the figure of the Almighty inUccello's "Sacrifice of Noah. " Instead of presenting this figure ascoming toward us in an attitude and with an expression that will appealto our sense of solemnity, as a man whose chief interest was artisticwould have done--as Giotto, in fact, did in his "Baptism"--Uccello seemsto have been possessed with nothing but the scientific intention to findout how a man swooping down head-foremost would have looked if at agiven instant of his fall he had been suddenly congealed and suspendedin space. A figure like this may have a mathematical but certainly hasno psychological significance. Uccello, it is true, has studied everydetail of this phenomenon and noted down his observations, but becausehis notes happen to be in form and colour, they do not thereforeconstitute a work of art. Wherein does his achievement differ in qualityfrom a coloured map of a country? We can easily conceive of a relief mapof Cadore or Giverny on so large a scale, and so elaborately coloured, that it will be an exact reproduction of the physical aspects of thoseregions, but never for a moment should we place it beside a landscape byTitian or Monet, and think of it as a work of art. Yet its relation tothe Titian or Monet painting is exactly that of Uccello's achievement toGiotto's. What the scientist who paints--the naturalist, that is tosay, --attempts to do is not to give us what art alone can give us, thelife-enhancing qualities of objects, but a reproduction of them as theyare. If he succeeded, he would give us the exact visual impression ofthe objects themselves, but art, as we have already agreed, must give usnot the mere reproductions of things but a quickened sense of capacityfor realising them. Artistically, then, the naturalists, Uccello andhis numerous successors, accomplished nothing. Yet their efforts toreproduce objects as they are, their studies in anatomy and perspective, made it inevitable that when another great genius did arise, he shouldbe a Leonardo or a Michelangelo, and not a Giotto. 

[Page heading: ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO]

Uccello, as I have said, was the first representative of two strongtendencies in Florentine painting--of art for dexterity's sake, and artfor scientific purposes. Andrea del Castagno, while also unable toresist the fascination of mere science and dexterity, had too muchartistic genius to succumb to either. He was endowed with great sensefor the significant, although, it is true, not enough to save himcompletely from the pitfalls which beset all Florentines, and even lessfrom one more peculiar to himself--the tendency to communicate at anycost a feeling of power. To make us feel power as Masaccio andMichelangelo do at their best is indeed an achievement, but it requiresthe highest genius and the profoundest sense for the significant. Themoment this sense is at all lacking, the artist will not succeed inconveying power, but such obvious manifestations of it as merestrength, or, worse still, the insolence not infrequently accompanyinghigh spirits. Now Castagno, who succeeds well enough in one or two suchsingle figures as his Cumæan Sibyl or his Farinata degli Uberti, whichhave great, if not the greatest, power, dignity, and even beauty, elsewhere condescends to mere swagger, --as in his Pipo Spano or Niccolodi Tolentino--or to mere strength, as in his "Last Supper, " or, worsestill, to actual brutality, as in his Santa Maria Nuova "Crucifixion. "Nevertheless, his few remaining works lead us to suspect in him thegreatest artist, and the most influential personality among the paintersof the first generation after Masaccio. 

VI. 

[Page heading: DOMENICO VENEZIANO]

To distinguish clearly, after the lapse of nearly five centuries, between Uccello and Castagno, and to determine the precise share eachhad in the formation of the Florentine school, is already a task fraughtwith difficulties. The scantiness of his remaining works makes it morethan difficult, makes it almost impossible, to come to accurateconclusions regarding the character and influence of their somewhatyounger contemporary, Domenico Veneziano. That he was an innovator intechnique, in affairs of vehicle and medium, we know from Vasari; but assuch innovations, indispensable though they may become to painting as acraft, are in themselves questions of theoretic and applied chemistry, and not of art, they do not here concern us. His artistic achievementsseem to have consisted in giving to the figure movement and expression, and to the face individuality. In his existing works we find no trace ofsacrifice made to dexterity and naturalism, although it is clear that hemust have been master of whatever science and whatever craft wereprevalent in his day. Otherwise he would not have been able to render afigure like the St. Francis in his Uffizi altar-piece, where tactilevalues and movement expressive of character--what we usually callindividual _gait_--were perhaps for the first time combined; or toattain to such triumphs as his St. John and St. Francis, at Santa Croce, whose entire figures express as much fervour as their eloquent faces. As to his sense for the significant in the individual, in other words, his power as a portrait-painter, we have in the Pitti one or two headsto witness, perhaps, the first great achievements in this kind of theRenaissance. 

[Page heading: FRA FILIPPO LIPPI]

No such difficulties as we have encountered in the study of Uccello, Castagno, and Veneziano meet us as we turn to Fra Filippo. His works arestill copious, and many of them are admirably preserved; we thereforehave every facility for judging him as an artist, yet nothing is harderthan to appreciate him at his due. If attractiveness, and attractivenessof the best kind, sufficed to make a great artist, then Filippo would beone of the greatest, greater perhaps than any other Florentine beforeLeonardo. Where shall we find faces more winsome, more appealing, thanin certain of his Madonnas--the one in the Uffizi, for instance--moremomentarily evocative of noble feeling than in his Louvre altar-piece?Where in Florentine painting is there anything more fascinating than theplayfulness of his children, more poetic than one or two of hislandscapes, more charming than is at times his colour? And with allthis, health, even robustness, and almost unfailing good-humour! Yet bythemselves all these qualities constitute only a high-class illustrator, and such by native endowment I believe Fra Filippo to have been. That hebecame more--very much more--is due rather to Masaccio's potentinfluence than to his own genius; for he had no profound sense of eithermaterial or spiritual significance--the essential qualifications of thereal artist. Working under the inspiration of Masaccio, he at timesrenders tactile values admirably, as in the Uffizi Madonna--but mostfrequently he betrays no genuine feeling for them, failing in hisattempt to render them by the introduction of bunchy, billowy, calligraphic draperies. These, acquired from the late Giottesque painter(probably Lorenzo Monaco) who had been his first master, he seems tohave prized as artistic elements no less than the tactile values whichhe attempted to adopt later, serenely unconscious, apparently, of theirincompatibility. Filippo's strongest impulse was not toward thepre-eminently artistic one of re-creation, but rather toward expression, and within that field, toward the expression of the pleasant, genial, spiritually comfortable feelings of ordinary life. His real place iswith the _genre_ painters; only his _genre_ was of the soul, as that ofothers--of Benozzo Gozzoli, for example--was of the body. Hence a sin ofhis own, scarcely less pernicious than that of the naturalists, andcloying to boot--expression at any cost. 

VII. 

[Page heading: NATURALISM IN FLORENTINE ART]

From the brief account just given of the four dominant personalities inFlorentine painting from about 1430 to about 1460, it results that theleanings of the school during this interval were not artistic andartistic alone, but that there were other tendencies as well, tendencieson the one side, toward the expression of emotion (scarcely lessliterary because in form and colour than if in words), and, on theother, toward the naturalistic reproduction of objects. We have alsonoted that while the former tendency was represented by Filippo alone, the latter had Paolo Uccello, and all of Castagno and Veneziano that thegenius of these two men would permit them to sacrifice to naturalismand science. To the extent, however, that they took sides and wereconscious of a distinct purpose, these also sided with Uccello and notwith Filippo. It may be agreed, therefore, that the main current ofFlorentine painting for a generation after Masaccio was naturalistic, and that consequently the impact given to the younger painters whoduring this period were starting, was mainly toward naturalism. Later, in studying Botticelli, we shall see how difficult it was for any oneyoung at the time to escape this tide, even if by temperament farthestremoved from scientific interests. 

Meanwhile we must continue our study of the naturalists, but now of thesecond generation. Their number and importance from 1460 to 1490 is notalone due to the fact that art education toward the beginning of thisepoch was mainly naturalistic, but also to the real needs of a rapidlyadvancing craft, and even more to the character of the Florentine mind, the dominant turn of which was to science and not to art. But as therewere then no professions scientific in the stricter sense of the word, and as art of some form was the pursuit of a considerable proportion ofthe male inhabitants of Florence, it happened inevitably that many a ladwith the natural capacities of a Galileo was in early boyhoodapprenticed as an artist. And as he never acquired ordinary methods ofscientific expression, and never had time for occupations notbread-winning, he was obliged his life long to make of his art both thesubject of his strong instinctive interest in science, and the vehicleof conveying his knowledge to others. 

[Page heading: ALESSIO BALDOVINETTI]

This was literally the case with the oldest among the leaders of the newgeneration, Alessio Baldovinetti, in whose scanty remaining works notrace of purely artistic feeling or interest can be discerned; and it isonly less true of Alessio's somewhat younger, but far more giftedcontemporaries, Antonio Pollaiuolo and Andrea Verrocchio. These also weshould scarcely suspect of being more than men of science, if Pollaiuoloonce or twice, and Verrocchio more frequently, did not dazzle us withworks of almost supreme art, which, but for our readiness to believe inthe manifold possibilities of Florentine genius, we should withexceeding difficulty accept as their creation--so little do they seem toresult from their conscious striving. Alessio's attention being largelydevoted to problems of vehicle--to the side of painting which isscarcely superior to cookery--he had time for little else, although thatspare time he gave to the study of landscape, in the rendering of whichhe was among the innovators. Andrea and Antonio set themselves the muchworthier task of increasing on every side the effectiveness of thefigure arts, of which, sculpture no less than painting, they aimed to bemasters. 

[Page heading: POLLAIUOLO AND VERROCCHIO]

To confine ourselves, however, as closely as we may to painting, andleaving aside for the present the question of colour, which, as I havealready said, is, in Florentine art, of entirely subordinate importance, there were three directions in which painting as Pollaiuolo andVerrocchio found it had greatly to advance before it could attain itsmaximum of effectiveness: landscape, movement, and the nude. Giotto hadattempted none of these. The nude, of course, he scarcely touched;movement he suggested admirably, but never rendered; and in landscapehe was satisfied with indications hardly more than symbolical, althoughquite adequate to his purpose, which was to confine himself to the humanfigure. In all directions Masaccio made immense progress, guided by hisnever failing sense for material significance, which, as it led him torender the tactile values of each figure separately, compelled him alsoto render the tactile values of groups as wholes, and of their landscapesurroundings--by preference, hills so shaped as readily to stimulate thetactile imagination. For what he accomplished in the nude and inmovement, we have his "Expulsion" and his "Man Trembling with Cold" towitness. But in his works neither landscape nor movement, nor the nude, are as yet distinct sources of artistic pleasure--that is to say, inthemselves life-enhancing. Although we can well leave the nude until wecome to Michelangelo, who was the first to completely realise itsdistinctly artistic possibilities, we cannot so well dispense with anenquiry into the sources of our æsthetic pleasure in the representationof movement and of landscape, as it was in these two directions--inmovement by Pollaiuolo especially, and in landscape by Baldovinetti, Pollaiuolo, and Verrocchio--that the great advances of this generationof Florentine painters were made. 

VIII. 

[Page heading: REPRESENTATION OF MOVEMENT]

Turning our attention first to movement--which, by the way, is not thesame as motion, mere change of place--we find that we realise it just aswe realise objects, by the stimulation of our tactile imagination, onlythat here touch retires to a second place before the muscular feelingsof varying pressure and strain. I see (to take an example) two menwrestling, but unless my retinal impressions are immediately translatedinto images of strain and pressure in my muscles, of resistance to myweight, of touch all over my body, it means nothing to me in terms ofvivid experience--not more, perhaps, than if I heard some one say "Twomen are wrestling. " Although a wrestling match may, in fact, containmany genuinely artistic elements, our enjoyment of it can never be quiteartistic; we are prevented from completely realising it not only by ourdramatic interest in the game, but also, granting the possibility ofbeing devoid of dramatic interest, by the succession of movements beingtoo rapid for us to realise each completely, and too fatiguing, even ifrealisable. Now if a way could be found of conveying to us therealisation of movement without the confusion and the fatigue of theactuality, we should be getting out of the wrestlers more than theythemselves can give us--the heightening of vitality which comes to uswhenever we keenly realise life, such as the actuality itself would giveus, _plus_ the greater effectiveness of the heightening brought about bythe clearer, intenser, and less fatiguing realisation. This is preciselywhat the artist who succeeds in representing movement achieves: makingus realise it as we never can actually, he gives us a heightened senseof capacity, and whatever is in the actuality enjoyable, he allows us toenjoy at our leisure. In words already familiar to us, he _extracts thesignificance of movements_, just as, in rendering tactile values, theartist extracts the corporeal significance of objects. His task is, however, far more difficult, although less indispensable:--it is notenough that he should extract the values of what at any given moment isan actuality, as is an object, but what at no moment really is--namelymovement. He can accomplish his task in only one way, and that is by sorendering the one particular movement that we shall be able to realiseall other movements that the same figure may make. "He is grappling withhis enemy now, " I say of my wrestler. "What a pleasure to be able torealise in my own muscles, on my own chest, with my own arms and legs, the life that is in him as he is making his supreme effort! What apleasure, as I look away from the representation, to realise in the samemanner, how after the contest his muscles will relax, and rest tricklelike a refreshing stream through his nerves!" All this I shall be madeto enjoy by the artist who, in representing any one movement, can giveme the logical sequence of visible strain and pressure in the parts andmuscles. 

It is just here that the scientific spirit of the Florentine naturalistswas of immense service to art. This logic of sequence is to be attainedonly by great, although not necessarily more than empiric, knowledge ofanatomy, such perhaps as the artist pure would never be inclined to workout for himself, but just such as would be of absorbing interest tothose scientists by temperament and artists by profession whom we havein Pollaiuolo and, to a less extent, in Verrocchio. We remember howGiotto contrived to render tactile values. Of all the possible outlines, of all the possible variations of light and shade that a figure mayhave, he selected those that we must isolate for special attention whenwe are actually realising it. If instead of figure, we say figure inmovement, the same statement applies to the way Pollaiuolo renderedmovement--with this difference, however, that he had to render what inactuality we never can perfectly isolate, the line and light and shademost significant of any given action. This the artist must constructhimself out of his dramatic feeling for pressure and strain and hisability to articulate the figure in all its logical sequences, for, ifhe would convey a sense of movement, he must give the line and thelight and shade which will best render not tactile values alone, but thesequences of articulations. 

[Page heading: "BATTLE OF THE NUDES"]

It would be difficult to find more effective illustration of all thathas just been said about movement than one or two of Pollaiuolo's ownworks, which, in contrast to most of his achievements, where little morethan effort and research are visible, are really masterpieces oflife-communicating art. Let us look first at his engraving known as the"Battle of the Nudes. " What is it that makes us return to this sheetwith ever renewed, ever increased pleasure? Surely it is not the hideousfaces of most of the figures and their scarcely less hideous bodies. Noris it the pattern as decorative design, which is of great beauty indeed, but not at all in proportion to the spell exerted upon us. Least of allis it--for most of us--an interest in the technique or history ofengraving. No, the pleasure we take in these savagely battling formsarises from their power to directly communicate life, to immenselyheighten our sense of vitality. Look at the combatant prostrate on theground and his assailant bending over, each intent on stabbing theother. See how the prostrate man plants his foot on the thigh of hisenemy, and note the tremendous energy he exerts to keep off the foe, who, turning as upon a pivot, with his grip on the other's head, exertsno less force to keep the advantage gained. The significance of allthese muscular strains and pressures is so rendered that we cannot helprealising them; we imagine ourselves imitating all the movements, andexerting the force required for them--and all without the least efforton our side. If all this without moving a muscle, what should we feel ifwe too had exerted ourselves! And thus while under the spell of thisillusion--this hyperæsthesia not bought with drugs, and not paid forwith cheques drawn on our vitality--we feel as if the elixir of life, not our own sluggish blood, were coursing through our veins. 

[Page heading: "HERCULES STRANGLING DAVID"]

Let us look now at an even greater triumph of movement than the Nudes, Pollaiuolo's "Hercules Strangling Antæus. " As you realise the suction ofHercules' grip on the earth, the swelling of his calves with the pressurethat falls on them, the violent throwing back of his chest, the stiflingforce of his embrace; as you realise the supreme effort of Antæus, withone hand crushing down upon the head and the other tearing at the arm ofHercules, you feel as if a fountain of energy had sprung up under yourfeet and were playing through your veins. I cannot refrain frommentioning still another masterpiece, this time not only of movement, butof tactile values and personal beauty as well--Pollaiuolo's "David" atBerlin. The young warrior has sped his stone, cut off the giant's head, and now he strides over it, his graceful, slender figure still vibratingwith the rapidity of his triumph, expectant, as if fearing the ease ofit. What lightness, what buoyancy we feel as we realise the movement ofthis wonderful youth!

IX. 

[Page heading: VERROCCHIO AND LANDSCAPE]

In all that concerns movement, Verrocchio was a learner from Pollaiuolo, rather than an initiator, and he probably never attained his master'sproficiency. We have unfortunately but few terms for comparison, as theonly paintings which can be with certainty ascribed to Verrocchio arenot pictures of action. A drawing however like that of his angel, in theBritish Museum, which attempts as much movement as the Hercules byPollaiuolo, in the same collection, is of obviously inferior quality. Yet in sculpture, along with works which are valuable as harbingers ofLeonardo rather than for any intrinsic perfection, he created two suchmasterpieces of movement as the "Child with the Dolphin" in thecourtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio, and the Colleoni monument atVenice--the latter sinning, if at all, by an over-exuberance ofmovement, by a step and swing too suggestive of drums and trumpets. Butin landscape Verrocchio was a decided innovator. To understand what newelements he introduced, we must at this point carry out ourdetermination to enquire into the source of our pleasure in landscapepainting; or rather--to avoid a subject of vast extent for which this isnot the place--of landscape painting as practised by the Florentines. 

[Page heading: LANDSCAPE PAINTING]

Before Verrocchio, his precursors, first Alessio Baldovinetti and thenPollaiuolo, had attempted to treat landscape as naturalistically aspainting would permit. Their ideal was to note it down with absolutecorrectness from a given point of view; their subject almost invariablythe Valdarno; their achievement, a bird's-eye view of this Tuscanparadise. Nor can it be denied that this gives pleasure, but thepleasure is only such as is conveyed by tactile values. Instead ofhaving the difficulty we should have in nature to distinguish clearlypoints near the horizon's edge, we here see them perfectly and withoutan effort, and in consequence feel great confirmation of capacity forlife. Now if landscape were, as most people vaguely believe, a pleasurecoming through the eyes alone, then the Pollaiuolesque treatment couldbe equalled by none that has followed, and surpassed only by Rogier vander Weyden, or by the quaint German "Master of the Lyversberg Passion, "who makes us see objects miles away with as great a precision and withas much intensity of local colour as if we were standing off from them afew feet. Were landscape really this, then nothing more inartistic thangradation of tint, atmosphere, and _plein air_, all of which help tomake distant objects less clear, and therefore tend in no way toheighten our sense of capacity. But as a matter of fact the pleasure wetake in actual landscape is only to a limited extent an affair of theeye, and to a great extent one of unusually intense well-being. Thepainter's problem, therefore, is not merely to render the tactile valuesof the visible objects, but to convey, more rapidly and unfailingly thannature would do, _the consciousness_ of an unusually intense degree ofwell-being. This task--the communication by means purely visual offeelings occasioned chiefly by sensations non-visual--is of suchdifficulty that, until recently, successes in the rendering of what ispeculiar to landscape as an art, and to landscape alone, were accidentaland sporadic. Only now, in our own days, may painting be said to begrappling with this problem seriously; and perhaps we are already at thedawn of an art which will have to what has hitherto been calledlandscape, the relation of our music to the music of the Greeks or ofthe Middle Ages. 

[Page heading: VERROCCHIO'S LANDSCAPES]

Verrocchio was, among Florentines at least, the first to feel that afaithful reproduction of the contours is not landscape, that thepainting of nature is an art distinct from the painting of the figure. He scarcely knew where the difference lay, but felt that light andatmosphere play an entirely different part in each, and that inlandscape these have at least as much importance as tactile values. Avision of _plein air_, vague I must grant, seems to have hovered beforehim, and, feeling his powerlessness to cope with it in full effects oflight such as he attempted in his earlier pictures, he deliberatelychose the twilight hour, when, in Tuscany, on fine days, the trees standout almost black against a sky of light opalescent grey. To render thissubduing, soothing effect of the coolness and the dew after the glareand dust of the day--the effect so matchlessly given in Gray's"Elegy"--seemed to be his first desire as a painter, and in presence ofhis "Annunciation" (in the Uffizi), we feel that he succeeded as onlyone other Tuscan succeeded after him, that other being his own pupilLeonardo. 

X. 

[Page heading: GENRE ARTISTS]

It is a temptation to hasten on from Pollaiuolo and Verrocchio toBotticelli and Leonardo, to men of genius as artists reappearing againafter two generations, men who accomplished with scarcely an effort whattheir precursors had been toiling after. But from these it would be evenmore difficult than at present to turn back to painters of scarcely anyrank among the world's great artists, and of scarcely any importance aslinks in a chain of evolution, but not to be passed by, partly becauseof certain qualities they do possess, and partly because their nameswould be missed in an account, even so brief as this, of Florentinepainting. The men I chiefly refer to, one most active toward the middleand the other toward the end of the fifteenth century, are BenozzoGozzoli and Domenico Ghirlandaio. Although they have been rarely coupledtogether, they have much in common. Both were, as artists, little morethan mediocrities with almost no genuine feeling for what makes paintinga great art. The real attractiveness of both lies entirely outside thesphere of pure art, in the realms of _genre_ illustration. And here thelikeness between them ends; within their common ground they differedwidely. 

[Page heading: BENOZZO GOZZOLI]

Benozzo was gifted with a rare facility not only of execution but ofinvention, with a spontaneity, a freshness, a liveliness in telling astory that wake the child in us, and the lover of the fairy tale. Laterin life, his more precious gifts deserted him, but who wants to resistthe fascination of his early works, painted, as they seem, by a FraAngelico who had forgotten heaven and become enamoured of the earth andthe spring-time? In his Riccardi Palace frescoes, he has sunk already toportraying the Florentine apprentice's dream of a holiday in the countryon St. John's Day; but what a _naïf_ ideal of luxury and splendour itis! With these, the glamour in which he saw the world began to fade awayfrom him, and in his Pisan frescoes we have, it is true, many a quaintbit of _genre_ (superior to Teniers only because of superiorassociations), but never again the fairy tale. And as the betterrecedes, it is replaced by the worse, by the bane of all _genre_painting, non-significant detail, and positive bad taste. Have Londonor New York or Berlin worse to show us than the jumble of buildings inhis ideal of a great city, his picture of Babylon? It may be said hehere continues mediæval tradition, which is quite true, but this veryfact indicates his real place, which, in spite of his adopting so manyof the fifteenth-century improvements, is not with the artists of theRenaissance, but with the story-tellers and costumed fairy-tale paintersof the transition, with Spinello Aretino and Gentile da Fabriano, forinstance. And yet, once in a while, he renders a head with suchcharacter, or a movement with such ease that we wonder whether he hadnot in him, after all, the making of a real artist. 

[Page heading: GHIRLANDAIO]

Ghirlandaio was born to far more science and cunning in painting thanwas current in Benozzo's early years, and all that industry, all thatlove of his occupation, all that talent even, can do for a man, they didfor him; but unfortunately he had not a spark of genius. He appreciatedMasaccio's tactile values, Pollaiuolo's movement, Verrocchio's effectsof light, and succeeded in so sugaring down what he adopted from thesegreat masters that the superior philistine of Florence could say: "Therenow is a man who knows as much as any of the great men, but can give mesomething that I can really enjoy!" Bright colour, pretty faces, goodlikenesses, and the obvious everywhere--attractive and delightful, itmust be granted, but, except in certain single figures, neversignificant. Let us glance a moment at his famous frescoes in SantaMaria Novella. To begin with, they are so undecorative that, in spite ofthe tone and surface imparted to them by four centuries, they stillsuggest so many _tableaux vivants_ pushed into the wall side by side, and in tiers. Then the compositions are as overfilled as the sheets ofan illustrated newspaper--witness the "Massacre of the Innocents, " ascene of such magnificent artistic possibilities. Finally, irrelevantepisodes and irrelevant groups of portraits do what they can to distractour attention from all higher significance. Look at the "Birth of John";Ginevra dei Benci stands there, in the very foreground, staring out atyou as stiff as if she had a photographer's iron behind her head. Aneven larger group of Florentine housewives in all their finerydisfigures the "Birth of the Virgin, " which is further spoiled by a _basrelief_ to show off the painter's acquaintance with the antique, and bythe figure of the serving maid who pours out water, with the rush of awhirlwind in her skirts--this to show off skill in the rendering ofmovement. Yet elsewhere, as in his "Epiphany" in the Uffizi, Ghirlandaiohas undeniable charm, and occasionally in portraits his talent, here atits highest, rises above mediocrity, in one instance, the fresco ofSassetti in Santa Trinità, becoming almost genius. 

XI. 

