Etext of Simple Sabotage Field ManualOffice of Strategic Services SIMPLE SABOTAGE FIELD MANUALStrategic Services(Provisional)Prepared under direction of The Director of Strategic ServicesOSS REPRODUCTION BRANCHSIMPLE SABOTAGE FIELD MANUALStrategic Services(Provisional)STRATEGIC SERVICES FIELD MANUAL No. 3 Office of Strategic Services Washington, D. C. 17 January 1944 This Simple Sabotage Field Manual Strategic Services (Provisional) ispublished for the information and guidance of all concerned and will beused as the basic doctrine for Strategic Services training for thissubject. The contents of this Manual should be carefully controlled and shouldnot be allowed to come into unauthorized hands. The instructions may be placed in separate pamphlets or leafletsaccording to categories of operations but should be distributed withcare and not broadly. They should be used as a basis of radio broadcastsonly for local and special cases and as directed by the theatercommander. AR 380-5, pertaining to handling of secret documents, will be compliedwith in the handling of this Manual. William J. Donovan CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. POSSIBLE EFFECTS3. MOTIVATING THE SABOTEUR4. TOOLS, TARGETS, AND TIMING5. SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR SIMPLE SABOTAGE 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to characterize simple sabotage, to outlineits possible effects, and to present suggestions for inciting andexecuting it. Sabotage varies from highly technical coup de main acts that requiredetailed planning and the use of specially-trained operatives, toinnumerable simple acts which the ordinary individual citizen-saboteurcan perform. This paper is primarily concerned with the latter type. Simple sabotage does not require specially prepared tools or equipment;it is executed by an ordinary citizen who may or may not actindividually and without the necessity for active connection with anorganized group; and it is carried out in such a way as to involve aminimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal. Where destruction is involved, the weapons of the citizen-saboteur aresalt, nails, candles, pebbles, thread, or any other materials he mightnormally be expected to possess as a householder or as a worker in hisparticular occupation. His arsenal is the kitchen shelf, the trash pile, his own usual kit of tools and supplies. The targets of his sabotage areusually objects to which he has normal and inconspicuous access ineveryday life. A second type of simple sabotage requires no destructive toolswhatsoever and produces physical damage, if any, by highly indirectmeans. It is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt a noncooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow suit. Making a faulty decision may be simply a matter of placing tools in onespot instead of another. A non-cooperative attitude may involve nothingmore than creating an unpleasant situation among one's fellow workers, engaging in bickerings, or displaying surliness and stupidity. This type of activity, sometimes referred to as the "human element, " isfrequently responsible for accidents, delays, and general obstructioneven under normal conditions. The potential saboteur should discoverwhat types of faulty decisions and the operations are normally found inthis kind of work and should then devise his sabotage so as to enlargethat "margin for error. " 2. POSSIBLE EFFECTS Acts of simple sabotage are occurring throughout Europe. An effortshould be made to add to their efficiency, lessen their detectability, and increase their number. Acts of simple sabotage, multiplied bythousands of citizen-saboteurs, can be an effective weapon against theenemy. Slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, startingarguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abradingmachine parts will waste materials, manpower, and time. Occurring on awide scale, simple sabotage will be a constant and tangible drag on thewar effort of the enemy. Simple sabotage may also have secondary results of more or less value. Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemyadministrators and police. Further, success may embolden thecitizen-saboteur eventually to find colleagues who can assist him insabotage of greater dimensions. Finally, the very practice of simplesabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make theseindividuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations wareffort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Alliedinvasion and occupation. 3. MOTIVATING THE SABOTEUR To incite the citizen to the active practice of simple sabotage and tokeep him practicing that sabotage over sustained periods is a specialproblem. Simple sabotage is often an act which the citizen performs according tohis own initiative and inclination. Acts of destruction do not bring himany personal gain and may be completely foreign to his habituallyconservationist attitude toward materials and tools. Purposefulstupidity is contrary to human nature. He frequently needs pressure, stimulation or assurance, and information and suggestions regardingfeasible methods of simple sabotage. (1) Personal Motives (a) The ordinary citizen very probably has no immediate personal motivefor committing simple sabotage. Instead, he must be made to anticipateindirect personal gain, such as might come with enemy evacuation ordestruction of the ruling government group. Gains should be stated asspecifically as possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage willhasten the day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will bethrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and restrictions will beabolished, when food will arrive, and so on. Abstract verbalizationsabout personal liberty, freedom of the press, and so on, will not beconvincing in most parts of the world. In many areas they will not evenbe comprehensible. (b) Since the effect of his own acts is limited, the saboteur may becomediscouraged unless he feels that he is a member of a large, thoughunseen, group of saboteurs operating against the enemy or the governmentof his own country and elsewhere. This can be conveyed indirectly:suggestions which he reads and hears can include observations that aparticular technique has been successful in this or that district. Evenif the technique is not applicable to his surroundings, another'ssuccess will encourage him to attempt similar acts. It also can beconveyed directly: statements praising the effectiveness of simplesabotage can be contrived which will be published by white radio, freedom stations, and the subversive press. Estimates of the proportionof