[Illustration: A PEASANT WOMAN OF THE ARDENNES. ]

 PEEPS AT MANY LANDS

 BELGIUM

 BY GEORGE W. T. OMOND

 ILLUSTRATED BY AMÉDÉE FORESTIER

 LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1909

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER

 I. THE SANDS OPPOSITE ENGLAND II. INLAND: THE FLEMISH PLAIN III. TRAVELLING IN BELGIUM IV. SOME OF THE TOWNS: THE ARDENNES V. BELGIAN CHILDREN: THE "PREMIÈRE COMMUNION" VI. CHRISTMAS IN BELGIUM VII. NEW YEAR'S DAY VIII. PAGEANTS AND PROCESSIONS IX. THE STORY OF ST. EVERMAIRE: A COUNTRY PAGEANT X. THE CARNIVAL XI. CHILDREN'S WINTER FESTIVALS XII. THE ARCHERS: GAMES PLAYED IN BELGIUM XIII. WHAT THE BELGIANS SPEAK XIV. A SHORT HISTORY XV. THE BELGIAN ARMY: THE CONGO

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

BY AMÉDÉE FORESTIER

A PEASANT WOMAN OF THE ARDENNES _frontispiece_THE DUNESA SHRIMPER ON HORSEBACK, COXYDETHE VEGETABLE MARKET, BRUGESANTWERPTHE HÔTEL DE VILLE, BRUSSELSAT THE KERMESSEA CHÂTEAU IN THE LESSE VALLEYA FARMSTEADINGPLAYING "JEU DE BOULE" AT A FLEMISH INNVILLAGE AND CANAL, ADINKERQUEWATERLOO: THE FARM OF LA BELLE ALLIANCE AND THE MOUND SURMOUNTED BY THE BELGIAN LIONA MILK-SELLER IN BRUGES _on the cover_

_Sketch-Map of Belgium. _

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[Illustration: SKETCH-MAP OF BELGIUM. ]

[Illustration: THE DUNES. ]

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BELGIUM

CHAPTER I

THE SANDS OPPOSITE ENGLAND

If you leave the mouth of the Thames, or the white chalk cliffs atDover, and sail over the water just where the English Channel meetsthe North Sea, you will in about three or four hours see before you along expanse of yellow sand, and rising behind it a low ridge ofsandhills, which look in the distance like a range of baby mountains. These sandhills are called "dunes. " Here and there at intervals youwill see a number of little towns, each town standing by itself on theshore, and separated from its neighbour by a row of dunes and astretch of sand. 

This is your first view of the little country called Belgium, which isbounded on the east by Holland, and on the west by France. It is, fromend to end, about half the size of Ireland. 

There are no cliffs or rocks, no shingle or stones covered withseaweed. There are no trees. It is all bare sand, with moss and rusheson the higher ground above the beach. In winter the wind rages withterrific violence along the coast. The sand is blown in alldirections, and the waves dash fiercely on the shore. It is cold andstormy, with mist and dark clouds, and sometimes violent showers ofhail. But in summer all is changed. Often, week after week, the wavesroll gently in, and break in ripples on the beach. The sky is blue, and the sands are warm. It is the best place in the world for diggingand building castles. There are very few shells to gather; but thereare no dangerous rocks or slippery places, and children can wade aboutand play in perfect safety. So many families--Belgians, English, Germans, and a few French--spend the summer holidays there. 

Hundreds of years ago the storms of winter used to drive the wavesashore with such violence that the land was flooded, and wholevillages were sometimes swept away. So the people made ramparts ofearth to keep back the water, till by degrees many parts of theBelgian shore were thus protected. They still continue to builddefences against the sea; but instead of earth they now use brick andstone. It looks as if in a few years the whole coast will be lined bythese sea-fronts, which are called _digues de mer_. 

A _digue_, no matter how thick, which rests on the sand alone will notlast. A thick bed of green branches is first laid down as afoundation. This is strengthened by posts driven through it into thesand. Heavy timbers, resting on bundles of branches lashed together, are wedged into the foundations, and slope inwards and upwards towithin a few feet of the height to which it is intended to carry the_digue_. On the top another solid bed of branches is laid down, andthe whole is first covered with concrete, and then with bricks ortiles, while the top of the _digue_, at the edge of the seaward slope, is composed of heavy blocks of stone cemented together and bound byiron rivets. 

The finest and longest _digue_ is that which extends from Ostend forabout nine miles. It is a good place for bicycle rides. No motor-carsare allowed on it. 

Each of the little towns which you see dotted along the coast has a_digue_ of its own, on which there is a row of villas and hotelsfacing the sea. Among the dunes behind the _digue_ there are morevillas. These are generally very picturesque, with verandas, red-tiledroofs, and brightly painted woodwork. 

All day long in summer the _digue_ of each town is crowded by peoplewalking about in the sunshine, or sitting watching the bathers and thechildren playing on the sands. It is a very gay sight. There areprizes for those who build the best castles, and it is curious to seehundreds of little Belgian, English, French, and German flags flyingon these small forts, and to hear the children shouting to each otherin so many different languages. It makes one think of the Tower ofBabel. 

From six in the morning till six in the evening bathing-machines go toand from the water, and often there seem to be as many people in thesea as on the shore. There is a boat anchored a little way out, inwhich two men in red shirts, with ropes and lifebelts, sit watching tosee that no one goes too far out, for the tide is often very strong. Sometimes these men, who are called _sauveteurs_, stand on the sand, and if they think anyone is swimming too far they blow a trumpet tocall the swimmer back. 

In the evening, when it is dark and the lamps are lighted, there isdancing on the _digue_ to the music of a barrel-organ. The Belgiansare very fond of this dancing, and often the English and othervisitors join in it too. 

All summer this holiday life goes on, with bathing, lawn-tennis, andin some places golf, till at last the time comes for going home. Thehotels and villas close their doors. The windows are boarded up. Thebathing-machines are pulled away from the beach, and put in somesheltered place among the dunes. The _digue_ is left in solitude, tobe covered with driven sand, and splashed with foam from the waveswhich beat against it, till the season of summer gaiety comes roundagain next year. 

CHAPTER II

INLAND: THE FLEMISH PLAIN

Let us now leave the shore, and go inland. 

If you climb to the top of some dune, you will see before you a wideplain stretching out as far as the eye can reach. This part of Belgiumis called Flanders. It is all flat, with canals, and long, straightroads, paved with stones, running across it. There are rows of tallpoplar-trees or willows, which are bent slightly towards the east, forthe wind blows oftenest from the west, small patches of woodland, gardens, and many sluggish streams. The fields, which have no fencesor hedges round them, are large and well tilled, some bearing finecrops of wheat, rye, or potatoes and turnips, while others are richpasture-lands for sheep and cattle. The whole of this Flemish Plain, as it is called, is dotted with farm-houses and cottages. There are agreat many villages, and in the distance rise the roof-tops and thetowers and spires of famous old towns. 

Some of the villages are worth visiting. There is one called Coxyde, which lies low among the sandhills, not far from the sea. The peopleof this village live by fishing, but in a very curious way, for theydo it on horseback. They mount little horses, and ride out into thesea with baskets, and nets fastened to long poles. It is funny to seethem riding about in the water, and catching fish and shrimps in thisstrange fashion. 

There is another village, also only a short distance inland, wherethere is a church in which a number of toy ships are hung up. Theseare offerings made to an image of the Virgin Mary which stands there. If a crew of Flemish fishermen have escaped from some dangerous storm, they walk in silence to this church, and give thanks to the image, which is called Our Lady of Lombaerdzyde. 

The farm-labourers in Flanders live very simply. Their food is chieflyblack bread, potatoes, and salted pork or fish. There are lots of boysand girls who eat nothing all the year round but black bread andpotatoes, and who look on pork or fish as quite a treat. Sometimesthey spread lard on their slices of bread, and there are many who havenever tasted butter in their lives. Yet they appear to be very strongand happy. They drink black coffee, or beer if their parents canafford it. The food of the older people is much the same. 

Most of the people in the country districts of Flanders--men, women, boys, and girls--work in the fields. In summer they rise at four orfive in the morning, and after eating a slice of bread go out into thefields. At half-past eleven or twelve they dine on bread and potatoes, with perhaps a slice of pork, and take a rest. Then they work againtill about four in the afternoon, when they rest again, and after thatthey work on till it is dark. In the short days of winter they toilfrom sunrise till sunset. By this means they earn enough to live on. Aboy or girl may get from 5d. To 7d. A day, a woman a little more, while a married man generally receives 1s. 8d. Or 2s. Some farmers payan unmarried labourer 10d. And his food. 

This seems a dull and hard life, but the Flemings do not find it so. Like all Belgians, they are fond of amusement, and there is a greatdeal of dancing and singing, especially on holidays. Sunday is thechief holiday. They all go to church in the morning, and the rest ofthe day is given up to play. Unfortunately many of the older peopledrink too much. There are far too many public-houses. Any person wholikes can open one on payment of a small sum of money to theGovernment. The result is that in many quite small villages, wherevery few people live, there are ten or twelve public-houses, where alarge glass of beer is sold for less than a penny, and a glass ofcoarse spirits for about the same price. Most of the drinking is doneon Sunday, and on Monday morning it is often difficult to get men towork. There are many, especially in the towns, who never work onMondays. This is quite understood in Belgium, and people who know thecountry are pleased, and rather surprised, if an artisan who haspromised to come and do something on a Monday morning keeps his word. Of course there are many sober work-people, and it is a rare thing tosee a tipsy woman, much rarer than in England; but there is a greatdeal of drunkenness in Belgium. 

There is one thing to which all the boys and girls look forward, andthat is what is called the _Kermesse_. This is a kind of fair, whichtakes place at every village in summer, and lasts for two or threedays. They talk about it for weeks before, and for weeks after. Theysave up every penny they can lay their hands on, and when the timecomes they leave their work or the school as soon as possible in theafternoon, put on their best clothes, and enjoy themselves. 

The village street is full of stalls covered with cheap toys, sweetmeats, and all sorts of tempting little articles, and you may besure the pennies melt away very quickly. Flags of black, red, and yellowstripes--the Belgian national colours--fly on the houses. A band ofmusic plays. Travelling showmen are there with merry-go-rounds, and thechildren are never tired of riding round and round on the gaily paintedwooden horses. Then there is dancing in the public-houses, in which allthe villagers, except the very old people, take part. Boys and girls hopround, and if there are not enough boys the girls take each other forpartners, while the grown-up lads and young women dance together. 

[Illustration: A SHRIMPER ON HORSEBACK, COXYDE. ]

The rooms in these public-houses are pretty large, but they getdreadfully hot and stuffy. The constant laughing and talking, themusic, and the scraping of feet on the sanded floor make an awfuldin. Then there are sometimes disputes, and the Flemings have a nastyhabit of using knives when they are angry, so the dancing, which oftengoes on till two or three in the morning, is the least pleasant thingabout these gatherings. 

This is a very old Belgian custom, but of late years the _Kermesses_in the big towns have changed in character, and are just ordinaryfairs, with menageries and things of that sort, which you can find inEngland or anywhere else. If you want to see a real Kermesse you mustgo to some village in Flanders, and there you will find it veryamusing. 

CHAPTER III

TRAVELLING IN BELGIUM

Travelling in Belgium is cheap and easy. The best way to see theout-of-the-way parts of the country would be to journey about in abarge on the canals. There are a great many canals. You could go allthe way from France to the other side of Belgium in a barge, threadingyour way through fields, and meadow-lands, and villages, and stoppingevery now and then at some of the big towns. If you read that charmingbook "Vanity Fair, " you will see that Mr. Thackeray, who wrote it, says that once an Englishman, who went to Belgium for a week, foundthe eating and drinking on these boats so good that he went backwardsand forwards on the canal between Bruges and Ghent perpetually tillthe railways were invented, when he drowned himself on the last tripof the boat!