[Page heading: LEONARDO]

All that Giotto and Masaccio had attained in the rendering of tactilevalues, all that Fra Angelico or Filippo had achieved in expression, allthat Pollaiuolo had accomplished in movement, or Verrocchio in light andshade, Leonardo, without the faintest trace of that tentativeness, thatpainfulness of effort which characterised his immediate precursors, equalled or surpassed. Outside Velasquez, and perhaps, when at theirbest, Rembrandt and Degas, we shall seek in vain for tactile values sostimulating and so convincing as those of his "Mona Lisa"; outsideDegas, we shall not find such supreme mastery over the art of movementas in the unfinished "Epiphany" in the Uffizi; and if Leonardo has beenleft far behind as a painter of light, no one has succeeded in conveyingby means of light and shade a more penetrating feeling of mystery andawe than he in his "Virgin of the Rocks. " Add to all this, a feeling forbeauty and significance that have scarcely ever been approached. Whereagain youth so poignantly attractive, manhood so potently virile, oldage so dignified and possessed of the world's secrets! Who like Leonardohas depicted the mother's happiness in her child and the child's joy inbeing alive; who like Leonardo has portrayed the timidity, the newnessto experience, the delicacy and refinement of maidenhood; or theenchantress intuitions, the inexhaustible fascination of the woman inher years of mastery? Look at his many sketches for Madonnas, look athis profile drawing of Isabella d'Este, or at the _Belle Joconde_, andsee whether elsewhere you find their equals. Leonardo is the one artistof whom it may be said with perfect literalness: Nothing that he touchedbut turned into a thing of eternal beauty. Whether it be thecross-section of a skull, the structure of a weed, or a study ofmuscles, he, with his feeling for line and for light and shade, forevertransmuted it into life-communicating values; and all without intention, for most of these magical sketches were dashed off to illustrate purelyscientific matter, which alone absorbed his mind at the moment. 

And just as his art is life-communicating as is that of scarcelyanother, so the contemplation of his personality is life-enhancing asthat of scarcely any other man. Think that great though he was as apainter, he was no less renowned as a sculptor and architect, musicianand improviser, and that all artistic occupations whatsoever were in hiscareer but moments snatched from the pursuit of theoretical andpractical knowledge. It would seem as if there were scarcely a field ofmodern science but he either foresaw it in vision, or clearlyanticipated it, scarcely a realm of fruitful speculation of which hewas not a freeman; and as if there were hardly a form of human energywhich he did not manifest. And all that he demanded of life was thechance to be useful! Surely, such a man brings us the gladdest of alltidings--the wonderful possibilities of the human family, of whosechances we all partake. 

Painting, then, was to Leonardo so little of a preoccupation that wemust regard it as merely a mode of expression used at moments by a manof universal genius, who recurred to it only when he had no moreabsorbing occupation, and only when it could express what nothing elsecould, the highest spiritual through the highest material significance. And great though his mastery over his craft, his feeling forsignificance was so much greater that it caused him to linger long overhis pictures, labouring to render the significance he felt but which hishand could not reproduce, so that he rarely finished them. We thus havelost in quantity, but have we lost in quality? Could a mere painter, oreven a mere artist, have seen and felt as Leonardo? We may well doubt. We are too apt to regard a universal genius as a number of ordinarybrains somehow conjoined in one skull, and not always on the mostneighbourly terms. We forget that genius means mental energy, and that aLeonardo, for the self-same reason that prevents his being merely apainter--the fact that it does not exhaust a hundredth part of hisenergy--will, when he does turn to painting, bring to bear a power ofseeing, feeling, and rendering, as utterly above that of the ordinarypainter as the "Mona Lisa" is above, let us say, Andrea del Sarto's"Portrait of his Wife. " No, let us not join in the reproaches made toLeonardo for having painted so little; because he had much more to dothan to paint, he has left all of us heirs to one or two of thesupremest works of art ever created. 

XII. 

[Page heading: BOTTICELLI]

Never pretty, scarcely ever charming or even attractive; rarely correctin drawing, and seldom satisfactory in colour; in types, ill-favoured;in feeling acutely intense and even dolorous--what is it then that makesSandro Botticelli so irresistible that nowadays we may have noalternative but to worship or abhor him? The secret is this, that inEuropean painting there has never again been an artist so indifferent torepresentation and so intent upon presentation. Educated in a period oftriumphant naturalism, he plunged at first into mere representation withalmost self-obliterating earnestness; the pupil of Fra Filippo, he wastrained to a love of spiritual _genre_; himself gifted with stronginstincts for the significant, he was able to create such a type of thethinker as in his fresco of St. Augustin; yet in his best years he lefteverything, even spiritual significance, behind him, and abandonedhimself to the presentation of those qualities alone which in a pictureare _directly_ life-communicating, and life-enhancing. Those of us whocare for nothing in the work of art but what it represents, are eitherpowerfully attracted or repelled by his unhackneyed types and quiveringfeeling; but if we are such as have an imagination of touch and ofmovement that it is easy to stimulate, we feel a pleasure in Botticellithat few, if any, other artists can give us. Long after we haveexhausted both the intensest sympathies and the most violentantipathies with which the representative elements in his pictures mayhave inspired us, we are only on the verge of fully appreciating hisreal genius. This in its happiest moments is an unparalleled power ofperfectly combining values of touch with values of movement. 

Look, for instance, at Botticelli's "Venus Rising from the Sea. "Throughout, the tactile imagination is roused to a keen activity, byitself almost as life heightening as music. But the power of music iseven surpassed where, as in the goddess' mane-like tresses of hairfluttering to the wind, not in disorderly rout but in masses yieldingonly after resistance, the movement is directly life-communicating. Theentire picture presents us with the quintessence of all that ispleasurable to our imagination of touch and of movement. How we revel inthe force and freshness of the wind, in the life of the wave! And suchan appeal he always makes. His subject may be fanciful, as in the "Realmof Venus" (the "Spring"); religious, as in the Sixtine Chapel frescoesor in the "Coronation of the Virgin"; political, as in the recentlydiscovered "Pallas Taming a Centaur"; or even crudely allegorical, as inthe Louvre frescoes, --no matter how unpropitious, how abstract the idea, the vivid appeal to our tactile sense, the life-communicating movementis always there. Indeed, at times it seems that the less artistic thetheme, the more artistic the fulfilment, the painter being impelled togive the utmost values of touch and movement to just those figures whichare liable to be read off as mere empty symbols. Thus, on the figurerepresenting political disorder--the Centaur--in the "Pallas, "Botticelli has lavished his most intimate gifts. He constructs the torsoand flanks in such a way that every line, every indentation, every bossappeals so vividly to the sense of touch that our fingers feel as ifthey had everywhere been in contact with his body, while his face givesto a still heightened degree this convincing sense of reality, everyline functioning perfectly for the osseous structure of brow, nose, andcheeks. As to the hair--imagine shapes having the supreme life of lineyou may see in the contours of licking flames, and yet possessed of allthe plasticity of something which caresses the hand that models it toits own desire!

[Page heading: LINEAL DECORATION]

In fact, the mere subject, and even representation in general, was soindifferent to Botticelli, that he appears almost as if haunted by theidea of communicating the _unembodied_ values of touch and movement. Nowthere is a way of rendering even tactile values with almost no body, andthat is by translating them as faithfully as may be into values ofmovement. For instance:--we want to render the roundness of a wristwithout the slightest touch of either light or shade; we simply give themovement of the wrist's outline and the movement of the drapery as itfalls over it, and the roundness is communicated to us almost entirelyin terms of movement. But let us go one step further. Take this linethat renders the roundness of the wrist, or a more obvious example, thelines that render the movements of the tossing hair, the flutteringdraperies, and the dancing waves in the "Birth of Venus"--take theselines alone with all their power of stimulating our imagination ofmovement, and what do we have? Pure values of movement abstracted, unconnected with any representation whatever. This kind of line, then, being the quintessence of movement, has, like the essential elements inall the arts, a power of stimulating our imagination and of directlycommunicating life. Well! imagine an art made up entirely of thesequintessences of movement-values, and you will have something that holdsthe same relation to representation that music holds to speech--and thisart exists, and is called lineal decoration. In this art of arts SandroBotticelli may have had rivals in Japan and elsewhere in the East, butin Europe never. To its demands he was ready to sacrifice everythingthat habits acquired under Filippo and Pollaiuolo, --and hisemployers!--would permit. The representative element was for him a mere_libretto_: he was happiest when his subject lent itself to translationinto what may be called a lineal symphony. And to this symphonyeverything was made to yield; tactile values were translated into valuesof movement, and, for the same reason--to prevent the drawing of the eyeinward, to permit it to devote itself to the rhythm of the line--thebackgrounds were either entirely suppressed or kept as simple aspossible. Colour also, with almost a contempt for its representativefunction, Botticelli entirely subordinated to his lineal scheme, compelling it to draw attention to the line, rather than, as is usual, away from it. 

This is the explanation of the value put upon Botticelli's masterpieces. In some of his later works, such as the Dresden _predelle_, we have, itis true, bacchanals rather than symphonies of line, and in many of hisearlier paintings, in the "_Fortezza_, " for instance, the harness andtrappings have so disguised Pegasus that we scarcely know him from acart horse. But the painter of the "Venus Rising from the Sea, " of the"Spring, " or of the Villa Lemmi frescoes is the greatest artist oflineal design that Europe has ever had. 

XIII. 

[Page heading: POPULARISERS OF ART]

Leonardo and Botticelli, like Michelangelo after them, found imitatorsbut not successors. To communicate more material and spiritualsignificance than Leonardo, would have taken an artist with deeperfeeling for significance; to get more music out of design thanBotticelli, would have required a painter with even greater passion forthe re-embodiment of the pure essences of touch and movement. There werenone such in Florence, and the followers of Botticelli--Leonardo's wereall Milanese, and do not here concern us--could but imitate the patternsof their master: the patterns of the face, the patterns of thecomposition, and the patterns of the line; dragging them down to theirown level, sugaring them down to their own palate, slowing them down totheir own insensitiveness for what is life-communicating. And althoughtheir productions, which were nothing but translations of great man'sart into average man's art, became popular, as was inevitable, with theaverage man of their time, (who comprehended them better and felt morecomfortable in their presence than in that of the originals which herespectfully admired but did not so thoroughly enjoy), nevertheless weneed not dwell on these popularisers nor on their popularisations--noteven on Filippino, with his touch of consumptive delicacy, norRaffaelino del Garbo, with his glints of never-to-be-fulfilled promise. 

[Page heading: FRA BARTOLOMMEO]

Before approaching the one man of genius left in Florence afterBotticelli and Leonardo, before speaking of Michelangelo, the man inwhom all that was most peculiar and much that was greatest in thestriving of Florentine art found its fulfilment, let us turn for amoment to a few painters who, just because they were men of manifoldtalent, might elsewhere almost have become masters. Fra Bartolommeo, Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo, and Bronzino were perhaps no less gifted asartists than Palma, Bonifazio Veronese, Lotto, and Tintoretto; but theirtalents, instead of being permitted to flower naturally, were scorchedby the passion for showing off dexterity, blighted by academic ideals, and uprooted by the whirlwind force of Michelangelo. 

Fra Bartolommeo, who in temperament was delicate, refined, graceful, andas a painter had a miniaturist's feeling for the dainty, was induced todesert his lovely women, his exquisite landscape, and his gentleness ofexpression for figures constructed mechanically on a colossal scale, orfor effects of the round at any cost. And as evil is more obvious thangood, Bartolommeo, the painter of that masterpiece of colour and lightand shade, of graceful movement and charming feeling, the "Madonna withthe Baptist and St. Stephen" in the Cathedral at Lucca, Bartolommeo, thedainty deviser of Mr. Mond's tiny "Nativity, " Bartolommeo, the artificerof a hundred masterpieces of pen drawing, is almost unknown; and to mostpeople Fra Bartolommeo is a sort of synonym for pomposity. He is knownonly as the author of physically colossal, spiritually insignificantprophets and apostles, or, perchance, as the painter of pitch-darkaltar-pieces: this being the reward of devices to obtain mere relief. 

[Page heading: ANDREA DEL SARTO]

Andrea del Sarto approached perhaps as closely to a Giorgione or aTitian as could a Florentine, ill at ease in the neighbourhood ofLeonardo and Michelangelo. As an artist he was, it is true, not endowedwith the profoundest sense for the significant, yet within the sphere ofcommon humanity who has produced anything more genial than his "Portraitof a Lady"--probably his wife--with a Petrarch in her hands? Where outof Venetia can we find portraits so simple, so frank, and yet sointerpretive as his "Sculptor, " or as his various portraits ofhimself--these, by the way, an autobiography as complete as any inexistence, and tragic as few? Almost Venetian again is his "St. James"caressing children, a work of the sweetest feeling. Even in coloureffect, and technique, how singularly close to the best Venetianpainting in his "Dispute about the Trinity"--what blacks and whites, what greys and purplish browns! And in addition, tactile values peculiarto Florence--what a back St. Sebastian's! But in a work of scarcely lesstechnical merit, the "Madonna of the Harpies, " we already feel the mannot striving to get the utmost out of himself, but panting for the grandand magnificent. Even here, he remains almost a great artist, becausehis natural robustness comes to his rescue; but the "Madonna" is tooobviously statuesque, and, good saints, pray why all these draperies?

The obviously statuesque and draperies were Andrea's devices for keepinghis head above water in the rising tide of the Michelangelesque. As youglance in sequence at the Annunziata frescoes, on the whole so full ofvivacity, gaiety, and genuine delight in life, you see from one frescoto another the increased attention given to draperies. In the Scalzoseries, otherwise masterpieces of tactile values, the draperies do theirutmost to smother the figures. Most of these paintings are closed inwith ponderous forms which have no other purpose than to serve as aframe, and as clothes-horses for draperies: witness the scene ofZacharias in the temple, wherein none of the bystanders dare move forfear of disturbing their too obviously arranged folds. 

Thus by constantly sacrificing first spiritual, and then materialsignificance to pose and draperies, Andrea loses all feeling for theessential in art. What a sad spectacle is his "Assumption, " wherein theApostles, the Virgin herself, have nothing better to do than to show offdraperies! Instead of feeling, as in the presence of Titian's "Assunta, "wrapt to heaven, you gaze at a number of tailor's men, each showing howa stuff you are thinking of trying looks on the back, or in a certaineffect of light. But let us not end on this note; let us bear in mindthat, despite all his faults, Andrea painted the one "Last Supper" whichcan be looked at with pleasure after Leonardo's. 

[Page heading: PONTORMO]

Pontormo, who had it in him to be a decorator and portrait-painter ofthe highest rank, was led astray by his awe-struck admiration forMichelangelo, and ended as an academic constructor of monstrous nudes. What he could do when expressing _himself_, we see in the lunette atPoggio a Caiano, as design, as colour, as fancy, the freshest, gayest, most appropriate mural decoration now remaining in Italy; what he coulddo as a portrait-painter, we see in his wonderfully decorative panel ofCosimo dei Medici at San Marco, or in his portrait of a "Lady with aDog" (at Frankfort), perhaps the first portrait ever painted in whichthe sitter's social position was insisted upon as much as the personalcharacter. What Pontormo sank to, we see in such a riot of meaninglessnudes, all caricatures of Michelangelo, as his "Martyrdom of FortySaints. "

[Page heading: BRONZINO]

Bronzino, Pontormo's close follower, had none of his master's talent asa decorator, but happily much of his power as a portrait-painter. Wouldhe had never attempted anything else! The nude without material orspiritual significance, with no beauty of design or colour, the nudesimply because it was the nude, was Bronzino's ideal in composition, andthe result is his "Christ in Limbo. " But as a portrait-painter, he tookup the note struck by his master and continued it, leaving behind him aseries of portraits which not only had their effect in determining thecharacter of Court painting all over Europe, but, what is more to thepoint, a series of portraits most of which are works of art. Aspainting, it is true, they are hard, and often timid; but their air ofdistinction, their interpretive qualities, have not often beensurpassed. In his Uffizi portraits of Eleanora di Toledo, of PrinceFerdinand, of the Princess Maria, we seem to see the prototypes ofVelasquez' queens, princes, and princesses: and for a fine example ofdignified rendering of character, look in the Sala Baroccio of theUffizi at a bust of a young woman with a missal in her hand. 

XIV. 

[Page heading: MICHELANGELO]

The great Florentine artists, as we have seen, were, with scarcely anexception, bent upon rendering the material significance of visiblethings. This, little though they may have formulated it, was theconscious aim of most of them; and in proportion as they emancipatedthemselves from ecclesiastical dominion, and found among their employersmen capable of understanding them, their aim became more and moreconscious and their striving more energetic. At last appeared the manwho was the pupil of nobody, the heir of everybody, who felt profoundlyand powerfully what to his precursors had been vague instinct, who sawand expressed the meaning of it all. The seed that produced him hadalready flowered into a Giotto, and once again into a Masaccio; in him, the last of his race, born in conditions artistically most propitious, all the energies remaining in his stock were concentrated, and in himFlorentine art had its logical culmination. 

[Page heading: ANTHROPOMORPHISM IN ART]

Michelangelo had a sense for the materially significant as great asGiotto's or Masaccio's, but he possessed means of rendering, inheritedfrom Donatello, Pollaiuolo, Verrocchio and Leonardo, --means that hadbeen undreamt of by Giotto or even by Masaccio. Add to this that he sawclearly what before him had been felt only dimly, that there was noother such instrument for conveying material significance as the humannude. This fact is as closely dependent on the general conditions ofrealising objects as tactile values are on the psychology of sight. Werealise objects when we perfectly translate them into terms of our ownstates, our own feelings. So obviously true is this, that even the leastpoetically inclined among us, because we keenly realise the movement ofa railway train, to take one example out of millions, speak of it as_going_ or _running_, instead of _rolling on its wheels_, thus being noless guilty of anthropomorphising than the most unregenerate savages. Ofthis same fallacy we are guilty every time we think of anythingwhatsoever with the least warmth--we are lending this thing some humanattributes. The more we endow it with human attributes, the less wemerely know it, the more we realise it, the more does it approach thework of art. Now there is one and only one object in the visibleuniverse which we need not anthropomorphise to realise--and that is manhimself. His movements, his actions, are the only things we realisewithout any myth-making effort--directly. Hence, there is no visibleobject of such artistic possibilities as the human body; nothing withwhich we are so familiar; nothing, therefore, in which we so rapidlyperceive changes; nothing, then, which if represented so as to berealised more quickly and vividly than in life, will produce its effectwith such velocity and power, and so strongly confirm our sense ofcapacity for living. 

[Page heading: VALUE OF THE NUDE IN ART]

Values of touch and movement, we remember, are the specifically artisticqualities in figure painting (at least, as practised by theFlorentines), for it is through them chiefly that painting directlyheightens life. Now while it remains true that tactile values can, asGiotto and Masaccio have forever established, be admirably rendered onthe draped figure, yet drapery is a hindrance, and, at the best, only away out of a difficulty, for we _feel_ it masking the reallysignificant, which is _the form underneath_. A mere painter, one who issatisfied to reproduce what everybody sees, and to paint for the fun ofpainting, will scarcely comprehend this feeling. His only significant isthe obvious--in a figure, the face and the clothing, as in most of theportraits manufactured nowadays. The artist, even when compelled topaint draped figures, will force the drapery to render the nude, inother words the material significance of the human body. But how muchmore clearly will this significance shine out, how much moreconvincingly will the character manifest itself, when between itsperfect rendering and the artist nothing intervenes! And this perfectrendering is to be accomplished with the nude only. 

If draperies are a hindrance to the conveyance of tactile values, theymake the perfect rendering of movement next to impossible. To realisethe play of muscle everywhere, to get the full sense of the variouspressures and resistances, to receive the direct inspiration of theenergy expended, we must have the nude; for here alone can we watchthose tautnesses of muscle and those stretchings and relaxings andripplings of skin which, translated into similar strains on our ownpersons, make us fully realise movement. Here alone the translation, owing to the multitude and the clearness of the appeals made, isinstantaneous, and the consequent sense of increased capacity almost asgreat as can be attained; while in the draped figure we miss all theappeal of visible muscle and skin, and realise movement only after aslow translation of certain functional outlines, so that the sense ofcapacity which we receive from the perception of movement is increasedbut slightly. 

We are now able to understand why every art whose chief preoccupation isthe human figure must have the nude for its chief interest; why, also, the nude is the most absorbing problem of classic art at all times. Notonly is it the best vehicle for all that in art which is directlylife-confirming and life-enhancing, but it is itself the mostsignificant object in the human world. The first person since the greatdays of Greek sculpture to comprehend fully the identity of the nudewith great figure art, was Michelangelo. Before him, it had beenstudied for scientific purposes--as an aid in rendering the drapedfigure. He saw that it was an end in itself, and the final purpose ofhis art. For him the nude and art were synonymous. Here lies the secretof his successes and his failures. 

[Page heading: MICHELANGELO]

First, his successes. Nowhere outside of the best Greek art shall wefind, as in Michelangelo's works, forms whose tactile values so increaseour sense of capacity, whose movements are so directly communicated andinspiring. Other artists have had quite as much feeling for tactilevalues alone, --Masaccio, for instance; others still have had at least asmuch sense of movement and power of rendering it, --Leonardo, forexample; but no other artist of modern times, having at all his controlover the materially significant, has employed it as Michelangelo did, onthe one subject where its full value can be manifested--the nude. Henceof all the achievements of modern art, his are the most invigorating. Surely not often is our imagination of touch roused as by his Adam inthe "Creation, " by his Eve in the "Temptation, " or by his many nudes inthe same ceiling of the Sixtine Chapel, --there for no other purpose, beit noted, than their direct tonic effect! Nor is it less rare to quaffsuch draughts of unadulterated energy as we receive from the "GodCreating Adam, " the "Boy Angel" standing by Isaiah, or--to choose one ortwo instances from his drawings (in their own kind the greatest inexistence)--the "Gods Shooting at a Mark" or the "Hercules and theLion. "

And to this feeling for the materially significant and all this power ofconveying it, to all this more narrowly artistic capacity, Michelangelojoined an ideal of beauty and force, a vision of a glorious but possiblehumanity, which, again, has never had its like in modern times. Manliness, robustness, effectiveness, the fulfilment of our dream of agreat soul inhabiting a beautiful body, we shall encounter nowhere elseso frequently as among the figures in the Sixtine Chapel. Michelangelocompleted what Masaccio had begun, the creation of the type of man bestfitted to subdue and control the earth, and, who knows! perhaps morethan the earth. 

[Page heading: LAST WORKS OF MICHELANGELO]

But unfortunately, though born and nurtured in a world where hisfeeling for the nude and his ideal of humanity could be appreciated, hepassed most of his life in the midst of tragic disasters, and while yetin the fulness of his vigour, in the midst of his most creative years, he found himself alone, perhaps the greatest, but alas! also the last ofthe giants born so plentifully during the fifteenth century. He lived onin a world he could not but despise, in a world which really could nomore employ him than it could understand him. He was not allowed, therefore, to busy himself where he felt most drawn by his genius, and, much against his own strongest impulses, he was obliged to expend hisenergy upon such subjects as the "Last Judgment. " His later works allshow signs of the altered conditions, first in an overflow into thefigures he was creating of the scorn and bitterness he was feeling, thenin the lack of harmony between his genius and what he was compelled toexecute. His passion was the nude, his ideal power. But what outlet forsuch a passion, what expression for such an ideal could there be insubjects like the "Last Judgment, " or the "Crucifixion ofPeter"--subjects which the Christian world imperatively demanded shouldincarnate the fear of the humble and the self-sacrifice of the patient?Now humility and patience were feelings as unknown to Michelangelo as toDante before him, or, for that matter, to any other of the world'screative geniuses at any time. Even had he felt them, he had no means ofexpressing them, for his nudes could convey a sense of power, not ofweakness; of terror, not of dread; of despair, but not of submission. And terror the giant nudes of the "Last Judgment" do feel, but it is notterror of the Judge, who, being in no wise different from the others, inspite of his omnipotent gesture, seems to be _announcing_ rather than_willing_ what the bystanders, his fellows, could not _unwill_. As therepresentation of the moment before the universe disappears inchaos--Gods huddling together for the _Götterdämmerung_--the "LastJudgment" is as grandly conceived as possible: but when the crash comes, none will survive it, no, not even God. Michelangelo therefore failed inhis conception of the subject, and could not but fail. But where elsein the whole world of art shall we receive such blasts of energy as fromthis giant's dream, or, if you will, nightmare? For kindred reasons, the"Crucifixion of Peter" is a failure. Art can be only life-communicatingand life-enhancing. If it treats of pain and death, these must alwaysappear as manifestations and as results only of living resolutely andenergetically. What chance is there, I ask, for this, artistically theonly possible treatment, in the representation of a man crucified withhis head downwards? Michelangelo could do nothing but make thebystanders, the executioners, all the more life-communicating, andtherefore inevitably more sympathetic! No wonder he failed here! What atragedy, by the way, that the one subject perfectly cut out for hisgenius, the one subject which required none but genuinely artistictreatment, his "Bathers, " executed forty years before these last works, has disappeared, leaving but scant traces! Yet even these suffice toenable the competent student to recognise that this composition musthave been the greatest masterpiece in figure art of modern times. 

