Transcriber's Note

The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfullypreserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected. 

The Economist:

OR

THE POLITICAL, COMMERCIAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND FREE-TRADE JOURNAL. 

 "If we make ourselves too little for the sphere of our duty; if, on the contrary, we do not stretch and expand our minds to the compass of their object; be well assured that everything about us will dwindle by degrees, until at length our concerns are shrunk to the dimensions of our minds. _It is not a predilection to mean, sordid, home-bred cares that will avert the consequences of a false estimation of our interest, or prevent the shameful dilapidation into which a great empire must fall by mean reparation upon mighty ruins. _"--BURKE. 

 No. 3. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1843. PRICE 6_d. _

CONTENTS. 

 Our Brazilian Trade and the Anti-Slavery Party 33

 The Fallacy of Protection 34

 Agriculture (No. 2. ) 35

 Court and Aristocracy 36

 Music and Musicales 36

 The Metropolis 37

 The Provinces 37

 Ireland 37

 Scotland 38

 Wales 38

 Foreign: France 38 Spain 38 Austria and Italy 38 Turkey 38 Egypt 39 United States 39 Canada 39

 Colonies and Emigration: Emigration during the last Seventeen Years 39 New South Wales 39 Australia 39 Cape of Good Hope 39 New Zealand 39

 Political 39

 Correspondence and Answers to Inquiries 40

 Postscript 41

 Free Trade Movements: Messrs Cobden and Bright at Oxford 42 Public Dinner to R. Walker, Esq. 42 Dr Bowring's Visit to his Constituents 42 Anti-Corn-law Meeting at Hampstead 43 Mr Ewart and his Constituents 43

 Miscellanies of Trade 43

 Police 43

 Accidents, Offences, and Occurrences 43

 Sporting Intelligence 43

 Agricultural Varieties: The best Home Markets 44 Curious Agricultural Experiment 44 Cultivation of Waste Lands 44

 Our Library Table 44

 Miscellanea 45

 Commerce and Commercial Markets 46

 Prices Current 46

 Corn Markets 46

 Smithfield Markets 46

 Borough Hop Market 47

 Liverpool Cotton Market 47

 The Gazette 47

 Births, Marriages, and Deaths 47

 Advertisements 47

 "If a writer be conscious that to gain a reception for his favourite doctrine he must combat with certain elements of opposition, in the taste, or the pride, or the indolence of those whom he is addressing, this will only serve to make him the more importunate. _There is a difference between such truths as are merely of a speculative nature and such as are allied with practice and moral feeling. With the former all repetition may be often superfluous; with the latter it may just be by earnest repetition, that their influence comes to be thoroughly established over the mind of an inquirer. _"--CHALMERS. 

OUR BRAZILIAN TRADE AND THE ANTI-SLAVERY PARTY. 

Since the publication of our article on the Brazilian Treaty, we havereceived several letters from individuals who, agreeing with us entirelyin the free-trade view of the question, nevertheless are at variancewith us as to the commercial policy which we should pursue towards thatcountry, in order to coerce them into our views regarding slavery. Weare glad to feel called upon to express our views on this subject, towhich we think full justice has not yet been done. 

We must, however, in doing so, make a great distinction between the twoclasses of persons who are now found to be joined in an alliance againstthis application of free-trade principles; two classes who have alwayshitherto been so much opposed to each other, that it would have beenvery difficult ten years since to have conceived any possiblecombinations of circumstances that could have brought them to act inconcert: we mean the West India interest, who so violently opposed everystep of amelioration to the slave from first to last; and that body of_truly great philanthropists_ who have been unceasing in their effortsto abolish slavery wherever and in whatever form it was to be found. Tothe latter alone we shall address our remarks. 

As far as it can be collected, the argument relied upon by this partyappears to be, that having once abolished slavery in our own dominionswe ought to interdict the importation of articles produced by slavelabour in other countries, in order to coerce them, for the sake oftheir trade with us, to follow our example. 

We trust we shall be among the last who will ever be found advocatingthe continuance of slavery, or opposing any _legitimate_ means for itsextinction; but we feel well assured that those who have adopted theopinion quoted above, have little considered either the consequences orthe tendencies of the policy they support. 

The first consideration is, that if this policy is to be acted upon, onprinciple, it must extend to the exclusion of _all_ articles produced inwhatever country by slaves. It must apply with equal force to the_gold_, _silver_, and _copper_ of Brazil, as it does to the _sugar_ and_coffee_ produced in that country;--it must apply with equal force tothe _cotton_, the _rice_, the _indigo_, the _cochineal_, and the_tobacco_ of the Southern States of America, and Mexico, as it does tothe _sugar_ and _coffee_ of Cuba. To be in any way consistent incarrying out this principle, we must exclude the great material on whichthe millions of Lancashire, the West of Yorkshire, and Lanarkshiredepend for their daily subsistence; we must equally exclude tobacco, which gives revenue to the extent of 3, 500, 000_l. _ annually; we mustrefuse any use of the precious metals, whether for coin, ornament, orother purposes. But even these form only one class of the obligationswhich the affirming of this principle would impose upon us. If we wouldcoerce the Brazilians by not buying from them, it necessarily involvesthe duty of not selling to them; for if we sell, we supply them with allthe means of conducting their slave labour; we supply the implements oflabour, or the materials from which they are made; we supply clothingfor themselves and their slaves; we supply part of their foods and mostof their luxuries; the wines and the spirits in which the slave-ownerindulges; and we even supply the very materials of which the implementsof slave punishment or coercion are made;--and thus participate muchmore directly in the profits of slavery than by admitting their produceinto this country. But if we supply them with all these articles, whichwe do to the extent of nearly 3, 000, 000_l. _ a year, and are not toreceive some of their slave-tainted produce, it must follow that we areto give them without an equivalent, than which no greater encouragementcould be given for a perseverance in slave-holding. But the truthis--whatever pretensions we make on this subject--we do, in exchange forour goods, buy their polluted produce; we employ our ships to convey itfrom their shores, and ourselves find a market for it among othercountries already well supplied with cheap sugar, where it is notrequired, and where it only tends the more to depress the price inmarkets already abundantly supplied. Nay, we do more; we admit it intoour ports, we land it on our shores, we place it in our bondedwarehouses, and our busy merchants and brokers deal as freely on ourexchanges in this slave produce as in any other, only with thisdifference--that this cheap sugar is not permitted to be consumed by ourown starving population, but can only be sold to be refined in bond forthe consumption of the free labourers in our West India colonies andothers, or to be re-exported, as it is, for the use of "our lessscrupulous but more consistent" neighbours on the continent. 

Consistency, therefore, requires equally the abandonment of all exporttrade to slave-producing countries, as it does of the import of theirproduce; and the effect will carry us even further. We know it is afavourite feeling with Mr Joseph Sturge and others of that trulybenevolent class, that in eschewing any connexion with slave-producingcountries, we have the better reason to urge free-trading intercoursewith such countries as use only free labour, --with the Northern Statesof America, with Java, and other countries similarly circumstanced. Nowof what does our trade to these countries, in common with others, chiefly consist? Of the 51, 400, 000_l. _ of British manufactures andproduce which we exported in 1840, upwards of 24, 500, 000_l. _ consistedof cotton goods, nearly the whole of which were manufactured fromslave-grown cotton, and partly dyed and printed with the cochineal andindigo of Guatamala and Mexico. Consistency would therefore furtherrequire that we abandon at least one-half of our present foreign tradeeven with free-labour countries, instead of opening any opportunity forits increase. 

When men are prepared and conceive it a duty to urge the accomplishmentof all these results, they may then consistently oppose the introductionof Brazilian sugar and coffee, and support the present West Indiamonopoly; but not till then. 

But now, what effect must this argument have upon slave-producingstates, in inducing them to abandon slavery? Has it not long been one ofthe chief arguments of the anti-slavery party everywhere, that freelabour is actually cheaper than slave labour? Now, will the Braziliansgive credit to this proposition, so strongly insisted upon, when theysee that the anti-slavery party conceive it needful to give support to asystem which affirms the necessity of protecting free labour againstslave labour, by imposing a prohibitory duty of upwards of 100 per cent. On the produce of the latter? Will their opinion of the relativecheapness of the two kinds of labour not rather be determined by ouractions than our professions?

We firmly believe that free labour, properly exercised, is cheaper thanslave labour; but there is no pretence to say that it is so at thismoment in our West India colonies; and we undertake to show, in an earlynumber, in connexion with this fact, that _the existence of the highprotecting duties on our West India produce has done more than anythingelse to endanger the whole experiment of emancipation_. 

But, moreover, our West India monopoly, --the existence of the highprohibitory differential duty on sugar, is the greatest, strongest, andleast answerable argument at present used by slave-holding countriesagainst emancipation. The following was put strongly to ourselves inAmsterdam a short time since by a large slave owner in DutchGuiana:--"We should be glad, " said he, "to follow your example, andemancipate our slaves, if it were possible; but as long as yourdifferential duties on sugar are maintained, it will be impossible. Hereis an account sale of sugar produced in our colony, netting a return of11_l. _ per hogshead to the planter in Surinam; and here is an accountsale of similar sugar sold in London, netting a return of 33_l. _ to theplanter in Demerara: the difference ascribable only to your differentialduty. The fields of these two classes of planters are separated only bya few ditches. Now such is the effort made by the planter in Demerara toextend his cultivation to secure the high price of 33_l. _, that he isimporting free labourers from the hills of Hindostan, and from the coastof Africa, at great cost, and is willing to pay higher wages than labourwill command even in Europe. Let us, then, emancipate our slaves, which, if it had any effect, would confer the privilege of a choice ofemployer, and Dutch Guiana would be depopulated in a day, --an easy meansof increasing the supply of labour to the planters of Demerara, at thecost of entire annihilation of the cultivation of the estates inSurinam. But abandon your differential duties, give us the same pricefor our produce, and thus enable us to pay the same rate of wages, andI, for one, will not object to liberate my slaves to-morrow. "

Whatever amount of credence people may be disposed to place in thiswillingness to abandon slavery, nothing can be more clear than that thehigher rate of wages paid in our colonies, attributable solely to thehigh and extravagant price which, by our differential duties, theirproduce commands, must ever form a strong and conclusive reason withthese slave-holding countries against their entertaining the question ofemancipation. 

We believe most sincerely that an equalization of these duties--that anentire free trade would do more than any other act to encourage anadoption of our example everywhere: while the maintenance of monopolyand high prices _as an essential to the carrying out of the experimentof free labour successfully_--must be the strongest reason against itsadoption with all those countries who have no means of commanding thisaccompanying confessed essential. 

But now were it otherwise:--have the professors of these opinions everconsidered the huge responsibility which they arrogate to themselves bysuch a course? Let these men remember that, by seeking to coerce the_slave-labour producer_ in distant countries, they inflict a severepunishment on the millions of hard-working, ill-fed _consumers_ amongtheir fellow countrymen; but they seem always to overlook the fact, thatthere is a _consumer_ to consider as well as a _producer_;--and thatthis consumer is their own countryman, their own neighbour, whosecondition it is their _first_ duty to consult and watch;--duty as wellas charity ought to be first exercised at home. That is a very doubtfulhumanity which exercises itself on the uncertain result of influenceindirectly produced upon governments in the other hemisphere of theglobe, and neglects, nay sacrifices, the interests of the poor andhelpless around our own doors, --not only by placing the necessaries oflife beyond their reach, but at the same time destroying the demand fortheir labour by which alone they can obtain them. 

If _individuals_ entertain conscientious scruples against the use ofslave produce--let them, if they please, act upon them themselves, butdo not let them seek to inflict _certain_ punishment, and the wholetrain of vice and misery consequent on starvation and want ofemployment, upon their poorer neighbours, for the purpose of conferringsome _speculative_ advantage on the slaves of the Brazils or elsewhere:no man can be called upon as a duty to do so great a present evil, inorder to accomplish some distant good, however great--or howevercertain. 

THE FALLACY OF PROTECTION. 

All laws made for the purpose of protecting the interests of individualsor classes must mean, if they mean anything, to render the articleswhich such classes deal in or produce dearer than they would otherwisebe if the public was left at liberty to supply itself with suchcommodities in the manner which their own interests and choice woulddictate. In order to make them dearer it is absolutely necessary to makethem scarcer; for quantity being large or small in proportion to demand, alone can regulate the price;--protection, therefore, to any commoditysimply means that the quantity supplied to the community shall be lessthan circumstances would naturally provide, but that for the smallerquantity supplied under the restriction of law the same sum shall bepaid as the larger quantity would command without such restriction. 

Time was when the Sovereigns of England relied chiefly on the grantingof patents to individuals for the exclusive exercise of certain tradesor occupations in particular places, as the means of rewarding theservices of some, and as a provision for others of their adherents, followers, and favourites, who either held the exclusive supply in theirown hands on their own terms, or who again granted to others under themthat privilege, receiving from them a portion of the gains. In thecourse of time, however, the public began to discover that thesemonopolies acted upon them directly as a tax of a most odiousdescription; that the privileged person found it needful always to keepthe supply short to obtain his high price (for as soon as he admittedplenty he had no command of price)--that, in short, the sovereign, inconferring a mark of regard on a favourite, gave not that which hehimself possessed, but only invested him with the power of imposing acontribution on the public. 

The public once awake to the true operation of such privileges, andseverely suffering under the injuries which they inflicted, perseveringly struggled against these odious monopolies, until thesystem was entirely abandoned, and the crown was deprived of the powerof granting patents of this class. But though the public saw clearlyenough that these privileges granted by the sovereign to individualsoperated thus prejudicially on the community, they did not see withequal clearness that the same power transferred to, and exercised by, Parliament, to confer similar privileges on classes; to do for a numberof men what the sovereign had before done for single men, would, to theremaining portion of the community, be just as prejudicial as the abusesagainst which they had struggled. That like the sovereign, theParliament, in protecting or giving privileges to a class, gave nothingwhich they possessed themselves, but granted only the power to suchclasses of raising a contribution from the remaining portion of thecommunity, by levying a higher price for their commodity than it wouldotherwise command. As with individuals, it was equally necessary to makescarcity to secure price, and that could only be done by restricting thesources of supply by prohibiting, or by imposing high duties on, foreignimportations. Many circumstances, however, combined to render the use ofthis power by Parliament less obvious than it had been when exercised bythe sovereign, but chiefly the fact that protection was usually grantedby imposing high duties, often in their effect quite prohibitory, underthe plea of providing revenue for the state. Many other more modernexcuses have been urged, such as those of encouraging native industry, and countervailing peculiar burthens, in order to reconcile publicopinion to the exactions arising out of the system, all of which weshall, on future occasions, carefully consider separately. But, aboveall, the great reason why these evils have been so long endured hasbeen, that the public have believed that all classes and interests, though perhaps not exactly to the same extent, have shared inprotection. We propose at present to confine our consideration to theeffects of protection, --first, on the community generally; and secondly, on the individual classes protected. 

As it is admitted that protection ought, if granted at all, to be givento all alike, it would follow that the whole produce of the countrywould be raised to an artificial price; and if this were the case, asfar as regarded the exchange or transactions among members of the samecommunity, the effect would be merely nominal, of no advantage to anyone, and of little disadvantage beyond the enormous public expenseneeded to prevent people cheating each other by smuggling and bringingin the cheaper foreign article;--but such a community must forego allnotion or idea of a foreign trade;--they must have no desires to begratified beyond themselves, and they must have within themselves theindependent means of supplying every want. For even if the law be strongenough to maintain an artificial high price at home, it has no power ofmaking other countries pay that price; and if everything we possessedcommanded a higher price at home than other countries could supply thesame for, we should have nothing which we could exchange for the produceof other countries, and thus no more foreign trade could exist, than ina poor country which had no surplus produce. It is therefore essentialthat every country should bear in mind, in adopting a system ofprotection to manufactures or other produce, that they therebyeffectually debar themselves from all foreign trade to neutral countriesin such articles; for if they require high duties at home to protectthem from the produce of other countries, which could only come atconsiderable expense to compete with them at home, how can theywithstand that competition when they meet on the same terms in everyrespect in a neutral market? How effectually has France stayed herexport linen trade by raising the duties and the price of linen yarn, and by that act, intended as a blow to English trade, given the linenmanufacturers of this country a greater advantage over France in themarkets of the world than ever. How idle are the efforts of the Belgiangovernment to establish depôts and factories for the sale of theirmanufactures in St Thomas add other places, while the manufacturers inGhent are only able to maintain their home trade, by high protectiveduties, against English, French, and German goods, and still cry out forgreater protection!

It is, however, abundantly plain, that the state of a country abovedescribed could not long exist, when industry and intelligence were inthe course of producing wealth; for if there be one law in nature moredistinct than another, it is, that while the productions of everycountry are less or more limited to particular things, the wants of manextend to every possible variety of products over the whole world, assoon as his means can command them. As a country advances in wealth, itwill have more and more surplus produce, which under wise laws wouldalways consist of such things as it could produce with greatest facilityand profit, whether from the loom or the soil. This surplus producewould be exchanged for the productions of other climates, but it must bequite clear, as soon as we arrive at this stage, that the power of thelaw to protect price altogether ceases. The surplus exported must sellin the markets of the world, in competition with the same articleproduced under the cheapest circumstances, and that article in the homemarket can command only the same price. 

Thus the whole attempt to protect all interests equally wouldimmediately fail; every article produced in excess, and exported, wouldcommand only the lowest prices of open markets, and the fanciedprotection of the law would be void; while everything produced indeficiency, and of which we required to import a portion to make up theneedful supply, would continue to be protected above the natural priceof the world to any extent of import duty that the law imposed upon thequantity required to make up the deficiency. 

Thus, for example, we export a large portion of the woollen, and thelargest portion of the cotton goods which we manufacture, to all partsof the world, which we must sell at least as cheap as they can be boughtin any other country. The same articles can only command the same pricein the home market, and though the law imposed an import duty, by way ofpretended protection, to any extent, upon similar foreign goods, itwould not have the effect of raising the price one fraction. On theother hand, we do not produce as much wool or food as we consume, andhave every year to import large quantities of each to make up thedeficiency. Whatever duty, therefore, is put on the import of thequantity thus required, will enable the producers at home to maintaintheir price so much above the natural level of the world. By this stateof things the country at large is injured in two distinct and prominentways:--first, --those articles which we can make in excess, and export, must ever be the chief means of absorbing the increasing capital andlabour of the country; and the impediment thrown in our way, ofimporting those things which we have in deficiency, must necessarilycheck our power of extending the demand for the produce of suchincreasing labour and capital; and, secondly, --the price of sucharticles as we produce in deficiency, will always be maintained muchabove the level of the world, to the great disadvantage of the othergreat class of producers, the price of whose labour, and whose profits, will be regulated by competition with those who have food, &c. , at thelowest price. 

So much as to the effect on the community at large. We will now shortlyconsider the effect on individual interests, which are thought to enjoyprotection, and we believe we can show that there never was a conditionso fraught with mischief and disappointment, with such unmitigateddelusion, deception, and exposure to ruin, than is to be found in everycase where protection operates. We think it can be clearly shown _thatsuch occupations can never be more profitable; that they must usually beless profitable; and that they are always more exposed to vicissitudesthan any other class_. 

They never can be more profitable, because capital and enterprise willalways be attracted to any occupation which offers a larger profit thanthe usual rate, till it is reduced to a level with others; they willusually be less profitable, indeed always in a community of increasingnumbers, because the price being maintained by restriction above theprice of the world, prevents an extension of such trades in the sameproportion as those who naturally belong to them, and look to them foroccupation, increase in numbers: they will be exposed to greatervicissitudes, because, being confined to the supply of only one market, any accidental circumstance, which either increases the usual supply, ordiminishes the usual demand, will cause an infinitely greater depressionthan if they were in a condition to avail themselves of the markets ofthe whole world, over which they could spread an accidental and unusualsurplus. 

Thus, previous to 1824, the silk manufacturers of this country wereprotected to a greater extent than any other trade, and the price ofsilk goods was maintained much above the rate of other countries; oursilk trade was therefore necessarily confined almost exclusively to thehome market and our colonies, and though they had a monopoly of thosemarkets, it was at the cost of exclusion (on account of higher price)from all other markets. 

Notwithstanding this monopoly, the silk manufacturers could nevercommand at any time larger _profits_ than other trades; for had theydone so, competition would have increased until the rate was reduced tothe common level of the country: on the contrary, the tendency was forprofits and rates of wages to be smaller than in other greatmanufacturing branches, requiring equal capital and skill; because, withthe increasing numbers who belonged to the silk trade, --the sons ofmanufacturers and of weavers, who naturally, in the first instance, lookto the trade of their parents for their occupation, --the trade did notproportionably increase, from the fact of our being unable to extend ourexports; and, lastly, it was exposed to much greater vicissitudes thanother trades; for when, either from a temporary change of fashion ortaste, or from a temporary stagnation of trade in this country, theaccustomed demand was lessened, the silk manufacturers were unable toobtain any relief by extending their trade in the great neutral marketsof the world, being excluded by price, and the whole surplus quantityremained a dead weight on this market only; whereas other branches ofmanufactures, practically enjoying no protection, in the case ofdepressed trade at home, had an opportunity of immediate relief, byspreading the surplus thereby created, at a very trifling sacrifice, over the wide markets which they supplied. 

In this way the extent and duration of the vicissitudes and depressionsin the silk trade were without parallel in any other; but since 1824, since this trade has been placed in a natural position by the removal ofmonopoly, the whole aspect of it has changed, and these peculiar evilshave all disappeared. 

Then again with regard to the products of land, which the law attemptsto protect more highly than any other. Here again, though the price tothe community is maintained much above the prices of other countries, noone person connected with raising the produce can command a higher rateof profit, or higher wages for labour, than other trades having noprotection whatever; for if they did, competition would soon reduce themto the same level; but, on the contrary, the wages, of agriculturallabourers, and the profits of farmers, are always rather below thanabove the common rate, and simply from this fact, that the children offarm labourers, and of farmers, who first naturally look to the pursuitsof their parents for a trade or occupation, increase in numbers withoutany corresponding extension of the means of employment, and thecompetition among them is therefore always greater than in other tradeswhich have the power of extension; and the vicissitudes to which thefarmer is exposed are notoriously greater than any other trade. His rentand expenses throughout are fixed by an artificial price of produce, which price can only be maintained as long as a certain scarcity exists;but the moment the markets are plentifully supplied, either from a wantof demand owing to a depression of trade, or from the result of a goodharvest, he finds that plenty takes out of his hand all control ofprice, which quickly sinks to the natural rate. 

With a free trade the farmer would never be exposed to such reverses. Inthat state, if the demand and price increased, it would be checked by anincrease of imports from other countries; if the demand and pricediminished, that would also be checked by a reduction or cessation ofthe usual imports, and, if necessary, by an export of any surplus whichpressed upon the market;--and, if our space allowed, it would not bedifficult to show that, with prices at the natural rate, all partiesconnected with land would not only be in a safer but a much bettercondition. 

No cautious man who well understands the subject will ever hazard hiscapital in any trade exposed to so many evils and to so much uncertaintyas restriction and protection infallibly introduce into it:--but thegreat error which misleads all men in cherishing such trades is, thatthey mistake _high prices_ for _high profits_, which usually, instead ofbeing synonymous terms, are quite the reverse. 

AGRICULTURE. 

No. II. 

ON THE INDICATIONS WHICH ARE GUIDES IN JUDGING OF THE FERTILITY ORBARRENNESS OF THE SOIL. 

BY THE REV. WILLIAM THORP. 

(_Continued from No. 2. _)

These three signs, viz. , colour, consistence, and vegetation, are namedby the Royal Agricultural Society as being pre-eminently indications ofthe value of lands; yet there are others of equal if not of greaterconsequence. For example:--

_A knowledge of the geology of the land_ is of the first importance;that is, not only a knowledge of the range and extent of each formationand its subdivisions, which may be called geographical geology, but alsohow far and to what extent the various lands do depend upon thesubstratum for their soil, and the local variations in the chemical ormineralogical character of the substrata themselves, and which may becalled the differential geology of soils. For not only do the qualitiesof land vary from one formation to another, but upon the same formationthere is frequently considerable difference in the quality of landdepending upon chemical difference in the substratum, or upon anintermixture of foreign debris derived from other strata. 