But if that ever happened it was long ago. Nowadays, when travellersare in such a hurry, the canals are only used for carrying coals, timber, and other goods. They are largely used for that purpose. TheBelgians are very wise about their canals; they keep them in goodorder, and send as many things as possible by water. It is not soquick, but it is much less expensive, and a great deal safer, thansending them by railway. 

It is interesting to stand on the bank of a canal and watch a row ofbarges moving slowly past. Sometimes a little steam-tug puffs along, pulling three or four barges after it. Some are pulled by horses, andoften men or women labour along the towing-path dragging these heavilyladen vessels by a rope fastened to a short mast set up in the bows. 

This is hard work, but the barge-folk seem to think nothing of it. Whole families are born, live, and die on their barges. You often seethe wife or daughter of the bargeman steering, while the children areplaying on the top of the hatches, and the husband is doing some workamong the cargo, or just sitting smoking his pipe. These floatinghomes are long and broad, painted in bright colours, with adeck-cabin, the windows of which are often hung with pretty curtains. The children run about, and seem never to tumble overboard. If theydid they would be easily pulled out, for the barges are very low inthe water. 

As the country is so flat, bicycling is easy, and alongside most ofthe roads there is a path made for this purpose, which is kept up by atax everyone who has a bicycle must pay. Always remember that if youmeet another person you keep to the right, and not, as in England, tothe left. The same rule applies to driving in a carriage or riding ahorse. 

The Belgians have an excellent system of light district railways, which run in all directions, some worked by steam and some byelectricity. These are very useful, for the trains stop at everyvillage, however small, and the country people can easily go to marketor to visit each other. Outside each carriage there is a platform, onwhich you can stand and see the country. The fares are low, and youcan go a long way for a few pence. The carriages are open from end toend, and if you travel in one of them you will generally see a crowdof peasants in blue blouses, old women in long black cloaks and whitecaps, priests, and soldiers (who only pay half-price), the men allsmoking, and the women talking about what they have bought, or whatthey are going to buy. They are always talking about that, and, indeed, seem never to speak about anything else. A few hours' journeyin one of these district railways, which are called the_Chemins-de-fer-Vicinaux_, is a far better way of getting a peep atthe Belgian people than rushing along in an express train from one bigtown to another. 

The first railway on the Continent of Europe was in Belgium. It wasopened seventy-four years ago--in May, 1835--and ran from Brussels, the capital of Belgium, to Malines, a town which you will see on themap. There are now, of course, a great many railways, which belong tothe State and not, as in England, to private companies. 

Season tickets are much used on Belgian railways. For instance, anyonewishing to travel for five days on end has only to pay £1 4s. 7d. Fora first-class ticket, 16s. 5d. For a second-class, or 9s. 5d. For athird-class. For these small sums you can go all over Belgium on theState railways, stopping as often as you please, at any hour of theday or night, for five days. All you have to do is to take a smallphotograph of yourself to the station an hour before you intend tostart, and tell the railway clerk at the booking-office by which classyou wish to travel, and when you go back to the station you will findyour ticket ready, with your photograph pasted on it, so that theguards may know that you are the person to whom it belongs. You thenpay for it, and leave 4s. More, which are given back at whateverstation your trip may end. There are also tickets for longer periodsthan five days. You can send a letter instead of going to the station. You can write from England, and find your ticket waiting for you atOstend or Antwerp, or any other place in Belgium from which you mayintend to start on your journey. This is very convenient, for it savesthe trouble of buying a fresh ticket each day. Besides, it is a greatdeal cheaper. These tickets are called _abonnements_. 

There are also _abonnements_ for children going to school, and forworkmen. It is quite common in Belgium to be in a railway carriagewhere, when the guard comes round, all the passengers pull out seasontickets. 

There is one thing about travelling by railway in Belgium whichEnglish people don't always know, and that is the rule about openingand shutting windows. The Belgians are not so fond of fresh air as weare. They sleep with their bedroom windows shut, which makes themsoft, and apt to catch cold. So they are always afraid of draughts, especially in a railway train. The first thing a Belgian does, as soonas he enters a carriage, is to shut the windows, and the rule is thatif by any chance there were, say, five people who wanted a windowopen, and only one who wanted it shut, that one can refuse to let theothers have it open. If you are sitting near a window, and open it, you may be sure that someone, who is perhaps sitting at the other endof the carriage, will step across and shut it. They never ask leave, or, indeed, say a word; they just shut it. 

One day, two or three years ago, there was a great crowd in a districttrain. It was July, and very hot. All the windows of one first-classcarriage were, as usual, shut, and it was so stifling that some of usstood outside on the platform so as to get some fresh air. A feebleold lady chanced to be sitting next one of the windows, and wished toopen it. All the other passengers refused to allow her. She told themshe felt as if she would faint from the heat. Not one of the Belgianladies and gentlemen, who were all well-dressed people, cared aboutthat. They just shrugged their shoulders. At last the old lady, whohad been turning very pale, fainted away. Then they were afraid, andthe guard was sent for. He insisted on letting in some air, andattended to the lady, who presently revived. The other passengers atonce had the window shut again, and the lady had to be taken intoanother carriage, on which everyone began to laugh, as if it was agood joke. 

Some Englishmen are always having rows about this window question; butthe best plan is to say nothing, and remember that every country hasits own customs, which strangers ought to observe. 

CHAPTER IV

SOME OF THE TOWNS: THE ARDENNES

England, as you know, is not a very big country. But Belgium is verymuch smaller. It is such a little bit of a place, a mere corner ofEurope, that in a few hours the train can take you from one end of itto the other. I suppose that from Ostend to Liége is one of thelongest journeys you could make, and that takes less than four hours. So it is very easy to go from one town to another. 

Suppose we land at Ostend, which, as you will see on the map, lies inthe middle of the Belgian coast. It is the largest of the seasidetowns, and one of the oldest. In ancient times it was fortified, andduring the wars between the Spaniards and the Dutch the Spaniardsdefended it for three whole years. It must have been very strong inthose days. But now it is quite changed, and has no walls, but just along _digue_, and a great many hotels, lodging-houses, and big shops. Crowds of people go there in summer. There are horse-races, concerts, dancing, and a great deal of gambling. One part of the beach in frontof the _digue_ is crowded with bathing-machines, and it is said thatduring one day in August a few years ago no fewer than 7, 000 peoplebathed. 

[Illustration: THE VEGETABLE MARKET, BRUGES. ]

Ostend, however, is not a nice place to stay in. In summer it isnoisy, and full of people who care for nothing but eating, drinking, dressing up, and gambling. In winter it is an ugly, dull, stupid town, in which there is nothing to do, and nothing to see exceptfishing-boats and the steamers which carry travellers to and fromDover. So we shall not say anything more about it, but take the train, and in twenty minutes find ourselves in a really interesting place. 

This is Bruges. They call it _Bruges la Morte_--that is to say, "Bruges, the Dead City. " Once upon a time, long, long ago, this townwas great, and rich, and prosperous. It was surrounded by strongwalls, and within it were many gilded palaces, the homes of merchantprinces whose wealth was the talk of all the world. Their houses werefull of precious stones, tapestries, silk, fine linen, and cloth ofgold. Their warehouses were stored with costly bales. They lent moneyto Kings and Princes, and lived themselves in almost royal luxury. Abroad channel led from the sea to Bruges, and ships entered dailyladen with goods from every country in Europe, as well as from Indiaand all parts of the world. In those days the cloth made by theFlemish weavers was famous, and the greatest market for wool was atBruges. 

So Bruges grew richer and richer, and much money was spent inbeautifying the town, in which there are said to have been 200, 000industrious people. Churches rose, and other noble buildings. Therewere endless tournaments and festivals. Painters flourished there. Bruges was spoken of as the Venice of the North. 

But all this came to an end. The channel which joined this great cityto the sea dried up. There were wars and rebellions which drove theforeign merchants away. They went to Antwerp. Bruges fell, and hasremained fallen ever since. 

It is now a quiet, sad place, so poor that the streets are badlylighted, seldom cleaned, and have a desolate, neglected appearance. The few families of the upper class who live there belong to what iscalled the _petite noblesse_; there is almost no trade or commerce;and many of the lower orders live on charity. 

But this dead city is very romantic, with all its memories of oldentimes. Nobody should go to Belgium without visiting Bruges, once sofamous and now so fallen, not only because it is picturesque, with itsold buildings and quaint views such as artists love to paint, but alsobecause it is so quiet that you can watch the customs of a Belgiantown without being disturbed by a crowd--the market-folk with theirwares spread out on the stones of the street, the small carts drawn bydogs, the women sitting at their doors busy with lace-making, thepavements occupied by tables at which people sit drinking coffee orbeer, the workmen clanking along in their wooden shoes, andnumberless little things which are different from what you see athome. 

Every town in Belgium has its "belfry, " a tower rising over somevenerable building, from which, in the days of almost constantwarfare, a beacon used to blaze, or a bell ring out, to call thecitizens to arms. The belfry of Bruges is, I think, the finest of themall. If you have ever been to Bruges you can never forget it. It riseshigh above the market-place. All day long, year after year, the chimesring every quarter of an hour; and all night too, unceasingly, throughwinter storm and summer moonlight, the belfry pours forth itsperpetual lament over the dead city. 

Not far from Bruges, only forty minutes by railway, is another ancienttown called Ghent; but instead of being dead like Bruges, it is aliveand busy. In the days of old the people of Ghent were the mostindependent and brave in Belgium. In the belfry there was a famousbell called "Roland, " and if any of their rulers attempted to tax themagainst their will, this Roland was rung, and wagged his iron tongueso well that the townsmen armed themselves at once, and thetax-gatherers were driven away. It was no easy task to rule them, asall who tried it found to their cost. They grew very rich, chieflybecause of their trade in wool with England. But evil days came, andfor more than 200 years this mighty city remained in a most forlornstate. 

In the nineteenth century, however, when there was settled peace inBelgium after the Battle of Waterloo, the people of Ghent set to workin earnest once more, and made up for lost time so well that now theirtown is full of flourishing factories, and has a harbour from which adeep canal leads to the River Scheldt, and is used by many ships. Mostbeautiful flowers are cultivated in nursery gardens and hothouses, andare sent all over the world in such quantities that Ghent has beencalled "The City of Flowers. "

From busy Ghent, where the belfry in which Roland used to hang and thewalls and towers of many an ancient building look down upon thecrowded streets, you may go to the still busier town of Antwerp, whichstands on the River Scheldt. 

Like Bruges and Ghent, and, indeed, every town in Belgium, Antwerp isvery old. It is said that long ago there was a giant who lived on thebanks of the Scheldt, and compelled the captain of every ship whichcame up the river to give him money. If the money was refused, thegiant cut off one of the captain's hands, and threw it into the river. In Dutch the word _werpen_ means "to throw, " and thus the place wherethe giant lived was called _Hand-werpen_, which became, in course oftime, _Antwerp_. Perhaps you may not believe this story, but in one ofthe squares at Antwerp there is the statue of a man called Brabo, whois said to have killed the giant. 

Close to this statue is the cathedral, which is one of the grandest inEurope, and where there are some famous paintings by the great artistRubens, who lived at Antwerp for many years. 

Another very interesting thing to see at Antwerp is thePlantin-Moretus house. It was the home, more than 300 years ago, of aprinter called Plantin, who made a great fortune, and whosedescendants took the name of Moretus, and carried on the business fora long time. You will see there the types and printing-presses of thesixteenth century, and also the very furniture of the sitting-roomsand bedrooms, just as they were in those bygone days. One of the roomswas the nursery of the Plantin children. The men who show you over thehouse are dressed as servants were in Plantin's time. By going thereyou will get a far better idea of the family life of those times thanby reading any number of story-books or looking at any number ofpictures. 