That Michelangelo had faults of his own is undeniable. As he got older, and his genius, lacking its proper outlets, tended to stagnate andthicken, he fell into exaggerations--exaggerations of power intobrutality, of tactile values into feats of modelling. No doubt he wasalso at times as indifferent to representation as Botticelli! But whilethere is such a thing as movement, there is no such thing as tactilevalues without representation. Yet he seems to have dreamt of presentingnothing but tactile values: hence his many drawings with only the torsoadequately treated, the rest unheeded. Still another result from hispassion for tactile values. I have already suggested that Giotto's typeswere so massive because such figures most easily convey values of touch. Michelangelo tended to similar exaggerations, to making shoulders, forinstance, too broad and too bossy, simply because they make thus a morepowerful appeal to the tactile imagination. Indeed, I venture to go evenfarther, and suggest that his faults in all the arts, sculpture no lessthan painting, and architecture no less than sculpture, are due to thisself-same predilection for salient projections. But the lover of thefigure arts for what in them is genuinely artistic and not merelyethical, will in Michelangelo, even at his worst, get such pleasures as, excepting a few, others, even at their best, rarely give him. 

 * * * * *

[Page heading: CONSTANT AIMS OF FLORENTINE ART]

In closing, let us note what results clearly even from this briefaccount of the Florentine school, namely that, although no Florentinemerely took up and continued a predecessor's work, nevertheless all, from first to last, fought for the same cause. There is no oppositionbetween Giotto and Michelangelo. The best energies of the first, of thelast, and of all the intervening great Florentine artists werepersistently devoted to the rendering of tactile values, or of movement, or of both. Now successful grappling with problems of form and ofmovement is at the bottom of all the higher arts; and because of thisfact, Florentine painting, despite its many faults, is, after Greeksculpture, the most serious figure art in existence. 

INDEX TO THE WORKS OF THE PRINCIPAL FLORENTINE PAINTERS. 

NOTE. 

The following lists make no claim to absolute completeness, but nogenuine work by the painters mentioned, found in the better known publicor private collections, has been omitted. With the exception of three orfour pictures, which he knows only in the photographs, the author hasseen and carefully studied every picture indicated, and is aloneresponsible for the attributions, although he is happy to acknowledgehis indebtedness to the writings of Signor Cavalcaselle, of the lateGiovanni Morelli, of Signor Gustavo Frizzoni, and of Dr. J. P. Richter. For the convenience of students, lists of the sculptures, but the moreimportant only, have been appended to the lists of pictures by thoseartists who have left sculptures as well as paintings. 

Public galleries are mentioned first, then private collections, andchurches last. The principal public gallery is always understood afterthe simple mention of a city or town. Thus, Paris means Paris, Louvre, London means London, National Gallery, etc. 

An interrogation point after the title of a picture indicates that itsattribution to the given painter is doubtful. Distinctly early or lateworks are marked E. Or L. 

It need scarcely be said that the attributions here given are not basedon official catalogues, and are often at variance with them. 

MARIOTTO ALBERTINELLI. 

1474-1515. Pupil of Cosimo Rosselli and Pier di Cosimo; influenced by Lorenzo di Credi; worked in partnership with Fra Bartolommeo. 

Agram (Croatia). STROSSMAYER COLLECTION. Adam and Eve driven from Paradise. E. Bergamo. LOCHIS, 203. Crucifixion. MORELLI, 32. St. John and the Magdalen. E. Cambridge. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, 162. Madonna and infant John. 1509. Chartres. MUSÉE. Tabernacle: Madonna and Saints, Crucifixion, etc. E. Florence. ACADEMY, 63. Trinity. 167. Madonna and four Saints. 169. Annunciation. 1510. PITTI, 365. Holy Family. UFFIZI, 71. Last Judgment (begun in 1499 by Fra Bartolommeo). 1259. Visitation, with _Predella_. 1503. CORSINI, 160. Holy Family (in part). 1511. CERTOSA (near Florence). Crucifixion. 1505. Geneva. MUSÉE. Annunciation. 1511. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY, 7. Nativity. 24. Scenes from the Creation. E. The Hague. 306. Holy Family with infant John (on Fra Bartolommeo's cartoon). Madrid. DUKE OF ALBA. Madonna. Milan. POLDI-PEZZOLI, 477. Triptych. 1500. Munich. 1057. Annunciation and the two Saints. New York. MR. SAMUEL UNTERMEYER. Female Saint. Paris. 1114. Madonna and Saints (begun by Filippino, who laid in the St. Jerome. Albertinelli was assisted by Bugiardini in the execution of the rest, especially in the Child and landscape). 1506. Pisa. S. CATERINA. Madonna and Saints (on Fra Bartolommeo's cartoon). 1511. Rome. BORGHESE, 310. Madonna and infant John (on Fra Bartolommeo's cartoon). 1511. 421. Head of Christ. Scotland. GOSFORD HOUSE, EARL OF WEMYSS. Madonna. Siena. 564. St. Catherine. 1512. 565. The Magdalen. 1512. Stuttgart. 242, 243, 244. Coronation and two _putti_ (top of Fra Bartolommeo's altar-piece at Besançon). 1512. Venice. SEMINARIO, 18. Madonna. Volterra. DUOMO. Annunciation. E. 

ALUNNO DI DOMENICO. 

Descriptive name for Florentine painter whose real name appears to have been Bartolommeo di Giovanni. Flourished last two decades of fifteenth century. Assistant of Ghirlandajo; influenced by Amico di Sandro. 

Aix-en-Provence. MUSÉE. Madonna and infant John adoring Child. Arezzo. MUSEO, SALA II, 4. Tabernacle: Magdalen and St. Antony at foot of Cross. Dresden. 17 and 18. _Tondi_: SS. Michael and Raphael. Florence. ACADEMY, 67. _Pietà_ and Stories of Saints. 268. St. Thomas Aquinas, Gabriel, and a Prophet. 269. Madonna with St. Dominic and a Prophet. 278. St. Jerome. 279. St. Francis receiving the Stigmata. 280. Entombment. UFFIZI, 85. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John. 1208. St. Benedict and two Monks. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO, SMALL REFECTORY. Crucifixion with SS. Peter, Andrew, the Magdalen, and two other Saints. MARCHESE MANELLI RICCARDI. _Pietà_. INNOCENTI, GALLERY, 63-70. Seven _Predelle_ to Ghirlandajo's altarpiece in church, in which he painted also the "Massacre of the Innocents. " 1488. Horsmonden (Kent). CAPEL MANOR, MRS. AUSTEN. Two _Cassone_-fronts: Centaurs and Lapithæ. Liverpool. WALKER ART GALLERY, 17. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. 18. Bishop dining with a Woman. London. MR. BRINSLEY MARLAY. Four _Cassone_-fronts: Stories of Joseph and of The Taking of Troy. SIR KENNETH MUIR MACKENZIE. Madonna and infant John. Longleat (Warminster). MARQUESS OF BATH. Two _Cassone_-fronts: Feast and Flight. Lovere (Lago d'Iseo). GALLERIA TADINI, 29. Madonna and infant John. Milan. BORROMEO. _Pietà_Narni. MUNICIPIO. Two compartments of the _Predelle_ to Ghirlandajo's Coronation of Virgin: SS. Francis and Jerome. 1486. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 47. St. Jerome. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, 22. Madonna and infant John. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE-BORDONARO, 118. St. Jerome. Paris. 1416A. Marriage of Peleus and Thetis. 1416B. Triumph of Venus. M. JEAN DOLLFUS, 1519. Frame to a Trecento Madonna. M. JOSEPH SPIRIDON. Scene from the Tale of Nastagio degli Onesti. 1483. Rome. COLONNA, 11. Reconciliation between Romans and Sabines. 14. Rape of Sabines. Scotland. LANGTON (NEAR DUNS), HON. MRS. BAILLIE-HAMILTON. _Cassone_-front: Story of Io. Vienna. DR. A. FIGDOR. Large Cross with SS. Jerome and Francis. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Several Martyrdoms, including the Decapitation of the Baptist beside a Well. Warwick Castle. EARL OF WARWICK. Two small _Tondi_: St. Stephen; A Bishop. 

AMICO DI SANDRO. 

An artistic personality between Botticelli and Filippino Lippi. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 100. Profile Portrait of Caterina Sforza. Bergamo. MORELLI, 21. Profile Portrait of Giuliano de' Medici. Berlin. 82. Madonna. HERR EDWARD SIMON. Bust of Young Man. Budapest. 52. Madonna in Landscape with St. Antony of Padua and kneeling Monk. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ. _Cassone_-front: Story of Esther. Florence. PITTI, 336. "_La Bella Simonetta. _" 353. Death of Lucretia. UFFIZI, 23. Madonna and three Angels (from S. Maria Nuova). E. 1547. Madonna adoring Child. CENACOLO DI FOLIGNO (VIA FAENZA), 100. Madonna and infant John adoring Child. CORSINI GALLERY, 340. The Five Virtues. Horsmonden (Kent). CAPEL MANOR, MRS. AUSTEN. Madonna and Angel (version of lost original by Botticelli). E. London. 1124. Adoration of Magi. 1412. Madonna and infant John. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM, IONIDES BEQUEST. Portrait of Esmeralda Bandinelli. E. MR. ROBERT BENSON. Tobias and the Angel. Meiningen. GRAND DUCAL PALACE. Nativity. Milan. PRINCE TRIVULZIO. Profile of Lady. Naples. Madonna and two Angels. E. MUSEO FILANGIERI, 1506 bis. Portrait of Young Man. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, 4, 5. Two panels with Sibyls in Niches. Paris. 1662A. _Cassone_-front: Death of Virginia. 1663. Portrait of Young Man. COMTE PASTRE: _Cassone_-front: Story of Esther. BARON SCHLICHTING. Madonna (version of Filippo's Madonna at Munich). Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Portrait of Man. Rome. COUNT GREGORI STROGANOFF. Two Angels swinging Censers. Scotland. NEWBATTLE ABBEY (DALKEITH), MARQUESS OF LOTHIAN. Coronation of Virgin (lunette). St. Petersburg. STROGANOFF COLLECTION. Nativity and Angels in Landscape. Turin. 113. Tobias and the three Archangels. Vienna. PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN. Bust of Young Man. Two _Cassone_ panels with Story of Esther. 

ANDREA (Vanucci) DEL SARTO. 

1486-1531. Pupil of Pier di Cosimo; influenced by Fra Bartolommeo and Michelangelo. 

Berlin. 240. Bust of his Wife. 246. Madonna and Saints. 1528. Dresden. 76. Marriage of St. Catherine. E. 77. Sacrifice of Isaac. Florence. ACADEMY, 61. Two Angels. 1528. 75. Fresco: Dead Christ. 76. Four Saints. 1528. 77. _Predelle_ to 76. PITTI, 58. Deposition. 1524. 66. Portrait of Young Man. 81. Holy Family. 87, 88. Life of Joseph. 1516. 124. Annunciation. 172. Dispute over the Trinity. 1517. 184. Portrait of Young Man. 191. Assumption. 1531. 225. Assumption. 1526. 272. The Baptist. 476. Madonna. UFFIZI, 93. "Noli me Tangere. " E. 188. Portrait of his Wife. 280. Fresco: Portrait of Himself. 1112. "Madonna dell' Arpie. " 1517. 1176. Portrait of Himself. 1230. Portrait of Lady. 1254. St. James. CORSINI GALLERY. Apollo and Daphne. E. CHIOSTRO DELLO SCALZO. Monochrome Frescoes: Charity, 1512-15. Preaching of Baptist, finished 1515. Justice, 1515. St. John Baptising, 1517. Baptist made Prisoner, 1517. Faith, 1520. Dance of Salome, 1522. Annunciation to Zacharias, 1522. Decapitation of Baptist, 1523. Feast of Herod, 1523. Hope, 1523. Visitation, 1524. Birth of Baptist, 1526. SS. ANNUNZIATA, ENTRANCE COURT. Frescoes: Five to L. With the Story of St. Filippo Benizzi, 1509-1510. R. , Adoration of Magi, 1511. Birth of Virgin, 1514. CHAPEL TO L. OF ENTRANCE. Head of Christ. INNER CLOISTER, OVER DOOR. Fresco: "Madonna del Sacco. " 1525. S. SALVI. Fresco: Four Evangelists. 1515. Fresco: Last Supper, begun in 1519. POGGIO A CAJANO (Royal Villa near Florence). Fresco: Cæsar receiving Tribute. 1521 (finished by A. Allori). London. 690. Portrait of a Sculptor. HERTFORD HOUSE. Madonna and Angels. MR. ROBERT BENSON. _Tondo_: Madonna with infant John. L. MR. LEOPOLD DE ROTHSCHILD. Madonna and infant John. Madrid. 383. Portrait of his Wife. 385. Holy Family and Angel. 387. Sacrifice of Isaac. 1529. Naples. Copy of Raphael's Leo X. Paris. 1514. Charity. 1518. 1515. Holy Family. Petworth House (Sussex). LORD LECONFIELD, 333. Madonna with infant John and three Angels (?). E. Rome. BORGHESE, 336. Madonna and infant John. E. St. Petersburg. 24. Madonna with SS. Elizabeth and Catherine. 1519. Vienna. 39. _Pietà_. 42. Tobias and Angel with St. Leonard and Donor. E. 52. Madonna and infant John (in part). Windsor Castle. Bust of Woman. 

FRA ANGELICO DA FIESOLE. 

1387-1455. Influenced by Lorenzo Monaco and Masaccio. 

Agram (Croatia). STROSSMAYER COLLECTION, St. Francis receiving Stigmata; Death of St. Peter Martyr. Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 91. St. Francis before the Sultan. Berlin. 60. Madonna and Saints. 60A. Last Judgment. L. 61. SS. Dominic and Francis. 62. Glory of St. Francis. (Magazine. ) Head of Saint. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Death and Assumption of Virgin. Brant Broughton (Lincolnshire). REV. ARTHUR F. SUTTON. A Bishop. Cortona. S. DOMENICO, OVER ENTRANCE. Fresco: Madonna and Saints. GESÙ. Annunciation. E. Two _Predelle_. E. Triptych: Madonna with four Saints, etc. Düsseldorf. AKADEMIE, 27. Head of Baptist. Florence. ACADEMY, 166. Deposition (three pinnacles by Lorenzo Monaco). 227. Madonna and six Saints. 234-237. Fourteen scenes from Life of Christ. 1448. 240. Madonna enthroned (but not the Trinity above). 243. Story of SS. Cosmas and Damian (in part). 246. Entombment. 250. Crucifixion. 251. Coronation of Virgin. 252-254, Sixteen scenes from Life of Christ and Virgin, except the "Legge d'Amore. " 1448. 258. Martyrdom of SS. Cosmas and Damian. 265. Madonna with six Saints and two Angels. 266. Last Judgment (not the Damned nor the Inferno). 281. Madonna and eight Saints and eight Angels. 1438 (ruined). 283. _Predella_: _Pietà_ and Saints. L. (ruined). UFFIZI, 17. Triptych: Madonna with Saints and Angels; _Predella_. 1433. 1162. _Predella_ to No. 1290: Birth of John. 1168. _Predella_ to No. 1290: _Sposalizio_. 1184. _Predella_ to No. 1290: Dormition. 1290. Coronation of Virgin. 1294. Tabernacle: Madonna, Saints, and Angels. 1443. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO. Frescoes, all painted from between about 1439 to no later than 1445. CLOISTER. St. Peter Martyr; St. Dominic at foot of Cross; St. Dominic (ruined); _Pietà_; Christ as Pilgrim with two Dominicans; St. Thomas Aquinas. CHAPTER HOUSE. Large Crucifixion. UPPER FLOOR, WALLS. Annunciation; St. Dominic at foot of Cross; Madonna with eight Saints. ROOMS, NO. 1. "Noli me Tangere. " 2. Entombment. 3. Annunciation. 4. Crucifixion. 5. Nativity. 6. Transfiguration. 7. Ecce Homo. 8. Resurrection. 9. Coronation of Virgin. 10. Presentation in Temple. 11. Madonna and Saints. 15-23. Crucifixions (some ruined). 24. Baptism. 25. Crucifixion. 26. _Pietà_. 28. Christ bearing Cross. 31. Descent to Limbo. 32. Sermon on the Mount. 33. Betrayal of Judas. Panels: Small Madonna and Angels; Small Coronation. 34. Agony in Garden. Panel: Small Annunciation. 35. Institution of the Eucharist. 36. Nailing to Cross. 37. Crucifixion. 38. Adoration of Magi, and _Pietà_. 42, 43. Crucifixions. S. DOMENICO DI FIESOLE (near Florence) Madonna and Saints (architecture and landscape by Lorenzo di Credi). SACRISTY OF ADJOINING MONASTERY. Fresco: Crucifixion. Frankfort a. /M. HERR ADOLF SCHAEFFER. Madonna enthroned and four Angels. London. 663. Paradise. MRS. J. E. TAYLOR. Small panel. Lyons. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. Madonna with SS. Peter, Paul, and George, with Angels and kneeling Donor. Madrid. PRADO, 14. Annunciation. DUKE OF ALBA. Madonna and Angels. Munich. 989-991. Legends of Saints. 992. Entombment. Orvieto. DUOMO, CHAPEL OF S. BRIZIO. Ceiling Frescoes: Christ as Judge; Prophets (assisted by Benozzo Gozzoli). 1447. Paris. 1290. Coronation of Virgin. 1293. Martyrdom of SS. Cosmas and Damian. 1294. Fresco: Crucifixion. M. GEORGES CHALANDON. Meeting of Francis and Dominic. M. NOEL VALOIS. Crucifixion with Cardinal (probably) John Torquemada, as Donor. L. Parma. 429. Madonna and four Saints. Perugia. SALA V, 1-18. Altarpiece in many parts. Pisa. SALA VI, 7. Salvator Mundi. Rome. CORSINI, SALA VII, 22. Pentecost. 23. Last Judgment. 24. Ascension. VATICAN, PINACOTECA. Madonna; two _Predelle_ with Legend of St. Nicholas. MUSEO CRISTIANO, CASE Q. V. St. Francis receiving Stigmata. CHAPEL OF NICHOLAS V. Frescoes: Lives of SS. Stephen and Lawrence. 1447-1449. COUNT GREGORI STROGANOFF. Small Tabernacle. St. Petersburg. HERMITAGE, 1674. Fresco: Madonna with SS. Dominic and Thomas Aquinas. Turin. 103, 104. Adoring Angels. Vienna. BARON TUCHER. Annunciation (in part). 

BACCHIACCA (Francesco Ubertini). 

About 1494-1557. Pupil of Perugino and Franciabigio; influenced by Andrea del Sarto and Michelangelo. 

Asolo. CANONICA DELLA PARROCCHIA. Madonna with St. Elizabeth. Bergamo. MORELLI, 62. Death of Abel. Berlin. 267. Baptism. 267A. Portrait of Young Woman. (MAGAZINE. ) Decapitation of Baptist. HERR EUGEN SCHWEIZER. Leda and the Swan. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Head of Woman. Brocklesby (Lincolnshire). EARL OF YARBOROUGH. Madonna and St. Anne. Budapest. 70. Preaching of Baptist. Cassel. 484. Old Man Seated. Dijon. Musée, Donation Jules Maciet. Resurrection. Dresden. 80. Legendary Subject. 1523. Florence. PITTI, 102. The Magdalen. UFFIZI, 87. Descent from Cross. 1296. _Predelle_: Life of St. Ascanius. 1571. Tobias and Angel. CORSINI GALLERY, 164. Madonna, infant John, and sleeping Child. 206. Portrait of Man. 1540. CONTE NICCOLINI (Via dei Servi). Madonna with St. Anne and infant John. CONTE SERRISTORI. Madonna with St. Anne and infant John. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. DRURY LOWE, 44. Christ bearing Cross. London. 1218, 1219. Story of Joseph. 1304. Marcus Curtius. MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Portrait of Young Man. MR. FREDERICK A. WHITE. Birth Plate. Milan. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI. Adoration of Magi; Madonna. DR. GUSTAVO FRIZZONI. Adam and Eve. Munich. 1077. Madonna and infant John. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, 55. "Noli me Tangere. " 57. Resurrection of Lazarus. Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK. Holy Family; Last Supper; Crucifixion. Two _Grisailles_: Apollo and Cupid; Apollo and Daphne. Rome. BORGHESE, 338. Madonna. 425, 426, 440, 442, 463. Life of Joseph. MISS HERTZ. Bust of Magdalen. Troyes. MUSÉE. Tobias and Angel. Venice. SEMINARIO, 23. Madonna. PRINCE GIOVANELLI. Moses Striking Rock. Wiesbaden. NASSAUISCHES KUNSTVEREIN, 114. Madonna and infant John. 

ALESSO BALDOVINETTI. 

1425-1499. Pupil of Domenico Veneziano; influenced by Paolo Uccello. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 23. Fresco: Portrait of Himself (fragment from S. Trinita, Florence). Berlin. 1614. Profile of Young Woman. (?)Florence. ACADEMY, 159. Trinity. 1471. 233. Marriage of Cana; Baptism; Transfiguration. 1448. UFFIZI, 56. Annunciation. 60. Madonna and Saints. MR. B. BERENSON. Madonna. E. S. AMBROGIO. Baptist with SS. Catherine, Stephen, Ambrose, and Angels, 1470-1473. SS. ANNUNZIATA, ENTRANCE COURT. Fresco: Nativity. 1460-1462. DUOMO, SACRISTY. Intarsias (after his cartoons): Nativity, 1463. Circumcision. S. MARCO, COURTYARD. Crucifixion with S. Antonino. S. MINIATO, PORTUGUESE CHAPEL. Annunciation. 1466. Frescoes in CUPOLA AND SPANDRILS: Prophets. Begun 1466. S. PANCRAZIO, RUCCELLAI CHAPEL. Fresco: Resurrected Christ. 1467. PAZZI CHAPEL (beside S. Croce). Window in CHOIR (after his design): St. Andrew. S. TRINITA, CHOIR. Frescoes: begun in 1471: CEILING. Noah; Moses; Abraham; David. Lunettes: Fragment of Sacrifice of Isaac; slight fragment of Moses receiving the Tables of the Law. Paris. 1300A. Madonna in Landscape. E. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. Madonna in Landscape. 

FRA BARTOLOMMEO (Baccio delta Porta). 

1475-1517. Pupil of Pier di Cosimo; influenced by Leonardo and Michelangelo. 

Ashridge Park (Berkhampstead). EARL BROWNLOW, Madonna. L. Berlin. 249. Assumption (upper part by Albertinelli). Probably, 1508. Besançon. CATHEDRAL. Madonna in Glory, Saints, and Ferry Carondolet as Donor. 1512Cambridge (U. S. A. ). FOGG MUSEUM. Sacrifice of Abel. Florence. ACADEMY, 58. St. Vincent Ferrer. 97. Vision of St. Bernard. 1506. 168. Heads in Fresco. 171. Fresco: Madonna. 172. Portrait of Savonarola. 173. Fresco: Madonna. PITTI, 64. Deposition. 125. St. Mark. 1514. 159. Christ and the four Evangelists. 1516. 208. Madonna and Saints. 1512. 256. Holy Family. 377. Fresco: Ecce Homo. UFFIZI, 71. Fresco: Last Judgment. Begun 1499, finished by Albertinelli. 1126. Isaiah. 1130. Job. 1161. Small Diptych. E. 1265. Underpainting for Altarpiece (from his cartoons). 1510-13. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO, SAVONAROLA'S CELL. Fresco: Madonna, 1514. Profile of Savonarola. E. Fresco: Christ at Emmaus. S. MARCO, 2D ALTAR R. Madonna and Saints. 1509. PIAN DI MUGNONE (near Florence). S. MADDALENA. Frescoes: Annunciation. 1515; "Noli me Tangere. " 1517. Grenoble. MUSÉE, 374. Madonna. London. 1694. Madonna in Landscape. COL. G. L. HOLFORD, DORCHESTER HOUSE. Madonna (in part). MR. LUDWIG MOND. Holy Family; Small Nativity. EARL OF NORTH BROOK. Holy Family (finished by Albertinelli). Lucca. "Madonna della Misericordia. " 1515. God adored by Saints. 1509. DUOMO, CHAPEL L. OF CHOIR. Madonna and Saints. 1509. Naples. Assumption of Virgin (in great part). 1516. Panshanger (Hertford). Holy Family. Burial and Ascension of S. Antonino. Paris. 1115. "Noli me Tangere. " 1506. 1153. Annunciation. 1515. 1154. Madonna and Saints. 1511. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Adam and Eve (unfinished). Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK, OCTAGON ROOM, 40. Madonna with St. Elizabeth and Children. 1516. Rome. CORSINI GALLERY, 579. Holy Family. 1516. LATERAN, 73. St. Peter (finished by Raphael). 75. St. Paul. MARCHESE VISCONTI VENOSTA. _Tondo_: Holy Family. St. Petersburg. Madonna and three Angels. 1515. Vienna. 34. Madonna. 38. Madonna and Saints (assisted by Albertinelli). 1510. 41. Circumcision. 1516. 

BENOZZO GOZZOLI. 

1420-1497. Pupil possibly of Giuliano Pesello, and of the Bicci; assistant and follower of Fra Angelico. 