_A chemical investigation_ of the soil and subsoil will frequentlyafford most useful indications respecting the value of land. It may belaid down as an axiom that a soil to be fertile must contain all thechemical ingredients which a plant can only obtain from the soil, andchemistry ought to be able to inform us in unproductive soils whatingredients are wanting. It also is able to inform us if any poisonoussubstance exists in the soil, and how it may be neutralized; when lime, marl, and chalk are to be used, &c. [1]

The Royal Agricultural Society say that chemistry is unable to explainthe productiveness of soils. But why is it unable? One reason is, thatsupposing everything required by the plant to be present in the soil, yet if the soil be either too wet, or too dry, too cohesive, or loose, the plant will not flourish; and chemical analysis does not declarethis, for it affords no information respecting the mechanical divisionin which substances exist in the soil. Again, the chemical analysis ofsoils, to be worth anything, must be conducted with more rigid accuracythan those published by English writers. To detect one cwt. Of gypsum inan acre there would be only one quarter of a grain in a pound of soil, or in 100 grains only three and a half thousandth of a grain (35/10000or, 00035 grs. ), or to discover if sufficient alumina existed in a fieldfor the production of red clover there must be ascertained if itcontained (one hundred thousandth), 00001 per cent. The analyses even bySprengel do not afford us the quantity of nitrogen in each soil, or thecapacity of the soil for this substance; while it is well known thatmost manures, as well as the different kinds of food, are valuable inproportion to the quantity contained by them, and it is highly probable, _ceteris paribus_, that the quantity of nitrogen found existing in soil, and the soil's capacity for containing that substance, would afford aneasy indication of its immediate fertility, and also of its requiringgreat or small quantities of nitrogenous manures in its futurecultivation. [2]

Chemistry, however, outsteps her province when it is attempted toexplain how vegetable productions are formed in the plants by chemicalforces; for the recent discoveries of Schwann, Henle, and Schleiden, prove that all the functions of the plant are performed by the means ofsimple vesicles and cells--that absorption, assimilation, fixation ofcarbon from the atmosphere, respiration, exhalation, secretion, andreproduction are all effected by single cells, of which the lower plantsalmost entirely consist--that the cell absorbs alimentary mattersthrough the spongioles of the root, and that the fluid received thusundergoes the first steps of the organizing process--that the inorganicelements are changed into the simplest proximate principles by cells--soalso are the further changes into the regular secretions of the plant, the result of cell-life--that gum and sugar are converted into theorganizable portion of the nutritious sap by the cells of the leaves. The starchy fluid in the grains of corn is rendered capable of nutritionto the embryo by the development of successive generations of cells, which exert upon it their peculiar vitalizing influence. Albumen isconverted into fibrine by the vital agency of cell life--_i. E. _, cellsare produced which do not form an integral part of any permanentstructure in the plant, but which, after attaining a certain maturity, reproduce themselves and disappear; hence it may be stated that all thevegetable productions which are formed in the plant are effected by aseries of vital actions through the agency of cells. 

From the different transformations which these undergo all the differenttissues in vegetables are formed; for instance, the spiral and dottedducts, woody fibre, and so on. Schwann showed that the formation oftissues in animals went through exactly the same progress, a fact whichhas been confirmed by the microscopic observations of Valentin andBarry. Thus vessels, glands, the brain, nerves, muscles, and even bonesand teeth are all formed from metamorphosed cells. Dr Bennett says--"Ifthis be true, and there can be little doubt, it obliges us to modify ournotions of organization and life. It compels us to confess thatvegetables and animals are not simple beings, but composed of a greateror less number of individuals, of which thousands may exist in a massnot larger than a grain of sand, each having a vital centre and separatelife, independent of those around it. Each of these individuals, ororganized cells, should be regarded as a living being, which has itsparticular vital centre of absorption, assimilation, and growth, andwhich continues to vegetate, to increase, and undergo transformations asif it were an isolated individual. At all events, a knowledge of theexistence of the cell-life of plants will explain several phenomenarespecting the vegetation, growth, and ripening of corn, and mayhereafter lead to some valuable practical results. "

_The climate, elevation, and exposure_ are not to be neglected. Upon thehigher portions of the Wolds crops suffer, much from elevation andexposure, while in the western portion of Yorkshire, upon the mooredges, the harvest is usually a month later than in the central parts ofthe island. 

_A moderate depth_ of soil in general is a favourable sign, althoughsome of shallow soils on the new red sandstone and on the Wolds are verygood; to these signs are to be added locality, as respects markets, facilities of obtaining a supply of lime, or other tillage, the ratesand outpayments peculiar to the district, &c. &c. , all of which are tobe taken into account when considering the value of any particular farm. 

I shall now briefly apply these indications of fertility over thedifferent geological formations of Yorkshire, and it will be found thateach lends aid to the other, and that a person will be able to ascertainthe value of land in proportion as he is able to appreciate thecollective evidence afforded by them. 

(_To be continued. _)

[1] Mr Brakenridge, of Bretton Lodge, who has extensive practice in landvaluing, informs me that a mechanical analysis of the soil affords himmuch assistance; and he has found that in soils, whenever free fromstagnant water, that in a mechanical analysis the larger the proportionwhich remains suspended in the water, the greater its powers ofproduction will be found, and the less manure it will require. That thebest soils are those which, when diffused and well stirred in water andallowed to stand for three minutes, from 20 to 30, say 25, per cent. Iscarried off with the water of decantation. When 30 per cent. And upwardsis decanted off, the soil becomes retentive of water and consequentlywet. When less than 20 per cent. , say only 16 per cent. And under, iscarried off, it becomes too porous; water passes through it too rapidly;its soluble matter is washed off into the substratum, and it has astrong tendency to become thin and sterile. 

[2] The celebrated black earth of Russia contains 2, 45 per cent. Ofnitrogen. 

COURT AND ARISTOCRACY. 

The Queen and Prince Albert, on their return on Thursday week from theChateau d'Eu, were accompanied by the Prince de Joinville, who remainedto dine with the Royal party, and then returned in the evening on boardhis yacht, for the coast of France. After a few days' repose, herMajesty and the Prince started on another marine excursion. They sailedfrom Brighton on Tuesday morning, passed Dover, and arrived off Dealabout three o'clock, where the Royal yacht anchored, in order to receivethe Duke of Wellington, who came from Walmer Castle, and dined with herMajesty on board, a large number of vessels, gaily decked with flags, aswell as crowds on shore, giving animation to the scene. The Dukeremained with her Majesty and Prince Albert upwards of two hours, andduring the time he was on board, the wind, which throughout the day hadbeen blowing rather fresh from the northward and eastward, hadconsiderably increased, and her Majesty, upon the Duke's taking hisleave, evinced very great anxiety respecting the safe landing of hisGrace. Everybody who knows this coast is aware that when the wind isblowing at all from the eastward that there is a very heavy surf on thebeach, and consequently great difficulty in landing. His Grace, however, on thanking her Majesty for the concern she evinced on his account, madelight of the matter, and returned on board the _Ariel_, which broughthim as near the shore as possible; here he got into the barge and rowedtowards the beach. The swell was too great to admit of his landing atthe pier, from which he had started, and the boat was pulled towards thenaval yard, where the surf was not so great as at any other part of theshore. Here the Duke landed, but not without a thorough drenching, forno sooner had the bows of the boat touched the shore than a heavy seabroke right over her stern, and completely saturated his Grace'sapparel. The Duke, upon landing, all wet as he was, immediately mountedhis horse, and rode off to Walmer Castle. A numerous assemblage ofpersons had congregated on the beach when the Duke came on shore, andloudly and enthusiastically cheered him. 

At an early hour on Wednesday morning the squadron got their steam up, and made preparations for taking their departure. The weather hadmoderated, and the day was fine. About seven o'clock the Royal yacht gotunder way, and stood out to sea, and was followed by the other steamers, and also by the _Penelope_, which had been ordered to form one of theRoyal squadron. 

About two o'clock on Wednesday the Royal yacht entered the port ofOstend, taking the authorities somewhat by surprise, who did not expectit quite so soon. The King and Queen of Belgium, and the officialpersonages of Ostend, were, however, on the pier to await the landing;and the populace displayed the most lively enthusiasm. In the eveningthere was a grand banquet at the Hotel de Ville, and Ostend wasbrilliantly illuminated, in a style far surpassing ordinary occasions. 

THE KING OF HANOVER. --A correspondent writes that his Majesty, while inconversation with a noble friend, expressed the determination, shouldDivine Providence spare him health, to visit this country again nextsummer, and he purposed then to come earlier in the season. 

VISIT OF THE REGENT OF SPAIN TO GREENWICH HOSPITAL. --On Wednesday, abouttwelve o'clock, General Espartero paid a visit to the Royal Hospital atGreenwich. 

Sir Robert Peel arrived in town by the London and Birmingham Railway onSaturday afternoon, from his seat, Drayton Manor, Staffordshire, andimmediately proceeded from the Euston-square terminus to the residenceof the Earl of Aberdeen, in Argyll street, to pay a visit to hislordship. Soon, after the arrival of the Right Hon. Baronet, Sir JamesGraham arrived in Argyll street from the Home office, and had aninterview with Sir Robert Peel. 

Sir R. Peel left his colleagues at a quarter-past four o'clock for theterminus at London bridge, and travelled by the London and BrightonRailway to Brighton, to dine with her Majesty and Prince Albert, remaining at the Pavilion, on a visit to her Majesty. 

MUSIC AND MUSICALES. 

MANCHESTER MUSICAL FESTIVAL. --This great festival--one of the greatestand finest musical events that ever occurred in Manchester--was held inthe magnificent hall of the Anti-Corn-law League, the length of which is135 feet, the breadth 102 feet, inclosing an area of about 14, 000 squarefeet. The services of all our principal vocal artists were secured. The_soprani_ were Miss Clara Novello and Miss Rainforth; the _alto_ or_mezzo soprano_, Mrs Alfred Shaw; the _tenori_, Mr Braham and Mr JamesBennett; and the _basso_, Mr Henry Phillips. The choir was the mostcomplete and efficient one ever collected in Manchester, and consistedof nearly the whole of the vocal members of the Manchester ChoralSociety and the Hargreaves Choral Society, with some valuable additionsfrom the choirs of Bury and other neighbouring towns, and from gentlemenamateurs, conversant with Handel. The _Messiah_ was the performance ofMonday night; and, on the whole, was executed in a style worthy of thatgreat work of art, the conductor being Sir Henry Bishop, who wore hisrobes as a musical bachelor of the University of Oxford. On Tuesdaythere was a grand miscellaneous concert, the hall being even morenumerously attended than on the preceding evening, there not being fewerthan 3, 500 persons present. This went off with very great satisfactionto the very numerous auditory; and the _Manchester Guardian_ says, "Asto the general impression produced by this festival, we believe we donot err in saying that there is but one opinion, --that it has beenthroughout an eminently successful experiment. Sir Henry Bishop, weunderstand, said that he never heard choruses sung with better effect inhis life; and that he considered the festival, as a musical performance, most creditable to every one connected with it. As to the capabilitiesof the hall for singing, we are informed that Miss Clara Novello hasdeclared that she never sang with more ease in any place in her life;and we think the ease with which she did sing was obvious to all whocould see her countenance. We have asked many persons who sat indifferent parts of the hall, especially in distant corners, and allconcur in saying that they heard most distinctly Miss Novello's softestand faintest notes. "

MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE. --Rubini is about to establish an opera at StPetersburg, and has engaged his old colleague, Tamburini, to assist himin the enterprize. He has also engaged Signor Pisani, a young tenor ofgreat promise. Lablache will not appear at the opening of the ItalianOpera in Paris. He has gone to Naples, where he will remain for twomonths, and where he is to be joined by his son-in-law, Thalberg. Agrand musical festival, which was to have taken place in Paris onThursday next, has been postponed till the beginning of October. It issaid that this festival will rival those of Germany in splendour. 

The Hereford Musical Festival, which was held on Tuesday, Wednesday, andThursday, in All Saints Church, in consequence of the repairs going onat the cathedral, was on a much smaller scale than of late years hasbeen usual with the three choirs, and the attendances at the variousperformances were by no means so numerous as had been generallyexpected; still, as the expenses had been studiously kept down, it is tobe hoped the receipts may cover them, or nearly so. The collectionsafter the three services amounted to 865_l. _, being 200_l. _ less than in1840, but 50_l. _ more than in 1837. --_Cheltenham Looker-on. _

Rossini has just left Paris without its having been possible to procurea note from him. Every effort has been fruitless. Unwilling to hear oneword said of music, Rossini has not even been to the Opera. He isreturning to Bologna, cured of a painful disease by Doctor Civiale, who, with reason, seemed to him a far more important personage than Duprez. It is said that Rossini replied to the great tenor, who asked him for apart, "I have come too early, and you too late. "--_French print. _

THE METROPOLIS. 

THE ALDERMANIC GOWN OF BREAD-STREET WARD. --It is supposed that therewill be a hard contest for the Aldermanic Gown of Bread street, vacantby the resignation of Alderman Lainson, who on Thursday last addressed aletter to the Lord Mayor, announcing his determination to retire, inconsequence of ill health. 

METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS. --The works are now about to commence in goodearnest for forming Victoria Park. Great progress is being made by theCommissioners of the Metropolis Improvements in the formation of the newstreet at the West-end. The new street leading from Oxford street toHolborn has been marked out by the erection of poles along the line. Last week several houses were disposed of by auction, for the purpose ofbeing taken down. Some delay has arisen in respect to the purchase ofthe houses which have formed the locality known as Little Ireland. Amongthe buildings to be removed is the chapel situated at the top ofPlumtree street. In this street the whole of the houses on the west sidewill be shortly removed, for the new street which will lead fromWaterloo bridge. In Belton street, in the line for this intended street, the inmates of several houses received notice to quit yesterday. Theoccupiers of the several houses forming the clump at the end of Monmouthstreet, in Holborn, have also received similar notices. Similar progresshas been made with the new street communicating between Coventry streetand Long acre. The line has been cleared from Castle street to Long Acreon the east. On the west side the inmates of the houses, it is expected, will in a few days have notice to quit. Improvements will also be madebetween Long acre and St Giles's; and in Upper St Martin's lane thewhole of the houses on the west side will be removed, the greater partof which are already taken down. 

REPORT ON THE MODEL PRISON. --The commissioners appointed to superintendthe management of the Pentonville Prison have just presented theirreport for the approval of the Secretary of State. The report states, that it is the intention of the Secretary of State to appropriate theprison to the reception of convicts between eighteen and thirty-fiveyears, under sentence of transportation not exceeding fifteen years; andthat the convicts so selected shall undergo a term of probationarydiscipline for eighteen months in the prison, when they will be removedto Van Diemen's land under their original sentences. 

RETURNS OF THE ROYAL MINT. --The Master of the Mint has issued his annualreturn of the work done in the refinery of the Mint, and of the assaysmade during the past year on other accounts than those of Government, and of public and private bodies, in conformity with an order of thehouse on a motion made by Mr Hume. The return estimates the amount ofbullion refined in the year 1842, under this head, at 940 lbs 0 oz. 19dwts. Of gold, and 24, 376 lbs. 11 oz. Of silver, the amount received bythe refiner being about 600_l. _ The number of assays made in the sameperiod is put down at 2, 158, at a rate of charge of 2s. For each assay. 

POST-OFFICE LAW. --It may be interesting at this season, when so manypersons who are out of town have their letters forwarded to them in thecountry, to see the answer to an inquiry whether a letter forwardedafter delivery at one address to another in the country is liable tosecond postage:--"General Post office, Sept. 7, 1843. --Sir, --I amcommanded by the Postmaster-General to inform you, in reply to yourcommunication of the 29th ultimo, that a letter re-directed from oneplace to another is legally liable to additional postage for the furtherservice. I am, Sir, &c. &c. "

SINGULAR EMPLOYMENT OF THE POLICE. --Under an order recently issued bythe commissioners of the metropolitan police, a number of the officersof each division have been actively engaged in collecting informationand making out a return of all new houses completed since the year 1830, in which year the police force was established; all new houses commencedbut not finished; all new churches, new chapels, new schools, and otherpublic buildings; all new streets and squares formed since that period, with their names and the name of the neighbourhood. 

THE PROVINCES. 

SANITARY STATE OF LIVERPOOL. --A Mr Henry Laxton has published a verythin pamphlet, in the shape of a letter to Dr Lyon Playfair, who hasbeen appointed, under the commission of inquiry, to examine and reportupon the unhealthy state of Liverpool. But though Mr Laxton's pamphletis very small, it exposes evils too complicated and large to be remediedwithout vigorous, continuous, steadily-applied exertion. Groups ofhouses packed together, with scarcely room for the inhabitants to stir;open cesspools continually sending up their poisonous exhalations, andin hot or wet weather so infesting the air as to render it almostinsupportable; smoke from the factories and steam-vessels, which, whenthe wind is westerly, covers the town, blackening the buildings, soilinggoods, and, mixing with the other gases already generated, forming onegeneral conglomeration of deleterious vapours; the state of theinhabited cellars; the neighbourhood of which exhibits scenes ofbarbarism disgraceful for any civilised state to allow; an inefficientsupply of that great necessity of life--water; inefficient drainage, which is only adapted to carry off the surface water;--these are but asample of the general state of Liverpool, and at the same time verydistinct and efficient causes of its excessive mortality. 

SHEFFIELD. --It is now understood that there will be no immediate vacancyfor Sheffield, and that both Mr Ward and Mr Parker will retain theirseats. 

HENRY DAMAR, ESQ. --The _Dorset Chronicle_ publishes a long account ofthe festivities which took place at Milton Abbey, in Dorsetshire, on the5th instant, on the occasion of the coming of age of the proprietor, Henry Damar, Esq. 

PROPOSED PUBLIC MEETING IN BIRMINGHAM. --On Monday a deputation waited onthe Mayor of Birmingham, with the requisition requesting him to call apublic meeting to petition the Queen to dismiss her present ministers. The requisition was signed by nearly one thousand merchants, manufacturers, and shopkeepers of the town. There was not the name of aworking man attached to it. The mayor, however, declined calling themeeting, observing, that although he might not act in accordance withthe wishes of many most respectable individuals in the town, he had madeup his mind not to call the meeting. 

ATTENDANCE OF THE LANCASHIRE MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN THESESSION OF 1843. --The total number of divisions in the House of Commons, during the session of 1843, was 220, in which there voted--

 Times. 1. Joseph Brotherton Salford 191 2. Dr Bowring Bolton 153 3. Lord Stanley N. Lancashire 129 4. William Sharman Crawford Rochdale 120 5. Thomas Greene Lancaster 102 6. Charles Hindley Ashton 92 7. Sir Howard Douglas Liverpool 88 8. John Wilson Patten N. Lancashire 82 9. John Ireland Blackburne Warrington 75 10. Viscount Sandon Liverpool 69 11. John Fielden Oldham 61 12. John Hornby Blackburn 61 13. Peter Greenal Wigan 60 14. Thomas Milner Gibson Manchester 56 15. Sir George Strickland Preston 53 16. Hon. Richard Bootle Wilbraham S. Lancashire 50 17. Edward Cardwell Clitheroe 47 18. William Fielden Blackburn 47 19. Peter Ainsworth Bolton 34 20. General Johnson Oldham 32 21. George Marton Lancaster 31 22. Mark Philips Manchester 26 23. Sir Peter Hesketh Fleetwood Preston 19 24. Richard Walker Bury 16 25. Lord Francis Egerton S. Lancashire 9 26. Charles Standish Wigan 9

DESTRUCTIVE FIRE AT HALIFAX. --We regret to learn that a fire broke outearly on Saturday morning, in the warehouse of Messrs James Acroyd andSon, worsted manufacturers, Bowling Dyke, near Halifax, when thebuilding, together with a large quantity of goods, was entirelydestroyed. We understand that Messrs Acroyd were insured to the extentof six or seven thousand pounds, but that the loss considerably exceedsthat amount. 

CHESTER CHEESE FAIR. --At this fair on Wednesday last, the first of theseason for this year's make, about 200 tons of new cheese were piled forsale. Early in the morning several dairies went off briskly, but as theday advanced sales became heavy. Prices ranged from 40s. To 50s. Percwt. , according to quality. We hear that the make this season has beenabove an average one. 

NEW COLLEGE, NEAR OXFORD. --A correspondent states that it is intended toestablish at Littlemore, near Oxford, a college, in which young menholding Tractarian views may be trained for missionary labour inconnexion with the established church. The Right Rev. Dr Coleridge, formerly Bishop of Barbadoes, will be the principal of the institution. 

CHATHAM. --A general Court-martial was held on Wednesday, the 6th inst. , in the General Court-martial-room, Chatham Barracks, for the purpose oftrying Lieutenant J. Piper, of the 26th Cameronian Regiment. The triallasted four days, terminating on Saturday, the 9th inst. The chargesalleged ungentlemanly and improper conduct. The prisoner's defence beingclosed, the Court broke up. The sentence of the Court will not be knownuntil the evidence has been laid before the Commander-in-Chief at theHorse Guards. The prisoner is about 26 years of age. The trial excitedthe greatest interest throughout the garrison. 

It is said that there are at present upwards of 2, 000 visitorscongregated at Harrogate; and all the other watering places in the northof England, Scarborough, Seaton, Carew, Redcar, Tynemouth, Shotleybridge, Gilsland, as well as the lakes, are teeming with gay andrespectable company. 

IRELAND. 

REPEAL ASSOCIATION. --On Monday the usual weekly meeting of the RepealAssociation was held at the Corn Exchange, Dublin. The week's "rent"amounted to 735_l. _, of which 1_l. _ was from Mr Baldwin, a papermanufacturer of Birmingham, who is of opinion that Ireland would be ofgreater benefit to England with a domestic legislature than she was atpresent. 

REPEAL MEETINGS. --A repeal meeting was held on Sunday last at Loughrea, a town in the county of Galway, about ninety miles from Dublin. It wasattended by Mr O'Connell, who as it was raining in torrents, addressedthe people from under the shelter of an umbrella. Amongst other thingsin his speech, he said, --"Believe me, my friends, that if you follow myadvice, the day is not far distant when you shall have your Parliamentrestored in Ireland. I am working the plan out. I have it in detail. Iwill have this protective society of 300 sitting before Christmas, and Ihope to be able to give you, as a new year's gift, a Parliament inCollege green. (Cheers. ) People of Ireland, you deserve it. Brave, noble-minded people of Ireland, you deserve it. Faithful, religious, moral, temperate people of Ireland, you deserve to be a nation, and youshall be a nation. (Much cheering. ) The Saxon stranger shall not ruleyou. Ireland shall belong to the Irish, and the Irish shall haveIreland. " (Hurrah. ) There was a dinner in the evening, at which about400 persons were present. 

BRANDING OF ARMS IN IRELAND. --Government has entered into a contractwith Mr Grubb, the scientific and very able mechanist of the Bank ofIreland, for the construction of the machine intended to be used inmarking the arms under the new law--they are not to be subjected to theoperation of punching, still less, as some strangely supposed, to thenotion of fire. The letters, or figures, will be marked by cutting; and, so simple and ingenious is the method employed, that the most unskilfulworkman, even an ordinary person unpractised in any trade, can effectthe process with the most perfect ease. Four figures and two letters areexpected to suffice for designating the county or riding of a county, and the number of the piece; the time occupied in the engraving will beone minute. The expense will be extremely moderate; the cost of eachmachine being, we understand, only twenty-five guineas, one-half ofwhich, by law, will be defrayed out of the consolidated fund, the otherhalf by the county. --_Evening Mail. _

SCENE AT THE PHOENIX PARK. --An extraordinary scene took place onSaturday, at the Viceregal Lodge, between the military on duty and aperson named Thomas Campbell, who is, it would appear, insane. ThomasCampbell, it appears, is a very powerful young man, about thirty yearsof age, and a native of the North road, Drogheda. At the lodge, in thePhoenix Park, he asked to see the Lord Lieutenant; but, being armedwith a pitchfork and a hammer, he was not considered an eligiblevisitor, and after a desperate struggle with the guard, whom he kept atbay, he was knocked down and secured by a police constable. 

The meeting of Tuesday of the Repeal Association, adjourned over fromMonday, was enlivened by the presence of Mr O'Connell, without whom allits proceedings would be "stale, flat, and unprofitable. " It againadjourned till Wednesday; and, on that day, Mr O'Connell read an addressto the people of Great Britain, setting forth the grievances of thepeople of Ireland. After the reading of this document, which is long, and certainly ably drawn up, the association adjourned till Monday. 

MILITARY DEFENCES. --Before the winter sets in every barrack in Irelandwill be in a state of defence, fit to hold out against an insurgentassault. In fact, everything will be prepared, excepting theinsurrectionary force; and certainly there does not at present appear tobe much chance that the strength of the fortifications will be tested. 