Antwerp has, like the other Belgian towns, had its ups and downs, butnow it is one of the greatest harbours in the whole world. So manyships go there that there is hardly room for all of them. It may seeman extraordinary thing that a country like Belgium, so small that twoor three English counties would cover it, should have such animportant harbour crowded with the shipping of all nations. ButAntwerp is connected by railways and canals with the busiest parts ofEurope, and the Scheldt is a noble river, by which merchantmen canfind their way to every region of the world. 

A hundred years ago Antwerp was in the hands of the French, who hadseized Belgium; and when Napoleon was beaten he clung to Antwerp aslong as he could. Just before he fell, there was a conference at aplace called Chatillon, when they tried to make peace, but could not;and afterwards, when he was at St. Helena, Napoleon declared that thewar continued chiefly because he would not give up Antwerp. "Antwerp, "he said, "was to me a province in itself. If they would have left itto me, peace would have been concluded. " He wanted to keep a fleet inthe Scheldt, so as to threaten England. If you look at a map ofEurope, you will see how near the Scheldt is to Kent and Essex. TheBelgians cannot do us any harm, but it would be a dangerous thing forEngland if some strong and unfriendly nation had possession ofAntwerp. 

But we must leave Antwerp, and hurry on to Brussels, which is thecapital of Belgium. 

It is just an hour by railway, and as the train rushes on you will seeon your right a town from the middle of which rises a massive squaretower. The town is Malines (or Mechlin), and the tower is that of theCathedral of St. Rombold. Malines was once, like Bruges, a mostimportant city, and so many pilgrims went there that the cost ofbuilding the cathedral was paid out of their offerings. It is now theseat of the Archbishop of Belgium; but its former glory has long sincedeparted, and it is even more quiet and desolate than Bruges. 

It is said that once upon a time, when the moon was shining brightlythrough the open stonework of the tower, the people thought there wasa fire, and tried to put it out with water! Ever since then thetownsmen of Malines have been laughed at, and called "moon-quenchers"by the other Belgians. 

When you are in the train between Malines and Brussels, you mayrecollect that you are travelling on the first railway-line that wasmade on the Continent. Well, when the engineer had finished his work, the very day before the first train was to run, he looked at someplans he had of railways in England, and exclaimed: "By Jove! I'veforgotten a tunnel!" And so, without more ado, he sent for someworkmen, and had an archway made over a cutting! Then he thought hisrailway was complete!

Brussels is by far the nicest town in Belgium. It is a charming placeto live in, clean, bright, and gay. The walls which once surrounded itwere taken down many years ago, and replaced by beautiful roadwayscalled _boulevards_, with a broad carriage-drive in the middle, and oneach side a place for riding on, shaded by rows of trees. There is apark, not very large, but with many trees and shady walks, and a roundpond, in the centre of which a fountain plays. At one end of this parkis the King's Palace, and at the other end the Houses of Parliament. In the new parts of the town the streets are wide, and there arespacious squares, with large and handsome houses. There are no end ofcarriages and motor-cars driving about, people riding on horseback, and all the bustle of a great city of pleasure. 

The people of Brussels are very fond of jokes and fun. They alwaysseem to be in good humour with each other and with themselves. Thepart of Belgium in which Brussels lies is called Brabant. In oldentimes it was spoken of as "gay Brabant, " and so, indeed, it might benowadays. Dull, pompous people are not liked there. You must be livelyand amusing, like the town itself, of which the people are so proudthat they call it the Little Paris. 

Close to Brussels, on the south and west, there is a great forest--theForest of Soignies. The part of this forest nearest the town is calledthe _Bois de la Cambre_, which is a favourite place for walking andriding in. You reach it by a fine _boulevard_ called the AvenueLouise. In the middle of this _Bois de la Cambre_ there is a lake withan island, on which stands a little coffee-house, the Châlet Robinson;so called, perhaps, after Robinson Crusoe, who lived on an island. Belgian families often go there to spend the summer afternoons. Thereare lots of pigeons on the island, so tame that they run about on thegrass, and eat out of the children's hands, while the fathers andmothers sit drinking coffee at tables under the trees. 

[Illustration: ANTWERP. ]

In Belgium the fathers and mothers of the _petite bourgeoisie_, orlower-middle class, seem always to go about on holidays with theirchildren. They dine at half-past twelve, and after dinner off they go, the parents arm-in-arm, and the children strolling before them, andspend the rest of the day together. It is quite a sight on a summerevening to see them coming home in crowds down the Avenue Louise, thefather often carrying the youngest on his shoulders, and the motherwith a child hanging on to each arm. 

The Avenue Louise is in the modern part of the town. Brussels, however, is not all modern. Most of the Belgian towns are quite flat, but to reach the old Brussels you must go down some very steep, narrowstreets, one of which, called the _Montague de la Cour_, where thebest shops are, leads to the Grande Place, a picturesque squaresurrounded by quaint houses with fantastic gables. These were thehouses of the Guilds, or Merchant Companies, in the old days. One ofthem is shaped like the stern of a ship. Most of them are ornamentedwith gilded mouldings. They are beautiful buildings, and the finest isthe Hotel de Ville, the front of which is a mass of statuettes. Itshigh, steep roof is pierced by innumerable little windows, and aboveit there is a lofty and graceful spire, which towers up and up, with agilded figure of the Archangel Michael at the top. 

A flower-market is held in the Grande Place, and in summer, when thesun is shining brightly, it is a very pretty sight. But the best timeto see the Grande Place of Brussels is at night, when all is silent, and the tall houses look solemnly down on the scene of many greatevents which took place there long ago. 

I cannot tell you one-half of all there is to see in Brussels--thebeautiful churches, the picture-galleries and museums, the splendidold library, and the gardens. The largest building is a modern one, the _Palais de Justice_, where the law courts sit. It cost nearly£2, 000, 000 to build, and is much bigger than anything in London. Itstands on an eminence overlooking the lower part of the town, and isso huge that it may almost be said to make the capital of this tinykingdom look top-heavy. 

There are many other towns in Belgium besides those we have beenlooking at: Louvain, with its ancient University; Liége and Charleroi, with their steel and iron works; Courtrai, celebrated for themanufacture of linen; Tournai, where carpets are made; Mons, with itscoal-mines; and more besides, which all lie within the narrow limitsof this small country. Most of them have played a great part inhistory. Belgium is, above all things, a country of famous towns. 

When you wander about among the towns of Flanders and Brabant youmight think that the whole of Belgium was one level plain. But if youleave Brussels and journey to the south, the aspect of the countrychanges. Beyond the Forest of Soignies the tame, flat fields, theformal rows of trees, and the long, straight roads begin to disappear, the landscape becomes more picturesque, and soon you reach a rivercalled the Meuse, which flows along through a romantic valley, fullof quiet villages, gardens, woods, and hayfields, and enclosed bysteep slopes clothed with trees and thickets, and broken here andthere by dells, ravines, and bold, outstanding pinnacles of rock, beyond which, for mile after mile, an undulating tableland is coveredby thick forests, where deer, wild boars, and other game abound. Thisdistrict is called the Ardennes. 

In the Valley of the Meuse there are three old and famoustowns--Liége, Namur, and Dinant--each nestling at the side of theriver, at the foot of a hill with a castle perched upon it. 

Other rivers flow into the Meuse. There is the Sambre, which runs fromthe west, and joins the Meuse at Namur; the Lesse, which rushes infrom the south through a narrow gorge; and the Semois, a stream thesides of which are so steep that there is not even a pathway alongthem in some places, and travellers must pass from side to side inboats when following its course. 

This is the prettiest part of Belgium, and in summer many people, whodo not care for going to the seaside, spend the holidays at the townsand villages which are dotted about in the valleys and among the hillsand woods. 

CHAPTER V

BELGIAN CHILDREN: THE "PREMIÈRE COMMUNION"

The Belgians may be divided, roughly speaking, into five classes ofpeople. There are those of the highest rank, who are called the_grande_, or _vraie, noblesse_. Of these there are not many, but theybelong to old families, some of which have been famous in the historyof their country. They have often fine country-houses, and the townsin which you will find them most often are Brussels and Ghent. Thencome those of a much lower class, the _petite noblesse_, of whom thereare very many. They seldom mix in society with the _grande noblesse_, and their friends are generally members of the _haute_, or _bonne, bourgeoisie_. The _bonne bourgeoisie_ are like our middle class, andthere is no difference between them and the _petite noblesse_ as tothe way in which they live. Below these are the _petite bourgeoisie_, who are mostly shopkeepers, clerks, and people in various employments. Last of all are the artisans and working-class people. 

It is about the children of the _bonne bourgeoisie_ that I am going tospeak, for they are a very numerous class, and their customs are inmany respects the same as those of most Belgians. 

When a child is born, the parents should send to all their friends abox of _dragees_--that is, sugared almonds or sugar-plums. If thechild is a boy, the box is tied with pink ribbons; and if it is agirl, with blue. Cards announcing the birth of a child are often sentnowadays, but the real old Belgian fashion is to send the _dragees_, and it is a great pity that people are giving it up so much. 

The next thing is to find a name for the child, and that is done bythe godmother, who either chooses some family name or calls the childafter its patron saint--that is to say, the saint on whose day it wasborn--for in Belgium, as in all Catholic countries, each day isdedicated to some saint. The commonest name, however, for girls isMarie, a name given in honour of the Virgin Mary, to whom many babygirls are devoted from their birth. The mothers of these little girlsvow never to dress them in anything but blue and white till they areseven years old. When the baby is baptized, the godfather gives a pairof gloves to the mother and the godmother. Curiously enough, mostBelgian parents would rather have a baby girl than a boy, because aboy costs more to educate, and also because boys, when they grow up, have to draw lots for service in the army, and almost every father whocan afford it buys his son off, and that costs money. 

There is no nursery life such as we have in England--at least, in veryfew Belgian families. Here again money is grudged. People who willpay high wages for a good cook hire young girls of fourteen or fifteento look after their children, and these _bonnes_, as they are called, are paid very little, and are often careless and stupid. The result isthat the children are constantly with their parents, and, to keep themquiet, are dreadfully spoilt and petted. It very often happens that, when a Belgian lady has a friend calling on her, young children, whoought to be in a nursery, are playing in the drawing-room. Theirmother has no control over them, and if she ventures to tell them tokeep quiet, or to run away, they don't obey her, and then she givesin, and lets them have their own way. 

Another thing which follows from this want of nursery training is thatif, as sometimes happens, there are disputes between the parents, thechildren are mixed up in them. You will hear a Belgian mother say toher young daughter: "Imagine what your father has done!" Or if thehusband is angry with his wife, he will turn to his boy, and exclaim:"That is just like a woman!" Of course, this is very bad for thechildren, who hear a great deal which they would know nothing about ifthey were not always with their parents. 

From being so much with older people these children get strange ideas. I know a lady who said to a small Belgian girl, who was an only child:"Would you like a little brother or sister to play with?" "Oh! no, no, " replied the child, "because when my father and mother die, Ishall have all their money. " Whereupon the mother exclaimed: "There!the dear child; how well she knows the world already!"

The children of the _petite bourgeoisie_ are the most unruly. One seesthem often at the various holiday places, at the seaside or in theArdennes, where they dine, however young, along with their parents atthe _tables d'hôte_, or public dining-tables, of the hotels. They eatuntidily, spill their soup, throw bread at each other, upset theirtumblers of beer or wine (for they are allowed to have whatever theirparents are drinking), talk at the top of their voices, and reallymake such a row that the older people can't hear each other speaking. The moment they have had as much food as they want, they jump up, pushtheir chairs noisily aside, and begin to chase each other round theroom. Their parents never think of stopping them, and care nothingabout the annoyance such unmannerly behaviour causes. It is curioushow few Belgians, old or young, rich or poor, consider the feelings orconvenience of others. They are intensely selfish, and this isdoubtless caused by the way in which they are brought up. 