Berlin. 60B. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. Miracle of S. Zanobi. 1461. Béziers. MUSÉE, 193. St. Rose and the Magdalen. Cambridge (U. S. A. ). FOGG MUSEUM. Madonna. Castelfiorentino (near Empoli). CAPPELLA DI S. CHIARA. Tabernacle with Frescoes (in great part). MADONNA DELLA TOSSE (on way to Castelnuovo). Frescoes (in great part). 1484. Certaldo. CAPPELLA DEL PONTE DELL' AGLIENA. Tabernacle with Frescoes. 1465. Cologne. 520. Madonna and Saints. 1473. Florence. ACADEMY, 37. Pilaster with SS. Bartholomew, James, and John the Baptist (execution probably by Giusto d'Andrea). UFFIZI, 1302. _Predella_: _Pietà_ and Saints. PALAZZO RICCARDI. Frescoes: Procession of Magi; Angels. 1459. PALAZZO ALESSANDRI. Four _Predelle_: Miracle of St. Zanobi; Totila before St. Benedict; Fall of Simon Magus; Conversion of St. Paul. E. MR. HERBERT P. HORNE. Large Crucifixion. L. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. DRURY LOWE. Crucifixion. E. London. 283. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. 1461. H. M. THE KING, BUCKINGHAM PALACE. Death of Simon Magus. 1461. MR. C. N. ROBINSON. Madonna and Angels. Meiningen. GRAND DUCAL PALACE. St. Ursula. Milan. BRERA, 475. St. Dominic restoring Child to Life. 1461. Montefalco. PINACOTECA (S. Francesco). BAY TO R. OF ENTRANCE. Various Frescoes, 1452. CHOIR. Frescoes: Scenes from Life of St. Francis, etc. Finished, 1452. S. FORTUNATO, OVER ENTRANCE. Fresco: Madonna, Saints, and Angels. 1450. R. WALL. Fresco: Madonna and Angel, 1450. SECOND ALTAR R. Fresco: S. Fortunato enthroned. 1450. Narni. MUNICIPIO. Annunciation. Paris. 1319. Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas. BARONNE D'ADELSWARD. Four Saints. 1471. Perugia. SALA VII, 20. Madonna and Saints. 1456. Philadelphia. MR. PETER WIDENER. Raising of Lazarus. Pisa. SALA VI. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. Madonna and St. Anna. CAMPO SANTO. Series of Frescoes from Old Testament; also an Annunciation. 1468-1484. RICOVERO PER MENDICITÀ (ancient Refectory of S. Domenico). Frescoes: Crucifixion and Saints; St. Dominic and two Angels (in part). L. UNIVERSITÀ DEI CAPPELLANI (Piazza del Duomo). Madonna, Saints, and Donors. 1470. Rome. LATERAN, 60. Polyptych. 1450. VATICAN, MUSEO CRISTIANO, CASE S, XII. Small _Pietà_. ARACOELI, THIRD CHAPEL L. Fresco: St. Antony, Donors, and Angels. San Gemignano. MUNICIPIO. Restoration of Lippo Memmi's Fresco, and two figures to R. Added, 1467. Fresco: Crucifixion. S. AGOSTINO, CHOIR. Frescoes: Life of St. Augustine (the children's heads in the purely ornamental parts are by assistants). 1465. SECOND ALTAR L. Fresco; St. Sebastian. 1464. S. ANDREA (three miles out of town). Madonna. 1466. COLLEGIATA, CHOIR. Madonna and Saints. 1466. ENTRANCE WALL. St. Sebastian and other Frescoes. 1465. MONTE OLIVETO. Fresco: Crucifixion. 1466. Sermoneta. PARISH CHURCH. Madonna and Angels. E. Terni. BIBLIOTECA. Madonna with Angels and five Saints. 1466. Vienna. 26. Madonna and Saints. E. BARON TUCHER. Madonna and Cherubim. Volterra. DUOMO, CAPPELLA DEL NOME DI GESÙ. Fresco Background to a Della Robbia Nativity: Procession of Magi. 

BOTTICELLI (Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi). 

1444-1510. Pupil of Fra Filippo; influenced early by the Pollajuoli. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 25. Story of Virginia. L. Berlin. 106. Madonna and Saints. 1485. 1128. St. Sebastian. 1474. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION. Judith (in part). L. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Madonna with Angel offering Ears of Wheat to Child. E. Death of Lucretia. L. Dresden. 9. Scenes from Life of S. Zanobi. L. Florence. ACADEMY, 73. Coronation. (Virgin and God the Father by inferior hand). Probably, 1490. 74. _Predelle_ to above. 80. "Primavera. " 85. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. 157, 158, 161, 162. _Predelle_ to 85: Dead Christ; Death of St. Ignatius; Salome; Vision of St. Augustine. UFFIZI, 39. Birth of Venus. 1154. Portrait of Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici. E. 1156. Judith. E. 1158. Holofernes. E. 1179. St. Augustine. 1182. Calumny. L. 1267 bis. _Tondo_: "Magnificat. " 1286. Adoration of Magi. 1289. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels ("Madonna of the Pomegranate"). 1487 1299. "Fortezza. " 1470. 3436. Adoration of Magi (only laid in by Botticelli). PALAZZO CAPPONI, MARCHESE FARINOLA. Last Communion of St. Jerome. PALAZZO PITTI. Pallas subduing a Centaur. OGNISSANTI. Fresco: St. Augustine. 1480. CORBIGNANO. (near Florence, towards Settignano), CAPPELLA VANELLA. Repainted Fresco: Madonna. E. London. 592. Adoration of Magi (earliest extant work). 626. Portrait of Young Man. 915. Mars and Venus. 1033. _Tondo_: Adoration of Magi. E. 1034. Nativity. 1501. MR. J. P. HESELTINE. Madonna and infant John (in small part). MR. LUDWIG MOND. Scenes from Life of S. Zanobi (two panels). L. Milan. AMBROSIANA, 145. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. POLDI-PEZZOLI, 156. Madonna. Paris. 1297. Fresco: Giovanna Tornabuoni with Venus and the Graces. 1486. 1298. Fresco: Lorenzo Tornabuoni introduced into the Circle of the Sciences. 1486. Rome. VATICAN, SIXTINE CHAPEL. Frescoes: Moses and the Daughters of Jethro; Destruction of the Children of Korah; Christ tempted on Roof of Temple. 1481-2. Among the single figures of Popes: Most of Stephen and Marcellinus, and heads of Cornelius, Lucius, and Sixtus II, and probably Euaristus. 1481-2. St. Petersburg. HERMITAGE, 3. Adoration of Magi. Probably 1482. 

FRANCESCO BOTTICINI. 

1446-1498. Pupil of Neri di Bicci; influenced by Castagno; worked under and was formed by Cosimo Rosselli and Verrocchio; influenced later by Amico di Sandro. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 33. Tobias and the Angel. Berlin. 70A. Crucifixion and Saints, 1475. 72. Coronation of the Virgin. E. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Madonna in Landscape. Chicago (U. S. A. ). MR. MARTIN RYERSON. _Tondo_: Adoration of Magi. Cleveland (U. S. A. ). HOLDEN COLLECTION, 3. Madonna adoring Child (?). 13. Madonna. Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 25. Annunciation. Towards 1473. Tabernacle for Sacrament, with St. Andrew and Baptist; _Predelle_: Last Supper; Martyrdom of two Saints. 1484-1491. Tabernacle for sculptured St. Sebastian with two Angels and Donors; _Predelle_: Story of St. Sebastian. Towards 1473. Florence. ACADEMY, 30. St. Vincent Ferrer. 59. St. Augustine. 60. St. Monica. 84. Tobias and the three Archangels. 154. Tobias and the Angel, with youthful Donor. Martyrdom of St. Andrew. PITTI, 347. Madonna, infant John, and Angels worshipping Child. UFFIZI, 3437. Madonna. S. APPOLONIA. Deposition with Magdalen and SS. Sebastian and Bernard. DUCA DI BRINDISI. Two _Cassone_-panels: Story of Virginia. MARCHESE PIO STROZZI. Madonna with SS. Antony Abbot and Donato. S. SPIRITO, R. TRANSEPT. Altarpiece with _Predelle_: St. Monica and Nuns. 1483. BROZZI (NEAR FLORENCE). S. ANDREA, R. WALL. Madonna and Saints. 1480. (The Fresco above, with God, the Father, is school work. )Göttingen. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 236. Madonna and infant John. London. 227. St. Jerome with other Saints and Donors. 1126. Assumption of Virgin. Before 1475. EARL OF ASHBURNHAM. Madonna adoring Child. MR. ROBERT BENSON. _Tondo_: Madonna in Landscape. Madonna with four rose-crowned Angels and two Cherubim. MR. C. BRINSLEY MARLAY. Madonna adoring Child. MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Bishop enthroned, with four Female Saints. Modena. 449. Madonna and Angels adoring Child. Montefortino (near Amandola, Abruzzi). MUNICIPIO. Madonna adoring Child. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE BORDONARO. SS. Nicholas and Roch. Panzano (near Greve). S. MARIA, THIRD ALTAR L. Angels and Saints around old Picture. Parcieux (near Trévoux). LA GRANGE BLANCHE, M. HENRI CHALANDON. Nativity. Paris. 1482. Madonna in Glory, and Saints. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. Madonna and four Saints; A Version of Fra Filippo's Uffizi Madonna; _Pietà_ with SS. Nicholas, James, Dominic, and Louis. COMTESSE ARCONATI-VISCONTI. _Tondo_: Madonna adoring Child. M. HENRI HEUGEL. Madonna adoring Child. Prato. Madonna and four Saints. Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK, MUSEUM. Bust of Young Man. Scotland. GOSFORD HOUSE. EARL OF WEMYSS. Profile of Youth. Stockholm. ROYAL PALACE. Bust of Youth. Turin. 119. Coronation of Virgin. Wigan. HAIGH HALL, EARL CRAWFORD. Madonna, enthroned with St. Francis, Donor, Tobias, and Angel. 

BRONZINO (Angelo Allori). 

1502(?)-1572. Pupil of Pontormo; influenced by Michelangelo. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 65. Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici. Berlin. 338. Portrait of Youth. 338A. Portrait of Ugolino Martelli. 338B. Portrait of Eleonora da Toledo. SIMON COLLECTION, 2. Bust of Youth. HERR EDWARD SIMON. Portrait of Bearded Man. Besançon. MUSÉE, 57. Deposition. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Portrait of a Medici Princess. Budapest. 190. Venus and Cupid (in part). 191. Adoration of Shepherds. Cassel. Portrait of Duke Cosimo de' Medici in armour, holding Myrtle-branch. Florence. PITTI, 39. Holy Family. 403. Portrait of Duke Cosimo I. 434. Portrait of the Architect Luca Martini. UFFIZI, 154. Lucrezia Panciatichi. 158. Descent from Cross. 1545. 159. Bartolommeo Panciatichi. 172. Eleonora da Toledo and Don Garzia. 198. Portrait of Young Woman. 1155. Don Garzia. 1164. Maria de' Medici. 1166. Man in Armour. 1209. Dead Christ. 1211. Allegory of Happiness. 1266. Portrait of Sculptor. 1271. Christ in Limbo. 1552. 1272. Don Ferdinand. 1275. Maria de' Medici. Miniatures: 848. Don Garzia. 852. Don Ferdinand. 853. Maria de' Medici. 854. Francesco de' Medici. 855. Duke Cosimo I. 857. Alessandro de' Medici. MAGAZINE. Annunciation. PALAZZO VECCHIO, CHAPEL OF ELEONORA DA TOLEDO. Frescoes. 1564. S. LORENZO, L. WALL. Fresco: Martyrdom of St. Lawrence. The Hague. 3. Portrait of Lady. London. 651. Allegory. 1323. Piero de' Medici il Gottoso. Lucca. Don Ferdinand. Don Garzia. Milan. BRERA, 565. Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune. New York. MRS. GOULD. Portrait of Woman and Child. HAVEMEYER COLLECTION. Youth in Black. Paris. 1183. "Noli me Tangere. " 1184. Portrait of Sculptor. Pisa. S. STEFANO. Nativity. 1564. Rome. BORGHESE GALLERY, 444. St. John the Baptist. COLONNA GALLERY, 4. Venus, Cupid, and Satyr. CORSINI GALLERY, 2171. Portrait of Stefano Colonna. 1548. PRINCE DORIA. Portrait of Giannottino Doria. Turin. 128. Portrait of Giovanni delle Bande Nere. Venice. SEMINARIO, 16. Portrait of Child. Vienna. 44. Portrait of Man. L. 49. Holy Family. 

BUGIARDINI. 

1475-1554. Pupil of Ghirlandajo and Pier di Cosimo; assistant of Albertinelli; influenced by Perugino, Michelangelo, Francesco Francia, and Franciabigio. 

Agram. STROSSMAYER GALLERY. Madonna seated in a Loggia looking down towards infant John (?). Berlin. 142, 149. _Cassone_-panels: Story of Tobias. 283. Madonna and Saints. MUSEUM OF INDUSTRIAL ART. _Cassone_-front: Story of St. Felicitas. PALACE OF EMPEROR WILLIAM I. _Cassone_-front: Story of Tobias. Bologna. 25. St. John in Desert. 26. Madonna enthroned with SS. Catherine, Antony of Padua, and infant John. 745. _Tondo_: Madonna. Bonn. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 285. Madonna with infant John. Bowood Park (Calne). MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE. Copy of Perugino's Madonna in Louvre (No. 1565). Budapest. 92. "_Volto Santo di Luca_" (?). Dijon. MUSÉE. 1. Madonna and infant John. Figline (near Florence). S. PIERO AL TERRENO, HIGH ALTAR. Madonna with SS. Peter, Paul, Francis, and Jerome. Florence. PITTI, 140. Portrait of Lady. UFFIZI, 89. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John (?). E. 213. Madonna. 3451. Madonna and infant John. 1520. MUSEO DI S. MARCO, ANTICAMERA OF REFECTORY, 6. Madonna adored by St. Francis and the Magdalen. S. CROCE, REFECTORY, 3. St. Nicholas. 5. The Baptist. 42. St. Paul. 43. St. Jerome. S. MARIA NOVELLA, R. TRANSEPT. Martyrdom of St. Catherine. London. 809. Madonna, infant John, and Angels (Michelangelo's suggestion). EARL OF NORTHBROOK. Baptist in Desert drinking. Milan. S. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE. The Baptist. Modena. 334. Madonna and infant John. Mombello (near Milan). PRINCE PIO DI SAVOIA. Madonna. Newport (U. S. A. ). MR. THEODORE M. DAVIS, THE REEF. Madonna, infant John, and Angel. New York. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM. Madonna and infant John (?). Olantigh Towers (Wye, Kent). MR. ERLE-DRAX, 610. Madonna and infant John. Oldenburg. 28, St. Sebastian. Paris. 1644. Bust of Youth. MUSÉE DES ARTS DECORATIFS, SALLE, 253. Bust of Woman with Prayer-Book. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. Portrait of Lady. Philadelphia. MR. PETER WIDENER. 179. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John (?). Rome. BORGHESE GALLERY, 177. Marriage of St. Catherine. 443. Madonna and infant John (?). COLONNA GALLERY, 136. Madonna. CORSINI GALLERY, 580. Madonna (?) 1509. 584. Leo X. (variation of Raphael's portrait in Pitti). PRINCE COLONNA. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John. CONTESSA SPALETTI. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John. Scotland, Langton (Duns). HON. MRS. BAILLIE-HAMILTON. Madonna and infant John. Siena. PALAZZO SARACINI, 1420. Holy Family in Landscape. St. Petersburg. _Tondo_: Holy Family with infant John asleep. Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 286. Presentation. Stuttgart. 250. _Tondo_: Holy Family. Turin. 114. Madonna and infant John. MUSEO CIVICO. Madonna and infant John. Venice. BARON GIORGIO FRANCHETTI. Venus asleep and Cupid. Vienna. 36. Rape of Dinah. 1531. ACADEMY, 1134. _Tondo_: Madonna with infant John (Michelangelo's suggestion). 

RAFFAELLE DEI CARLI (or Croli). 

1470-after 1526. Started under influence of Ghirlandajo and Credi, later became almost Umbrian, and at one time was in close contact with Garbo, whom he may have assisted. 

Berlin. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION. Three half-length figures of Saints in small ovals. Dresden. 21. Madonna and two Saints. Düsseldorf. 120. _Tondo_: Madonna, with Child blessing. Eastnor Castle (Ledbury). LADY HENRY SOMERSET. Altarpiece: Madonna and Saints. Esher. MR. HERBERT F. COOK, COPSEHAM. Israelites crossing Red Sea. The Golden Calf. Florence. UFFIZI, 90. Madonna appearing to four Saints. Madonna, two Saints, and two Donors (probably painted in Garbo's studio). The four Evangelists (framed above Triptych ascribed to Spinello Aretino) (?). MAGAZINE. Annunciation. MR. B. BERENSON. Christ in Tomb between Mary and John. DUCA DI BRINDISI. Combat of Marine Deities. MR. H. W. CANNON, VILLA DOCCIA (near Fiesole), CHAPEL IN WOODS. Fresco. CORSINI GALLERY. Madonna with two Saints and two Angels. VIA CONSERVATORIO CAPPONI, I. Tabernacle: Madonna and two Angels. VIA DELLE COLONNE, SCUOLA ELEMENTARE. Fresco: Miracle of Loaves and Fishes. 1503. MRS. ROSS, POGGIO GHERARDO. Madonna in Glory, and two Bishops. S. AMBROGIO, FIRST ALTAR R. St. Ambrogio and other Saints; Annunciation in lunette. S. MARIA MADDALENA DEI PAZZI. St. Roch. St. Ignatius. S. PROCOLO. ALTAR R. Visitation with Saints and Angels. S. SPIRITO, SOUTH TRANSEPT. Madonna and Evangelist with SS. Stephen, Lawrence, and Bernard. 1505. Madonna with Evangelist, St. Bartholomew, and two Angels. E. Madonna with two Angels and SS. Nicholas and Bartholomew, and busts of Jerome and another Saint. BROZZI (near Florence). S. ANDREA, R. WALL. Fresco in lunette: SS. Albert and Sigismund. Le Mans. MUSÉE, 19. Madonna. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. DRURY LOWE. Deposition. The Baptist. London. MR. ROBERT BENSON. Mass of St. Gregory. 1501. Lucca. SALA IV, 16. Polyptych. Milan. POLDI-PEZZOLI, 158. Madonna and infant John. Montepulciano. MUNICIPIO, 80. _Tondo_: Madonna in Landscape. Olantigh Towers (Wye). MR. ERLE-DRAX. _Pietà_. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY. The Magdalen. Paris. 1303. Coronation and four Saints. BARON MICHELE LAZZARONI. Resurrection, with kneeling Donors. M. EUGÈNE RICHTEMBERGER. _Tondo_: Madonna and two Angels. L. Pisa. MUSEO CIVICO, 238. Madonna and four Saints. SALA VI, 15. God appearing to kneeling Company. S. MATTEO, L. WALL. _Predelle_ to No. 238 in Museo. Poggibonsi. S. LUCCHESE, R. WALL. "Noli me Tangere. "Prato. MUNICIPIO, 6. Madonna and infant John. San Miniato del Tedeschi. S. DOMENICO. Madonna with St. Andrew and Baptist(?). 1507. Siena. S. MARIA DEGLI ANGELI, HIGH ALTAR. Madonna in Glory, and Saints. 1502. Vallombrosa. PIEVE. S. Giovanni Gualberto enthroned between four Saints. 1508. Venice. ACADEMY, 55. Madonna and two Saints, E. Volterra. MUNICIPIO, ANTICAMERA. Fresco: Madonna. MUSEO. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. E. Weston Birt (Tetbury). CAPTAIN G. L. HOLFORD. Nativity. 

ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO. 

Died rather young in 1457. Influenced by Donatello and Paolo Uccello. 

Florence. UFFIZI, THIRD TUSCAN ROOM. 12. Fresco: Crucifixion and Saints. S. APPOLONIA, REFECTORY. Frescoes: Last Supper; Crucifixion; Entombment; Resurrection. Soon after 1434. (Nine Figures) Boccaccio; Petrarch; Dante; Queen Thomyris; Cumæan Sibyl; Niccolò Acciajuoli; Farinati degli Uberti; Filippo Scolari ("Pippo Spano"); Esther. L. --Frieze of _Putti_ with Garlands. CLOISTER. Fresco: Dead Christ and Angels. Soon after 1434. HOSPITAL (33 VIA DEGLI ALFANI), COURT. Fresco: Crucifixion. SS. ANNUNZIATA, FIRST ALTAR L. Fresco: Christ and St. Julian. L. (Invisible. ) SECOND ALTAR L. Fresco: Trinity with St. Jerome and other Saints. L. (Invisible. ) DUOMO, WALL R. OF ENTRANCE: Fresco: Equestrian Portrait of Niccolò da Tolentino. 1456. WINDOW IN DRUM OF CUPOLA (from his design). Deposition. 1444. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. DRURY LOWE. David (painted on a Shield). L. London. 1138. Small Crucifixion. MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN. Bust of Man. 

CIMABUE. 

About 1240-about 1301. 

The following works are all by the same hand, probably Cimabue's. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO, UPPER CHURCH, CHOIR AND TRANSEPTS. Frescoes. LOWER CHURCH, R. TRANSEPT. Fresco: Madonna and Angels with St. Francis. Florence. ACADEMY, 102. Madonna, Angels, and four Prophets. Paris. 1260. Madonna and Angels. 

COSIMO, see PIER DI COSIMO. 

LORENZO DI CREDI. 

1456-1537. Pupil of Verrocchio. 

Berlin. 80. Bust of Young Woman (?). E. 100. Madonna. 103. St. Mary of Egypt. Cambridge. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, 125. St. Sebastian (the Saint only). Carlsruhe. 409. Madonna and infant John adoring Child. Castiglione Fiorentino. COLLEGIATA, ALTAR R. OF HIGH ALTAR. Nativity. L. Cleveland (U. S. A. ). HOLDEN COLLECTION, 14. Madonna. Dresden. 13. Madonna and infant John. E. 14. Nativity (in part). 15. Madonna and Saints. Florence. ACADEMY, 92. Adoration of Shepherds. 94. Nativity (in great part). UFFIZI, 24. _Tondo_: Madonna (in part). 34. Portrait of Young Man. 1160. Annunciation. E. 1163. Portrait of Verrocchio. 1168. Madonna and Evangelist. 1311. "Noli me Tangere. " 1313. Annunciation. 1314. Annunciation. 3452. Venus. E. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angel adoring Child (in part). MARCHESE PUCCI. Portrait of Lady. S. DOMENICO (near Fiesole), FIRST ALTAR R. Baptism. DUOMO, SACRISTY. St. Michael. 1523. OR SAN MICHELE, PILLAR. St. Bartholomew. S. SPIRITO, APSE. Madonna with St. Jerome and an Apostle. E. SCANDICCI (near Florence), COMTESSE DE TURENNE. Portrait of Youth. Forlì. 130. Portrait of Lady. E. Glasgow. MR. WILLIAM BEATTIE. Portrait of the Artist. 1488. Göttingen. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, 220. Crucifixion. Hamburg. WEBER COLLECTION. _Tondo_: Ascension of Youthful Saint accompanied by two Angels. Hanover. KESTNER MUSEUM, 21. Bust of Youth. London. 593. Madonna. 648. Madonna adoring Child. MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Madonna. EARL OF ROSEBERY. St. George. Longleat (Warminster). MARQUESS OF BATH. Madonna. Mayence. 105. Madonna. E. Milan. CONTE CASATTI. Madonna and infant John. Munich. 1040A. Madonna (?) (done in Verrocchio's studio). Naples. Nativity. L. Oxford. UNIVERSITY GALLERIES, 26. Madonna (?). Paris. 1263. Madonna and two Saints. 1503, or later. 1264. "Noli me Tangere. " M. GUSTAVE DREYFUS. Madonna (done in Verrocchio's studio). Pistoia. DUOMO, CHAPEL L. OF HIGH ALTAR. Madonna and Saints (done in Verrocchio's studio. 1478-1485). MADONNA DEL LETTO. Virgin, St. Jerome, and Baptist. 1510. Rome. BORGHESE, 433. Madonna and infant John. Scotland. (Cf. Glasgow. )Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 215. Madonna. E. Turin. 115. Madonna. E. 118. Madonna (in part). Venice. QUERINI-STAMPALIA, SALA III, 4. Madonna and infant John. 

DOMENICO, see VENEZIANO. 

FILIPPINO and FILIPPO, see LIPPI. 

FRANCIABIGIO. 

1482-1525. Pupil of Pier di Cosimo and Albertinelli; worked with and was influenced by Andrea del Sarto. 