 * * * * *

REPEAL DEMONSTRATION IN LIVERPOOL. --Some days ago public announcementswere made that two days' "demonstration" would be made in this town, infavour of the repeal of the union, and that Mr Daniel O'Connell, jun. , youngest son of the Liberator, and one or two others of inferior notewould attend. The meeting took place on Tuesday night last, in theAmphitheatre, which was crowded, by not less than between 3, 000 and4, 000 persons. Shortly after the doors were opened it appeared evidentthat a considerable body of Orangemen were dispersed in different parts, from partial sounds of the "Kentish fire, " and other circumstances. MrO'Connell, and the gentlemen accompanying him, arrived about half-pastseven, and the chair was taken by Mr James Lennon, who was described asan "Inspector of Repeal Wardens in Liverpool. " He delivered a shortspeech in favour of repeal, during which he was repeatedly interruptedby the Orangemen, and some confusion followed. --Mr Fitzgerald moved thefirst resolution, which was supported by Mr Daniel O'Connell, jun. Hisretirement was the signal for the commencement of an uproar which almostdefies description. There appeared an evident determination that theproceedings should be stopped; for fights commenced in different parts, many of the benches were torn up, and a sort of attack was made upon thestage by a few Orangemen who were in the pit. The police were veryactive in endeavouring to secure the assailants, several of whom wereseriously hurt; and a few of them having been removed from the building, order was eventually restored, and, with a few trifling exceptions, itwas preserved to the end of the proceedings. 

SCOTLAND. 

The working of the measure of the past session, denominated the Churchof Scotland Benefices Act, will soon be tested, and is now undergoingthe ordeal of proof, in consequence of objections lodged by theparishioners of Banff, with the presbytery of Fordyce, against thepresentation, induction, and translation of the Rev. George Henderson, now incumbent of the church and parish of Cullen, to the cure andpastoral charge of the church and parish of Banff. 

The Rev. Mr Grant, formerly parochial minister of Banff, ceased to holdhis _status_ in the Established Church of Scotland, having signed thefamous deed of secession, and voluntarily resigned his living with hisbrethren of the non-intrusion clergy. A large portion of hiscongregation left the establishment along with him, and a free church isnow in course of being built for their accommodation. The patronage ofthe vacant benefice is in the gift of the Earl of Seafield. The Rev. MrHenderson, of Cullen, has accepted the presentation to the parish churchof Banff. 

On the day appointed for "moderating on the call, " very few names weregiven in, in favour of the presentee, and the presbytery having fixed aday for receiving objections, a series of reasons and objections waslodged in the hands of that reverend body, and published at length inthe _Aberdeen Herald_, against proceeding with the collation of MrHenderson. The objections are set forth under no less than fourteendifferent heads. "The approaches and manners" of the reverend gentlemanare not considered such "as to attach and endear his congregation tohim. " He is reported to be subject "to an occasional exuberance ofanimal spirits, and at times to display a liveliness of manner andconversation which would be repugnant to the feelings of a large portionof the congregation of Banff. " Others of the objections assert, that hisillustrations in the pulpit do not bear upon his text--that his subjectsare incoherent and ill deduced; and the reverend gentleman is alsocharged with being subject to a natural defect of utterance--a defectwhich it is said increases as he "extends his voice, " which is of a"very harsh and grating description, " and renders it difficult to hearor follow what he says in the church of Banff, which we are informed "isvery large, and peculiarly constructed, with an unusually high pulpit, to suit the high galleries;" and moreover, "the said Rev. GeorgeHenderson is considered to be destitute of a musical ear, which preventsthe correct modulation of his voice!"

ARGYLLSHIRE ELECTION. --- The election of a member of Parliament for thecounty of Argyll, in the room of Alexander Campbell, Esq. , of Monzie, who has accepted the Chiltern Hundreds, took place at Inverary on Fridayweek. The Lord Advocate (Mr Duncan M'Neill), the only candidate in thefield, was accompanied to the hustings by a great number of the countygentlemen; and no other candidate having been brought forward, a show ofhands was consequently taken, which being perfectly unanimous, he was, of course, declared duly elected. --_Glasgow Saturday Post. _

The Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr Shaw Lefevre, has been on avisit at Glenquoich, the shooting quarters of Edward Ellice, Esq. , M. P. , in this county. The Right Hon. Edward Ellice, M. P. For Coventry, theBaron James de Rothschild, and other members of the Rothschild family, were also at Glenquoich. --_Inverness Courrier. _

WALES. 

The disturbances in Wales still continue, though the apprehension ofsome of the rioters who destroyed the Pontardulais gate has had someeffect. The following distressing scene is reported in the _Times_:--

"OUTRAGE IN SOUTH WALES. --On the road from Llanelly to Pontardulais, andwithin five hundred yards of the latter place, is a turnpike-gate calledHendy gate. This gate was kept by an old woman upwards of seventy yearsof age, who has received frequent notices that if she did not leave thegate, her house should be burnt down. About three o'clock on Sundaymorning, a party of ruffians set fire to the thatch of the toll-house. The old woman, on being awakened, ran into the road and to aneighbouring cottage within twenty yards of the toll-house, shouting tothe people who lived in it, 'For God's sake to come out and help her toput out the fire; there was not much. ' The occupier of this cottage, astout able man, was afraid to go out, and begged the old woman to comeinto his cottage, which she refused, and went back to try and save someof her furniture. It appears her exclamation had been overheard, for thevillains returned and set fire to the thatch again. The old woman thenran across the road, and shouted out, 'She knew them;' when the brutesfired at her, and shot her dead. "

An inquest was held on the body of the unfortunate woman, and the juryreturned the following astounding verdict:--"That the deceased died fromthe effusion of blood into the chest, which occasioned suffocation, butfrom what cause is to this jury unknown. "

Meetings of the magistrates, in relation to the turnpike trusts, havebeen held, and measures taken to mitigate the heaviest tolls. 

FOREIGN. 

FRANCE. 

Louis Philippe has had a remarkable history; but it has beendistinguished to an extraordinary degree by its vicissitudes, amongstwhich we must not forget his involuntary exile, and his residence inthis country, where he lived for many years as Duke of Orleans. A worseman than his father it would be difficult to imagine. He was a vain, ambitious, and cowardly voluptuary, who gratified his personal passionsat the expense of his sovereign and his country; but his son was rearedin a different school, and to that accident, conjoined with a betternature, he probably owes the high position which he now occupies as aEuropean monarch. Misfortune is a stern teacher, and its effects onLouis Philippe may be exemplified by a little story that was told of himand Lord Brougham some years ago:--"I am the most independent crownedhead in Europe, " said he, "and the best fitted for my office of all mybrethren. " The praise might be deserved, but it seemed strange to the_ex_-Chancellor that it should come from his own mouth--he, therefore, bowed assent, and muttered some complimentary phrases about hisMajesty's judgment, firmness, and the like. "Pooh, pooh, my lord, " heobserved, laughing heartily, "I do not mean that--I do not mean that, but that I can--brush my own boots!" This was practical philosophy, andindicated a clear perception of the constitution of modern society, particularly on the part of one who is known to be by no meansindifferent to the fortunes of his race. We believe, also, that LouisPhilippe has been happy beyond most men of regal rank in the possessionof an admirable woman for a wife, the present Queen of the French being, in all respects, a lady of superior intelligence and virtue; propertieswhich are luckily confined to no condition of life, and to no country orcreed. She has shared in all her husband's troubles during the lasteventful forty years, and now adorns that throne which the exigencies ofthe times demanded that he should fill if the French monarchy was to bepreserved. Her attention to her children has been unremitting, and theresult is, that high though their position be, a more united householdnowhere exists. 

SPAIN. 

The Ministry has been on the point of dissolution. General Serrano, angered at the contempt shown to his denunciations and lists ofconspirators, by the Home Minister, Caballero, gave in his resignation. General Serrano demanded the dismissal from Madrid of more suspectedpersons. Senors Olozaga and Cortina intervened, however, and made up thequarrel, ordering the _Gazette_ to declare that the most perfect harmonyreigned in the Cabinet. This the _Gazette_ did. Mr Aston has demandedhis audience of leave, and quits Madrid on the 15th. 

Grenada has blotted the name of Martinez de la Rosa from its lists ofcandidates, though he had formerly been elected for that place. M. Toreno is expected at Madrid. Senor Olozaga sets out for Paris, to tryand persuade Christina to be patient, for that her presence previous tothe elections would rather militate against her party. 

At Madrid the anniversary of the revolution of 1840, which drove QueenChristina from the Regency, was celebrated by a _Te Deum_, chanted inthe church of San Isidro, on the 1st, and at which assisted theAyuntamiento and provincial deputation. 

Barcelona has been in open insurrection, and a sanguinary conflictcommenced on the evening of the 3rd, which continued with intermissionstill the 6th. Later intelligence stated that the town still held out. Onthe 8th the state of things at Barcelona was nearly the same. 

One of the great accusations of MM. Prim, Olozaga, and the French party, against the Regent was, that instead of carrying Barcelona and othertowns by storm, he fired upon them with muskets and with cannon. Generals Arbuthnot and Prim have pursued precisely the same course, andwe see Montjuich again throwing bullets upon Barcelona, and with allthis making no progress in its reduction. 

Accounts from Barcelona of the 8th, mention that several mansions weredamaged. Three cannon shots had traversed the apartments of the BritishConsul. Prim's own Volunteers of Reus had taken part against him, andmany of the towns had declared for the Central Junta. A rural Junta ofPrim's had been surprised at Sarria, and several of its members slain. 

A Central Junta had been formed at Girona. 

Madrid letters of the 5th state that Government were about to dismiss agreat many superior officers and functionaries opposed to them. Thepartisans of Don Francisco have decidedly joined the Esparterists. 

AUSTRIA AND ITALY. 

The _Siècle_ says that Austria was much alarmed at the state of Italy. "The necessity which Austria finds to defend her Italian possessions byarms is highly favourable to the projects of Russia against the DanubianProvinces of the Ottoman empire. "

The _National German Gazette_ of the 8th instant states, that thefortifications of Verona are being considerably strengthened. Theheights surrounding the town are to be crowned with towers _à laMontalembert_, so that the city will become one of the strongestfortresses in Italy. The Hungarian infantry, of which the greater partare cantoned in Upper Italy, are actively employed in the constructionof the fortifications. 

TURKEY. 

CONSTANTINOPLE, August 23. --Petroniewitch and Wulchitch have at lengthconsented to leave Servia, and are probably at this time in Widin, ontheir way, it is said, to Constantinople. The province has been confidedto the care of Baron Lieven and M. Vashenko, who are the actualgovernors. But the most important feature in the question is a notewhich the ex-Prince Michael has addressed to the Porte. He declares thatthe election of Alexander Kara Georgewitch was brought about by violenceand intimidation, and that he and his ministers are the only faithfulservants of the Porte, and, consequently, the only persons fit to governServia. It is generally believed that the Russians have been privy tothis step, and that it is their intention to put forward Michael asecond time in opposition to Alexander. 

A daughter was born to the Sultan on the 17th. She has been named_Jamileh_, or the Beautiful. The event has been celebrated by the usualilluminations and rejoicings. The Sultan has been the father of ninechildren, seven of whom, two sons and five daughters, are now living. 

EGYPT. 

It is said that a misunderstanding exists between Mehemet Pacha and hisson Ibrahim, relative to the succession to the throne of Egypt; Mehemetproposing that Abbas Pacha, his grandson, should succeed after the deathof Ibrahim, whilst the latter would wish his own son to succeed him. 

UNITED STATES. 

ARRIVAL OF THE "HIBERNIA" AT LIVERPOOL, ON WEDNESDAY. --Great interesthas been excited here for some days past respecting the voyage of the_Great Western_ and the _Hibernia_, the former leaving New York on the31st ult. , and the latter, Boston on the 1st. The betting has been infavour of the _Hibernia_, and she has again beaten her great rival. OnTuesday, at midnight, her lights were seen off the port, and at oneo'clock she entered the river, after another rapid passage of nine daysfrom Halifax, and eleven from Boston. The news by this arrival is fromNew York to the 31st, Boston to the 1st, and Halifax to the 3rd; sixteendays later than previously received by the New York packet ship, _Liverpool_. 

The _New York American_, in its summary for the packet, says:--Ourcommercial and money markets continue without sensible change, bothabounding in supply without any corresponding demand. The trade of theinterior is prosecuted cautiously, and for money in hand. 

Political affairs are exceedingly dull and uninteresting; even the Irishrepeal speakers are quiet. 

The progress of the pacification between Mexico and Texas, and Mexicoand Yucatan, is slow and somewhat uncertain. The president of Texas, General Houston, has dismissed Commodore Moore and Captain Sothorp fromthe naval service for disobedience of orders. Indeed, the Texan navy maybe said to have been disbanded. The people of Galveston thereupon gaveMoore a public dinner, and burnt their president in effigy! The Mexicangovernment has formally complained to the United States minister atMexico, of the inroads of certain citizens of Illinois, Missouri, andArkansas, into the Mexican territory. Advices from Buenos Ayres to theend of June, describe Monte Video as still holding out; and it wasreported in Buenos Ayres that the British commodore would at lengthallow Commodore Brown, the Buenos Ayrean commander, to prosecute thesiege of Monte Video by sea, in conjunction with Oribe by land. 

A new constitution has been agreed upon by the republic of Ecuador, establishing the Roman Catholic religion as the state religion, "to the_exclusion_ of all other worship, " and the Bishop of Quito, in anaddress to which the people responded favourably, proposed that"ecclesiastics should be henceforth made sole judges in all questions offaith; and be invested with all the powers of the extinct tribunal ofthe Inquisition!" The bishop then published a "Pastoral Lecter, " to"make known the glad tidings. " And yet the people of Ecuador, withoutreligious freedom, call their country a free republic!

PHILADELPHIA. --The President has returned from his country seat toWashington, and although some alterations in the cabinet are spoken of, still the results of the August elections, showing that a majority inthe United States Senate will be Whig, have produced a pause in thecontemplated changes. Indeed, people are beginning to complain, and notwithout reason, of such frequent changes in important offices. Forexample, within three years there have been three Secretaries of State, three of War, three of the Treasury, three of the Navy, threeAttorneys-General, and three Postmasters-General. Some of them havereally not had time to learn their duties, and they have been succeededby others who knew still less of the duties and responsibilities ofoffice. 

CANADA. 

Sir C. Metcalfe has returned to the seat of his government at Montreal. The emigrants from Great Britain arrived this season at Quebec, up tothe 19th ult. , were 18, 131; same time last year, 38, 159. A few days ago, a party of Irish labourers, who had received, as they supposed, someoffence from a few Canadians, at Beauharnois, attacked and nearly killedtwo respectable old inhabitants, who had nothing to do with the affair. Another great fire at Toronto has burnt about twenty houses; and theMethodist meeting at Waterloo has been burnt down by some incendiary. The crops in both the Canadas are abundant. American coarse cottons aresold there in great quantities, at a lower price than European goods ofthe same class. 

 * * * * *

ARRIVAL OF THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA AT BERLIN. --The Emperor of Russiaarrived on the 6th instant at Berlin. 

THE DISTURBANCES AT BOLOGNA. --A letter from Bologna, September 2, in the_Debats_, says:--"Notwithstanding the nomination of a militarycommission, and the display of numerous forces, some armed bands haveagain appeared, as is reported, in our province. One was commanded by apriest at Castel-Bolognese (district of Ravenna). This state of thingsdoes injury to trade and business of every description. The greatestnumber of depositors have withdrawn their funds from the savings' banks. A circular has been sent round to all the mayors of the province, givinga description of eight persons, for the arrest of each of whom a sum of300 crowns (1, 700f. ) is offered. "

COLONIES AND EMIGRATION. 

EMIGRATION DURING THE LAST SEVENTEEN YEARS. --From a return furnished bythe Emigration Board, it appears that the number of emigrants fromEngland and Wales, in the seven years from 1825 to 1831, were 103, 218, or an average of 14, 745 yearly; in the ten years from 1832 to 1841, 429, 775, or 42, 977 per annum. Total number in the last seventeen years, 532, 993; or an average for that period of 31, 352. But the rate ofemigration has greatly increased of late years, as is shown by the fact, that while the emigration of the seven years ending 1831 averaged only14, 745 per annum, that of the last ten years (ending 1841) averagednearly 43, 000 per annum. 

NEW SOUTH WALES. --The monetary and commercial disasters which haveafflicted this important colony are most serious, and they are thusalluded to by the colonial press:--"Our next mail to England will carryhome the tidings of fresh disasters to this once flourishing colony. Thefast growing embarrassments of 1841, and the 600 insolvencies of 1842, have been crowned in the first third of the year 1843, by the explosionof the Bank of Australia, then by the minor explosion of the SydneyBank, and, last of all, by the run on the Savings Bank. These threelatter calamities have come in such rapid succession, that before men'sminds recovered from the stunning effect of one shock, they wereastounded by the sudden burst of another; and we are convinced that atthe present moment there is a deeper despondency and a more harrowinganticipation of ruin to the colony than ever existed before since thelanding of Governor Philip, in 1788. "--The run upon the Savings Bank atSydney originated, it is said, from malice against Mr George Miller, theaccountant, whose exertions had been very useful in exposing themismanagement of the Bank of Australasia. Reports were circulated thatthe Governor had gone suddenly down to the Savings Bank and demanded asight of all the bills under discount and mortgages, and that hisExcellency declared that he would not give three straws for all thesecurities put together; but this statement regarding his Excellency isflatly contradicted. Many of the largest holders of land and stock inthe colony are said to be so irretrievably embarrassed, by reasonchiefly of the high prices at which their investments were made, thattheir property must go to the hammer without reserve. The present timeis, therefore, held out as a favourable opportunity for emigrants, withmoderate capital, to make their purchases. It is broadly declared that500_l. _ would go as far now in New South Wales, in the purchase of landand live stock, as would 5, 000_l. _ four or five years ago. 

Australia has been, in some respects, unlucky in its colonization. NewSouth Wales has hitherto flourished from its abundant supply of convictlabour, at the expense of those higher interests which constitute thetrue strength and security of a state. Western Australia was plantedwith a sound of trumpets and drums, as if another _El Dorado_ wereexpected. But the sudden disaster and discredit into which it fell, linked the name of Swan River with associations as obnoxious as thosewhich were once inspired by the South Sea or Missisippi. SouthAustralia, again, planned on principles which are universally recognisedas containing the elements of sound and successful colonization, hasalso proved a failure. One of the newest and most enterprising of ourAustralian settlements, that of Port Philip has been sharing with Sydneyin the recent commercial distress and calamity; and though it is alreadygetting over its troubles, it must undergo a painful process before itcan lay an unquestioned claim to its title--Australia Felix. Landjobbing; banking facilities at one time freely afforded, and at anothersuddenly withdrawn; ventures beyond the means of those engaged in them;imprudent speculations, in which useful capital was either rashly riskedor hopelessly sunk--these unquestionably have been amongst the causeswhich have brought on the commercial disasters of New South Wales. It isseldom advantageous for an emigrant, newly arrived, to become aproprietor of land in any part of Australia, unless his capital beconsiderable; but the eager desire to become possessed of the soilovercame all prudential considerations; land at Port Philip was eagerlybought, at prices varying from 12_s. _ to 500_l. _ In 1840 the influx ofmoneyed immigrants from England and Van Diemen's Land, to anewly-discovered and extensive territory, produced a land fund exceedingthe sum of 300, 000_l. _, and engagements were entered into by thecolonial Government, on the faith that the land fund would produceannually a large amount, but in 1841 it fell down to 81, 000_l. _; andthough in 1842 as much as 343_l. _ 10_s. _ per acre was given for buildingground in the town of Brisbane, district of Moreton Bay, it wasimpossible for this to continue; and even for valuable lands in theneighbourhood of Sydney, in the very same year, wholly inadequate priceswere obtained. The colonial Government became embarrassed by theexpenditure exceeding the revenue; and in 1842, Sir George Gipps, in anofficial despatch, says, "Pecuniary distress, I regret to state, stillexists to a very great, and even perhaps an increased, degree in thecolony, though it at present shows itself more among the settlers(agriculturists or graziers) than the merchants of Sydney. When, however, I consider the vast extent to which persons of the former classare paying interest, at the rate of from 10 to 15 per cent. , on borrowedmoney, I can neither wonder at their embarrassments, nor hope to see anend to them, except by the transfer of a large portion of the propertyin the colony from the present nominal holders of it to other hands, that is to say, into the hands of their mortgagees or creditors, who, ingreat part, are resident in England. " This official prophecy is now inthe act of fulfilment; and when the storm has spent itself, the colonymay be prosperous again. 

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. --The want of Government protection which is felt bythe British resident at the Cape of Good Hope is well illustrated by thefollowing extract from a letter addressed by the writer to his family athome:--"I am sure I shall be able to get on well in this country if theCaffres are only prevented from doing mischief, but if they go on in thepresent way, I shall not be able to keep a horse or an ox, both of whichare indispensable to a farmer. Now I can never assure myself that when Ilet my horses go I shall see them again. It is a disgrace to ourGovernment that we are not protected. As it is, all our profits may beswept away in one night by the marauders. "

NEW ZEALAND. --We understand a box of specie was placed on board the_Thomas Sparkes_, in charge of the captain, for Mr Chetham. On the owneropening the box, he discovered to his great surprise that, by someunaccountable process on the voyage, the money--gold, had been turnedinto one of the baser metals--iron. It is stated that the steward leftat Plymouth, and the first and second mates whilst the vessel wasdetained at the Cape, but whether they had any agency in thetransmogrification of gold into iron remains to be proved. --_New ZealandGazette_, Feb. 4, 1843. 

POLITICAL. 

THE ABORTIVE COMMERCIAL NEGOTIATIONS WITH SPAIN. --Senor Sanchez Silva, known for his speeches in the Cortes, as deputy for Cadiz, haspublished, in an address to his constituents, an account of thenegotiations between the Spanish and British Governments relative to atreaty of commerce. The effect of this publication will be to undeceivethe minds of Spaniards from the idea that the Regent's Government wasabout to sacrifice the interests of Spain, or even of Catalonia, toEngland. The terms proposed by the Spanish commissioner were, indeed, those rather of hard bargainers than of men eager and anxious for acommercial arrangement. Senor Silva says that England, in its firstproposals, demanded that its cottons should be admitted into Spain onpaying a duty of 20 per cent. , England offering in return to diminishits duties on Spanish wines, brandies, and dried fruits. But England, which offered in 1838 to reduce by one-third its duty on French wines, did not make such advantageous offers to Spain; and the Spanishnegotiators demanded that 20 per cent. _ad valorem_ should be the limitof the import duty of Spanish wines and brandies into England, as it wasto be the limit of the duty on English cottons into Spain. This demandnearly broke off the negotiation, when Spain made new proposals; thesewere to admit English cottons at from 20 to 25 per cent. _ad valorem_duty, if England would admit Spanish brandies at 50 per cent. _advalorem_ duty, sherry wines at 40 per cent. , and other wines at 30 percent. , exclusive of the excise. Moreover, that tobacco should beprohibited from coming to Gibraltar, except what was necessary for thewants of the garrison. The English Government, in a note dated lastmonth, declared the Spanish proposals inadmissible. If the SpanishGovernment did not admit the other articles of English produce, the dutyon Spanish wines could not be reduced. English cottons were an object ofnecessity for the Spanish people, and came in by contraband; whereasSpanish wines were but an article of luxury for the English. SenorSanchez Silva concludes, that it is quite useless to renew thenegotiations, the English note being couched in the terms of an_ultimatum_. 

CORRESPONDENCE AND ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES. 

 London, September 13, 1843. 

Sir, --I have read your preliminary number and prospectus, and the firstnumber of your new periodical, the ECONOMIST, and it gives me pleasureto see the appearance of so able an advocate of free trade, the carryingout the principles of which is so necessary for the future welfare andprosperity of the country, and the relief of the distress which is moreor less felt in all the different departments of industry. 

I belong to the class who have their sole dependence in the land, andhave no direct interest in trade or manufactures; and feel as strong awish for the prosperity of agriculture as the Duke of Buckingham, or anyother of the farmer's friends; but I consider the interests of allclasses of the community so intimately connected, and so mutuallydependent on one another, that no one can rise or prosper upon the ruinsof the others. Like your Northumberland correspondent I am fullyconvinced of the impolicy and inefficiency of "restrictive corn laws, "and of the benefit of "the free-trade system" for the relief of theagricultural, as well as of the manufacturing, the shipping, or anyother interest in the country; and I should also be glad if I could inany way assist "in dispelling the errors respecting the corn trade thathave done so much harm for the last twenty (eight) years. "

The intention of the corn law of 1815 was to prevent the price of wheatfrom falling below 80s. Per quarter; and it was the opinion of farmerswho were examined on the subject, that less than 80s. Or 90s. Would notremunerate the grower, and that if the price fell under these rates, thewheat soils would be thrown out of cultivation. Prices, however, fell, and though they have fallen to one half, land has not been thrown out ofcultivation. Various modifications have since been made in the scale ofduties, but always with a view to arrest the falling prices in theirdownward course; but all these legislative attempts have been in vain;and so far as the farmer trusted to them, they have only misled him byholding out expectations that have not been realized. 

But though the corn laws failed in keeping up the price of corn as highas their framers and supporters wished, they succeeded so far as toenhance the price of this first necessary of life, and make it perhaps20 or 30 per cent. Dearer than it otherwise would have been to all theconsumers, even the poorest tradesman or labourer in the country. 