the population engaged in sabotage can be disseminated. Instances ofsuccessful sabotage already are being broadcast by white radio andfreedom stations, and this should be continued and expanded wherecompatible with security. (c) More important than (a) or (b) would be to create a situation inwhich the citizen-saboteur acquires a sense of responsibility and beginsto educate others in simple sabotage. (2) Encouraging Destructiveness It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the circumstances aresuitable, that he is acting in self-defense against the enemy, orretaliating against the enemy for other acts of destruction. Areasonable amount of humor in the presentation of suggestions for simplesabotage will relax tensions of fear. (a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he should be toldthis in so many words. Where he formerly thought of keeping his toolssharp, he should now let them grow dull; surfaces that formerly werelubricated now should be sanded; normally diligent, he should now belazy and careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwardsabout himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur willsee many opportunities in his immediate environment which cannotpossibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind should be encouragedthat anything can be sabotaged. (b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage in physicaldestruction, two extreme types may be distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not technically trained and employed. This manneeds specific suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as wellas details regarding the tools by means of which destruction isaccomplished. (c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such as a latheoperator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably this man would be able todevise methods of simple sabotage which would be appropriate to his ownfacilities. However, this man needs to be stimulated to re-orient histhinking in the direction of destruction. Specific examples, which neednot be from his own field, should accomplish this. (d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions and informationregarding simple sabotage. Among the media which may be used, as theimmediate situation dictates, are: freedom stations or radio false(unreadable) broadcasts or leaflets may be directed toward specificgeographic or occupational areas, or they may be general inscope. Finally, agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, inanticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate thisinformation directly. (3) Safety Measures (a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be governednot only by the number of opportunities he sees, but also by the amountof danger he feels. Bad news travels fast, and simple sabotage will bediscouraged if too many simple saboteurs are arrested. (b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other media forthe saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and targets which willinsure the saboteur against detection and retaliation. Among suchsuggestions might be the following: (1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a nail filecan be carried normally on your person; either is a multi-purposeinstrument for creating damage. Matches, pebbles, hair, salt, nails, anddozens of other destructive agents can be carried or kept in your livingquarters without exciting any suspicion whatever. If you are a worker ina particular trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such thingsas wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like. (2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people could beresponsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in a factory at acentral fire box, almost anyone could have done it. On-the-streetsabotage after dark, such as you might be able to carry out against amilitary car or truck, is another example of an act for which it wouldbe impossible to blame you. (3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be blameddirectly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you have aplausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an electric circuitbecause an air raid had kept you up the night before and you werehalf-dozing at work. Always be profuse in your apologies. Frequently youcan "get away" with such acts under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, orweakness and dullness due to undernourishment. (4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist anytemptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers arousesuspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it would besuspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on your job, youshould naturally stay at your work. 4. TOOLS, TARGETS, AND TIMING The citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it reasonableto expect that simple sabotage can be precisely concentrated on specifictypes of target according to the requirements of a concrete militarysituation. Attempts to control simple sabotage according to developingmilitary factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence ofmore or less value in anticipating the date and area of notablyintensified or notably slackened military activity. Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the area wherethey are to be practiced. Target priorities for general types ofsituations likewise can be specified, for emphasis at the proper time bythe underground press, freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda. (1) Under General Conditions (a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it shouldalways consist of acts whose results will be detrimental to thematerials and manpower of the enemy. (b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he looks at hissurroundings in a different light. For example, emery dust -- a at firstmay seen unobtainable but if the saboteur were to pulverize an emeryknife sharpener or emery wheel with a hammer, he would find himself witha plentiful supply. (c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his capacity or thecapacity of his instruments. An inexperienced person should not, forexample, attempt to use explosives, but should confine himself to theuse of matches or other familiar weapons. (d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and materials knownto be in use by the enemy or to be destined for early use by theenemy. It will be safe for him to assume that almost any product ofheavy industry is destined for enemy use, and that the most efficientfuels and lubricants also are destined for enemy use. Without