Barnard Castle. BOWES MUSEUM, 235. Bust of Young Man. Berlin. 235. Portrait of Man. 245. Portrait of Man writing. 1522. 245A. Portrait of Youth in Landscape. HERR EUGEN SCHWEIZER. Madonna with infant John. Bologna. 294. Madonna. Brussels. 478. Leda and her Children. MUSÉE DE LA VILLE. Profile of Old Man. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ, 41. Bust of Man. Cracow. POTOCKI COLLECTION. Madonna with infant John (?). Dijon. MUSÉE, DONATION JULES MACIET. Bust of Youth. Dresden. 75. Bathsheba. 1523. Florence. PITTI, 43. Portrait of Man. 1514. 427. Calumny. E. UFFIZI, 92. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John, E. 1223. Temple of Hercules. 1224. _Tondo_: Holy Family and infant John. 1264. Madonna with Job and Baptist. E. CHIOSTRO DELLO SCALZO. Monochrome Frescoes: Baptist leaving his Parents, 1518-19. Baptism, 1509. Meeting of Christ and Baptist, 1518-19. SS. ANNUNZIATA, ENTRANCE COURT, R. Fresco: Sposalizio. 1513. LA CALZA. (Porta Romana). Fresco: Last Supper. POGGIO A CAJANO (Royal Villa near Florence). Fresco: Triumph of Cæsar. 1521. Hamburg. WEBER COLLECTION, 119. Bust of Young Man. London. 1035. Portrait of Young Man. MR. ROBERT BENSON. Portrait of Young Man. EARL OF NORTHBROOK. Head of Young Man. MR. T. VASEL. Bust of Young Man. EARL OF YARBOROUGH. Bust of a Jeweller. 1516. Modena. 223. Birth of Baptist. E. New York. MR. RUTHERFORD STUYVESANT. Portrait of Man. Nîmes. 132, 269, 270. Small _Tondi_: Trinity, SS. Peter and Paul. Oxford. MR. T. W. JACKSON. Legend of a Saint. Paris. 1651A. Portrait of Andrea Fausti. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Bust of Christ Blessing (?). Pinerolo (Piedmont). VILLA LAMBA DORIA. Portrait of Young Man. Rome. BARBERINI GALLERY. Portrait of Young Man. BORGHESE GALLERY, 458. Madonna and infant John. E. CORSINI GALLERY, 570. Madonna holding Child on Parapet. Portrait of Man with Book. Turin. 112. Annunciation. E. Vienna. 46. Holy Family. 52. Madonna and infant John in Landscape. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Man with Cap and Feathers. L. Christ saving Man from drowning (?). PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN. Bust of Young Man. 1517. Madonna and infant John. Wiesbaden. NASSAUISCHES KUNSTVEREIN, 118. _Cassone_ picture. Windsor Castle. Portrait of Man ("Gardener of Pier Francesco dei Medici"). 

RAFFAELINO DEL GARBO. 

1466-1524 (?). Pupil of Botticelli and Filippino Lippi; influenced by Ghirlandajo and Perugino. 

Berlin. 78. Bust of Man. 81. Profile of Young Woman. 90. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. SIMON COLLECTION, i. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. E. Dresden. 22. Madonna and infant John. Florence. ACADEMY, 90. Resurrection. Glasgow. CORPORATION GALLERY. Madonna with infant John. London. MR. ROBERT BENSON. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. COL. G. L. HOLFORD, DORCHESTER HOUSE. Madonna and Angel. MR. CHARLES RICKETTS. Madonna in Landscape. SIR HENRY SAMUELSON. _Tondo_: Madonna with Magdalen and St. Catherine. Lyons. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. Profile Bust of Baptist. Munich. 1009. _Pietà_. Naples. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John. Paris. M. HENRI HEUGEL. _Tondo_: Madonna and two Angels. E. BARON EDOUARD DE ROTHSCHILD. Profile bust of Young Lady. Parma. 56. Madonna giving Girdle to St. Thomas. Venice. LADY LAYARD. Portrait of Man. 

DOMENICO GHIRLANDAJO. 

1449-1494. Pupil of Baldovinetti; influenced slightly by Botticelli and more strongly by Verrocchio. 

Florence. ACADEMY, 66. Madonna and Saints. 195. Adoration of Shepherds. 1485. UFFIZI, 19. Madonna and Saints. 43. Portrait of Giovanni Bicci de' Medici. 1295. Adoration of Magi. 1297. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO, SMALL REFECTORY. Fresco: Last Supper. PALAZZO VECCHIO, FLAG ROOM. Fresco: Triumph of S. Zanobi. 1482-1484. DUOMO, OVER N. DOOR. Mosaic: Annunciation. 1490. INNOCENTI, HIGH ALTAR. Adoration of Magi (the episode of the "Massacre of the Innocents" painted by Alunno di Domenico). 1488. S. MARIA NOVELLA, CHOIR. Frescoes: Lives of the Virgin and Baptist, etc. (execution, save certain portrait heads, chiefly by David, Mainardi, and other assistants). Begun 1486, finished 1490. OGNISSANTI, L. WALL. Fresco: St. Augustine. 1480. ALTAR R. Fresco: Madonna della Misericordia (in part). E. REFECTORY. Fresco: Last Supper. 1480. S. TRINITA. CHAPEL R. OF CHOIR. Frescoes: Life of St. Francis. 1483-1485. OVER ARCH. Fresco: Augustus and Sibyl (in part). Same date. BADIA DI PASSIGNANO (TAVERNELLE, NEAR FLORENCE), REFECTORY. Frescoes: Last Supper, etc. 1477. London. 1299. Portrait of Young Man (repainted). MR. ROBERT BENSON. Francesco Sassetti and his Son. MR. LUDWIG MOND. Madonna. MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN. Profile of Giovanna Tornabuoni. 1488. MR. GEORGE SALTING. Madonna and infant John. Bust of Costanza de' Medici. Lucca. DUOMO, SACRISTY. Madonna and Saints, with _Pietà_ in lunette. Narni. MUNICIPIO. Coronation of Virgin (in part). 1486. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 73. Fresco: Head of Woman (Cf. Woman to extreme L. In "Visitation" at S. Maria Novella, Florence). Paris. 1321. Visitation (in part). 1322. Old Man and Boy. Pisa. MUSEO CIVICO, SALA VI, 21. SS. Sebastian and Roch (in part). Virgin with St. Anne and Saints (in part). Rome. VATICAN, SIXTINE CHAPEL. Frescoes: Calling of Peter and Andrew. 1482. Single figures of Popes: Anacletus, Iginius, Clement, and Pius. 1482. San Gemignano. COLLEGIATA, CHAPEL OF S. FINA. Frescoes: Life of the Saint. About 1475. Vercelli. MUSEO BORGOGNA. Madonna adoring Infant. E. Volterra. MUNICIPIO. Christ in Glory adored by two Saints and Don Guido Bonvicini (in part). 1492. 

RIDOLFO GHIRLANDAJO. 

1483 to 1561. Pupil of Granacci, and eclectic imitator of most of his important contemporaries. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 51. Bust of Man. Berlin. 91. Nativity. Budapest. 58. Nativity. 1510. Chatsworth. DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. Bust of Man (?). L. Colle di Val d'Elsa. S. AGOSTINO, THIRD ALTAR R. _Pietà_. 1521. Florence. ACADEMY, 83, 87. Panels with three Angels each. E. PITTI, 207. Portrait of a Goldsmith. E. 224. Portrait of a Lady. 1509. UFFIZI, 1275, 1277. Miracles of S. Zanobi. 1510. BIGALLO. _Predelle_. 1515. PALAZZO VECCHIO, CAPPELLA DEI PRIORI. Frescoes. 1514. CORSINI GALLERY, 129. Portrait of Man. PALAZZO TORRIGIANI. Portrait of Ardinghelli. LA QUIETE. St. Sebastian. Glasgow. MR. WILLIAM BEATTIE. Portrait of Man (?). London. 1143. Procession to Calvary. E. MR. GEORGE SALTING. Portrait of Girolamo Beniviene. Lucardo (near Certaldo). HIGH ALTAR. Madonna with SS. Peter, Martin, Justus, and the Baptist. E. Milan. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI. Small Triptych. Nativity and Saints. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 97. Madonna and Saints. Paris. 1324. Coronation of Virgin. 1503. Philadelphia. ELKINS PARK, MR. PETER WIDENER, 191. Bust of Lucrezia Summaria, E. Pistoia. S. PIETRO MAGGIORE. Madonna and Saints. 1508. Prato. DUOMO. Madonna giving Girdle to St. Thomas. 1514. Reigate (Surrey). THE PRIORY, MR. SOMERS SOMERSET. Portrait of Girolamo Beniviene. St. Petersburg. 40. Portrait of Old Man. Wantage. LOCKINGE HOUSE, LADY WANTAGE. Youngish Man looking up from Letter. 

GIOTTO. 

1276-1336. Follower of Pietro Cavallini; influenced by Giovanni Pisano. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO, LOWER CHURCH, CHAPEL OF THE MAGDALEN: Frescoes: Feast in the House of Simon (in great part); Raising of Lazarus; "Noli me Tangere, " (in part); Magdalen and Donor (in part)(?). (The remaining frescoes in this chapel are by assistants. ) Before 1328. UPPER CHURCH. II-XIX of frescoes recounting the Life of St. Francis (with occasional aid of A). E. WEST WALL. Fresco: Madonna. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER: Presentation of Christ in the Temple. L. Florence. ACADEMY, 103. Madonna enthroned and Angels. S. CROCE, BARDI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Life of St. Francis, etc. (Little more than the compositions are now Giotto's. ) Not earlier than 1317. PERUZZI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Lives of the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist (considerably repainted). L. Munich. 983. Last Supper. Padua. ARENA CHAPEL. Frescoes: Lives of Christ and His Mother; Last Judgment; Symbolical Figures. About 1305-6. SACRISTY. Painted Crucifix. About 1305-6. Rome. S. GIOVANNI LATERANO, PILLAR R. AISLE. Fragment of Fresco: Boniface VIII proclaiming the Jubilee. 1300. 

GIOTTO'S ASSISTANTS. 

[An attempt to distinguish in the mass of work usually ascribed to Giotto the different artistic personalities engaged as his most immediate followers and assistants. ]

A. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO, UPPER CHURCH. XX-XXV and first of Frescoes recounting the Life of St. Francis, done perhaps under Giotto's directions. XXVI-XXVIII of same series done more upon his own responsibility. LOWER CHURCH, CHAPEL OF THE SACRAMENT. Frescoes: Legend of St. Nicholas; Christ with SS. Francis and Nicholas and Donors, etc. (?). Before 1316. Madonna between SS. Francis and Nicholas (?). Before 1316. Florence. UFFIZI, 20. Altarpiece of St. Cecily. E. S. MARGHERITA A MONTICI (beyond Torre del Gallo). Madonna. E. Altarpiece with St. Margaret. E. S. MINIATO: Altarpiece with S. Miniato. E. 

B. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO, LOWER CHURCH, OVER TOMB OF SAINT. Frescoes: Allegories of Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience, and Triumph of St. Francis. (The Francis between the two Angels in the "Obedience" and nearly all of the "Triumph" were executed by another hand, probably C. ) R. TRANSEPT. Frescoes: Bringing to Life of Child fallen from Window; Francis and a crowned Skeleton; Two Scenes (one on either side of arch leading to the Chapel of the Sacrament) representing the Bringing to Life of a Boy killed by a falling House; (above these) Annunciation; (next to Cimabue's Madonna) Crucifixion (with the aid of C). Florence. S. CROCE, CAPPELLA MEDICI. Baroncelli Polyptych: Coronation of Virgin, Saints and Angels (?). 

C. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO, LOWER CHURCH, R. TRANSEPT. Frescoes: Eight Scenes from the Childhood of Christ. Berlin. 1074A. Crucifixion. Florence. BARGELLO CHAPEL. Fresco: Paradise (?). (Cf. Also under B for assistance rendered by C. )

VARIOUS. 

Bologna. PINACOTECA, 102. Polyptych: Madonna and Saints. Florence. S. FELICE. Painted Crucifix. Munich. 981. Crucifixion (?). Paris. 1512. St. Francis receiving Stigmata. Rome. ST. PETER'S, SAGRESTIA DEI CANONICI. Stefaneschi Polyptych (suggests Bernardo Daddi). Strasburg. 203. Crucifixion. 

GOZZOLI, see BENOZZO. 

FRANCESCO GRANACCI. 

1477-1543. Pupil first of Credi, and then of Ghirlandajo, whom he assisted; influenced by Botticelli, Michelangelo Fra Bartolommeo, and Pontormo. 

Berlin. 74 and 76. SS. Vincent and Antonino (in Ghirlandajo's studio). Soon after 1494. 88. Madonna and four Saints (kneeling figures and landscape his own cartoons, the rest Ghirlandajesque design). 97. Madonna with Baptist and Archangel Michael, E. 229. The Trinity. Budapest. 54. St. John at Patmos. 78. Madonna and infant John (?)Cassel. 480. _Tondo_: Madonna holding Child on Parapet. 482. Crucifixion. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ, 95. Madonna (from Ghirlandajo's studio) (?). Città di Castello. PINACOTECA. Coronation of Virgin (in part; done in Ghirlandajo's studio). Darmstadt. Small Crucifixion. L. Dublin. 78. Holy Family. Florence. ACADEMY, 68. Assumption of Virgin. 154. Madonna. 285-290. Stories of Saints. L. PITTI, 345. Holy Family. UFFIZI, 1249, 1282. Life of Joseph. Portrait of Lucrezia del Fede. Covoni Altarpiece, Madonna and Saints. ISTITUTO DEI MINORENNI CORRIGENDI (VIA DELLA SCALA. ) Altarpiece: Madonna with SS. Sebastian and Julian (?). BROZZI (near Florence). S. ANDREA. L. WALL. Frescoes: Baptism, Madonna enthroned between SS. Dominic and Sebastian (Ghirlandajo's designs). QUINTOLE (NEAR FLORENCE). S. PIETRO. _Pietà_. L. VILLAMAGNA (NEAR FLORENCE), CHURCH. Madonna with SS. Gherardo and Donnino. Glasgow. MR. JAMES MANN. Madonna (?). E. London. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. _Tondo_: Madonna. MR. ROBERT BENSON. God the Father sending Holy Spirit to Christ kneeling, the Virgin recommending Donor, who has his Family present, and below a Saint pointing to a Scroll (?). E. DUKE OF BUCCLEUGH, 10. Madonna and infant John. Lucca. MARCHESE MANSI (S. MARIA FORISPORTAM). _Tondo_: Madonna and two Angels. Milan. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI. Entry of Charles VIII into Florence. Munich. 1011. Madonna in Glory and four Saints (Ghirlandajo's design). Soon after 1494. 1061-1064. Panels with a Saint in each. L. 1065. Holy Family. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 86. _Pietà_. L. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY. St. Francis. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, 23. St. Antony of Padua and an Angel. Panshanger (near Hertford). Portrait of Lady. Paris. M. JEAN DOLLFUS. Madonna and Saints (?). M. D'EICHTAL. Bust of Lady. M. EUGÈNE RICHTEMBERGER. Nativity. M. JOSEPH SPIRIDON. Bust of Young Woman in Red. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. _Pietà_ in Landscape (?). E. Reigate (Surrey). THE PRIORY, MR. SOMERS SOMERSET. Madonna giving Girdle to St. Thomas. Rome. BORGHESE, 371. Maddalena Strozzi as St. Catherine. CORSINI, 573. Hebe. Scotland. (Glasgow, Cf. Glasgow). ROSSIE PRIORY (INCHTURE, PERTHSHIRE), LORD KINNAIRD. St. Lucy before her Judges. L. St. Petersburg. HERMITAGE, 22. Nativity with SS. Francis and Jerome. Vienna. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Preaching of St. Stephen. HERR CARL WITTGENSTEIN. Bust of Woman in Green. (?). Warwick Castle. EARL OF WARWICK. Assumption of Virgin, and four Saints. L. 

LEONARDO DA VINCI. 

1452-1519. Pupil of Verrocchio. 

Florence. UFFIZI, 1252. Adoration of Magi (unfinished). Begun in 1481. London. BURLINGTON HOUSE, DIPLOMA GALLERY. Large Cartoon for Madonna with St. Anne. Milan. S. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE, REFECTORY. Fresco: Last Supper. Paris. 1265. Annunciation. E. 1598. Madonna with St. Anne (unfinished). 1599. "La Vierge aux Rochers. " 1601. "La Gioconda. "Rome. VATICAN, PINACOTECA. St. Jerome, (unfinished). 

NOTE:--An adequate conception of Leonardo as an artist can be obtainedonly by an acquaintance with his drawings, many of the best of which arereproduced in Dr. J. P. Richter's "Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci, "and in B. Berenson's "Drawings of the Florentine Painters. "

FILIPPINO LIPPI

1457-1504. Pupil of Botticelli; influenced by Amico di Sandro, and very slightly by Piero di Cosimo. 

Berlin. 78A. Allegory of Music. L. 96. Crucifixion with Virgin and St. Francis. L. 101. Madonna. Fragment of Fresco: Head of Youth in black cap, with brown curls. Bologna. S. DOMENICO, CHAPEL R. OF HIGH ALTAR. Marriage of St. Catherine. 1501. Copenhagen. Meeting of Joachim and Anne. L. Florence. ACADEMY, 89. St. Mary of Egypt. 91. St. Jerome. 93. The Baptist. 98. Deposition (finished by Perugino). PITTI, 336. Allegorical Subject. UFFIZI, 286. Fresco: Portrait of Himself. E. 1167. Fresco: Old Man. E. 1257. Adoration of Magi. 1496. 1268. Madonna and Saints. 1486. PALAZZO CORSINI. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. E. MR. HERBERT P. HORNE. Christ on Cross. L. PALAZZO TORRIGIANI. Bust of Youth. S. AMBROGIO, NICHE L. Monochromes: Angels, and medallions in _predella_. L. BADIA. Vision of St. Bernard with Piero di Francesco del Pugliese as Donor. Soon after 1480. CARMINE, BRANCACCI CHAPEL. Completion of Masaccio's Frescoes. 1484. Angel delivering St. Peter; Paul visiting Peter in Prison; Peter and Paul before the Proconsul; Martyrdom of Peter; (in the "Raising of the King's Son") the group of four men on the extreme L. ; the Boy; and eight men and a child in a row. S. MARIA NOVELLA, STROZZI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Episodes from Lives of Evangelist and St. Philip, etc. Finished 1502. S. SPIRITO. Madonna and Saints, with Tanai di Nerli and his Wife. VILLA REALE DI POGGIO A CAJANO (near Florence), PORCH. Fragment of Fresco. Genoa. PALAZZO BIANCO, SALA V, 30. Madonna and Saints. 1503. Kiel. PROF. MARTIUS. Madonna. Lewes (Sussex). MR. E. P. WARREN. _Tondo_: Holy Family and St. Margaret. London. 293. Madonna with SS. Jerome and Dominic. 927. Angel adoring. MR. ROBERT BENSON. Dead Christ. SIR HENRY SAMUELSON. Moses striking the Rock. Adoration of Golden Calf. SIR JULIUS WERNHER. Madonna. L. Lucca. S. MICHELE, FIRST ALTAR R. SS. Helena, Jerome, Sebastian, and Roch. E. Naples. Annunciation, with Baptist and St. Andrew. E. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 81. Christ on Cross. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY. Centaur; on back, unfinished allegorical figures. Prato. MUNICIPIO, 16. Madonna with Baptist and St. Stephen. 1503. Fresco in TABERNACLE ON STREET CORNER: Madonna and Saints. 1498. Rome. S. MARIA SOPRA MINERVA, CARAFFA CHAPEL. Annunciation. Frescoes: Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas; Assumption of Virgin. 1489-1493. St. Petersburg. STROGANOFF COLLECTION. Annunciation. L. Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 214. Head of Angel (a fragment). Venice. SEMINARIO, 15. Christ and the Samaritan Woman. 17. "Noli me Tangere. "Vienna. HERR EUGEN VON MILLER AICHOLZ. Christ on Cross. 

FRA FILIPPO LIPPI. 

1406-1469. Pupil of Lorenzo Monaco and follower of Masaccio; influenced by Fra Angelico. 

Ashridge Park (Berkhampstead). EARL BROWNLOW. Madonna. Berlin. 58. Madonna. 69. Madonna adoring Child. 95. "Madonna della Misericordia. " 95B. _Predella_: Miraculous Infancy of a Saint. Florence. ACADEMY, 55. Madonna and Saints. 62. Coronation of Virgin. 1441. 79. Virgin adoring Child. 82. Nativity. E. 86. _Predelle_: S. Frediano changing the Course of the Serchio; Virgin receiving the Announcement of her Death; St. Augustine in his Study. 263. Gabriel and Baptist. 264. Madonna and St. Antony Abbot. PITTI, 343. Madonna. 1442. UFFIZI, 1307. Madonna. PALAZZO ALESSANDRI. St. Antony Abbot and a Bishop. SS. Lawrence, Cosmas, and Damian and Donors. PALAZZO RICCARDI (PREFECTURE). Madonna. S. LORENZO, MARTELLI CHAPEL. Annunciation, and _Predelle_. London. 248. Vision of St. Bernard. 1447. 666. Annunciation. E. 667. Seven Saints. E. Lyons. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. _Predella_: St. Benedict and Novice. Munich. 1005. Annunciation. E. 1006. Madonna. Oxford. UNIVERSITY GALLERIES, 12. Meeting of Joachim and Anne. Paris. 1344. Madonna and Angels. 1437. Prato. DUOMO, CHOIR. Frescoes: Lives of St. Stephen and the Baptist (assisted by Fra Diamante). 1452-1464. R. TRANSEPT. Fresco: Death of St. Bernard (the upper part by Fra Diamante). Ordered 1450. Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK. _Tondo_: Adoration of Magi. E. SS. Michael and Antony Abbot. 1457. Rome. LATERAN, 65. Triptych: Coronation, Saints and Donors (the angels are, in execution at least, by another hand, probably Fra Diamante's). PRINCE DORIA. Annunciation. MR. LUDWIG MOND. Annunciation and Donors. Spoleto. DUOMO, APSE. Frescoes: Life of Virgin (chiefly by Fra Diamante). Left unfinished at death. Turin. ACCADEMIA ALBERTINA, 140, 141. The Four Church Fathers. 

LORENZO MONACO. 

About 1370-1425. Follower of Agnolo Gaddi and the Sienese. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 23. Crucifixion with SS. Francis, Benedict, and Romuald. E. 90. Flight into Egypt. Bergamo. MORELLI, 10. Dead Christ. Berlin. 1110. Madonna with Baptist and St. Nicholas. E. PRINT ROOM. Illuminations: Visitation. Journey of Magi. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION. St. Jerome. Nativity. Brant Broughton (Lincolnshire). REV. ARTHUR F. SUTTON. Miracles of St. Benedict. Brunswick. SS. Stephen, Dominic, Francis, and Lawrence. E. Cambridge. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, 555. Madonna and two Angels. Cassel. 478. King David. Copenhagen. THORWALDSEN MUSEUM, i. Madonna. Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 20. Triptych. 1404. Fiesole. S. ANSANO (to be transferred to Museo). Christ on Cross between Mary, John, and Francis. Florence. ACADEMY, 143. Annunciation. 144. Life of St. Onofrio. 145. Nativity. 146. Life of St. Martin. 166. Three Pinnacles above Fra Angelico's Deposition. BARGELLO. Codex X, Miniatures. 1412-1413. UFFIZI, 39. Adoration of Magi (Annunciation and Prophets in frame by Cosimo Rosselli). 40. _Pietà_. 1404. 41. Triptych: Madonna and Saints. 1410. 42. Madonna with Baptist and St. Paul. 1309. Coronation and Saints. 1413. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO. 11, 12, 13. Crucifixion with Mary and John. BIBLIOTECA LAURENZIANA. Miniatures. 1409. HOSPITAL (S. MARIA NUOVA), OVER DOOR IN A CORRIDOR. Fresco: Fragment of a _Pietà_. E. MR. CHARLES LOESER. Crucifixion. S. CROCE, REFECTORY, 6. St. James enthroned. S. GIOVANNI DEI CAVALIERI. Crucifix; Mary; John. S. GIUSEPPE. Crucifix. CHIOSTRO DEGLI OBLATI (25 VIA S. EGIDIO). Frescoes: _Pietà_, with Symbols of Passion; Christ and Apostles; Agony in Garden. S. TRINITA, BARTOLINI CHAPEL. Altarpiece: Annunciation and _Predelle_. L. Frescoes: Life of Virgin. L. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY, 49. Adoration of Magi; Visitation. London. 215, 216. Various Saints. 1897. Coronation of Virgin. MR. HENRY WAGNER. Legend of S. Giovanni Gualberto. Milan. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI. Small Shrine with Madonna and Saints. CAV. ALDO NOSEDA. Madonna. 1405. Munich. LOTZBECK COLLECTION, 96. St. Peter enthroned. E. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 18. Crucifixion. Parcieux (near Trévoux). LA GRANGE BLANCHE, M. HENRI CHALANDON. Three Panels with Saint and Prophet in each. Paris. 1348. Agony in Garden; Three Marys at Tomb. 1408. Posen. RACZYNSKI COLLECTION. Adoration of Magi. Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK. Madonna. Rome. VATICAN, MUSEO CRISTIANO, CASE C, II. Crucifixion. CASE S, III. Fragment of _Predella_: St. Antony Abbot visited by Madonna. XI. Benedict calling a dead Friar to life, and Demon tempting another Friar. Siena. 157. Triptych: Madonna and Saints. E. Turin. MUSEO CIVICO, 3023. Madonna with Baptist and old Saint (on Glass). 1408. Washington (U. S. A. ). MR. VICTOR G. FISCHER. Madonna and two Angels. E. 

BASTIANO MAINARDI. 