If the difference which the agriculturists were enabled, by thismonopoly, to obtain at the expense of the other classes, had all beenpure gain, without any drawback, they must have been in a comparativelyflourishing condition; but we find this is not the case, and what is thereason? Let us hear Sir Robert Peel's answer to the question. In hisspeech in parliament on Mr Villiers's motion, when replying to theaccusations that had been made by Mr Blackstone and other members on hisown side of the house, that he had deceived the agriculturists, as theGovernment measures, instead of affording them the protection that waspromised, had brought down prices and rendered their situation worsethan before, Sir Robert says, it was not the Government measures thathad brought down prices and occasioned the agricultural distress, butthat this arose from the _condition of the manufacturing districts, andthe general distress from bad trade and want of employment, whichrendered the people unable to consume_. 

If this, then, is the true cause of the agricultural distress, --if thecorn, sugar, and other monopolies are so injurious to the manufacturingand commercial classes, who are the agriculturists' best, and, indeed, their only customers, as to render them unable to consume, it is not toclass legislation that we can look for relief. In order to relieve theagricultural distress there is no other way than to relieve the distressof those on whom they depend for a market for their productions. 

Were the farmer (or rather the landed proprietor) to gain all that theconsumer loses by the corn monopoly, --if it were only taking from one, and giving to another--without any national loss; though this of itselfwould be bad enough, --it is perhaps the smallest part of the loss whichthe manufacturer sustains; for the same law which hinders him from goingto the best and cheapest market to purchase his food, at the same timenecessarily excludes him from a market for the produce of his industry;and by diminishing the demand for his labour, lowers his wages or throwshim out of employment. 

But one abuse leads to another. Those who are interested in the cornmonopoly, or think themselves so, cannot well oppose the sugar monopolywhile they require the aid of the West India planters to enable them toobtain this advantage at their country's expense; and so it is with allthe other monopolists, they naturally unite together, and it requirestheir mutual aid and all their combined power and influence to preservea system which they know stands upon rather an insecure foundation, andif once broken in upon would soon fall to pieces; and thus it is that weare subjected to the sugar monopoly, and though it is manifestly ourinterest to buy this important necessary of life (as well as everyother) in any quarter of the globe where we can find it best andcheapest, we are restricted to a small portion of the earth's surface, and have to pay a third part more than we might obtain the article forwithout any loss to the revenue. By this narrow-minded system of buying, we deprive ourselves of valuable markets for our manufactures, as youhave shown is likely to be the case with the Brazils on the expiry ofthe commercial treaty with that country if the matter is left in thehands of Ministers, "and no effort made to avert so great an evil. " Theagriculturists have to pay directly for this monopoly in common with allthe other classes in the addition to the price of the sugar theyconsume; but the manufacturers suffer the still greater disadvantage ofhaving the market for the produce of their labour narrowed, and thus theagriculturist will also suffer indirectly by their customers beingthereby still farther disabled to consume. 

But these and all other monopolies and restrictions in trade not onlylessen the demand for our manufactures abroad, but they diminish theconsumption at home, to an extent greater perhaps than we are aware of;for there can be no doubt that the more the consumer has to pay for hisbread, sugar, and other articles of food, the less he will have to sparefor cottons, woollens, and other manufactured commodities. The demandfor his labour is thus lessened both at home and abroad. The weaver ofcloth may be unable to obtain a coat even of his own manufacture, however necessary it may be for his health and comfort; he must havefood, in the first place, being more indispensibly necessary to hisexistence, --no doubt he may have to content himself with a less quantitythan he could have wished, and have to substitute oatmeal and potatoes, or some other inferior food for wheaten bread and butchers meat; still, it is less in his power to curtail the consumption of agriculturalproduce than of manufactures, so that the manufacturing classes sufferfrom the general distress which renders the people unable to consume ina greater degree than the agriculturist. 

 R. T. F. 

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TO THE EDITOR OF THE ECONOMIST. 

Darlaston, September 8, 1843. 

Sir, --Twelve months ago the editor of the _Morning Chronicle_ allowed aletter of mine, referring to the distress then prevailing in this town, to appear in that journal; in it I stated that for our annual wake onlytwenty-four cows had been killed, when but a few years previouslyninety-four had been slaughtered on a similar occasion. Perhaps you willpermit me to state in your columns that this year the festival, in thisparticular, has afforded as melancholy and unquestionable proof ofdistress as the last, while it bore other evidence, which thoughtrivial in itself, is not unworthy of notice. Last year two theatricalshows visited us, displaying their "Red Barn" tragedies, and illuminatedghosts, at threepence per head, at which they did well; as also did atremendous giantess, a monstrously fat boy, and several other "wonderfulworks of nature:" this year only one show of any description attended, and that, with kings and queens, and clowns, as well dressed andefficient, and ghosts, as white and awe-inspiring as ever paraded beforean audience, has reaped but an indifferent harvest at the "low charge ofone penny each;" while the swing boats and wood horses, patronized withsuch glee by the miniature men and women attending and enjoying wakesand fairs, only worked half time. The physical-force majority in theHouse, and their aiders and abettors, were they to see this, wouldperhaps laugh at the petty details, but their doing so would not in theleast detract from their truth, or render questionable for a moment thedeductions I make from them, --that poverty is so wide spread and bitterthat the poor are compelled to make a stern sacrifice of innocentamusements; that the parent cannot exercise the holiest affections ofhis nature, by adding to the pleasures of his lisping little ones; thatthe landowners' corn law, by its paralyzing influence, is rapidlywithering the great mass of the industry of the country into idle, dispiriting pauperism. 

From inquiries I have made I learn that through the country generallythe wakes, and fairs, and races, have presented similar features tothose I have described above, so far as money goes. And in face of thedistress, of which these things bear glaring witness, the Prime Ministersays "that the distress has been produced by over-production. " Can SirRobert be serious when he talks of "over-production?" If he be, and willcondescend to honour me with a visit during his stay at Drayton Manor, which is only a short drive of sixteen miles from here, I will show himthat the opinion is fallacious. He shall dispense with his carriage fora short time, and I will walk him through all the streets of Darlaston, Wednesbury, Willenhall, Bilstow, &c. , and, forsaking the thoroughfaresfrequented by the gay and well-to-do, he shall visit the backstreets--in which carriage passengers never deign to go--of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and Walsall, and what he will witness in the course ofthe short ramble will "change the spirit of his dream. " In Darlaston, asa sample of what he would see, there are hundreds of men and women whoseclothes, made of the coarsest materials, are patched, and threadbare, and valueless; hundreds of houses without anything in them deserving thename of furniture; hundreds of beds without clothing, and hundreds ofchildren whose excuses for clothes are barely sufficient, with everycontrivance decent poverty can suggest, to cover the body as civilizedsociety demands. In the towns I have enumerated, in fact, if the leastreliance may be placed in newspaper reports, in every town and villagein the country the same want prevails to a much greater extent than canbe conceived by such as Sir Robert, "who fare sumptuously everyday, "--aye, even to a much greater extent than is generally supposed bythe above-want dwellers in large towns whom business may frequentlybring in contact with those who toil. With the millions, then, who inthis country must be next to naked, without furniture in their houses, without clothes to cover their straw beds, is it not the nonsense ofnonsense to talk of "over-production. " Enable these men to satisfy thewants of themselves and families, enable them to make their homescomfortable, and that alone would find employment for a goodly number, while those so employed would also be enabled to purchase the articlesothers are engaged in manufacturing. To produce so desirable a result, nothing is wanted but FREE TRADE repeal the corn and provision laws, andthe shadow of "over production" could not exist: in three months thereis not a man in the kingdom who would not have full work. And when wehad supplied the physical wants of our population (a greater task thanit appears at the first view), we should have introduced from everycorner of the world the luxuries which refine civilization; the artisanbuilding himself a house would then make it more comfortable andhealthy, with wood floors, carpets, better furniture, &c. ; and themaster manufacturer erecting a house would have marble stairs and floorin his entrance hall, doors, &c. Of mahogany, furniture, of rarer woods, and ornaments of marble, paintings, plate glass, &c. ; and when all thesethings were procured, "over-production" would be still as far behind usas during their acquisition, as we would then work but three days a weekinstead of six, as with so much labour we should be able to procure thenecessaries and luxuries of life. 

And all nations would be compelled to minister to our real and createdwants, for England is the only nation in the world incapable ofinternally supplying its inhabitants with food, and therefore, underFree Trade, has the command of the markets of the whole world. Then theEnglish merchant going to, say America, to dispose of manufactures neednot fear the merchant of France, Belgium, Germany, &c. , he may meetthere with similar goods; for the American asking each what he requiresfor the articles offered, is told by the former, "I will take yoursurplus corn in exchange, we want every year from six to ten millions ofquarters;" and this latter answers, "We have more corn at home of ourown growth than we can consume, I must have cash;" the American, preferring barter, will turn on his heel and trade with the Englishman;the unsuccessful applicant takes back his goods, or visits the market nomore, and confines his future operations to the home supply of his owncountry, which in a short time, from competition and want of a foreignoutlet, fail to realise a remunerating profit; trade is graduallyrelinquished; the people turn again to the more extensive cultivation ofthe land, and England obtains another customer. This is no "castlebuilding, " if there be the least affinity between the results of greatthings and small ones. If a grocer want a coat he will have it from thetailor who will take sugar and tea in payment, in preference topatronising one who requires pounds shillings and pence, and the ownersof land in all countries will take right good care that they derive somesort of revenue from their possessions. I say, I think my premises areno "castle buildings;" neither do I think I am indulging in aerialerections when I predict that, under Free Trade, England, with hercapital, and energy, and enterprise, would shortly become the world'sgranary, profitably supplying from her accumulated stores thedeficiencies resulting from bad harvests, or other casualties of hercontinental neighbours. 

 Your obedient Servant, G. W. G. 

 * * * * *

_We are much obliged to J. Livesay, of Preston, for his suggestion, which, however, if he compare the_ ECONOMIST _with other weekly papershe will perceive to be unnecessary. We presume we are indebted to MrLivesay for copies forwarded of his excellent little paper the_Struggle. 

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 R. B. , Bristol. --_From the great press of room last week we were obliged to omit everything that did not appear of very pressing haste. In the Preliminary Number we have used no statistics but such as we have derived from official sources, and we shall always be glad to give the authority on which any statistical statement is made. The statement of the quantity of sugar exported from Java and Madeira, page 10 of the Preliminary Number, will be found in Part VIII, 1838, page 408, of the_ Tables of Population, Revenue, Commerce, &c. , _presented by the Board of Trade to both Houses of Parliament, from 1826 to 1837;--and the quantities, from 1837 to 1841, are derived from the Dutch official accounts. _

 H. H. , S---- court, London. --_The returns showing the quantity of flax imported up to the 5th of August, viz. , 774, 659 cwts. , are official, but do not distinguish the ports from which it was shipped. The latest year for which such distinction has been made to this time is for the year 1841; for which, or any preceding year back to 1832, we shall be glad to furnish the particulars: for example, in 1840 the imports of flax and tow were--from_

 Cwts. Russia 870, 401 Denmark 1, 094 Prussia 135, 590 Germany 8, 105 Holland 113, 108 Belgium 80, 748 France 43, 295 Gibraltar 19 Italy and the Italian Islands 746 The Morea 3 Turkey 107 Egypt 12 United States 1 Guernsey, &c. 11 --------- Total - 1, 253, 240

 C. D. F. ----, near Rochdale. --_The question connected with the New Customs Amendment Bill has engaged our best attention, but its investigation has raised two or three very nice points of international law, on which we are now taking the best opinion which can be obtained, and before our next number we shall be able to give a reply as satisfactory as can possibly be obtained from any quarter on this important but very nice question. We have now before us the whole of the particulars of the treaties in question, but we wish to make our reply valuable by giving the best legal construction on some disputable points. This, however, is only another of those daily evidences which we have of the absurdity and inconvenience of a great commercial country like this attempting to regulate its laws and transactions by treaties, which, however convenient they may be when made, may, by the ordinary course of events, be rapidly changed. _

POSTSCRIPT. 

LONDON, _Saturday Morning, September 16, 1843_. 

 STOCK EXCHANGE, HALF-PAST ELEVEN O'CLOCK. 

There is little or no variation in English Stock: Mexican, which leftoff yesterday at 35-5/8 to 7/8, is now 33-3/4 to 34. Brazilian, whichleft at 73 to 75, is now 74 to 76. In other Foreign Stocks there is noalteration worth notice. 

 LIVERPOOL, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 15, 1843. 

An active demand has been constantly kept up all the week, and a largebusiness has been done daily. So far, however, it has been freely met bythe holders; and the speculators and spinners have had an abundantchoice of all qualities. 

In American descriptions there is but little change in prices; thetendency, has been and still is in favour of holders; and it has beenthought necessary to raise the quotations of "fair" Uplands and Mobileto 4-7/8d. ; but there is so little actual change, that for the mostpart, the quotations remain as before. Brazils, Egyptian, and longstapled generally, have been more in demand, and may be considered 1/8d. Higher. Sea Islands also within the fortnight are 1/2d. Higher, makingan advance in the ordinary to fair qualities from the very lowest pointof 1-1/2d. To 2d. Per lb. 

A considerable part of the speculative business of this week has beenprompted by the accounts from the United States, brought by the_Hibernia_ and _Great Western_, the tenor of which is to confirm theprevious impression as to short crops. 

19, 800 American, 100 Egyptian, and 300 Surat have been taken onspeculation; and 1, 000 American, 300 Pernam, and 200 Surat for export. 

The following is the Statistical Review of our Cotton Market:--

 Taken for Consumption: for Export:

 from 1st Jan. To 15th Sept. 

 1842. 1843. 1842. 1843. 794, 500 bales. 946, 500 bls. 66, 500 bls. 65, 900 bls. 

 whole Import: 1842. 1843. 1, 024, 141 bls. 1, 401, 278 bls. 

 Computed Stock. Average weekly consumption. 15th Sept. 1st Jan. To 15th Sept. 1842. 1843. 1842. 1843. 593, 000 bls. 834, 000 bls. 21, 556 bls. 25, 689 bls. 

For SUGAR there is rather more inquiry, at steady prices. --COFFEE; thesales of plantation trivial without change of price. --INDIGO, price firmat the advance of 3d. To 4d. , established at public saleyesterday. --TEA; the market remains rather firm, and a moderate businesshas been done at previous rates. In other articles of produce a fairamount of business has been done, without any particular features toremark. 

GRAIN. --There has been rather more demand for old WHEAT, and prices forthis and all other articles in the trade are supported. Duty has beenpaid on nearly the whole of the bonded stock, and the rate is now on theadvance. 

 * * * * *

The papers of this morning do not contain any intelligence of theslightest novelty or interest. Her Majesty and Prince Albert areenjoying themselves at Ostend in the society of their august relatives, the King and Queen of the Belgians. To-day (Saturday) the Royal party goto Bruges; on Monday to Brussels; on Tuesday to Antwerp; and onWednesday return to England. 

Barcelona is still in a state of insurrection; and though Madrid istranquil, the state of Spain, as the _Times_ remarks, is one of "simpleconfusion. "

The Malta correspondent of the _Morning Chronicle_ says that a reporthad been current at Bombay that it was the intention to order the nextsteamer for the overland mail to keep her direct course, in spite of themonsoon. The monsoon had, no doubt, driven her back. 

Wales continues in a distracted state, and acts of incendiarism arecommon. The extraordinary verdict given by the inquest jury on the bodyof the unfortunate old woman who was shot, is the subject of generalremark, as strikingly evincing the terrorism which prevails. There iseven talk of the necessity of putting the country under martial law!

The very remarkable meeting held by Messrs Cobden and Bright, at Oxford, on Wednesday last, is the theme of general conversation in society. Itis, indeed, a very striking evidence of the progress of free-tradeprinciples amongst the agriculturists. 

The _Leeds Mercury_ of this morning, and other provincial organs ofpublic opinion, in the great seats of our commerce and manufactures, allspeak in cheerful terms of the decidly-improving prospects of trade. 

THE LATEST FROM THE AMERICAN PRESS ON FREE TRADE--AUG. 24TH. 

THE CORN-LAW CONTROVERSY. --A friend has placed in our hands numbers ofthe tracts which the corn-law reformers of England circulate among thepeople. They are about the size and length of the religious tracts ofthis country, and are put up in an envelope, which is stamped with neatand appropriate devices. These little publications comprise essays onall the topics involved in the corn-law controversy, sometimes in theform of dialogues, sometimes of tales, and sometimes of extracts fromfamous books and speeches. The arguments are arranged so as to be easilycomprehended by the meanest capacities. 

The friend to whom we are indebted for these is well informed on thesubject, and says that a more advanced state of opinion prevails amongthe people of England, in relation to the operation of tariffs, than inthis nation generally so much more enlightened. It is a singularspectacle which is thus presented to the eyes of the civilized world. While the tendency of opinion, under an aristocratic monarchy, istowards the loosening of the restraints under which the labour of thepeople has long suffered, a large and powerful party in a nation, whosetheory of government is nearly a century in advance of the world, isclamouring for their continuance and confirmation. Monarchical Englandis struggling to break the chains that an unwise legislation has forgedfor the limbs of its trade; but democratic America is urged to put onthe fetters which older but less liberal nations are throwing off. Thenations of Europe are seeking to extend their commercial relations, toexpand the sphere of their mutual intercourse, to rivet the market forthe various products of their soil and skill, while the "model republic"of the new world is urged to stick to the silly and odious policy of asemi-barbarous age. 

We look upon the attempt which is making in Great Britain to procure arevision of the tariff laws, as one of the most important politicalmovements of the age. It is a reform that contemplates benefits, whoseeffects would not be confined to any single nation, or any period oftime. Should it be successful, it would be the beginning of a grand anduniversal scheme of commercial emancipation. Let England--that nation soextensive in her relations, and so powerful in her influences--letEngland adopt a more liberal policy, and it would remove the onlyobstacles now in the way of a complete freedom of industry throughoutthe globe. It is the apparent unwillingness of nations to reciprocatethe advantages of mutual trade, that has kept back this desirable reformso long. The standing argument of the friends of exclusiveness--theirdefence under all assaults, their shelter in every emergency--has beenthat one nation cannot pursue a free system until all others do, or, inother words, that restriction is to be met by restriction. It is aflimsy pretence, but such as it is, has answered the purposes of thosewho have used it, for many centuries. 

The practice of confining trade by the invisible, but potent chains oflaw, has been a curse wherever it has prevailed. In England, moredependent than other nations on the extent of its commercialintercourse, it may be said to have operated as a scourge. The mostterrible inflictions of natural evil, storms, famine, and pestilence, have not produced an equal amount of suffering. Indeed, it has combinedthe characteristics of the worst of those evils. It has devastated, likethe storm, the busy hives of industry; it has exhausted, like famine, the life and vital principle of trade; and, like the pestilence, it has"walked in the darkness and wasted at noon-day. " When we read ofthousands of miserable wretches, in all the cities and towns of a greatnation, huddled together like so many swine in a pen; in rags, squalor, and want; without work, bread, or hope; dragging out from day to day, bybegging, or the petty artifices of theft, an existence which isworthless and a burden; and when, at the same time, we see a system oflaws, that has carefully drawn a band of iron around every mode of humanexertion; which with lynx-eyed and omniscient vigilance, has draggedevery product of industry from its retreat to become the subject of atax, can we fail in ascribing the effect to its cause, or suppress theutterance of our indignation at a policy so heartless and destructive?

Yet, this is the very policy that a certain class of politicians in thiscountry would have us imitate. Misled by the selfish and paltryarguments of British statesmen, but unawed by the terrible experience ofthe British people, they would fasten upon us a system whose onlyrecommendation, in its best form, is that it enriches a few, at the costof the lives and happiness of many. They would assist a constrictor inwrapping his folds around us, until our industry shall be completelycrushed. 

 * * * * *

ST OLAVE'S CHURCH. --The rebuilding of this church in the early part ofthe last century cost the parishioners a less sum than the organ. Theold church having fallen down, the new one (that recently destroyed byfire) was erected by raising an annuity of 700_l_. , and the granter diedafter receiving the first half year's payment of 350_l_. The organ wasthe most ancient instrument in the metropolis. 

FREE-TRADE MOVEMENTS. 

MESSRS COBDEN AND BRIGHT AT OXFORD. --IMPORTANT MEETING OF FREEHOLDERSAND FARMERS OF THAT COUNTY. 

As we stated last week, announcing the intention, Mr Cobden and MrBright visited Oxford on Wednesday, for the purpose of addressing thefreeholders and farmers of the county on the subject of the corn laws. 

Very considerable excitement had prevailed in the city and thesurrounding districts in consequence of the proposed visit of Mr Cobden, but it does not appear that the landowners on the present occasion, through the medium of the farmers' clubs and agricultural associations, thought fit to get up an organised opposition, similar to that atColchester, or interfere to prevent their tenants from attending, as atReading. The consequence was a very large number of farmers were presentat the meeting, although it is well known that the harvest is not insuch a state of forwardness as to allow them to absent themselves fromtheir ordinary occupations without considerable inconvenience. 

It is a circumstance worthy of notice, and strongly indicative of thepresent state of public feeling upon the subject, that in a purelyagricultural district, at a county meeting regularly convened by theHigh Sheriff, the whole of the county members being present, two of whomspoke in favour of protection, supported by many influential men oftheir own party, no person ventured to propose a resolution in favour ofthe present corn law, and that even the resolution for a low fixed dutymade by two of the most popular men and largest landed proprietors inOxfordshire, Lord Camoys and Mr Langston, was supported by only three orfour individuals out of a meeting of nearly 3, 000 persons. 

Early in the morning, a protectionist champion presented himself, not inthe guise either of a freeholder or farmer of the county, but in theperson of a good-humoured, though somewhat eccentric printer, namedSparkhall, who had come from the celebrated _locale_ of JohnGilpin--Cheapside, and who having armed himself with a large blue bagfitted with elaborate treatises upon the corn laws, and among otherpamphlets a recent number of _Punch_, forthwith travelled to Oxford, andby the kind permission of the meeting was permitted to essay a speech, about what nobody could divine, and in a manner truly original. It is, however, due to the monopolists of Oxfordshire to state that they didnot accredit their volunteer champion, and even went so far as torequest that he would "bottle up" his eloquence for some futureopportunity. 

At two o'clock, the hour appointed for the proceedings to commence, theCounty hall, which is capable of containing 1, 800 persons, was nearlyfilled. 

Mr Cobden and Mr Bright, who had been dining at the farmers' ordinary, held at the Roebuck hotel, arrived shortly after two, and wereaccompanied to the place of meeting by a large number of influentialfarmers and leading agriculturists, who had met the honourable membersat the market table. They at once proceeded to the gallery, where, amongothers at this time, were Lord Camoys, of Stonor hall, Oxon; the threemembers for the county, Lord Norreys, Mr Harcourt, and Mr Henley; MrLangston, M. P. For the city of Oxford; Mr Thomas Robinson, banker; MrCharles Cottrell Dormer, Mr J. S. Browning, Mr W. Dry, Mr W. Parker, Captain Matcham, Rev. Dr Godwin, Rev. W. Slatter, Mr Richard Goddard, MrH. Venables, Messrs Grubb, Sadler, Towle, Weaving, Harvey, &c. 

On the motion of Lord Cambys, seconded by Mr Langston, M. P. , Mr SamuelCooper, of Henley-on-Thames, under-sheriff for the county, was, in theabsence of the high sheriff, called to the chair. 

The Chairman said he regretted very much that the high sheriff wasprevented from attending the meeting, which had been convened inconsequence of a requisition presented to the sheriff by severalfreeholders of the county. Having read the requisition, he introduced

Mr Cobden, who proceeded for some time to address the meeting on thefallacy of the present corn law as a protection to the farmer, amidfrequent cries for adjournment, in consequence of the crowded state ofthe hall, and

Mr Sadler having intimated that several hundred persons were waiting atthe Castle green, at which place it had been generally expected themeeting would ultimately be held, moved its adjournment to that spot, which was immediately agreed to. 

Several waggons had been brought to the green, for the purpose offorming a temporary platform, and the meeting being again formed, Mr Cobden resumed, and, in his usual powerful manner, explained theinfluence of the corn law upon the tenant, farmer, and farm-labourer, urging the necessity of free trade as the only remedy for agriculturalas well as manufacturing distress. The honourable member was loudlycheered during the delivery of his address, which evidently made a deepimpression on the large proportion of his auditory. 