As you know, parents in England are forced by law to send theirchildren to school, or have them taught privately. There is no suchlaw in Belgium, and parents, if they like, may leave their childrenwithout any education. The number, however, of those who do not go toschool is gradually decreasing, and most children get lessons of somesort or another. 

No religious instruction is given in Belgian schools, except inconvent schools, or in those where the teachers are entirely under theChurch. But almost all children have to learn the Catechism at home. They need not understand it, but they must be able to repeat thewords. This is to prepare them for their _Première Communion_, orfirst Communion, to which they go when they are eleven or twelve yearsold. It takes place two Sundays before Easter Day. 

The custom is for all members of the family to wear new clothes on theday of a _Première Communion_, but the child's dress is the importantthing. In Belgian towns, for some time before, the windows of theshops in which articles of dress are sold are full of gloves, stockings, ties, and other things marked "_Première Communion_. " Aboy's dress is not much trouble. He wears black trousers, a blackjacket, and white gloves and tie. But great thought is given to seeingthat a girl looks well in her white dress, and other nice new things. She thinks and talks of nothing but her clothes for ever so longbefore, and especially of her "corsets, " which she then puts on forthe first time. Her mother takes her to the shop to try them on, andis at much pains to make her waist as slender as possible. "Can't youpull them a little tighter?" she will say to the shopwoman. The girlhas tight new shoes to make her feet look as small as possible; the_coiffeur_ dresses her hair; and she is very proud of her appearancewhen, squeezed into proper shape and decked out in her new clothes, she sets off to church. 

[Illustration: THE HÔTEL DE VILLE, BRUSSELS. ]

The children are confirmed on the Monday, the day after their firstCommunion, and are then taken to visit the friends of the family to beshown off, and to receive presents. The windows of the confectioners'shops are full of little white sugar images of boys and girls sayingtheir prayers, and even the poorest people manage to have a feast ofsome sort on this occasion. They often beg money for the purpose. Itis, of course, difficult for parents who are poor to buy new clothes. But any little gifts of money which a child may receive are taken andhoarded up to be spent on its first Communion. 

All Belgian children, even those whose parents are not Catholics, go, with scarcely an exception, to first Communion, and are confirmed, forthere may be relatives with money to leave, and they must not bedispleased. 

The _Première Communion_ is the chief event in the life of a Belgianchild. 

CHAPTER VI

CHRISTMAS IN BELGIUM

Christmas is not kept in Belgium in the same way as in England, Germany, and other countries. There are special services in church, but no Christmas-trees, Christmas presents, or family dinner-parties. 

This was not always so, and some traces still remain in differentparts of the old customs which used to be observed in Belgium. Theancient Belgians had a festival at mid-winter, and when they wereconverted to Christianity they continued to use a good many of theirold rites at that season of the year, and the few very old Christmascustoms which survive really began when Belgium was a pagan or heathenland. 

Some of these customs are rather curious. In the Valley of the Meusethe pagans used to feast on the flesh of wild boars at theirmid-winter banquets, and now the people of Namur have roast pork fordinner on Christmas Day. The _petite bourgeoisie_ of Brussels ofteneat chestnuts on that day--an old usage handed down from the days whenthe Germans ate acorns--and think they can find out what is going tohappen in the future by burning them. For instance, a young man andwoman who are engaged to be married throw two nuts into the fire. Ifthey burn peacefully, the marriage will be happy; if they crack andjump away from each other, it will be unhappy. If a candle or lampgoes out suddenly on Christmas Eve, it is believed that someone in theroom will die soon. Another sign of death is if you throw salt on thefloor and it melts. In some places candles are burnt all night toscare away evil spirits. Another custom is to go into orchards, andstrike with an axe trees which have not been fruitful. This, it isthought, will make them bear next year. 

There are many other superstitions like these which can be traced backto heathen times, but are now mixed up with the rites of Christianworship. One strange superstition, which a few old peasants stillhave, is that when the clock strikes twelve on Christmas Eve all thewater in the house may turn into wine. This comes down, no doubt, fromearly Christian times. 

In some Belgian towns the children of the poor go round on ChristmasEve, from house to house, singing, and asking for bread, fruit, ornuts. One of their favourite songs begins:

 "Blyden nacht, O blyden nacht! Messias is geboren!"

That is Flemish, their language, and it means: "Happy night, oh, happynight! The Messiah is born. " Another song begins: "Een Kindeken isons geboren, " which is the same as "Unto us a Child is born. "

Good children, who have said their prayers every night, expect to findunder their pillows on Christmas morning a cake, or rather a bun, which is called an _engelskoek_, or angel's cake, which the ArchangelGabriel is supposed to have brought during the night to reward them. Naughty children find nothing. In some places the children are toldthat it is the _petit Jesus_ (the little child Jesus), who puts thebun under their pillows. 

In many churches, but by no means in all, there is a midnight service, at which there is a manger surrounded by wax candles, with an image ofthe Holy Child in it. But this late service was so often made anexcuse for going to public-houses, and drinking too much, that thehour has been changed, in most places, to five in the morning. Thecustom of having shrines, with a manger and candles, known as"Bethlehems, " is, however, common, even in private houses. 

On Christmas Day in Flanders people wish each other "A MerryChristmas, " just as they do in England; and many parents of the upperclasses send their children, in charge of a servant, to visit theirrelatives, from whom they may receive some small gifts. 

But Christmas Day is not the same, in the way of presents andmerry-making, as it is in England. 

CHAPTER VII

NEW YEAR'S DAY

New Year's Day is a great day in Belgium. 

December 31, the last day of the old year, is dedicated to St. Sylvester, and there is a custom, at least in Antwerp, that the childwho gets out of bed last is called a "Sylvester, " and must give thebest of its toys to its brothers and sisters. If one of the oldergirls in a family does not finish any sewing or fancy-work she mayhave on hand by the end of the day, she is afraid of being haunted byevil spirits. Some people say that a young woman who does not finishher work before sunset has no chance of being married for a year. Sothey all get their various tasks done, and the last night of the yearis spent in amusement. The whole family, children and all, sit up tillmidnight, singing, reciting, or playing games till the clock strikestwelve, when they all kiss each other, and give wishes for "A HappyNew Year. "

In the big towns, however, many of the _petite bourgeoisie_ do not"bring in the New Year" at home, and the restaurants and cafés arecrowded till twelve o'clock, when healths are drunk, and there ischeering and singing, which are continued in the streets when thepeople are going home; and there is a great deal of noise for a longtime after all the cafés are closed. 

It used to be the fashion to fire guns at midnight on New Year's Eve, but that is not common now except in one part of Belgium, calledLimburg, where any girl who has a lover expects him to fire off shotsin front of her window. The more shots he fires the more she thinks heloves her, and to reward him she ought to hide a bottle of gin in somecorner outside the house, from which he can drink her health. Mischievous young men, however, sometimes find the bottle, and drinkthe gin before the lover comes, and so the girl often waits till shehears the shots, and then lowers the bottle by a string from thewindow. This funny custom, like many others, is now going out offashion. 

On New Year's Day all Belgians call on their friends to wish them "AHappy New Year, " when they are offered wine, sweetmeats, and things ofthat sort. This paying of visits on New Year's Day goes on to such anextent in Belgian towns that people who have many friends spend almostthe whole day in walking or driving about from one house to another. As everyone is doing the same thing, of course a great many people arenot at home when their friends come, and so the hall-table of nearlyevery house is covered with calling-cards before evening. The servantshave almost nothing to do all day but answer the door-bell, which isconstantly ringing. 

In some towns, Antwerp among others, it is supposed to be quiteallowable for grown-up people, ladies and gentlemen, to kiss anyonethey know on New Year's Day. A Belgian lady once told me that itbrought good luck to kiss an officer of the army; but, of course, there are limits to this, as there are to kissing under the mistletoein England. 

In the country parts of South Belgium it is the custom to try to bethe first to call out "Good New Year" when you meet a friend. If yousay it first you have something given you. The children try tosurprise their fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters, and all thefriends of the family in this way. They get up early, and hidethemselves, so as to be able to jump out suddenly, and say "_Een ZaligNieuwjahr_, " which means "A Good New Year. " All day long they go ondoing it, and are never tired of telling each other about the tricksthey have thought of to _verassen_, as it is called, the older people, who must give them gingerbread or sugar-plums as the penalty for beingsurprised in this way. 

On New Year's Day in Belgium it is not only your friends who stop youin the street or call at your house. Every man, woman, boy, or girlwho has done any work for you, and often those who have done nothing, expect to get something. They are very greedy. Railway-porters whohave once brought a box to your house, ring your bell and beg. Telegraph-boys, scavengers paid by the town, bell-ringers, policemen, shop-boys, everyone comes bowing and scraping, and men who in Englandwould be ashamed to take a "tip" will touch their hats, and hold outtheir hands for a few pence. They don't wait to be offered money; theyask for it, like common street-beggars asking alms. 

January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany, is known in Flanders as _GrootNieuwjahr_ ("Great New Year"), and is kept to some extent by theworking-people in the same way as the first day of the year. Mondaysare always idle days with working-men in Belgium, and the first Mondayafter Epiphany is the idlest of them all. It is called _VerlorenMaandag_, or, in French, _Lundi Perdu_, which means "Lost Monday, "because no one does any work. The day is spent going about asking formoney, and at night there is a great deal of drinking. On one of theseMondays not long ago some drunken troopers of a cavalry regimentstabbed the keeper of a village public-house near Bruges, broke hisfurniture to pieces, and kept the villagers in a state of terror forsome hours. 

One very bad thing about the lower-class Belgians is that when theydrink, and begin to quarrel, they use knives, and wound or kill thosewho have offended them. By a curious superstition it is thoughtunlucky to work on Lost Monday, so the people get drunk, and morecrimes of violence are committed on that day than at any other time ofthe year. 

CHAPTER VIII

PAGEANTS AND PROCESSIONS

The Belgians are very fond of pageants and processions. In each townthere are several, and in all villages at least one, every year. Ithas been so for hundreds of years, and these spectacles must have beenmagnificent in the Middle Ages, when the narrow streets were full ofknights in glittering armour riding on their strong Flemish war-horsesdecked with embroidered saddle-cloths, bishops and priests in gorgeousvestments, standard-bearers, trumpeters, heralds in their robes ofoffice, images of saints borne high above the crowd, mingled withjesters and the enormous giants with grotesque faces which werecarried along on these occasions. The tall houses with theirprojecting wooden gables were gay with flags. The windows andbalconies were hung with rich tapestry, and from them the wives anddaughters of nobles and wealthy merchants looked down upon the scenebelow. A Queen of France once rode in a procession through the streetsof Bruges, and was moved to jealousy by the sight of so many ladiesdecked in jewels as rich as her own. "I thought, " she said, "that Ialone was Queen, but here I have hundreds of rivals. "

[Illustration: AT THE KERMESSE. ]

One of the most splendid of these pageants was in the summer of theyear 1468, when an English Princess, Margaret of York, married aPrince called Charles the Bold, who was Duke of Burgundy. On thatoccasion there was a famous tournament in the market-place of Bruges, in which many valiant knights took part. It was called the "Tournamentof the Golden Tree. " Two years ago, in the summer of 1907, there was apageant at Bruges, when the marriage festivities of Charles the Boldand Margaret of York were represented. A young Belgian lady took thepart of the English Princess, and a Belgian gentleman appeared asCharles the Bold. There were knights in armour, ladies of the Court ofBurgundy, heralds, men-at-arms, and pages, all dressed in thepicturesque costumes of the Middle Ages. There was tilting in thelists, when lances were broken, and, in short, everything was donevery nearly as it was 440 years ago. This spectacle, which wasproduced on three days, was attended by thousands of people, who camefrom all parts of Belgium to see it. It was a very good example of howwell the Belgians can manage a pageant, and how popular these showsare with the people. 