About 1450-1513. Pupil and imitator of his brother-in-law, Domenico Ghirlandajo. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 102. Bust of Woman. Berlin. 77. Madonna. 83. Portrait of Young Woman. 85. Portrait of a Cardinal. 86. Portrait of Young Man. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. QUINCY A. SHAW. Madonna adoring Child. Cologne. 522. Madonna and five Saints. Dresden. 16 _Tondo_: Nativity. Florence. UFFIZI, 1315. St. Peter Martyr between SS. James and Peter. BARGELLO, CHAPEL. Fresco: Madonna. 1490. PALAZZO TORRIGIANI. _Tondo_: Madonna and two Angels. S. CROCE, BARONCELLI CHAPEL. Fresco: Virgin giving Girdle to St. Thomas. CHIESA DI ORBETELLO, R. WALL. Fresco: Madonna and two Cherubim (SS. Andrew and Dionysus, etc. , by another Ghirlandajesque hand). BROZZI (near Florence), FATTORIA ORSINI. Frescoes: Nativity (Cf. Dresden 16); Saints. Hamburg. WEBER COLLECTION, 30. Madonna. Hildesheim. 1134. _Tondo_: Madonna. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. DRURY-LOWE. Replicas of Berlin Portraits, Nos. 83 and 86. London. 1230. Bust of Young Woman. SIR HENRY HOWORTH. Madonna and three Angels adoring Child. MR. GEORGE SALTING. Bust of Young Man. Longleat (Warminster). MARQUESS OF BATH. Madonna, four Saints, _Putti_, and Angels. Lyons. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. St. Stephen. Milan. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI. Two panels with Men and Women Worshippers. Munich. 1012, 1013. SS. Lawrence and Catherine of Siena (soon after 1494). 1014. Madonna and Donor. 1015. SS. George and Sebastian. Münster i. /W. KUNSTVEREIN, 32. Marriage of St. Catherine. Oxford. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, 21. SS. Bartholomew and Julian. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE BORDONARO, 98. Madonna with SS. Paul and Francis. 1506. Paris. 1367. _Tondo_: Madonna with infant John and Angels. COMTESSE ARCONATI-VISCONTI. Busts of Man and Woman (free replicas of Berlin, Nos. 83 and 86). Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Madonna with SS. Sebastian and Appolonia. Rome. VATICAN, MUSEO CRISTIANO, CASE O, XVI. _Tondo_: Nativity. COUNT GREGORI STROGANOFF. Three Saints. San Gemignano. MUNICIPIO, 8 and 9. _Tondi_: Madonnas. OSPEDALE DI S. FINA. Frescoes in Vaulting. VIA S. GIOVANNI. Fresco: Madonna and Cherubim. S. AGOSTINO, R. WALL. SS. Nicholas of Bari, Lucy, and Augustine. CEILING. Frescoes: The four Church Fathers. L. WALL. Frescoes for Tomb of Fra Domenico Strambi. 1487. COLLEGIATA, CHAPEL OF S. FINA. Frescoes in Ceiling. CHAPEL OF S. GIOVANNI. Annunciation. 1482. SACRISTY. Madonna in Glory, and Saints. MONTE OLIVETO, CHAPEL R. Madonna with SS. Bernard and Jerome. 1502. Siena. PALAZZO SARACINI, 205. Bust of Young Woman in Red. Vienna. HARRACH COLLECTION, 314. Nativity (replica of Dresden, 16). PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN. Madonna and infant John. 

MASACCIO. 

1401-1428. Pupil of Masolino; influenced by Brunellesco and Donatello. 

Berlin. 58A. Adoration of Magi. Probably 1426. 58B. Martyrdom of St. Peter and Baptist. Probably 1426. 58C. A Birth Plate. 58D. Four Saints. Probably 1426. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Profile of Young Man. Brant Broughton (Lincolnshire). REV. ARTHUR F. SUTTON. Madonna enthroned on high Seat with two Angels below worshipping and two others seated playing on Lutes. Probably 1426. Florence. ACADEMY, 73. Madonna with St. Anne. E. CARMINE, BRANCACCI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Expulsion from Paradise; Tribute Money; SS. Peter and John healing the Sick with their Shadows; St. Peter Baptising; SS. Peter and John distributing Alms; Raising of the King's Son (except the Son, a Child, and eight Figures of same group, as well as four figures on extreme left, all of which are by Filippino Lippi, while the fourth head of this group is again by Masaccio). S. MARIA NOVELLA, WALL R. OF ENTRANCE. Fresco: Trinity with Virgin and St. John and Donor and his Wife. Montemarciano (Val d'Arno Superiore). ORATORIO. Fresco: Madonna with Michael and Baptist. E. Naples. Crucifixion. Probably 1426. Pisa. SALA VI, 27. St. Paul. Probably 1426. Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 211. Resurrected Christ (?). E. Vienna. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. St. Andrew. Probably 1426. 

MASOLINO. 

1384-after 1435. 

Bremen. KUNSTHALLE, 164. Madonna. 1423. Castiglione d'Olona. CHURCH. Frescoes: Life of Virgin. BAPTISTERY. Frescoes: Life of Baptist. PALAZZO CASTIGLIONE. Frescoes: A Landscape and Friezes. Empoli. DUOMO, BAPTISTERY. Fresco: _Pietà_. S. STEFANO. Fresco in an Arch: Madonna and Angels. Probably 1424. Florence. CARMINE, BRANCACCI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Preaching of St. Peter; Raising of Tabitha and Healing of Cripple; Fall of Adam and Eve. Munich. 1019. Madonna and Angels. Naples. Christ receiving Virgin in Paradise. Founding of S. Maria Maggiore. Rome. VATICAN, MUSEO CRISTIANO, CASE P, V. _Predella_: Dormition (?). CASE R, II. Crucifixion (in part?). S. CLEMENTE. Frescoes: Episodes from Lives of SS. Ambrose and Catherine of Alexandria; Crucifixion (some of these frescoes are completely repainted). Scotland. GOSFORD HOUSE, EARL OF WEMYSS. Annunciation. Todi. S. FORTUNATO, FOURTH CHAPEL R. Fresco: Madonna with two Angels. 

MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI. 

1475-1564. Pupil of Ghirlandaio; influenced by the works of Jacopo della Quercia, Donatello, and Signorelli. 

Florence. UFFIZI, 1139. _Tondo_: Holy Family. London. 790. Deposition (unfinished). Rome. VATICAN, SIXTINE CHAPEL. Frescoes: On Ceiling, 1508-1512. W. WALL. Last Judgment. 1534-1541. CAPPELLA PAOLINA. Frescoes: Conversion of Paul; Martyrdom of St. Peter. L. 

SCULPTURE. 

Berlin. Small Marble Apollo. Bologna. S. DOMENICO. S. Petronio; An Angel (for Ark of St. Dominic). 1494. Bruges. NOTRE DAME. Madonna. Finished before August, 1506. Florence. ACADEMY. David. 1504. Life size model of reclining Male Figure. COURT. St. Matthew. 1504. BARGELLO. Bacchus. E. Bust of Brutus. _Tondo_, Relief: Madonna. Apollo. COURT. Victory. BOBOLI GARDENS, GROTTO. Four unfinished Figures. CASA BUONARROTI. Reliefs: Centaurs and Lapithæ. E. Madonna. E. DUOMO, BEHIND HIGH ALTAR. _Pietà_. L. S. LORENZO, NEW SACRISTY. Madonna; Tombs of Lorenzo dei Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours. Left unfinished 1534. London. BURLINGTON HOUSE, DIPLOMA GALLERY. _Tondo_, Relief: Madonna. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. Cupid. BEIT COLLECTION. Young Athlete (bronze). Milan. PRINCE TRIVULZIO. Small Slave (bronze). Paris. ROOM OF RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE. Two Slaves. Rome. PALAZZO RONDANINI. _Pietà_ (unfinished). L. S. MARIA SOPRA MINERVA. Christ with Cross. Finished 1521. ST. PETER'S. _Pietà_. 1499. S. PIETRO IN VINCOLI. Moses, Rachel, and Leah. St. Petersburg. Crouching Boy. 

MONACO see LORENZO. 

ANDREA ORCAGNA AND HIS BROTHERS. 

Andrea, 1308(?)-1368. Pupil of Andrea Pisano; follower of Giotto; influenced by Ambrogio Lorenzetti of Siena. 

Of the brothers, Nardo, who died in 1365, was scarcely his inferior. 

The only painting certainly from Andrea's hand is the altarpiece at S. Maria Novella. The frescoes in the same church are probably by Nardo. 

Budapest. 50. Madonna and Angels. Florence. ACADEMY, 14. Vision of St. Bernard and Saints. 40. Trinity with Evangelist and St. Romuald. 1365. UFFIZI, 10. St. Bartholomew and Angel (?). E. 29. Coronation of the Virgin. THIRD TUSCAN ROOM. 20. St. Matthew Triptych. Begun in 1367. MR. B. BERENSON. St. Benedict receiving a Novice. BADIA, CAPPELLA BONSI. Descent of Holy Spirit. S. CROCE, SACRISTY. Madonna with SS. Gregory and Job. 1365. S. MARIA NOVELLA, L. TRANSEPT. Altarpiece. 1357. Frescoes: Paradise; Last Judgment; Hell. CLOISTER. Frescoes: Annunciation to Joachim and Anne; Meeting of Same; Birth of Virgin; Presentation of Virgin in Temple; Full length figures of Saints. CERTOSA (near Florence), CHAPEL. Madonna. London. 569-578. Coronation and Saints, with nine smaller panels representing the Trinity, Angels, and Gospel Scenes. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 25. Baptist. 26. St. Peter. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE-BORDONARO. Madonna. 

SCULPTURE (by Andrea). 

Berlin. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION. Head of female Saint. Florence. BARGELLO. 139. Angel playing Viol. OR SAN MICHELE. Tabernacle. Finished 1359. 

FRANCESCO PESELLINO. 

1422-1457. Pupil possibly of his grandfather, Giuliano Pesello; follower of Fra Angelico, Masaccio and Domenico Veneziano, but chiefly of Fra Filippo Lippi. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 96. SS. Jerome and Francis. Bergamo. MORELLI, 9. Florentine arraigned before a Judge. 11. Story of Griselda. Berlin. Small Crucifixion. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Two _Cassone_ panels: Triumphs of Petrarch. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ, 11. Madonna and Saints. 12. Adoration of Magi. (?). Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 24. Madonna and Saints. Florence. ACADEMY, 72. _Predelle_: Nativity; Martyrdom of SS. Cosmas and Damian; Miracle of St. Antony of Padua. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY, 95. Annunciation. London. COL. G. L. HOLFORD, DORCHESTER HOUSE. Madonna and Saints. Milan. POLDI-PEZZOLI, 436. Annunciation (early XVI century copy). 587. _Pietà_. Paris. 1414. _Predelle_: Miracle of SS. Cosmas and Damian; St. Francis receiving the Stigmata. Rome. PRINCE DORIA. _Predelle_: Pope Sylvester before Constantine; Pope Sylvester subduing Dragon. Wantage. LOCKINGE HOUSE, LADY WANTAGE. Two _Cassone_ panels: Story of David. 

PIER DI COSIMO. 

1462-1521. Pupil of Cosimo Rosselli; influenced by Verrocchio, Signorelli, Filippino, Leonardo, and Credi. 

Berlin. 107. Venus, Cupid, and Mars. 204. Adoration of Shepherds. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION. Prometheus Myth (Cf. Strasburg). Borgo San Lorenzo (Mugello). CHIESA DEL CROCIFISSO. Madonna with St. Thomas and Baptist. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ, 13. "La Bella Simonetta. "Dresden. 20. Holy Family and Angels. Dulwich. Head of Young Man. Fiesole. S. FRANCESCO. Coronation of Virgin (in part). L. Florence. PITTI, 370. Head of a Saint. UFFIZI. Immaculate Conception. 82, 83, 84. Story of Perseus and Andromeda. 1312. Rescue of Andromeda. 3414. Portrait of "Caterina Sforza" (?). MAGAZINE. _Tondo_: Madonna with infant John. L. INNOCENTI, GALLERY. Holy Family and Saints. S. LORENZO, R. TRANSEPT. Madonna and Saints adoring Child. Glasgow. MR. WILLIAM BEATTIE. _Tondo_: Madonna with the two Holy Children embracing. The Hague. 254, 255. Giuliano di Sangallo and his Father. Harrow-on-the-Hill. REV. J. STOGDON. Large Nativity with three Saints and three Donors (?). E. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. London. 698. Death of Procris. 895. Portrait of Man in Armour. HERTFORD HOUSE. Triumph of Venus (?). MR. ROBERT BENSON. Hylas and the Nymphs. E. Portrait of Clarissa Orsini (?). EARL OF PLYMOUTH. Head of Young Man. MR. CHARLES RICKETTS. Combat of Centaurs and Lapithæ (Cf. New York). MR. A. E. STREET. _Tondo_: Madonna adoring Child. Lyons. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. _Tondo_: Madonna with Lamb. Milan. BORROMEO. Madonna. L. PRINCE TRIVULZIO. Madonna and Angels. L. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 68. Lady holding Rabbit. Newlands Manor (Hampshire). COL. CORNWALLIS WEST. Visitation. New York. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM. The Hunt. Return from the Hunt (Cf. Mr. Ricketts, London). Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, 2. _Tondo_: _Pietà_. L. Paris. 1274. The Young Baptist. 1416. Coronation of Virgin. L. 1662. Madonna. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Bust of Physician. Portrait of Man. 1512. Madonna (fragment). Rome. BORGHESE. 329. Judgment of Solomon. 335. Holy Family L. (?). 343. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels adoring Child. CORSINI. Magdalen. _Pietà_. VATICAN, SIXTINE CHAPEL. Fresco: Destruction of Pharaoh. 1482. Scotland. (Glasgow, Cf. Glasgow). CAWDER HOUSE (BISHOPBRIGGS, NEAR GLASGOW), CAPT. ARCHIBALD STIRLING. Madonna and infant John. GOSFORD HOUSE, EARL OF WEMYSS. Bust of Man. NEWBATTLE ABBEY (DALKEITH), MARQUESS OF LOTHIAN. Mythological Scene. Siena. MONASTERO DEL SANTUCCIO, ALTAR L. Nativity. Stockholm. ROYAL GALLERY. Madonna. Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 216A. Madonna. 216B. Prometheus Myth (Cf. Von Kaufmann Collection, Berlin). Vienna. HARRACH COLLECTION, 136. Holy Family and Angels. L. PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN. Madonna and infant John. L. _Tondo_: Landscape with Water, etc. Worksop (Nottinghamshire). CLUMBER PARK, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE. Altarpiece with _Predelle_: Madonna with St. Peter and Baptist and kneeling Ecclesiastic. 

PIER FRANCESCO FIORENTINO. 

Known to have been active during the last three decades of the fifteenth century. Pupil possibly of Fra Angelico or Benozzo Gozzoli; influenced by Neri di Bicci; eclectic imitator of Alesso Baldovinetti, Fra Filippo, and Pesellino. Some of the best of the following are copies of the two last and of Compagno di Pesellino. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 97. Madonna with infant John. Bergamo. MORELLI, 36. SS. Jerome and Francis (version of Pesellino at Altenburg). Berlin. 71A. Madonna against Rose-hedge (version of M. Aynard's Compagno di Pesellino). Brussels. Madonna. Budapest. 55. Madonna and infant John. Cambridge (U. S. A. ). FOGG MUSEUM. Madonna. Castelnuovo di Val d'Elsa. S. BARBARA, HIGH ALTAR. Madonna and Saints surrounded by Frescoes. FIRST ALTAR R. Madonna and Saints. Certaldo. PALAZZO DEI PRIORI, LOWER FLOOR. Fresco: _Pietà_. 1484. Fresco: Incredulity of Thomas. UPPER FLOOR. Fresco: Madonna. 1495. CAPPELLA DEL PONTE D'AGLIENA. Frescoes: Tobias and Angel. St. Jerome. Cleveland (U. S. A. ). HOLDEN COLLECTION, 8. Madonna adoring Child. Colle di Val d'Elsa. PALAZZO ANTICO DEL COMUNE. Altarpiece: Madonna and four Saints, _Predelle_, etc. Madonna with SS. Bernardino, Antony Abbot, Magdalen, and Catherine. VIA GOZZINA. Tabernacle, Fresco: Madonna and two Bishops. VIA S. LUCIA. Frescoes in Tabernacle: Annunciation and various fragments. Detroit (U. S. A. ). 4. Madonna adoring Child. Dijon. DONATION JULES MACIET. Madonna and infant John. Eastnor Castle (Ledbury). LADY HENRY SOMERSET. Madonna against Rose-hedge (version of M. Aynard's Compagno di Pesellino at Lyons). Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 22. Madonna and four Saints. 30. Madonna. Englewood (New Jersey, U. S. A. ). MR. D. F. PLATT. Madonna with Angel and infant John. Florence. UFFIZI, 61. Madonna and Angels (copied from Compagno di Pesellino formerly in Hainauer Collection, Berlin). BARGELLO, CARRAND COLLECTION, 15. Madonna with infant John. CENACOLO DI S. APPOLONIA. Nativity. MR. EDMUND HOUGHTON. Madonna adoring Child. CONTE SERRISTORI. Madonna. S. FRANCESCO DELLE STIMATE. Madonna. S. GIOVANNINO DEI CAVALIERI, SACRISTY. Madonna. Frankfort a. /M. STÄDELINSTITUT, 10. Madonna and Angels. Frome (Somerset). MELLS PARK, LADY HORNER. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY. 48. Madonna with infant John (Cf. Herr Brachts' Compagno di Pesellino, Berlin). 56. Madonna, with two Angels. Göttingen. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 226. Copy of Fra Filippo's Annunciation (in the Doria Gallery, Rome). Gubbio. PINACOTECA, 49. Madonna and infant John. Hamburg. WEBER COLLECTION, 22. Madonna and St. Catherine against Rose-hedge. Harrow-on-the-Hill. REV. J. STOGDON. Madonna and infant John (after Fra Filippo). Hatfield. WARREN WOOD, MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Two Madonnas. Le Mans. MUSÉE, 407. Madonna. Lille. MUSÉE, 21. Madonna and Angel. 929. Procris and Cephalus (?). 930. Scene in Temple (?). Liverpool. WALKER ART GALLERY, 19. Head of Woman (possibly copy of lost portrait of Lucrezia Buti by Fra Filippo). 23. Madonna and Angels. London. 1199. Madonna, infant John, and Angels. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. Fresco: Baptist and St. Dorothy. IONIDES BEQUEST. Madonna (version of M. Aynard's Compagno di Pesellino at Lyons). MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Madonna. MR. WILLIAM E. GREY. Madonna and infant John (after Fra Filippo). MRS. LOUISA HERBERT. Madonna in Landscape. LADY HORNER. Nativity. Montefortino (near Amandola, Marches). MUNICIPIO. Madonna with Tobias and two Archangels. 1497. Narbonne. MUSÉE, 243. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels adoring Child. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION. 61. Madonna; St. Catherine, and Angels (perhaps after a lost Filippo). Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE BORDONARO, 54. Madonna and Angels. Parcieux (near Trévoux). LA GRANGE BLANCHE, M. HENRI CHALANDON. Madonna and two Angels. Paris. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. Madonna with Baptist and Angels. Painted Flower background to Desideriesque gesso relief of Madonna. M. LÉON BONNAT. Madonna and Angels. M. HENRI HEUGEL. Madonna and infant John (after Fra Filippo). Pavia. GALLERIA MALASPINA, 25. Madonna with SS. Catherine and Antony Abbot. Perugia. MARCHESE MENICONI BRACCESCHI. Madonna and infant John (after Fra Filippo). Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Madonna with two Angels. Madonna against Rose-hedge (version of M. Aynard's Compagno di Pesellino at Lyons). ELKINS PARK, MR. PETER WIDENER. Madonna against Rose-hedge (version of M. Aynard's Compagno di Pesellino at Lyons). Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK. Madonna. San Gemignano. MUNICIPIO, PINACOTECA. Madonna between two kneeling Saints. 1477. SALA DEL GIUDICE CONCILIATORE. Fresco: Trinity and small scenes from sacred Legends. 1497. TOWER. Fresco: Madonna. S. AGOSTINO, FIRST ALTAR R. Madonna and Saints. 1494. COLLEGIATA, NAVE. Monochrome Frescoes: Ten Disciples in medallions, and two smaller Busts; decoration of _Putti_ and Garlands. 1474-1475. OVER TRIUMPHAL ARCH. Fresco: Dead Christ. 1474-1475. L. AISLE, SPANDRILS OF ARCHES. Frescoes: Abraham and six Prophets. L. WALL. Fresco: Adam and Eve driven forth from Paradise (original fresco of Taddeo di Bartolo restored by Pier Francesco). CLOISTER. Fresco: Dead Christ. 1477. S. JACOPO, PILLAR R. Fresco: St. James. S. LUCIA, BEHIND HIGH ALTAR. Fresco: Crucifixion. E. CAPPELLA DI MONTE (near San Gemignano). Madonna with SS. Antony Abbot and Bartholomew. 1490. S. MARIA ASSUNTA A PANCOLE (near San Gemignano). Madonna. PIEVE DI ULIGNANO (near San Gemignano). Madonna with SS. Stephen and Bartholomew. Siena. 149-152. Triumphs of Petrarch. 209. Nativity. Sinalunga (Val di Chiana). S. MARTINO, SACRISTY. _Tondo_: Madonna and infant John. Todi. PINACOTECA. Madonna. Vienna. FANITEUM (ÜBER ST. VEIT). Fresco: Madonna with Bishop and St. Christina. 1485. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Madonna against Rose-hedge. Volterra. MUNICIPIO. Fresco: Crucifixion. ORATORIO DI S. ANTONIO. Nativity. 

THE POLLAJUOLI. 

Antonio. 1429-1498. Pupil of Donatello and Andrea del Castagno; strongly influenced by Baldovinetti. Sculptor as well as painter. 

Piero. 1443-1496. Pupil of Baldovinetti; worked mainly on his brother's designs. (Where the execution can be clearly distinguished as of either of the brothers separately, the fact is indicated). 

Berlin. 73. Annunciation (Piero). 73A. David (Antonio). Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER. Profile of Lady (Antonio). Florence. UFFIZI, 30. Portrait of Galeazzo Sforza. 69. Hope. 70. Justice. 71. Temperance. (The execution of these three was perhaps largely the work of pupils. ) 72. Faith (Piero). 73. Cartoon for "Charity" (on back of picture, the execution of which is studio work). (Antonio). 1469. 1153. Hercules and the Hydra; Hercules and Antæus (Antonio). 1301. SS. Eustace, James, and Vincent (Piero). 1467. 1306. Prudence (Piero). 1470. 3358. Miniature Profile of Lady (Piero). TORRE DI GALLO (ARCETRI). Fresco (discovered in 1897 and since then entirely repainted): Dance of Nudes (Antonio). S. MINIATO, PORTUGUESE CHAPEL. Fresco (around Window): Flying Angels (executed probably 1466). (Antonio). S. NICCOLÒ. Fresco: Assumption of Virgin (Piero). E. London. 292. St. Sebastian (Antonio). 1475. 928. Apollo and Daphne (Antonio). New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 64. Hercules and Nessus (Antonio). New York. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, 85. Fresco; St. Christopher (Piero). Paris. 1367A. Madonna (Piero) (?). San Gemignano. COLLEGIATA, CHOIR. Coronation of Virgin (Piero). 1483. Staggia (near Siena). S. MARIA ASSUNTA, R. TRANSEPT. St. Mary of Egypt upborne by Angels (design Antonio, execution Piero). Strasburg. 212A. Madonna enthroned (Piero). Turin. 117. Tobias and the Angel. 

SCULPTURE, ETC. 

Assisi. S. FRANCESCO. Altar-frontal embroidered probably from designs by Piero. Florence. BARGELLO. Bust of Young Warrior (Terra-cotta). Hercules and Antæus (Bronze). OPERA DEL DUOMO. Enamels in Pedestal of Silver Crucifix. Finished 1459. Birth of Baptist (Relief in Silver). Twenty-seven Scenes from Life of Baptist (embroideries after Antonio's designs). 1466-1473. London. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM. "Discord" (Relief in Gesso). Rome. ST. PETER'S, CHAPEL OF SACRAMENT. Tomb of Sixtus IV (Bronze). Finished 1493. L. AISLE. Tomb of Innocent VIII (Bronze). Finished 1498. 

PONTORMO (Jacopo Carucci). 

1494-1556. Pupil of Andrea del Sarto; influenced by Michelangelo. 