Mr Sparkhall then came forward. Mr Cobden having kindly interceded toobtain him a hearing, and having duly arranged his books and papers, heat once commanded the serious attention of the meeting, by statingbroadly as the proposition he was about to prove--that the repeal of thecorn laws would plunge the nation into such a state of depression asmust ultimately terminate in a national bankruptcy. After quoting fromthe Honourable and Reverend Baptist Noel, Mr Gregg, and other passages, the relevancy of which to his proposition no one could discover, hebewildered himself in a calculation, and gladly availed himself of aslight interruption to make his bow and retire. 

Lord Camoys next addressed the meeting. He said Mr Cobden came amongthem either as a friend or an enemy. If he came as a friend, it was theduty of all to receive him as such; but if as an enemy, then it behovedthe farmers of Oxfordshire to meet him boldly, and expose the fallacy ofhis arguments. For himself he (Lord Camoys) believed Mr Cobden came as afriend. He was not one of those who were afraid of the Anti-Corn-lawLeague; but he was afraid of that class who designated themselves thefarmers' friends. He thought if they were to give the Anti-Corn-lawLeague 50, 000_l_. A year for fifty years, it would never do half themischief to agriculture that the farmers' friends themselves had done. (Hear, hear. ) It was this impression that had induced him to sign therequisition that had been laid before him, for he was anxious that thefarmers of Oxfordshire should have the benefit of any information thatcould be given to them on the subject. There were three courses open fordiscussion. The first was the sliding scale (cries of "no, no"); thesecond a low fixed duty; and the third, a total and immediate repeal ofthe corn law. (Hear, hear. ) He believed the sliding scale was already onits last legs; indeed, it was only defended by a few country gentlemenand fortunate speculators, who had by a lucky chance contrived torealise large fortunes. He was himself for a low fixed duty, and MrCobden advocated free trade. There was not so much difference, afterall, between them; but he considered that to apply the principles offree trade to England, would be to apply the principles of common senseto a deranged country, suffering under the pressure of an enormous debt. He thought the English farmer should be placed on a level with thecontinental corn-grower; but he did not think the mere expense oftransit would have the effect of securing this as argued by Mr. Cobden. With this view he should propose to the meeting the followingresolution:--"That the agricultural interest being the paramountinterest in this country, to depress that interest would be injurious tothe entire community; that suddenly to adopt free trade in corn mustproduce that effect, and that, therefore, it is the opinion of thismeeting that a moderate fixed duty upon the importation of foreign grainis the one best adapted to the present position of the agriculturalinterest and the welfare of the country. "

This resolution was seconded by Mr Langston, M. P. , but this gentlemangave way for

Mr Bright, who, upon presenting himself, was received with loadcheering. In an eloquent address he clearly demonstrated that the onlyway in which the corn laws could benefit the farmer was by making fooddearer, which could only be done by making it more scarce. That theadvantage of such high prices invariably went to the landlord in theshape of rent, in consequence of the immense competition for farms, arising from the increase in the agricultural population, and thedifficulty of providing for them in commerce and manufactures, owing tothe depressed condition to which they had been reduced by the operationof the corn laws. High prices could only be obtained by the farmer fromthe prosperity of his customers. In reply to the resolution of LordCamoys, the honourable gentleman stated, that with regard to agriculturebeing the paramount interest of the country, there could be no doubt inevery country there must be land for the people to live on, and so farit was the paramount interest; but he denied that anything like half thepopulation of England were engaged in agricultural pursuits. Theagricultural interest would not be depressed, nor would the community beinjured by free trade. He would put it to the meeting whether they wouldhave a low duty or no duty at all. (Loud cries of "no duty. ") A fixedduty of 6s. Would raise the price that amount, and the whole would gointo the pockets of the landlord. The honourable gentleman concluded hisaddress amid loud cheers. 

Lord Norreys next spoke in favour of the existing corn laws, attributingthe distress under which all classes at present laboured to theover-production of the manufacturers. 

Mr Langston, M. P. , having replied to his lordship, Mr Henley, M. P. , addressed the meeting at some length, in favour of thepresent restrictive duties on the importation corn. The honourablemember concluded by observing that he had attended the meeting becauseit had been convened by the high sheriff; and he thanked them for thepatience with which they had listened to his observations, thoughneither he nor his colleagues considered it to be properly designated asa farmers' meeting, the majority present being composed of otherclasses. 

Mr Cobden briefly replied; and

Mr Towle (a tenant farmer) moved the following amendment, "That in theopinion of this meeting the principles of free trade are in accordancewith the laws of nature and conducive to the welfare of mankind, andthat all laws which interfere with the free intercourse of nations, under the pretence of protection to the agricultural, colonial, ormanufacturing interests, ought to be forthwith abolished. "

The motion having been seconded, was put, and declared to be carried, with only three dissentients. 

Mr Henley then proposed, and Mr Cobden seconded, a vote of thanks to thechairman, who briefly acknowledged the compliment, and three cheershaving been given for free trade the meeting separated, having lastednearly five hours. 

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PUBLIC DINNER TO R. WALKER, ESQ. , M. P. , BURY. --On Wednesday week apublic dinner was given, in the Free-Trade Pavilion, Paradise street, Bury, by the electors of Bury, to the above-named gentleman, for hisconstant advocacy of Liberal principles in the House of Commons. Themeeting, though called to do honour to the worthy representative ofBury, was emphatically a gathering of the friends of free trade, MrBright, Dr Bowring, Mr Brotherton, &c. , being present. 

DR BOWRING'S VISIT TO HIS CONSTITUENTS. --Dr Bowring arrived in Bolton, on his annual visit, on Thursday week. In the course of the afternoon hecalled upon several of the leading reformers and free-traders of theborough; and in the evening, according to public announcement, heattended at the Temperance hall, Little Bolton, to address theinhabitants generally. The doors of the hall were opened at seveno'clock, and hundreds immediately flocked in. At half-past seven, thehall was crowded to excess in every part. On Dr Bowring's entrance, hewas greeted with loud cheers. The chief portion of the proceedingsconsisted in the speech of the learned and honourable member, who, asmight be expected, dwelt with great power on the question ofquestions--free trade. We have only room for the following eloquentpassage: "The more I see of England, the prouder I am to recognise hersuperiority--not alone in arms--about that I care little, but inmanufacturing arts, the peaceful arts, which really reflect glory on herpeople. (Cheers. ) Give us fair play and no favour, and we need not fearthe strength of the whole world. (Hear. ) Let us start in an honestrivalry--let us get rid of the drawbacks and impediments which are inthe way of our progress, and sure I am that the virtues, the energies, the industry, the adventurous spirit of the manufacturers and merchantsof England, which have planted their language in every climate and inevery region, would make them known as benefactors through the wideworld. They are recognised by the black man as giving him many sourcesof enjoyment which he had not before; by the red man as having reachedhis fields and forests, and brought to him in his daily life enjoymentsof which his ancestors had no notion; by all tribes and tonguesthroughout the wide expanse of the earth, as the allies of improvement, and the promoters of happiness. Sure I am that England--emancipatedEngland--the labourers--the artisans of England, may do more for thehonour and reputation of our country than was ever done by all theNelsons and Wellingtons of the day. (Loud cheers. ) I was struck verymuch, the other day, by the remark of one of the wisest and best men ofour times, from the other side of the Atlantic, who said, 'I am notdazzled by the great names which I see recorded in high places; I am notattracted by the statues which are raised to the men whom you callillustrious, but what _does_ strike me, what _does_ delight me, what_does_ fascinate me, is to trace the working man of England to his home;to see him there labouring at his loom unnoticed and unknown, toilingbefore the sun rises, nor ceasing to toil when the sun has descendedbeneath the mountain. It is _that_ man, the missionary of peace, whoforms the true link of alliance between nation and nation, making allmen of one kindred and of one blood, --that man upon whose brow the sweatis falling, --that man whose hands are hardened by labour, --that is theman of whom England has a right to be proud--(hear)--that is the manwhom the world ought to recognise as its benefactor. ' (Cheers. ) And, gentlemen, in such sentiments I cordially agree, and the time will comewhen the names of men who are called illustrious, at whose feet we havebeen rolling out torrents of wealth, whom we have been crowning withdazzling honours--those men will pass away into the realms offorgetfulness, while the poor and industrious labourer, who has beenthrough the world a herald and apostle of good, will be respected andhonoured, and upon him future times will look as the real patriot, thereal philanthropist, the real honour of his country and of hiscountrymen. " The proceedings were closed by the unanimous thanks of themeeting being given to Dr Bowring. 

FREE TRADE. --We are glad to learn, from a correspondence in the_Liverpool Albion_, that W. Brown, Esq. , the head of the eminent houseof Brown, Shipley, and Co. , of Liverpool, has declared his adherence tothe cause of perfect freedom of trade, contributing, at the same time, 50_l. _ to the funds of the Liverpool Anti-Monopoly Association. 

CORN TRADE OF FRANCE. --The _Moniteur_ publishes the return of the corntrade in France during the month of July, from which it appears that theimports were--wheat, 45, 896 metrical quintels; other grain, 23, 389; andflour, 613. The exports--wheat, 14, 318; other grain, 11, 506; and flour, 2, 435. The quantities lying in the government bonding stores on thefirst of August were--wheat, 28, 405 metrical quintals; other grain, 9, 378; and flour, 11, 051. 

ANTI-CORN-LAW MEETING AT HAMPSTEAD. --The opponents of the corn lawsresident at Hampstead assembled on Tuesday night, in crowded meeting, atthe Temperance hall of that locality, to hear Mr Sidney Smith deliver anaddress on the evils of the corn laws. The meeting was the first of thekind since the formation of the new association, and there were severalof the respectable inhabitants of the neighbourhood present. Mr Smithentered at length into the whole question of the monopolies from whichthe people of this country suffer. He showed, conclusively, and by areference to facts and comparisons with other countries, that"protective" duties were injurious to the best interests of thecommunity, as they were productive of abridgment of the people'scomfort, and of taxation on everything that they could see or touch. Heillustrated the advantages that would arise from free trade, by areference to the great increase of consumption of the article of coffeesince the reduction of the duty of half a crown on the pound weight toninepence; the consumption at that period (1824) having been but eightmillions of pounds weight, while at present, it was twenty-eightmillions. The learned gentleman, who spoke for upwards of two hours, concluded amid loud cheers. Three cheers which were proposed for theCharter proved a decided failure; while, on the other hand, three wereproposed for a repeal of the corn laws, which were responded to bynearly the whole of the crowded meeting. 

MR EWART AND HIS CONSTITUENTS. --William Ewart, Esq. , the indefatigablemember for the Dumfries District of Burghs, is at present paying hisrespects to his constituents, after the recess of what has been to him alaborious session of parliament, however little may have been effectedduring its course by the government and the legislature. On Thursdayevening he addressed a large meeting in this town. On Friday he visitedLochmaben, and on Saturday Sanquhar, and addressed the inhabitants ofboth these burghs. --_Dumfries Courier_. 

MISCELLANIES OF TRADE. 

STATE OF TRADE. --Owing to the continued absence of the Overland Mail, the demand for manufactured goods, and especially for shirtings, hasbeen limited; but, as stocks are low, prices remain tolerably steady. For yarn the demand continues good, and prices very firm, but thespinners are so generally engaged, that no great amount of business hasbeen done. --_Manchester Guardian_ of Wednesday. 

COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES. --Thecircumstances of America are such as to require, for the furtherance ofits own interests, a large and extended commercial relationship withEngland. There is nothing wanting but a movement on our part for thespeedy establishment of an unbounded trade. Both countries are sosituated that they need never become rivals, provided they consent toco-operate with each other. It is because they have not been permittedhitherto so to do that we now hear of an embryo manufacturing system inAmerica. We have already built Lowell in New England, and Pittsburg inWestern Pennsylvania; and will yet, unless we change our system, drivethe enterprising republican to efforts which may be more generally andmore permanently successful. --_Morning Chronicle_. 

TRAVELLING BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. --The number of persons who passedfrom England to France, by Boulogne, in the week from 1st to 7thSeptember inclusive, was 2, 409, and by Calais, 838. It appears that theopening of the Southern and Eastern Railway as far as Folkestone hasincreased the number of travellers between England and France by nearlyone-half. The number in August, 1842, was 7, 436, while during the pastmonth it has been no less than 10, 579, showing an increase of 3, 143. 

STEAM V. WATER. --Owing to the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway Companyhaving reduced their charge for all kinds of goods to 6s. Per tonbetween Gloucester and Cheltenham; most of the carriers in this citywill be compelled to avail themselves of this mode of conveyance, itbeing impossible for them to compete with the Railway Company. Theconsequence will be that some thirty or forty boats will speedily be"laid up in ordinary, " to the sorrow of three or four times the numberof boatmen, who will of course be thrown out of employ. --_WorcesterChronicle_. 

THE NEW TARIFF. --"The imports of foreign beasts since Monday last (oneweek) have been confined to twenty-five into London by the _Batavier_steamer from Rotterdam. " (London Markets Report, September 11. ) Can anyclever master of fractions calculate the effect of this importation onthe Smithfield market, and the benefit thence accruing to the citizensof London as a set-off to the payment of their income-tax?

IMPROVEMENT OF TRADE--ROCHDALE. --The piece market has been uncommonlybrisk to-day, and all the goods on hand have been cleared off. Atpresent all the workmen are in full employment, though at very lowwages; but a few markets of this kind will have a tendency to get upwages. The ready sale of goods has given a buoyancy to the wool market, and the dealers in the raw material have not been so eager to sell atformer prices. 

STATE OF TRADE--PAISLEY. --So far as ample employment to all engaged inthe staple manufactures of the town is concerned, trade still continuesfavourable for the workman, but the manufacturers generally complainthat, for the season, sales are late of commencing, and many of them arealready rather slackening their operations to keep their stocks down. The unexpected procrastination in the commencement of the fall trade isreasonably accounted for by the fineness of the weather. 

"A Merchant of twenty-five years' standing, and an Old Subscriber, "calls attention to the unusual state of things now so long existing inthe Money Market, by the fall in the rate of interest to 1-3/4 and 2 percent. Upon the first class commercial bills. He states that a friend ofhis has lately lent 100, 000_l. _ at 1-1/2 to 2 per cent. , being thehighest rate he could obtain. This condition of the Money Market heattributes to the large amount of paper money in circulation, comparedwith the demands of commerce. Our correspondent favours us with somefigures, illustrative of his views, from November, 1841, to the presentmonth, taken from the _Gazette_ returns, and observing that there hasbeen a serious fall in the value of merchandise equal to one-fifth orone-sixth, with some exceptions during the last year and a half, heaccounts by the juxtaposition of his figures, denoting the amount ofpaper in circulation, and this assumed fall in the price of merchandisefor the present anomalous condition of the Money Market, and for theapparent worthlessness of capital. We cannot agree, however, with ourcorrespondent to the full extent, because the very low prices ofcommodities, with a _minimum_ rate of interest for money, proves thatthere is no fictitious or inflated excess of paper money. The anomalousstate of the Money Market proceeds, we believe, from a redundancy, notof mere paper, but of capital which cannot find investment, superinducedby stagnation of trade, and the want of commercial enterprise, occasioned by the restrictive nature of our duties on imports. --_MorningChronicle. _

The accounts from the United States mention that the greatest activityprevails among the manufacturers in their purchases of the raw materialfor the year's consumption. 

POLICE. 

EXTRAORDINARY CHARGE. --_Captain, William Tune_, the Commander of a steampacket called the _City of Boulogne_, the property of the New CommercialSteam-Packet Company, on Monday appeared at the Mansion House to answerthe complaint of the directors of that company, by whom he was chargedwith being privy to the abstraction of four packages, each containinggold, checks on bankers, bank-notes, and bills of exchange, which hadbeen previously booked at the company's office in Boulogne, and paid foraccording to the rates agreed upon by the company, and which, withothers, had been entrusted to his care. After evidence had been adduced, Mr Wire requested that Captain Tune should be remanded for a week, andstated that the directors being anxious that he should receive as muchaccommodation as might be consistent with the respectability of hischaracter and the nature of the difficulty in which he was at presentinvolved, were desirous that bail should be taken for his appearance onthe next day of investigation. --Alderman Gibbs: I shall require tworespectable securities for 500_l. _ each, and Captain Tune to be boundhimself in the sum of 1, 000_l. _--The captain was then remanded for aweek. A curious fact came out on the inquiry as to the value of eachpackage. They were all, it appeared, entered and paid for as containinga sum of money much inferior to what each package really contained. 

MATRIMONIAL ADVERTISEMENTS. --An unlucky man, who, in order to get afamily by a deceased wife taken care of, had been induced to marry aworthless drunken woman, through the medium of a matrimonialadvertisement, applied at Union Hall for advice, but, of course, nothingcould be done for him. 

AWKWARD PREDICAMENT. --A man advanced in years, named _David Simms_, whowas claimed by two wives, and nearly torn in pieces by them, wascommitted from Union Hall, on a charge of bigamy. 

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SINGULAR DETECTION OF AN EXTENSIVE SWINDLER. --A man named _WilliamCairnes_, alias _Thomas Sissons_, with a host of other _aliases_, wasplaced before the magistrates at the Borough Court, Manchester, chargedwith one of the most singular attempts at fraud we ever remember to haveheard. The prisoner, who was a respectable-looking old man, gave hisname _William Carnes_. Under the pretence of giving employment to alabouring man, on getting specimens of his handwriting, he got him towrite his name across two blank bills, in the form of acceptance. He hasbeen remanded for further inquiry. 

EMBEZZLEMENT. --_Theodore Grumbrecht_, a confidential clerk in theextensive India house of Messrs Huth and Co. , was arrested on board the_Bucephalus_, bound for New Zealand, whither he was going. The chargeagainst him is extensive embezzlement. 

ACCIDENTS, OCCURRENCES, AND OFFENCES. 

SINGULAR ACCIDENT. --An accident occurred at Outwell on the 29th ult. Achild, three years old, went to play in a donkey cart, in which a ropecoiled and knotted had been placed to dry. The rope was doubled thegreater part of the way; and, being knotted, was full of steps ormeshes; in one of these the child got his head and unfortunately fallingat the same time from the cart, which was propped up as if the donkeywere between the shafts, the rope caught on the hook in front of thecart, and held the child suspended a short distance from the ground. Hewas found quite dead. An inquest was held on the body of the child, andthe jury returned a verdict of accidental death. --_Bury Post. _

AFFRAY WITH SOLDIERS. --On Tuesday the greatest excitement prevailedthroughout Westminster in consequence of repeated outbreaks between themilitary and the lower, or perhaps we might with propriety say thelowest order of inhabitants of this populous district. The tumult havingcontinued during the whole of the day it was anticipated, and justly, that when night came on, it would increase rather than diminish, although during the whole of the afternoon various parties of themilitary were seen searching for and escorting to the barracks, thedelinquent and disorderly soldiers engaged in the affray. 

FIRES IN THE METROPOLIS. --On Saturday night the greater portion of theextensive premises of Messrs Cleaseley, floor-cloth manufacturers, Grovestreet, Walworth common, were destroyed by fire. --On Monday morning theshop of Mr Crawcour, a tobacconist, Surrey place, Old Kent road, wasburnt to the ground. --On Tuesday morning, about a quarter to fouro'clock, a city police constable discovered fire in the lower part ofthe extensive premises, nearly rebuilt, of the Religious Tract Society, Paternoster row, through some unslacked lime having been left by theworkmen among some timber the previous night. To the vigilance of theofficer may justly be attributed the saving of much valuable propertyfrom destruction. 

FIRE AT BRISTOL. --The old Castle Tavern, Bristol, was burned onThursday, the 7th inst. , and the landlord, who was an invalid, perishedin the flames. The fire was caused by the carelessness of a niece, inattendance on the invalid, who set fire to the bed furnitureaccidentally with a candle. The little girl Lydia Groves, who socourageously attempted to extinguish the bed curtains, has sunk underthe shock she then experienced. 

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. 

DONCASTER MEETING. --This much-talked-of meeting commenced on Monday, Sept. 11, at two o'clock precisely. The regulations, in every minordetail, answered the purposes for which they were respectively intended;particularly the one affecting those persons who have proved themselves"defaulters, " as such were refused admission to the stands, the ring, the betting-rooms, and every other place under the jurisdiction of ofthe stewards. Many improvements and alterations have been made, and noexpense spared towards securing the comfort of all. The different standshave undergone a complete renovation, and present a very striking andhandsome appearance, very unlike their neglected condition in formeryears. On Sunday evening a tremendous storm came on, accompanied withhail and extraordinarily vivid lightning; in fact, it was truly awful towitness--the rain literally pouring down in torrents, and the flashes oflightning following each other in rapid succession. Happily the stormwas not of very long continuance, commencing about half-past six, andterminating about seven o'clock; but, during that short period, it wassufficient nearly to drown the "unfortunates, " who were travellingoutside per coach from Sheffield, York, Leeds, &c. , and who, onalighting, presented a most wretched appearance. The morning of Mondaywas dark and lowering, but towards eleven or twelve o'clock the weathercleared up and remained very fine. The course, notwithstanding the rain, was in the very best possible order, the attendance large, beyond anyformer example on the first day, punctuality as to the time of startingwas very strictly observed, and the sport was first rate. The greatevent of these races is the St Leger stakes, which on this occasion wererun for in three minutes and twenty seconds. Mr Bowes's "Cotherstone, "the winner of the Derby, was the favourite, and was confidently expectedto gain the St Leger. But it only came in second, being beaten by MrWrather's Nutwith, and only gained by a neck on Lord Chesterfield'sPrizefighter, which was third. 

WOOLWICH GARRISON RACES. --The officers of the garrison at Woolwichhaving resolved on testing the value and quality of their horses byraces, the first day's sport came off on Wednesday; and owing to thegreat number of spectators, of whom there were upwards of 10, 000, on theground, and the fineness of the weather, the scene was more animatedthan on any former occasion. A spacious booth was erected on the groundand was well filled throughout the day. Upwards of 100 carriages, containing families, were drawn up along both sides of the course, andhundreds of gentlemen on horseback occupied various parts of the Commonwhere the races took place; presenting altogether an enlivening andinteresting spectacle. The band of the Royal Artillery attended in frontof the booth, and played, with very little intermission, some of thefinest airs from one o'clock to seven o'clock, p. M. 

On Thursday, the second day, a slight shower of rain, about one o'clock, p. M. Prevented the races from being so well attended by spectators asthey were yesterdy, yet the attendance was numerous in the afternoon, and great interest existed amongst the officers of the garrison, andmany sporting gentlemen, to witness the result. 

AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES. 

THE BEST HOME MARKET. --The _Norwich Mercury_ of last Saturday containsno less than seventy advertisements relating to the sale of farmingstock; and a majority of these are cases in which the tenant of the farmon which a sale is announced is described as one "quitting theoccupation, " or "retiring from business. " We should like to know howmany of those parties have managed to amass a fortune, or even toacquire a moderate competency, under that protective system which, asthey have always been taught to believe, was devised for their especialbenefit. From the ominous newspaper paragraphs, announcing theliberality of landlords to their tenants, which have lately become sonumerous, we rather suspect that most of those farmers who are retiringfrom business do so to avoid greater evils. It is worthy of remark, however, that, amidst all this agricultural depression, which has nowlasted some twelve months at least, the "home trade"--which theadvocates of the corn law always describe as entirely dependent on thefarmers obtaining high prices for their grain--is in a healthier statethan it has been for several years past. The _Standard_ lately stated, on the authority of a Mr Spackman, that the United Kingdom contained20, 500, 000 individuals dependent on agriculture, and only 6, 500, 000individuals dependent on manufactures; and, as we have frequently seenthe same absurd statement brought forward at farmers' clubs as"agricultural statistics, " it is possible enough that many persons mayhave been led to believe it. Those who do so, however, would find itrather difficult to explain, under such a division of the population, the fact, that during four or five years of high prices, which the Dukeof Buckingham designated "agricultural prosperity, " the 20, 500, 000 soulsshould have been unable to create a brisk demand for manufactures; whilea single year of cheap provisions has done so much to improve trade, andrelieve the pressure from the shoulders of the labouring classes. Whothat looks at these two facts can have the slightest doubt in his mindas to what it is that makes the best home market?--_ManchesterGuardian. _

CURIOUS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT. --The following novel and interestingexperiment has lately been successfully made by Mr A. Palmer, of Cheam, Surrey:--In July, 1842, he put one grain of wheat in a commongarden-pot. In August the same was divided into four plants, which inthree weeks were again divided into twelve plants. In September thesetwelve plants were divided into thirty-two, which in November weredivided into fifty plants, and then placed in open ground. In July, 1843, twelve of the plants failed, but the remaining thirty-eight werehealthy. On the 19th August they were cut down, and counted 1, 972 stems, with an average of fifty grains to a stem, giving an increase of 98, 600. Now, if this be a practicable measure of planting wheat, it follows thatmost of the grain now used for seed may be saved, and will infinitelymore than cover the extra expense of sowing, as the wheat plants can beraised by the labourer in his garden, his wife and children beingemployed in dividing and transplanting them. One of the stems was rathermore than six feet long, and stout in proportion. 