specialknowledge, however, it would be undesirable for him to attemptdestruction of food crops or food products. (e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to militaryobjects, he should give these preference above all others. (2) Prior to a Military Offensive During periods which are quiescent ina military sense, such emphasis as can be given to simple sabotage mightwell center on industrial production, to lessen the flow of materialsand equipment to the enemy. Slashing a rubber tire on an Army truck maybe an act of value; spoiling a batch of rubber in the production plantis an act of still more value. (3) During a Military Offensive (a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon destinedto be, a theater of combat operations is that whose effects will bedirect and immediate. Even if the effects are relatively minor andlocalized, this type of sabotage is to be preferred to activities whoseeffects, while widespread, are indirect and delayed. (1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack__transportationfacilities of all kinds. Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto mobiles, trucks, motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams. (2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the authoritiesto transmit instructions or morale material should be the objects ofsimple sabotage. These include telephone, telegraph and power systems, radio, newspapers, placards, and public notices. (3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to theefficient functioning of transportation and communication, also shouldbecome targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may include oil, gasoline, tires, food, and water. 5. SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR SIMPLE SABOTAGE It will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple sabotagein an area without having in mind rather specifically what individualacts and results are embraced by the definition of simple sabotage. A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types oftarget. This list is presented as a growing rather than a completeoutline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new techniques aredeveloped, or new fields explored, it will be elaborated and expanded. (1) Buildings Warehouses, barracks, offices, hotels, and factory buildings areoutstanding targets for simple sabotage. They are extremely susceptibleto damage, especially by fire; they offer opportunities to suchuntrained people as janitors, charwomen, and casual visitors; and, whendamaged, they present a relatively large handicap to the enemy. (a) Fires can be started wherever there is an accumulation ofinflammable material. Warehouses are obviously the most promisingtargets but incendiary sabotage need not be confined to them alone. (1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you havegone away. Use a candle and paper, combination, setting it as close aspossible to the inflammable material you want to burn: From a sheet ofpaper, tear a strip three or four centimeters wide and wrap it aroundthe base of the candle two or three times. Twist more sheets of paperinto loose ropes and place them around the base of the candle. When thecandle flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and inturn will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration ofthe resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use and how muchof it you can cramp in a small space. (2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but ratherinflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light more resistantmaterials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or twisted paper which hasbeen soaked in gasoline. To create a briefer but even hotter flame, putcelluloid such as you might find in an old comb, into a nest of plain orsaturated paper which is to be fired by a candle. (3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a piece ofstring in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder over the inch ofstring where greasy string meets clean string. Then ignite the clean endof the string. It will burn slowly without a flame (in much the same waythat a cigarette burns) until it reaches the grease and gunpowder; itwill then flare up suddenly. The grease-treated string will then burnwith a flame. The same effect may be achieved by using matches insteadof the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the match heads, takingcare that the string is not pressed or knotted. They too will produce asudden flame. The advantage of this type of fuse is that string burns ata set speed. You can time your fire by the length and thickness of thestring you chose. (4) Use a fuse such as; the ones suggested above to start a fire in anoffice after hours. The destruction of records and other types ofdocuments would be a serious handicap to the enemy. (5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should accumulate oilyand greasy waste. Such waste sometimes ignites spontaneously, but it caneasily be lit with a cigarette or match. If you are a janitor on nightduty, you can be the first to report the fire, but don't report it toosoon. (6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty oneis. Workers Should be careless with refuse and janitors should beinefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be accumulated anotherwise fireproof building will become inflammable. (7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant at night, shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a candle burning inthe room, closing the door tightly behind you. After a time, the gaswill explode, and a fire may or may not follow. (b) Water and miscellaneous (1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler system towork. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads sharply with ahammer or by holding a match under them. (2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper, hair, and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with a thickstarch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball, wrap it withstring, and dry. Remove the string when fully dried. The sponge will bein the form of a tight hard ball. Flush down a W. C. Or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge willgradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage system. (3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the daytime, so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on at night. Thefuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by putting a coin behindthem or loading them with heavy wire. Then a short-circuit may eitherstart a fire, damage transformers, or blow out a central fuse which willinterrupt distribution of electricity to a large area. (4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that will fit, into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public buildings. (2) Industrial Production: Manufacturing (a) Tools (1) Let cutting tools grow dull. They will be inefficient, will slowdown production, and may damage the materials and parts you use them on. (2) Leave saws slightly twisted when you are not using them. After awhile, they will break when used. (3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its time. Sowill dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy pressure. Exertpressure on the backward stroke as well as the forward stroke. (4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the workpiece; theyare easily broken this way. (5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure. (6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it morematerial than it is adjusted for two blanks instead of one, for example. (7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so on, arenever efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and electric contacts caneasily be fouled by normal accumulations of dirt or the insertion offoreign matter. (b) Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to easysabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving parts. Sabotageof oil and lubrication will slow production or stop work entirely atstrategic points in industrial processes. (1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery dust (getit by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and similar hard, grittysubstances directly into lubrication systems. They will scour smoothsurfaces, ruining pistons, cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. Theywill overheat and stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts, and extensive repairs. Such materials, if they are used, should beintroduced into lubrication systems past any filters which otherwisewould strain them out. (2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter system, poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the filter mesh, thencovering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of it quickly, simplyremove the filter. (3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter directly, youmay be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by diluting it instorage. In this case, almost any liquid will do which will thin theoil. A small amount of sulphuric acid, varnish, water-glass, or linseedoil will be especially effective. (4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break down amachine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will "freeze" and stop. (5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if it willfloat, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair, pieces ofstring, dead insects, and many other common objects will be effective instopping or hindering the flow of oil through feed lines and filters. (6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy oil outrightrather than interfere with its effectiveness, by removing stop-plugsfrom lubricating systems or by puncturing the drums and cans in which itis stored. (c) Cooling Systems (1. ) A water cooling system can be put out ofcommission in a fairly short time, with considerable damage to an engineor motor, if you put into it several pinches of hard grain, such as riceor wheat. They will swell up and choke the circulation of water, and thecooling system will have to be torn down to remove theobstruction. Sawdust or hair may also be used to clog a water coolingsystem. (2) If very cold water is quickly introduced into the cooling system ofan overheated motor, contraction and considerable strain on the enginehousing will result. If you can repeat the treatment a few times, cracking and serious damage will result. (3) You can ruin the effectiveness of an air cooling system by pluggingdirt and waste into intake or exhaust valves. If a belt-run fan is usedin the system, make a jagged cut at least half way through the belt; itwill slip and finally part under strain and the motor will overheat. (d) Gasoline and Oil Fuel Tanks and fueling engines usually areaccessible and easy to open. They afford a very vulnerable target forsimple sabotage activities. (1. ) Put several pinches of sawdust or hardgrain, such as rice or wheat, into the fuel tank of a gasolineengine. The particles will choke a feed line so that the engine willstop. Some time will be required to discover the source of thetrouble. Although they will be hard to get, crumbs of natural rubber, such as you might find in old rubber bands and pencil erasers, are alsoeffective. (2) If you can accumulate sugar, put it in the fuel tank of a gasolineengine. As it burns together with the gasoline, it will turn into asticky mess which will completely mire the engine and necessitateextensive cleaning and repair. Honey and molasses are as good assugar. Try to use about 75-100 grams for each 10 gallons of gasoline. (3) Other impurities which you can introduce into gasoline will causerapid engine wear and eventual breakdown. Fine particles of pumice, sand, ground glass, and metal dust can easily be introduced into agasoline tank. Be sure that the particles are very fine, so that theywill be able to pass through the carburetor jet. (4) Water, urine, wine, or any other simple liquid you can get inreasonably large quantities Will dilute gasoline fuel to a point whereno combustion will occur in the cylinder and the engine will notmove. One pint to 20 gallons of gasoline is sufficient. If salt water isused, it will cause corrosion and permanent motor damage. (5) In the case of Diesel engines, put low flashpoint oil into the fueltank; the engine will not move. If there already is proper oil in thetank when the wrong kind is added, the engine will only limp and sputteralong. (6) Fuel lines to gasoline and oil engines frequently pass over theexhaust pipe. When the machine is at rest, you can stab a small hole inthe fuel line and plug the hole with wax. As the engine runs and theexhaust tube becomes hot, the wax will be melted; fuel will drip ontothe exhaust and a blaze will start. (7) If you have access to a room where gasoline is stored, remember thatgas vapor accumulating in a closed room will explode after a time if youleave a candle burning in the room. A good deal of evaporation, however, must occur from the gasoline tins into the air of the room. If removalof the tops of the tins does not expose enough gasoline to the air toensure copious evaporation, you can open lightly constructed tinsfurther with