Bergamo. MORELLI, 59. Portrait of Baccio Bandinelli. Berlin. Portrait of Andrea del Sarto (not exhibited). HERR VON DIRKSEN. Portrait of a Lady seated. Borgo San Sepolcro. MUNICIPIO. St. Quentin in the Pillory (in part). Carmignano (near Florence). PARISH CHURCH. Visitation. Dzikow (Poland). M. ZANISLAS TARNOWSKI. Full face bust of oldish Lady in velvet, lace, and pearls. Florence. ACADEMY, 183. _Pietà_. L. 190. Christ at Emmaus. 1528. Fresco (behind the Giotto): Hospital of S. Matteo, E. PITTI, 149. Portrait of Man in Armour with Dog (?). 182. Martyrdom of forty Saints. 233. St. Antony. L. 249. Portrait of Man. 379. Adoration of Magi. UFFIZI, 1177. Madonna with SS. Francis and Jerome. 1187. Martyrdom of S. Maurizio. 1198. Birth Plate: Birth of St. John. 1220. Portrait of Man. 1267. Cosimo del Medici. 1270. Cosimo I, Duke of Florence. 1284. Venus and Cupid (designed by Michelangelo). COLLEGIO MILITARE, POPE'S CHAPEL. Frescoes. 1513. MUSEO DI S. MARCO, ROOM 38. Portrait of Cosimo dei Medici. PALAZZO CAPPONI, MARCHESE FARINOLA. Madonna and infant John. CORSINI GALLERY, 141. Madonna and infant John. 185. Madonna and infant John. SS. ANNUNZIATA, CLOISTER R. Fresco: Visitation. 1516. CAPPELLA DI S. LUCA. Fresco: Madonna and Saints. E. S. FELICITÀ, CHAPEL R. Altarpiece: Deposition. Frescoes: Annunciation; Medallions of Prophets. S. MICHELE VISDOMINI. Holy Family and Saints. 1518. CERTOSA (near Florence). CLOISTER. Fresco: Christ before Pilate. 1523. POGGIO A CAJANO (Royal Villa near Florence). Decorative fresco around window: Vertumnus, Pomona, Diana, and other figures. 1521. Frankfort a. /M. STÄDELINSTITUT, 14A. Portrait of Lady with Dog. Genoa. PALAZZO BIANCO. Portrait of Youth. PALAZZO BRIGNOLE-SALE. Man in Red with Sword. Hatfield. WARREN WOOD, MR. CHARLES BUTLER. Birth Plate. London. 1131. Joseph and his Kindred in Egypt. E. MR. LUDWIG MOND. A Conversation. EARL OF PLYMOUTH. Portrait of Youth. Lucca. SALA I, 5. Portrait of Youth. Milan. PRINCE TRIVULZIO. Portrait of Rinuccini Lady. Portrait of Youth holding Book. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 100. Cosimo dei Medici. L. 104. Bust of Lady. L. Oldenburg. 19. Portrait of Lady. Palermo. 406. Judith. L. Panshanger (Hertford). Portrait of Youth. Two panels with Story of Joseph. E. Paris. 1240. Holy Family and Saints. 1543. 1241. Portrait of Engraver of Precious Stones. Pontormo (near Empoli). PARISH CHURCH. SS. John the Evangelist and Michael. E. Rome. BARBERINI GALLERY, 83. Pygmalion and Galatea. BORGHESE GALLERY, 75. Lucretia (?). 173. Tobias and Angel. L. 408. Portrait of Cardinal. CORSINI GALLERY, 577. Bust of Man. Scotland. KEIR (DUNBLANE), CAPTAIN ARCHIBALD STIRLING. Portrait of Bartolommeo Compagni. NEWBATTLE ABBEY (DALKEITH), MARQUESS OF LOTHIAN. Portrait of Youth. Turin. 122. Portrait of Lady. Vienna. 45. Portrait of Lady. L. 48. Portrait of Lady. L. 50. Young Man with Letter (?). 

COSIMO ROSSELLI. 

1439-1507. Pupil of Neri di Bicci; influenced by Benozzo Gozzoli and Alesso Baldovinetti. 

Agram (Croatia). STROSSMAYER COLLECTION. Madonna and two Angels. Amsterdam. DR. OTTO LANZ. Madonna with St. Joseph and two Angels adoring Child. Berlin. 59. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. L. 59A. Glory of St. Anne. 1471. (MAGAZINE. ) 71. Entombment. Breslau. SCHLESISCHES MUSEUM. 171. Madonna and infant John. Cambridge. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, 556. Madonna and four Saints. 1493. Cologne. 518. Madonna, Saints, and Innocents. E. Cortona. SIGNOR COLONNESI. Madonna with SS. Jerome and Antony of Padua. Düsseldorf. AKADEMIE, 110. Madonna adoring Child (?). Eastnor Castle (Ledbury). LADY HENRY SOMERSET. Madonna with SS. Sebastian and Michael. Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 32. Holy Family and infant John. Fiesole. DUOMO, SALUTATI CHAPEL. Frescoes: Various Saints. Florence. ACADEMY, 52. SS. Barbara, John, and Matthew. E. 160. Nativity. 275. Moses and Abraham. 276. David and Noah. UFFIZI, 50. Coronation of Virgin. 59. Madonna adored by two Angels. 65. Adoration of Magi. E. 65. (From S. M. Nuova). Madonna in Clouds. 1280 bis. Madonna, Saints, and Angels. 1492. VIA RICASOLI. Fresco in shrine: Madonna enthroned and two Angels. MR. B. BERENSON. Madonna. CORSINI GALLERY, 339. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels adoring Child. MME. FINALI, VILLA LANDAU. Preaching of St. Bernardino. SIGNOR ANGELO ORVIETO. Nativity. S. AMBROGIO, THIRD ALTAR L. Assumption and _Predella_. 1498. CHAPEL OF SACRAMENT. Frescoes: Miraculous Chalice, etc. 1486. SS. ANNUNZIATA, L. CLOISTER. Fresco: St. Filippo Benizzi taking Servite Habit. 1476. S. CROCE, CAPPELLA MEDICEA, OVER DOOR. Lunette: God and Cherubim (?) S. MARIA MADDALENA DEI PAZZI. Coronation of Virgin. 1505. Genoa. PALAZZO ADORNO. Small Triumphs. Lille. 667. St. Mary of Egypt. Liverpool. WALKER ART GALLERY, 15. St. Lawrence. London. 1196. Combat of Love and Chastity. MR. CHARLES BUTLER. St. Catherine of Siena instituting her Order. Madonna and Cherubs. Lucca. DUOMO, WALL L. OF ENTRANCE. Fresco: Story of True Cross. S FRANCESCO. Frescoes: Presentation of Virgin, etc. Milan. CONTE CASATTI. Nativity. Münster i. /W. KUNSTVEREIN, 33. Madonna with Gabriel and infant John. Paris. 1656. Annunciation and Saints. 1471. MUSÉE DES ARTS DECORATIFS. LEGS M. PEYRE, 253. Madonna and two Angels. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. Madonna and Angels adoring Child. M. JOSEPH SPIRIDON. Portrait of Man. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Madonna with Child holding Bird and Pomegranate. E. Reigate. THE PRIORY, Mr. Somers Somerset. Small Descent from Cross. Rome. VATICAN, SIXTINE CHAPEL. Frescoes: Christ Preaching. Moses destroying the Tables of the Law. Last Supper (but not the scenes visible through painted windows). All 1482. MR. LUDWIG MOND. Madonna and Angel adoring Child. Turin. 106. Triumph of Chastity. 

ROSSO FIORENTINO. 

1494-1541. Pupil of Andrea del Sarto; influenced by Pontormo and Michelangelo. 

Arezzo. SALA II, 6. Christ bearing Cross. Borgo San Sepolcro. ORFANELLE. Deposition. Città di Castello. DUOMO. Transfiguration. Finished 1528. Dijon. 68. Bust of Baptist. Florence. PITTI, 113. Three Fates. 237. Madonna and Saints. UFFIZI, 1241. Angel playing Guitar. Madonna and four Saints with two _Putti_ reading, 1517. BARGELLO, DELLA ROBBIA ROOM. Fresco: Justice. SS. ANNUNZIATA, R. CLOISTER. Fresco: Assumption. S. LORENZO. _Sposalizio_. Frankfort a. /M. STÄDELINSTITUT, 14. Madonna. Paris. 1485. _Pietà_. 1486. Challenge of the Pierides. Siena. Portrait of Young Man. Turin. ARMERIA REALE, F. 3. Designs for Buckler with Wars of Jugurtha and Marius. Venice. ACADEMY, 46. Profile bust of Man in red Cloak and Hat. Vienna. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Madonna. E. Two naked _Putti_. Volterra. MUNICIPIO. Deposition. 1521. 

SARTO _see_ ANDREA. 

JACOPO DEL SELLAJO. 

1441 or 2-1493. Pupil of Fra Filippo; influenced slightly by Castagno's works; imitated most of his Florentine contemporaries, especially Botticelli, Ghirlandajo, and Amico di Sandro. 

Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM, 99. Adoration of Magi. 105. Madonna with Tobias and John. 150. St. Jerome. Arezzo. SALA II, 9. Madonna against Rose-hedge. Bergamo. CARRARA, 167. Bust of Christ holding head of Lance. Berlin. 94. Meeting of young Christ and Baptist. 1055. _Pietà_. 1483. 1132, 1133. Death of Julius Cæsar. HERR EUGEN SCHWEIZER. Nativity with infant John. Bonn. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 1139. St. Jerome. Bordeaux. MUSÉE, 48. Ecce Homo. Brandenburg a. /H. WREDOWSCHE ZEICHNENSCHULE, 65. Adoration. Breslau. SCHLESISCHES MUSEUM, 189. St. Jerome. Budapest. 56. Esther before Ahasuerus. (MAGAZINE) 1221. St. Jerome. 1369. St. Jerome. Caen. MUSÉE, 58. Madonna with infant John and Angel. Castiglione Fiorentino. PINACOTECA, 14. Pool of Bethesda. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ, 14. Madonna in Landscape. Dijon. MUSÉE, Donation Maciet. Small Adoration of Magi, with SS. Andrew and Catherine (?). Eastnor Castle (Ledbury). LADY HENRY SOMERSET. Madonna and Saints. Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO, 29. Madonna and infant John. 33. Madonna in Glory with SS. Peter Martyr and Nicholas. Englewood (New Jersey, U. S. A. ). MR. D. F. PLATT. St. Jerome. Fiesole. S. ANSANO (to be transferred to Museo). Four Triumphs of Petrarch. Florence. ACADEMY, 150. _Pietà_. PITTI, 364. Madonna and infant John adoring Child. UFFIZI, 66-68. Story of Esther. 1573. _Pietà_. BIGALLO. _Tondo_: Madonna, Saints, and Angels. CENACOLO DI S. APPOLONIA. Entombment. Adoration of Magi. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO, OSPIZIO, 21. Annunciation. MR. HERBERT P. HORNE. St. Jerome. S. FREDIANO, SACRISTY. Christ on Cross and Saints. S. JACOPO SOPRA ARNO, SACRISTY. _Pietà_. S. LUCIA DE' MAGNOLI ("TRA LE ROVINATE"), FIRST ALTAR L. Annunciation. LA QUIETE. Adoration of Magi, with Trinity and Angels above. S. SPIRITO. Antependium: St. Lawrence. GANGALANDI (between Florence and Signa), S. MARTINO, R. WALL. Madonna, with Eternal in lunette. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY. 23. Madonna and St. Peter Martyr adoring Child. 32. Head of Angel. Göttingen. UNIVERSITY GALLERY, 237. Meeting of Young Christ and John. Hanover. PROVINZIALMUSEUM. _Pietà_ and other Scenes. Ince Blundell Hall (Blundellsands, Lancashire). MR. CHARLES WELD BLUNDELL. Nativity. Lille. MUSÉE, 995. Madonna. Liverpool. WALKER ART GALLERY, 21. Adventures of Ulysses. London. 916. Venus and Cupids. MR. BRINSLEY MARLAY. _Cassone_-front: Cupid and Psyche. MR. CHARLES BUTLER. _Cassone_-front: Cupid and Psyche. EARL CRAWFORD. Brutus and Portia. St. Mary of Egypt. St. Jerome. Baptist. EARL OF ILCHESTER. Ecce Homo. Madonna. MR. CHARLES RICKETTS. Madonna and infant John. MR. GEORGE SALTING. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels adoring Child. MR. VERNON WATNEY. Marriage Feast of Nastagio degli Onesti. 1483. Lyons. MUSÉE, 62. Deposition. M. EDOUARD AYNARD. Epiphany. _Pietà_. Marseilles. MUSÉE. Madonna and Angels (copy of lost Amico di Sandro). Milan. CONTI BAGATI VALSECCHI. _Cassone_-front: Story of Griselda. PRINCE TRIVULZIO. Young Baptist. Madonna in Niche (?). Munich. 1002. St. Sebastian. 1004. Adoration of Magi. 1007. Annunciation. E. Münster i. /W. KUNSTVEREIN, 1377. Tobias and the Angel. Nantes. MUSÉE DES BEAUX ARTS, 220. Madonna (?). 273. Madonna. MUSÉE DOBRET, 384. Crucifixion. New Haven (U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION, 41. Madonna adoring Child. 52. St. Jerome. 72. Madonna in Clouds with Cherubim (version of picture by Rosselli in Uffizi). 80. St. Sebastian. 1479. 82. Diana and Actæon. 85. Creation of Adam and Eve. New York. JAMES COLLECTION. _Cassone_-front: Story of Actæon. MR. STANLEY MORTIMER. Madonna adoring Child. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, 1. Madonna adoring Child. MR. T. W. JACKSON. Madonna and infant John. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE BORDONARO, 62. _Tondo_: Nativity. Paris. 1299. Venus and Cupids. 1300A. Madonna and two Angels (copy of lost Amico di Sandro; Cf. Marseilles). 1658. St. Jerome. Story of Esther. M. LÉON BONNAT. Madonna and infant John. M. GUSTAVE DREYFUS. Madonna and infant John (?). BARON MICHELE LAZZARONI. _Pietà_. Panel for Story of Esther. M. EUGÈNE RICHTEMBERGER. Nativity. Peace Dale (Rhode Island, U. S. A. ). MRS. BACON, THE ACORNS. Madonna adoring Child. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON. Battle Piece. Madonna and Angels against hedge of Pinks. Story of Nastagio degli Onesti. Madonna adoring Child. David. Poitiers. HÔTEL DE VILLE, 102. Madonna. Rome. COUNT GREGORI STROGANOFF. Head of Virgin. San Giovanni Valdarno. ORATORIO DI S. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE. Annunciation. 1472. Scotland. NEWBATTLE ABBEY. (DALKEITH), MARQUESS OF LOTHIAN. Entombment. Vienna. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. Orpheus. St. Sigismund and kneeling Youth. E. PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN. _Tondo_: Madonna and Angels. Wiesbaden. NASSAUISCHES KUNSTVEREIN, 6. Adoration of Magi. 

PAOLO UCCELLO. 

1397-1475. Influenced by Donatello. 

Florence. UFFIZI, 52. Battle of S. Romano. DUOMO, WALL ABOVE ENTRANCE. Fresco; Four Heads of Prophets. WALL L. OF ENTRANCE. Fresco: Equestrian portrait of Sir John Hawkwood. 1437. WINDOWS IN DRUM OF CUPOLA (from his designs). Resurrection; Nativity; Ascension; Annunciation. 1443. S. MARIA NOVELLA, CLOISTER. Frescoes: Creation of Adam; Creation of Animals; Creation and Temptation of Eve. E. The Flood; Sacrifice of Noah. London. 583. Battle of S. Romano. 758. Profile of Lady (?). New York. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, MARQUAND COLLECTION. Profiles of Woman and Man of Portinari Family. Oxford. UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, 28. A Hunt. Paris. 1272. Portraits of Giotto, Uccello, Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Antonio Manetti. L. 1273. Battle of S. Romano. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ. St. George and the Dragon. Urbino. DUCAL PALACE, 89. Story of the Jew and the Host. 1468. Vienna. COUNT LANCKORONSKI. St. George and the Dragon. 

DOMENICO VENEZIANO. 

About 1400-1461. Probably acquired his rudiments at Venice; formed under the influence of Donatello, Masaccio, and Fra Angelico. 

Berlin. 64. Martyrdom of St. Lucy. Florence. UFFIZI, 1305. Madonna and four Saints. S. CROCE, R. WALL. Fresco: The Baptist and St. Francis. L. London. 766, 767. Frescoes: Heads of Monks. 1215. Fresco transferred to canvas: Madonna enthroned. 

ANDREA VERROCCHIO. 

1435-1488. Pupil of Donatello and Alesso Baldovinetti, influenced by Pesellino. 

Berlin. 104A. Madonna and Angel. E. Florence. ACADEMY, 71. Baptism (in great part). UFFIZI, 1204. Profile of Lady (?). 3450. Annunciation (possibly with assistance of Credi). London. 296. Madonna and two Angels (designed and superintended by Verrocchio). E. Milan. POLDI-PEZZOLI, 157. Profile of Young Woman (?). E. Paris. BARON ARTHUR SCHICKLER. Madonna (designed and superintended by Verrocchio). Sheffield. RUSKIN MUSEUM. Madonna adoring Child (designed by Verrocchio). Vienna. PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN, 32. Portrait of Lady. 

SCULPTURES. 

Berlin. 93. Sleeping Youth (terra-cotta). 97A. Entombment (terra-cotta). Florence. BARGELLO. David (bronze). Bust of Woman (marble). OPERA DEL DUOMO. Decapitation of Baptist (silver relief). 1480. UFFIZI. Madonna and Child (terra-cotta). PALAZZO VECCHIO, COURTYARD. Boy with Dolphin (bronze). S. LORENZO, SACRISTY. Tomb of Cosimo de' Medici (bronze). 1472. INNER SACRISTY. Lavabo (marble) (in part). OR SAN MICHELE, OUTSIDE: Christ and St. Thomas (bronze). Finished 1483. Paris. M. GUSTAVE DREYFUS. Bust of Lady (marble). Venice. PIAZZA SS. GIOVANNI E PAOLO. Equestrian Monument of Bartolommeo Colleoni (bronze). Left unfinished at death. 

VINCI see LEONARDO

INDEX OF PLACES. 