CULTIVATION OF WASTE LANDS. --EMPLOYMENT OF LABOURERS. --A paper wasrecently laid before the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society ofEngland, by Lord Portman, which we think deserves a much greater degreeof attention than we believe it has yet received, in that it shows towhat a considerable extent waste lands may, without any very heavyexpenditure of money, be brought into profitable cultivation, and at thesame time, under a well-regulated system of spade husbandry, yieldabundant employment to agricultural labourers and their families. Thefollowing is the substance of the document referred to:--His lordship, who has large estates in Dorsetshire, found that a tract of land, calledShepherd's Corner, about 200 acres in extent, was wholly unproductive, yielding a nominal rent of 2s. 6d. Per acre. About fifteen years ago hislordship resolved to make an experiment with this land. He accordinglygave directions to his steward that it should be laid out in sixdivisions, representing so many small farms, in the cultivation of whichsuch of the labourers as could not obtain full work from theneighbouring farmers were occasionally employed. For the three firstyears there were no returns, the ground having been merely broken upwith the spade, and the surface soil exposed. In subsequent years thisland was sown chiefly with turnips, fed off by sheep, until it was foundin sufficient heart for the reception of grass and corn seeds, thecrops from which were at first scanty and indifferent, but sufficient, however, to pay for cultivation. At the expiration of fifteen years theexpenditure upon the whole, inclusive of allowance for rent, at theoriginal rate of 2s. 6d. Per acre, together with all charges on accountof tithes and taxes, amounted to a little more than 10, 000_l. _; thereturns by crops sold and sheep fed exceeding that sum by 88_l. _, independent of the crops now in the ground, which will come to thelandlord in September. This may appear to be an inadequate return forthe fifteen years' experiment; but, as Lord Portman justly observes, "asa farmer he has lost nothing, whilst as landlord he is a considerablegainer, the land being now fully equal to any of the neighbouringfarms. " Two objects, both of great importance, have thus been obtained. These 200 acres have been fertilized, which would otherwise have been ofno present or prospective value; and in the process of cultivationemployment has, during that long period, been provided for severalhundreds of labourers who, but for that resource, must, at some seasonsat least, have become a burden to the parish. 

OUR LIBRARY TABLE. 

FREE TRADE, RECIPROCITY, AND COLONIZATION. 

 _The Budget; a Series of Letters, published at intervals, addressed to Lord John Russell, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Stanley, and Lord Eliot, on Import Duties, Commercial Reform, Colonization, and the Condition of England. _ By R. Torrens, Esq. , F. R. S. 

 _The Edinburgh Review. _ No. CLVII. Article, Free Trade and Retaliation. 

 _The Westminster Review. _ No. LXXVIII. Article, Colonel Torrens on Free Trade. 

Our readers are not, in general, unacquainted with the public characterand literary reputation of Colonel Torrens. He is, we believe, aself-taught political economist; and, like Colonel Thompson, earlyachieved distinction in a branch of moral science not consideredparticularly akin to military pursuits. But in his recent labours, hehas very seriously damaged his reputation, by attempting to bolster up apolicy whose influence on the welfare of the nation has been of the mostdeadly and pernicious kind; and we therefore advert to the letterscalled the _Budget_, more with the view of showing that they have beenanalysed, and their mischievous principles thoroughly refuted, than withany intention of entering at large into the discussion. 

It was, we believe, in the autumn of 1841, immediately following theaccession of the present Government to office, that Colonel Torrenscommenced the publication of his letters called the _Budget_. The twofirst were addressed to Lord John Russell, and professed to show thatthe commercial propositions of the late Whig Government would, ifadopted, have altered the value of money, increased the pressure oftaxation, and aggravated the distress of the people. The third letterwas on commercial reform, addressed to Sir Robert Peel. The remainder ofthe series were on colonization and taxation, on the expediency ofadopting differential duties, &c. ; concluding with one on the conditionof England, and on the means of removing the causes of distress; whichwas afterwards followed by a _Postscript_, in which the author, addressing Sir Robert Peel, said--

 "I would beg to submit to your consideration what appears to me to amount to a mathematical demonstration, that a reduction of the duties upon foreign production, unaccompanied by a corresponding mitigation of the duties imposed by foreign countries upon British goods, would cause a further decline of prices, of profits, and of wages, and would render it doubtful whether the taxes could be collected, and faith with the public credit or maintained. "

Opinions like these, coming from a man considered to be of some littleauthority in economical science, were certainly important. The time wasserious--the crisis really alarming. A new Government had come intopower, and it was thought and expected were about to effect greatchanges. Even the _Quarterly Review_, alarmed by the aspect of affairs, came round, in the winter of 1841, to advocate commercial reform. Atthis critical period Colonel Torrens stepped forward. What his motiveswere we do not know; though we know that men neither harsh noruncharitable, and with some opportunities of judging, considered thatColonel Torrens, soured by political disappointments and personalfeeling, had permitted himself to be biassed by hopes of patronage fromthe new Government. The pamphlets composing the _Budget_ only appearedat intervals: but so far as they were then published, did attractconsiderable attention; the mere supporters of pure monopoly did not, ofcourse, understand them: but that body who may be appropriately enoughtermed _middle men_, were not unaware of the value of such support asthat afforded by Colonel Torrens, in staring off changes which seemedinevitable. Sir Robert Peel, too, was then in the very midst of hislesson-taking; and as he deeply studied Mr Hume's Import Duties Report, before he brought out his new Tariff, we need not consider it to be verydiscreditable to him, that he read the pamphlets of Colonel Torrensbefore he tried his diplomatic commercial policy. 

At all events, one of the chief arguments with which Sir Robert Peel andMr Gladstone justified the great omissions of the new Tariff, was thefact that the Government was engaged in negotiations with othercountries in order to obtain treaties of reciprocity. The utter failureof these efforts Sir Robert Peel has repeatedly confessed, accompaniedwith a sigh over the inutility of the attempt; and the last time that headverted, in the House of Commons, to the authority of Colonel Torrens(he was citing the _Postscript_ to the _Letter_ addressed to himself) itwas with the kind of manner which indicated want of confidence in theguide who had misled him. Whether or no, however, he had relied on thatauthority in his negotiations with other countries during his futileattempts to obtain commercial treaties, this much is certain enough, that Colonel Torrens did what he could to strengthen the old notion, that it was of no use for us to enlarge our markets unless othercountries did so also at the same time and in the same way; and incondemning all reduction of import duties that was not based on"reciprocity, " he certainly added all the weight of his authority toprop up a system whose injurious influence has affected the veryvitality of our social state, and whose overthrow will yet require nosmall amount of moral force to effect. 

We are far indeed, from undervaluing treaties of reciprocity; but tomake them a _sine qua non_ in the policy of a country whose condition isthat of an overflowing population, a deficient supply of the firstnecessaries of life, and a contracted market for its artificialproductions, is an error of the first magnitude. Therefore, though notattaching primary importance to the _Budget_ of Colonel Torrens, orbelieving that it could ultimately have any great effect in retardingthe effectual settlement of the great question, it was not without somefeeling of satisfaction that we perused the able article in the last_Edinburgh Review_, in which his delusions are completely set at rest. We quite agree with the writer (Mr Senior, it is said) that "if the_Budget_ were to remain unanswered, it would be proclaimed in all thestrongholds of monopoly to which British literature penetrates--inParliament, in Congress, in the _Algemeine Zeitung_, and in the councilsof the Zollverein--that Adam Smith and the modern economists had beenrefuted by Colonel Torrens; that free trade is good only wherereciprocity is perfect; that a nation can augment its wealth byrestraining a trade that was previously free; can protect itself againstsuch conduct on the part of its neighbours only by retaliation: and ifit neglect this retaliatory policy, that it will be punished for itsliberality by a progressive decrease of prices, of wages, and ofprofits, and an increase of taxation. "

The identity of Colonel Torrens's propositions with the exploded"Mercantile Theory" is very satisfactorily established by the Edinburghreviewer; and it is certainly humbling to see a man of his abilitycoming forward to revive doctrines which had well nigh gone down tooblivion. On the subject where Colonel Torrens conceives himselfstrongest, the distribution of the precious metals, the reviewer hasgiven a very able reply, though some points are left for futureamplification and discussion; and, as a whole, if there be any youngpolitical economist whose head the _Budget_ has puzzled, the article inthe _Edinburgh Review_ will be found a very sufficient antidote. Withthis, and another able article on the same subject in the last_Westminster Review_ (in fact, two articles of the _Westminster_ relateto the subject--one is on Colonel Torrens, the other on Free Trade andColonization), we may very safely leave the _Budget_ to the oblivioninto which it has sunk; and, meantime, the novice will not go far astraywho adheres to the "golden rule" of political economy, propounded by theLondon merchants in 1820, and re-echoed by Sir Robert Peel in 1842: "Themaxim of buying in the cheapest market, and selling in the dearest, which regulates every merchant in his individual dealings, is strictlyapplicable as the best rule for every nation. As a matter of merediplomacy, it may sometimes answer to hold out the removal of particularprohibitions or high duties as depending on corresponding concessions;but it does not follow that we should maintain our restrictions wherethe desired concessions cannot be obtained; for our restrictions wouldnot be the less prejudicial to our capital and industry, because othergovernments persisted in preserving impolitic regulations. "

MISCELLANEA. 

CAPTAIN JAMES CLARKE ROSS AND THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 

All the newspapers have quoted an account from the _Literary Gazette_ ofthe Antarctic Expedition, under the command of Captain James Ross. Itwas composed of two vessels, the _Erebus_, Captain Ross, and the_Terror_, Captain Crozier, and left England on the 29th of September, 1839. During the outward voyage to Australia, scientific observation wasdaily and sedulously attended to; experiments were made on thetemperature and specific gravity of the sea; geological and geographicalinvestigations were made at all available points, especially atKerguelen's Land; and both here, as well as during the expedition, magnetic observation and experiment formed a specific subject ofattention. This was a main object during 1840, the expedition remainingat the Auckland Islands for this purpose; and it was not till the 1st ofJanuary, 1841, that it entered the antarctic circle. Their subsequentadventures, deeply interesting as they are from the perils which theyencountered, and the spirit and perseverance with which they were met, come hardly within our sphere to report. After an absence of four years, the expedition, as mentioned in last week's ECONOMIST, has returned toEngland, and the acquisitions to natural history, geology, geography, but above all towards the elucidation of the grand mystery ofterrestrial magnetism, raise this voyage to a pre-eminent rank among thegreatest achievements of British courage, intelligence, and enterprise. 

RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. --CHURCH PROPERTY. --The following Parliamentary Returnhas just been printed, entitled, "A Return of the amount applied byParliament during each year since 1800, in aid of the religious worshipof the Church of England, of the Church of Scotland, of the Church ofRome, and of the Protestant Dissenters in England, Scotland, andIreland, respectively, whether by way of augmentation of the income ofthe ministers of each religious persuasion, or for the erection andendowment of churches and chapels, or for any other purposes connectedwith the religious instruction of each such section of the population ofthe United Kingdom, with a summary of the whole amount applied duringthe above period in aid of the religions worship of each of the aboveclasses. " The abstract of sums paid to the Established Church shows thatthe total was 5, 207, 546_l. _ which is divided in the followingmanner:--Church of England, 2, 935, 646_l. _; Church of Scotland, 522, 082_l. _; Church of Ireland, 1, 749, 818_l. _ Church of Rome. --The totalsum paid to the Church of Rome is set forth at 365, 607_l. _ 1s. 2d. Comprised in the following two items;--Augmentation of incomes(including Maynooth College), 362, 893_l. _ 8s. 1d. ; erection and repairsof chapels, 2, 113_l. _ 13s. 1d. Protestant Dissenters. --The total sum is1, 019, 647_l. _ 13s. 11d. In England and Ireland. The recapitulation showsthe following three sums:--Established Church, 5, 207, 546_l. _; Church ofRome, 365, 607_l. _; and Protestant Dissenters, 1, 019, 647_l. _ The sumswere advanced from 1800 to 1842. 

IMPERISHABLE BREAD. --On Wednesday, in the mayor's private room, at theTown hall, Liverpool, a box of bread was opened which was packed at RioJaneiro nearly two years ago, and proved as sound, sweet, and in allrespects as good, as on the day when it was enclosed. This bread ismanufactured of a mixture in certain proportions of rice, meal, andwheat flour. 

ST GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR. --The extensive alterations andembellishments which have been in progress since the early part of Maylast (from which period the chapel has been closed), at an outlay ofseveral thousands of pounds, throughout the interior of this sacrededifice, having been brought to a close, it was reopened for Divineservice on Thursday. 

FATHER MATHEW. --Father Mathew, after finishing his labours in themetropolis, went to Norwich, where he met the Bishop, who, in an earnestand eloquent speech, in St Andrew's hall, on Thursday week, introducedthe reverend gentleman to that locality, and very warmly eulogized hisconduct. Mr Gurney, the well-known Norwich banker, occupied the chair onthis occasion, and seconded the Bishop in his patronage and approbationof the great temperance movement. After remaining at Norwich two orthree days, Father Mathew started for Ireland, taking Birmingham andLiverpool in his way. 

IMPORTATION OF FRUIT FROM ANTWERP. --On Thursday, the steam-packet_Antwerpen_, Captain Jackson, arrived at the St Katherine's Steam PacketWharf, after an expeditious passage, from Antwerp. The continentalorchards continue to supply our fruit markets with large supplies, the_Antwerpen_ having brought 4, 000 packages, or nearly 2, 800 bushels ofpears, apples, plums, and filberts. Advices were received by the_Antwerpen_ that another extensive importation of fruit from Antwerp maybe expected at the St Katherine's Steam Packet Wharf this day(Saturday), by the steam-packet _Princess Victoria_, Capt. Pierce. 

LIEUT. HOLMAN, THE BLIND TRAVELLER. --This celebrated tourist and writertook his departure from Malta, on the 3rd of September, for Naples. Hewill afterwards proceed to the Roman States, and then to Trieste. Duringthe few days of his residence in this island the greatest hospitalityhas been shown him. The veteran traveller had the honour of dining withhis excellency the Governor, and with Admiral Sir E. Owen. Amidst allthe vicissitudes of his perilous life and increasing age, he stillmaintains the same unabated thirst for travel, and his mental and bodilyfaculties appear to grow in activity and strength in the inverse ratioof his declining life and honoured grey hairs. 

RAILWAY FROM WORCESTER TO CARDIFF. --It is proposed, by means of this newline, to connect the population of the north of England and the midlandcounties with the districts of South Wales and the south of Ireland. Itwill commence at the Taff Vale Railway, pass through Wales, cross theSevern, and unite with the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway atWorcester. The cost will be 1, 500, 000_l. _

FRENCH OPINIONS ON SPANISH EVENTS. --The French journals are loud incondemning the poor Barcelonese for the very same acts which drew downthe applause of these same journals a week ago. The following remarksfrom the _National_ render any of our own useless:--"It must be admittedthat the French journals appreciate in a strange way the deplorableevents in Spain. Some soldiers revolt at Madrid, without going anylength of insurrection, or at all endangering the Government. GeneralNarvaez comes, and without consulting Government or any one else, shootseight non-commissioned officers. Straight our Ministerial journalsexclaim, What an act of vigour! Vigour if you will; but where is thehumanity, the wisdom, the justice? Then behold Barcelona, of which thepeople some weeks ago rose against the established and constitutionalGovernment. What heroes! exclaimed the French Ministerial papers. Nowthey do the same thing, rising against a provisional andextra-constitutional Government. What brigands! exclaim the Ministerialwriters. A few weeks back a Spanish Government defended itself withviolence against those who attacked it. Regiments fired rounds ofmusketry, and the cannons of forts bombarded the rebellious towns. TheFrench Ministerialists forthwith pronounced the Spanish Regent as amalefactor, and devoted him to the execration of the civilized world. Now, another Government, without the same right, follows precisely thesame course as the one overthrown. It defends itself, fires, bombards, and pours forth grape from behind walls upon insurgent bands in thestreet. This same conduct is glorified as firm, as legitimate, as whatnot. The system of political morality changes, it seems, with men andwith seasons. What was infamy in Espartero and Zurbano, is heroism andglory in Narvaez and Prim. What is more infamous than all this is thepress, that thus displays itself in the light of a moral weathercock, shifting round to every wind. "

STATISTICS OF THE METROPOLITAN POLICE. --By a return just issued incompliance with an order of the House of Commons relative to the Cityand Metropolitan Police Force, it appears that there are 20superintendents in the metropolitan division, receiving from 200_l. _ to600_l. _ per annum; 110 inspectors, whose salaries vary from 80_l. _ to200_l. _ per annum; 465 sergeants, with incomes ranging from 60_l. _ to80_l. _ per annum; and 3, 790 constables, receiving from 44_l. _ to 81_l. _per annum, including clothing and 40 pounds of coal weekly throughoutthe year. The amount paid on this account during the past year, including 3, 620_l. _ for superannuation and retiring allowances toofficers and constables late of Bow-street horse patrol, and Thamespolice, amounted to 295, 754_l. _ In this is likewise included a sum of9, 721_l. _ received from theatres, fairs, and races. The number ofdistrict surgeons is 60, and the amount paid for books, &c. , is 757_l. _The total rate received during the past year from the various wards inthe City of London and its liberties, for the maintenance of the CityPolice Force, is put down at 41, 714_l. _, and the expenditure at41, 315_l. _, the gross pay, irrespective of other charges to the force, amounting to 29, 800_l. _

LOSS OF THE UNITED STATES STEAM FRIGATE "MISSOURI, " AT GIBRALTAR, BYFIRE. --The superb American steam frigate _Missouri_, which was conveyingthe Hon. Caleb Cushing, American minister at China, to Alexandra, whilstat anchor in Gibraltar bay, on the 26th ult. , was entirely consumed byfire. The fire broke out in the night, and raged with such determinedfury as to baffle all the efforts of the crew, as well as that of theassistance sent from her Majesty's ship _Malabar_, and from thegarrison. The magazines were flooded soon after the commencement of thefire; and, although a great many shells burst, yet, very fortunately, noaccident happened to any of the crew. This splendid steamer was 2, 600tons and 600 horse power, and is said to have cost 600, 000 dollars. 

THE ALLEGED ARREST OF THE MURDERER OF MR DADD. --The following are theremarks of _Galignani's Messenger_ on the report in the English papersthat Dadd was arrested at Fontainbleau:--"The above statement has beenpartially rumoured in town for the last two days, but not in a shape towarrant our publishing it in the _Messenger_. The police have beeneverywhere active in their researches for the fugitive; and we perceive, by the _Courrier de Lyons_, that, on Thursday night, all the hotels inthat city were visited by their agents, in pursuit of two Englishmen, one of them supposed to be the unfortunate lunatic. These individualshad, however, quitted the town on their way to Geneva, previously to thevisit of the police. "

THE CARTOONS. --We understand that several of the prize cartoons, and aselection of some of the most interesting of the works of theunsuccessful competitors, have been removed from Westminster hall to thegallery of the Pantechnicon, Belgrave square, for further exhibition. 

MACKEREL. --The Halifax papers state that the coast of Nova Scotia is nowvisited by mackerel and herrings in larger quantities than ever wereknown at this season. In the straits of Canso the people are taking themwith seines, a circumstance without a parralel for the last 30 years. 

The _Journal des Chemins de Fer_ says:--"An inventor announces that hehas found a composition which will reduce to a mere trifle the price ofrails for railroads. He replaces the iron by a combination of Kaolinclay (that used for making pottery and china) with a certain metallicsubstance, which gives a body so hard as to wear out iron, without beinginjured by it in turn. "

COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL MARKETS. 

DOMESTIC. 

FRIDAY NIGHT. --We are still without the arrival of the Indian Mail, norhas any explanation of its detention transpired, except that which wementioned last week. No serious apprehension exists for its safety, assimilar detentions, of even much greater duration, have been experiencedin the arrival of the September Mail in former years, as a consequenceof the monsoon. 

In Manchester, during the week, the market has been somewhat flatter ingoods suited for the Eastern markets, in consequence of merchants beinganxious to receive their advices by the Indian Mail before extendingtheir transactions materially at present prices. In the Yorkshirewoollen markets a fair trade continues to be done; and in Bradford avery active demand has arisen for the goods peculiar to thatneighbourhood. In the Scotch seats of manufactures, both woollen andcotton, the trade has considerably improved, especially in the demandfor tartans of all kinds, in which there is a very active and brisktrade. In the iron districts, the trade continues without change sinceour last: most of the works are full of orders, at low prices. In thecoal districts, in Northumberland and Durham, trade is without anyimprovement whatever, and this trade, as well as their shipping, is inthe most depressed condition. 

_INDIGO. _--The transactions in this article have not been on a moreextensive scale in our market than last week, but a good demandcontinues for the home trade, and occasionally a small advance upon thelast July rates is paid on such sorts suitable for that branch, butthere is almost no demand for export, the consumption of the article inforeign countries being this year unusually slack. The shipments toRussia, since the opening of the season, amount to only 2, 209 chests, against 3, 439 chests during the same time last year. A public sale washeld yesterday, in Liverpool, of about 400 chests of East India, and 120serons of Caracas. Of the former about 100 chests were withdrawn by thepoprietors, but the remainder, together with the serons, sold brisklyfor the home trade, at prices about 3d. To 4d. Per lb. Higher than theprevious nominal value, and rather above that of the London market. There are now 6, 070 chests declared for the quarterly sale on the 10thof October; a great portion of it consists of good shipping sorts. It issupposed that several thousand chests more will be declared upon arrivalof the Indian Mail, now due. 

_COCHINEAL. _--Only two small public sales were held this week, togetherof 97 serons. The first consisted of 30 serons Mexican, mostly silver, which sold at prices from 2d. To 3d. Per lb. Higher than those of lastweek. The lowest price for ordinary foxy silver was 4s. 4d. Per lb. Thesecond sale was held at higher prices still, in consequence of which thewhole quantity was bought in. 

_COTTON. _--The purchases at Liverpool, for this week, will again reachthe large quantity of about 40, 000 bales, of which a considerableproportion is on speculation. Prices have been extremely firm, withoutany decided advance, however, there not being much importance attached, or faith given, to the statements that the American crop has suffered, which have been received by the Halifax and New York steamers, up to 1stinst. From the latter place. 

In this market, business by private contract is again trifling. Atpublic sales there have been offered 714 bales American, and 3, 796 balesSurat; the former were held considerably above the value, and only 30bales good fair were sold at 4-3/4d. In bond. Of the Surat about 2, 300bales found buyers, from 2-7/8d. To 3-1/8d. For middling, to 3-3/8d. To3-1/2d. For fair; a few lots superior went at 3-5/8d. For good fair, and4d. Per lb. For good. The prices paid show an advance of 1/8d. To 1/4d. A lb. Upon the last public sales of 24th August, and sustain theprevious market rates, though the highest advance was concededreluctantly, and not in many instances; there are buyers for low-pricedcotton of every description, but there is little of it offering. 

_SUGAR. _--The purchases for home consumption have been upon a limitedscale, and prices barely maintained. The same remark applies to foreignsugar. Only one cargo of Porto Rico sugar has been sold afloat, for anear port, at 18s. , with conditions favourable to the buyer. At publicsale 630 chests Bahia, and 120 chests, and 240 barrels Pernambuco, werealmost entirely bought in at extreme rates: since when only about 170chests of the brown Bahia have been placed at an average of 17s. 6d. , and with 50 chests of the lowest white at 21s. To 21s. 6d. ; by privatecontract 300 chests old yellow Havannah, of good quality, sold at 20s. 

_COFFEE. _--The home demand remains good; good and fine Jamaica fetchedprevious rates; a parcel of Ceylon, of somewhat better quality than thecommon run, sold at 51s. To 52s. , which is rather dearer: very goodSingapore Java sold at 36s. To 40s. In foreign Coffee a cargo of StDomingo has been sold afloat for Flanders at 26s. 6d. Two others beingheld above that price without finding a buyer, they have been sent onunsold. On the spot the transactions in coffee for export by privatecontract are quite insignificant, and of 650 bags old St Domingo _via_Cape, only a small proportion sold at 28s. To 30s. For pale bold goodordinary. 

_RICE. _--About 4, 000 bags of Bengal offered at public sale sold from10s. To 11s. Per cwt. , establishing a decline of 3d. Per cwt. 

_SALTPETRE. _--The market is sparingly supplied, and importers do notsell except upon extreme rates, which have been paid for about 3, 000bags, viz. From 23s. 6d. For very ordinary, to 25s. 6d. For goodmiddling. 

_CASSIA LIGNEA. _--For small parcels offering in public sale full priceshave been paid; fine by private contract as high as 70s. 

_PIMENTO. _--Fair quality has been sold 2-1/2d. To 2-5/8d. , which israther dearer. 