a knife, ice pick or sharpened nail file. Or puncture atiny hole in the tank which will permit gasoline to leak out on thefloor. This will greatly increase the rate of evaporation. Before youlight your candle, be sure that windows are closed and the room is asair-tight as you can make it. If you can see that windows in aneighboring room are opened wide, you have a chance of setting a largefire which will not only destroy the gasoline but anything else nearby;when the gasoline explodes, the doors of the storage room will be blownopen, a draft to the neighboring windows will be created which will whipup a fine conflagration, (e) Electric Motors Electric motors (including dynamos) are morerestricted than the targets so far discussed. They cannot be sabotagedeasily or without risk of injury by unskilled persons who may otherwisehave good opportunities for destruction. (1) Set the rheostat to a high point of resistance in all types ofelectric motors. They will overheat and catch fire. (2) Adjust the overload relay to a very high value beyond the capacityof the motor. Then overload the motor to a point where it will overheatand break down. (3) Remember that dust, dirt, and moisture are enemies of electricalequipment. Spill dust and dirt onto the points where the wires inelectric motors connect with terminals, and onto insulatingparts. Inefficient transmission of current and, in some cases, shortcircuits will result. Wet generator motors to produce short circuits. (4) "Accidentally" bruise the insulation on wire, loosen nuts onconnections, make faulty splices and faulty connections in wiring, towaste electric current and reduce the power of electric motors, thepower output or cause short circuiting in direct-current motors: Loosenor remove commutator holding rings. Sprinkle carbon, graphite, or metaldust on commutators. Put a little grease or oil at the contact points ofcommutators. Where commutator bars are close together bridge the gapsbetween them with metal dust, or sawtooth their edges with a chisel sothat the teeth on adjoining bars meet or nearly meet and current canpass from one to the other. (6) Put a piece of finely grained emery paper half the size of a postagestamp in a place where it will wear away rotating brushes. The emerypaper and the motor will be destroyed in the resulting fire. (7) Sprinkle carbon, graphite or metal dust on slip-rings so that thecurrent will leak or short circuits will occur. When a motor is idle, nick the slip-rings with a chisel. (8) Cause motor stoppage or inefficiency by applying dust mixed withgrease to the face of the armature so that it will not make propercontact. (9) To overheat electric motors, mix sand with heavy grease and smear itbetween the stator and rotor, or wedge thin metal pieces betweenthem. To prevent the efficient generation of current, put floorsweepings, oil, tar, or paint between them. (10) In motors using three-phase current, deeply nick one of the lead-inwires with a knife or file when the machine is at rest, or replace oneof the three fuses with a blown-out fuse. In the first case, the motorwill stop after running awhile, and in the second, it will not start. (f) Transformers (1) Transformers of the oil-filled type can be put out of commission ifyou pour water, salt into the oil tank. (2) In air-cooled transformers, block the ventilation by piling debrisaround the transformer. (3) In all types of transformers, throw carbon, graphite or metal dustover the outside bushings and other exposed electrical parts. (g) Turbines for the most part are heavily built, stoutly housed, anddifficult of access. Their vulnerability to simple sabotage is very low. (1) After inspecting or repairing a hydro turbine, fasten the coverinsecurely so that it will blow off and flood the plant with water. Aloose cover on a steam turbine will cause it to leak and slow down. (2) In water turbines, insert a large piece of scrap iron in the head ofthe penstock, just beyond the screening, so that water will carry thedamaging material down to the plant equipment. (3) When the steam line to a turbine is opened for repair, put pieces ofscrap iron into it, to be blasted into the turbine machinery when steamis up again. (4) Create a leak in the line feeding oil to the turbine, so that oilwill fall on the hot steam pipe and cause a fire. (h) Boilers (1) Reduce the efficiency of steam boilers any way you can. Put too muchwater in them to make them slow-starting, or keep the fire under themlow to keep them inefficient. Let them dry and turn the fire up; theywill crack and be ruined. An especially good trick is to keep puttinglimestone or water containing lime in the boiler; it will deposit limeon the bottom and sides. This deposit will provide very good insulationagainst heat; after enough of it has collected, the boiler will becompletely worthless. (3) Production. Metals (a) Iron and Steel (1) Keep blast furnaces in a condition where they must be frequentlyshut down for repair. In making fire-proof bricks for the inner liningof blast furnaces, put in an extra proportion of tar so that they willwear out quickly and necessitate constant re-lining. (2) Make cores for casting so that they are filled with air bubbles andan imperfect cast results. (3) See that the core in a mold is not properly supported, so that thecore gives way or the casting is spoiled because of the incorrectposition of the core. (4) In tempering steel or iron, apply too much heat, so that theresulting bars and ingots are of poor quality. (b) Other Metals No suggestions available. (4) Production: Mining and Mineral Extraction (a) Coal (1) A slight blow against your Davy oil lamp will extinguish it, and tolight it again you will have to find a place where there is no firedamp. Take a long time looking for the place. (2) Blacksmiths who make pneumatic picks should not harden themproperly, so that they will quickly grow dull. (3) You can easily put your pneumatic pick out of order. Pour a smallamount of water through the oil lever and your pick will stop working. Coal dust and improper lubrication will also put it out of order. (4) Weaken the chain that pulls the bucket conveyers carrying coal. Adeep dent in the chain made with blows of a pick or shovel will cause itto part under normal strain. Once a chain breaks, normally or otherwisetake your time about reporting the damage; be slow about taking thechain up for repairs and bringing it back down after repairs. (5) Derail mine cars by putting obstructions on the rails and in switchpoints. If possible, pick a gallery where coal cars have to pass eachother, so that traffic will be snarled up. (6) Send up quantities of rock and other useless material