A very celebrated pageant takes place every year at Bruges, the"Procession of the Holy Blood, " which devout Catholics from everycountry in Europe attend. There is a small chapel in that town, wherethey keep, in a crystal tube, what is said to be some of the blood ofour Lord. It has been there for more than 700 years. The tube ispreserved in a beautiful case adorned with precious stones, which iscarried through the town on the first Monday after May 2. The housesare decorated with flags, and candles burn in almost every window. Through the streets, between crowds of people standing on thepavements or looking down from the windows--while the church bellsring, and wreaths of incense fill the air, bands of music, squadronsof cavalry, crucifixes, shrines, images, the banners of the parishes, heralds in their varied dresses, bareheaded pilgrims from England, France, and other countries, maidens in white, bearing palms or crownsof thorn or garlands--priests and chanting choristers, move slowlyalong, and, when the relic of the Holy Blood passes, all the peoplesink to the ground. Bruges, usually so empty, is always crowded onthat day. 

Seven or eight years ago at Lierre, a town near Antwerp, I saw threeprocessions in one month, each of which showed the Belgian fondnessfor such things. One was the procession of St. Gommarius, the patronsaint of the town, when a golden shrine, said to contain his bones, was carried through the streets, just as the relic of the Holy Bloodis carried through Bruges. There were a great many little children inthat procession, dressed as angels and saints--in white, pale green, blue, crimson, and other colours. Some had wreaths of flowers ontheir heads, and some carried lighted tapers. They all seemed proud oftaking part in the procession. The smallest, who were tiny mites, withtheir mothers walking with them to take care of them, were very tiredat the end, for they had to walk slowly for hours on the hard stones, stopping often before sacred images, when the priests burned incense, and all the people went down on their knees. This, like that atBruges, is a religious procession, and there are many others of thesame kind all over Belgium. 

Another procession was in honour of an old couple, who had beenmarried for fifty years. They were poor people, and the parish wascelebrating their "golden wedding. " There was a service in theCathedral of St. Gommarius, and when that was finished the old man andhis wife were put in a carriage and four. They were neatly dressed, and each had a large bouquet of yellow flowers. At the head of eachhorse walked a young man, leading it by a long yellow ribbon. In frontof the carriage a band of musicians played, and behind it came anumber of peasants, all in their best clothes. They wore white cottongloves and yellow wedding-favours. The man and his wife, who wereevidently feeble as well as very old, seemed rather bored, but all thepeople in the procession were in high spirits, for they were on theirway to a good dinner paid for by the parish. 

A few nights after that there was a tremendous noise of music in themarket-place, and another procession was formed, which marched offround the town, and at last stopped before the door of a house. Herethey remained for a long time. There was a great deal of cheering, andthe band played tune after tune, finishing up with the BelgianNational Anthem. And what do you think it was all about? A boy whoseparents lived in the house had gained a prize at school. That was all;but it was an excuse for a procession, music, and drinking healths. 

Not long ago a young man won a prize at a great School of Music inBrussels called the _Conservatoire_, and so his native town must needshave a procession. There were two bands, a number of flags, andseveral carriages, in one of which the young fellow sat, bowing fromside to side as he was driven through the streets to a café, at whichwhat they call the _vin d'honneur_, or cup of honour, was served. 

In the same town two years ago the football team of a regimentquartered there won a cup, and there was a long procession of soldiersand townsmen in honour of the event. The cup was carried in triumph ona platform adorned with wreaths, and the crowd shouted as if thesoldiers were returning victorious from war. 

The Belgians have always been the same in their love of such displays. Long ago their country was oppressed by the Spaniards, who killed andtortured many of them without mercy. But that made no difference, andtheir sorrows were soon forgotten if their conquerors provided somepageant to amuse them. A circus procession of buffoons, withdromedaries, elephants, sham giants, and pasteboard whales anddragons, seems to have consoled them for all their misery. 

CHAPTER IX

THE STORY OF ST. EVERMAIRE: A COUNTRY PAGEANT

Once upon a time there was a good man called St. Evermaire, who wenton a pilgrimage to a part of Belgium called the Hesbaye, which is nearthe River Meuse. As he and his companions were journeying along, theycame, when it was growing dark one evening, to a great wood. Beingafraid of losing their way, they went to a village to ask for shelter. This village belonged to a fierce robber, called Hacco, and it was athis door that the pilgrims knocked. The door was opened by Hacco'swife, who received them kindly, but told them that her husband was arobber, and that, though he was away from home, it would not be safefor them to remain there long. So very early next morning, as soon asit was light, they went into the wood, and lay down to sleep beside afountain among the trees. 

They had scarcely gone when Hacco, who had been out all night lookingfor people to rob, came home. When he heard about the strangers whohad just left, he flew into a terrible rage, and went to look forthem. He soon found them fast asleep in the wood, and killed them. Then he tore off their clothes, and left their bodies lying on theground. 

After a little time some huntsmen found the dead pilgrims, and dug agrave for them. But these people, noticing that the face of one deadman shone brightly, and feeling sure that he must be some very holyperson, buried him in a grave by himself. This was St. Evermaire. 

The wood was many years later cut down, and a village called Russonwas built near the place where Hacco murdered the pilgrims. The firstpriest of this village discovered the grave of St. Evermaire, whosebones were placed in a tomb in the church of Russon; but they wereafterwards laid to rest in a chapel which was built on purpose toreceive them. This chapel stands in a grove of beech-trees, on ameadow surrounded by a hedge, in one corner of which there is afountain whose water is said to be a cure for ague. It is supposed tobe on the very spot where the pilgrims were killed. Over the altar inthe chapel is a painting of the murder. There are also statues of theVirgin Mary and of St. Evermaire, and a gilded case, which containsthe bones of the saint. 

[Illustration: A CHÂTEAU IN THE LESSE VALLEY. ]

On May Day there is a procession from Russon to this chapel. First twovergers come out of the village church, dressed in "tights, " andcovered from their ankles to their necks with ivy-leaves. They wearpointed caps on their heads, and brandish huge clubs, with whichthey threaten the country people, who roar with laughter at the facesthey make. Seven men are dressed up to represent St. Evermaire and hiscompanions. The saint himself wears a tunic of coarse brown cloth, girt about with a leather belt, from which hang a string of beads anda pilgrim's bottle, a short cloak of ox-hide, and a round hat; but theother pilgrims have just black coats and breeches, with whitestockings. They are followed by about fifty men on horseback, dressedup as Hacco and his band of robbers. 

This strange-looking procession goes to the chapel, where there isservice, the vergers in their ivy-leaves assisting at the altar; andthe moment the Benediction has been said, the whole congregationrushes out to the meadow. The pilgrims stand in a circle near thefountain, where they sing a quaint old country hymn. 

In the meantime Hacco and his band gallop about outside the meadow;but when the pilgrims have done singing, they enter it, and ride roundand round several times. Then the pilgrims go near the chapel, and ashort conversation is sung between them and Hacco, they imploringmercy, and he abusing them for trespassing on his lands. At last Haccobecomes impatient, draws his sword, and advances upon the pilgrims, declaring in a voice of thunder that he is about to kill them. 

At this point the spectators are expected to weep; but all of asudden the youngest pilgrim takes to his heels, and scampers away asfast as ever he can. Hacco and the robbers run after him, scramblingabout among bushes and trees, as if they were playing athide-and-seek. The spectators laugh and clap their hands, and thevillage children scream with delight. Hacco fires a pistol at therunaway, but misses, on which everybody cheers. Then he fires again, and the pilgrim tumbles down, and is killed with an arrow by one ofthe robbers, who picks him up, throws him across the back of a horseand brings him back to the meadow. 

During this chase the other pilgrims have thrown themselves, as if indespair, on the grass, where presently Hacco and his followers proceedto kill them. But by this time all the actors are tired and thirsty;so St. Evermaire and his friends rise up, and the whole company ofrobbers and pilgrims walk off, and swill beer together for the rest ofthe day. So ends the rustic pageant of Russon. 

CHAPTER X

THE CARNIVAL

The week before Lent begins is called in Flanders _Duivelsweek_, whichmeans "The Devil's Week"; and on the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesdaybefore Ash Wednesday there is the Carnival, so called from the Latinwords _carni vale_ (which mean, as every school-boy knows, "farewellto the flesh"), because during Lent good Catholics should abjure "theworld, the flesh, and the devil, " and refrain from eating meat. InGhent the Monday of that week is called _Zotten-Maanday_, or Fools'Monday, and all over Belgium the next day (Shrove Tuesday in England)is called _Mardi Gras_--that is, Fat Tuesday--the day on which peoplecan eat and drink as much as they like before beginning to fast. 

During the Carnival people go about the streets in fancy dress, sometimes with their faces hidden by masks. Often they are dressed asclowns, and make a great noise, blowing horns, dancing, singing, andmaking fools of themselves in every possible way. In the shops bags ofconfetti are sold--little bits of coloured paper, like what you see inEngland too--which you may throw at other people, whether you knowthem or not. The children have often great fun, covering each otherwith these bits of paper, which stick in the hair and are verydifficult to shake off. In some of the streets at Brussels thepavements are carpeted all the time of the Carnival with thousands ofthese small pink, yellow, and white fragments, which the people havebeen throwing about. Then there are false noses, wigs, and otherdisguises, so that you may pass people you know quite well without anidea who they are. A person may speak to you; you fancy you know thevoice, but a beard, and perhaps a long blue nose, hide the face, andyou are in doubt. A handful of confetti is thrown in your face, and ina moment the figure is gone and lost in the crowd. 

A few years ago there was a Carnival procession in most of the towns, and then all the huge wickerwork giants were carried about. They allhave names. The Brussels giant is Ommegan. In another town there is, or was, one called Goliath. There is a very old giant called LangeMan, or Long Man. He is probably still to be seen at Hasselt, in theSouth of Belgium, which was his native place. A good many years ago hewas carried through the streets on a car drawn by four horses, and allthe poor people got soup, which he was supposed to give them in memoryof a famine from which the town had suffered at one time. A good dealof money is collected for the poor during the Carnival by people whogo about with boxes, into which everyone is expected to putsomething. 

There are not so many Carnival processions as there used to be, andwithin the last two or three years they have been entirely given up insome places. But the Carnival goes on, with more or less gaiety, everywhere. There are few towns where masked balls do not take place, and these usually last all night, so that some of the dancers never goto bed. During the Carnival most of the public-houses remain open allnight, and there is dancing in them, and a great deal of noise. 

The fourth Sunday in Lent is called Mi-Carême, or, in Flemish, _Half-Vasten_, when the fun of the Carnival is renewed; and on thatday a person like Santa Claus, whom you know in England, makes hisappearance. He is called _De Greef van Half-Fasten_--that is, theCount of Mi-Carême--and comes to give presents to all good children. But he is so like Santa Claus that we shall leave him alone in themeantime, for I shall presently be telling you what Santa Claus doesin Belgium. 

There is, however, another Count who does not visit England--the Countof Nut Land, who rides along with a sack of nuts, which he throwsabout for anyone to pick up. Strange to say, cracking these nuts issupposed to be a cure for toothache! Is not that a funny idea?

CHAPTER XI

CHILDREN'S WINTER FESTIVALS

Very young children in Belgium look forward to the evening beforeNovember 11, which is the Day of St. Martin, because they have heardthat something very exciting is going to happen. 

Their parents make them stand in a corner, with their faces to thewall. They must not look round, for if they do nothing will happen. But if they are not inquisitive, ask no questions, and stand quitestill, a shower of nuts and apples suddenly falls on the floor behindthem. They are told that these have been thrown down from heaven bySt. Martin, and they at once turn round and scramble for them. 