Agram (Croatia). STROSSMAYER COLLECTION: Albertinelli, Fra Angelico, Bugiardini, Cosimo Rosselli. Aix-en-Provence. MUSÉE: Alunno di Domenico. Altenburg. LINDENAU MUSEUM: Amico di Sandro, Fra Angelico, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Pesellino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. Amsterdam. DR. OTTO LANZ: Cosimo Rosselli. Arezzo. Alunno di Domenico, Rosso, Sellajo. Ashridge Park (Berkhampstead). EARL BROWNLOW: Fra Bartolommeo, Fra Filippo. Asolo. CANONICA DELLA PARROCCHIA: Bacchiacca. Assisi. S. FRANCESCO: Cimabue, Giotto and Assistants, Pollajuolo. Barnard Castle. BOWES MUSEUM: Franciabigio. Bergamo. CARRARA: Sellajo. LOCHIS: Albertinelli. MORELLI: Albertinelli, Amico di Sandro, Bacchiacca, Baldovinetti, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Lorenzo Monaco, Pesellino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Pontormo. Berlin. Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Bacchiacca, Baldovinetti, Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Carli, Credi, Franciabigio, Garbo, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Assistant of Giotto, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Pesellino, Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, The Pollajuoli, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo, Domenico Veneziano, Verrocchio. SIMON COLLECTION: Amico di Sandro, Bronzino, Garbo. MUSEUM OF INDUSTRIAL ART: Bugiardini. PALACE OF EMPEROR WILLIAM I: Bugiardini. HERR VON DIRKSEN: Pontormo. VON KAUFMANN COLLECTION: Botticelli, Carli, Lorenzo Monaco, Orcagna, Pier di Cosimo. HERR EUGEN SCHWEIZER: Bacchiacca, Franciabigio, Sellajo. HERR EDWARD SIMON: Amico di Sandro. Besançon. MUSÉE: Bronzino. CATHEDRAL: Fra Bartolommeo. Béziers. MUSÉE: Benozzo. Bologna. Bugiardini, Franciabigio, Assistant of Giotto. S. DOMENICO: Filippino Lippi, Michelangelo. Bonn. UNIVERSITY GALLERY: Bugiardini, Sellajo. Bordeaux. MUSÉE: Sellajo. Borgo San Lorenzo (Mugello). CHIESA DEL CROCIFISSO: Pier di Cosimo. Borgo San Sepolcro. MUNICIPIO: Pontormo. ORFANELLE: Rosso. Boston (U. S. A. ). MRS. J. L. GARDNER: Fra Angelico, Bacchiacca, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Giotto, Masaccio, Pesellino, Antonio Pollajuolo. MRS. QUINCY A. SHAW: Mainardi. Bowood Park (Calne). MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE: Bugiardini. Brandenburg a. /H. WREDOWSCHE ZEICHNENSCHULE: Sellajo. Brant Broughton (Lincolnshire). REV. ARTHUR F. SUTTON: Fra Angelico, Lorenzo Monaco, Masaccio. Bremen. KUNSTHALLE: Masolino. Breslau. SCHLESISCHES MUSEUM: Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. Brocklesby (Lincolnshire). EARL OF YARBOROUGH: Bacchiacca. Bruges. NOTRE DAME. Michelangelo. Brunswick. Lorenzo Monaco. Brussels. Franciabigio, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MUSÉE DE LA VILLE: Franciabigio. Budapest. Amico di Sandro, Bacchiacca, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Orcagna, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Caen. MUSÉE: Sellajo. Cambridge. FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM: Albertinelli, Credi, Lorenzo Monaco, Cosimo Rosselli. Cambridge (U. S. A. ). FOGG MUSEUM: Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Carlsruhe. Credi. Carmignano (near Florence). PARISH CHURCH. Pontormo. Cassel. Bacchiacca, Bronzino, Granacci, Lorenzo Monaco. Castel Fiorentino. CAPPELLA DI S. CHIARA: Benozzo. MADONNA DELLA TOSSE: Benozzo. Castelnuovo di Val d'Elsa. S. BARBARA: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Castiglione d'Olona (Varesotto). PALAZZO CASTIGLIONE: Masolino. CHURCH: Masolino. BAPTISTERY: Masolino. Castiglione Fiorentino. PINACOTECA: Sellajo. COLLEGIATA: Credi. Certaldo. PALAZZO DEI PRIORI: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. CAPPELLA DEL PONTE D'AGLIENA: Benozzo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Chantilly. MUSÉE CONDÉ: Amico di Sandro, Franciabigio, Granacci, Pesellino, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo. Chartres. MUSÉE: Albertinelli. Chatsworth. DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo. Chicago. MR. MARTIN RYERSON: Botticini. Città di Castello. Granacci. DUOMO: Rosso. Cleveland (U. S. A. ). HOLDEN COLLECTION: Botticini, Credi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Colle di Val d'Elsa. PALAZZO ANTICO DEL COMUNE: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. VIA GOZZINO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. VIA S. LUCIA: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. S. AGOSTINO: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo. Cologne. Benozzo, Mainardi, Cosimo Rosselli. Copenhagen. THORWALDSEN MUSEUM: Filippino Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco. Cortona. SIGNOR COLONNESI: Cosimo Rosselli. S. DOMENICO: Fra Angelico. GESÙ: Fra Angelico. Cracow. POTOCKI COLLECTION: Franciabigio. Darmstadt. Granacci. Detroit (U. S. A. ). Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Dijon. MUSÉE: Bacchiacca, Bugiardini, Franciabigio, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Rosso, Sellajo. Dresden. Alunno di Domenico, Andrea del Sarto, Bacchiacca, Botticelli, Carli, Credi, Franciabigio, Garbo, Mainardi, Pier di Cosimo. Dublin. NATIONAL GALLERY: Granacci. Dulwich (near London). Pier di Cosimo. Düsseldorf. ACADEMY: Fra Angelico, Carli, Cosimo Rosselli. Dzikow (Poland). M. ZANISLAS TARNOWSKI: Pontormo. Eastnor Castle (Ledbury). LADY HENRY SOMERSET: Carli, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. Empoli. OPERA DEL DUOMO: Botticini, Lorenzo Monaco, Pesellino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. BAPTISTERY: Masolino. S. STEFANO: Masolino. Englewood (New Jersey, U. S. A. ). MR. DANIEL FELLOWS PLATT: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. Esher. MR. HERBERT F. COOK: Carli. Fiesole. S. ANSANO (to be transferred to Museo): Lorenzo Monaco, Sellajo. DUOMO: Cosimo Rosselli. S. FRANCESCO: Pier di Cosimo. Figline (Val d'Arno Superiore). S. PIERO AL TERRENO: Bugiardini. Florence. ACADEMY: Albertinelli, Alunno di Domenico, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Baldovinetti, Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Botticelli, Botticini, Cimabue, Credi, Franciabigio, Garbo, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Giotto, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Orcagna, Pesellino, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo, Verrocchio. BARGELLO: Assistant of Giotto, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Michelangelo, Orcagna, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Antonio Pollajuolo, Rosso, Verrocchio. PITTI: Albertinelli, Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Bacchiacca, Fra Bartolommeo, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Franciabigio, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Fra Filippo Lippi, Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo, Rosso, Sellajo. UFFIZI: Albertinelli, Alunno di Domenico, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Baldovinetti, Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Carli, Castagno, Credi, Franciabigio, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Assistant of Giotto, Granacci, Leonardo, Filippino Lippi, Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Michelangelo, Orcagna, Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, The Pollajuoli, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Rosso, Sellajo, Paolo Uccello, Domenico Veneziano, Verrocchio. BIBLIOTECA LAURENZIANA: Lorenzo Monaco. BIGALLO: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Sellajo. BOBOLI GARDENS: Michelangelo. CASA BUONARROTI: Michelangelo. CENACOLO DI S. APPOLONIA: Botticini, Castagno, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. CENACOLO DI FOLIGNO: Amico di Sandro. CHIOSTRO DELLO SCALZO: Andrea del Sarto, Franciabigio. COLLEGIO MILITARE: Pontormo. HOSPITAL: Castagno, Lorenzo Monaco. INNOCENTI, GALLERY: Alunno di Domenico, Pier di Cosimo. ISTITUTO DEI MINORENNI CORRIGENDI: Granacci. SAN LORENZO, NEW SACRISTY: Michelangelo. MUSEO DI SAN MARCO: Alunno di Domenico, Fra Angelico, Fra Bartolommeo, Bugiardini, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Lorenzo Monaco, Pontormo, Sellajo. OPERA DEL DUOMO: Antonio Pollajuolo, Verrocchio. PALAZZO RICCARDI: Benozzo, Fra Filippo Lippi. PALAZZO VECCHIO: Bronzino, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Verrocchio. (PITTI, see above). SAN SALVI: Andrea del Sarto. SCUOLE ELEMENTARE (Via della Colonna): Carli. (UFFIZI, see above). VIA CONSERVATORIO CAPPONI, No. Ii. : Carli. VIA RICASOLI: Cosimo Rosselli. PALAZZO ALESSANDRI: Benozzo, Fra Filippo Lippi. MR. B. BERENSON: Baldovinetti, Bronzino, Carli, Orcagna, Cosimo Rosselli. DUCA DI BRINDISI: Botticini, Carli. MR. HENRY WHITE CANNON, Villa Doccia: Carli. PALAZZO CAPPONI, Marchese Farinola: Botticelli, Pontormo. PALAZZO CORSINI: Albertinelli, Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Bacchiacca, Carli, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Filippino Lippi, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli. MME. FINALI, Villa Landau: Cosimo Rosselli. MR. HERBERT P. HORNE: Benozzo, Filippino Lippi, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo. MR. EDMUND HOUGHTON: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. CONTESSA LARDAREL: Botticini. MR. CHARLES LOESER: Lorenzo Monaco. CONTE NICCOLINI: Bacchiacca. CONTE FERNANDO DEI NOBILI: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. SIGNOR ANGELO ORVIETO: Cosimo Rosselli. PALAZZO PITTI: Botticelli. PALAZZO PUCCI: Credi. MARCHESE MANELLI RICCARDI: Alunno di Domenico. MRS. ROSS, POGGIO GHERARDO: Carli. CONTE SERRISTORI: Bacchiacca, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MARCHESE PIO STROZZI: Botticini. PALAZZO TORRIGIANI: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Filippino Lippi, Mainardi. TORRE DEL GALLO (VILLINO): Antonio Pollajuolo. S. AMBROGIO: Baldovinetti, Carli, Filippino Lippi, Cosimo Rosselli. SS. ANNUNZIATA: Andrea del Sarto, Baldovinetti, Castagno, Franciabigio, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Rosso. BADIA: Filippino Lippi, Orcagna. LA CALZA (PORTA ROMANA): Franciabigio. CARMINE: Filippino Lippi, Masaccio, Masolino. S. CROCE: Bugiardini, Giotto and Assistants, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Orcagna, Cosimo Rosselli, Domenico Veneziano. S. DOMENICO DI FIESOLE: Fra Angelico, Credi. DUOMO: Baldovinetti, Castagno, Credi, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo, Paolo Uccello. S. FELICE: Assistant of Giotto. S. FELICITA: Pontormo. S. FRANCESCO DELLE STIMMATE: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. S. FREDIANO: Sellajo. S. GIOVANNINO DEI CAVALIERI: Lorenzo Monaco, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. S. GIUSEPPE: Lorenzo Monaco. INNOCENTI (CHURCH): Alunno di Domenico, Domenico Ghirlandajo, S. JACOPO SOPRA ARNO: Sellajo. S. LORENZO: Bronzino, Fra Filippo Lippi, Pier di Cosimo, Rosso, Verrocchio. S. LUCIA DE' MAGNOLI (TRA LE ROVINATE): Sellajo. S. MARCO: Baldovinetti, Fra Bartolommeo. S. M. MADDALENA DEI PAZZI: Carli, Cosimo Rosselli. S. M. NOVELLA: Bugiardini, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Filippino Lippi, Masaccio, Orcagna, Paolo Uccello. S. MARGHERITA A MONTICI: Assistant of Giotto. S. MICHELE VISDOMINI: Pontormo. S. MINIATO: Baldovinetti, Assistant of Giotto, Antonio Pollajuolo. S. NICCOLÒ: Piero Pollajuolo. CHIOSTRO DEGLI OBLATI (25 VIA S. EGIDIO): Lorenzo Monaco. OGNISSANTI: Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandajo. CHIESA DI ORBETELLO: Mainardi. OR SAN MICHELE: Credi, Orcagna, Verrocchio. S. PANCRAZIO: Baldovinetti. PAZZI CHAPEL: Baldovinetti. S. PROCOLO: Carli. LA QUIETE: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Sellajo. S. SPIRITO: Botticini, Carli, Credi, Filippino Lippi, Sellajo. S. TRINITA: Baldovinetti, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Lorenzo Monaco. Places near Florence: BROZZI, FATTORIA ORSINI: Mainardi. S. ANDREA: Botticini, Carli. CERTOSA: Albertinelli, Orcagna, Pontormo. CORBIGNANO (NEAR SETTIGNANO), CAPPELLA VANELLA: Botticelli. GANGALANDI (BETWEEN FLORENCE AND SIGNA), S. MARTINO: Sellajo. BADIA DI PASSIGNANO (TAVERNELLE), REFECTORY: Domenico Ghirlandajo. PIAN DI MUGNONE, S. M. MADDALENA: Fra Bartolommeo. POGGIO A CAJANO (ROYAL VILLA): Andrea del Sarto, Franciabigio, Filippino Lippi, Pontormo. QUINTOLE, S. PIETRO: Granacci. SCANDICCI, COMTESSE DE TURENNE: Credi. VILLAMAGNA, S. DONNINO: Granacci. Forlì. Credi. Frankfort a. /M. STÄDELINSTITUT: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Pontormo, Rosso. Frome (Somerset). LADY HORNER, MELLS PARK: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Geneva. MUSÉE: Albertinelli. Genoa. PALAZZO ADORNO: Cosimo Rosselli. PALAZZO BIANCO: Filippino Lippi, Pontormo. PALAZZO BRIGNOLE-SALE: Pontormo. Glasgow. CORPORATION GALLERY: Garbo. MR. WILLIAM BEATTIE: Credi, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Pier di Cosimo. MR. JAMES MANN: Granacci. Gloucester. HIGHNAM COURT, SIR HUBERT PARRY: Albertinelli, Credi, Lorenzo Monaco, Pesellino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. Göttingen. UNIVERSITY GALLERY: Botticini, Credi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. Grenoble. MUSÉE: Fra Bartolommeo. Gubbio. Pier Francesco Fiorentino. The Hague. Albertinelli, Bronzino, Pier di Cosimo. Hamburg. WEBER COLLECTION: Credi, Franciabigio, Mainardi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Hanover. KESTNER MUSEUM: Credi. PROVINZIALMUSEUM: Sellajo. Harrow-on-the-Hill. REV. J. STOGDON: Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Hatfield. MR. CHARLES BUTLER, WARREN WOOD: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Pontormo. Hildesheim. Mainardi. Horsmonden (Kent). MRS. AUSTEN, CAPEL MANOR: Alunno di Domenico, Amico di Sandro. Ince Blundell Hall (Lancashire). MR. CHARLES WELD BLUNDELL: Sellajo. Kiel. PROF. MARTIUS: Filippino Lippi. Le Mans. MUSÉE: Carli, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Lewes. MR. E. P. WARREN, LEWES HOUSE: Filippino Lippi. Lille. MUSÉE: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. Liverpool. WALKER ART GALLERY: Alunno di Domenico, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. Locko Park (near Derby). MR. CHARLES DRURY-LOWE: Bacchiacca, Benozzo, Carli, Castagno, Mainardi. London. Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Bacchiacca, Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Castagno, Credi, Franciabigio, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Filippino and Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Michelangelo, Orcagna, Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Antonio Pollajuolo, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo, Paolo Uccello, Domenico Veneziano, Verrocchio. H. M. THE KING, BUCKINGHAM PALACE: Benozzo. BURLINGTON HOUSE, DIPLOMA GALLERY: Leonardo, Michelangelo. HERTFORD HOUSE: Andrea del Sarto, Pier di Cosimo. VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM: Amico di Sandro, Benozzo, Granacci, Michelangelo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Antonio Pollajuolo. BEIT COLLECTION: Michelangelo. MR. ROBERT BENSON: Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Botticini, Carli, Franciabigio, Garbo, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Pier di Cosimo. MR. CHARLES BRINSLEY MARLAY: Alunno di Domenico, Botticini, Sellajo. DUKE OF BUCCLEUGH: Granacci. MR. CHARLES BUTLER: Bacchiacca, Botticini, Credi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. EARL CRAWFORD: Sellajo. MR. WILLIAM E. GREY: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MRS. LOUISA HERBERT: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MR. J. P. HESELTINE: Botticelli. COL. G. L. HOLFORD, DORCHESTER HOUSE: Fra Bartolommeo, Garbo, Pesellino. LADY HORNER: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. SIR H. HOWORTH: Mainardi. EARL OF ILCHESTER, HOLLAND HOUSE: Sellajo. SIR KENNETH MUIR MACKENZIE: Alunno di Domenico. MR. LUDWIG MOND: Fra Bartolommeo, Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Pontormo. MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN: Castagno, Domenico Ghirlandajo. EARL OF NORTHBROOK: Fra Bartolommeo, Bugiardini, Franciabigio. EARL OF PLYMOUTH: Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo. MR. CHARLES RICKETTS: Garbo, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo. MR. C. N. ROBINSON: Benozzo. EARL OF ROSEBERY: Credi. MR. LEOPOLD DE ROTHSCHILD: Andrea del Sarto. MR. GEORGE SALTING: Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Mainardi, Sellajo. SIR HENRY SAMUELSON: Garbo, Filippino Lippi. MR. A. E. STREET: Pier di Cosimo. MRS. J. E. TAYLOR: Fra Angelico. MR. T. VASEL: Franciabigio. MR. HENRY WAGNER: Lorenzo Monaco, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MR. VERNON WATNEY: Sellajo. SIR JULIUS WERNHER: Filippino Lippi. MR. FREDERICK A. WHITE: Bacchiacca. EARL OF YARBOROUGH: Franciabigio. Longleat (Warminster). MARQUESS OF BATH: Alunno di Domenico, Credi, Mainardi. Lovere. GALLERIA TADINI: Alunno di Domenico. Lucardo (near Certaldo). PARISH CHURCH: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo. Lucca. Fra Bartolommeo, Bronzino, Carli, Pontormo. MARCHESE MANSI (S. M. FORISPORTAM): Granacci. DUOMO: Fra Bartolommeo, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Cosimo Rosselli. S. FRANCESCO: Cosimo Rosselli. S. MICHELE: Filippino Lippi. Lyons. MUSÉE: Sellajo. M. EDOUARD AYNARD: Fra Angelico, Garbo, Fra Filippo Lippi, Mainardi, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo. Madrid. MUSÉE DEL PRADO: Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico. DUKE OF ALBA: Albertinelli, Fra Angelico. Marseilles. MUSÉE: Sellajo. Mayence. Credi. Meiningen. GRAND DUCAL PALACE: Amico di Sandro, Benozzo. Milan. AMBROSIANA: Botticelli. BORROMEO: Alunno di Domenico, Pier di Cosimo. BRERA: Benozzo, Bronzino. POLDI-PEZZOLI: Albertinelli, Alunno di Domenico, Botticelli, Carli, Pesellino, Sellajo, Verrocchio. CONTI BAGATI VALSECCHI: Sellajo. CONTE CASATTI: Credi, Cosimo Rosselli. COMM. BENIGNO CRESPI: Bacchiacca, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi. DR. GUSTAVO FRIZZONI: Bacchiacca. CAV. ALDO NOSEDA: Lorenzo Monaco. PRINCE TRIVULZIO: Amico di Sandro, Michelangelo, Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo, Sellajo. S. MARIA DELLE GRAZIE: Bugiardini, Leonardo. Modena. Botticini, Bugiardini, Franciabigio. Mombello (near Milan). PRINCE PIO DI SAVOIA: Bugiardini. Montefalco. PINACOTECA (S. FRANCESCO): Benozzo. S. FORTUNATO: Benozzo. Montefortino (near Amandola, Marches). MUNICIPIO: Botticini, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Montemarciano (Val d'Arno Superiore). Masaccio. Montepulciano. Carli. Munich. ALTE PINAKOTEK: Albertinelli, Fra Angelico, Bacchiacca, Credi, Garbo, Giotto and Assistant, Granacci, Fra Filippo Lippi, Mainardi, Masolino, Sellajo. LOTZBECK COLLECTION: Lorenzo Monaco. Münster i. /W. KUNSTVEREIN: Mainardi, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. Nantes. MUSÉE DES BEAUX ARTS: Sellajo. MUSÉE DOBRET: Sellajo. Naples. Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Bartolommeo, Garbo, Filippino Lippi, Masaccio, Masolino. MUSEO FILANGIERI: Amico di Sandro. Narbonne. MUSÉE: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Narni. MUNICIPIO: Alunno di Domenico, Benozzo, Domenico Ghirlandajo. New Haven (Conn. , U. S. A. ). JARVES COLLECTION: Alunno di Domenico, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Orcagna, Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Antonio Pollajuolo, Pontormo, Sellajo. Newlands Manor (Hampshire). COL. CORNWALLIS WEST: Pier di Cosimo. Newport. (U. S. A. ). MR. THEODORE M. DAVIS, THE REEF: Bugiardini. New York. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM: Bugiardini, Pier di Cosimo, Piero Pollajuolo, Paolo Uccello. MRS. GOULD: Bronzino. HAVEMEYER COLLECTION: Bronzino. JAMES COLLECTION: Sellajo. MR. STANLEY MORTIMER: Sellajo. MR. RUTHERFORD STUYVESANT: Franciabigio. MR. SAMUEL UNTERMEYER: Albertinelli. Nîmes. GOWER COLLECTION: Franciabigio. Olantigh Towers (Wye). MR. ERLE-DRAX: Bugiardini, Carli. Oldenburg. Bugiardini, Pontormo. Orvieto. DUOMO: Fra Angelico. Oxford. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY: Alunno di Domenico, Amico di Sandro, Bacchiacca, Carli, Granacci, Filippino Lippi, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo. UNIVERSITY GALLERIES: Bronzino, Credi, Granacci, Fra Filippo Lippi, Mainardi, Paolo Uccello. MR. T. W. JACKSON: Franciabigio, Sellajo. Padua. ARENA CHAPEL: Giotto. Palermo. BARON CHIARAMONTE BORDONARO: Alunno di Domenico, Botticini, Mainardi, Orcagna, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Pontormo, Sellajo. Panshanger (Hertford). Fra Bartolommeo, Granacci, Pontormo. Panzano (between Florence and Siena). S. MARIA: Botticini. Parcieux (near Trévoux). LA GRANGE BLANCHE, M. HENRI CHALANDON: Botticini, Lorenzo Monaco, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Paris. LOUVRE: Albertinelli, Alunno di Domenico, Amico di Sandro, Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Baldovinetti, Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Botticelli, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Carli, Cimabue, Credi, Franciabigio, Domenico and Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Assistant of Giotto, Leonardo, Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Michelangelo, Pesellino, Pier di Cosimo, Piero Pollajuolo, Pontormo, Cosimo Rosselli, Rosso, Sellajo, Paolo Uccello. MUSÉE DES ARTS DECORATIFS: Bugiardini, Cosimo Rosselli. BARONNE D'ADELSWARD: Benozzo. MME. EDOUARD ANDRÉ: Baldovinetti, Botticini, Bugiardini, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Paolo Uccello. COMTESSE ARCONATI-VISCONTI: Botticini, Mainardi. M. LÉON BONNAT: Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Sellajo. M. GEORGES CHALANDON: Fra Angelico. M. JEAN DOLLFUS: Alunno di Domenico, Granacci. M. GUSTAVE DREYFUS: Credi, Mainardi, Sellajo, Verrocchio. M. HENRI HEUGEL: Botticini, Garbo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. BARON MICHELE LAZZARONI: Carli, Sellajo. COMTE PASTRE: Amico di Sandro. M. EMILE RICHTEMBERGER: Carli, Granacci, Sellajo. BARON EDOUARD DE ROTHSCHILD: Garbo. BARON ARTHUR SCHICKLER: Verrocchio. BARON SCHLICHTING: Amico di Sandro. M. JOSEPH SPIRIDON: Alunno di Domenico, Granacci, Cosimo Rosselli. M. NOEL VALOIS: Fra Angelico. Parma. Fra Angelico, Garbo. Pavia. GALLERIA MALASPINA: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Peace Dale (Rhode Island, U. S. A. ). MRS. BACON, THE ACORNS: Sellajo. Périgueux. MUSÉE: Amico di Sandro. Perugia. Fra Angelico, Benozzo. MARCHESE MENICONI BRACCESCHI: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Petworth House (Sussex). LORD LECONFIELD: Andrea del Sarto. Philadelphia. MR. JOHN G. JOHNSON: Amico di Sandro, Fra Bartolommeo, Franciabigio, Granacci, Mainardi, Pier di Cosimo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Cosimo Rosselli, Sellajo. MR. PETER WIDENER: Benozzo, Bugiardini, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Pinerolo (Piedmont). VILLA LAMBA DORIA: Franciabigio. Pisa. MUSEO CIVICO: Fra Angelico, Benozzo, Carli, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Masaccio. CAMPO SANTO: Benozzo. RICOVERO: Benozzo. UNIVERSITÀ DEI CAPPELLANI: Benozzo. S. CATERINA: Albertinelli. DUOMO: Andrea del Sarto. S. MATTEO: Carli. S. STEFANO: Bronzino. Pistoia. DUOMO: Credi, Verrocchio. MADONNA DEL LETTO: Credi. S. PIETRO MAGGIORE: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo. Poggibonsi. S. LUCCHESE: Carli. Poitiers. HÔTEL DE VILLE: Sellajo. Pontormo (near Empoli). PARISH CHURCH: Pontormo. Posen. RACZYNSKI COLLECTION: Lorenzo Monaco. Prato. Botticini, Carli, Filippino Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco. TABERNACLE IN STREET: Filippino Lippi. DUOMO: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Fra Filippo Lippi. Reigate. THE PRIORY, MR. SOMERS SOMERSET: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Cosimo Rosselli. Richmond (Surrey). SIR FREDERICK COOK: Bacchiacca, Fra Bartolommeo, Botticini, Fra Filippo Lippi, Lorenzo Monaco, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Rome. BARBERINI GALLERY: Franciabigio, Pontormo. BORGHESE GALLERY: Albertinelli, Andrea del Sarto, Bacchiacca, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Credi, Franciabigio, Granacci, Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo. COLONNA GALLERY: Alunno di Domenico, Bronzino, Bugiardini. CORSINI GALLERY: Fra Angelico, Fra Bartolommeo, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Franciabigio, Granacci, Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo. DORIA GALLERY: Bronzino. LATERAN (presently to be united with the Vatican): Fra Bartolommeo, Benozzo, Fra Filippo Lippi. VATICAN, PINACOTECA: Fra Angelico, Leonardo. MUSEO CRISTIANO (presently to be united with the Pinacoteca): Fra Angelico, Benozzo, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi, Masolino. CHAPEL OF NICHOLAS V: Fra Angelico. CAPPELLA PAOLINA: Michelangelo. SIXTINE CHAPEL: Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo, Pier di Cosimo, Cosimo Rosselli. PRINCE COLONNA: Bugiardini. PRINCE DORIA: Bronzino, Fra Filippo Lippi, Pesellino. MISS HERTZ: Bacchiacca. MR. LUDWIG MOND: Fra Filippo Lippi, Cosimo Rosselli. PALAZZO RONDANINI: Michelangelo. PRINCE ROSPIGLIOSI: Bronzino. CONTESSA SPALETTI: Bugiardini. COUNT GREGORI STROGANOFF: Amico di Sandro, Fra Angelico, Mainardi, Sellajo. MARCHESE VISCONTI VENOSTA: Fra Bartolommeo. ARACOELI: Benozzo. S. CLEMENTE: Masolino. S. GIOVANNI LATERANO: Giotto. S. MARIA SOPRA MINERVA: Filippino Lippi, Michelangelo. ST. PETER'S: Assistant of Giotto, Michelangelo, Antonio Pollajuolo. S. PIETRO IN VINCOLI: Michelangelo. San Gemignano. MUNICIPIO: Benozzo, Mainardi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. OSPEDALE DI S. FINA: Mainardi. S. GIOVANNI: Mainardi. S. AGOSTINO: Benozzo, Mainardi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino. S. ANDREA: Benozzo. CAPPELLA DI MONTE: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. COLLEGIATA: Benozzo, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Mainardi, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Piero Pollajuolo. S. JACOPO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. S. LUCIA: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. MONTE OLIVETO: Benozzo, Mainardi. PANCOLE (near San Gemignano), S. MARIA ASSUNTA: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. PIEVE DI ULIGNANO (near San Gemignano), S. BARTOLOMMEO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. San Giovanni Valdarno. ORATORIO DI S. M. DELLE GRAZIE: Sellajo. San Miniato al Tedesco (Val d'Arno). S. DOMENICO: Carli. Scotland. CAWDER HOUSE, (BISHOPBRIGGS) CAPT. ARCHIBALD STIRLING: Pier di Cosimo. (GLASGOW, Cf. Under G. ) GOSFORD HOUSE EARL OF WEMYSS: Albertinelli, Botticini, Masolino, Pier di Cosimo. KIER (DUNBLANE), CAPT. ARCHIBALD STIRLING: Pontormo. LANGTON (DUNS), HON. MRS. BAILLIE-HAMILTON: Alunno di Domenico, Bugiardini. NEWBATTLE ABBEY (DALKEITH), MARQUESS OF LOTHIAN: Amico di Sandro, Pier di Cosimo, Pontormo, Sellajo. ROSSIE PRIORY (INCHTURE, PERTHSHIRE), LORD KINNAIRD: Granacci. Sermoneta. PARISH CHURCH: Benozzo. Sheffield. RUSKIN MUSEUM: Verrocchio. Siena. Albertinelli, Lorenzo Monaco, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Rosso. PALAZZO SARACINI: Bugiardini, Mainardi. S. MARIA DEGLI ANGELI: Carli. MONASTERO DEL SANTUCCIO: Pier di Cosimo. Sinalunga (Val di Chiana). S. MARTINO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. Spoleto. DUOMO: Fra Filippo Lippi. Staggia (near Siena). S. MARIA ASSUNTA: The Pollajuoli. Stockholm. ROYAL PALACE: Botticini, Pier di Cosimo. St. Petersburg. HERMITAGE: Andrea del Sarto, Fra Angelico, Fra Bartolommeo, Botticelli, Bugiardini, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Granacci, Michelangelo. PALAIS STROGANOFF: Amico di Sandro, Filippino Lippi. Strasburg. UNIVERSITY GALLERY: Bugiardini, Credi, Assistant of Giotto, Masaccio, Pier di Cosimo, Piero Pollajuolo. Stuttgart. Albertinelli, Bugiardini. Terni. BIBLIOTECA: Benozzo. Todi. MUNICIPIO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. S. FORTUNATO: Masolino. Troyes. MUSÉE: Bacchiacca. Turin. Amico di Sandro, Fra Angelico, Botticini, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Credi, Franciabigio, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, The Pollajuoli, Pontormo, Cosimo Roselli. ACCADEMIA ALBERTINA: Fra Filippo Lippi. ARMERIA REALE: Rosso. MUSEO CIVICO: Bugiardini, Lorenzo Monaco. Urbino. DUCAL PALACE: Paolo Uccello. Vallombrosa. PIEVE CARLI. Venice. ACADEMY: Carli, Rosso. QUERINI STAMPALIA GALLERY: Credi. SEMINARIO: Albertinelli, Bacchiacca, Bronzino, Carli, Filippino Lippi. BARON GIORGIO FRANCHETTI: Bugiardini. PRINCE GIOVANELLI: Bacchiacca. LADY LAYARD: Garbo. PIAZZA SS. GIOVANNI E PAOLO: Verrocchio. Vercelli. MUSEO BORGOGNA: Domenico Ghirlandajo. Vienna. Andrea del Sarto, Fra Bartolommeo Benozzo, Bronzino, Bugiardini, Franciabigio, Pontormo. ACADEMY: Bugiardini. HERR EUGEN VON MILLER AICHOLZ: Filippino Lippi. DR. A. FIGDOR: Alunno di Domenico. HARRACH COLLECTION: Mainardi, Pier di Cosimo. COUNT LANCKORONSKI: Alunno di Domenico, Franciabigio, Granacci, Masaccio, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Rosso, Sellajo, Paolo Uccello. PRINCE LIECHTENSTEIN: Amico di Sandro, Credi, Franciabigio, Mainardi, Pier di Cosimo, Sellajo, Verrocchio. BARON TUCHER: Fra Angelico Benozzo. HERR CARL WITTGENSTEIN: Granacci. Volterra. MUNICIPIO: Carli, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Rosso. ORATORIO DI S. ANTONIO: Pier Francesco Fiorentino. DUOMO: Albertinelli, Benozzo. Wantage. LOCKINGE HOUSE, LADY WANTAGE: Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Pesellino. Warwick Castle. EARL OF WARWICK: Alunno di Domenico, Granacci. Washington. MR. VICTOR FISCHER: Carli, Lorenzo Monaco, Mainardi. Weston Birt (Tetbury). COL. G. L. HOLFORD: Carli. Wiesbaden. NASSAUISCHES KUNSTVEREIN: Bacchiacca, Franciabigio, Sellajo. Wigan. HAIGH HALL, EARL CRAWFORD: Botticini. Windsor Castle. Andrea del Sarto, Franciabigio. Worksop (Nottinghamshire). CLUMBER PARK, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE: Pier di Cosimo.