with the coal. (5) Production: Agriculture (a) Machinery (1) See par. 5 b. (2) (c), (d), (e). (b) Crops and livestock probably will be destroyed only in areas wherethere are large food surpluses or where the enemy (regime) is known tobe requisitioning food. (1. ) Feed crops to livestock. Let crops harvest too early or too late. Spoil stores of grain, fruit and vegetables by soaking them in water sothat they will rot. Spoil fruit and vegetables by leaving them in thesun. (6) Transportation: Railways (a) Passengers (1. ) Make train travel as inconvenient as possible for enemy personnel. Make mistakes in issuing train tickets, leaving portions of the journeyuncovered by the ticket book; issue two tickets for the same seat in thetrain, so that an interesting argument will result; near train time, instead of issuing printed tickets write them out slowly by hand, prolonging the process until the train is nearly ready to leave or hasleft the station. On station bulletin boards announcing train arrivalsand departures, see that false and misleading information is given abouttrains bound for enemy destinations. (2) In trains bound for enemy destinations, attendants should make lifeas uncomfortable as possible for passengers. See that the food isespecially bad, take up tickets after midnight, call all station stopsvery loudly during the night, handle baggage as noisily as possibleduring the night, and so on. (3) See that the luggage of enemy personnel is mislaid or unloaded atthe wrong stations. Switch address labels on enemy baggage. (4) Engineers should see that trains run slow or make unscheduled stopsfor plausible reasons. (b) Switches, Signals and Routing (1) Exchange wires in switchboards containing signals and switches, sothat they connect to the wrong terminals. (2) Loosen push-rods so that signal arms do not work; break signallights; exchange the colored lenses on red and green lights. (3) Spread and spike switch points in the track so that they will notmove, or place rocks or close-packed dirt between the switch points. (4) Sprinkle rock salt or ordinary salt profusely over the electricalconnections of switch points and on the ground nearby. When it rains, the switch will be short-circuited. (5) See that cars are put on the wrong trains. Remove the labels fromcars needing repair and put them on cars in good order. Leave couplingsbetween cars as loose as possible. (c) Road-beds and Open Track (1) On a curve, take the bolts out of the tie-plates connecting tosections of the outside rail, and scoop away the gravel, cinders, ordirt for a few feet on each side of the connecting joint. (2) If by disconnecting the tie-plate at a joint and loosening sleepernails on each side of the joint, it becomes possible to move a sectionsof rail, spread two sections of rail and drive a spike verticallybetween them. (d) Oil and Lubrication (1) See 5 b. (2) (b). (2) Squeeze lubricating pipes with pincers or dent them with hammers, sothat the flow of oil is obstructed. (e) Cooling Systems (1) See 5 b (2) (c). (f) Gasoline and Oil Fuel (1) See 5 b (2) (d). (g) Electric Motors (1) See 5 b (2) (e) and (f). (h) Boilers (1) See 5 b (2) (h). (2) After inspection put heavy oil or tar in the engines' boilers, orput half a kilogram of soft soap into the water in the tender. (i) Brakes and Miscellaneous (1) Engines should run at high speeds and use brakes excessively atcurves and on downhill grades. (2) Punch holes in air-brake valves or water supply pipes. (3) In the last car of a passenger train or or a front car of a freight, remove the wadding from a journal box and replace it with oily rags. (7) Transportation: Automotive (a) Roads. Damage to roads [(3) below] is slow, and thereforeimpractical as a D-day or near D-day activity. (1) Change sign posts at intersections and forks; the enemy will go thewrong way and it may be miles before he discovers his mistakes. In areas where traffic is composed primarily of enemy autos, trucks, andmotor convoys of various kinds remove danger signals from curves andintersections. (2) When the enemy asks for directions, give him wrong information. Especially when enemy convoys are in the neighborhood, truck drivers canspread rumors and give false information about bridges being out, ferries closed, and detours lying ahead. (3) If you can start damage to a heavily traveled road, passing trafficand the elements will do the rest. Construction gangs can see that toomuch sand or water is put in concrete or that the road foundation hassoft spots. Anyone can scoop ruts in asphalt and macadam roads whichturn soft in hot weather; passing trucks will accentuate the ruts to apoint where substantial repair will be needed. Dirt roads also can bescooped out. If you are a road laborer, it will be only a few minuteswork to divert a small stream from a sluice so that it runs over andeats away the road. (4) Distribute broken glass, nails, and sharp rocks on roads to puncturetires. (b) Passengers (1) Bus-driver can go past the stop where the enemy wants to get off. Taxi drivers can waste the enemy's time and make extra money by drivingthe longest possible route to his destination. (c) Oil and Lubrication (1) See 5 b. (2) (b). (2) Disconnect the oil pump; this will burn out the main bearings inless than 50 miles of normal driving. (d) Radiator (1) See 5 b. (2) (c). (e) Fuel (1) See 5 b. (2) (d). (f) Battery and Ignition (1) Jam bits of wood into the ignition lock; loosen or exchangeconnections behind the switchboard; put dirt in spark plugs; damagedistributor points. (2) Turn on the lights in parked cars so that the battery will run down. (3) Mechanics can ruin batteries in a number of undetectable ways: Takethe valve cap off a cell, and drive a screw driver slantwise into theexposed water vent, shattering the plates of the cell; no damage willshow when you put the cap back on. Iron or copper filings put into thecells i. E. , dropped into the acid, will greatly shorten its life. Coppercoins or a few pieces of iron will accomplish the same and more slowly. One hundred to 150 cubic centimeters of vinegar in each cell greatlyreduces the life of the battery, but the odor of the vinegar may revealwhat has happened. (g) Gears (1) Remove the lubricant from or put, too light a lubricant in thetransmission and other gears. (2) In trucks, tractors, and other machines with heavy gears, fix thegear case insecurely, putting bolts in only half the bolt holes. Thegears will be badly jolted in use and will soon need repairs. (h) Tires (1) Slash or puncture tires of unguarded vehicles. Put a nail inside amatch box or other small box, and set it vertically in front of the backtire of a stationary car; when the car