There is another thing which is sometimes done on St. Martin's Eve. The father, or some big boy, comes into the younger children'sbedroom, dressed up as the saint, with a beard and robes, and asks howthe children have been behaving. If he is told they have been good, hegives them apples or sweetmeats; but if he hears they have beennaughty, he pulls out a whip, throws it down, and leaves the room. 

At Malines, and perhaps elsewhere, the children of poor people have alittle procession of their own on St. Martin's Day, when they dress upand go about singing from house to house. One of them, who is dressedas St. Martin, carries a large basket, into which the people at whosedoors they ring put apples or money. At another town, called Furnes, there is also a procession of children, who carry paper lanterns, withlighted candles in them, and march singing through the streets. Thesame thing is done in the country round Bruges, where the childrenvisit the farm-houses at night, singing and asking for apples andnuts. 

There are cakes, called _gauffres_, which are often eaten on St. Martin's Day, and are therefore sometimes called St. Martin's cakes. That favourite saint is so much spoken of in connection with eatinggood things that in the Valley of the Meuse they call him _le bonvivant_, which means the person who lives well. 

Just as in England bonfires are lighted on Guy Fawkes' Day, November5, so in Belgium they light them on the evening of St. Martin's Day. Indeed, they are known as St. Martin's fires, and the children calllighting a bonfire "warming the good St. Martin. "

About a month after St. Martin's comes the Day of St. Nicholas--December 6. During the night before this saint is supposedto ride through the sky, over the fields and above the housetops, mounted on a donkey or a white horse, with a great basket stuffedfull of toys, fruit, sweetmeats, and other nice things. Down thechimney of every house where there are children sleeping he drops someof these things, if the children have been good, or a whip if theyhave been naughty. 

So on the Eve of St. Nicholas Belgian children, before they go to bed, fill their shoes, or sometimes a basket, with hay or carrots, andplace them near the chimney of their sleeping-room, so that when St. Nicholas comes to the house he may find something for his donkey orhorse to eat, and in return leave presents for them. 

Having made these preparations, the children ought to sing or repeatverses addressed to the saint. Here is one of them--the one they singat Lierre:

 "Sinte Niklaes, Nobele Sinte Niklaes! Werpiet in myn Schoentjen Een Appeltjen of een limoentjen!"

This means in English: "Noble Saint Nicholas, please throw into mylittle shoe just a small apple or lemon. "

There is another of these rhymes which is not so polite, in which thesaint is told that if he gives something, the child will serve him forlife, but if he doesn't, the child will not serve him at all!

[Illustration: A FARMSTEADING. ]

Next morning the children wake early, and jump out of bed to see whathas happened during the night. They expect to find, if St. Nicholas ispleased with them, that the hay and carrots have disappeared, andthat their shoes are full of presents; but that if they have not beengood enough, the shoes will just be as they were the night before, anda birch-rod stuck into the hay. But, as you may suppose, it alwaysturns out that St. Nicholas is pleased. The presents are there, andamongst them there is sure to be a gingerbread figure of the saint, which they may eat or not, as they please; so they are happy for therest of the day. 

St. Nicholas, you see, is much the same as Santa Claus, for whomstockings are hung up in England. 

About a fortnight after this comes December 21, dedicated to St. Thomas, when Belgian children can play tricks on their parents in acurious way. The game is to get your father or mother to leave thehouse, and then lock the door and refuse to let them in till they havepromised to give you something. A child will say: "Mother, somebodywants to speak to you in the garden. " The mother goes out. Of coursethere is nobody there; and when she comes back the child calls out:"St. Thomas's Day! What will you give me to let you in?" So the motherpromises something, which is usually chocolate, with a piece of_cramique_--a kind of bread with currants in it--and not till then isthe door opened. This, of course, is great fun for the children, whoalways hope that their parents have forgotten what day it is, and sowill be easily tricked. 

A week later is the Festival of SS. Innocents, or _Allerkinderendag_(the day of all the children), as it is called in Flemish, which isobserved in memory of the slaughter of the children by Herod. On thisday Belgian children are supposed to change places with their parents, wear their best clothes, and rule the household. 

They can put on their parents' clothes, and go about the house makingas much noise as they like, teasing the servants and giving themorders. The youngest girl has the privilege of telling the cook whatshe is to prepare for dinner; and all the children may go out and walkabout dressed up as old people. This is not often seen now, thoughpoor children sometimes put on their parents' things, and beg fromdoor to door, calling themselves "the little fathers and mothers. "

These winter festivals, when the children have so much liberty and getso many presents, take the place in Belgium of the Christmas-trees andparties you have in England. 

CHAPTER XII

THE ARCHERS: GAMES PLAYED IN BELGIUM

Let us imagine we are taking a walk along some country road inFlanders on a summer afternoon. There is a cinder-track for cyclistson one side, and the lines of a district railway on the other. Theroad between them is causeway, very hard, dusty, and hot to walk on. But we can step on to the railway, and walk between the rails, or taketo the cycle-track. If a train comes up behind, the engine-driver willwhistle to give us warning, but we must keep a sharp lookout forcyclists, who seldom ring their bells, but rush swiftly and silentlypast, and perhaps shout something rude to us for being on their track. There are no fences or hedges, but a straggling row of tallpoplar-trees on each side of the road, and beyond them square fieldsof rye or pasturage divided by ditches of stagnant water. 

It will not be long before we come to a village, a row of whitecottages with roofs of red tiles, and outside window-shutters paintedgreen. In front of each cottage there is a pathway of rough stones, and a gutter full of dirty water. There are about fifty of thesecottages, of which half a dozen or so have signboards with _Herberg_, which means public-house, over their doors. The railway passes closein front of them. A little way back from the road there is a church, with a clock-tower, and a snug-looking house, standing in a garden, where the parish priest lives. 

Just outside the village we notice a meadow, in which there is awooden shed open at one side, with benches in it, and reminding us ofthe little pavilions we often see on village cricket-grounds inEngland. The part of the meadow just in front of this shed is coveredwith cinders or gravel, in the middle of which rises a very high pole, tapering towards the top, and looking like a gigantic fishing-rodstuck in the ground. It is crossed, a long way up, by slender spars, like the yards of a ship, only they are no thicker than awalking-stick. On these spars, and along the pole itself near the top, a number of little wooden pegs, with tufts of yellow worsted attachedto them, are fixed. One bigger than the rest is perched on the verysummit of the pole, which bends over slightly to one side. They looklike toy canaries, but are called "pigeons, " and they are put there asmarks to be shot at with bows and arrows. 

Presently a number of men come from the village, each with a long-bowand some arrows. It is a holiday, and the local Society of Archers isgoing to spend the afternoon shooting for prizes. One of them takeshis stand close to the foot of the pole, fits an arrow on hisbowstring, aims steadily, and shoots straight up. It needs a good dealof strength, as the bow is stiff to bend. The arrow flies whistlingamong the "birds, " touches one or two without bringing them down, rises high above the top of the pole, turns in the air, and comes downagain to the ground with a thud. It is the duty of two or three boysto pick up the arrows, and bring them back to the shooters. The arrowsare blunt, but to protect their heads these boys wear hats with thickflat crowns and very broad brims, which make them look like bigmushrooms with legs as they run about to fetch the arrows. 

When a bird is hit fair and square it comes down, and the shot ischeered. Sometimes shot after shot is fired, and nothing falls, especially if there is a wind. But the interest never flags, and theshooting goes on for hours. There is a great deal of talking andlaughing, much beer is drunk in the pavilion, and the fun only endswhen the light fails. 

This is the great national sport of Belgium. There is scarcely a townor village which has not a Society of Archers, called generally afterSt. Sebastian, the patron saint of archers. Many of them were founded600 years ago, at the time when the famous archers of England wereshowing how well they could hold their own with the bow againstknights clad in heavy armour. In 1303 a society called theConfraternity of the Archers of St. Sebastian was founded at Ypres, atown in Flanders, to celebrate a great battle, the Battle of theGolden Spurs, in which the Flemings had been victorious over theFrench the year before, and this society still exists. The chiefSociety of Archers in Brabant in the old days was at Louvain, and itwas founded just three years before that Battle of Cressy of which youhave so often heard, when, as the old chronicler Froissart says, theEnglish arrows flew so thick that it seemed to snow. 

Thus the history of this national sport goes back to the time whenarrows were used in battle, and men had to practise constantly withtheir bows in order to be able to defend their country or attack theirenemies. But when the use of firearms became universal, and archerswere no longer employed in warfare, the societies still continued toexist, and their meetings gradually became what they now are--socialgatherings for the practice of archery as a form of sport. 

At Bruges there is a company of archers called the Society of St. Sebastian, whose club-house was built with money given by Charles II. Of England, who lived in that town for some time when he was an exile;and it may interest you to know that Queen Victoria, when on a visitto Bruges, became a member of this society, and afterwards sent twosilver cups as prizes to be shot for. 

Another form of this sport is shooting with crossbows at a target. St. George is the patron generally of those who use the crossbow. TheSociety of St. George at Bruges has a curious festival, which isobserved in February. It is called the _Hammekensfeest_, or festivalof the ham. The shooting takes place in a hall, where a supper-tableis laid with various dishes of ham, salads, fish, and other eatables. The target is divided into spaces marked with the names of the dishes. If anyone hits a space marked, for example, ham, he may go and helphimself to ham; but if someone else, shooting after him, hits the sameplace, he must then give up his seat. In the bull's-eye of the targetthere is the figure of an ape, and if anyone hits that he can eat ofany dish he pleases. You may suppose what an amusing supper-party thisis, when all the guests are shooting and eating by turns, and no oneknows whether he may not have to rise suddenly and give up his placeto somebody else. 

There are many other customs and festivals connected with the archersocieties, which are very flourishing in Belgium, chiefly among the_petite bourgeoisie_. 

There are athletic clubs in Belgium, and rowing is a favourite sport, especially at Ghent. Two years on end the Ghent Rowing Club won theGrand Challenge Shield at Henley, beating all the English crews whichrowed against them. 

As in all countries, the children have many games. One, which theycall _balle dans la maison_ (ball in the house), is much the same asrounders, and there is another game called _camp ruiné_, which girlsplay at school. There are two sides. A ball is thrown up, and eachside tries to prevent the other catching it. Each player who isprevented has to join the opposite side or camp, and so on till onecamp is "ruined" by losing all its occupants. 

There is a very popular game among Belgian working-men called the _jeude balle_. There are five players on each side, who stand on two largecourts marked on the ground. The ball is served by hitting it with thehand (as at fives) by a player on one side over the line which dividesthe courts, and is returned in the same way by a player on the otherside. The ball must not touch the ground, and is taken full pitch. Apoint is lost by the side which sends a ball outside the lines of thecourt into which it ought to have been served or returned. The pointscount fifteen, thirty, forty, and five for the last, which wins thegame. 

This is the chief game played by working-men in Belgium. In someplaces it seems to be quite unknown, but in others it is very popular. But there are so many rules that it is impossible fully to understandit without seeing it played, or to explain it without a diagramshowing the positions of the players, who have all different names, like men fielding at cricket. The _jeu de boule_, which you may hearmentioned in Belgium, is quite different from the _jeu de balle_, andis much the same as skittles. 

[Illustration: PLAYING "JEU DE BOULE, " AT A FLEMISH INN. ]

Of the more important games football is the most popular in Belgium. Great crowds assemble to watch the matches, which are always playedunder "Association" rules. Rugby football would be impossible forBelgians, because they would never keep their tempers when caughtand thrown down. There would be constant rows, and no match would everbe finished. As it is, there is a great deal of quarrelling, and whenone town plays another the visitors, if they win, are hooted, andsometimes attacked, when they are leaving the ground. Lately, after afootball match in Flanders, knives were drawn, and some of the playershad to escape in a motor-car. 