_TALLOW. _--The demand on the spot is not improved and the priceunaltered, 41s. 9d. To 42s. ; for forward delivery there is rather moredisposition to purchase. 

_RUM. _--The demand is very limited, except for the finest qualities ofJamaica, and common are rather cheaper. 

FOREIGN. 

The accounts received from the United States up to the first of thismonth by the _Hibernia_ and _Great Western_ are favourable as regardscommerce. The manufactories in the Union are reported to be in a stateof considerable prosperity, notwithstanding which the demand for importswas increasing. The reports about the cotton crops were various; it wasadmitted that the weather had latterly been favourable. Large arrivalsof wheat and flour were expected in the ports from the West. 

The commercial reports received this week from the continent of Europedo not show any great activity in foreign markets, though the prices ofColonial produce are well maintained. Sugar was somewhat more in demandboth at Antwerp and Hamburg. In Coffee there was rather less doing atboth places. 

 * * * * *

 PRICES CURRENT, SEPT. 16, 1843. 

 ------------------------------------------+----------- ENGLISH FUNDS. | PRICES | THIS DAY. ------------------------------------------+----------- India Stock | 266 3 per Cent. Red | Shut 3 per Cent. Consols Money | 94-3/4 3-1/2 per Cent. Annuity, 1818 | -- 3-1/2 per Cent. Red. | Shut New 3-1/2 per Cent. Annuity | 102 Long Annuities | Shut Annuities, terminable July, 1859 | -- India Bonds 3 per Cent. | 69s pm Exchequer Bills 1-3/4d. | 69s pm 3 per Cent. Consols for Account | 91-1/8 Bank Stock for Account | Shut ------------------------------------------+-----------

 ------------------------------------------+----------- FOREIGN FUNDS. | PRICES | THIS DAY. ------------------------------------------+----------- Belgium Bonds | 105 Brazilian Bonds | 74-1/2 Chilian Bonds, 6 per Cent. | -- Columbian Bonds, 6 per Cent. 1824 | 25-3/8 Dutch, 5 per Cent. | -- Ditto, 2-1/2 per Cent. Exchange 12 Guil. | 52-1/8 Mexican Bonds, 1837, 5 per Cent. | 34 Peruvian Bonds, 6 per Cent. | -- Portuguese 5 per Cent. Converted | 44-1/4 Ditto 3 per Cent. Ditto | -- Russian Bonds, 1822, 5 per Cent. | 114-1/2 Spanish Bonds, 5 per Cent. 1821 | 18-1/8 1822 | -- Ditto, Deferred | 11 Ditto, Passive | 4-1/8 ------------------------------------------+-----------

CORN MARKETS. 

_(From Messrs Gillies and Horne's Circular. )_

CORN EXCHANGE, MONDAY, SEPT. 11. --The weather continued most beautifulhere until yesterday, when we had some heavy thunder showers, and to-dayis gloomy, damp and close. The wind, what little there is of it, isnorth. The arrivals during last week were moderate except of ForeignWheat and Barley, of which of course there is yet some quantity toarrive. The new English Wheat coming soft in hand, is slow sale at 1s. To 2s. Reduction--free Foreign finds buyers for mixing at last week'scurrency. Barley is dull sale at last week's rates. Oats are 6d. To 1s. Lower. Some new Irish have appeared of fine quality. There is no changein Beans and Peas. Flour is the same as last week. 

 ----------------------------------------------+------------- BRITISH. | PER QR. | Wheat, Essex, Kent, Suffolk, white | 59s to 61s ---- Lothian, Fife, Angus, do. | 52s to 57s ---- Inverness, Murray, &c. | 52s to 57s ---- Essex, Kent, Suffolk, red | 54s to 57s ---- Cambridge, Lincoln, red | 54s to 57s Barley, English Malting, and Chevalier | -- -- ---- Distiller's, English & Scotch | -- -- ---- Coarse, for grinding, &c. | 28s to 30s Oats, Northumberland & Berwick | 21s to 23s ---- Lothian, Fife, Angus | 21s to 23s ---- Murray, Ross | 21s to 23s ---- Aberdeen and Banff | 21s to 23s ---- Caithness | 21s to 23s ---- Cambridge, Lincoln, &c. | 20s to 23s ---- Irish | 17s to 19s ---- English, black | 18s to 21s ---- Irish " | 17s to 21s ---- Potato, Scotch | 23s to 26s ---- " Irish | 19s to 22s ---- Poland, Lincoln, &c. | 21s to 24s Beans, Ticks | 30s to 31s ---- Harrow | 31s to 34s ---- Small | 32s to 34s Peas, White | 36s to 38s ---- Boilers | -- -- Flour, Town made Households | 50s to 53s ---- Norfolk and Suffolk | 40s to 42s ----------------------------------------------+-------------

 ----------------------------------------------+------------- FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. | PER QR. | Wheat, White, Spanish, Tuscan | 52s to 59s ---- High mixed Danzig | 58s to 61s ---- Mixed do. | 52s to 58s ---- Rostock, new | 57s to 60s ---- Red Hamburg | 52s to 55s ---- Polish Odessa | 48s to 52s ---- Hard | -- -- ---- Egyptian | 32s to 37s Barley, Malting, &c. | -- -- ---- Distiller's, &c. | 28s -- ---- Grinding, &c. | 28s to 29s Oats, Brew, &c. | 21s to -- ---- Polands, &c. | 22s to -- ---- Feed, &c. | 18s to -- ---- Do, dried, Riga, &c. | -- 21s Rye, Dried | -- -- ---- Undried | -- -- Beans, Horse | 30s to 34s ---- Mediterranean | 26s to 29s Peas, White | 34s to -- ---- Yellow | -- 35s Flour, French, per 280 lbs. Nett weight | -- -- ---- American, per Bar. 196 lbs. Nett weight | -- -- ---- Danzig, &c. Do. Do. | -- -- ---- Canada, do. Do. | 29s to 29s ---- Sour, do. Do. | -- -- ----------------------------------------------+-------------

CORN EXCHANGE, FRIDAY, SEPT. 15. --The weather threatened to be stormyyesterday, the barometer fell, and we had some heavy drops of rain, butit has since cleared up, and to-day is 10 degrees warmer and beautifullyclear, with the wind south east. In Ireland and Scotland there was agood deal of rain on Sunday and Monday, which (we understand) stoppedthe harvest work for the time, but we hope by this time they have itfine again. The new English Wheat comes to hand softer and lighter thanat first; as usual after being stacked, the yield is much complained of, besides that many of the stacks got so soaked by the heavy rains of the21st and 23rd of August, that the condition of the Wheat is sadlyspoiled. The arrivals are moderate this week, except of Irish Oats, several small parcels of which are of the new crop; there is also asmall parcel of new Scotch Barley in fine condition, and new ScotchOats, also good. Almost all the Wheat has been entered at the 14s. Duty;we believe it is over 300, 000 qrs. New English Wheat is dull sale:Foreign, on the other hand, is more inquired for, and not to bepurchased in any quantity except at 1s. Advance. Barley is saleable inretail at Monday's prices. Oats are again 6d. Cheaper than on Monday, except for very fine samples. The averages lead us to suppose that onthe 21st instant the duty on Foreign Wheat will rise to 16s. Per qr. ; onBarley it will remain 6s. ; on Oats 6s. ; on Rye it will rise to 9s. 6d. ;on Beans it will remain 10s. 6d. ; and on Peas, 9s. 6d. 

LONDON AVERAGES. 

For the week ending September 12. 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat. Barley. Oats. Rye. Beans. Peas. -----------+----------+-------------+----------+----------+---------- 4. 113 qrs. | 345 qrs. | 25, 600 qrs. | 50 qrs. | 147 qrs. | 132 qrs. 51s. 6d. | 32s. 2d. | 18s. 9d. | 30s. 2d. | 30s. 2d. | 42s. 1d. -----------+----------+-------------+----------+----------+----------

IMPERIAL AVERAGES. 

--------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------- | Wheat. | Barley. | Oats. | Rye. | Beans. | Peas. --------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------Weeks ending | s. D. | s. D. | s. D. | s. D. | s. D. | s. D. Aug. 10th | 60 9 | 32 4 | 21 5 | 37 1 | 31 9 | 31 4 -- 17th | 61 2 | 32 11 | 21 9 | 38 7 | 32 1 | 33 7 -- 24th | 59 9 | 33 11 | 21 5 | 37 1 | 32 6 | 34 9 -- 31st | 56 8 | 32 11 | 20 7 | 31 8 | 31 10 | 33 9 Sept. 7th | 54 2 | 31 11 | 20 5 | 31 1 | 32 4 | 32 1 -- 14th | 53 0 | 31 11 | 19 7 | 31 3 | 31 9 | 33 8 +--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------Aggregate of six | | | | | | weeks | 57 7 | 32 8 | 20 10 | 34 6 | 32 0 | 33 8--------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------Duties till Sept. | | | | | | 20th inclu. | 15 0 | 6 0 | 6 0 | 8 6 | 10 6 | 9 6On Grain from B. | | | | | | Possession out | | | | | | of Europe | 2 0 | 0 6 | 2 0 | 0 6 | 1 6 | 1 0--------------------+--------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------

Flour--Foreign, 9s. 0d. Per 196lbs. --British possession, 1s. 2d. Ditto. 

PRICE OF SUGAR. 

The average price of brown or Muscovado sugar for the week endingSeptember 12, 1843, is 34s. 1-3/4d. Per cwt. , exclusive of the duties ofCustoms paid or payable thereon on the importation thereof into GreatBritain. 

SMITHFIELD MARKET. 

MONDAY. --There was a considerable and beneficial improvement in tradeto-day for everything, but not, however, permanent; at least, the causeswhich produced the change this morning would not authorise a differentconclusion, and the salesmen of the market, although looking forward toa very fair state of things next Monday, do not anticipate that theimprovement will last the next succeeding Monday. It appears that Londonis clear of meat, the which, with small supplies of everything to-day, is the sole immediate cause of the improvement, for, notwithstandingthat the market was well attended by both town and country butchers andstock-takers, they, nevertheless, at the opening of the market, appeareddisposed to purchase briskly, on the supposition, according to thereturns of over-night, that the supplies were large, but when thisstatement was discovered to be erroneous they then bought freely, andhigher prices were more readily given. 

FRIDAY. --In consequence of the supply of beasts on sale being large forthe time of year, we have to report a very heavy demand for beef, and insome instances the quotations declined 2d. Per 8 lbs. From Scotlandnearly 200 lots were received fresh up. Prime old downs maintained theirprevious value; but that of all other kinds of sheep had a downwardtendency. In lambs very little was doing, at barely Monday'squotations. Calves moved off heavily, at a reduction of 2d. Per 8 lbs. The pork trade was unusually dull, at previous currencies. Milch cowssold slowly at from 16_l. _ to 20_l. _ each. 

-----------------------------------------+--------------------------------- Prices per Stone. | At Market. -----------------------------------------+--------------------------------- Monday. Friday. | Monday. Friday. Beef 3s 0d to 4s 2d 2s 8d to 4s 0d | Beasts 2, 840 800Mutton 3s 2d to 4s 4d 2s 10d to 4s 4d | Calves 149 373Veal 3s 6d to 4s 8d 3s 6d to 4s 6d | Sheep and Lambs 32, 840 9, 210Pork 3s 6d to 4s 8d 3s 0d to 3s 10d | Pigs 410 326Lamb 4s 0d to 5s 0d 3s 4d to 4s 8d |-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------

 Prices of Hay and Straw, per load of 36 trusses. 

 Hay, 3_l. _ 5s. 0d. To 4_l. _ 8s. 0d. Clover, 4_l. _ 4s. 0d. To 5_l. _ 8s. 0d. Straw, 1_l. _ 18s. 0d. To 2_l. _ 4s. 0d. 

BOROUGH HOP-MARKET. 

MONDAY. --There was no business whatever transacted during last week, andeven the duty remains without fluctuation. In this state of inactivitythe effects of the Metropolitan Total Abstinence movement was a topic ofinterest to the trade. As it appears that nearly 70, 000 persons took thepledge, the consumption of malt liquor must seriously diminished, andthe demand for Hops will consequently be very considerably decreased. Itis fortunate, therefore, for the planters that this year's growth is notlarge, otherwise the prices would have been seriously low, and althoughthat crop is not only about an average, yet from this diminishedconsumption, which is likely to progress, the value of the new will notbe more than last year, and possibly even less. There have been a fewsmall lots of 1843's at market, which go off very slowly. 

FRIDAY. --About ten pockets of new hops have been disposed of this weekat from 7_l. _ to 8_l. _ per cwt. We are now almost daily expecting largesupplied from Kent and Sussex, as picking is now going on rapidly. Inold hops scarcely any business is doing, while the duty is called150, 000_l. _

LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET. 

SEPT. 14. --A large amount of business has been transacted in cotton atthis day's market. The sales, inclusive of 5, 000 American bought onspeculation, have consisted of 10, 000 bales. 

SEPT. 15. --We have a fair inquiry for Cotton this morning, and there isno change whatever in the general temper of the market. 

COAL MARKET. 

Buddle's West Hartley, 15s. ; Davison's West Hartley, 15s. 6d. ; Fenham, 13s. 6d. ; Hastings Hartley, 15s. ; Holywell Main, 15s. 6d. ; New Tanfield, 14s. ; Ord's Redheugh, 12s. 6d. ; Pontop Windsor, 12s. 6d. ; Tanfield Moor, 16s. 6d. ; West Pelton, 12s. 9d, ; West Hartley, 15s. 6d. ; West Wylam, 14s. 6d. ; Wylam, 14s. 6d. Wall's End:--Clennell, 14s. 6d. ; Clarke andCo, 14s. ; Hilda, 15s. 6d. ; Riddell's, 16s. 9d. ; Braddyll's Hetton, l8s. 9d. ; Haswell, 19s. ; Hetton, 18s. 6d. ; Lambton, 18s. 3d. ; Morrison, 16s. ;Russell's Hetton, 18s, ; Stewart's, 18s. 6d. ; Whitwell, 17s. ; Cassop, 18s. ; Hartlepool, 16s. 6d. ; Heselden, 16s, 6d. ; Quarrington, 17s. ;Trimdon, 17s. 6d. ; Adelaide, 18s. ; Barrett, 16s. 9d. ; Bowburn, 15s. 6d. ;South Durham, 17s. ; Tees, 17s. 9d. ; Cowpen Hartley, 15s. 6d. ; Lewis'sMerthyr, 19s. 6d. ; Killingworth, 16s. Fifty-nine ships arrived sincelast day. 

THE GAZETTE. 

_Tuesday, September 12. _

DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY. 

J. Halls, Wilkes street, Spitalfields, braid manufacturer. --J. Brooke, Liverpool, cupper. --J. Thorburn, Hillhouse, Yorkshire, warehouseman. --J. Allwright, Basingstoke, Hampshire, boot maker. --J. Bland, Leeds, eatinghouse keeper. --W. S. Lawrence, Essex place, Grange-road, Dalston, out of business. --T. Leete, Finedon, Northamptonshire, butcher. --W, Simpson, Elland Upper Edge, Yorkshire, woollen spinner. --D. M'George, Huddersfield, tea dealer. --W. Hall, Cockhill, Wiltshire, out ofbusiness. --T. Mercer, Wansdon house, Fulham, out of business. --W. Elliott, Berners street, Oxford street, waiter at an hotel. --C. T. Jones, Charles street, Berkeley square, out of business. --T. Price, Cardiffroad, Monmouthshire, coal dealer. --W. Williams, Newport, Monmouthshire, out of business. --W. G. Still, High street, Poplar, hair dresser. --T. Cook, Giltspur street, City, tailor. --J. Mayson, Marlborough road, OldKent road, commission agent. --D. Taylor, Meltham, Yorkshire, licensedtea dealer. --W. W. Greaves, Newark-upon-Trent, Nottinghamshire, corndealer. --C. H. Balls, Beccles, Suffolk, chemist. --J. Chapman (commonlyknown as J. Fitzjames), Bridges street, Covent garden, comedian. 

BANKRUPTCY ANNULLED. 

JONES, T. , Liverpool, coal dealer. 

BANKRUPTS. 

SHARP, R. , jun. , Faversham, Kent, draper. [Reed and Shaw, Friday street, Cheapside. 

PEARSALL, C. , Anderton, Cheshire, boiler maker. [Sharp and Co. , Bedfordrow. 

JOHNSON, T. , late of Great Bridge, Staffordshire, draper. [MessrsNicolls and Pardoe, Bewdley. 

HOLT, W. J. ; Grantham, Lincolnshire, tea dealer. [Messrs Hill andMatthews, St Mary Axe. 

DECLARATIONS OF DIVIDENDS. 

J. O. Palmer, Liverpool, music seller--first dividend of 6s. In thepound, any Wednesday after December 1, payable at 31 Basinghall street, City. --D. Ellis, Haverhill, Suffolk, draper--first dividend of 5s. 10d. In the pound, any Wednesday after December 1, payable at 31 Basinghallstreet. --P. J. Papillon, Leeds, wine merchant--first dividend of 2s. Inthe pound, on any Monday or Wednesday after October 4, payable at 15Benson's buildings, Basinghall street, Leeds. --E. Cragg, Kendal, Westmoreland, innkeeper--first dividend of 2s. In the pound, on October7, or on any succeeding Saturday, payable at 57 Grey street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

DIVIDENDS. 

October 5, T. And J. Parker, J. Rawlinson, W. Abbott, J. Hanson, J. Bell, T. Chadwick, A. Emsley, R. Kershaw, J. Musgrave, J. Wooller, T. Pullan, J. Shaw, G. Eastburn, and D. Dixon, Leeds, dyers. --October 10, T. Bell, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, tea dealer. --October 10, J. G. Pallisterand J. M. B. Newrick, Sunderland, Durham, grocers. --October 4, J. Fletcher, Maryport, Cumberland, boiler manufacturer. --October 11, J. Todd. Hylton ferry, Durham, ship builder. --October 3, J. Parke, Liverpool, druggist. --October 4, S. Boult and T. Addison, Liverpool, stock brokers. --October 7, T. Bourne, Liverpool, cotton broker. --October14, H. Merridew, Coventry, ribbon manufacturer. 

CERTIFICATES. 

October 5, F. Robert, New Bond street, and Gower street North, coalmerchant. --October 5, J. Bowie, Shoe lane, City, grocer. --October 14, J. Barnes, 14 Commercial place. Commercial road, engineer. --October 4, J. Davies, Westminster road, Lambeth, linendraper. --October 11, M. Jackson, East Thickley Steam mill, Durham, miller. --October 10, J. Todd, Hyltonferry, Durham, ship builder. --October 3, J. Gallop, jun. , Bedminster, Bristol, painter. --October 12, G. B. Worboys, Bristol, perfumer. --October4, R. Crosbie, Sutton, Cheshire, tea dealer. --October 7, C. Holebrook, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, plumber. --October 17, J. Hedderly, Nottingham, druggist. --October 5, J. Oates, Glossop, Derbyshire, innkeeper. 

CERTIFICATES, OCTOBER 3. 

W. Pugh, Gloucester, auctioneer. --J. Lockwood, Wakefield, Yorkshire, andSt. John's, New Brunswick, linendraper. --H. Francis, Feoek, Cornwall, agent. --G. Chapman, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, grocer. --E. Wheeler, Birmingham, corn dealer. --J. A. Boden, Sheffield, razormanufacturer. --W. Woodward, Birmingham, tailor. --S. J. Manning, 28Camomile street, City, and Halleford, near Shepperton, manufacturer ofbitters. 

PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED. 

Elizabeth O'Connor and Mary Rossiter, Brighton, Sussex, milliners. --C. Weatherley and H. O'Neil, Wilkes street, Spitalfields, and Ferdinandstreet, Camden town, fancy trimming manufacturers. --H. I. Isaacs and D. Israel, Duke street, Aldgate, City, poulterers. --J. Davis and A. Mottram, Warrington, Lancashire, timber merchants, --M. Fortier and Emileand Anna Levilly, Bruton street, Berkeley square, milliners. --T. And G. Stevenson, Dudley, Worcestershire, tailors. --D. Israel and J. Lyons, StMary-axe, City, trunk makers. --W. Fairbairn, J. Hetherington, and J. Lee, Manchester, machine makers. --E. Archer, H. Ewbank, jun. , and A. P. W. Philip, Gravel lane, Southwark, Surrey. --J. M. Pott and J. Midworth, Newark-upon-Trent, auctioneers. --T. P. Holden, T. Parker, and W. Burrow, Liverpool, upholsterers (as regards W. Burrow). --W. L. Springett, T. Beale, and E. Kine, Southwark, Surrey, hop merchants (as regards W. L. Springett). 

SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. 

A. Dunn, Keithock Mills, near Coupar-Angus, farmer. --D. M'Intyre, jun. , Fort William, merchant. 

 * * * * *

_Friday, September 15. _

BANKRUPTS. 

GREENSLADE, W. , Gray's inn lane, builder. [Oldershaw, King's Arms yard. BONE, G. B. , Camberwell, builder. [Meymott and Sons, Blackfriars road. LEWIS, R. W. , Shenfield, Essex, farmer. [Watson and Co. , Falcon square. PHILLIPS, S. , Brook street, Hanover square, carpet warehousman. [Reedand Shaw, Friday street, Cheapside. PINO, T. P. , Liverpool, shipchandler. [Chester and Toulmin, Staple inn. HOOLE, W. , Sheffield, leather dresser. [Branson, Sheffield. CAMBRIDGE, R. J. , Cheltenham, winemerchant. [Packwood, Cheltenham. METCALF, E. , Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, currier. [Blackburn, Leeds. DUFFIELD, C. , Bath, grocer [Jay, Serjeants'inn. POPPLETON, C. , York, linen manufacturer. [Blackburn, Leeds. LISTER, J. C. , Wolverhampton, wine merchant. [Phillips and Bolton, Wolverhampton. 

DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY. 

J. Brooke, Liverpool, cupper. --J. Thorburn, Hillhouse, Yorkshire, warehouseman. --J. Bland, Leeds, eating house keeper. --W. S. Lawrence, Essex place, Hackney, bank clerk. --T. Leete, Finedon, Northamptonshire, butcher. --W. Simpson, Elland Upper Edge, Yorkshire, woollen-spinner. --W. Hall, Cockhill, Wiltshire. --D. M'George, Huddersfield, tea dealer. --T. Mercer, Wansdown house, Fulham--W. Elliott, Berner's street, Oxfordstreet, waiter. --C. T. Jones, Charles street, Berkeley square. --T. Price, Cardiffmouth, coal dealer. --W. Williams, George street, Newport. --W. G. Still, High street, Poplar, tobacconist. --T. Cook, Giltspur street, City, tailor, --J. Mayson, Marlborough road, Old Kent road, commissionagent. --D. Taylor, Aldmondbury, Yorkshire, tea dealer. --W. W. Greaves, Newark-upon-Trent, corn dealer. --C. H. Balls, Ringsfield, Suffolk, chemist. --J. Chapman, Bridges street, Covent garden, comedian. --J. Robinson, Edmonton, butcher. --G. Dickinson, Chenies mews, Bedfordsquare, coach painter. --J. Murphy, Gloucestershire, coachman. --J. Burnham, Harrold, Bedfordshire, chemist. --W. L. Phillips, Kenningtongreen, omnibus proprietor. --J. D. Lockhart, Poplar, tobacconist. --J. Wilkinson, Cheltenham, licensed victualler. --J. D. Hubbarde, Wakefield, printer. --J. Ames, Holywell, Flintshire, licensed victualler. --S. Bone, Greenwich, cabinet maker. --J. Davis, Great Bolton, Lancashire, sawyer. --J. Pollard, Batley, Yorkshire, blanket manufacturer. --S. M'Millan, Llangollen, Denbighshire, tea dealer. --S. Brook, Birstal, Yorkshire, grocer. --F. Wormald, Birstal, Yorkshire, blacksmith. --W. Barnes, Knightsbridge, shopkeeper. --H. Manley, Belvidere buildings, StGeorge the Martyr, Surrey, coach builder. --W. Jeffery, Queen street, Brompton, horse dealer. --R. W. Webb, Saville row, Walworth road, attorney. 

 * * * * *

BIRTHS. 

On the 10th inst. , in Milman street, Bedford row, the wife of S. S. Tenlon, Esq. Of a son. 

On the 13th inst. , at Nottingham place, the wife of Thomas A. H. Dickson, Esq. , of a son. 

MARRIAGES. 

At St George's Church, Hanover square, Miss Louisa Georgina Augusta AnneMurray, only daughter of General the Right Honourable Sir George Murray, G. C. B. , Master-General of the Ordnance, to Henry George Boyce, Esq. , ofthe 2nd Life Guards, eldest son of Mr and the late Lady Amelia Boyce. 