starts off, the nail will goneatly through the tire. (2) It is easy to damage a tire in a tire repair shop: In fixing flats, spill glass, benzine, caustic soda, or other material inside the casingwhich will puncture or corrode the tube. If you put a gummy substanceinside the tube, the next flat will stick the tube to the casing andmake it unusable. Or, when you fix a flat tire, you can simply leavebetween the tube and the casing the object which caused the flat in thefirst place. (3) In assembling a tire after repair, pump the tube up as fast as youcan. Instead of filling out smoothly, it may crease, in which case itwill wear out quickly. Or, as you put a tire together, see if you canpinch the tube between the rim of the tire and the rim of the wheel, sothat a blow-out will result. (4) In putting air into tires, see that they are kept below normalpressure, so that more than an ordinary amount of wear will result. Infilling tires on double wheels, inflate the inner tire to a much higherpressure than the outer one; both will wear out more quickly this way. Badly aligned wheels also wear tires out quickly; you can leave wheelsout of alignment when they come in for adjustment, or you can springthem out of true with a strong kick, or by driving the car slowly anddiagonally into a curb. (5) If you have access to stocks of tires, you can rot them by spillingoil, gasoline, caustic acid, or benzine on them. Synthetic rubber, however, is less susceptible to these chemicals. (8) Transportation: Water (a) Navigation (1) Barge and river boat personnel should spread false rumors about thenavigability and conditions of the waterways they travel. Tell otherbarge and boat captains to follow channels that will take extra time, orcause them to make canal detours. (2) Barge and river boat captains should navigate with exceeding cautionnear locks and bridges, to waste their time and to waste the time ofother craft which may have to wait on them. If you don't pump the bilgesof ships and barges often enough, they will be slower and harder tonavigate. Barges "accidentally" run aground are an efficient time wastertoo. (3) Attendants on swing, draw, or bascule bridges can delay traffic overthe bridge or in the waterway underneath by being slow. Boat captainscan leave unattended draw bridges open in order to hold up road traffic. (4) Add or subtract compensating magnets to the compass on cargoships. Demagnetize the compass or maladjust it by concealing a large barof steel or iron near to it. (b) Cargo (1) While loading or unloading, handle cargo carelessly in order tocause damage. Ar range the cargo so that the weakest and lightest cratesand boxes will be at the bottom of the hold, while the heaviest ones areon top of them. Put hatch covers and tarpaulins on sloppily, so that rain and deck washwill injure the cargo. Tie float valves open so that storage tanks will overflow on perishablegoods. (9) Communications (a) Telephone (1) At office, hotel and exchange switch boards delay putting enemycalls through, give them wrong numbers, cut them off "accidentally, " orforget to disconnect them so that the line cannot be used again. (2) Hamper official and especially military business by making at leastone telephone call a day to an enemy headquarters; when you get them, tell them you have the wrong number. Call military or police offices and make anonymous false reports offires, air raids, bombs. (3) In offices and buildings used by the enemy, unscrew the earphone oftelephone receivers and remove the diaphragm. Electricians and telephonerepair men can make poor connections and damage insulation so that crosstalk and other kinds of electrical interference will make conversationshard or impossible to understand. (4) Put the batteries under automatic switchboards out of commission bydropping nails, metal filings, or coins into the cells. If you can treathalf the batteries in this way, the switchboard will stop working. Awhole telephone system can be disrupted if you can put 10 percent of thecells in half the batteries of the central battery room out of order. (b) Telegraph (1) Delay the transmission and delivery of telegrams to enemydestinations. (2) Garble telegrams to enemy destinations so that another telegram willhave to be sent or a long distance call will have to be made. Some timesit will be possible to do this by changing a single letter in a word-- for example, changing "minimum" to "maximum, " so that the personreceiving the telegram will not know whether "minimum" or "maximum" ismeant. (c) Transportation Lines (1) Cut telephone and telegraph transmission lines. Damage insulation onpower lines to cause interference. (d) Mail (1) Post office employees can see to it that enemy mail is alwaysdelayed by one day or more, that it is put in wrong sacks, and so on. (e) Motion Pictures (1) Projector operators can ruin newsreels and other enemy propagandafilms by bad focusing, speeding up or slowing down the film and bycausing frequent breakage in the film. (2) Audiences can ruin enemy propaganda films by applauding to drown thewords of the speaker, by coughing loudly, and by talking. (3) Anyone can break up a showing of an enemy propaganda film by puttingtwo or three dozen large moths in a paper bag. Take the bag to themovies with you, put it on the floor in an empty section of the theateras you go in and leave it open. The moths will fly out and climb intothe projector beam, so that the film will be obscured by flutteringshadows. (f) Radio (1) Station engineers will find it quite easy to overmodulatetransmissions of talks by persons giving enemy propaganda orinstructions, so that they will sound as if they were talking through aheavy cotton blanket with a mouth full of marbles. (2) In your own apartment building, you can interfere with radioreception at times when the enemy wants everybody to listen. Take anelectric light plug of! the end of an electric light cord; take somewire out of the cord and tie it across two terminals of a two-prong plugor three terminals of a four-prong plug. Then take it around and put itinto as many wall and floor outlets as you can find. Each time youinsert the plug into a new circuit, you will blow out a fuse and silenceall radios running on power from that circuit until a new fuse is putin. (3) Damaging insulation on any electrical equipment tends to createradio interference in the immediate neighborhood, particularly on largegenerators, neon signs, fluorescent lighting, X-ray machines, and powerlines. If workmen can damage insulation on a high tension line near anenemy airfield, they will make ground-to-plane radio communicationsdifficult and per haps impossible during long periods of