Cricket has lately been tried, but it has not as yet spread much, andis not likely to become very popular, as it requires too much patienceand steadiness for Belgian young men and boys. Lawn-tennis and hockey, however, are quite the fashion, especially lawn-tennis, which manyBelgians, ladies as well as men, play extremely well. Important tennistournaments are held every summer at Ostend and other places on thecoast. 

In recent years several golf-courses have been made in Belgium. Thereis one at a place called Le Coq, near Ostend, where Leopold II. , thepresent King of the Belgians, founded a club. It is very pretty, andthere is a fine club-house; but good English players do not like it, because the course is too artificial, with flower-beds and ornamentalshrubs, whereas a golf-course ought to be as natural as possible. Golfis played also at Brussels, Antwerp, Nieuport, and Ghent. 

Another place for golf is Knocke, a seaside village near Bruges, wherethe game was introduced by a few Englishmen some years ago. Thegolf-course at this place is laid out among the dunes, and isentirely natural, with "bunkers" of fine sand. A great many players gothere from England and Scotland, as well as from various parts ofBelgium, and the Flemish "caddies, " who cheerfully carry the clubs for5d. A round, speak English quite well, and know all about the "Royaland Ancient Game. "

CHAPTER XIII

WHAT THE BELGIANS SPEAK

Three different languages are spoken in Belgium. These are Flemish, Walloon, and French. Flemish is spoken in Flanders, in the provincesof Antwerp and Limbourg, and in a part of Brabant. Walloon is thelanguage of Liége and the Valley of the Meuse, Luxembourg, and thewestern districts. French is spoken all over the country. SomeBelgians speak nothing but Flemish, some nothing but Walloon, and somenothing but French. A great many speak both Flemish and French, andthere are some who speak all three languages. 

Though Flemish is the language of the majority of Belgians, most ofthe books, newspapers, and magazines are published in French, which isthe "official" language--that is to say, it is the language of theCourt and the Government--and all well-educated Belgians can speak, read, and write it. In Brussels almost everyone speaks French. 

Though many Belgians know French thoroughly, they speak it with anaccent of their own, which is unlike anything you hear in France, justas English people speak French or German with an English accent. SoBelgium is not a good place to go to if you want to learn French. Theworst French is spoken in East Flanders and the best in Ypres. 

There is a great likeness between Flemish and Dutch, which wereoriginally one language, and a book printed in Flemish is almostexactly the same as a Dutch book. But there are many different ways ofpronouncing Flemish. The accent of Ghent is so different from that ofBruges that the people of these towns do not always understand eachother, and in neither do they speak with the accent which is used inAntwerp. Thus, in little Belgium there are not only three differentlanguages, but various ways of speaking Flemish, the original languageof the country. So French is not only the official language, but themost useful for travellers to know. 

Though French is the official language, there are laws which have beenmade to allow the use of Flemish in the law courts, and Belgianofficers must be able to command the soldiers in Flemish. In the_Moniteur_ (a paper like the _London Gazette_) Royal Proclamations, and things of that sort, are published in both Flemish and French. Railway-tickets are printed in both languages. So are the names of thestreets in some towns. In the Belgian Parliament, though the membersgenerally make their speeches in French, they may use Flemish if theylike, and they sometimes do. 

Walloon may be described as a very old form of French, but though theWalloons are the most active and industrious of all the Belgians, their language is not much known, and you will never hear it spokenexcept in the Valley of the Meuse, and in the country parts ofSouth-West Belgium. 

The three Belgian words for Christmas are _Kerstdag_ in Flemish, _Noël_ in French, and _Nouée_ in Walloon. 

CHAPTER XIV

A SHORT HISTORY

I must write just one chapter on Belgian history. 

Dates are tiresome things, though they are useful pegs, so to speak, on which to hang the facts of history, and help us to recollect theorder in which they happened. However, we shall not bother with manydates. I shall make the whole story as plain and simple as possible;and, besides, you can skip it all if you find it too stupid and dull. 

The first thing to understand about the tiny corner of Europe which isnow called Belgium is that very long ago it was divided into a greatmany small States, each of which was ruled over by some Duke, orCount, or Baron, or some noble with another title, who made peace orwar with his neighbours, just as the Kings of Europe do nowadays. There were the Dukes of Brabant, and the Counts of Flanders and ofNamur, the Lords of Malines, and the Bishop-Princes of Liége, and manymore. You will see where their States lay if you look at the map. 

The most famous was Flanders, for the great Flemish cities, such asGhent, Bruges, and Ypres, became strong and rich by reason of theirtrade and manufactures. 

In the towns the merchants and tradesmen were banded together insocieties called guilds. There were guilds of weavers, and butchers, and other trades; and they defended themselves so well against thenobles, who often tried to attack their liberties, that the townsbecame strongholds of freedom. 

But, unfortunately, they were always quarrelling. Each town wanted tobe richer than its neighbour. Each town cared only for itself, so theyoften fought. Ghent wanted to ruin Ypres, and the men of Ghent helpedan English army to attack Ypres. At other times the guildsmen ofBruges fought against those of Ghent. Thus for many years this part ofEurope was divided into petty States, and the towns, in spite of theirwealth and freedom, were always rebelling against their Princes, orfighting with each other. And all this time, close at hand andwatchful, there was a mighty State, called "The Burgundies, " whosedominions were ever stretching farther and farther. 

At last a day came when a certain Count of Flanders died, leaving noheir male, and a Duke of Burgundy, called Philip the Hardy, married aFlemish Princess, and obtained possession of Flanders. Gradually afterthat the Dukes of Burgundy became rulers of all the country which wenow call Belgium, except the Principality of Liége, which remainedindependent under its Bishop-Princes till recent times. 

The last Duke of Burgundy was Charles the Bold, a brave warrior, butvery fierce and cruel. He was killed in a battle, and his daughter, Mary of Burgundy, married an Austrian Archduke called Maximilian; andthen Flanders, Brabant, and the other places we have spoken of, passedunder the Austrian Royal Family, which is called the House ofHapsburg. 

Maximilian and Mary had a son, called Philip the Handsome, who marriedJoanna the Mad, daughter of King Ferdinand of Spain. The son of thismarriage was Charles V. , who was neither mad nor handsome, but one ofthe most famous men in history. He not only ruled over theNetherlands, as Belgium and Holland were called, but also over Spain, and all the immense Spanish Empire, and was, moreover, Emperor ofGermany. 

After reigning for forty years, Charles V. Gave up his royal honoursto his son Philip; and then began a terrible time for the Netherlands. 

Philip hated the liberty which the people of the Netherlands loved. They had, especially in the towns, been accustomed to make laws forthemselves, which their old Dukes and Counts, and also the Hapsburgs, had always sworn to maintain. But Philip resolved to put an end to allthis freedom, and to be their absolute master. 

[Illustration: VILLAGE & CANAL, ADINKERQUE. ]

He also hated the Protestants, of whom there were many in theNetherlands, and resolved to destroy them. For this purpose heintroduced a kind of court, called the Inquisition, which inquiredinto the religious faith of everyone, and sent people to be torturedand burned to death if they were not Catholics. 

The people became furious against Philip, and rebelled in defence oftheir liberty, and against the Inquisition. For a long time thecontest, which is called the "Revolt of the Netherlands, " went on. Philip was enormously rich, and had a great army and a strong fleet. The Spanish soldiers, whom he let loose upon the people, were cruel, as well as highly trained. Men, women, and children were tortured, robbed, burnt to death, killed in battle, and murdered in cold bloodby thousands. Few things, if any, more terrible have been known in thehistory of the world. 

The chief Protestant leader was that Prince of Orange called Williamthe Silent, of whom you must often have heard. After the contest hadcontinued for some years, instead of being dismayed, he was moreresolute than ever, and persuaded the Southern or Belgian part of theNetherlands, and the Northern or Dutch part, to promise that theywould help each other, and fight against the Spaniards till they werefree. 

But in a very short time the Southern and the Northern Netherlandsdrifted apart. The Dutch stood firm, and were saved in the long, wearystruggle. They shook off the yoke of Spain, and gained their liberty. The Belgians halted between two opinions, and were lost. Most of themwere Catholics, which made it easier for them to submit to Philip. Butthe most industrious of the population fled, and the trade andmanufactures which had made their country prosperous went to Holland. After that, a great historian says, "the Flemish and Brabantine citieswere mere dens of thieves and beggars. "

The Spaniards ruled over Belgium, which was now called the "SpanishNetherlands, " till a daughter of Philip's, Isabella by name, marriedan Austrian Archduke called Albert. They received Belgium as awedding-gift. The bride's father, the tyrant Philip, died about thattime, and Albert and Isabella went to Brussels, where the people, inspite of the miserable state of their country, had a fine time of itwith banquets, processions, and fireworks. 

But two more changes were at hand. When Albert died Belgium went backto Spain; and once again, after long wars, during one of whichBrussels was nearly all destroyed by fire, it was handed over toAustria. This was in the year 1714; and after that it was called the"Austrian Netherlands. "

Thus, you see, the Belgians were constantly being passed from one setof masters to another, like a race of slaves. They had not stuck tothe brave Dutch, and fought on till they were free, and so never couldtell who were to be their next rulers. 

This could not be good for the character of any people. However, theywere, on the whole, happy under the House of Hapsburg till an Emperorcalled Joseph II. Came to the Austrian throne. He was a good man, andwise in many ways, but he made the mistake of trying to bring in newlaws and customs which the people did not like. Belgium had been sunk, ever since the time of Philip II. , in poverty and ignorance. All thepeople wished for was to be let alone, to amuse themselves, and tohave peace. But Joseph II. Wanted to raise them up, and, most of all, to spread knowledge and education among them. 

The Austrian Netherlands--that is, Belgium--were more Catholic thanever, and all the Bishops and priests were up in arms against thereforms proposed by Joseph; and there was a revolution, which had notfinished when he died. It came to an end, however, soon after hisdeath, when the Catholics got all they wanted, though the Austriansremained in power. But the country had become restless. Itsrestlessness was increased by the French Revolution, which was now infull progress; and all was ripe for another change of rulers, whichsoon came. 

The French Republicans, who beheaded their own King and his Queen (whowas, by-the-by, a sister of Joseph II. ), invaded Belgium, driving outthe Austrians, and made it a part of France. 

One thing the French did was very popular with the Belgians. It wasthis: there was a treaty, called the Treaty of Münster, made as longbefore as the year 1648, which declared that the Dutch were to havecontrol of the Scheldt, and ever since then that splendid river, onwhich Antwerp stands, had been closed, so that the trade of Antwerp, the great Belgian seaport, had been entirely ruined. The French nowdeclared the Scheldt a free river, to be used by all nations. This wastidings of great joy to the Belgians; but England would not allow theTreaty of Münster to be torn up in this way, and a war began betweenEngland and France, which lasted till the fall of Napoleon in 1814. 

During all that war Belgium was ruled by the French. When Napoleongave up his throne, and was sent to the Island of Elba, the GreatPowers met to settle Europe, which he had turned upside down. One ofthe things they had to decide was what should be done with theAustrian Netherlands, and the plan they arranged seemed a very goodone. 

Austria did not want Belgium, and the plan was to make that country, the Principality of Liége, and Holland, into one state, and call itthe "Kingdom of the Netherlands. " It was to be ruled over by one ofthe Orange family, a descendant of William the Silent. 

And there was something more. The William of Orange who was to be Kingof the Netherlands had a son, and the English arranged that this sonshould marry our Princess Charlotte, who was heir to the throne ofEngland; and so all the coasts of the Netherlands opposite England, with Antwerp and the Scheldt, were to be in the hands of a friendlynation allied by marriage to the English Royal Family. The proposedmarriage was publicly announced in March, 1814, but it never tookplace. The Princess Charlotte married a German, called Prince Leopoldof Saxe-Coburg, and the young Prince of Orange married a Russian GrandDuchess. 