On the 13th inst. , at Kintbury, Berks, Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Butler, to Martha, daughter of the late William Bruce Smith, Esq. , ofStarborough Castle, Surrey. 

On the 13th inst. , at Rickmansworth Church, John, second son of ThomasWeall, Esq. , of Woodcote Lodge, Beddington, to Susanna, eldest daughterof W. White, Esq. , of Chorleywood. 

DEATHS. 

On the 7th inst. , aged 69 years, the Rev. William Porter, who was for 44years minister of the Presbyterian congregation of Newtownlimavady; forfourteen years clerk to the General Synod of Ulster; the first moderatorof the Remonstrant Synod, and clerk to the same reverend body since itsformation. 

At Bath, General W. Brooke. The deceased general, who had served withdistinction throughout the Peninsular war, had been upwards of fiftyyears in the army. 

On Sunday, the 10th instant, after a lengthened illness, at the familyresidence in Great George street, Mr John Crocker Bulteel. He married, May 13, 1826, Lady Elizabeth Grey, second daughter of Earl Grey, by whomhe leaves a youthful family. Lady Elizabeth Bulteel, who is inconsolableat her bereavement, has gone to Viscount Howick's residence, nearDatchet. 

ADVERTISEMENTS. 

 YORK and LONDON LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, King William-street, London. Empowered by Act of Parliament. 

 GEORGE FREDERICK YOUNG, Esq. , Chairman. MATHEW FORSTER, Esq. M. P. Deputy Chairman. 

The superiority of the system of Assurance adopted by this Company, willbe found in the fact that the premium required by a bonus office toassure 1, 000_l. _ on the life of a person in the 20th year of his agewould in this office insure 1, 291_l. _ 7s. 6d. 

Assurances at other ages are effected on equally favourable terms, andthus the assured has an immediate bonus instead of a chance dependentupon longevity and the profits of an office. In cases of assurance for alimited number of years, the advantage offered by this Company is stillgreater, no part of the profits of a bonus office being ever allotted tosuch assurances. 

Prospectuses, containing tables framed to meet the circumstances of allwho desire to provide for themselves or those who may survive them byassurance, either of fixed sums or annuities, may be had at the officeas above, or of the agents. 

JOHN REDDISH, Sec. 

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H. WALKER'S NEEDLES (by authority the "Queen's own"), in the illustratedChinese boxes, are now in course of delivery to the trade. The needleshave large eyes, easily threaded (even by blind persons), and improvedpoints, temper, and finish. Each paper is labelled with a likeness ofher Majesty or his Royal Highness Prince Albert, in relief on colouredgrounds. Every quality of needles, fish hooks, hooks and eyes, steelpens, &c. For shipping. These needles or pens for the home trade aresent, free by post, by any respectable dealer, on receipt of 13 pennystamps for every shilling value. --H. Walker, manufacturer to the Queen, 20 Maiden lane, Wood street, London. 

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ONE HUNDRED FOREIGN MARBLE CHIMNEY-PIECES ON VIEW. 

THE WESTMINSTER MARBLE COMPANY have now completed their Machinery, whichwill enable them in future to supply every variety of Marble Work at aconsiderable reduction in price. 

A neat Box Belgium Marble Chimney-piece, with Moulded Caps, 3 feet high, can be supplied from 1_l. _ to 2_l. _

A Best Vein Marble Chimney-piece, from 2_l. _ to 3_l. _

A liberal commission for all orders will be allowed to the Trade; andthose persons wishing to act as Agents, can have a Book of Designsforwarded by enclosing Twenty Postage Stamps. 

Direct, "The Westminster Marble Company, Earl street, Horseferry road. "

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CARRIAGES. --The attention of Gentlemen about purchasing, or havingcarriages to dispose of, is invited to MARKS and Co. 's London CarriageRepository, Langham place. An immense stock, new and second hand, byeminent builders, is always on sale, and a candid opinion of eachcarriage will be given as to its quality and condition. Invalidcarriages for any journey. Carriages to be let on yearly job. 

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WONDERFUL CURE!--Read the following interesting facts, communicated byMr Brown, bookseller, Gainsborough:--

"To Messrs T. Roberts and Co. Crane court, Fleet street, London, Proprietors of Parr's Life Pills. 

 "Gentlemen, "West Stockwith, Aug. 11, 1843. 

"I, James Jackson Easton, do hereby testify, that, by taking yourexcellent Parr's Life Pills, I have derived greater benefit than inusing all the other medicines I have tried since 1841; about which timeI was attacked with severe illness, accompanied with excruciating painand trembling, with large rupture. For the last six months I have had noreturn of this illness, nor the least appearance of the last-mentionedsymptom. Through the mercy of God, I do at present feel perfectlyrecovered from it. I still continue the occasional use of your excellentPills. --I am gentlemen, respectfully yours, J. J. EASTON. "

Sold by all respectable medicine venders, in boxes at 1s. 1-1/2d. 2s. 9d. And 11s. --See the words "Parr's Life Pills, " in white letters on ared ground, engraved on the Government stamp. 

EUROPEAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, No. 10 Chatham place, Blackfriars, London. 

 Established, January, 1819. 

 PRESIDENT. Sir James Rivett Carnac, Bart. 

 VICE-PRESIDENT. George Forbes, Esq. No. 9 Fitzroy square. 

 With Twelve Directors. 

Facilities are offered by this long-established Society to suit theviews and the means of every class of insurers. Premiums are receivedyearly, half-yearly, or quarterly, or upon an increasing or decreasingscale. An insurance of 100_l. _ may be effected on the ascending scale byan annual premium for the first five years of 1_l. _ 9s. At the age of25; 1_l. _ 12s. 6d. At 30; 1_l. _ 17s. At 35; 2_l. _ 2s 5d. At 40; and2_l. _ 9s. 6d. At 45; or, one-half only of the usual rate, with intereston the remainder, will be received for five or seven years, the otherhalf to be paid at the convenience of the assured. 

The insured for life participate septennially; in the profits realised. 

A liberal commission is allowed to Solicitors and Agents. 

 DAVID FOGGO, Secretary. 

N. B. Agents are wanted in towns where none have yet been appointed. 

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BRITANNIA LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, 1 Princes street, Bank, London. 

Empowered by Special Act of Parliament, IV Vict. Cap. IX. 

DIRECTORS. 

 William Bardgett, Esq. Samuel Bevington, Esq. Wm. Fechney Black, Esq. John Brightman, Esq. George Cohen, Esq. Millis Coventry, Esq. John Drewett, Esq. Robert Eglinton, Esq. Erasmus Rt. Foster, Esq. Alex. Robert Irvine, Esq. Peter Morison, Esq. Henry Lewis Smale, Esq. Thomas Teed, Esq. 

AUDITORS. 

J. B. Bevington, Esq. ; F. P. Cockerill, Esq. ; J. D. Dow, Esq. 

MEDICAL OFFICER. 

John Clendinning, M. D. F. R. S. 16 Wimpolestreet, Cavendish square. 

STANDING COUNSEL. 

 The Hon. John Ashley, New square, Lincoln's inn. Mr Serjeant Murphy, M. P. Temple. 

SOLICITOR. 

William Bevan, Esq. Old Jewry. 

BANKERS. 

Messrs Drewett and Fowler, Princes street, Bank. 

This Institution is empowered by a special Act of Parliament, and is soconstituted as to afford the benefits of Life Assurance in their fullestextent to Policy-holders, and to present greater facilities andaccommodation than are usually offered by other Companies. 

Assurances may either be effected by Parties on their own Lives, or byParties interested therein on the Lives of Others. 

The effect of an Assurance on a person's own life is to create at once aProperty in Reversion, which can by no other means be realized. Take, for instance, the case of a person at the age of Thirty, who, by thepayment of 5_l. _ 3s. 4d. To the Britannia Life Assurance Company, canbecome at once possessed of a bequeathable property, amounting to1, 000_l. _, subject only to the condition of his continuing the samepayment quarterly during the remainder of his life--a condition whichmay be fulfilled by the mere saving of Eight Shillings weekly in hisexpenditure. Thus, by the exertion of a very slight degree ofeconomy--such indeed, as can scarcely be felt as an inconvenience, hemay at once realise a capital of 1, 000_l. _, which he can bequeath ordispose of in any way he may think proper. 

A Table of Decreasing Rates of Premium on a novel and remarkable plan;the Policy-holder having the option of discontinuing the payment of allfurther Premiums after Twenty, Fifteen, Ten, and even Five years; andthe Policy still remaining in force--in the first case, for the fullamount originally assured; and in either of the three other cases, for aportion of the same according to a fixed and equitable scale endorsedupon the Policy. 

Increasing Rates of Premium on a new and remarkable plan for securingLoans or Debts; a less immediate payment being required on a Policy forthe whole term of Life than in any other Office. 

Age of the Assured in every case admitted in the Policy. 

All claims payable within one Month after proof of death. 

Medical Attendants remunerated in all cases for their reports. 

 Extract from Increasing Rates of Premium, for an Assurance of 100_l. _ for Whole Term of Life. 

 -----+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Annual Premiums payable during | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 1st Five | 2nd Five | 3rd Five | 4th Five | Remainder | Age | Years. | Years. | Years. | Years. | of Life. | -----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | £. S. D. | £. S. D. | £. S. D. | £. S. D. | £. S. D. | 20 | 1 1 4 | 1 5 10 | 1 10 11 | 1 16 9 | 2 3 8 | 30 | 1 6 4 | 1 12 2 | 1 19 1 | 2 7 4 | 2 17 6 | 40 | 1 16 1 | 2 4 4 | 2 14 6 | 3 7 3 | 4 3 4 | 50 | 2 16 7 | 3 9 4 | 4 5 5 | 5 6 3 | 6 13 7 | -----+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

Detailed Prospectuses, and every requisite information as to the mode ofeffecting Assurances, may be obtained at the Office. 

 PETER MORRISON, Resident Director. 

*** A Board of Directors attend daily at Two o'clock, for thedespatch of Business. 

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PANCLIBANON IRON WORKS, BAZAAR, No. 58 BAKER STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE. LONDON. --Gentlemen about to furnish, or going abroad, will find it worththeir attention to look into the above Establishment, where they willfind the largest assortment of General Furnishing Ironmongery everoffered to the Public, consisting of tin, copper, and iron cookingutensils, table cutlery, best Shffield plate, German silver wares, papier machee tea trays, tea and coffee urns, stove grates, kitchenranges, fenders and fire-irons, baths of all kinds, shower, hot, cold, vapour, plunging, &c. Ornamental iron and wire works for conservatories, lawns, &c. And garden engines. All articles are selected of the verybest description, and offered at exceedingly low prices, for cash only;the price of each article being made in plain figures. 

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LIMBIRD'S MAGNUM BONUM PENS. --One dozen highly-finished Steel Pens, withHolder, in a box, for 6d. ; name-plate engraved for 2s. 6d. ; 100 cardsprinted for 2s. 6d, ; crest and name engraved on visiting card for 6s. ;arms and crests for book plates on the most reasonable terms; travellingwriting-desks at 9s. 6d. 10s. 6d. 12s. 6d. And 14s 6d. Each;dressing-cases from 6s. 6d. Each; blotting-books in great variety, from9d. ; with locks, 2s. Each; royal writing-papers--diamond, five quiresfor 1s. 2d. ; the Queen's and Prince Albert's size, five quires for 1s. 6d. ; envelopes, 6d. 9d. And 1s. The 100; and every article instationery, of the best quality and lowest prices, at Limbird's, 143Strand, facing Catherine street. 

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PIANOFORTES. --Messrs MOORE and CO. Makers of the Improved Pianofortes, are now selling their delightful Instruments as follows:--A MahoganyPiccolo, the best that can be made, in a plain but fashionable case, only 28_l. _; a 6-1/2 Octave ditto, only 32_l. _; a Cottage ditto, only32_l. _; a 6-1/2 Octave Cottage ditto, only 38_l. _ Cabinets of alldescriptions. All warranted of the very best quality, packed free ofexpense, and forwarded to any part of the world. Some returned from hireat reduced prices. 

Moore and Co. 138 Bishopsgate street Without, near Sun steet. 

Just Published, Two thick Volumes, 8vo. Illustrated with Six largeimportant Maps, 4_l. _ cloth, A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, and HISTORICAL, of the variousCountries, Places and principal Natural Objects in the WORLD. By J. R. M'Culloch, Esq. 

"The extent of information this Dictionary affords on the subjectsreferred to in its title is truly surprising. It cannot fail to prove avade-mecum to the student, whose inquiries will be guided by its light, and satisfied by its clear and frequently elaborated communications. Every public room in which commerce, politics, or literature, forms thesubject of discussion, ought to be furnished with thesevolumes. "--Globe. 

London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 

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Just published in 8vo. Price 2s. 6d. 

RAILWAY REFORM--Its Expediency, Practicability, and ImportanceConsidered, with a copious Appendix, containing an account of all theRailways in Great Britain and Ireland, Parliamentary Returns, &c. 

"An excellent pamphlet. "--Morning Herald. 

"The subject is very fully, earnestly, and ably investigated. "--MorningAdvertiser. 

"Remarkable for originality of design, boldness of execution, andminuteness in statistical detail. "--Sun. 

"We would recommend all who have an interest in Railways to purchasethis work. "--Sentinel. 

Pelham Richardson, Cornhill. 

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LA'MERT ON NERVOUS DEBILITY, GENERAL AND LOCAL WEAKNESS, &c. 

Just published, Seventh Edition, price 2s. 6d. Or free by post for 3s. 6d. 

SELF-PRESERVATION; a popular Essay on the Concealed Causes of NervousDebility, Local and General Weakness, Indigestion, Lowness of Spirits, Mental Irritability, and Insanity; with Practical Observations on theirTreatment and Cure. By SAMUEL LA'MERT, Consulting Surgeon, 9 Bedfordstreet, Bedford square, London; Matriculated Member of the University ofEdinburgh; Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society;Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, &c. 

Published by the Author; and sold in London by S. Gilbert, 51 and 52Paternoster row; Field, 65 Quadrant; Gordon, 146 Leadenhall street;Noble, 109 Chancery lane; and by all Booksellers. 

"The design of this work will be tolerably obvious from its title, andwe cordially recommend the author and his book to all who are sufferingfrom nervous debility and general weakness. Mr La'Mert has treated thesubject in a very scientific and intelligible manner. "--WakefieldJournal. 

At home every day till Three, and from Five till Eight. 

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THE FOURTEENTH THOUSAND. 

Just Published, in a Sealed Envelope, Price 3s. ; and sent free, onreceiving a Post office Order for 3s. 6d. 

MANHOOD; the CAUSES of its PREMATURE DECLINE, with Plain Directions forits PERFECT RESTORATION; followed by Observations on Marriage, and theTreatment of Mental and Nervous Debility, Incapacity, Warm Climate, andCure of the Class of Diseases resulting therefrom. Illustrated withCases, &c. By J. L. Curtis and Co. Consulting Surgeons, London. Fourteenth Edition. 

Published by the Authors; and Sold by Burgess, Medical Bookseller, 28Coventry street, Haymarket; Mann, 39 Cornhill; Strange, 21 Paternosterrow, London; Guest, 51 Bull street, Birmingham; Hickling, Coventry;Robinson, Leamington; Journal office, Leicester; Cook, Chronicle office, Oxford; Sowler, 4 St Anne's square, Manchester; Philip, South Castlestreet, Liverpool; and sold, in a Sealed Envelope, by all Booksellers. 

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

"This work, a Tenth Edition of which is now presented to the public--tenthousand copies have been exhausted since its first appearance--has beenvery much improved and enlarged by the addition of a more extended andclear detail of general principles, as also by the insertion of severalnew and highly interesting cases. The numberless instances dailyoccurring, wherein affections of the lungs, putting on all the outerappearances of consumption, which, however, when traced to their source, are found to result from certain baneful habits, fully proves that theprinciple of the division of labour is nowhere more applicable than inmedical practice. We feel no hesitation in saying, that there is nomember of society by whom the book will not be found useful, whethersuch person holds the relation of a parent, a preceptor, or aclergyman. "--SUN, Evening Paper. 

"Messrs Curtis's work, called 'Manhood, ' is one of the few books nowcoming before the public on such a subject which can lay claim to thecharacter of being strictly professional, at the same time that it isfully intelligible to all who read it. The moral and medical preceptsgiven in it render it invaluable. "--MAGNET. 

Messrs Curtis and Co. Are to be consulted daily at their residence, 7Frith street, Soho square, London. 

Country Patients are requested to be as minute as possible in thedetails of their cases. The communication must be accompanied by theusual Consultation Fee of 1_l. _; and in all cases the most inviolablesecrecy may be relied on. 

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FOREIGN NEWSPAPER AND COMMISSION OFFICE, 18 CORNHILL, LONDON. 

P. L. SIMMONDS, Advertising Agent, receives regularly files of all theNEWSPAPERS published in the British Colonies and possessions beyond theseas, which are preserved for the facility of reference and inspection, and sent when requested to parties for perusal. 

Also various German, French, Italian, American, and other ForeignJournals. 

Orders and Advertisements received for every Foreign and EuropeanPublication. 

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PHOTOGRAPHY. --Great Improvements having been recently effected in thisinteresting and extraordinary science by Mr BEARD, the patentee, in theprocess of TAKING and COLOURING LIKENESSES, the public are particularlyinvited to an inspection of varieties, at the establishment, 85 KingWilliam street, City; Royal Polytechnic Institution; and 34 Parliamentstreet, where exchanges for new in lieu of old portraits may be had, onpayment of 5s. Colouring small busts, 5s. 

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GUARANTEE SOCIETY. 

ESTABLISHED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT. 

Capital, £100, 000. 

TRUSTEES. 

 Charge Hugge Price, Esq. James Francis Maubert, Esq. Thomas Fowler, Esq. Major-General Parlby, C. B. 

TO Officers of her Majesty's service (both civil and military), secretaries, clerks, and all others holding, or about to hold, confidential and responsible situations, this Society presents immediatefacilities for obtaining surety, or integrity, upon payment of a smallannual premium, and by which relatives and friends are relieved from thevarious pecuniary responsibilities attendant on private suretiships. 

The surety of this Society is accepted by the War Office (for payment ofregiments and of pensioners), the Ordnance, East India Company, theCustoms, the Bank of England, and numerous banking, mercantile, andcommercial firms, both in London and in the country. 

Forms of application and every information may be obtained at theOffices, 28 Poultry, London. 

 THOMAS DODGSON, Sec. 

NATURAL MINERAL WATERS. --E. H. DUHAMEL and Co. 7 Duke street, Grosvenorsquare, have constantly on sale the undernamed Natural Mineral Waters, which they can supply fresh and genuine at a very reasonable price. 

 Barèges Cheltenham Malvern Schwalbach Bath Ems Marienbad Sedlitz Bonnes Fachingen Pullna Selters Bristol Harrogate Pyrmont Spa Cauterets Kissengen Saidschutz Vichy, &c. 

Genuine Eau de Cologne, digestive Pastilles de Vichy, and variousforeign articles of Pharmacy. E. H. D. And Co. Are the only agents for theCopahine-Mège, and for J. Jourdain, Mège and Co. 's Dragées Minérales andDragées Carboniques for effervescing lemonade, and also for theirPilules Carboniques, preventive of sea sickness and vomitings of everydescription. 

The Dragées Minérales, with which a tumbler of mineral water can beinstantaneously produced, are considered as the best substitute to thegenuine waters, when these cannot be procured and have the advantage ofbeing much cheaper. 

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NOTICE. 

WOOD PAVING. --The Letters Patent granted to me, DAVID STEAD, for pavingwith Wooden Blocks being the first Patent obtained on the subject, andrendering all subsequent Patents for the same object void, have, after along investigation at Liverpool, been declared valid, notwithstandingthe most resolute opposition against me by the real defendants in thecase--the Metropolitan Wood Paving Company. 

I therefore warn all Public Authorities and persons using, or assistingin using Wooden Blocks for Paving, that such infringement upon my Patentwill be suppressed; but I am prepared (as is my Licencee, Mr Blackie), to execute any extent of Wood Paving of any description upon contract, and also to grant licenses for the adoption and promotion of the greatadvantage and benefits of Wood Paving in London, and all parts ofEngland, Scotland, and Ireland. 

For terms, parties may apply to me, or to my solicitor, Mr John Duncan, 72 Lombard street, London, or to Mr A. B. Blackie, No. 250 Strand. 

 (Signed) DAVID STEAD

250 Strand, London, Sept. 4, 1843. 

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WOOD PAVEMENT. --STEAD v. WILLIAMS AND OTHERS. 

(Abridged from the Liverpool Albion. )

This was an action for an infringement of a patent for the paving ofroads, streets, &c. With timber or wooden blocks. Mr Martin and MrWebster were for the plaintiff; Mr Warren and Mr Hoggins for thedefendants; Mr John Duncan, of 72 Lombard street, was the solicitor forthe plaintiff. 

The plaintiff is Mr David Stead, formerly a merchant of the City ofLondon; the defendants are, nominally, Mr Lewis Williams, and severalothers, who are the surveyors of streets and paving at Manchester; butthe action was really against the Metropolitan Wood Paving Company. 

About the year 1836 or 1837 Mr Nystrom, a Russian merchant, with whom MrStead had had transactions in business came to England, having whilst inRussia devoted his attention to the mode of pavement in that country, which was done in a great measure by wood. He communicated with MrStead, who paid a great deal of attention to the matter, and materiallyimproved the scheme; and it was the intention of Mr Nystrom and MrStead, in 1835 or 1837, to take out a patent, but Mr Nystrom found itnecessary to return to Russia, and thus frustrated that intention. 

On the 19th of May, 1838, the plaintiff, however, took out a patent, andthis was the one to which attention was directed. Four months wereallowed for inrolment, but as six months was the usual period, theplaintiff imagined that that would be the period allowed to him, andinadvertently allowed the four months to elapse before he discovered hismistake. 

On the 21st of June, 1841, however, an Act of Parliament was passed, confirming the patent to Mr Stead, as though it had been regularly filedwithin the prescribed period. A second patent was afterwards obtained, but that related more particularly to the form of blocks. The firstpatent, which had been infringed, was for an invention consisting of amode of paving with blocks of similar sizes and dimensions, of either asexagonal, triangular, or square form, so as to make a level road orsurface. 

The defendants pleaded, amongst other things, that the patent was not anoriginal invention; that it was not useful; and that it was in use priorto the granting of the patent. 

The Jury retired to consult at a quarter past four, and returned attwenty minutes to six o'clock with a verdict for the plaintiff. 

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PARSONS'S ALEPPO OFFICE WRITING INK. --This very superior Ink, being madewith pure Aleppo Galls, is equally adapted for Quills and Steel Pens, and combines the requisite qualities of Incorrodibility and Permanencyof Colour with an easy flow from the Pen. It is therefore stronglyrecommended to Merchants, Bankers, Solicitors, Accountants, and others. 

*** Warranted not to be affected either by time or climate. 

Sold in Quart, Pint, Half-pint, and Sixpenny Bottles, by John Parsons, Manufacturer of Printing and Writing Inks, 35 Orange street, Gravellane, Southwark; and 9 Ave Maria lane, London. 

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UNDER THE SPECIAL PATRONAGE OF

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY, H. R. H. PRINCE ALBERT, THE ROYAL FAMILY AND THE SEVERAL COURTS OF EUROPE. 

ROWLAND'S MACASSAR OIL, For the Growth, and for _Preserving_ andBeautifying the Human Hair. 

*** To ensure the real article, see that the words _Rowland'sMacassar Oil_ are engraven on the back of the label nearly 1, 500 times, containing 29, 028 letters. Without this _None are Genuine_. 

ROWLAND'S KALYDOR, For _Improving and Beautifying_ the Skin andComplexion. 

 ROWLAND'S ODONTO, or PEARL DENTIFRICE, Renders the Teeth beautifully white, and preserves the Gums. 

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CAUTION. 

Numerous _pernicious Compounds_ are universally offered for sale as thereal "MACASSAR OIL" and "KALYDOR, " (some under the _implied_ sanction ofRoyalty), the labels and bills of the original articles are copied, andeither a FICTITIOUS NAME or the word "GENUINE" is used in the place of"ROWLAND'S. "

It is therefore necessary on purchasing either Article to see that theword "ROWLAND'S" is on the Envelope. For the protection of the Publicfrom fraud and imposition, the _Honourable Commissioners of HerMajesty's Stamps_ have authorized the Proprietors to have their Namesengraven on the Government Stamp, which is affixed to the _KALYDOR_ and_ODONTO_, thus--

 A. ROWLAND & SON, No. 20, HATTON GARDEN. 

*** All others are SPURIOUS IMITATIONS. 

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 Printed by CHARLES REYNELL, 16 Little Pulteney street, in the Parish of St James, Westminster; and Published by him at the Office of the Journal, No. 6 Wellington street, Strand, --September 16, 1843.