the day. (10) Electric Power (a) Turbines, Electric Motors, Transformers (1) See 5 b. (2) (e), (f), and (g). (b) Transmission Lines (1. ) Linesmen can loosen and dirty insulators to cause power leakage. It will be quite easy, too, for them to tie a piece of very heavy stringseveral times back and forth between two parallel transmission lines, winding it several turns around the wire each time. Beforehand, thestring should be heavily saturated with salt and then dried. When itrains, the string becomes a conductor, and a short-circuit will result. (11) General Interference with Organizations and Production (a) Organizations and Conferences (1) Insist on doing everything through"channels. " Never permit short-cuts to be taken in order to expeditedecisions. (2) Make "speeches. " Talk as frequently as possible and at greatlength. Illustrate your "points" by long anecdotes and accounts ofpersonal experiences. Never hesitate to make a few appropriate"patriotic" comments. (3) When possible, refer all matters to committees, for "further studyand consideration. " Attempt to make the committees as large as possible-- never less than five. (4) Bring up irrelevant issues as frequently as possible. (5) Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes, resolutions. (6) Refer back to matters decided upon at the last meeting and attemptto re-open the question of the advisability of that decision. (7) Advocate "caution. " Be "reasonable" and urge your fellow-confereesto be "reasonable" and avoid haste which might result in embarrassmentsor difficulties later on. (8) Be worried about the propriety of any decision -- raise thequestion of whether such action as is contemplated lies within thejurisdiction of the group or whether it might conflict with the policyof some higher echelon. (b) Managers and Supervisors (1) Demand written orders. (2) "Misunderstand" orders. Ask endless questions or engage in longcorrespondence about such orders. Quibble over them when you can. (3) Do everything possible to delay the delivery of orders. Even thoughparts of an order may be ready beforehand, don't deliver it until it iscompletely ready. (4) Don't order new working materials until your current stocks havebeen virtually exhausted, so that the slightest delay in filling yourorder will mean a shutdown. (5) Order high-quality materials which are hard to get. If you don't getthem argue about it. Warn that inferior materials will mean inferiorwork. (6) In making work assignments, always sign out the unimportant jobsfirst. See that the important jobs are assigned to inefficient workersof poor machines. (7) Insist on perfect work in relatively un important products; sendback for refinishing those which have the least flaw. Approve otherdefective parts whose flaws are not visible to the naked eye. (8) Make mistakes in routing so that parts and materials will be sent tothe wrong place in the plant. (9) When training new workers, give in complete or misleadinginstructions. (10) To lower morale and with it, production, be pleasant to inefficientworkers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate against efficientworkers; complain unjustly about their work. (11) Hold conferences when there is more critical work to be done. (12) Multiply paper work in plausible ways. Start duplicate files. (13) Multiply the procedures and clearances involved in issuinginstructions, pay checks, and so on. See that three people have toapprove everything where one would do. (14) Apply all regulations to the last letter. (c) Office Workers (1) Make mistakes in quantities of material when you are copyingorders. Confuse similar names. Use wrong addresses. (2) Prolong correspondence with government bureaus. (3) Misfile essential documents. (4) In making carbon copies, make one too few, so that an extra copyingjob will have to be done. (5) Tell important callers the boss is busy or talking on anothertelephone. (6) Hold up mail until the next collection. (7) Spread disturbing rumors that sound like inside dope. (d) Employees (1) Work slowly. Think out ways to in crease the number of movementsnecessary on your job: use a light hammer instead of a heavy one, try tomake a small wrench do when a big one is necessary, use little forcewhere considerable force is needed, and so on. (2) Contrive as many interruptions to your work as you can: whenchanging the material on which you are working, as you would on a latheor punch, take needless time to do it. If you are cutting, shaping ordoing other measured work, measure dimensions twice as often as you needto. When you go to the lavatory, spend a longer time there than isnecessary. Forget tools so that you will have to go back after them. (3) Even if you understand the language, pretend not to understandinstructions in a foreign tongue. (4) Pretend that instructions are hard to understand, and ask to havethem repeated more than once. Or pretend that you are particularlyanxious to do your work, and pester the foreman with unnecessaryquestions. (5) Do your work poorly and blame it on bad tools, machinery, orequipment. Complain that these things are preventing you from doing yourjob right. (6) Never pass on your skill and experience to a new or less skillfulworker. (7) Snarl up administration in every possible way. Fill out formsillegibly so that they will have to be done over; make mistakes or omitrequested information in forms. (8) If possible, join or help organize a group for presenting employeeproblems to the management. See that the procedures adopted are asinconvenient as possible for the management, involving the presence of alarge number of employees at each presentation, entailing more than onemeeting for each grievance, bringing up problems which are largelyimaginary, and so on. (9) Misroute materials. (10) Mix good parts with unusable scrap and rejected parts. (12) General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion (a) Give lengthy and incomprehensible explanations when questioned. (b) Report imaginary spies or danger to the Gestapo or police. (c) Act stupid. (d) Be as irritable and quarrelsome as possible without getting yourselfinto trouble. (e) Misunderstand all sorts of regulations concerning such matters asrationing, transportation, traffic regulations. (f) Complain against ersatz materials. (g) In public treat axis nationals or quislings coldly. (h) Stop all conversation when axis nationals or quislings enter acaf‚. (i) Cry and sob hysterically at every occasion, especially whenconfronted by government clerks. (j) Boycott all movies, entertainments, concerts, newspapers which arein any way connected with the quisling authorities. (k) Do not cooperate in salvage schemes.