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, however, was set up; and at the Battleof Waterloo, which was fought in June, 1815, after Napoleon escapedfrom Elba, a force of Netherlanders, some of them Dutch and some ofthem Belgians, fought under the Duke of Wellington, when he gained thegreat victory which brought peace to Europe. 

And now it was supposed that the Belgians would settle quietly down, and form one people with the Dutch, who spoke a language so like theirown Flemish, and who came of the same race. But not a bit of it. TheDutch were mostly Protestants, and almost all the Belgians wereCatholics. There were disputes about questions of religion from thevery first. Disagreements followed on one subject after another; and, to make a long story short, in fifteen years there was a revolution inthe Belgian provinces of the new kingdom. 

The Belgians proclaimed their wish to make a kingdom of their own, andonce more the Great Powers met to consider what was to be done withthem this time. The meeting was in London, where five very shrewd andwily gentlemen, from England, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, sat and talked to each other for week after week about what theyshould do with this broken kingdom, which was, as it were, thrown ontheir hands. They were far too polite to quarrel openly; but Russia, Prussia, and Austria would have liked to force the Belgians to keep towhat had been arranged in 1814, while England and France were on theside of the Belgians. On one thing, and one thing only, they allagreed, and that was not to have another European war. 

In the long run England and France managed to persuade the others thatthe best thing was to let the Belgians have their own way, and choosea King for themselves. They first set their affections on a son ofLouis Philippe, the King of France, and asked him to be their King. But England would not hear of this, so his father told him to refuse. Then the Belgians were advised to choose that Prince Leopold ofSaxe-Coburg who had married Princess Charlotte. She was now dead, andhe had been living in England ever since. They took this advice, andin 1831 he accepted the offer they made him, and was crowned atBrussels as Leopold I. , King of the Belgians. 

Thereafter he married a daughter of Louis Philippe, and reigned tillthe year 1865, when he died, and was succeeded by his son, LeopoldII. , who is the present King. This is how the southern provinces ofthe Netherlands were made into the little, independent kingdom ofBelgium. 

Since then the trade and commerce of Belgium have grown. Antwerp hasbecome a huge seaport; Brussels flourishes. The industries of Ghentare prosperous. Throughout the Walloon country, from the busy forgesof Liége to the coal-mines round Mons, there is a hard-working and, onthe whole, successful people. Even fallen Bruges has lately beenstruggling to rise again. 

But, unfortunately, there is another side to the picture. You haveoften heard it said that "as the twig is bent, the tree grows. " It isthe same with mankind. The character and manners of grown-up peopledepend on how they have been trained when young. If a child isbullied, and passed from one master to another, ill-treated andfrightened, it is apt to grow up timid and untruthful. The same thingmay be seen in nations. To this day the lower classes in Belgium beartraces of the long period of subjection, and the race has notrecovered from the time when the Spaniards turned so many famous townsinto dens of thieves and beggars. They are very often cunning, timidthough boastful, and full of the small tricks and servile ways whichare natural in a people which once had all manliness and couragecrushed out of it. 

Another unlucky thing for the Belgians is that they quarrel dreadfullyamong themselves about public questions. In all countries there arequarrels of this sort, but in Belgium these disputes poison the wholelife of the country. They are divided into Catholics and Liberals, andthe best interests of the State are lost sight of in the squabblingwhich goes on between these two parties. By the laws of Belgium allreligions are equal. There is no Established Church. The Parliamenteach year finds money for the Catholic clergy, for the EnglishProtestant chaplains, and for those of any other faith, if there areenough of them to form a congregation of a certain size. But this hasnot brought peace. In England, as you know, only some foolish peopleallow their political disputes to interfere with their privatefriendships, or with their amusements. But in Belgium the Catholicsand the Liberals never forget their differences. It is like the timewhen the Jews had no dealings with the Samaritans. There are Catholicfootball clubs and Liberal football clubs; the public-houses areeither Catholic or Liberal; and even children are taught at school tohave feelings of this sort. One day a small girl was asked out to teawith some English children. When the hour came, her mother found hercrying, and asked her what was the matter. "I'm afraid, " she sobbed, "to go and play with these little heretics!"

[Illustration: WATERLOO: THE FARM OF LA BELLE ALLIANCE AND THE MOUNDSURMOUNTED BY THE BELGIAN LION. ]

The great quarrel is about education. The Liberals want to make a lawthat all children must go to school, but the Catholics will not agreeto this. The priests have so much influence, and work so hard atthe elections, that, except in Brussels, Liége, and a few more places, the people are frightened to vote against them. So there has alwaysbeen a Catholic Government in power for the last twenty-five years. 

The Great Powers, when they allowed the Belgians to have their own wayand choose a King for themselves, took Belgium under their protection, and made it a "neutral state"--that is to say, a country which may notbe attacked or entered by the armies of other nations which arefighting each other, and which is not permitted to make war on othercountries. This was a great blessing for the Belgians, because theircountry is so small and weak, and so many battles used to be fought init that it was called "the cock-pit of Europe. " But whether the peopleof a neutral state are ever likely to be brave and self-sacrificing isanother thing. 

CHAPTER XV

THE BELGIAN ARMY: THE CONGO

Though Belgium is a neutral state, living under the protection of theGreat Powers of Europe, the Belgians are afraid that some day, ifthese Powers quarrel with each other and begin to fight, armies maymarch into their country and turn it once more into a battle-field; orperhaps one of the Powers may wish to take a part of Belgium, or someBelgian town, such as Antwerp, and rule over it. So this littlekingdom must have an army to defend itself till some powerful nationcomes to help it. 

The Belgian force actually under arms consists of only about 40, 000soldiers, but it can be raised to 200, 000, if there is a danger ofwar, by calling out the "reserves, " or men who have been trained, butare no longer with their regiments. In order to keep up this force of40, 000 it is necessary to find about 13, 000 new men each year. But theBelgians do not like to be soldiers, and it is very difficult topersuade them to join the army. Last year only 1, 000 would do so, which seems very few for a country in which there are 7, 000, 000people. It has been the same for years. So there is a law called theConscription, by which the necessary numbers are forced to serve. 

This is how they manage the conscription: in February of each year allthe boys who become nineteen in that year must go and draw lots todecide which of them are to enter the army. 

The drawing generally takes place in the _Hotel de Ville_ of the chieftown in the part of the country to which the boys belong. On theappointed day all the families in which there are sons liable to serveflock into the town, and a great crowd gathers outside the building. The lads who are to draw lots go in, and find some officials waitingfor them. Each boy has to put his hand into the ballot-box and drawout a paper on which there is a number. Suppose there are 150 boys, and 50 are wanted for the army, then those who draw the 50 lowestnumbers are those who have to serve. Each boy draws out his paper, andgives it to an official, who calls out the number. If it is a numberabove 50, he is free, and runs out shouting with joy; but if it is oneof the lower numbers, he goes out sadly to tell his family that he hasdrawn a "bad" number. 

While the drawing goes on, the fathers and mothers, brothers andsisters, and their friends, wait outside in the greatest anxiety. There are cheers and joyful greetings when a boy with a "good" numbercomes out, and groans of pity for those who have been unlucky. Andwhen the drawing is done, and everyone knows his fate, they all go offto the public-houses. Those who have drawn lucky numbers get drunkfrom joy, while those who have to serve in the army try to forgettheir sorrow in drinking. Very often their families and friends do thesame, and so it comes to pass that every February there are horriblescenes--men and women, boys and girls, reeling about the streets, shouting, singing, quarrelling, and behaving in the most disgracefulway. It is quite different from Germany, where every boy knows he mustbe trained to defend his country, and where almost everyone is proudof being a soldier. 

If, however, the father of a boy who has drawn an unlucky number isrich enough to pay for another to take his place, he may do so. Thissystem is called the _Remplacement_, and almost every father buys hisson off if he can afford it. Many Belgians think this system unfair, and the officers of the army do not like it. Perhaps, before verylong, there may be a change, and a new law made by which all boys willhave to serve for a certain time. The Catholics have always been infavour of the _Remplacement_, while the Liberals have been against it. But it is said that the King wishes to abolish it, and try some newplan. So very likely the Catholics will give in, and there will be nomore drawing of lots and buying off, but a system of universalservice, which will be a very good thing for Belgium. 

Though the trade of Belgium is very large indeed for the size of thecountry, the Belgians have no navy, and not many merchant-ships. Butthey have lately plunged into an adventure which may force them tohave merchant-ships and men-of-war to defend them; for this smallcountry has taken possession of a huge part of Central Africa, ever somany times bigger than Belgium itself. 

About twenty-five years ago Leopold II. , the present King of theBelgians, was made ruler over this part of Africa, which is called theCongo State, because of a magnificent river, the Congo, which flowsthrough it. It was the Great Powers of Europe who made him ruler, andthey made him promise that he would abolish slavery, allow all nationsto trade freely there, and do all he could to civilize the natives. But after some time ugly stories began to reach Europe about what wasbeing done by King Leopold's servants in that distant part of theworld. The Congo is a country full of rich products, and it was saidthat the King was breaking his promises: that he was making heaps ofmoney by forcing the natives to work as slaves, that all their landswere taken from them, that people were cruelly tortured, that wholevillages were destroyed, that the soldiers hired by King Leopold werecannibals, and that he would not allow free trading. 

There is no doubt whatever that the King was making a great deal ofmoney, and that many shameful and wicked things were done in theCongo. The King never went there himself, but both he and his friends, who were also making money, said that the English (for it was theEnglish who found most fault with him) were jealous, and thateverything was going well. Nevertheless bad news kept arriving fromthe Congo, and many of the Belgians themselves became as angry as theEnglish, and said something must be done to stop what was going on. Atlast the Belgian Parliament resolved that the only way to save theCongo was to make it a Belgian colony, and try if they could notgovern it better than King Leopold. 

So in the year 1908, after long debates and much curious bargainingbetween the King and his people, the Congo State became a Belgiancolony. It remains to be seen whether they can govern it wisely, foras yet they have no experience in such matters. Few Belgians like tospeak about the Congo. They shake their heads, and say it will cost agreat deal of money, and bring danger to their country. 

The scene when a ship sails from Antwerp for the Congo is unlikeanything you will see at home. When a ship leaves an English port forIndia or the Colonies, the travellers go on board without any fuss, with perhaps a few private friends to see them off. But when a linerstarts for the Congo, there is much excitement. A crowd assembles;flags fly; a band plays the Belgian National Anthem; hawkers go aboutselling photographs of _le départ pour le Congo_; and a steam-tug, decorated with flags, and with a band of music playing, accompaniesthe liner some distance down the Scheldt. The Belgians, you see, areso fond of hoisting flags and hearing bands of music on every possibleoccasion that they can't help doing it even when there is reallynothing to get excited about. 

And now, having taken this peep at Belgium, we shall leave theseadventurers sailing away to their Congo, and, hoping they will findwisdom to steer wisely (in more ways than one) and so avoid shipwreck, wish them _bon voyage_. 

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ST. WINIFRED'S;or, The World of School

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JULIAN HOMEA Tale of College Life

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RED CAP ADVENTURES

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UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

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ANIMAL AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

Edited by G. E. MITTON

Each volume deals entirely with the life story of some one animal, andis not merely a collection of animal stories. It is necessary toemphasize this, as the idea of the series has sometimes beenmisunderstood. Children who have outgrown fairy-tales undoubtedlyprefer this form of story to any other, and a more wholesome way ofstimulating their interest in the living things around them couldhardly be found. 

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THE LIFE STORY OF A DOG

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THE LIFE STORY OF A FOX

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THE LIFE STORY OF A FOWL

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